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ImvVIVUS INC FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 03/08/17 for the Period Ending 12/31/16 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code Industry 900 E. HAMILTON AVENUE SUITE 550 CAMPBELL, CA 95008 6509345200 0000881524 VVUS 2834 - Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmaceuticals Sector Healthcare Fiscal Year 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2017, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. Table of Contents UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549FORM 10‑‑K ☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016OR☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001‑‑33389VIVUS, INC.(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)94‑‑3136179 (IRS employer identification number)900 E. Hamilton Avenue, Suite 550 Campbell, California (Address of principal executive office)95008 (Zip Code)Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 934‑‑5200Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each ClassName of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Stock, $.001 Par Value (Title of class)The NASDAQ Global Select MarketPreferred Share Purchase Rights (Title of class) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NoneIndicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Actof 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to suchfiling requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data Filerequired to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorterperiod that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S‑K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will notbe contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10‑K orany amendment to this Form 10‑K. ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, or a smaller reportingcompany. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act. (Checkone): Large accelerated filer ☐Accelerated filer ☒Non‑accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting company ☐Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non‑affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2016, totaled approximately$116,562,897 based on the closing stock price as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market.As of February 28, 2017, there were 105,583,530 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Document Description10‑‑K Portions of the Registrant’s notice of annual meeting of stockholders and proxy statement to befiled pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after Registrant’s fiscal year end ofDecember 31, 2016, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.Part III - ITEMS 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.FISCAL 2016 FORM 10‑‑KINDEX PART I Item 1 Business 5 Item 1A Risk Factors 29 Item 1B Unresolved Staff Comments 63 Item 2 Properties 63 Item 3 Legal Proceedings 64 Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures 66 PART II Item 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases ofEquity Securities 67 Item 6 Selected Financial Data 69 Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 69 Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 86 Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 87 Item 9 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 124 Item 9A Controls and Procedures 124 Item 9B Other Information 125 PART III Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 126 Item 11 Executive Compensation 126 Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 126 Item 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 127 Item 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services 127 PART IV Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 128 Signatures 129 Power of Attorney 130 Exhibit Index 131 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Certification of Chief Financial Officer Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer 2 Table of ContentsFORWARD‑‑LOOKING STATEMENTSThis Form 10-K contains “forward looking” statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements typicallymay be identified by the use of forward-looking words or phrases such as “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,”“anticipate,” “predict,” “should,” “planned,” “likely,” “opportunity,” “estimated,” and “potential,” the negative use of these wordsor other similar words. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on our current expectations, and weassume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995provides a “safe harbor” for such forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, we note that avariety of factors could cause actual results and experiences to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectationsexpressed in such forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that may affect the operations, performance,development, and results of our business include but are not limited to:·the timing of initiation and completion of the post-approval clinical studies required as part of the approval ofQsymia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA;·the response from FDA to the data that we will submit relating to post-approval clinical studies required for Qsymia;·the impact of the indicated uses and contraindications contained in the Qsymia label and the Risk Evaluation andMitigation Strategy requirements;·our ability to continue to certify and add to the Qsymia retail pharmacy network and sell Qsymia through thisnetwork;·whether the Qsymia retail pharmacy network will simplify and reduce the prescribing burden for physicians,improve access and reduce waiting times for patients seeking to initiate therapy with Qsymia;·that we may be required to provide further analysis of previously submitted clinical trial data;·our ability to work with leading cardiovascular outcome trial experts in planning substantial revisions to the originaldesign and execution of the clinical post-approval cardiovascular outcomes trial, or CVOT, with the goal ofreducing trial costs and obtaining FDA agreement that a revised study would fulfill the requirement ofdemonstrating the long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia;·our ongoing dialog with the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, relating to our CVOT for Qsymia, and theresubmission of an application for the grant of a marketing authorization to the EMA, the timing of suchresubmission, if any, the results of the CVOT, assessment by the EMA of the application for marketingauthorization, and their agreement with the data from the CVOT;·our ability to successfully seek approval for Qsymia in other territories outside the U.S. and EU;·whether healthcare providers, payors and public policy makers will recognize the significance of the AmericanMedical Association officially recognizing obesity as a disease, or the new American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists guidelines;·our ability to successfully commercialize Qsymia including risks and uncertainties related to expansion to retaildistribution, the broadening of payor reimbursement, the expansion of Qsymia’s primary care presence, and theoutcomes of our discussions with pharmaceutical companies and our strategic and franchise-specific pathways forQsymia;·our ability to focus our promotional efforts on health-care providers and on patient education that, along withincreased access to Qsymia and ongoing improvements in reimbursement, will result in the accelerated adoption ofQsymia;·our ability to minimize expenses that are not essential to expanding the use of STENDRA and Qsymia or that arenot related to product development;·our ability to ensure that the entire supply chain for Qsymia efficiently and consistently delivers Qsymia to ourcustomers and to manage the supply chain for STENDRA/SPEDRA for our collaborators;·risks and uncertainties related to the timing, strategy, tactics and success of the launches and commercialization ofSTENDRA (avanafil) or SPEDRA™ (avanafil) by our sublicensees;3 ® ® Table of Contents·our ability to successfully complete on acceptable terms, and on a timely basis, avanafil partnering discussions forterritories under our license with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation in which we do not have a commercialcollaboration;·Sanofi Chimie’s ability to undertake manufacturing of the avanafil active pharmaceutical ingredient and SanofiWinthrop Industrie’s ability to undertake manufacturing of the tablets for avanafil;·the ability of our partners to maintain regulatory approvals to manufacture and adequately supply our products tomeet demand;·our ability to accurately forecast Qsymia demand;·our ability to commercialize Qsymia efficiently;·the number of Qsymia prescriptions dispensed through the mail order system and through certified retailpharmacies;·the impact of promotional programs for Qsymia on our net product revenue and net income (loss) in future periods;·our history of losses and variable quarterly results;·substantial competition;·risks related to our ability to protect our intellectual property and litigation in which we are involved or may becomeinvolved;·uncertainties of government or third-party payor reimbursement;·our reliance on sole-source suppliers, third parties and our collaborative partners;·our ability to continue to identify, acquire and develop innovative investigational drug candidates and drugs;·risks related to the failure to obtain FDA or foreign authority clearances or approvals and noncompliance with FDAor foreign authority regulations;·our ability to demonstrate through clinical testing the quality, safety, and efficacy of our investigational drugcandidates;·the timing of initiation and completion of clinical trials and submissions to foreign authorities;·the results of post-marketing studies are not favorable;·compliance with post-marketing regulatory standards, post-marketing obligations or pharmacovigilance rules is notmaintained;·the volatility and liquidity of the financial markets;·our liquidity and capital resources;·our expected future revenues, operations and expenditures;·potential change in our business strategy to enhance long-term stockholder value;·our ability to address or potentially reduce our outstanding debt balances:·the impact, if any, of changes to our Board of Directors or management team; and·other factors that are described from time to time in our periodic filings with the Securities and ExchangeCommission, or the SEC, including those set forth in this filing as “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” When we refer to “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” or “VIVUS” in this document, we mean the current Delawarecorporation, or VIVUS, Inc., and its California predecessor, as well as all of our consolidated subsidiaries.4 Table of ContentsPART IItem 1. Busines sOverviewVIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company developing and commercializing innovative, next-generation therapies toaddress unmet medical needs in human health, with two approved therapies and one product candidate in active clinicaldevelopment. Qsymia® (phentermine and topiramate extended release) is approved by FDA for chronic weight management andSTENDRA® (avanafil) is approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction, or ED, and by the European Commission, or EC, under thetrade name, SPEDRA, for the treatment of ED in the EU. Tacrolimus is in active clinical development for the treatment ofPulmonary Arterial Hypertension, or PAH.Commercial ProductsQsymiaQsymia was approved by FDA in July 2012, as an adjunct to a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity forchronic weight management in adult patients with an initial body mass index, or BMI, of 30 or greater, or obese patients, or whohave a BMI of 27 or greater, or overweight patients, in the presence of at least one weight related comorbidity, such ashypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus or high cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. Qsymia incorporates a proprietary formulationcombining low doses of active ingredients from two previously approved drugs, phentermine and topiramate. Although the exactmechanism of action is unknown, Qsymia is believed to suppress appetite and increase satiety, or the feeling of being full, the twomain mechanisms that impact eating behavior.We commercialize Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a sales force supported by an internal commercial team, whopromote Qsymia to physicians. We are focused on maintaining a commercial presence with important Qsymia prescribers, and wehave capacity to cover physicians that begin prescribing branded anti-obesity products. We are constantly monitoring prescribingactivity in the market, and we have seen new prescriptions being written by health care professionals, or HCPs, with respect towhom we have not previously dedicated field sales resources. The current alignment addresses this new prescriber group, and webelieve we have been successful in initiating and maintaining dialog with these HCPs.Our marketing efforts have focused on rolling out unique programs to encourage targeted prescribers to gain moreexperience with Qsymia with their obese patient population. We continue to invest in digital media in order to amplify ourmessaging to information-seeking consumers. The digital messaging encourages those consumers most likely to take action tospeak with their physicians about obesity treatment options. We believe our enhanced web-based strategies deliver clear andcompelling communications to potential patients. In June 2016, we announced an upgraded simplified patient savings plan tofurther drive Qsymia brand preference at the point of prescription and encourage long-term use of the brand.STENDRA/SPEDRASTENDRA is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5, or PDE5, inhibitor that we have licensed from Mitsubishi TanabePharma Corporation, or MTPC. STENDRA was approved by FDA in April 2012 for the treatment of ED in the United States. InJune 2013, the EC adopted a decision granting marketing authorization for SPEDRA, the approved trade name for avanafil in theEU, for the treatment of ED in the EU. In July 2013, we entered into an agreement with the Menarini Group, through itssubsidiary Berlin Chemie AG, or Menarini, under which Menarini received an exclusive license to commercialize and promoteSPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 European countries, including the EU, Australia and New Zealand. Menarinicommenced its commercialization launch of the product in the EU in early 2014. As of the date of this filing, SPEDRA iscommercially available in 30 countries within the territory granted to Menarini pursuant to its license and commercializationagreement, in addition to certain territories in Asia licensed directly from MTPC.5 Table of ContentsOn September 30, 2016, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Metuchen LicenseAgreement, and a commercial supply agreement, or the Metuchen Supply Agreement, with Metuchen Pharmaceuticals LLC, orMetuchen. Under the terms of the Metuchen License Agreement, Metuchen received an exclusive license to develop,commercialize and promote STENDRA in the United States, Canada, South America and India, or the Metuchen Territory,effective October 1, 2016. These agreements with Metuchen replaced the license and supply agreements that we entered into withAuxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium, in October 2013, whereby Auxilium received an exclusive license to commercializeand promote STENDRA in the United States and Canada and we would supply Auxilium with STENDRA for commercialization.Auxilium terminated the supply agreement effective June 30, 2016 and the license agreement effective September 30, 2016.In December 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement with Sanofi, or the Sanofi LicenseAgreement, under which Sanofi received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use inhumans in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and the CIS, including Russia, or the Sanofi Territory. Sanofi was responsible forobtaining regulatory approval in its territories. Effective as of December 11, 2013, we also entered into a supply agreement, or theSanofi Supply Agreement, with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi, which terminated according toits terms on June 30, 2015.We are currently in discussions with potential collaboration partners to develop, market and sell STENDRA forterritories in which we do not currently have a commercial collaboration, including Mexico and Central America.Development ProgramsPulmonary Arterial Hypertension - TacrolimusPulmonary Arterial Hypertension, or PAH, is a chronic, life-threatening disease characterized by elevated blood pressurein the pulmonary arteries, which are the arteries between the heart and lungs, due to severe constriction of these bloodvessels. Pulmonary blood pressure is normally between 8 and 20 mmHg at rest as measured by right heart catheterization;however, in patients with PAH, the pressure in the pulmonary artery is greater than 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg during physicalactivity. These high pressures make it difficult for the heart to pump blood through the lungs to be oxygenated.The prevalence of PAH varies among specific populations, but it is estimated at between 15 and 50 cases per millionadults. PAH usually develops between the ages of 20 and 60 but can occur at any age, with a mean age of diagnosis around 45years. Idiopathic PAH is the most common type, constituting approximately 40% of the total diagnosed PAH cases, and it occurs2 to 4 times more frequently in females.The current medical therapies for PAH involve endothelin receptor antagonists, or ERA, phosphodiesterase-5, or PDE5,inhibitors, prostacyclin analogues, selective IP receptor agonists, and soluble guanylate cyclase, or sGC stimulators, which aim toreduce symptoms and improve quality of life. All currently approved products treat the symptoms of PAH, but do not address theunderlying disease. According to LifeSci Capital (Feb 2016 Analysis), the U.S. and worldwide markets for PAH pharmaceuticaltreatments in 2015 exceeded $2.7 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively.On January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten Pharma, Inc., or Selten, whereby wereceived exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of BMPR2 activators for the treatment of PAHand related vascular diseases. As part of the agreement, Selten assigned to us its license to a group of patents owned by the Boardof Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, or Stanford, which cover uses of tacrolimus and ascomycin to treat PAH.Tacrolimus received an Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of PAH on March 16, 2015. In 2017, we intend to focus ondeveloping a proprietary formulation of tacrolimus to be used in a clinical development program and for commercial use.Qsymia for Additional IndicationsWe are currently considering further development of Qsymia for the treatment of various diseases, including (i)obstructive sleep apnea, (ii) diabetes, (iii) nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, (iv) nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD,also known as fatty liver disease, (v) hyperlipidemia, or an elevation of lipids, or fats, in the bloodstream, and6 Table of Contents(vi) hypertension who do not respond well to antihypertensive medication. We expect no future development until we haveconcluded our discussions with FDA regarding a cardiovascular outcome trial, or CVOT, for Qsymia.Additional OpportunitiesWe will continue to evaluate potential in-licensing opportunities to build our portfolio of product and productcandidates.VIVUS was incorporated in California in 1991 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1996. Our corporate headquarters islocated at 900 E. Hamilton Avenue, Suite 550, Campbell, California 95008, and our telephone number is (650) 934‑5200.7 Table of ContentsProducts and Development ProgramsOur approved drugs and investigational drug candidates are summarized as follows:Drug Indication Status Commercial rightsQsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended‑release) Obesity United States Worldwide Commercially available EU Marketing Authorization Application, orMAA, denied in 2014. Qsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended‑release) Obstructive SleepApnea Phase 2 study completed. WorldwideQsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended‑release) Diabetes Phase 2 study completed. Worldwide STENDRA/SPEDRA (avanafil) Erectiledysfunction United States Worldwide license from MTPC(excluding certain Asian markets).U.S., Canada, South America andIndia commercial rights licensed toMetuchen. Commercially available EU, Australia and New Zealandcommercial rights licensed toMenarini Group. sNDA: Label expansion for 15 minuteonset claim approved Sep 2014. Middle East, Africa, Turkey andCommonwealth of IndependentStates commercial rights licensed toSanofi. EU Commercially available Tacrolimus Pulmonaryarterialhypertension Phase 2a study completed Worldwide Qsymia for the Treatment of ObesityMany factors contribute to excess weight gain. These include environmental factors, genetics, health conditions, certainmedications, emotional factors and other behaviors. All this contributes to more than 110 million Americans being obese oroverweight with at least one weight‑related comorbidity. Excess weight increases the risk of cardiometabolic and other conditionsincluding type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep apnea, stroke and osteoarthritis. According tothe National Institutes of Health, or NIH, losing just 10% of body weight may help obese patients reduce the risk of developingother weight‑related medical conditions, while making a meaningful difference in health and well‑being.Qsymia for the treatment of obesity was approved as an adjunct to a reduced‑calorie diet and increased physical activityfor chronic weight management in adult patients with an initial BMI of 30 or greater, or obese patients, or with a BMI of 27 orgreater, or overweight patients, in the presence of at least one weight‑related comorbidity, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetesmellitus or high cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. Qsymia incorporates low doses of active8 Table of Contentsingredients from two previously approved drugs, phentermine and topiramate. Although the exact mechanism of action isunknown, Qsymia is believed to target appetite and satiety, or the feeling of being full, the two main mechanisms that impacteating behavior.Qsymia was approved with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, with a goal of informing prescribersand patients of reproductive potential regarding an increased risk of orofacial clefts in infants exposed to Qsymia during the firsttrimester of pregnancy, the importance of pregnancy prevention for females of reproductive potential receiving Qsymia and theneed to discontinue Qsymia immediately if pregnancy occurs. The Qsymia REMS program includes a medication guide, patientbrochure, voluntary healthcare provider training, distribution through certified home delivery and retail pharmacies, animplementation system and a time‑table for assessments.On July 20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claim construction, or Markman, rulinggoverning the Qsymia Abbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, lawsuits. The Court adopted our proposed constructionsfor all but one of the disputed claim terms and adopted a compromise construction that was acceptable to us for the final claimterm. Expert discovery is ongoing and no trial date has been scheduled.Upon receiving approval to market Qsymia, FDA required that we perform additional studies of Qsymia including acardiovascular outcome trial, or CVOT. To date, there have been no indications throughout the Qsymia clinical developmentprogram nor post-marketing experience of any increase in adverse cardiovascular events. Given this historical information, alongwith the established safety profiles of phentermine and topiramate, we continue to believe that Qsymia poses no truecardiovascular safety risk. We met with FDA in May 2015 to discuss alternative strategies for obtaining cardiovascular, or CV,outcomes data that would be substantially more feasible and that ensure timely collection of data to better inform on the CVsafety of Qsymia. We worked with cardiovascular and epidemiology experts in exploring alternate solutions to demonstrate thelong-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia. After reviewing a summary of Phase 3 data relevant to CV risk and post-marketingsafety data, the cardiology experts noted that they believe there was an absence of an overt CV risk signal and indicated that theydid not believe a randomized placebo-controlled CVOT would provide additional information regarding the CV risk of Qsymia.The epidemiology experts maintained that a well-conducted retrospective observational study could provide data to further informon potential CV risk. We worked with the expert group to develop a protocol and conduct a retrospective observational study. Weare in the process of analyzing the collected information for discussion with FDA. Although we and consulted experts believethere is no overt signal for CV risk to justify the CVOT, we are committed to working with FDA to reach a resolution. There isno assurance, however, that FDA will accept any measures short of those specified in the CVOT to satisfy this requirement.In May 2013, the EC issued a decision refusing the grant of marketing authorization in the EU for Qsiva™, the approvedtrade name for Qsymia in the EU. In September 2013, we submitted a request to the EMA for Scientific Advice, a proceduresimilar to the U.S. Special Protocol Assessment process, regarding use of a pre-specified interim analysis from the CVOT toassess the long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on the incidence of major adverse CV events in overweight and obese subjectswith confirmed CV disease. Our request was to allow this interim analysis to support the resubmission of an application for amarketing authorization for Qsiva for the treatment of obesity in accordance with the EU centralized marketing authorizationprocedure. We received feedback in 2014 from the EMA and the various competent authorities of the EU Member Statesassociated with review of the CVOT protocol. As for the EU, even if FDA were to accept a retrospective observational study inlieu of a CVOT, there would be no assurance that the EMA would accept the same.Foreign regulatory approvals, including EC marketing authorization to market Qsiva in the EU, may not be obtained ona timely basis, or at all, and the failure to receive regulatory approvals in a foreign country would prevent us from marketing ourproducts that have failed to receive such approval in that market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition and results of operations.STENDRA for the Treatment of Erectile DysfunctionED affects an estimated 52% of men between the ages of 40 and 70. Prevalence increases with age and can be caused bya variety of factors, including medications (anti‑hypertensives, histamine receptor antagonists); lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol use);diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, prostate cancer); and spinal cord injuries. Left untreated, ED can negatively impactrelationships and self‑esteem, causing feelings of embarrassment and guilt. About9 Table of Contentshalf of men being treated with currently available phosphodiesterase 5, or PDE5, inhibitors are dissatisfied with treatment.STENDRA is an oral PDE5 inhibitor we have licensed from MTPC. STENDRA was approved in the U.S. by FDA onApril 27, 2012, for the treatment of ED. As part of the approval of STENDRA, we were committed to conduct two post‑approvalclinical studies. The first was a randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled, parallel group multicenter clinical trial on theeffect of STENDRA on spermatogenesis in healthy adult males and males with mild ED. The other study was a double‑blind,randomized, placebo‑controlled, single‑dose clinical trial to assess the effects of STENDRA on multiple parameters of vision,including, but not limited to, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pupillometry, and color vision discrimination in healthy malesubjects. These studies are completed.On September 18, 2014, FDA approved a supplemental New Drug Application, or sNDA, for STENDRA. STENDRA isnow indicated to be taken as early as approximately 15 minutes before sexual activity. On January 23, 2015, the EC adopted thecommission implementing decision amending the marketing authorization for SPEDRA. SPEDRA is now approved in the EU tobe taken as needed approximately 15 to 30 minutes before sexual activity.We have granted an exclusive license to Menarini to commercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED inover 40 European countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand. We have granted an exclusive license toMetuchen to market STENDRA in the United States, Canada, South America and India. We have also granted an exclusivelicense to Sanofi to commercialize avanafil in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and the CIS, including Russia. We are currently indiscussions with potential partners to commercialize STENDRA in other territories where we do not currently have a commercialcollaboration under our license with MTPC, including Mexico and Central America.On July 27, 2016, we filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Hetero USA, Inc.and Hetero Labs Limited, collectively referred to as Hetero, in response to Hetero’s ANDA filing with FDA, requesting approvalto market and sell generic versions of the currently approved doses of STENDRA tablets prior to the expiration of U.S. Patents6,656,935 and 7,501,409, collectively referred to as the Asserted Patents. On January 3, 2017, we entered into a settlementagreement with Hetero, or the Settlement Agreement. Under the Settlement Agreement, Hetero was granted a license tomanufacture and commercialize the generic version of STENDRA described in its ANDA filing in the United States as of the datethat is the later of (a) October 29, 2024, which is 180 days prior to the expiration of the last to expire of the Asserted Patents, or(b) the date that Hetero obtains final approval from FDA of the Hetero ANDA. The Settlement Agreement provides for a fullsettlement of all claims that were asserted in the suit. As required by law, the Settlement Agreement was submitted to the U.S.Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice.Tacrolimus for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial HypertensionPAH is a chronic life-threatening disease characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (arteriesbetween the heart and lungs) due to severe constriction of these blood vessels. Pulmonary blood pressure is normally between 8and 20 mmHg at rest as measured by right heart catheterization; however, in patients with PAH, the pressure in the pulmonaryartery is greater than 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg during physical activity. These high pressures make it difficult for the heartto pump blood through the lungs to be oxygenated.The prevalence of PAH varies among specific populations, but it is estimated at between 15 and 50 cases per millionadults. PAH usually develops between the ages of 20 and 60, but can occur at any age with a mean age of diagnosis around 45years. Idiopathic PAH is the most common type constituting approximately 40% of the total PAH cases, and it occurs 2 to 4times more frequently in females. Risk factors for PAH include a family history of PAH, congenital heart disease, connectivetissue disease, portal hypertension, sickle cell disease, thyroid disease, HIV infection, and use of certain drugs and toxins. PAHpatients are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as class 1, 2, 3, or 4, with the most impaired patients being class4.The symptoms of PAH are non-specific and thus are unfortunately most frequently diagnosed when patients havereached an advanced stage of the disease. Early symptoms may include shortness of breath during routine activity, fatigue, chestpain, racing heartbeat, pain in upper right side of abdomen, and decreased appetite. As PAH progresses and worsens, symptomsmay include feeling light-headed (especially during physical activity), fainting, swelling in the ankles or legs, and bluish lips orskin. At its worse point, the patient develops right heart failure and is routinely10 Table of Contentshospitalized to manage their progressing disease which may ultimately lead to death. Currently, lung transplantation is the onlyoption for patients who are not responsive to medical therapy.The current medical therapies for PAH involve endothelin receptor antagonists, or ERA, phosphodiesterase-5, or PDE5,inhibitors, prostacyclin analogues, selective IP receptor agonists, and soluble guanylate cyclase, or sGC stimulators, which aim toreduce symptoms and improve quality of life. All currently approved products treat the symptoms of PAH, but do not address theunderlying disease. According to LifeSci Capital (Feb 2016 Analysis), the U.S. and worldwide markets for PAH pharmaceuticaltreatments in 2015 exceeded $2.7 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively.We believe that bone morphogenic protein receptor 2, or BMPR2, signaling could inhibit vascular smooth muscleproliferation. Reduced BMPR2 expression, including loss-of-function mutations in BMPR2, is prevalent in PAH patients andmay contribute to smooth muscle proliferation. Studies have shown that low doses of tacrolimus have restored BMPR2 signalingand reversed proliferative effects in animal models. We believe that enhancement of BMPR2 signaling with tacrolimus mayaddress a fundamental cause of PAH.On March 16, 2015, tacrolimus for the treatment of PAH received an Orphan Drug Designation. An Orphan DrugDesignation can provide benefits to us, such as: tax credits on clinical research, simplification of administrative procedures(reduction of the waiting period and reduction of the amount of registration fees), and marketing exclusivity of seven years afterthe marketing approval is granted for the approved orphan indication.Stanford completed a randomized, double-blind Phase 2a with 23 class 1 and 2 PAH patients titrated to target bloodlevels. All target blood levels were well tolerated with no drug related serious adverse events, nephrotoxicity or incidentdiabetes. In addition, Stanford provided tacrolimus for compassionate use in three class 3 or 4 PAH patients. The compassionateuse demonstrated dramatically reduced rates of hospitalizations and functional class improvements were observed.On January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten, whereby we received exclusive,worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of BMPR2 activators for the treatment of PAH and related vasculardiseases. As part of the agreement, Selten assigned to us its license to a group of patents owned by Stanford which cover uses oftacrolimus and ascomycin to treat PAH. We are responsible for future financial obligations to Stanford under that license.We have also assumed full responsibility for the development and commercialization of the licensed compounds for thetreatment of PAH and related vascular diseases. Selten received an upfront payment of $1.0 million and is entitled to receivemilestone payments based on global development status and future sales milestones, as well as tiered royalty payments on futuresales of these compounds. The total potential milestone payments are $39.0 million to Selten and $550,000 to Stanford. Themajority of the milestone payments to Selten may be paid, at our sole option, either in cash or our common stock, provided that inno event shall the payment of common stock exceed fifty percent of the aggregate amount of such milestone payments.Other ProgramsWe have licensed and intend to continue to license from third parties the rights to other investigational drug candidatesto treat various diseases and medical conditions. We expect to continue to use our expertise in designing and conducting clinicaltrials, formulation and investigational drug candidate development to commercialize pharmaceuticals for unmet medical needs orfor disease states that are underserved by currently approved drugs. We intend to develop products with a proprietary position orthat complement our other products currently under development, although there can be no assurance that any of theseinvestigational product candidates will be successfully developed and approved by regulatory authorities.Government RegulationsFDA RegulationPrescription pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive pre‑ and post‑marketing regulation by FDA. The FederalFood, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and its implementing regulations govern, among other things, requirements for11 Table of Contentsthe testing, development, manufacturing, quality control, safety, efficacy, approval, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, reporting,distribution, import, export, advertising and promotion of drug products.The activities required before a pharmaceutical agent may be marketed in the U.S. begin with pre‑clinical testing.Pre‑clinical tests generally include laboratory evaluation of potential products and animal studies to assess the potential safety andefficacy of the product and its formulations. The results of these studies and other information must be submitted to FDA as partof an investigational new drug application, or IND, which must be reviewed by FDA before proposed clinical testing in humanvolunteers can begin. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or to patientsunder the supervision of a qualified principal investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with good clinicalpractices, or GCP, which establishes standards for conducting, recording data from, and reporting results of, clinical trials, and areintended to assure that the data and reported results are credible, accurate, and that the rights, safety and well‑being of studyparticipants are protected. Clinical trials must be under protocols that detail the objectives of the study, the parameters to be usedto monitor safety and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to FDA as part of the IND. Further,each clinical study must be conducted under the auspices of an independent institutional review board, or IRB. The IRB willconsider, among other things, regulations and guidelines for obtaining informed consent from study subjects, as well as otherethical factors and the safety of human patients. The sponsoring company, FDA, or the IRB may suspend or terminate a clinicaltrial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable healthrisk.Typically, human clinical trials are conducted in three phases that may overlap. In Phase 1, clinical trials are conductedwith a small number of patients to determine the early safety profile and pharmacology of the new therapy. In Phase 2, clinicaltrials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease or medical condition in order to determinepreliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and expanded evidence of safety. In Phase 3, large‑scale, multicenter clinical trials areconducted with patients afflicted with a target disease or medical condition in order to provide substantial evidence of efficacyand safety required by FDA and others.The results of the pre‑clinical and clinical testing, together with chemistry and manufacturing information, are submittedto FDA in the form of a New Drug Application, or NDA, for a pharmaceutical product in order to obtain approval to commencecommercial sales. In responding to an NDA, FDA may grant marketing approvals, may request additional information or furtherresearch or studies, or may deny the application if it determines that the application does not satisfy its regulatory approvalcriteria. FDA approval for a pharmaceutical product may not be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Under the goals and policiesagreed to by FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, FDA has twelve months in which to complete its initialreview of a standard NDA and respond to the applicant, and eight months for a priority NDA. FDA does not always meet itsPDUFA goal dates and in certain circumstances, the review process and the PDUFA goal date may be extended. A subsequentapplication for approval of an additional indication must also be reviewed by FDA under the same criteria as apply to originalapplications, and may be denied as well. In addition, even if FDA approval is granted, it may not cover all the clinical indicationsfor which approval is sought or may contain significant limitations in the form of warnings, precautions or contraindications withrespect to conditions of use. In addition, FDA may require the development and implementation of a REMS to address specificsafety issues at the time of approval or after marketing of the product. A REMS may, for instance, restrict distribution and imposeburdensome implementation requirements. Our approved product Qsymia is subject to a REMS program.Satisfaction of FDA premarket approval requirements for new drugs typically takes several years and the actual timerequired may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or targeted disease. Governmentregulation may delay or prevent marketing of potential products for a considerable period of time and may impose costlyprocedures upon our activities. Success in early‑stage clinical trials or with prior versions of products does not assure success inlater stage clinical trials. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varyinginterpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.Once approved, products are subject to continuing regulation by FDA. FDA may withdraw the product approval ifcompliance with post‑marketing regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches themarketplace. In addition, FDA may require companies to conduct post‑marketing studies or trials, referred to as PMRs, toevaluate safety issues related to the approved product, and may withdraw approval or impose marketing restrictions based on theresults of PMR studies or trials or other relevant data. FDA has required us to perform PMR studies and trials for both of ourapproved products, Qsymia and STENDRA. FDA has broad post‑market regulatory and enforcement powers, including theability to levy civil monetary penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize12 Table of Contentsor recall products, or withdraw approvals. Additionally, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 requires allapplicable clinical trials we conduct for our investigational drug candidates, both before and after approval, and the results ofthose applicable clinical trials when available, to be included in a clinical trials registry database that is available and accessible tothe public via the Internet. Our failure to properly participate in the clinical trial database registry may subject us to significantcivil penalties.Facilities used to manufacture drugs are subject to periodic inspection by FDA, and other authorities where applicable,and must comply with FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP regulations. Compliance with cGMP includesadhering to requirements relating to organization of personnel, buildings and facilities, equipment, control of components anddrug product containers and closures, production and process controls, packaging and labeling controls, holding and distribution,laboratory controls, and records and reports. Failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirements subjects themanufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing, seizure of product or voluntary recall ofa product.FDA imposes a number of complex regulations on entities that advertise and promote pharmaceuticals, which include,among other things, standards and regulations relating to direct‑to‑consumer advertising, off‑label promotion, industry‑sponsoredscientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the Internet. A product cannot be commerciallypromoted before it is approved. After approval, product promotion can include only those claims relating to safety andeffectiveness that are consistent with the labeling approved by FDA. FDA has very broad enforcement authority. Failure to abideby these regulations can result in adverse publicity, and/or enforcement actions, including the issuance of a warning letterdirecting the entity to correct deviations from FDA standards, and state and federal civil and criminal investigations andprosecutions. This could subject a company to a range of penalties that could have a significant commercial impact, includingcivil and criminal fines and agreements that materially restrict the manner in which a company promotes or distributes drugproducts.Companies that manufacture or distribute drug products or that hold approved NDAs must comply with other regulatoryrequirements, including submitting annual reports, reporting information about adverse drug experiences, and maintaining certainrecords. In addition, we are subject to various laws and regulations regarding the use and disposal of hazardous or potentiallyhazardous substances in connection with our manufacture and research. In each of these areas, as noted above, the governmenthas broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including the ability to levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance ofapprovals, seize or recall products, and withdraw approvals, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect uponus.Other Government RegulationsIn addition to laws and regulations enforced by FDA, we are also subject to regulation under NIH guidelines as well asunder the Controlled Substances Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Environmental Protection Act, the ToxicSubstances Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and other present and potential future federal, state or locallaws and regulations, as our research and development may involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals, virusesand various radioactive compounds.In addition to regulations in the U.S., we are subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials,commercial sales, and distribution of our investigational drug candidates. We must obtain separate approvals by the comparableregulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence marketing of the product in those countries. For example, inthe EU, the conduct of clinical trials is governed by Directive 2001/20/EC which imposes obligations and procedures that aresimilar to those provided in applicable U.S. laws. The European Union Good Clinical Practice rules, or GCP, and EU GoodLaboratory Practice, or GLP, obligations must also be respected during conduct of the trials. Clinical trials must be approved bythe competent authorities and the competent Ethics Committees in the EU Member States in which the clinical trials take place. Aclinical trial application, or CTA, must be submitted to each EU Member State’s national health authority. Moreover, anapplication for a positive opinion must be submitted to the competent Ethics Committee prior to commencement of clinical trialsof a medicinal product. The competent authorities of the EU Member States in which the clinical trial is conducted must authorizethe conduct of the trial and the competent Ethics Committees must grant their positive opinion prior to commencement of aclinical trial in an EU Member State. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorterthan that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing andreimbursement vary greatly from country to country.13 Table of ContentsTo obtain marketing approval of a medicinal product in the EU, we would be required to submit marketing authorizationapplications based on the ICH Common Technical Document to the competent authorities, and must demonstrate the quality,safety and efficacy of our medicinal products. This would require us to conduct human clinical trials to generate the necessaryclinical data. Moreover, we would be required to demonstrate in our application that studies have been conducted with themedicinal product in the pediatric population as provided by a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, approved by the PediatricCommittee of the EMA. Alternatively, confirmation that we have been granted a waiver or deferral from the conduct of thesestudies must be provided.Medicinal products are authorized in the EU in one of two ways, either by the competent authorities of the EU MemberStates through the decentralized procedure or mutual recognition procedure, or through the centralized procedure by the EuropeanCommission following a positive opinion by the EMA. The authorization process is essentially the same irrespective of whichroute is used.The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU MemberStates. The centralized procedure is compulsory for medicinal products produced by certain biotechnological processes, productsdesignated as orphan medicinal products, and products with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases.It is optional for those products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in the interest of patients. Underthe centralized procedure in the EU, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application is210 days (excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response toquestions asked by the CHMP). Accelerated evaluation may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases. These are defined ascircumstances in which a medicinal product is expected to be of a “major public health interest.” Three cumulative criteria mustbe fulfilled in such circumstances: the seriousness of the disease, such as heavy disabling or life‑threatening diseases, to betreated; the absence or insufficiency of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach; and anticipation of high therapeuticbenefit. In these circumstances, the EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within 150 days.The decentralized procedure provides for approval by one or more other (“concerned”) EU Member States of anassessment of an application for marketing authorization conducted by one EU Member State, known as the reference EUMember State. In accordance with this procedure, an applicant submits an application for marketing authorization to the referenceEU Member State and the concerned EU Member States. This application is identical to the application that would be submittedto the EMA for authorization through the centralized procedure. The reference EU Member State prepares a draft assessment anddrafts of the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a valid application. The resulting assessment report is submitted tothe concerned EU Member States who, within 90 days of receipt must decide whether to approve the assessment report andrelated materials. If a concerned EU Member State cannot approve the assessment report and related materials due to concernsrelating to a potential serious risk to public health, disputed elements may be referred to the European Commission, whosedecision is binding on all EU Member States. In accordance with the mutual recognition procedure, the sponsor applies fornational marketing authorization in one EU Member State. Upon receipt of this authorization the sponsor can then seek therecognition of this authorization by other EU Member States. Authorization in accordance with either of these procedures willresult in authorization of the medicinal product only in the reference EU Member State and in the other concerned EU MemberStates.Innovative medicinal products authorized in the EU on the basis of a full marketing authorization application (asopposed to an application for marketing authorization that relies on data available in the marketing authorization dossier foranother, previously approved, medicinal product) are entitled to eight years’ data exclusivity. During this period, applicants forauthorization of generics or biosimilars of these innovative products cannot rely on data contained in the marketing authorizationdossier submitted for the innovative medicinal product. Innovative medicinal products are also entitled to ten years’ marketexclusivity. During this ten year period no generic or biosimilar of this medicinal product can be placed on the EU market. Theten‑year period of market exclusivity can be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years,the Marketing Authorization Holder for the innovative product obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeuticindications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit incomparison with existing therapies.Similarly to the U.S., marketing authorization holders and manufacturers of medicinal products are subject tocomprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA and/or the competent authorities of the EU Member States. This oversightapplies both before and after grant of manufacturing and marketing authorizations. It includes control of compliance with EUGMP rules and pharmacovigilance rules. We cannot guarantee that we would be able to comply with the post‑marketingobligations imposed as part of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA. Failure to comply with14 Table of Contentsthese requirements may lead to the suspension, variation or withdrawal of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA in the EU.In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products will also be subject to EU Member States’ laws concerningpromotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercialpractices, as well as other EU Member State legislation that may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products.These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’sSummary of Product Characteristics, or SmPC, as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document thatprovides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of the medicinal product. It forms an intrinsic andintegral part of the marketing authorization granted for the medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product that does notcomply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off‑label promotion. The off‑label promotion of medicinal products isprohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at the EU level and in the individual EU Member States also prohibit thedirect‑to‑consumer advertising of prescription‑only medicinal products. Violations of the rules governing the promotion ofmedicinal products in the EU could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may furtherlimit or restrict communications concerning the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may alsoimpose limitations on our promotional activities with healthcare professionals.Failure to comply with the EU Member State laws implementing the Community Code on medicinal products, and EUrules governing the promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising andunfair commercial practices, with the EU Member State laws that apply to the promotion of medicinal products, statutory healthinsurance, bribery and anti‑corruption or with other applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by theEU Member State authorities, which may include any of the following: fines, imprisonment, orders forfeiting products orprohibiting or suspending their supply to the market, or requiring the manufacturer to issue public warnings, or to conduct aproduct recall.Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industryself‑regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct in the individual EU Member States. Theprovision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement,purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The provision of benefits or advantages tophysicians is also governed by the national anti‑bribery laws of the EU Member States. One example is the UK Bribery Act 2010.This Act applies to any company incorporated in or “carrying on business” in the UK, irrespective of where in the world thealleged bribery activity occurs. This Act could have implications for our interactions with physicians in and outside the UK.Violation of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment.Payments made to physicians in certain EU Member States must be publically disclosed. Moreover, agreements withphysicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competentprofessional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are providedin the national laws, industry codes, or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to complywith these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.United States Healthcare ReformIn March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and EducationReconciliation Act of 2010, collectively referred to in this report as the Affordable Care Act was adopted in the United States.This law substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantlyimpacted the pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact ourbusiness and operations. Changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs,reimbursement changes, rules regarding prescription drug benefits under the health insurance exchanges, expansion of the 340Bprogram, and fraud and abuse and enforcement. These changes will impact existing government healthcare programs and willresult in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives and improvements to thephysician quality reporting system and feedback program.The Affordable Care Act made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Effective March 23, 2010,rebate liability expanded from fee‑for‑service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed15 Table of Contentscare organizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Affordable Care Act increased the minimumMedicaid rebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% fornon‑innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions ofexisting drugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. In addition, theAffordable Care Act and subsequent legislation changed the definition of average manufacturer price. In February 2016, theCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, the federal agency that administers Medicare and the Medicaid DrugRebate program, issued final regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program under the AffordableCare Act. These regulations become effective on April 1, 2016. In addition, the Affordable Care Act requires pharmaceuticalmanufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federal government beginning in 2011.Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2016,based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law.Additional provisions of the Affordable Care Act may negatively affect our revenues in the future. For example, as partof the Affordable Care Act’s provisions closing a coverage gap that currently exists in the Medicare Part D prescription drugprogram, or the donut hole, manufacturers are required to provide a 50% discount on branded prescription drugs dispensed tobeneficiaries within this donut hole. We currently do not have coverage under Medicare Part D for our drugs, but this couldchange in the future.Moreover, legislative changes to the Affordable Care Act remain possible and appear likely in the 115th United StatesCongress and under the Trump Administration. We expect that the Affordable Care Act, as currently enacted or as it may beamended in the future, and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, could have a material adverseeffect on our industry generally and on our ability to maintain or increase sales of our existing products or to successfullycommercialize our product candidates, if approved.The Affordable Care Act also expanded the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program. The 340Bpricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B“ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The Affordable Care Act expanded the 340B program to includeadditional types of covered entities: certain free‑standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and solecommunity hospitals, each as defined by the Affordable Care Act, but exempts “orphan drugs” from the ceiling pricerequirements for these covered entities. The Affordable Care Act also obligates the Secretary of the Department of Health andHuman Services to update the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate amanufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser atany price and to report to the government the ceiling prices for its drugs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, orHRSA, the agency that administers the 340B program, recently initiated the process of updating the agreement with participatingmanufacturers. The Healthcare Reform Act also obligates the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services tocreate regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program. In 2015, HRSA issued proposed omnibusguidance that addresses many aspects of the 340B program, and in August 2016, HRSA issued a proposed regulation regarding anadministrative dispute resolution process for the 340B program. It is unclear when or whether the guidance or regulation will bereleased in final form under the Trump Administration. On January 5, 2017, HRSA issued a final regulation regarding thecalculation of 340B ceiling price and the imposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturers that knowingly andintentionally overcharge covered entities. The March 6, 2017 effective date of this regulation is subject to a temporary delaydirected by the Trump Administration, and the regulation could be subject to further delay or other modification by the TrumpAdministration. Implementation of this final rule and the issuance of any other final regulations and guidance could affect ourobligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed,would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree toprovide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in an inpatient setting.Some states have elected not to expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federalpoverty level as permitted under the Affordable Care Act. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program,there may be fewer insured patients overall, which could impact our sales, business and financial condition.16 Table of ContentsCoverage and ReimbursementIn both U.S. and foreign markets, our ability to commercialize our products successfully and to attractcommercialization partners for our products, depends in significant part on the availability of adequate financial coverage andreimbursement from third‑party payors, including, in the United States, governmental payors such as Medicare and Medicaid, aswell as managed care organizations, private health insurers and other organizations. Third‑party payors decide which drugs theywill pay for and establish reimbursement and co‑pay levels. Third‑party payors are increasingly challenging the prices chargedfor medicines and examining their cost‑effectiveness, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensivepharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the cost‑effectiveness of our products. Even with studies, our products may beconsidered less safe, less effective or less cost‑effective than existing products, and third‑party payors may not provide coverageand reimbursement for our product candidates, in whole or in part.Political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry in the United States to fundamentalchanges. There have been, and we expect there will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcaresystem in ways that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. We anticipate that the United States Congress, statelegislatures and the private sector will continue to consider and may adopt healthcare policies intended to curb rising healthcarecosts. These cost‑containment measures include: controls on government funded reimbursement for drugs; new or increasedrequirements to pay prescription drug rebates to government healthcare programs; controls on healthcare providers; challenges tothe pricing of drugs or limits or prohibitions on reimbursement for specific products through other means; requirements to try lessexpensive products or generics before a more expensive branded product; changes in drug importation laws; expansion of use ofmanaged care systems in which healthcare providers contract to provide comprehensive healthcare for a fixed cost per person;and public funding for cost‑effectiveness research, which may be used by government and private third‑party payors to makecoverage and payment decisions. Further, federal budgetary concerns could result in the implementation of significant federalspending cuts, including cuts in Medicare and other health related spending in the near‑term. For example, beginning April 1,2013, Medicare payments for all items and services, including drugs and biologics, were reduced by 2% under the sequestration(i.e., automatic spending reductions) required by the Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended by the American Taxpayer ReliefAct of 2012. Subsequent legislation extended the 2% reduction, on average, to 2025. These cuts reduce reimbursement paymentsrelated to our products, which could potentially negatively impact our revenue.Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, such as average sales price,average manufacturer price and Actual Acquisition Cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relativelylimited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursementrates. CMS surveys and publishes retail community pharmacy acquisition cost information in the form of National Average DrugAcquisition Cost, or NADAC, files to provide state Medicaid agencies with a basis of comparison for their own reimbursementand pricing methodologies and rates. It may be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on thewillingness of payors to cover our products.We participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990and amended by the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 as well as subsequent legislation. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebateprogram, we are required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed toMedicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available tothe states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates are based on pricing data reported by us on a monthlyand quarterly basis to CMS. These data include the average manufacturer price and, in the case of innovator products, the bestprice for each drug.Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also participate in thePublic Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’sdrugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to chargestatutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from thePublic Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low‑income patients. The 340B ceiling price iscalculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the coveredoutpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer priceand the Medicaid Drug Rebate17 Table of Contentsamount under the Affordable Care Act and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing those changes also could affect our340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations.In order to be eligible to have our products paid for with federal funds under the Medicaid and Medicare Part Bprograms and purchased by certain federal agencies and certain federal grantees, we participate in the Department of VeteransAffairs, or VA, Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, pricing program, established by Section 603 of the Veterans Health Care Act of1992. Under this program, we are obligated to make our product available for procurement on an FSS contract and charge a priceto four federal agencies—VA, Department of Defense, Public Health Service, and Coast Guard—that is no higher than thestatutory Federal Ceiling Price, or FCP. The FCP is based on the non‑federal average manufacturer price, or Non‑FAMP, whichwe calculate and report to the VA on a quarterly and annual basis. We also participate in the Tricare Retail Pharmacy program,established by Section 703 of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2008, and related regulations, under which we payquarterly rebates on utilization of innovator products that are dispensed to Tricare beneficiaries. The rebates are calculated as thedifference between Annual Non‑FAMP and FCP.We expect to experience pricing pressures in the United States in connection with the sale of our products due to thetrend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislativeproposals. In various EU countries, we expect to be subject to continuous cost‑cutting measures, such as lower maximum prices,lower or lack of reimbursement coverage and incentives to use cheaper, usually generic, products as an alternative.We are unable to predict what additional legislation, regulations or policies, if any, relating to the healthcare industry orthird‑party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such legislation, regulations or policieswould have on our business. Any cost‑containment measures, including those listed above, or other healthcare system reformsthat are adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate profitably.Once an applicant receives marketing authorization in an EU Member State, through any application route, the applicantis then required to engage in pricing discussions and negotiations with a separate pricing authority in that country. The legislators,policymakers and healthcare insurance funds in the EU Member States continue to propose and implement cost‑containingmeasures to keep healthcare costs down, due in part to the attention being paid to healthcare cost‑containment and other austeritymeasures in the EU. Certain of these changes could impose limitations on the prices pharmaceutical companies are able to chargefor their products. The amounts of reimbursement available from governmental agencies or third‑party payors for these productsmay increase the tax obligations on pharmaceutical companies such as ours, or may facilitate the introduction of genericcompetition with respect to our products. Furthermore, an increasing number of EU Member States and other foreign countriesuse prices for medicinal products established in other countries as “reference prices” to help determine the price of the product intheir own territory. Consequently, a downward trend in prices of medicinal products in some countries could contribute to similardownward trends elsewhere. In addition, the ongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU Member States, includingGreece and Spain, have led and may continue to lead to substantial delays in payment and payment partially with governmentbonds rather than cash for medicinal products, which could negatively impact our revenues and profitability. Moreover, in orderto obtain reimbursement of our medicinal products in some countries, including some EU Member States, we may be required toconduct Health Technology Assessments, or HTAs, that compare the cost‑effectiveness of our products to other availabletherapies. There can be no assurance that our medicinal products will obtain favorable reimbursement status in any country.In the EU, the sole legal instrument at the EU level governing the pricing and reimbursement of medicinal products isCouncil Directive 89/105/EEC, or the Price Transparency Directive. The aim of this Directive is to ensure that pricing andreimbursement mechanisms established in the EU Member States are transparent and objective, do not hinder the free movementand trade of medicinal products in the EU and do not hinder, prevent or distort competition on the market. The PriceTransparency Directive does not provide any guidance concerning the specific criteria on the basis of which pricing andreimbursement decisions are to be made in individual EU Member States. Neither does it have any direct consequence for pricingnor reimbursement levels in individual EU Member States. The EU Member States are free to restrict the range of medicinalproducts for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices and/or reimbursementlevels of medicinal products for human use. An EU Member State may approve a specific price or level of reimbursement for themedicinal product, or alternatively adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company responsible forplacing the medicinal product on the market, including volume‑based arrangements and reference pricing mechanisms.18 Table of ContentsHealth Technology Assessment, or HTA, of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricingand reimbursement procedures in some EU Member States. These EU Member States include the United Kingdom, France,Germany and Sweden. The HTA process in the EEA Member States is governed by the national laws of these countries. HTA isthe procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societalimpact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. HTAgenerally focuses on the clinical efficacy and effectiveness, safety, cost, and cost‑effectiveness of individual medicinal productsas well as their potential implications for the healthcare system. Those elements of medicinal products are compared with othertreatment options available on the market.The outcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement statusgranted to these medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU Member States. The extent to which pricingand reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA of the specific medicinal product vary between EU Member States.In 2011, Directive 2011/24/EU was adopted at the EU level. This Directive concerns the application of patients’ rights incross‑border healthcare. The Directive is intended to establish rules for facilitating access to safe and high‑quality cross‑borderhealthcare in the EU. It also provides for the establishment of a voluntary network of national authorities or bodies responsible forHTA in the individual EU Member States. The purpose of the network is to facilitate and support the exchange of scientificinformation concerning HTAs. This could lead to harmonization between EU Member States of the criteria taken into account inthe conduct of HTA and their impact on pricing and reimbursement decisions.Fraud and Abuse and Privacy and Data Security Laws and RegulationsThe healthcare industry, and thus our business, is subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign regulation. Someof the pertinent laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions areopen to a variety of interpretations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change. Both federal and stategovernmental agencies continue to subject the healthcare industry to intense regulatory scrutiny, including heightened civil andcriminal enforcement efforts.The restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and privacy and data security laws andregulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:·the federal Anti‑Kickback Law, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly or willingly offering, paying,soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward the purchasing,leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare items or servicefor which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by federal healthcare programs such as Medicare andMedicaid. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on onehand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Further, the Affordable Care Act, amongother things, clarified that liability may be established under the federal Anti‑Kickback Law without proving actualknowledge of the federal Anti‑Kickback statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Actamended the Social Security Act to provide that the government may assert that a claim including items or servicesresulting from a violation of the federal Anti‑Kickback Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes ofthe federal civil False Claims Act. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harborsto the federal Anti‑Kickback Law protecting certain common business arrangements and activities from prosecutionor regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do not fit squarelywithin an exemption or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny. We seek to comply with the exemptions and safeharbors whenever possible, but our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protectionfrom anti‑kickback liability;·the federal civil False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowinglypresenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment of government funds or knowinglymaking, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to an obligation to pay money tothe government or knowingly concealing or knowingly and improperly avoiding, decreasing, or concealing anobligation to pay money to the federal government. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have beeninvestigated and have reached substantial19 Table of Contentsfinancial settlements with the federal government under the civil False Claims Act for a variety of alleged impropermarketing activities, including providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers wouldbill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees, grants, free travel, and other benefits to physiciansto induce them to prescribe the company’s products; and inflating prices reported to private price publicationservices, which are used to set drug payment rates under government healthcare programs. In addition, in recentyears the government has pursued civil False Claims Act cases against a number of pharmaceutical companies forcausing false claims to be submitted as a result of the marketing of their products for unapproved, and thusnon‑reimbursable, uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies also are subject to other federal false claimlaws, including, among others, federal criminal healthcare fraud and false statement statutes that extend tonon‑government health benefit programs;·numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations, including state data breach notification laws, state healthinformation privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, disclosure, andprotection of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who prescribe our products and fromwhom we obtain patient health information are subject to privacy and security requirements under the HealthInsurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and the Health Information Technology for Economic andClinical Health Act, or HITECH, which are collectively referred to as HIPAA. We are not a HIPAA‑covered entityand we do not operate as a business associate to any covered entities. Therefore, the HIPAA privacy and securityrequirements do not apply to us (other than potentially with respect to providing certain employee benefits).However, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable healthinformation from a covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA or for aiding andabetting and/or conspiring to commit a violation of HIPAA. We are unable to predict whether our actions could besubject to prosecution in the event of an impermissible disclosure of health information to us. Other countries alsohave, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use, disclosure and protection of personal information. Thecollection and use of personal health data and other personal data in the EU is governed by the provisions of theData Protection Directive as implemented into national laws by the EU Member States. This Directive imposesrestrictions on the processing (e.g., collection, use, disclosure) of personal data, including a number of requirementsrelating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to theindividuals prior to processing their personal data, notification of data processing obligations to the competentnational data protection authorities and the security and confidentiality of the personal data. The Data ProtectionDirective also imposes strict restrictions on the transfer of personal data out of the EU to the United States. Failureto comply with the requirements of the Data Protection Directive and the related national data protection laws of theEU Member States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. The General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR), an EU-wide regulation that will be fully enforceable by May 25, 2018, will introduce new data protectionrequirements in the EU and substantial fines for violations of the data protection rules. The GDPR will increase ourresponsibility and liability in relation to EU personal data that we process and we may be required to put in placeadditional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the new EU data protection rules. This may be onerous andincrease our cost of doing business. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data security continuesto evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data security issues with the potential toaffect our business. These privacy and data security laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business,and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which couldinclude civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect ouroperating results and business. Moreover, patients about whom we or our partners obtain information, as well as theproviders who share this information with us, may have contractual rights that limit our ability to use and disclosethe information. Claims that we have violated individuals' privacy rights or breached our contractual obligations,even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adversepublicity that could harm our business;·analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti‑kickback and false claims laws, may apply to items orservices reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.Some state laws also require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the20 Table of Contentsmarketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to certain health careproviders in the states. Other states prohibit providing meals to prescribers or other marketing‑related activities. Inaddition, California, Connecticut, Nevada, and Massachusetts require pharmaceutical companies to implementcompliance programs or marketing codes of conduct. Foreign governments often have similar regulations, which wealso will be subject to in those countries where we market and sell products;·the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, being implemented as the Open Payments Program, requires certainpharmaceutical manufacturers to engage in extensive tracking of payments and other transfers of value to physiciansand teaching hospitals, and to submit such data to CMS, which will then make all of this data publicly available onthe CMS website. Pharmaceutical manufacturers with products for which payment is available under Medicare,Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program are required to have started tracking reportablepayments on August 1, 2013, and must submit a report to CMS on or before the 90th day of each calendar yeardisclosing reportable payments made in the previous calendar year. Failure to comply with the reporting obligationsmay result in civil monetary penalties; and·the federal Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and other similar anti‑bribery laws in other jurisdictions generallyprohibit companies and their intermediaries from providing money or anything of value to officials of foreigngovernments, foreign political parties, or international organizations with the intent to obtain or retain business orseek a business advantage. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in anti‑bribery law enforcement activityby U.S. regulators, with more frequent and aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both theDepartment of Justice and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. A determination that our operations oractivities are not, or were not, in compliance with United States or foreign laws or regulations could result in theimposition of substantial fines, interruptions of business, loss of supplier, vendor or other third‑party relationships,termination of necessary licenses and permits, and other legal or equitable sanctions. Other internal or governmentinvestigations or legal or regulatory proceedings, including lawsuits brought by private litigants, may also follow asa consequence.If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws or regulations described above or any othergovernmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,fines, exclusion from government‑funded healthcare programs, like Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuringof our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our abilityto operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation andprosecution for violations of these laws and regulations, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us forviolation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expensesand divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance withapplicable federal and state privacy, data security and fraud laws and regulations may prove costly.Collaboration AgreementsMitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationIn January 2001, we entered into an exclusive development, license and clinical trial and commercial supply agreementwith MTPC for the development and commercialization of avanafil, a PDE5 inhibitor compound for the oral and local treatmentof male and female sexual dysfunction. Under the terms of the agreement, MTPC agreed to grant an exclusive license to us forproducts containing avanafil outside of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia,Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. We agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive, royalty‑free license within those countries fororal products that we develop containing avanafil. In addition, we agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive option to obtain anexclusive, royalty‑bearing license within those countries for non‑oral products that we develop containing avanafil. MTPC agreedto manufacture and supply us with avanafil for use in clinical trials, which were our primary responsibility. The MTPC agreementcontains a number of milestone payments to be made by us based on various triggering events.21 Table of ContentsThe term of the MTPC agreement is based on a country‑by‑country and on a product‑by‑product basis. The term shallcontinue until the later of 10 years after the date of the first sale for a particular product or the expiration of the last‑to‑expirepatents within the MTPC patents covering such product in such country. In the event that our product is deemed to beinsufficiently effective or insufficiently safe relative to other PDE5 inhibitor compounds based on published information or noteconomically feasible to develop due to unforeseen regulatory hurdles or costs as measured by standards common in thepharmaceutical industry for this type of product, we have the right to terminate the agreement with MTPC with respect to suchproduct.In August 2012, we entered into an amendment to our agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the activepharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and tablets for STENDRA ourselves or through third parties. In 2015, we transferred themanufacturing of the API and tablets for STENDRA to Sanofi.On February 21, 2013, we entered into the third amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,expands our rights, or those of our sublicensees, to enforce the patents licensed under the MTPC agreement against allegedinfringement, and clarifies the rights and duties of the parties and our sublicensees upon termination of the MTPC agreement. Inaddition, we were obligated to use our best commercial efforts to market STENDRA in the U.S. by December 31, 2013, whichwas achieved by our former commercialization partner, Auxilium.On July 23, 2013, we entered into the fourth amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,changes the definition of net sales used to calculate royalties owed by us to MTPC.Menarini GroupOn July 5, 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Menarini License Agreement, and asupply agreement, or the Menarini Supply Agreement, with the Menarini Group through its subsidiary Berlin‑Chemie AG, orMenarini.Under the terms of the Menarini License Agreement, Menarini received an exclusive license to commercialize andpromote our drug SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand.Additionally, we agreed to transfer to Menarini ownership of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA in the EU for thetreatment of ED, which was granted by the EC in June 2013. Each party agreed not to develop, commercialize, or in‑license anyother product that operates as phosphodiesterase type‑5 inhibitor for the treatment of ED for a limited time period, subject tocertain exceptions.Under the Menarini License Agreement, we have received payments of $63.0 million relating to license and milestonepayments and royalty prepayments through December 31, 2016. Additionally, we are entitled to receive potential milestonepayments based on certain net sales targets, plus royalties on SPEDRA sales. Menarini will also reimburse us for payments madeto cover various obligations to MTPC during the term of the Menarini License Agreement. The Menarini License Agreement willterminate on a country‑by‑country basis in the relevant territories upon the latest to occur of the following: (i) the expiration ofthe last‑to‑expire valid VIVUS patent covering SPEDRA; (ii) the expiration of data protection covering SPEDRA; or(iii) 10 years after the SPEDRA product launch. In addition, Menarini may terminate the Menarini License Agreement if certainadditional regulatory obligations are imposed on SPEDRA, and we may terminate the Menarini License Agreement if Menarinichallenges our patents covering SPEDRA or if Menarini commits certain legal violations. Either party may terminate theMenarini License Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy.Under the terms of the Menarini Supply Agreement, we will supply Menarini with STENDRA drug product untilDecember 31, 2018. Menarini also has the right to manufacture STENDRA independently, provided that it continues to satisfycertain minimum purchase obligations to us. Following the expiration of the Menarini Supply Agreement, Menarini will beresponsible for its own supply of STENDRA. Either party may terminate the Menarini Supply Agreement for the other party’suncured material breach or bankruptcy, or upon the termination of the Menarini License Agreement.Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.On October 10, 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Auxilium License Agreement,and a commercial supply agreement, or the Auxilium Supply Agreement, with Auxilium. On January 29,22 Table of Contents2015, Auxilium was purchased by Endo International, plc. Under the terms of the Auxilium License Agreement, Auxiliumreceived an exclusive license to commercialize and promote our drug STENDRA for the treatment of ED in the United States andCanada and their respective territories, or the Auxilium Territory.We received an upfront license fee of $30.0 million in October 2013 and a regulatory milestone payment of$15.0 million in 2014 upon approval by FDA of a specific time of onset claim for STENDRA in the Auxilium Territory.Additionally, we have received royalty payments based on tiered percentages of the aggregate annual net sales of STENDRA inthe Auxilium Territory on a quarterly basis.Auxilium obtained STENDRA exclusively from us for a mutually agreed term pursuant to the Auxilium SupplyAgreement, as further described below. Auxilium may elect to transfer the control of the supply chain for STENDRA for theAuxilium Territory to itself or its designee by assigning to Auxilium our agreements with the contract manufacturer, which isreferred to below as the Supply Chain Transfer.Auxilium terminated the Auxilium Supply Agreement effective June 30, 2016 and the Auxilium License Agreementeffective September 30, 2016.SanofiOn December 11, 2013, we entered into the Sanofi License Agreement with Sanofi. Effective as of December 11, 2013,we entered into the Sanofi Supply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi, whichterminated according to its terms on June 30, 2015. Under the terms of the Sanofi License Agreement, Sanofi received anexclusive license to commercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in the Sanofi Territory.In December 2013, we received an upfront license fee of $5.0 million and a $1.5 million manufacturing milestonepayment, and in February 2014, we received an additional $3.5 million in manufacturing milestone payments. We were alsoeligible to receive up to $6.0 million in regulatory milestone payments, and up to $45.0 million in sales milestone payments, plusroyalties on avanafil sales based on tiered percentages of the aggregate annual net sales in the Sanofi Territory.On July 31, 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply theAPI for our drug avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi‑exclusive basis in Europe,including the EU, Latin America and other territories. On November 18, 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and SupplyAgreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the UnitedStates and other territories and on a semi‑exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. Wehave obtained approval from FDA and the EMA for Sanofi Chimie to be a qualified supplier of avanafil API and of SanofiWinthrop Industrie as a qualified supplier of the avanafil tablets. We have minimum annual purchase commitments under theseagreements for at least the initial five‑year terms.Metuchen Pharmaceuticals, LLCOn September 30, 2016, we entered into the Metuchen License Agreement and the Metuchen Supply Agreement withMetuchen. Under the terms of the Metuchen License Agreement, Metuchen received an exclusive, license to develop,commercialize and promote STENDRA in the Metuchen Territory, effective October 1, 2016. We and Metuchen have agreed notto develop, commercialize, or in-license any other product that operates as a PDE-5 inhibitor in the Metuchen Territory for alimited time period, subject to certain exceptions. The license agreement will terminate upon the expiration of the last-to-expirepayment obligations under the license agreement; upon expiration of the term of the license agreement, the exclusive licensegranted under the license agreement shall become fully paid-up, royalty-free, perpetual and irrevocable as to us but not certaintrademark royalties due to MTPC.Metuchen will obtain STENDRA exclusively from us for a mutually agreed term pursuant to the supply agreement.Metuchen may elect to transfer the control of the supply chain for STENDRA for the Metuchen Territory to itself or its designeeby assigning to Metuchen our agreements with the contract manufacturer. For 2016 and each subsequent calendar year during theterm of the supply agreement, if Metuchen fails to purchase an agreed minimum purchase amount of STENDRA from us, it willreimburse us for the shortfall as it relates to our out of pocket costs to acquire certain raw materials needed to manufactureSTENDRA. Upon the termination of the supply agreement (other23 Table of Contentsthan by Metuchen for our uncured material breach or upon completion of the transfer of the control of the supply chain),Metuchen’s agreed minimum purchase amount of STENDRA from us shall accelerate for the entire then current initial term orrenewal term, as applicable. The initial term under the Supply Agreement will be for a period of five years, with automaticrenewal for successive two year periods unless either party provides a termination notice to the other party at least two years inadvance of the expiration of the then current term. On September 30, 2016, we received $70 million from Metuchen under thelicense agreement. Metuchen will also reimburse us for payments made to cover royalty and milestone obligations to MTPCduring the term of the license agreement, but will otherwise owe us no future royalties.Selten Pharma, Inc.On January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten, whereby we received exclusive,worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of BMPR2 activators for the treatment of PAH and related vasculardiseases. As part of the agreement, Selten assigned to us its license to a group of patents owned by Stanford, which cover uses oftacrolimus and ascomycin to treat PAH. We are responsible for future financial obligations to Stanford under that license.We have also assumed full responsibility for the development and commercialization of the licensed compounds for thetreatment of PAH and related vascular diseases. Selten received an upfront payment of $1.0 million and is entitled to receivemilestone payments based on global development status and future sales milestones, as well as tiered royalty payments on futuresales of these compounds. The total potential milestone payments are $39.0 million to Selten and $550,000 to Stanford. Themajority of the milestone payments to Selten may be paid, at our sole option, either in cash or our common stock, provided that inno event shall the payment of common stock exceed fifty percent of the aggregate amount of such milestone payments.OtherIn October 2001, we entered into an assignment agreement, or the Assignment Agreement, with Thomas Najarian, M.D.,for a combination of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of obesity and other disorders, or the Combination Therapy, thatbecame the focus of our development program for Qsymia. The Combination Therapy and all related patent applications, or thePatents, were transferred to us with worldwide rights to develop and commercialize the Combination Therapy and exploit thePatents. In addition, the Assignment Agreement requires us to pay royalties on worldwide net sales of a product for the treatmentof obesity that is based upon the Combination Therapy and Patents until the last‑to‑expire of the assigned Patents. To the extentthat we decide not to commercially exploit the Patents, the Assignment Agreement will terminate and the Combination Therapyand Patents will be assigned back to Dr. Najarian. In 2006, Dr. Najarian joined the Company as a part‑time employee and servedas a Principal Scientist. In November 2013, Dr. Najarian’s employment with the Company ended, and he continues to be availableas a consultant.Patents, Proprietary Technology and Data ExclusivityWe own or are the exclusive licensee of more than 30 patents and numerous published patent applications in the U.S.and Canada. We intend to develop, maintain and secure intellectual property rights and to aggressively defend and pursue newpatents to expand upon our current patent base. Our portfolio of patents, which primarily relates to Qsymia, our FDA‑approveddrug for the treatment of obesity, STENDRA, our FDA‑approved drug for the treatment of ED, and tacrolimus is summarized asfollows: QSYMIA U.S. Patent No. 7,056,890 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 7,553,818 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 7,659,256 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 7,674,776 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 8,802,636 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 8,580,299 Expiring 06/14/2029* U.S. Patent No. 8,895,058 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent No. 9,011,905 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent Application No. 15/172,448 Pending 24 Table of ContentsU.S. Patent Application No. 15/333,059 Pending U.S. Patent No. 8,580,298 Expiring 05/15/2029* U.S. Patent No. 8,895,057 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent No. 9,011,906 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent No. 6,071,537 Expiring 06/23/2017 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0310446 A1 Pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0250180 A1 Pending Canadian Patent No. 2,377,330 Expiring 06/14/2020 Canadian Patent No. 2,727,313 Expiring 06/09/2029 Canadian Patent No. 2,727,319 Pending STENDRA U.S. Patent No. 6,656,935 Expiring 04/26/2025 U.S. Patent No. 7,501,409 Expiring 05/05/2023 Canadian Patent No. 2,383,466 Expiring 09/13/2020 ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION U.S. Patent No. 5,922,341 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 5,925,629 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,037,346 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,093,181 Expiring 07/25/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,127,363 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,156,753 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,403,597 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,495,154 Expiring 11/21/2020 U.S. Patent No. 6,548,490 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,946,141 Expiring 11/21/2020 Canadian Patent No. 2,305,394 Expiring 10/28/2018 TACROLIMUS U.S. Patent No. 9,474,745 Expiring 04/30/2032 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017/0007585 A1 Pending PCT/US16/12694 Pending PCT/US16/30737 Pending PCT/US16/47148 Pending * These expiration dates are based on the number of days of patent term adjustment, or PTA, calculated by the U.S. Patent andTrademark Office, or USPTO. An independent calculation of PTA suggested that the patents may be entitled to fewer days ofPTA than determined by the USPTO.The EU has adopted a harmonized approach to data and marketing exclusivity under Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 andDirective 2001/83/EC. The exclusivity scheme applies to products that have been authorized in the EU by either the EuropeanCommission, through the centralized procedure, or the competent authorities of the Member States of the European EconomicArea, or EEA, under the Decentralized or Mutual Recognition procedures. The approach (known as the 8+2+1 formula) permitseight years of data exclusivity and 10 years of marketing exclusivity. Within the first eight years of the 10 years, a genericapplicant is not permitted to cross refer to the preclinical and clinical trial data relating to the reference product. Even if thegeneric product is authorized after expiry of the eight years of data exclusivity, it cannot be placed on the market until the full10‑year market exclusivity has expired. This 10‑year market exclusivity may be extended cumulatively to a maximum period of11 years if during the first eight years of those 10 years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for a new(second) therapeutic indication which, during the scientific evaluation prior to its authorization, is held to bring a significantclinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies.In addition to the Canadian patents identified in the table, we also hold foreign counterparts, patents and patentapplications in major foreign jurisdictions related to our U.S. patents. We have developed and acquired exclusive rights topatented technology in support of our development and commercialization of our approved drugs and investigational drugcandidates, and we rely on trade secrets and proprietary technologies in developing potential drugs. We continue to25 Table of Contentsplace significant emphasis on securing global intellectual property rights and are aggressively pursuing new patents to expandupon our strong foundation for commercializing investigational drug candidates in development.ManufacturingOur commercial products, Qsymia and STENDRA, together with their respective APIs and finished products, as well asour clinical supplies, are manufactured on a contract basis. In addition, packaging for the commercial distribution of the Qsymiaproduct capsules and the STENDRA product tablets is performed by contract packaging companies. We expect to continue tocontract with other third‑party providers for manufacturing services, including APIs, finished products, and packaging operationsas needed. We believe that our current agreements and purchase orders with third‑party manufacturers provide for sufficientoperating capacity to support the anticipated commercial demand for Qsymia and STENDRA and our clinical supplies. However,if we are unable to obtain a sufficient supply of Qsymia or STENDRA for our commercial sales, or the clinical supplies tosupport our clinical trials, or if we should encounter delays or difficulties in our relationships with our manufacturers orpackagers, we may lose potential sales, have difficulty entering into collaboration agreements for the commercialization ofSTENDRA for territories in which we do not have a commercial collaboration or our clinical trials may be delayed.Catalent manufactures our clinical and commercial supplies for Qsymia. Catalent has been successful in validating thecommercial manufacturing process for Qsymia at a scale that has been able to support the launch of Qsymia in the U.S. market.On July 31, 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie, a wholly owned subsidiary ofSanofi, pursuant to which Sanofi Chimie manufactures and supplies the API for STENDRA. On November 18, 2013, we enteredinto a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi, pursuant towhich Sanofi Winthrop Industrie manufactures and supplies the tablets for avanafil.We currently do not have any manufacturing facilities and intend to continue to rely on third parties for the supply of thestarting materials, API and finished dosage forms (tablets and capsules). However, we cannot be certain that we will be successfulin entering into additional supplier agreements or that we will be able to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for anysuppliers in a timely manner or at all.We attempt to prevent disruption of supplies through supply agreements, purchase orders, appropriate forecasting,maintaining stock levels and other strategies. In the event we are unable to manufacture our products, either directly or indirectlythrough others or on commercially acceptable terms, if at all, we may not be able to commercialize our products as planned.Although we are taking these actions to avoid a disruption in supply, we cannot provide assurance that we may not experience adisruption in the future.Marketing and SalesWe commercialize Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a dedicated contract sales force, supported by an internalcommercial team. Our efforts to expand the appropriate use of Qsymia include scientific publications, participation andpresentations at medical conferences, and development and implementation of patient-directed support programs. We have rolledout marketing programs to encourage targeted prescribers to gain more experience with Qsymia. We have increased ourinvestment in digital media in order to amplify our messaging to information-seeking consumers. The digital messagingencourages those consumers most likely to take action to speak with their physicians about obesity treatment options. We believeour enhanced web-based strategies will deliver clear and compelling communications to potential patients. We launched the“Smart Changes Program” in which we partner Qsymia with the Mayo Clinic diet to help on-line patients make the behavioralchanges needed for sustained weight-loss.Qsymia Distribution and REMSWe rely on Cardinal Health 105, Inc., or Cardinal Health, a third‑party distribution and supply‑chain managementcompany, to warehouse Qsymia and distribute it to the certified home delivery pharmacies and wholesalers that then distributeQsymia directly to patients and certified retail pharmacies. Cardinal Health provides billing,26 Table of Contentscollection and returns services. Cardinal Health is our exclusive supplier of distribution logistics services, and accordingly wedepend on Cardinal Health to satisfactorily perform its obligations under our agreement with them.Pursuant to the REMS program applicable to Qsymia, our distribution network is through a broader network of certifiedretail pharmacies and through a small number of certified home delivery pharmacies and wholesalers. We have contractedthrough a third‑party vendor to certify the retail pharmacies and collect required data to support the Qsymia REMS program. Inaddition to providing services to support the distribution and use of Qsymia, each of the certified pharmacies has agreed tocomply with the REMS program requirements and, through our third‑party data collection vendor, will provide us with thenecessary patient and prescribing HCP data. In addition, we have contracted with third‑party data warehouses to store this patientand HCP data and report it to us. We rely on this third‑party data in order to recognize revenue and comply with the REMSrequirements for Qsymia, such as data analysis. This distribution and data collection network requires significant coordinationwith our sales and marketing, finance, regulatory and medical affairs teams, in light of the REMS requirements applicable toQsymia.CompetitionCompetition in the pharmaceutical and medical products industries is intense and is characterized by costly andextensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. We are aware of several pharmaceutical companies also activelyengaged in the development of therapies for the treatment of obesity, diabetes and sexual health and medical device companiesengaged in the development of therapies for the treatment of sleep apnea. Many of these companies have substantially greaterresearch and development capabilities as well as substantially greater marketing, financial and human resources than VIVUS. Ourcompetitors may develop technologies and products that are more effective than those we are currently marketing or researchingand developing. Some of the drugs that may compete with Qsymia may not have a REMS requirement and the accompanyingcomplexities such a requirement presents. Such developments could render Qsymia and STENDRA less competitive or possiblyobsolete. We are also competing with respect to marketing capabilities and manufacturing efficiency, areas in which we havelimited experience.Qsymia for the treatment of chronic weight management competes with several approved anti‑obesity drugs including,Belviq (lorcaserin), an anti‑obesity compound being marketed by Eisai Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd.’s U.S. subsidiary; Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), Orexigen Therapeutics’ anti‑obesity product; Xenical (orlistat), marketed by Roche; alli , theover‑the‑counter version of orlistat, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline; and Novo Nordisk A/S’ Saxenda (liraglutide) 3.0 mg.Agents approved for type 2 diabetes that have demonstrated weight loss in clinical studies may also compete withQsymia. These agents include Victoza (liraglutide; approved for diabetes at 1.2mg and 1.8mg dosage strengths) from NovoNordisk A/S, a GLP‑1 receptor agonist approved January 25, 2010, Invokana (canaglifozin) from Johnson & Johnson’s JanssenPharmaceuticals, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved March 29, 2013; Farxiga™ (dapagliflozin) from AstraZeneca and Bristol‑MyersSquibb, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved January 8, 2014; Jardiance (empagliflozin) from Boehringer Ingelheim, an SGLT2inhibitor, approved August 1, 2014; and Glyxambi (empagliflozin/linagliptin) from Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly, anSGLT2 inhibitor and DPP‑4 inhibitor combination product, approved January 30, 2015. On January 14, 2015, FDA approved theMaestro Rechargeable System for certain obese adults, the first weight loss treatment device that targets the nerve pathwaybetween the brain and the stomach that controls feelings of hunger and fullness. The Maestro Rechargeable System is approved totreat patients aged 18 and older who have not been able to lose weight with a weight loss program, and who have a body massindex of 35 to 45 with at least one other obesity‑related condition, such as type 2 diabetes.In addition, there are several other investigational drug candidates in Phase 2 clinical trials. Zafgen’s beloranib, currentlyin Phase 2 for severe obesity, is a methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor, which is believed to work by re‑establishingbalance to the ways the body packages and metabolizes fat. In January 2013, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, or Rhythm, announced theinitiation of a Phase 2 clinical trial with RM‑493, a small‑peptide melanocortin 4 receptor, or MC4R, agonist, for the treatment ofobesity. Rhythm announced in September 2013, that RM‑493 is being studied in Phase 1B for the treatment of obesity inindividuals with a genetic deficiency in the MC4R pathway. There are a number of generic pharmaceutical drugs that areprescribed for obesity, predominantly phentermine, which is sold at much lower prices than we charge for Qsymia and is alsowidely available in retail pharmacies. The availability of branded prescription drugs, generic drugs and over‑the‑counter drugscould limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for Qsymia.27 ® ®® ® ® ® ® ® ® Table of ContentsWe may also face competition from the off‑label use of the generic components in our drugs. In particular, it is possiblethat patients will seek to acquire phentermine and topiramate, the generic components of Qsymia. Neither of these genericcomponents has a REMS program. Although these products have not been approved by FDA for use in the treatment of chronicobesity, the off‑label use of the generic components in the U.S. or the importation of the generic components from foreignmarkets could adversely affect the commercial potential for our drugs and adversely affect our overall business, financialcondition and results of operations.Qsymia may also face challenges and competition from newly developed generic products. Under the U.S. Drug PriceCompetition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, known as the Hatch‑Waxman Act, newly approved drugs and indicationsmay benefit from a statutory period of non‑patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch‑Waxman Act stimulates competition byproviding incentives to generic pharmaceutical manufacturers to introduce non‑infringing forms of patented pharmaceuticalproducts and to challenge patents on branded pharmaceutical products. We have received notifications under paragraph IV of theHatch-Waxman Act challenging certain of our Qsymia patents. If we are unsuccessful in challenging an Abbreviated New DrugApplication, or ANDA, filed pursuant to the Hatch‑Waxman Act, a generic version of Qsymia may be launched, which wouldharm our business.There are also surgical approaches to treat severe obesity that are becoming increasingly accepted. Two of the mostwell‑established surgical procedures are gastric bypass surgery and adjustable gastric banding, or lap bands. In February 2011,FDA approved the use of a lap band in patients with a BMI of 30 (reduced from 35) with comorbidities. The lowering of the BMIrequirement will make more obese patients eligible for lap band surgery. In addition, other potential approaches that utilizevarious implantable devices or surgical tools are in development. Some of these approaches are in late‑stage development andmay be approved for marketing.We anticipate that STENDRA for the treatment of ED will compete with PDE5 inhibitors in the form of oralmedications including Viagra (sildenafil citrate), marketed by Pfizer, Inc.; Cialis (tadalafil), marketed by Eli Lilly andCompany; Levitra (vardenafil), co‑marketed by GlaxoSmithKline plc and Schering‑Plough Corporation in the U.S.; andSTAXYN (vardenafil in an oral disintegrating tablet, or ODT), co‑promoted by GlaxoSmithKline plc and Merck & Co., Inc.New developments, including the development of other drug technologies and methods of preventing the incidence ofdisease, occur in the pharmaceutical and medical technology industries at a rapid pace. These developments may render our drugsand future investigational drug candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. Compared to us, many of our potential competitors havesubstantially greater:·research and development resources, including personnel and technology;·regulatory experience;·investigational drug candidate development and clinical trial experience;·experience and expertise in exploitation of intellectual property rights; and·access to strategic partners and capital resources.As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we ormay obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize ourinvestigational drug candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs or surgical approaches that are more effective, moreuseful and less costly than ours and may also be more successful in manufacturing and marketing their products. In addition, ourcompetitors may be more effective in commercializing their products. We currently outsource our manufacturing and thereforerely on third parties for that competitive expertise. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop or contract for thesecapabilities on acceptable economic terms, or at all.Avanafil qualifies as an innovative medicinal product in the EU. Innovative medicinal products authorized in the EU onthe basis of a full marketing authorization application (as opposed to an application for marketing authorization that relies on datain the marketing authorization dossier for another, previously approved medicinal product) are entitled to eight years’ dataexclusivity. During this period, applicants for approval of generics of these innovative products cannot rely on data contained inthe marketing authorization dossier submitted for the innovative medicinal product. Innovative medicinal products are alsoentitled to 10 years’ market exclusivity. During this 10‑year period no generic medicinal product can be placed on the EU market.The 10‑year period of market exclusivity can be28 ® ® ® ® Table of Contentsextended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those 10 years, the Marketing Authorization Holder for theinnovative product obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluationprior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. If we do notobtain extended patent protection and data exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.Research and DevelopmentWe incurred $5.6 million, $10.1 million and $13.8 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in research anddevelopment expenses, primarily to support the approval efforts, post‑marketing requirements, and clinical programs for Qsymiaand STENDRA/SPEDRA.EmployeesAs of February 28, 2017, we had 65 employees located at our corporate headquarters in Campbell, California and in thefield. None of our current employees are represented by a labor union or are the subject of a collective bargaining agreement. Webelieve that our relations with our employees are good, and we have never experienced a work stoppage at any of our facilities.InsuranceWe maintain product liability insurance for our clinical trials and commercial sales and general liability and directors’and officers’ liability insurance for our operations. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and no assurance canbe given that we will be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us againstlosses due to liability. Although we have obtained product liability insurance coverage, we may be unable to maintain this productliability coverage for our approved drugs in amounts or scope sufficient to provide us with adequate coverage against all potentialrisks.Geographic Area Financial InformationFor financial information concerning the geographic areas in which we operate, see Note 18: “Segment Information andConcentration of Customers and Suppliers—Geographic Information” to our Consolidated Financial Statements includedelsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.Available InformationOur Annual Report on Form 10‑K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q, Current Reports on Form 8‑K and amendments toreports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available on our websiteat www.vivus.com , when such reports are available on the SEC website. Copies of our Annual Report will be made available, freeof charge, upon written request.The public may read and copy any materials filed by VIVUS with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room bycalling the SEC at 1‑800‑SEC‑0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statementsand other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The contents of these websitesare not incorporated into this filing. Further, VIVUS’s references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactivetextual references only.In addition, information regarding our code of ethics and the charters of our Audit, Compensation, and Nominating andGovernance Committees are available free of charge on our website listed above.Item 1A. Risk Factor sSet forth below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K and in other documents we file with the Securitiesand Exchange Commission, or the SEC, are risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ29 Table of Contentsmaterially from the results contemplated by the forward‑looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.These are not the only risks and uncertainties facing VIVUS. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or thatwe currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.Risks Relating to our BusinessOur success will depend on our ability and that of our collaborators to effectively and profitably commercialize Qsymia® andSTENDRA.Our success will depend on our ability and that of our collaborators to effectively and profitably commercialize Qsymiaand STENDRA, which will include our ability to:·expand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education;·obtain marketing authorization by the EC for Qsiva™ in the EU through the centralized marketing authorizationprocedure;·manage our alliances with MTPC, Menarini, Metuchen and Sanofi, to help ensure the commercial success ofavanafil;·manage costs;·continue to certify and add to the Qsymia retail pharmacy network nationwide and sell Qsymia through thisnetwork;·improve third-party payor coverage, lower out-of-pocket costs to patients with discount programs, and obtaincoverage for obesity under Medicare Part D;·create market demand for Qsymia through patient and physician education, marketing and sales activities;·achieve market acceptance and generate product sales;·comply with the post-marketing requirements established by FDA, including Qsymia’s Risk Evaluation andMitigation Strategy, or REMS, any future changes to the REMS, and any other requirements established by FDA inthe future;·efficiently conduct the post-marketing studies required by FDA;·comply with other healthcare regulatory requirements;·maintain and defend our patents, if challenged;·ensure that the active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs, for Qsymia and STENDRA and the finished products aremanufactured in sufficient quantities and in compliance with requirements of FDA and similar foreign regulatoryagencies and with an acceptable quality and pricing level in order to meet commercial demand;·ensure that the entire supply chain for Qsymia and STENDRA, from APIs to finished products, efficiently andconsistently delivers Qsymia and STENDRA to customers; and·effectively and efficiently manage our sales force and commercial team for the promotion of Qsymia.If we are unable to successfully commercialize Qsymia, our ability to generate product sales will be severely limited,which will have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 30 Table of ContentsWe may not be able to successfully develop, launch and commercialize tacrolimus or any other potential future developmentprograms.We may not be able to effectively develop and profitably launch and commercialize tacrolimus or any other potentialfuture development programs which we may undertake, which will include our ability to:·effectively conduct phase 2 and phase 3 clinical testing on tacrolimus, which could be delayed by slow patientenrollment, long treatment time required to demonstrate effectiveness, disruption of operations at clinical trial sites,adverse medical events or side effects in treated patients, failure of patients taking the placebo to continue toparticipate in the clinical trials, and insufficient clinical trial data to support effectiveness of tacrolimus;·obtain regulatory approval and market authorization for tacrolimus in the U.S., EU and other territories;·develop, validate and maintain a commercially viable manufacturing process that is compliant with cGMP;·establish and effectively manage a supply chain for tacrolimus to ensure that the API and the finished products aremanufactured in sufficient quantities and in compliance with regulatory requirements and with acceptable qualityand pricing in order to meet commercial demand;·effectively determine and manage the appropriate commercialization strategy;·manage costs;·achieve market acceptance by patients, the medical community and third-party payors and generate product sales;·effectively compete with other therapies;·maintain a continued acceptable safety profile for tacrolimus following approval;·comply with healthcare regulatory requirements; and·maintain and defend our patents, if challenged.If we are unable to successfully develop, launch and commercialize tacrolimus, our ability to generate product sales willbe severely limited, which will have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Changes to our management and strategic business plan may cause uncertainty regarding the future of our business, and mayadversely impact employee hiring and retention, our stock price, and our revenue, operating results, and financial condition.We commenced corporate restructuring plans in November 2013 and July 2015 that resulted in significant reductions inour workforce. These changes, and the potential for additional changes to our management, organizational structure and strategicbusiness plan, may cause speculation and uncertainty regarding our future business strategy and direction. These changes maycause or result in:·disruption of our business or distraction of our employees and management;·difficulty in recruiting, hiring, motivating and retaining talented and skilled personnel;·stock price volatility; and·difficulty in negotiating, maintaining or consummating business or strategic relationships or transactions.If we are unable to mitigate these or other potential risks, our revenue, operating results and financial condition may beadversely impacted. 31 Table of ContentsWe depend on our collaboration partners to gain or maintain approval, market, and sell STENDRA/SPEDRA in theirrespective licensed territories.In July 2013, we entered into the Menarini License Agreement under which Menarini received an exclusive license tocommercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plus Australia and NewZealand. In October 2013, we entered into the Auxilium License Agreement and the Auxilium Supply Agreement under whichAuxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote STENDRA for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, orED, in the United States and Canada. Auxilium terminated the Auxilium Supply Agreement effective June 30, 2016 and theAuxilium License Agreement effective September 30, 2016. On September 30, 2016, we entered into the Metuchen LicenseAgreement whereby Metuchen received an exclusive license to develop, commercialize and promote STENDRA in the MetuchenTerritory, effective October 1, 2016. In December 2013, we entered into the Sanofi License Agreement under which Sanofireceived an exclusive license to commercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in the Sanofi Territory.We are relying on our collaboration partners to successfully commercialize STENDRA or SPEDRA in their respectiveterritories, inclusive of obtaining any necessary approvals. There can be no assurances that these collaboration partners will besuccessful in doing so. In general, we cannot control the amount and timing of resources that our collaboration partners devote tothe commercialization of our drugs. If any of our collaboration partners fails to successfully commercialize our drug products, ourbusiness may be negatively affected. For example, if our collaboration partners do not successfully commercialize STENDRA orSPEDRA, we may receive limited or no revenues under our agreements with them.Under our license agreement with MTPC, we are obligated to ensure that Menarini, Metuchen, Sanofi, and any futuresublicensees comply with its terms and conditions. MTPC has the right to terminate our license rights to avanafil in the event ofany uncured material breach of the license agreement. Consequently, failure by Menarini, Metuchen, Sanofi, or any futuresublicensees to comply with these terms and conditions could result in termination of our license rights to avanafil on aworldwide basis, which could delay, impair, or preclude our ability to commercialize avanafil. We depend on collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances for the commercialization of STENDRA or SPEDRA.Our dependence on collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances for the commercialization of STENDRA orSPEDRA, including our license agreements with MTPC, Menarini, Metuchen and Sanofi, will subject us to a number of risks,including the following:·We may not be able to control the commercialization of our drug products in the relevant territories, includingamount, timing and quality of resources that our collaborators may devote to our drug products;·our collaborators may experience financial, regulatory or operational difficulties, which may impair their ability tocommercialize our drug products;·our collaborators may be required under the laws of the relevant territory to disclose our confidential information ormay fail to protect our confidential information;·as a requirement of the collaborative arrangement, we may be required to relinquish important rights with respect toour drug products, such as marketing and distribution rights;·business combinations or significant changes in a collaborator’s business strategy may adversely affect acollaborator’s willingness or ability to satisfactorily complete its commercialization or other obligations under anycollaborative arrangement;·legal disputes or disagreements may occur with one or more of our collaborators;·a collaborator could independently move forward with a competing investigational drug candidate developed eitherindependently or in collaboration with others, including with one of our competitors; and·a collaborator could terminate the collaborative arrangement, which could negatively impact the continuedcommercialization of our drug products. For example, in December 2015, Auxilium notified us of its intention toreturn the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA, and such commercial rights returned to us onSeptember 30, 2016.32 Table of Contents We currently rely on reports from our commercialization partners in determining our royalty revenues, and these reports maybe subject to adjustment or restatement, which may materially affect our financial results.We have royalty and milestone-bearing license and commercialization agreements for STENDRA or SPEDRA withMenarini and Sanofi and, prior to October 1, 2016, with Auxilium. In determining our royalty revenue from such agreements, werely on our collaboration partners to provide accounting estimates and reports for various discounts and allowances, includingproduct returns. As a result of fluctuations in inventory, allowances and buying patterns, actual sales and product returns ofSTENDRA or SPEDRA in particular reporting periods may be affected, resulting in the need for our commercialization partnersto adjust or restate their accounting estimates set forth in the reports provided to us. For example, in April 2015, we wereinformed by Endo, upon their purchase of Auxilium, that Endo had revised its accounting estimate for STENDRA return reserverelated to sales made in 2014. Under the terms of our license and commercialization agreement, adjustments to the return reservecan be deducted from reported net revenue. As a result, in the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded an adjustment of $1.2million to reduce our royalty revenue on net sales of STENDRA. The reduction in royalty revenue resulted in an increase to netloss of $1.2 million, or $0.01 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2015. Such adjustments or restatements may materiallyand negatively affect our financial position and results of operations. Beginning October 1, 2016, we ceased earning royaltyrevenue from U.S. sales as a result of the termination of our license and commercialization agreement with Auxilium. Our newlicense agreement with Metuchen is royalty-free as to us. If we are unable to enter into agreements with collaborators for the territories that are not covered by our existingcommercialization agreements, our ability to commercialize STENDRA in these territories may be impaired.We intend to enter into collaborative arrangements or a strategic alliance with one or more pharmaceutical partners orothers to commercialize STENDRA in territories that are not covered by our current commercial collaboration agreements, suchas Mexico and Central America. We may be unable to enter into agreements with third parties for STENDRA for these territorieson favorable terms or at all, which could delay, impair, or preclude our ability to commercialize STENDRA in these territories. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products abroad.In order to market products in many foreign jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals. Approval byFDA in the U.S. does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatoryauthority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries. For example, while our drug STENDRAhas been approved in both the U.S. and the EU, our drug Qsymia has been approved in the U.S. but Qsiva (the intended tradename for Qsymia in the EU) was denied a marketing authorization by the EC due to concerns over the potential cardiovascularand central nervous system effects associated with long-term use, teratogenic potential and use by patients for whom Qsiva wouldnot have been indicated. We intend to seek approval, either directly or through our collaboration partners, for Qsymia andSTENDRA in other territories outside the U.S. and the EU. However, we have had limited interactions with foreign regulatoryauthorities, and the approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional testing. Foreign regulatory approvalsmay not be obtained, by us or our collaboration partners responsible for obtaining approval, on a timely basis, or at all, for any ofour products. The failure to receive regulatory approvals in a foreign country would prevent us from marketing andcommercializing our products in that country, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition andresults of operations. We, together with Menarini, Sanofi and any potential future collaborators in certain territories, intend to market STENDRAor SPEDRA outside the U.S., which will subject us to risks related to conducting business internationally.We, through Menarini, Sanofi and any potential future collaborators in certain territories, intend to manufacture, market,and distribute STENDRA or SPEDRA outside the U.S. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to conductingbusiness internationally, including:·different regulatory requirements for drug approvals in foreign countries;33 Table of Contents·differing U.S. and foreign drug import and export rules;·reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some foreign countries;·unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;·different reimbursement systems;·economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;·compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;·foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;·foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and otherobligations incidental to doing business in another country;·workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the U.S.;·production shortages resulting from events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;·potential liability resulting from development work conducted by these distributors; and·business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters. We have significant inventories on hand and, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded inventoryimpairment and commitment fees totaling $29.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, primarily to write off excess inventoryrelated to Qsymia.We maintain significant inventories and evaluate these inventories on a periodic basis for potential excess andobsolescence. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recognized total charges of $29.5 million and$2.2 million, respectively, primarily for Qsymia inventories on hand in excess of projected demand. The inventory impairmentcharges were based on our analysis of current Qsymia inventory on hand and remaining shelf life, in relation to our projecteddemand for the product. The current FDA-approved commercial product shelf life for Qsymia is 36 months. STENDRA isapproved in the U.S. and SPEDRA is approved in the EU for 48 months of commercial product shelf life.Our write-down for excess and obsolete inventory is subjective and requires forecasting of the future market demand forour products. Forecasting demand for Qsymia, a drug in the obesity market in which there had been no new FDA-approvedmedications in over a decade prior to 2012, and for which reimbursement from third-party payors had previously been non-existent, has been difficult. Forecasting demand for STENDRA or SPEDRA, a drug that is new to a crowded and competitivemarket and has limited sales history, is also difficult. We will continue to evaluate our inventories on a periodic basis. The valueof our inventories could be impacted if actual sales differ significantly from our estimates of future demand or if any significantunanticipated changes in future product demand or market conditions occur. Any of these events, or a combination thereof, couldresult in additional inventory write-downs in future periods, which could be material. Our failure to manage and maintain our distribution network for Qsymia or compliance with certain requirements of theQsymia REMS program could compromise the commercialization of this product.We rely on Cardinal Health 105, Inc., or Cardinal Health, a third-party distribution and supply-chain managementcompany, to warehouse Qsymia and distribute it to the certified home delivery pharmacies and wholesalers that then distributeQsymia directly to patients and certified retail pharmacies. Cardinal Health provides billing, collection and returns services.Cardinal Health is our exclusive supplier of distribution logistics services, and accordingly we depend on Cardinal Health tosatisfactorily perform its obligations under our agreement with them.Pursuant to the REMS program applicable to Qsymia, our distribution network is through a small number of certifiedhome delivery pharmacies and wholesalers and through a broader network of certified retail pharmacies. We34 Table of Contentshave contracted through a third-party vendor to certify the retail pharmacies and collect required data to support the QsymiaREMS program. In addition to providing services to support the distribution and use of Qsymia, each of the certified pharmacieshas agreed to comply with the REMS program requirements and, through our third-party data collection vendor, will provide uswith the necessary patient and prescribing healthcare provider, or HCP, data. In addition, we have contracted with third-party datawarehouses to store this patient and HCP data and report it to us. We rely on this third-party data in order to recognize revenueand comply with the REMS requirements for Qsymia, such as data analysis. This distribution and data collection network requiressignificant coordination with our sales and marketing, finance, regulatory and medical affairs teams, in light of the REMSrequirements applicable to Qsymia.We rely on the certified pharmacies to implement a number of safety procedures and report certain information to ourthird-party REMS data collection vendor. Failure to maintain our contracts with Cardinal Health, our third-party REMS datacollection vendor, or with the third-party data warehouses, or the inability or failure of any of them to adequately perform underour contracts with them, could negatively impact the distribution of Qsymia, or adversely affect our ability to comply with theREMS applicable to Qsymia. Failure to comply with a requirement of an approved REMS can result in, among other things, civilpenalties, imposition of additional burdensome REMS requirements, suspension or revocation of regulatory approval and criminalprosecution. Failure to coordinate financial systems could also negatively impact our ability to accurately report and forecastproduct revenue. If we are unable to effectively manage the distribution and data collection process, sales of Qsymia could beseverely compromised and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. If we are unable to enter into agreements with suppliers or our suppliers fail to supply us with the APIs for our products orfinished products or if we rely on sole-source suppliers, we may experience delays in commercializing our products.We currently do not have supply agreements for topiramate or phentermine, which are the APIs used in Qsymia. Wecannot guarantee that we will be successful in entering into supply agreements on reasonable terms or at all or that we will be ableto obtain or maintain the necessary regulatory approvals for potential future suppliers in a timely manner or at all.We anticipate that we will continue to rely on single-source suppliers for phentermine and topiramate for the foreseeablefuture. Any production shortfall on the part of our suppliers that impairs the supply of phentermine or topiramate could have amaterial adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to obtain a sufficientquantity of these compounds, there could be a substantial delay in successfully developing a second source supplier. An inabilityto continue to source product from any of these suppliers, which could be due to regulatory actions or requirements affecting thesupplier, adverse financial or other strategic developments experienced by a supplier, labor disputes or shortages, unexpecteddemands or quality issues, could adversely affect our ability to satisfy demand for Qsymia, which could adversely affect ourproduct sales and operating results materially, which could significantly harm our business.We currently do not have any manufacturing facilities and intend to continue to rely on third parties for the supply of theAPI and tablets, as well as for the supply of starting materials. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain ormaintain the necessary regulatory approvals for these suppliers in a timely manner or at all. In August 2012, we entered into anamendment to our license agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the API and tablets for STENDRA ourselves orthrough third-parties. In 2015, we transferred the manufacturing of the API and tables for STENDRA to Sanofi.In July 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the APIfor avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including theEU, Latin America and other territories. In November 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with SanofiWinthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territoriesand on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. We have obtained approval fromFDA and the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, of Sanofi Chimie as a qualified supplier of avanafil API and of SanofiWinthrop Industrie as a qualified supplier of the avanafil tablets. We have entered into supply agreements with Menarini andMetuchen under which we are obligated to supply them with avanafil tablets. If we are unable to maintain a reliable supply ofavanafil API or tablets from Sanofi Chimie and/or Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, we may be unable to satisfy our obligations underthese supply agreements in a timely35 Table of Contentsmanner or at all, and we may, as a result, be in breach of one or both of these agreements. We have in-licensed all or a portion of the rights to Qsymia and STENDRA from third parties. If we default on any of ourmaterial obligations under those licenses, we could lose rights to these drugs.We have in-licensed and otherwise contracted for rights to Qsymia and STENDRA, and we may enter into similarlicenses in the future. Under the relevant agreements, we are subject to commercialization, development, supply, sublicensing,royalty, insurance and other obligations. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, or otherwise breach these licenseagreements, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license in whole or to terminate the exclusive nature of the license.Loss of any of these licenses or the exclusive rights provided therein could harm our financial condition and operating results.In particular, we license the rights to avanafil from MTPC, and we have certain obligations to MTPC in connection withthat license. We license the rights to Qsymia from Dr. Najarian. We believe we are in compliance with the material terms of ourlicense agreements with MTPC and Dr. Najarian. However, there can be no assurance that this compliance will continue or thatthe licensors will not have a differing interpretation of the material terms of the agreements. If the license agreements wereterminated early or if the terms of the licenses were contested for any reason, it would have a material adverse impact on ourability to commercialize products subject to these agreements, our ability to raise funds to finance our operations, our stock priceand our overall financial condition. The monetary and disruption costs of any disputes involving our agreements could besignificant despite rulings in our favor. Our ability to gain market acceptance and generate revenues will be subject to a variety of risks, many of which are out of ourcontrol.Qsymia and STENDRA/SPEDRA may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors or themedical community. We believe that the degree of market acceptance and our ability to generate revenues from such drugs willdepend on a number of factors, including:·our ability to expand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education;·our ability to find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary care physicianaudience;·our ability to obtain marketing authorization by the EC for Qsiva in the EU through the centralized procedure;·our ability to maintain the certified retail pharmacy distribution channel in the United States for Qsymia;·contraindications for Qsymia and STENDRA/SPEDRA;·competition and timing of market introduction of competitive drugs;·quality, safety and efficacy in the approved setting;·prevalence and severity of any side effects, including those of the components of our drugs;·emergence of previously unknown side effects, including those of the generic components of our drugs;·results of any post-approval studies;·potential or perceived advantages or disadvantages over alternative treatments, including generics;·the relative convenience and ease of administration and dosing schedule;·the convenience and ease of purchasing the drug, as perceived by potential patients;·strength of sales, marketing and distribution support;·price, both in absolute terms and relative to alternative treatments;36 Table of Contents·the effectiveness of our or our current or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies;·the effect of current and future healthcare laws;·availability of coverage and reimbursement from government and other third-party payors;·the level of mandatory discounts required under federal and state healthcare programs and the volume of salessubject to those discounts;·recommendations for prescribing physicians to complete certain educational programs for prescribing drugs;·the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of government or third-party coverage; and·product labeling, product insert, or new REMS requirements of FDA or other regulatory authorities.Our drugs may fail to achieve market acceptance or generate significant revenue to achieve sustainable profitability. Inaddition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the safety and benefits of our drugs may requiresignificant resources and may not be successful. We are required to complete post-approval studies and trials mandated by FDA for Qsymia, and such studies and trials areexpected to be costly and time consuming. If the results of these studies and trials reveal unacceptable safety risks, Qsymiamay be required to be withdrawn from the market.As part of the approval of Qsymia, we are required to conduct several post-marketing studies and trials, including aclinical trial to assess the long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events inoverweight and obese subjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease, or AQCLAIM, studies to assess the safety and efficacy ofQsymia for weight management in obese pediatric and adolescent subjects, studies to assess drug utilization and pregnancyexposure and a study to assess renal function. We estimate the AQCLAIM trial as currently designed will cost between$180 million and $220 million and the trial could take as long as five to six years to complete. In September 2013, we submitted arequest to the EMA for Scientific Advice, a procedure similar to the U.S. Special Protocol Assessment process, regarding use of apre-specified interim analysis from the CVOT, known as AQCLAIM, to assess the long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on theincidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obese subjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease. Ourrequest was to allow this interim analysis to support the resubmission of an application for a marketing authorization for Qsiva fortreatment of obesity in accordance with the EU centralized marketing authorization procedure. We received feedback in 2014from the EMA and the various competent authorities of the EU Member States associated with review of the AQCLAIM CVOTprotocol, and we received feedback from FDA in late 2014 regarding the amended protocol. As a part of addressing FDAcomments from a May 2015 meeting to discuss alternatives to completion of a CVOT, we worked with cardiovascular andepidemiology experts in exploring alternate solutions to demonstrate the long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia. Afterreviewing a summary of Phase 3 data relevant to CV risk and post-marketing safety data, the cardiology experts noted that theybelieve there was an absence of an overt CV risk. The epidemiology experts maintained that a well-conducted retrospectiveobservational study could provide data to further inform on potential CV risk. We worked with the expert group to develop aprotocol and conduct a retrospective observational study. We are in the process of analyzing the collected information fordiscussion with FDA. Although we and the consulted experts believe there is no overt signal for CV risk to justify the AQCLAIMCVOT, VIVUS is committed to working with FDA to reach a resolution. As for the EU, even if FDA were to accept aretrospective observational study in lieu of a CVOT, there would be no assurance that the EMA would accept the same. There canbe no assurance that we will be successful in developing a further revised protocol or that any such revised protocol will reducethe costs of the study or obtain FDA or EMA agreement that it will fulfill the requirement of demonstrating the long-termcardiovascular safety of Qsymia. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that FDA or EMA will not request or require us toprovide additional information or undertake additional preclinical studies and clinical trials or retrospective observational studies.In addition to these studies, FDA may also require us to perform other lengthy post-approval studies or trials, for whichwe would have to expend significant additional resources, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results, financialcondition and stock price. Failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements, including the completion of post-marketing studies and trials, can result in, among other things, civil monetary penalties, suspensions37 Table of Contentsof regulatory approvals, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. The restriction, suspension or revocation of regulatoryapprovals or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition, results of operations and stock price. We have not complied with all the regulatory timelines for the requiredpost-marketing trials and studies, and this may be considered a violation of the statute if FDA does not find good cause. We depend upon consultants and outside contractors extensively in important roles within our company.We outsource many key functions of our business and therefore rely on a substantial number of consultants, and we willneed to be able to effectively manage these consultants to ensure that they successfully carry out their contractual obligations andmeet expected deadlines. However, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracyof the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials or other development activities may beextended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to complete our post-approval clinical trials for Qsymia and STENDRA,obtain regulatory approval for our future investigational drug candidates, successfully commercialize our approved drugs orotherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find othercompetent outside contractors and consultants on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Qsymia is a combination of two active ingredient drug products approved individually by FDA that are commercially availableand marketed by other companies, although the specific dose strengths differ. As a result, Qsymia may be subject tosubstitution by prescribing physicians, or by pharmacists, with individual drugs contained in the Qsymia formulation, whichwould adversely affect our business.Although Qsymia is a once-a-day, proprietary extended-release formulation, both of the approved APIs (phentermineand topiramate) that are combined to produce Qsymia are commercially available as drug products at prices that together arelower than the price at which we sell Qsymia. In addition, the distribution and sale of these drug products is not limited under aREMS program, as is the case with Qsymia. Further, the individual drugs contained in the Qsymia formulation are available inretail pharmacies. We cannot be sure that physicians will view Qsymia as sufficiently superior to a treatment regimen ofQsymia’s individual APIs to justify the significantly higher cost for Qsymia, and they may prescribe the individual generic drugsalready approved and marketed by other companies instead of our combination drug. Although our U.S. and European patentscontain composition, product formulation and method-of-use claims that we believe protect Qsymia, these patents may beineffective or impractical to prevent physicians from prescribing, or pharmacists from dispensing, the individual genericconstituents marketed by other companies instead of our combination drug. Phentermine and topiramate are currently available ingeneric form, although the doses used in Qsymia are currently not available. In the third quarter of 2013, SupernusPharmaceuticals, Inc. launched Trokendi XR™ and in the second quarter of 2014, Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. launchedQudexy™. Both products provide an extended-release formulation of the generic drug topiramate that is indicated for certaintypes of seizures and migraines. Topiramate is not approved for obesity treatment, and phentermine is only approved for short-term treatment of obesity. However, because the price of Qsymia is significantly higher than the prices of the individualcomponents as marketed by other companies, physicians may have a greater incentive to write prescriptions for the individualcomponents outside of their approved indication, instead of for our combination drug, and this may limit how we price or marketQsymia. Similar concerns could also limit the reimbursement amounts private health insurers or government agencies in the U.S.are prepared to pay for Qsymia, which could also limit market and patient acceptance of our drug and could negatively impact ourrevenues.In many regions and countries where we may plan to market Qsymia, the pricing of reimbursed prescription drugs iscontrolled by the government or regulatory agencies. The government or regulatory agencies in these countries could determinethat the pricing for Qsymia should be based on prices for its APIs when sold separately, rather than allowing us to market Qsymiaat a premium as a new drug, which could limit our pricing of Qsymia and negatively impact our revenues.Once an applicant receives authorization to market a medicinal product in an EU Member State, through any applicationroute, the applicant is required to engage in pricing discussions and negotiations with a separate pricing authority in that country.The legislators, policymakers and healthcare insurance funds in the EU Member States38 Table of Contentscontinue to propose and implement cost-containing measures to keep healthcare costs down, due in part to the attention beingpaid to healthcare cost containment and other austerity measures in the EU. Certain of these changes could impose limitations onthe prices pharmaceutical companies are able to charge for their products. The amounts of reimbursement available fromgovernmental agencies or third-party payors for these products may increase the tax obligations on pharmaceutical companiessuch as ours, or may facilitate the introduction of generic competition with respect to our products. Furthermore, an increasingnumber of EU Member States and other foreign countries use prices for medicinal products established in other countries as“reference prices” to help determine the price of the product in their own territory. Consequently, a downward trend in the priceof medicinal products in some countries could contribute to similar downward trends elsewhere. In addition, the ongoingbudgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU Member States, including Greece and Spain, have led and may continue to lead tosubstantial delays in payment and payment partially with government bonds rather than cash for medicinal products, which couldnegatively impact our revenues and profitability. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement of our medicinal products in somecountries, including some EU Member States, we may be required to conduct clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness ofour products to other available therapies. There can be no assurance that our medicinal products will obtain favorablereimbursement status in any country. If we become subject to product liability claims, we may be required to pay damages that exceed our insurance coverage.Qsymia and STENDRA/SPEDRA, like all pharmaceutical products, are subject to heightened risk for product liabilityclaims due to inherent potential side effects. For example, because topiramate, a component of Qsymia, may increase the risk ofcongenital malformation in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy and also may increase the risk ofsuicidal thoughts and behavior, such risks may be associated with Qsymia as well. Other potential risks involving Qsymia mayinclude, but are not limited to, an increase in resting heart rate, acute angle closure glaucoma, cognitive and psychiatric adverseevents, metabolic acidosis, an increase in serum creatinine, hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, kidney stoneformation, decreased sweating and hypokalemia, or lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood.Although we have obtained product liability insurance coverage for Qsymia, we may be unable to maintain this productliability coverage for Qsymia or any other of our approved drugs in amounts or scope sufficient to provide us with adequatecoverage against all potential risks. A product liability claim in excess of, or excluded from, our insurance coverage would haveto be paid out of cash reserves and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition and results ofoperations. Product liability insurance is expensive even with large self-insured retentions or deductibles, difficult to maintain,and current or increased coverage may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.In addition, we develop, test, and manufacture through third parties, approved drugs and future investigational drugcandidates that are used by humans. We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our approveddrugs and investigational drug candidates in clinical trials. An individual may bring a liability claim against us if one of ourapproved drugs or future investigational drug candidates causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury.If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against a product liability claim, whether involving Qsymia,STENDRA/SPEDRA or a future investigational drug candidate or product, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless ofmerit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:·injury to our reputation;·withdrawal of clinical trial patients;·costs of defending the claim and/or related litigation;·cost of any potential adverse verdict;·substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants; and·the inability to commercialize our drugs.39 Table of ContentsDamages awarded in a product liability action could be substantial and could have a negative impact on our financialcondition. Whether or not we were ultimately successful in product liability litigation, such litigation would consume substantialamounts of our financial and managerial resources, and might result in adverse publicity, all of which would impair our business.In addition, product liability claims could result in an FDA investigation of the safety or efficacy of our product, our third-partymanufacturing processes and facilities, or our marketing programs. An FDA investigation could also potentially lead to a recall ofour products or more serious enforcement actions, limitations on the indications for which they may be used, or suspension orwithdrawal of approval. The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and we may be unable to compete successfully against new entrantsor established companies.Competition in the pharmaceutical and medical products industries is intense and is characterized by costly andextensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. We are aware of several pharmaceutical companies also activelyengaged in the development of therapies for the treatment of obesity and erectile dysfunction. Many of these companies havesubstantially greater research and development capabilities as well as substantially greater marketing, financial and humanresources than we do. Some of the drugs that may compete with Qsymia may not have a REMS requirement and theaccompanying complexities such a requirement presents. Our competitors may develop technologies and products that are moreeffective than those we are currently marketing or researching and developing. Such developments could render Qsymia andSTENDRA less competitive or possibly obsolete. We are also competing with respect to marketing capabilities andmanufacturing efficiency, areas in which we have limited experience.Qsymia for the treatment of chronic weight management competes with several approved anti-obesity drugs including,Belviq (lorcaserin), Arena Pharmaceutical’s approved anti-obesity compound marketed by Eisai Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd.’s U.S.subsidiary; Xenical (orlistat), marketed by Roche; alli , the over-the-counter version of orlistat, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline;Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc.’s anti-obesity compound; and Saxenda (liraglutide), an anti-obesity compound marketed by Novo Nordisk A/S. Agents that have been approved for type 2 diabetes that have demonstratedweight loss in clinical studies may also compete with Qsymia. These include Farxiga™ (dapagliflozin) from AstraZeneca andBristol-Myers Squibb, an SGLT2 inhibitor; Jardiance (empagliflozin) from Boehringer Ingelheim, an SGLT2 inhibitor; Victoza(liraglutide) from Novo Nordisk A/S, a GLP-1 receptor agonist; Invokana (canaglifozin) from Johnson & Johnson’s JanssenPharmaceuticals, an SGLT2 inhibitor and Glyxambi (empagliflozin/linagliptin) from Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly, anSGLT2 inhibitor and DPP-4 inhibitor combination product. Also, EnteroMedics® Inc. markets the Maestro Rechargeable Systemfor certain obese adults, the first weight loss treatment device that targets the nerve pathway between the brain and the stomachthat controls feelings of hunger and fullness.There are also several other investigational drug candidates in Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of obesity. Thereare also a number of generic pharmaceutical drugs that are prescribed for obesity, predominantly phentermine. Phentermine issold at much lower prices than we charge for Qsymia. The availability of branded prescription drugs, generic drugs and over-the-counter drugs could limit the demand for, and the price we are able to charge for, Qsymia.We also may face competition from the off-label use of the generic components in our drugs. In particular, it is possiblethat patients will seek to acquire phentermine and topiramate, the generic components of Qsymia. Neither of these genericcomponents has a REMS program and both are available at retail pharmacies. Although the dose strength of these genericcomponents has not been approved by FDA for use in the treatment of obesity, the off-label use of the generic components in theU.S. or the importation of the generic components from foreign markets could adversely affect the commercial potential for ourdrugs and adversely affect our overall business, financial condition and results of operations.There are also surgical approaches to treat severe obesity that are becoming increasingly accepted. Two of the most wellestablished surgical procedures are gastric bypass surgery and adjustable gastric banding, or lap bands. In February 2011, FDAapproved the use of a lap band in patients with a BMI of 30 (reduced from 35) with comorbidities. The lowering of the BMIrequirement will make more obese patients eligible for lap band surgery. In addition, other potential approaches that utilizevarious implantable devices or surgical tools are in development. Some of these approaches are in late-stage development andmay be approved for marketing.Qsymia may also face challenges and competition from newly developed generic products. Under the U.S. Drug40 ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Table of ContentsPrice Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, newly approved drugs andindications may benefit from a statutory period of non-patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch-Waxman Act stimulatescompetition by providing incentives to generic pharmaceutical manufacturers to introduce non-infringing forms of patentedpharmaceutical products and to challenge patents on branded pharmaceutical products. If we are unsuccessful at challenging anAbbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, filed pursuant to the Hatch-Waxman Act, a generic version of Qsymia may belaunched, which would harm our business. Generic manufacturers pursuing ANDA approval are not required to conduct costlyand time-consuming clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of their products; rather, they are permitted to rely onFDA’s finding that the innovator’s product is safe and effective. Additionally, generic drug companies generally do not expendsignificant sums on sales and marketing activities, instead relying on physicians or payors to substitute the generic form of a drugfor the branded form. Thus, generic manufacturers can sell their products at prices much lower than those charged by theinnovative pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies who have incurred substantial expenses associated with the research anddevelopment of the drug product and who must spend significant sums marketing a new drug.The FDCA provides that an ANDA holder and an innovator drug with a REMS with Elements to Assure Safe use, likeQsymia, must use a single shared REMS system to assure safe use unless FDA waives this requirement and permits the ANDAholder to implement a separate but comparable REMS. We cannot predict the outcome or impact on our business of any futureaction that we may take with regard to sharing our REMS program or if FDA grants a waiver allowing the generic competitor tomarket a generic drug with a separate but comparable REMS.New developments, including the development of other drug technologies and methods of preventing the incidence ofdisease, occur in the pharmaceutical and medical technology industries at a rapid pace. These developments may render our drugsand future investigational drug candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. Compared to us, many of our potential competitors havesubstantially greater:·research and development resources, including personnel and technology;·regulatory experience;·investigational drug candidate development and clinical trial experience;·experience and expertise in exploitation of intellectual property rights; and·access to strategic partners and capital resources.As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we ormay obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize our futureinvestigational drug candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs or surgical approaches that are more effective, moreuseful and less costly than ours and may also be more successful in manufacturing and marketing their products. In addition, ourcompetitors may be more effective in commercializing their products. We currently outsource our manufacturing and thereforerely on third parties for that competitive expertise. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop or contract for thesecapabilities on acceptable economic terms, or at all. We may participate in new partnerships and other strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expensesand present significant distractions to our management.From time to time, we consider strategic transactions, such as out-licensing or in-licensing of compounds ortechnologies, acquisitions of companies and asset purchases. Most recently, on September 30, 2016, we entered into a license andcommercialization agreement and a commercial supply agreement with Metuchen. Under the terms of the agreements, Metuchenreceived an exclusive license to develop, commercialize and promote STENDRA in the United States, Canada, South Americaand India, or the Territory, effective October 1, 2016. Additionally, on January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent AssignmentAgreement with Selten, whereby we received exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization oftacrolimus for the treatment of PAH and related vascular diseases. Further potential transactions we may consider include avariety of different business arrangements, including strategic partnerships, joint ventures, spin-offs, restructurings, divestitures,business combinations and investments. In addition, another entity may pursue us as an acquisition target. Any such transactionsmay require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, may increase our near- and long-term expenditures and may posesignificant integration challenges,41 Table of Contentsrequire additional expertise or disrupt our management or business, any of which could harm our operations and financial results.As part of an effort to enter into significant transactions, we conduct business, legal and financial due diligence with thegoal of identifying and evaluating material risks involved in the transaction. Despite our efforts, we ultimately may beunsuccessful in ascertaining or evaluating all such risks and, as a result, might not realize the expected benefits of the transaction.If we fail to realize the expected benefits from any transaction we may consummate, whether as a result of unidentified risks,integration difficulties, regulatory setbacks or other events, our business, results of operations and financial condition could beadversely affected. Our failure to successfully identify, acquire, develop and market additional investigational drug candidates or approved drugswould impair our ability to grow.As part of our growth strategy, we may acquire, in-license, develop and/or market additional products andinvestigational drug candidates. Most recently, on January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten,whereby we received exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of tacrolimus for the treatment ofPAH and related vascular diseases. Because our internal research capabilities are limited, we may be dependent uponpharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic scientists and other researchers to sell or license products or technologyto us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select and acquire promising pharmaceuticalinvestigational drug candidates and products.The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of an investigational drug candidate orapproved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial, marketing andsales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of investigational drug candidates and approved products. Wehave limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses and technologiesand integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensingopportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. We may not be able toacquire the rights to additional investigational drug candidates on terms that we find acceptable, or at all.In addition, future acquisitions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:·exposure to unknown liabilities;·disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention to develop acquired products ortechnologies;·incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of securities to pay for acquisitions;·higher than expected acquisition, integration and maintenance costs;·increased amortization expenses;·difficulty and cost in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations andpersonnel;·impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses due to changes inmanagement and ownership; and·inability to retain key employees of any acquired businesses.Further, any investigational drug candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior tocommercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and obtaining approval by FDA and applicable foreign regulatoryauthorities. All investigational drug candidates are prone to certain failures that are relatively common in the field of drugdevelopment, including the possibility that an investigational drug candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe andeffective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot be certain that any drugs that we develop or approvedproducts that we may acquire will be commercialized profitably or achieve market acceptance. 42 Table of ContentsIf we fail to retain our key personnel and hire, train and retain qualified employees, we may not be able to compete effectively,which could result in reduced revenues or delays in the development of our investigational drug candidates orcommercialization of our approved drugs.Our success is highly dependent upon the skills of a limited number of key management personnel. To reach ourbusiness objectives, we will need to retain and hire qualified personnel in the areas of manufacturing, commercial operations,research and development, regulatory and legal affairs, business development, clinical trial design, execution and analysis, andpre-clinical testing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain or hire such personnel, as we must compete withother companies, academic institutions, government entities and other agencies. The loss of any of our key personnel or thefailure to attract or retain necessary new employees could have an adverse effect on our research programs, investigational drugcandidate development, approved drug commercialization efforts and business operations. We rely on third parties and collaborative partners to manufacture sufficient quantities of compounds within productspecifications as required by regulatory agencies for use in our pre-clinical and clinical trials and commercial operations andan interruption to this service may harm our business.We do not have the ability to manufacture the materials we use in our pre-clinical and clinical trials and commercialoperations. Rather, we rely on various third parties to manufacture these materials and there may be long lead times to obtainmaterials. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify, contract with, qualify and obtain prior regulatory approvalfor additional sources of clinical materials. If interruptions in this supply occur for any reason, including a decision by the thirdparties to discontinue manufacturing, technical difficulties, labor disputes, natural or other disasters, or a failure of the thirdparties to follow regulations, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals for our investigational drug candidates and maynot be able to successfully commercialize these investigational drug candidates or our approved drugs.Our third-party manufacturers and collaborative partners may encounter delays and problems in manufacturing ourapproved drugs or investigational drug candidates for a variety of reasons, including accidents during operation, failure ofequipment, delays in receiving materials, natural or other disasters, political or governmental changes, or other factors inherent inoperating complex manufacturing facilities. Supply-chain management is difficult. Commercially available starting materials,reagents, excipients, and other materials may become scarce, more expensive to procure, or not meet quality standards, and wemay not be able to obtain favorable terms in agreements with subcontractors. Our third-party manufacturers may not be able tooperate manufacturing facilities in a cost-effective manner or in a time frame that is consistent with our expected futuremanufacturing needs. If our third-party manufacturers, cease or interrupt production or if our third-party manufacturers and otherservice providers fail to supply materials, products or services to us for any reason, such interruption could delay progress on ourprograms, or interrupt the commercial supply, with the potential for additional costs and lost revenues. If this were to occur, wemay also need to seek alternative means to fulfill our manufacturing needs.For example, Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC, or Catalent, is our sole source of clinical and commercial supplies forQsymia. While Catalent has significant experience in commercial scale manufacturing, there is no assurance that Catalent will besuccessful in continuing to supply Qsymia at current levels or increasing the scale of the Qsymia manufacturing process, shouldthe market demand for Qsymia expand beyond the level supportable by the current validated manufacturing process. Such afailure by Catalent to meet current demand or to further scale up the commercial manufacturing process for Qsymia could have amaterial adverse impact on our ability to realize commercial success with Qsymia in the U.S. market, and have a material adverseimpact on our plan, market price of our common stock and financial condition.For avanafil, in July 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture andsupply the API for avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis inEurope, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. On November 18, 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing andSupply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets for STENDRA and SPEDRAon an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, LatinAmerica and other territories. Sanofi is responsible for all aspects of manufacture, including obtaining the starting materials forthe production of API. If Sanofi is unable to manufacture the API or tablets in sufficient quantities to meet projected demand,future sales could be adversely affected, which in turn could have a43 Table of Contentsdetrimental impact on our financial results, our license, commercialization, and supply agreements with our collaborationpartners, and our ability to enter into a collaboration agreement for the commercialization in other territories.Any failure of current or future manufacturing sites, including those of Sanofi Chimie and Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, toreceive or maintain approval from FDA or foreign authorities, obtain and maintain ongoing FDA or foreign regulatorycompliance, or manufacture avanafil API or tablets in expected quantities could have a detrimental impact on our ability tocommercialize STENDRA under our agreements with Menarini, Metuchen and Sanofi and our ability to enter into a collaborationagreement for the commercialization of STENDRA in our other territories not covered by our agreements with Menarini,Metuchen and Sanofi. We rely on third parties to maintain appropriate levels of confidentiality of the data compiled during clinical, pre-clinical andretrospective observational studies and trials.We seek to maintain the confidential nature of our confidential information through contractual provisions in ouragreements with third parties, including our agreements with clinical research organizations, or CROs, that manage our clinicalstudies for our investigational drug candidates. These CROs may fail to comply with their obligations of confidentiality or may berequired as a matter of law to disclose our confidential information. As the success of our clinical studies depends in large part onour confidential information remaining confidential prior to, during and after a clinical study, any disclosure or breach affectingthat information could have a material adverse effect on the outcome of a clinical study, our business, financial condition andresults of operations.The collection and use of personal health data and other personal data in the EU is governed by the provisions of theData Protection Directive as implemented into national laws by the EU Member States. This Directive imposes restrictions on theprocessing (e.g., collection, use, disclosure) of personal data, including a number of requirements relating to the consent of theindividuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals prior to processing their personal data,notification of data processing obligations to the competent national data protection authorities and the security andconfidentiality of the personal data. The Data Protection Directive also imposes strict restrictions on the transfer of personal dataout of the EU to the United States. Failure to comply with the requirements of the Data Protection Directive and the relatednational data protection laws of the EU Member States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. The General DataProtection Regulation, or GDPR, an EU-wide regulation that will be fully enforceable by May 25, 2018, will introduce new dataprotection requirements in the EU and substantial fines for violations of the data protection rules. The GDPR will increase ourresponsibility and liability in relation to EU personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additionalmechanisms ensuring compliance with the new EU data protection rules. This may be onerous and increase our cost of doingbusiness. If we fail to comply with applicable healthcare and privacy and data security laws and regulations, we could face substantialpenalties, liability and adverse publicity and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.Our arrangements with third-party payors and customers expose us to broadly applicable federal and state healthcarelaws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse. In addition, our operations expose us to privacy and data security laws andregulations. The restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, and privacy and data security lawsand regulations, that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:·the federal Anti-Kickback Law, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly or willingly offering, paying,soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward the purchasing,leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare items or servicefor which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by federal healthcare programs such as Medicare andMedicaid. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on onehand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Further, the Affordable Care Act, amongother things, clarified that liability may be established under the federal Anti-Kickback Law without proving actualknowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Actamended the Social Security Act to provide that the government may assert that a claim including items or servicesresulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes ofthe federal civil44 Table of ContentsFalse Claims Act. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors to the federalAnti-Kickback Law protecting certain common business arrangements and activities from prosecution or regulatorysanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do not fit squarely within anexemption or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny. We seek to comply with the exemptions and safe harborswhenever possible, but our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability;·the federal civil False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowinglypresenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment of government funds or knowinglymaking, using, or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to an obligation to pay money tothe government or knowingly concealing, or knowingly and improperly avoiding, decreasing, or concealing anobligation to pay money to the federal government. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have beeninvestigated and have reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under the civil FalseClaims Act for a variety of alleged improper marketing activities, including providing free product to customerswith the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees,grants, free travel, and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe the company’s products; andinflating prices reported to private price publication services, which are used to set drug payment rates undergovernment healthcare programs. In addition, in recent years the government has pursued civil False Claims Actcases against a number of pharmaceutical companies for causing false claims to be submitted as a result of themarketing of their products for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcarecompanies also are subject to other federal false claim laws, including, among others, federal criminal healthcarefraud and false statement statutes that extend to non-government health benefit programs;·numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations, including state data breach notification laws, state healthinformation privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, disclosure andprotection of personal information. Other countries also have, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use,disclosure and protection of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who prescribe our productsand from whom we obtain patient health information are subject to privacy and security requirements under theHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and by the Health Information Technology forEconomic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, which are collectively referred to as HIPAA. We are not a HIPAA-covered entity and we do not operate as a business associate to any covered entities. Therefore, the HIPAA privacyand security requirements do not apply to us (other than potentially with respect to providing certain employeebenefits). However, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable healthinformation from a covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA or for aiding andabetting and/or conspiring to commit a violation of HIPAA. We are unable to predict whether our actions could besubject to prosecution in the event of an impermissible disclosure of health information to us. The legislative andregulatory landscape for privacy and data security continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount offocus on privacy and data security issues with the potential to affect our business. These privacy and data securitylaws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business, and failure to comply with these laws andregulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), privatelitigation and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business;·analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to items orservices reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.Some state laws also require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotionof pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to certain health care providers in the states. Otherstates prohibit providing meals to prescribers or other marketing-related activities. In addition, California,Connecticut, Nevada, and Massachusetts require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs ormarketing codes of conduct. Foreign governments often have similar regulations, which we also will be subject to inthose countries where we market and sell products;45 Table of Contents·the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, being implemented as the Open Payments Program, requires certainpharmaceutical manufacturers to engage in extensive tracking of payments and other transfers of value to physiciansand teaching hospitals, and to submit such data to CMS, which will then make all of this data publicly available onthe CMS website. Pharmaceutical manufacturers with products for which payment is available under Medicare,Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program were required to have started tracking reportablepayments on August 1, 2013, and must submit a report to CMS on or before the 90th day of each calendar yeardisclosing reportable payments made in the previous calendar year. Failure to comply with the reporting obligationsmay result in civil monetary penalties; and·the federal Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and other similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generallyprohibit companies and their intermediaries from providing money or anything of value to officials of foreigngovernments, foreign political parties, or international organizations with the intent to obtain or retain business orseek a business advantage. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in anti-bribery law enforcement activityby U.S. regulators, with more frequent and aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both theDepartment of Justice and the SEC. A determination that our operations or activities are not, or were not, incompliance with United States or foreign laws or regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines,interruptions of business, loss of supplier, vendor or other third-party relationships, termination of necessarylicenses and permits, and other legal or equitable sanctions. Other internal or government investigations or legal orregulatory proceedings, including lawsuits brought by private litigants, may also follow as a consequence.If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws and regulations described above or any othergovernmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,fines, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, like Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuringof our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations, or associated adverse publicity,could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigatethe risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws and regulations, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Anyaction against us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incursignificant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving andsustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy data, security and fraud laws and regulations may prove costly.In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products will also be subject to EU Member States’ laws concerningpromotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercialpractices, as well as other EU Member State legislation governing statutory health insurance, bribery and anti-corruption. Failureto comply with these rules can result in enforcement action by the EU Member State authorities, which may include any of thefollowing: fines, imprisonment, orders forfeiting products or prohibiting or suspending their supply to the market, or requiring themanufacturer to issue public warnings, or to conduct a product recall. Significant disruptions of information technology systems or security breaches could adversely affect our business.We are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and data to operate our business. Inthe ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information (including but not limitedto trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information). It is critical that we doso in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We also have outsourcedelements of our operations to third parties, and as a result we manage a number of third party vendors who may or could haveaccess to our confidential information. The size and complexity of our information technology systems, and those of third partyvendors with whom we contract, and the large amounts of confidential information stored on those systems, make such systemspotentially vulnerable to service interruptions or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees,third party vendors, and/or business partners, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties. Cyber-attacks are increasing intheir frequency, sophistication, and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Cyber-attacks could include thedeployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability andthreaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.46 Table of ContentsSignificant disruptions of our information technology systems or security breaches could adversely affect our businessoperations and/or result in the loss, misappropriation and/or unauthorized access, use or disclosure of, or the prevention of accessto, confidential information (including but not limited to trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary businessinformation and personal information), and could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm to us. For example,any such event that leads to unauthorized access, use or disclosure of personal information, including personal informationregarding patients or employees, could harm our reputation, require us to comply with federal and/or state breach notificationlaws and foreign law equivalents, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy andsecurity of personal information. Security breaches and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and any delay inidentifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above. While we have implemented security measures toprotect our information technology systems and infrastructure, there can be no assurance that such measures will prevent serviceinterruptions or security breaches that could adversely affect our business. Marketing activities for our approved drugs are subject to continued governmental regulation.FDA, and third-country authorities, including the competent authorities of the EU Member States, have the authority toimpose significant restrictions, including REMS requirements, on approved products through regulations on advertising,promotional and distribution activities. After approval, if products are marketed in contradiction with FDA laws and regulations,FDA may issue warning letters that require specific remedial measures to be taken, as well as an immediate cessation of theimpermissible conduct, resulting in adverse publicity. FDA may also require that all future promotional materials receive prioragency review and approval before use. Certain states have also adopted regulations and reporting requirements surrounding thepromotion of pharmaceuticals. Qsymia and STENDRA are subject to these regulations. Failure to comply with state requirementsmay affect our ability to promote or sell pharmaceutical drugs in certain states. This, in turn, could have a material adverse impacton our financial results and financial condition and could subject us to significant liability, including civil and administrativeremedies as well as criminal sanctions. We are subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and restrictions, which may result in significant expense and limit our abilityto commercialize our drugs.We are required to comply with extensive regulations for drug manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse eventreporting, storage, distribution, advertising, promotion and record keeping in connection with the marketing of Qsymia andSTENDRA. Regulatory approvals may also be subject to significant limitations on the indicated uses or marketing of theinvestigational drug candidates or to whom and how we may distribute our products. Even after FDA approval is obtained, FDAmay still impose significant restrictions on a drug’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for REMS orpotentially costly post-approval studies. For example, the labeling approved for Qsymia includes restrictions on use, includingrecommendations for pregnancy testing, level of obesity and duration of treatment. We are subject to ongoing regulatoryobligations and restrictions that may result in significant expense and limit our ability to commercialize Qsymia. FDA has alsorequired the distribution of a Medication Guide to Qsymia patients outlining the increased risk of teratogenicity with fetalexposure and the possibility of suicidal thinking or behavior. In addition, FDA has required a REMS that may act to limit accessto the drug, reduce our revenues and/or increase our costs. FDA may modify the Qsymia REMS in the future to be more or lessrestrictive.Even if we maintain FDA approval, or receive a marketing authorization from the EC, and other regulatory approvals, ifwe or others identify adverse side effects after any of our products are on the market, or if manufacturing problems occur,regulatory approval or EU marketing authorization may be varied, suspended or withdrawn and reformulation of our products,additional clinical trials, changes in labeling and additional marketing applications may be required, any of which could harm ourbusiness and cause our stock price to decline. We and our contract manufacturers are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing of our products.All of those involved in the preparation of a therapeutic drug for clinical trials or commercial sale, including our existingsupply contract manufacturers, and clinical trial investigators, are subject to extensive regulation. Components47 Table of Contentsof a finished drug product approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical trials must be manufactured in accordancewith current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP. These regulations govern quality control of the manufacturing processesand documentation policies and procedures, and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure thequality of investigational products and products approved for sale. Our facilities and quality systems and the facilities and qualitysystems of our third-party contractors must be inspected routinely for compliance. If any such inspection or audit identifies afailure to comply with applicable regulations or if a violation of our product specifications or applicable regulation occursindependent of such an inspection or audit, we or FDA may require remedial measures that may be costly and/or time consumingfor us or a third party to implement and that may include the issuance of a warning letter, temporary or permanent suspension of aclinical trial or commercial sales, recalls, market withdrawals, seizures, or the temporary or permanent closure of a facility. Anysuch remedial measures would be imposed upon us or third parties with whom we contract until satisfactory cGMP compliance isachieved. FDA could also impose civil penalties. We must also comply with similar regulatory requirements of foreign regulatoryagencies.We obtain the necessary raw materials and components for the manufacture of Qsymia and STENDRA as well as certainservices, such as analytical testing packaging and labeling, from third parties. In particular, we rely on Catalent to supply Qsymiacapsules and Packaging Coordinators, Inc., or PCI, for Qsymia packaging services. We rely on Sanofi Chimie and SanofiWinthrop to supply avanafil API and tablets. We and these suppliers and service providers are required to follow cGMPrequirements and are subject to routine and unannounced inspections by FDA and by state and foreign regulatory agencies forcompliance with cGMP requirements and other applicable regulations. Upon inspection of these facilities, FDA or foreignregulatory agencies may find the manufacturing process or facilities are not in compliance with cGMP requirements and otherregulations. Because manufacturing processes are highly complex and are subject to a lengthy regulatory approval process,alternative qualified supply may not be available on a timely basis or at all.Difficulties, problems or delays in our suppliers and service providers’ manufacturing and supply of raw materials,components and services could delay our clinical trials, increase our costs, damage our reputation and cause us to lose revenue ormarket share if we are unable to timely meet market demands. If we fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program or othergovernmental pricing programs, we could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines,which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.We participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990and amended by the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 as well as subsequent legislation. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebateprogram, we are required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed toMedicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available tothe states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates are based on pricing data reported by us on a monthlyand quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. These data include theaverage manufacturer price and, in the case of innovator products, the best price for each drug.The Affordable Care Act made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Effective in March 2010,rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed careorganizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Affordable Care Act increased the minimum Medicaidrebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existingdrugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. In addition, theAffordable Care Act and subsequent legislation changed the definition of average manufacturer price. Finally, the AffordableCare Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to thefederal government beginning in 2011. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the brandedprescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2015, based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federalprograms identified in the law.48 Table of ContentsIn February 2016, CMS issued final regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program underthe Affordable Care Act These regulations become effective on April 1, 2016. Moreover, legislative changes to the AffordableCare Act remain possible and appear likely in the 115th United States Congress and under the Trump Administration. We expectthat the Affordable Care Act, as currently enacted or as it may be amended in the future, and other healthcare reform measuresthat may be adopted in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to maintain orincrease sales of our existing products or to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved. The issuance ofregulations and coverage expansion by various governmental agencies relating to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program has and willcontinue to increase our costs and the complexity of compliance, has been and will be time consuming, and could have a materialadverse effect on our results of operations.Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also participate in thePublic Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’sdrugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to chargestatutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from thePublic Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price iscalculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the coveredoutpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer priceand the Medicaid rebate amount under the Affordable Care Act and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing thosechanges also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations.The Affordable Care Act expanded the 340B program to include additional entity types: certain free-standing cancerhospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and sole community hospitals, each as defined by the Affordable CareAct, but exempts “orphan drugs” from the ceiling price requirements for these covered entities. The Affordable Care Act alsoobligates the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, to update the agreement thatmanufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate a manufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entitiesif the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to the government the ceiling pricesfor its drugs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, the agency that administers the 340B program,recently initiated the process of updating the agreement with participating manufacturers. The Healthcare Reform Act alsoobligates the Secretary of HHS to create regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program. In 2015, HRSAissued proposed omnibus guidance that addresses many aspects of the 340B program, and in August 2016, HRSA issued aproposed regulation regarding an administrative dispute resolution process for the 340B program. It is unclear when or whetherthe guidance or regulation will be released in final form under the Trump Administration. On January 5, 2017, HRSA issued afinal regulation regarding the calculation of 340B ceiling price and the imposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturersthat knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities. The March 6, 2017 effective date of this regulation is subject to atemporary delay directed by the Trump Administration, and the regulation could be subject to further delay or other modificationby the Trump Administration. Implementation of this final rule and the issuance of any other final regulations and guidance couldaffect our obligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, ifpassed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers toagree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in an inpatient setting.Pricing and rebate calculations vary among products and programs. The calculations are complex and are often subjectto interpretation by us, governmental or regulatory agencies and the courts. The Medicaid rebate amount is computed each quarterbased on our submission to CMS of our current average manufacturer prices and best prices for the quarter. If we become awarethat our reporting for a prior quarter was incorrect, or has changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we are obligatedto resubmit the corrected data for a period not to exceed 12 quarters from the quarter in which the data originally were due. Suchrestatements and recalculations increase our costs for complying with the laws and regulations governing the Medicaid DrugRebate program. Any corrections to our rebate calculations could result in an overage or underage in our rebate liability for pastquarters, depending on the nature of the correction. Price recalculations also may affect the ceiling price at which we are requiredto offer our products to certain covered entities, such as safety-net providers, under the 340B drug discount program.49 Table of ContentsWe are liable for errors associated with our submission of pricing data. In addition to retroactive rebates and thepotential for 340B program refunds, if we are found to have knowingly submitted false average manufacturer price or best priceinformation to the government, we may be liable for civil monetary penalties in the amount of $178,156 per item of falseinformation. Our failure to submit monthly/quarterly average manufacturer price and best price data on a timely basis could resultin a civil monetary penalty of $12,856 per day for each day the information is late beyond the due date. Such failure also could begrounds for CMS to terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement, pursuant to which we participate in the Medicaid program. Inthe event that CMS terminates our rebate agreement, no federal payments would be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part Bfor our covered outpatient drugs.In September 2010, CMS and the Office of the Inspector General indicated that they intend to pursue more aggressivelycompanies that fail to report these data to the government in a timely manner. Governmental agencies may also make changes inprogram interpretations, requirements or conditions of participation, some of which may have implications for amountspreviously estimated or paid. We cannot assure you that our submissions will not be found by CMS to be incomplete or incorrect.If we misstate Non-FAMPs or FCPs, we must restate these figures. Additionally, pursuant to the VHCA, knowingprovision of false information in connection with a Non-FAMP filing can subject us to penalties of $178,156 for each item offalse information. If we overcharge the government in connection with our FSS contract or the Tricare Retail PharmacyProgram, whether due to a misstated FCP or otherwise, we are required to refund the difference to the government. Failure tomake necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges can result in allegations against us under the False Claims Actand other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responding to a government investigation orenforcement action, would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financialcondition, results of operations and growth prospects. Changes in reimbursement procedures by government and other third-party payors, including changes in healthcare law andimplementing regulations, may limit our ability to market and sell our approved drugs, or any future drugs, if approved, maylimit our product revenues and delay profitability, and may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict.These changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.In the U.S. and abroad, sales of pharmaceutical drugs are dependent, in part, on the availability of reimbursement to theconsumer from third-party payors, such as government and private insurance plans. Third-party payors are increasinglychallenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Some third-party payor benefit packages restrictreimbursement, charge co-pays to patients, or do not provide coverage for specific drugs or drug classes.In addition, certain healthcare providers are moving towards a managed care system in which such providers contract toprovide comprehensive healthcare services, including prescription drugs, for a fixed cost per person. We are unable to predict thereimbursement policies employed by third-party healthcare payors.Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, such as average sales price,average manufacturer price and Actual Acquisition Cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relativelylimited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursementrates. CMS, the federal agency that administers Medicare and the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, surveys and publishes retailcommunity pharmacy acquisition cost information in the form of National Average Drug Acquisition Cost, or NADAC, files toprovide state Medicaid agencies with a basis of comparison for their own reimbursement and pricing methodologies and rates. Itmay be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on the willingness of payors to cover ourproducts.The healthcare industry in the U.S. and abroad is undergoing fundamental changes that are the result of political,economic and regulatory influences. The levels of revenue and profitability of pharmaceutical companies may be affected by thecontinuing efforts of governmental and third-party payors to contain or reduce healthcare costs through various means. Reformsthat have been and may be considered include mandated basic healthcare benefits, controls on healthcare spending throughlimitations on the increase in private health insurance premiums and the types of drugs eligible for reimbursement and Medicareand Medicaid spending, the creation of large insurance purchasing groups, and fundamental changes to the healthcare deliverysystem. These proposals include measures that would limit or prohibit payments for some medical treatments or subject thepricing of drugs to government control and regulations50 Table of Contentschanging the rebates we are required to provide. Further, federal budgetary concerns could result in the implementation ofsignificant federal spending cuts, including cuts in Medicare and other health related spending in the near-term. For example,beginning April 1, 2013, Medicare payments for all items and services, including drugs and biologics, were reduced by 2% underthe sequestration (i.e., automatic spending reductions) required by the Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended by the AmericanTaxpayer Relief Act of 2012. Subsequent legislation extended the 2% reduction, on average, to 2025. These cuts reducereimbursement payments related to our products, which could potentially negatively impact our revenue.In March 2010, the President signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care andEducation Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively referred to in this report as the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Actsubstantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and could have a materialadverse effect on our future business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, including by operation of thefollowing provisions:·Effective in March 2010, rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include theutilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well. This expanded eligibility affects rebate liability for thatutilization.·With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Affordable Care Act increased the minimum Medicaid rebatefrom 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as lineextensions of existing drugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the averagemanufacturer price.·Effective in January 2011, pharmaceutical companies must provide a 50% discount on branded prescription drugsdispensed to beneficiaries within the Medicare Part D coverage gap or “donut hole,” which is a coverage gap thatcurrently exists in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program. We currently do not have coverage underMedicare Part D for our drugs, but this could change in the future.·Effective in January 2011, the Affordable Care Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescriptiondrugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federal government. Each individual pharmaceuticalmanufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2017, based on the dollarvalue of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law.·Some states have elected to expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federalpoverty level. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program, there may be fewer insuredpatients overall, which could impact our sales, business and financial condition. We expect any Medicaid expansionto impact the number of adults in Medicaid more than children because many states have already set their eligibilitycriteria for children at or above the level designated in the Affordable Care Act. An increase in the proportion ofpatients who receive our drugs and who are covered by Medicaid could adversely affect our net sales.In February 2016, CMS issued final regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program underthe Affordable Care Act. These regulations become effective on April 1, 2016.The Affordable Care Act also expanded the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program. The 340Bpricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B“ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The Affordable Care Act expanded the 340B program to includeadditional types of covered entities: certain free-standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and solecommunity hospitals, each as defined by the Affordable Care Act, but exempts “orphan drugs” from the ceiling pricerequirements for these covered entities. The Affordable Care Act also obligates the Secretary of the Department of Health andHuman Services to update the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate amanufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser atany price and to report to the government the ceiling prices for its drugs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, orHRSA, the agency that administers the 340B program, recently initiated the process of updating the agreement with participatingmanufacturers. The Healthcare Reform Act also obligates the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services tocreate regulations and processes to51 Table of Contentsimprove the integrity of the 340B program. In 2015, HRSA issued proposed omnibus guidance that addresses many aspects ofthe 340B program, and in August 2016, HRSA issued a proposed regulation regarding an administrative dispute resolutionprocess for the 340B program. It is unclear when or whether the guidance or regulation will be released in final form under theTrump Administration. On January 5, 2017, HRSA issued a final regulation regarding the calculation of 340B ceiling price andthe imposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturers that knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities. TheMarch 6, 2017 effective date of this regulation is subject to a temporary delay directed by the Trump Administration, and theregulation could be subject to further delay or other modification by the Trump Administration. Implementation of this final ruleand the issuance of any other final regulations and guidance could affect our obligations under the 340B program in ways wecannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additionalcovered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in aninpatient setting.There can be no assurance that future healthcare legislation or other changes in the administration or interpretation ofgovernment healthcare or third-party reimbursement programs will not have a material adverse effect on us. Healthcare reform isalso under consideration in other countries where we intend to market Qsymia. Moreover, legislative changes to the AffordableCare Act remain possible and appear likely in the 115th United States Congress and under the Trump Administration. We expectthat the Affordable Care Act, as currently enacted or as it may be amended in the future, and other healthcare reform measuresthat may be adopted in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to maintain orincrease sales of our existing products or to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved.We expect to experience pricing and reimbursement pressures in connection with the sale of Qsymia, STENDRA andour investigational drug candidates, if approved, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of healthmaintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. In addition, we may confront limitations in insurance coverage forQsymia, STENDRA and our investigational drug candidates. For example, the Medicare program generally does not providecoverage for drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction or drugs used to treat obesity. Similarly, other insurers may determine thatsuch products are not covered under their programs. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage forour approved drugs and investigational drug candidates or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achievingmarket acceptance of our approved drugs and investigational drug candidates and our business will be harmed. Congress hasenacted healthcare reform and may enact further reform, which could adversely affect the pharmaceutical industry as a whole, andtherefore could have a material adverse effect on our business.Both of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in Qsymia, phentermine and topiramate, are available as single ingredientgeneric products and do not have a REMS requirement. The exact doses of the active ingredients in Qsymia are different thanthose currently available for the generic components. State pharmacy laws prohibit pharmacists from substituting drugs withdiffering doses and formulations. The safety and efficacy of Qsymia is dependent on the titration, dosing and formulation, whichwe believe could not be easily duplicated, if at all, with the use of generic substitutes. However, there can be no assurance that wewill be able to provide for optimal reimbursement of Qsymia as a treatment for obesity or, if approved, for any other indication,from third-party payors or the U.S. government. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that healthcare providers would notactively seek to provide patients with generic versions of the active ingredients in Qsymia in order to treat obesity at a potentiallower cost and outside of the REMS requirements.An increasing number of EU Member States and other foreign countries use prices for medicinal products established inother countries as “reference prices” to help determine the price of the product in their own territory. Consequently, a downwardtrend in prices of medicinal products in some countries could contribute to similar downward trends elsewhere. In addition, theongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU Member States, including Greece and Spain, have led and may continueto lead to substantial delays in payment and payment partially with government bonds rather than cash for medicinal products,which could negatively impact our revenues and profitability. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement of our medicinalproducts in some countries, including some EU Member States, we may be required to conduct clinical trials that compare thecost effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. There can be no assurance that our medicinal products will obtainfavorable reimbursement status in any country. 52 Table of ContentsSetbacks and consolidation in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, and our, or our collaborators’, inability toobtain third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement, could make partnering more difficult and diminish our revenues.Setbacks in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, such as those caused by safety concerns relating to high-profile drugs like Avandia®, Vioxx® and Celebrex®, or investigational drug candidates, as well as competition from genericdrugs, litigation, and industry consolidation, may have an adverse effect on us. For example, pharmaceutical companies may beless willing to enter into new collaborations or continue existing collaborations if they are integrating a new operation as a resultof a merger or acquisition or if their therapeutic areas of focus change following a merger. Moreover, our and our collaborators’ability to commercialize any of our approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates will depend in part on governmentregulation and the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, including private health insurersand government payors, such as the Medicaid and Medicare programs, increases in government-run, single-payor healthinsurance plans and compulsory licenses of drugs. Government and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to containhealthcare costs by limiting coverage and reimbursement levels for new drugs. Given the continuing discussion regarding the costof healthcare, managed care, universal healthcare coverage and other healthcare issues, we cannot predict with certainty whatadditional healthcare initiatives, if any, will be implemented or the effect any future legislation or regulation will have on ourbusiness. These efforts may limit our commercial opportunities by reducing the amount a potential collaborator is willing to payto license our programs or investigational drug candidates in the future due to a reduction in the potential revenues from drugsales. Adoption of legislation and regulations could limit pricing approvals for, and reimbursement of, drugs. A government orthird-party payor decision not to approve pricing for, or provide adequate coverage and reimbursements of, our drugs could limitmarket acceptance of these drugs. Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contract salesorganization, or CSO, CROs, safety monitoring company and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage fromcomputer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, accidents, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur andcause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our investigational drug candidate developmentprograms and drug manufacturing operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing clinical trialsfor our investigational drug candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts with FDA, the EC, or thecompetent authorities of the EU Member States, and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To theextent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriatedisclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our investigationaldrug candidates, or commercialization of our approved drugs, could be delayed. If we are unable to restore our informationsystems in the event of a systems failure, our communications, daily operations and the ability to develop our investigational drugcandidates and approved drug commercialization efforts would be severely affected. Natural disasters or resource shortages could disrupt our investigational drug candidate development and approved drugcommercialization efforts and adversely affect results.Our ongoing or planned clinical trials and approved drug commercialization efforts could be delayed or disruptedindefinitely upon the occurrence of a natural disaster. For example, Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, hindered our Qsymia salesefforts. In 2005, our clinical trials in the New Orleans area were interrupted by Hurricane Katrina. In addition, our offices arelocated in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and are therefore vulnerable to damage fromearthquakes. In October 1989, a major earthquake in our area caused significant property damage and a number of fatalities. Weare also vulnerable to damage from other disasters, such as power loss, fire, floods and similar events. If a significant disasteroccurs, our ability to continue our operations could be seriously impaired and we may not have adequate insurance to cover anyresulting losses. Any significant unrecoverable losses could seriously impair our operations and financial condition. 53 Table of ContentsRisks Relating to our Intellectual PropertyObtaining intellectual property rights is a complex process, and we may be unable to adequately protect our proprietarytechnologies.We hold various patents and patent applications in the U.S. and abroad targeting obesity and morbidities related toobesity, including sleep apnea and diabetes, and sexual health, among other indications. The procedures for obtaining a patent inthe U.S. and in most foreign countries are complex. These procedures require an analysis of the scientific technology related tothe invention and many sophisticated legal issues. Consequently, the process for having our pending patent applications issue aspatents will be difficult, complex and time consuming. We do not know when, or if, we will obtain additional patents for ourtechnologies, or if the scope of the patents obtained will be sufficient to protect our investigational drug candidates or products, orbe considered sufficient by parties reviewing our patent positions pursuant to a potential licensing or financing transaction.In addition, we cannot make assurances as to how much protection, if any, will be provided by our issued patents. Ourexisting patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologiesor from developing competing products. Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design aroundour patented technologies or products. These companies would then be able to develop, manufacture and sell products thatcompete directly with our products. In that case, our revenues and operating results could decline.Other entities may also challenge the validity or enforceability of our patents and patent applications in litigation oradministrative proceedings. The sponsor of a generic application seeking to rely on one of our approved drug products as thereference listed drug must make one of several certifications regarding each listed patent. A “Paragraph III” certification is thesponsor’s statement that it will wait for the patent to expire before obtaining approval for its product. A “Paragraph IV”certification is a challenge to the patent; it is an assertion that the patent does not block approval of the later product, eitherbecause the patent is invalid or unenforceable or because the patent, even if valid, is not infringed by the new product. Once FDAaccepts for filing a generic application containing a Paragraph IV certification, the applicant must within 20 days provide noticeto the reference listed drug, or RLD, NDA holder and patent owner that the application with patent challenge has been submitted,and provide the factual and legal basis for the applicant’s assertion that the patent is invalid or not infringed. If the NDA holder orpatent owner file suit against the generic applicant for patent infringement within 45 days of receiving the Paragraph IV notice,FDA is prohibited from approving the generic application for a period of 30 months from the date of receipt of the notice. If theRLD has new chemical entity exclusivity and the notice is given and suit filed during the fifth year of exclusivity, the 30-monthstay does not begin until five years after the RLD approval. FDA may approve the proposed product before the expiration of the30-month stay if a court finds the patent invalid or not infringed or if the court shortens the period because the parties have failedto cooperate in expediting the litigation. If a competitor or a generic pharmaceutical provider successfully challenges our patents,the protection provided by these patents could be reduced or eliminated and our ability to commercialize any approved drugswould be at risk. In addition, if a competitor or generic manufacturer were to receive approval to sell a generic or follow-onversion of one of our products, our approved product would become subject to increased competition and our revenues for thatproduct would be adversely affected.We also may rely on trade secrets and other unpatented confidential information to protect our technology, especiallywhere we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We seek toprotect our trade secrets and other confidential information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees,collaborators, vendors (including CROs and our CSO), consultants and, at times, potential investors. Nevertheless, employees,collaborators, vendors, consultants or potential investors may still disclose or misuse our trade secrets and other confidentialinformation, and we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. In addition, others may independently developsubstantially equivalent information or techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Disclosure or misuse of ourconfidential information would harm our competitive position and could cause our revenues and operating results to decline.If we believe that others have infringed or misappropriated our proprietary rights, we may need to institute legal actionto protect our intellectual property rights. Such legal action may be expensive, and we may not be able to afford the costs ofenforcing or defending our intellectual property rights against others. 54 Table of ContentsWe have received notices of ANDA filings for Qsymia submitted by generic drug companies. These ANDA filings assert thatgeneric forms of Qsymia would not infringe on our issued patents. As a result of these filings, we have commenced litigation todefend our patent rights, which is expected to be costly and time-consuming and, depending on the outcome of the litigation,we may face competition from lower cost generic or follow-on products in the near term.Qsymia is approved under the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, which renders itsusceptible to potential competition from generic manufacturers via the Hatch-Waxman Act and ANDA process. The ANDAprocedure includes provisions allowing generic manufacturers to challenge the innovator’s patent protection by submitting“Paragraph IV” certifications to FDA in which the generic manufacturer claims that the innovator’s patent is invalid,unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of the generic product. A patent owner who receives aParagraph IV certification may choose to sue the generic applicant for patent infringement.We have received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., or Actavis, contending that ourpatents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, and8,580,299) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. Inresponse to this notice, we have filed suit to defend our patent rights. We have received a second Paragraph IV certification noticefrom Actavis contending that two additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 8,895,057 and 8,895,058)are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In responseto this second notice, we have filed a second lawsuit against Actavis. We have received a third Paragraph IV certification noticefrom Actavis contending that two additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906)are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In responseto this third notice, we have filed a third lawsuit against Actavis. The lawsuits have been consolidated into a single suit. On July20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claim construction (Markman) ruling governing the suit.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Actavis, FDA approval ofActavis’ ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our May 7, 2014 receipt of Actavis’ Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. November 7, 2016) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed.We have received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva Pharmaceutical USA, Inc. and Teva PharmaceuticalIndustries, Ltd. (collectively, Teva) contending that eight of our patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents7,056,890, 7,533,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, 8,580,299, 8,895,057, and 8,895,058) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In response to this notice, we have filed suitagainst Teva to defend our patent rights. We have received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva contending thattwo additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceableand/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In response to this second notice, wehave filed a second lawsuit against Teva. The lawsuits have been consolidated into a single suit. On July 20, 2016, the U.S.District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claim construction (Markman) ruling governing the suit. On September 27,2016, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, S.A. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc., collectively referred to as DRL, were substituted forTeva as defendants in the lawsuit.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Teva, FDA approval ofTeva’s ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our March 5, 2015 receipt of Teva’s Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. September 5, 2017) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed.The schedule for both suits has now been consolidated for expert discovery and trial. Expert discovery is scheduled toclose on April 21, 2017. A final pretrial conference is scheduled for May 31, 2017 and a second pretrial conference, if necessary,is scheduled for June 28, 2017. No trial date has been scheduled.On June 20, 2016, we have received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Hetero USA Inc. and Hetero Labs Limited,collectively referred to as Hetero, contending that our patents listed in the Orange Book for STENDRA (U.S. Patents 6,656,935and 7,501,409) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form ofSTENDRA. On July 27, 2016, we filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New55 Table of ContentsJersey against Hetero. On January 3, 2017, we entered into a settlement agreement with Hetero. Under the settlement agreement,Hetero was granted a license to manufacture and commercialize the generic version of STENDRA described in its ANDA filingin the United States as of the date that is the later of (a) October 29, 2024, which is 180 days prior to the expiration of the last toexpire of the Asserted Patents, or (b) the date that Hetero obtains final approval from FDA of the Hetero ANDA. The SettlementAgreement provides for a full settlement of all claims that were asserted in the suit.Although we intend to vigorously enforce our intellectual property rights relating to Qsymia, there can be no assurancethat we will prevail in our defense of our patent rights. Our existing patents could be invalidated, found unenforceable or foundnot to cover a generic form of Qsymia. If an ANDA filer were to receive approval to sell a generic version of Qsymia and/orprevail in any patent litigation, Qsymia would become subject to increased competition and our revenue would be adverselyaffected. We may be sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of others, which could be costly and result in delays ortermination of our future research, development, manufacturing and sales activities.Our commercial success also depends, in part, upon our ability to develop future investigational drug candidates, marketand sell approved drugs and conduct our other research, development and commercialization activities without infringing ormisappropriating the patents and other proprietary rights of others. There are many patents and patent applications owned byothers that could be relevant to our business. For example, there are numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patentapplications owned by others that are related to the therapeutic areas in which we have approved drugs or future investigationaldrug candidates as well as the therapeutic targets to which these drugs and candidates are directed. There are also numerousissued patents and patent applications covering chemical compounds or synthetic processes that may be necessary or useful to usein our research, development, manufacturing or commercialization activities. Because patent applications can take many years toissue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that our approveddrugs, future investigational drug candidates or technologies may infringe. There also may be existing patents, of which we arenot aware, that our approved drugs, investigational drug candidates or technologies may infringe. Further, it is not always clear toindustry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods. The coverage of patents is subjectto interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. We cannot assure you that others holding any of thesepatents or patent applications will not assert infringement claims against us for damages or seek to enjoin our activities. If we aresued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our products or methods do not infringe the patent claims of therelevant patent and/or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, and we may not be able to do this.There can be no assurance that approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates do not or will not infringe on thepatents or proprietary rights of others. In addition, third parties may already own or may obtain patents in the future and claim thatuse of our technologies infringes these patents.If a person or entity files a legal action or administrative action against us, or our collaborators, claiming that our drugdiscovery, development, manufacturing or commercialization activities infringe a patent owned by the person or entity, we couldincur substantial costs and diversion of the time and attention of management and technical personnel in defending ourselvesagainst any such claims. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable reliefthat could effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell any current or future approved drugs, and suchclaims could result in the award of substantial damages against us. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us,we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. We may not be able to obtain theselicenses at a reasonable cost, if at all. In that case, we could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt todevelop alternative investigational drug candidates or be required to cease commercializing any affected current or futureapproved drugs and our operating results would be harmed.Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of pre-trial document and witness discovery required in connection withintellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosureduring this type of litigation. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of theresults of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these resultsto be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.56 Table of Contents We may face additional competition outside of the U.S. as a result of a lack of patent coverage in some territories anddifferences in patent prosecution and enforcement laws in foreign countries.Filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patents on all of our drug discovery technologies and all of our approveddrugs and potential investigational drug candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. While we have filedpatent applications in many countries outside the U.S., and have obtained some patent coverage for approved drugs in certainforeign countries, we do not currently have widespread patent protection for these drugs outside the U.S. and have no protectionin many foreign jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies to develop their own drugs in jurisdictions where we havenot obtained patent protection. These drugs may compete with our approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates andmay not be covered by any of our patent claims or other intellectual property rights.Even if international patent applications ultimately issue or receive approval, it is likely that the scope of protectionprovided by such patents will be different from, and possibly less than, the scope provided by our corresponding U.S. patents. Thesuccess of our international market opportunity is dependent upon the enforcement of patent rights in various other countries. Anumber of countries in which we have filed or intend to file patent applications have a history of weak enforcement and/orcompulsory licensing of intellectual property rights. Moreover, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certaindeveloping countries, do not favor the aggressive enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularlythose relating to biotechnology and/or pharmaceuticals, which make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents.Even if we have patents issued in these jurisdictions, there can be no assurance that our patent rights will be sufficient to preventgeneric competition or unauthorized use.Attempting to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts andattention from other aspects of our business. Risks Relating to our Financial Position and Need for FinancingWe may require additional capital for our future operating plans and debt servicing requirements, and we may not be able tosecure the requisite additional funding on acceptable terms, or at all, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminatecommercialization or development efforts.We expect that our existing capital resources combined with future anticipated cash flows will be sufficient to supportour operating activities at least through the next twelve months. However, we anticipate that we will be required to obtainadditional financing to fund our commercialization efforts, additional clinical studies for approved products, the development ofour research and development pipeline and the servicing requirements of our debt. Our future capital requirements will dependupon numerous factors, including:·our ability to expand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education;·our ability to find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary care physicianaudience on a timely basis;·our ability to obtain marketing authorization by the EC for Qsiva in the EU through the centralized marketingauthorization procedure;·our ability to manage costs;·the substantial cost to expand into certified retail pharmacy locations and the cost required to maintain the REMSprogram for Qsymia;·the cost, timing and outcome of the post-approval clinical studies FDA has required us to perform as part of theapproval for Qsymia;·our ability, along with our collaboration partners, to successfully commercialize STENDRA/SPEDRA;·our ability to successfully commercialize STENDRA through a third party in other territories in which we do notcurrently have a commercial collaboration;57 Table of Contents·the progress and costs of our research and development programs;·the scope, timing, costs and results of pre-clinical, clinical and retrospective observational studies and trials;·the cost of access to electronic records and databases that allow for retrospective observational studies;·patient recruitment and enrollment in future clinical trials;·the costs involved in seeking regulatory approvals for future drug candidates;·the costs involved in filing and pursuing patent applications, defending and enforcing patent claims;·the establishment of collaborations, sublicenses and strategic alliances and the related costs, including milestonepayments;·the cost of manufacturing and commercialization activities and arrangements;·the level of resources devoted to our future sales and marketing capabilities;·the cost, timing and outcome of litigation, if any;·the impact of healthcare reform, if any, imposed by the federal government; and·the activities of competitors.Future capital requirements will also depend on the extent to which we acquire or invest in additional businesses,products and technologies. On January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten whereby we receivedexclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of BMPR2 activators for the treatment of PAH andrelated vascular diseases. Selten received an upfront payment of $1.0 million and is entitled to milestone payments based onglobal development status and future sales milestones, as well as tiered royalty payments on future sales of thesecompounds. The total potential milestone payments are $39.6 million.To obtain additional capital when needed, we will evaluate alternative financing sources, including, but not limited to,the issuance of equity or debt securities, corporate alliances, joint ventures and licensing agreements. However, there can be noassurance that funding will be available on favorable terms, if at all. We are continually evaluating our existing portfolio and wemay choose to divest, sell or spin-off one or more of our drugs and/or investigational drug candidates at any time. We cannotassure you that our drugs will generate revenues sufficient to enable us to earn a profit. If we are unable to obtain additionalcapital, management may be required to explore alternatives to reduce cash used by operating activities, including the terminationof research and development efforts that may appear to be promising to us, the sale of certain assets and the reduction in overalloperating activities. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one ormore of our development programs or our commercialization efforts. Raising additional funds by issuing securities will cause dilution to existing stockholders and raising funds through lendingand licensing arrangements may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’ ownership will bediluted. We have financed our operations, and we expect to continue to finance our operations, primarily by issuing equity anddebt securities. Moreover, any issuances by us of equity securities may be at or below the prevailing market price of our commonstock and in any event may have a dilutive impact on your ownership interest, which could cause the market price of our commonstock to decline. To raise additional capital, we may choose to issue additional securities at any time and at any price.As of December 31, 2016, we have $250.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 1, 2020, which we referto as the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are convertible into approximately 16,826,000 shares of our common stockunder certain circumstances prior to maturity at a conversion rate of 67.3038 shares per $1,000 principal amount of ConvertibleNotes, which represents a conversion price of approximately $14.858 per share, subject to adjustment under certain conditions.On October 8, 2015, IEH Biopharma LLC, a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises L.P., announced that it had received tenders for$170,165,000 of the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes in58 Table of Contentsits previously announced cash tender offer for any and all of the outstanding Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes areconvertible at the option of the holders under certain conditions at any time prior to the close of business on the business dayimmediately preceding November 1, 2019. Investors in our common stock will be diluted to the extent the Convertible Notes areconverted into shares of our common stock, rather than being settled in cash.We may also raise additional capital through the incurrence of debt, and the holders of any debt we may issue wouldhave rights superior to our stockholders’ rights in the event we are not successful and are forced to seek the protection ofbankruptcy laws.In addition, debt financing typically contains covenants that restrict operating activities. For example, on March 25,2013, we entered into the Purchase and Sale Agreement with BioPharma Secured Investments III Holdings Cayman LP, orBioPharma, which provides for the purchase of a debt-like instrument. Under the BioPharma Agreement, we may not (i) incurindebtedness greater than a specified amount, (ii) pay a dividend or other cash distribution on our capital stock, unless we havecash and cash equivalents in excess of a specified amount, (iii) amend or restate our certificate of incorporation or bylaws unlesssuch amendments or restatements do not affect BioPharma’s interests under the BioPharma Agreement, (iv) encumber thecollateral, or (v) abandon certain patent rights, in each case without the consent of BioPharma. Any future debt financing we enterinto may involve similar or more onerous covenants that restrict our operations.If we raise additional capital through collaboration, licensing or other similar arrangements, it may be necessary torelinquish potentially valuable rights to our drugs or future investigational drug candidates, potential products or proprietarytechnologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If adequate funds are not available, our ability to achieveprofitability or to respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited and we may be required to delay, significantlycurtail or eliminate the commercialization of one or more of our approved drugs or the development of one or more of our futureinvestigational drug candidates. The investment of our cash balance and our available-for-sale securities are subject to risks that may cause losses and affectthe liquidity of these investments.At December 31, 2016, we had $269.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities. While atDecember 31, 2016, our excess cash balances were invested in money market, U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debtsecurities, our investment policy as approved by our Board of Directors, also provides for investments in debt securities of U.S.government agencies, corporate debt securities and asset-backed securities. Our investment policy has the primary investmentobjectives of preservation of principal. However, there may be times when certain of the securities in our portfolio will fall belowthe credit ratings required in the policy. These factors could impact the liquidity or valuation of our available-for-sale securities,all of which were invested in U.S. Treasury securities or corporate debt securities as of December 31, 2016. If those securities aredowngraded or impaired we would experience losses in the value of our portfolio which would have an adverse effect on ourresults of operations, liquidity and financial condition. An investment in money market mutual funds is not insured or guaranteedby the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although money market mutual funds seek topreserve the value of the investment at $1 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in money market mutual funds. Our involvement in securities-related class action and shareholder litigation could divert our resources and management’sattention and harm our business.The stock markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected themarket prices for the common stock of pharmaceutical companies. These broad market fluctuations may cause the market price ofour common stock to decline. In the past, securities-related class action litigation has often been brought against a companyfollowing a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology andbiopharmaceutical companies often experience significant stock price volatility in connection with their investigational drugcandidate development programs, the review of marketing applications by regulatory authorities and the commercial launch ofnewly approved drugs. We were a defendant in federal and consolidated state shareholder derivative lawsuits. These securities-related class action lawsuits generally alleged that we and our officers misled the investing public regarding the safety andefficacy of Qsymia and the prospects for FDA’s59 Table of Contentsapproval of the Qsymia NDA as a treatment for obesity. Securities-related class action litigation often is expensive and divertsmanagement’s attention and our financial resources, which could adversely affect our business.For example, on March 27, 2014, Mary Jane and Thomas Jasin, who purport to be purchasers of VIVUS common stock,filed an Amended Complaint in Santa Clara County Superior Court alleging securities fraud against us and three of our formerofficers and directors. In that complaint, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 114 cv 261427, plaintiffs asserted claims underCalifornia’s securities and consumer protection securities statutes. Plaintiffs alleged generally that defendants misrepresented theprospects for our success, including with respect to the launch of Qsymia, while purportedly selling VIVUS stock for personalprofit. Plaintiffs alleged losses of “at least” $2.8 million, and sought damages and other relief. On July 18, 2014, the sameplaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS,Inc., Case No. 5:14 cv 03263. The Jasins’ federal complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934, as amended, based on facts substantially similar to those alleged in their state court action. On September15, 2014, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their state court action withprejudice. Defendants moved to dismiss the federal action and moved to dismiss again after plaintiffs amended their complaint toinclude additional factual allegations and to add seven new claims under California law. The court granted the latter motion onJune 18, 2015, dismissing the seven California claims with prejudice and dismissing the two federal claims with leave to amend.Plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint on August 17, 2015. Defendants moved to dismiss that complaint as well. On April19, 2016, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice and entered judgment in favor of defendants. Plaintiffsfiled a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on May 18, 2016. Briefing on the appeal has now beencompleted. The Ninth Circuit has not yet scheduled the matter for oral argument or consideration.We maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance that we believe affords coverage for much of the anticipated costof the remaining Jasin action, subject to the use of our financial resources to pay for our self-insured retention and the policies’terms and conditions. We have an accumulated deficit of $813.1 million as of December 31, 2016, and we may continue to incur substantialoperating losses for the future.We have generated a cumulative net loss of $813.1 million for the period from our inception through December 31,2016, and we anticipate losses in future years due to continued investment in our research and development programs. There canbe no assurance that we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability or that we will be successful in the future. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income may belimited.As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $635.7 million and $265.0 million of net operating loss, or NOL,carryforwards with which to offset our future taxable income for federal and state income tax reporting purposes, respectively.Utilization of our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, or tax attributes, may be subject to substantial annual limitationsprovided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions to the extent certain ownership changes are deemed to occur.Such an annual limitation could result in the expiration of the tax attributes before utilization. The tax attributes reflected abovehave not been reduced by any limitations. To the extent it is determined upon completion of the analysis that such limitations doapply, we will adjust the tax attributes accordingly. We face the risk that our ability to use our tax attributes will be substantiallyrestricted if we undergo an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, or Section 382. Anownership change under Section 382 would occur if “5-percent shareholders,” within the meaning of Section 382, collectivelyincreased their ownership in the Company by more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. We have notcompleted a recent study to assess whether any change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes ofcontrol since the Company’s formation, due to the significant complexity and cost associated with the study. We have completedstudies through June 30, 2016 and concluded no adjustments were required. If we have experienced a change of control at anytime since our formation, our NOL carryforwards and tax credits may not be available, or their utilization could be subject to anannual limitation under Section 382. A full valuation allowance has been provided against our NOL carryforwards, and if anadjustment is required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment to the60 Table of Contentsvaluation allowance. Accordingly, there would be no impact on the consolidated balance sheet or statement of operations. We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities that could negatively impact our income tax provision, net income, and cashflow.We are subject to income taxes and other taxes in both the U.S. and the foreign jurisdictions in which we currentlyoperate or have historically operated. The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and current and deferred taxassets and liabilities requires judgment and estimation. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions andcalculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are subject to regular review and audit by U.S. tax authoritiesas well as subject to the prospective and retrospective effects of changing tax regulations and legislation. Although we believe ourtax estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may materially differ from the tax amounts recorded in our consolidatedfinancial statements and may materially affect our income tax provision, net income, or cash flows in the period or periods forwhich such determination and settlement is made. Risks Relating to an Investment in our Common StockOur stock price has been and may continue to be volatile.The market price of our common stock has been volatile and is likely to continue to be so. The market price of ourcommon stock may fluctuate due to factors including, but not limited to:·our ability to meet the expectations of investors related to the commercialization of Qsymia and STENDRA;·our ability to find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary care physicianaudience;·our ability to obtain marketing authorization for our products in foreign jurisdictions, including authorization fromthe EC for Qsiva in the EU through the centralized marketing authorization procedure;·the costs, timing and outcome of post-approval clinical studies which FDA has required us to perform as part of theapproval for Qsymia and STENDRA;·the substantial cost to expand into certified retail pharmacy locations and the cost required to maintain the REMSprogram for Qsymia;·results within the clinical trial programs for Qsymia and STENDRA or other results or decisions affecting thedevelopment of our investigational drug candidates;·announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors;·approval of, or announcements of, other anti-obesity compounds in development;·publication of generic drug combination weight loss data by outside individuals or companies;·actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial results;·our ability to obtain needed financing;·sales by insiders or major stockholders;·economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad;·the volatility and liquidity of the financial markets;·comments by or changes in assessments of us or financial estimates by security analysts;61 Table of Contents·negative reports by the media or industry analysts on various aspects of our products, our performance and ourfuture operations;·the status of the CVOT and our related discussions with FDA;·adverse regulatory actions or decisions;·any loss of key management;·deviations in our operating results from the estimates of securities analysts or other analyst comments;·discussions about us or our stock price by the financial and scientific press and in online investor communities;·investment activities employed by short sellers of our common stock;·developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights;·reports of prescription data by us or from independent third parties for our products;·licensing, product, patent or securities litigation; and·public concern as to the safety or efficacy of our drugs or future investigational drug candidates developed by us.These factors and fluctuations, as well as political and other market conditions, may adversely affect the market price ofour common stock. Additionally, volatility or a lack of positive performance in our stock price may adversely affect our ability toretain or recruit key employees, all of whom have been or will be granted equity awards as an important part of theircompensation packages. Our operating results are unpredictable and may fluctuate. If our operating results are below the expectations of securitiesanalysts or investors, the trading price of our stock could decline.Our operating results will likely fluctuate from fiscal quarter to fiscal quarter, and from year to year, and are difficult topredict. Although we have commenced sales of Qsymia, we may never increase these sales or become profitable. In addition,although we have entered into license and commercialization agreements with Menarini to commercialize and promote SPEDRAfor the treatment of ED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand, with Metuchen to commercializeSTENDRA in the U.S., Canada, South America and India, and with Sanofi to commercialize avanafil in Africa, the Middle East,Turkey and the CIS, including Russia, we and they may not be successful in commercializing avanafil in these territories. Ouroperating expenses are largely independent of sales in any particular period. We believe that our quarterly and annual results ofoperations may be negatively affected by a variety of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, the level of patientdemand for Qsymia and STENDRA, the ability of our distribution partners to process and ship product on a timely basis, thesuccess of our third-party’s manufacturing efforts to meet customer demand, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, investmentsin sales and marketing efforts to support the sales of Qsymia and STENDRA, investments in the research and developmentefforts, and expenditures we may incur to acquire additional products. Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price.Sales of our stock by our executive officers or directors, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adverselyaffect the market price of our stock. We have also registered all common stock that we may issue under our employee benefitsplans. As a result, these shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to restrictions under the securitieslaws. Any of our executive officers or directors may adopt trading plans under SEC Rule 10b5-1 to dispose of a portion of theirstock. If any of these events cause a large number of our shares to be sold in the public market, the sales could reduce the tradingprice of our common stock and impede our ability to raise future capital. 62 Table of ContentsOur charter documents and Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company difficult, even if an acquisition maybenefit our stockholders.On November 8, 2016, our Board of Directors adopted an amendment and restatement of our Preferred Stock RightsPlan, which was originally adopted on March 26, 2007. As amended and restated, the Preferred Stock Rights Plan is designed toprotect stockholder value by mitigating the likelihood of an “ownership change” that would result in significant limitations to ourability to use our net operating losses or other tax attributes to offset future income. As amended and restated, the Preferred StockRights Plan will continue in effect until November 9, 2019, unless earlier terminated or the rights are earlier exchanged orredeemed by our Board of Directors. We expect to submit the plan to a vote at the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. Ifstockholders do not approve the plan at the 2017 annual meeting, it will expire at the close of business of the following day. ThePreferred Stock Rights Plan has the effect of causing substantial dilution to a person or group that acquires more than 4.9% of ourshares without the approval of our Board of Directors. The existence of the Preferred Stock Rights Plan could limit the price thatcertain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and could discourage, delay or prevent amerger or acquisition that a stockholder may consider favorable.Some provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws coulddelay or prevent a change in control of our Company. Some of these provisions:·authorize the issuance of preferred stock by the Board without prior stockholder approval, commonly referred to as“blank check” preferred stock, with rights senior to those of common stock;·prohibit stockholder actions by written consent;·specify procedures for director nominations by stockholders and submission of other proposals for consideration atstockholder meetings; and·eliminate cumulative voting in the election of directors.In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions mayprohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combiningwith us. These and other provisions in our charter documents could reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay forshares of our common stock in the future and result in the market price being lower than it would be without these provisions. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comment sNone.Item 2. Propertie sIn August 2016, we entered into a lease for new principal executive offices, consisting of approximately 13,981 squarefeet of office space at 900 East Hamilton Avenue, Campbell, California, or the Campbell Lease. The Campbell Lease has aninitial term of approximately 58 months, commencing on December 27, 2016, with a beginning annual rental rate of $3.10 perrentable square foot, subject to agreed-upon increases. We are entitled to an abatement of the monthly rent for the first fourmonths on the lease term, subject to conditions detailed in the Campbell Lease. We have one option to extend the lease term fortwo years at the fair market rental rate then prevailing as detailed in the Campbell Lease.We have a lease on 4,914 square feet of office space located at 1174 Castro Street, Mountain View, California, or theCastro Facility. The lease for the Castro Facility has a term of 60 months commencing March 15, 2012, with an option to extendthe term for one year from the expiration of the new lease. The Castro Facility has been subleased commencing on September 1,2014 for a period of 31 months.In general, our existing facilities are in good condition and adequate for all present and near‑term uses.63 Table of ContentsFor additional information regarding obligations under operating leases, see Note 16: “Commitments” to ourConsolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.Item 3. Legal ProceedingsShareholder LawsuitOn March 27, 2014, Mary Jane and Thomas Jasin, who purport to be purchasers of VIVUS common stock, filed anAmended Complaint in Santa Clara County Superior Court alleging securities fraud against the Company and three of its formerofficers and directors. In that complaint, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 114‑cv‑261427, plaintiffs asserted claimsunder California’s securities and consumer protection securities statutes. Plaintiffs alleged generally that defendantsmisrepresented the prospects for the Company’s success, including with respect to the launch of Qsymia, while purportedlyselling VIVUS stock for personal profit. Plaintiffs alleged losses of “at least” $2.8 million, and sought damages and other relief.On July 18, 2014, the same plaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California,captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 5:14‑cv‑03263. The Jasins’ federal complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, based on facts substantially similar to those alleged in their state courtaction. On September 15, 2014, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their state courtaction with prejudice. Defendants moved to dismiss the federal action and moved to dismiss again after plaintiffs amended theircomplaint to include additional factual allegations and to add seven new claims under California law. The court granted the lattermotion on June 18, 2015, dismissing the seven California claims with prejudice and dismissing the two federal claims with leaveto amend. Plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint on August 17, 2015. Defendants moved to dismiss that complaint aswell. On April 19, 2016, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice and entered judgment in favor ofdefendants. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on May 18, 2016. Briefing on the appeal hasnow been completed. The Ninth Circuit has not yet scheduled the matter for oral argument or consideration. The Companymaintains directors’ and officers’ liability insurance that it believes affords coverage for much of the anticipated cost of theremaining Jasin action, subject to the use of our financial resources to pay for our self‑insured retention and the policies’ termsand conditions.The Company and the defendant former officers and directors cannot predict the outcome of the lawsuit, but they believethe lawsuit is without merit and intend to continue vigorously defending against the claims.Qsymia ANDA LitigationOn May 7, 2014, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis Laboratories FL indicating thatit filed an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, requestingapproval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending that the patents listed for Qsymia in FDA Orange Book at thetime the notice was received (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, and 8,580,299 (collectively“patents‑in‑suit”)) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale or offer for sale of ageneric form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On June 12, 2014, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court forthe District of New Jersey against Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., Actavis, Inc., and Actavis PLC, collectively referred to asActavis. The lawsuit (Case No. 14‑3786 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA to obtainapproval to manufacture, use, sell or offer for sale generic versions of Qsymia prior to the expiration of the patents‑in‑suitconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch‑Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Actavis, FDA approval ofActavis’ ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from the Company’s May 7, 2014 receipt of Actavis’Paragraph IV certification notice (i.e. November 7, 2016) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents areinvalid, unenforceable or not infringed.On January 21, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending thattwo additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) are invalid, unenforceableand/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On March 4, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey64 Table of Contentsagainst Actavis (Case No. 15-1636 (SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis thatActavis’ submission of their ANDA constitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit.On July 7, 2015, the Company received a third Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On August 17, 2015, theCompany filed a third lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis (Case No. 15-6256 (SRC)(CLW)) in response to the third Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA constitutesinfringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The three lawsuits against Actavis have been consolidated into a singlesuit (Case No. 14-3786 (SRC)(CLW)). On July 20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claimconstruction (Markman) ruling governing the suit. The Court adopted the Company’s proposed constructions for all but one ofthe disputed claim terms and adopted a compromise construction that was acceptable to the Company for the final claim term.On March 5, 2015, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.indicating that it filed an ANDA with FDA, requesting approval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending that eightpatents listed for Qsymia in the Orange Book at the time of the notice (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776,8,580,298, 8,580,299, 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) (collectively “patents-in-suit”) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not beinfringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On April 15, 2015, theCompany filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva Pharmaceutical USA, Inc. and TevaPharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., collectively referred to as Teva. The lawsuit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on thebasis that Teva’s submission of their ANDA to obtain approval to manufacture, use, sell, or offer for sale generic versions ofQsymia prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suit constitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Teva, FDA approval ofTeva’s ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our March 5, 2015 receipt of Teva’s Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. September 5, 2017) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed.On August 5, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On September 18, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva (Case No. 15-6957(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Teva’s submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The two lawsuits against Teva have been consolidated intoa single suit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)).On July 20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claim construction (Markman) rulinggoverning the suit. The Court adopted the Company’s proposed constructions for all but one of the disputed claim terms andadopted a compromise construction that was acceptable to the Company for the final claim term. On September 27, 2016, Dr.Reddy’s Laboratories, S.A. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc., collectively referred to as DRL, were substituted for Teva asdefendants in the lawsuit as a result of Teva’s transfer to DRL of ownership and all rights in the ANDA that is the subject of thelawsuit.The schedule for both suits has now been consolidated for expert discovery and trial. Expert discovery is scheduled toclose on April 21, 2017. A final pretrial conference is scheduled for May 31, 2017 and a second pretrial conference, if necessary,is scheduled for June 28, 2017. No trial date has been scheduled.The Company intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Qsymia, but the Company cannotpredict the outcome of these matters.STENDRA ANDA LitigationOn June 20, 2016, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Hetero USA, Inc. and Hetero LabsLimited, collectively referred to as Hetero, indicating that it filed an ANDA with FDA, requesting approval to market a genericversion of STENDRA and contending that patents listed for STENDRA in the Orange Book at the time of the notice (U.S. Patents6,656,935, and 7,501,409) (collectively “patents-in-suit”) are invalid, unenforceable and/or65 Table of Contentswill not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of STENDRA as described in their ANDA. On July 27,2016, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Hetero (Case No. 16-4560(KSH)(CLW)). On January 3, 2017, we entered into a settlement agreement with Hetero. Under the settlement agreement, Heterowas granted a license to manufacture and commercialize the generic version of STENDRA described in its ANDA filing in theUnited States as of the date that is the later of (a) October 29, 2024, which is 180 days prior to the expiration of the last to expireof the patents-in-suit, or (b) the date that Hetero obtains final approval from FDA of the Hetero ANDA. The SettlementAgreement provides for a full settlement of all claims that were asserted in the suit.The Company is not aware of any other asserted or unasserted claims against it where it believes that an unfavorableresolution would have an adverse material impact on the operations or financial position of the Company. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.None.66 Table of ContentsPART IIItem 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equit y, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.VIVUS’s common stock trades publicly on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “VVUS.” Thefollowing table sets forth for the periods indicated the quarterly high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on theNASDAQ Global Select Market. Three Months Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 2016 High $1.42 $1.85 $1.32 $1.47 Low 0.92 1.02 0.93 1.03 2015 High $3.40 $2.65 $2.39 $2.25 Low 2.41 2.22 0.94 0.95 StockholdersAs of February 28, 2017, there were 105,583,530 shares of outstanding common stock that were held by 2,833stockholders of record and no outstanding shares of preferred stock. On February 28, 2017, the last reported sales price of ourcommon stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $1.12 per share.DividendsWe have not paid any dividends since our inception and we do not intend to declare or pay any dividends on ourcommon stock in the foreseeable future. Declaration or payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Boardof Directors after taking into account various factors, including VIVUS’s financial condition, operating results and current andanticipated cash needs.Stock Performance GraphThe following graph shows a comparison of total stockholder return for holders of our common stock fromDecember 31, 2011 through December 31, 2016 compared with the NASDAQ Composite Index and the RDG SmallCapPharmaceutical Index. Total stockholder return assumes $100 invested at the beginning of the period in our common stock, thestock represented in the NASDAQ Composite Index and the stock represented by the RDG SmallCap Pharmaceutical Index,respectively. This graph is presented pursuant to SEC rules. We believe that while total stockholder return can be an importantindicator of corporate performance, the stock prices of small cap pharmaceutical stocks like VIVUS are subject to a number ofmarket‑related factors other than company performance, such as competitive announcements, mergers and acquisitions in theindustry, the general state of the economy, and the performance of other medical technology stocks.67 $$$$Table of ContentsCOMPARISON OF 5‑‑YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*Among VIVUS, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the RDG SmallCap Pharmaceutical Index * $100 invested on 12/31/2011 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Period(a) Total number ofshares (or units)purchased(b) Average pricepaid per share(or unit)(c) Total number of shares (orunits) purchased as part ofpublicly announced plans orprograms(d) Maximum number (or approximatedollar value) of shares (or units) that mayyet be purchased under the plans orprogramsOctober 20164,248 1.09 4,248 November 20161,425 1.10 1,425 December 20161,425 1.38 1,425 Total7,098 1.15 7,098 29,890 (a)In the fourth quarter of 2016, restricted stock unit awards held by certain non-employee directors of the Companyvested. These restricted stock units were settled by issuing to each non-employee director shares in the amount dueto the director upon vesting, less the portion required to satisfy the estimated income tax68 Table of Contentsliability based on the published stock price at the close of market on the settlement date or the next trading day,which the Company issued to the non-employee director in cash. Item 6. Selected Financial DataThe following selected financial data have been derived from our audited financial statements. The information set forthbelow is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with “Management’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements and notes theretoincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K. The selected data is not intended to replace the financial statements.Selected Financial Data(In thousands, except per share data)Selected Annual Financial Data Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Income Statement Data: Total revenue $124,258 $95,430 $114,181 $81,082 $2,012 Total operating expenses $68,573 $155,707 $164,892 $235,696 $141,917 Income (loss) from operations $55,685 $(60,277) $(50,711) $(154,614) $(139,905) Income (loss) from continuing operations $23,302 $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,946) $(139,733) Net income (loss) $23,302 $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,456) $(139,881) Basic net income (loss) per share—Continuing operations $0.22 $(0.90) $(0.80) $(1.72) $(1.42) Diluted net income (loss) per share—Continuing operations $0.22 $(0.90) $(0.80) $(1.72) $(1.42) Balance Sheet Data: Working capital $255,159 $214,143 $301,789 $371,934 $220,671 Total assets $305,776 $277,202 $366,938 $431,796 $264,114 Long-term debt $241,318 $231,390 $227,783 $213,106 $ — Accumulated deficit $(813,054) $(836,356) $(743,249) $(660,602) $(486,146) Stockholders’ equity (deficit) $18,185 $(7,085) $82,518 $153,369 $222,909 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsAll percentage amounts and ratios were calculated using the underlying data in thousands. Operating results for the yearended December 31, 2016, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for future fiscal years. The followingdiscussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our historical financial statements and the notes to those financialstatements that are included in Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10‑K.OverviewVIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company developing and commercializing innovative, next-generation therapies toaddress unmet medical needs in human health, with two approved therapies and one product candidate in active clinicaldevelopment. Qsymia® (phentermine and topiramate extended release) is approved by FDA for chronic weight management andSTENDRA® (avanafil) is approved by FDA for ED and by the EC under the trade name, SPEDRA, for the treatment of ED in theEU. Tacrolimus is in active clinical development for the treatment of PAH.Commercial ProductsQsymiaQsymia was approved by FDA in July 2012, as an adjunct to a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity forchronic weight management in adult obese or overweight patients in the presence of at least one weight69 Table of Contentsrelated comorbidity, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus or high cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. Qsymia incorporates aproprietary formulation combining low doses of active ingredients from two previously approved drugs, phentermine andtopiramate. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, Qsymia is believed to suppress appetite and increase satiety, orthe feeling of being full, the two main mechanisms that impact eating behavior.We commercialize Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a sales force supported by an internal commercial team, whopromote Qsymia to physicians. We are focused on maintaining a commercial presence with important Qsymia prescribers, and wehave capacity to cover prescriptions from physicians that begin prescribing branded anti-obesity products. We are constantlymonitoring prescribing activity in the market, and we have seen new prescriptions being written by HCPs on whom we have notpreviously dedicated field sales resources. The current alignment addresses this new prescriber group, and we believe we havebeen successful in initiating and maintaining dialog with these HCPs.Our marketing efforts have focused on rolling out unique programs to encourage targeted prescribers to gain moreexperience with Qsymia with their obese patient population. We continue to invest in digital media in order to amplify ourmessaging to information-seeking consumers. The digital messaging encourages those consumers most likely to take action tospeak with their physicians about obesity treatment options. We believe our enhanced web-based strategies deliver clear andcompelling communications to potential patients. In June 2016, we announced an upgraded simplified patient savings plan tofurther drive Qsymia brand preference at the point of prescription and to encourage long-term use of the brand.We have recognized revenue for Qsymia based on prescription sell-through by certified retail pharmacies and homedelivery pharmacy services networks to patients in the U.S.STENDRA/SPEDRASTENDRA is an oral PDE5 inhibitor that we have licensed from MTPC. STENDRA was approved by FDA in April2012 for the treatment of ED in the United States. In June 2013, the EC adopted a decision granting marketing authorization forSPEDRA, the approved trade name for avanafil in the EU, for the treatment of ED in the EU.In July 2013, we entered into the Menarini License Agreement under which Menarini received an exclusive license tocommercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 European countries, including the EU, as well asAustralia and New Zealand. Menarini commenced its commercialization launch of the product in the EU in early 2014. As of thedate of this filing, SPEDRA is commercially available in 30 countries within the territory granted to Menarini pursuant to itslicense and commercialization agreement, in addition to certain territories in Asia licensed directly from MTPC.Under the Menarini License Agreement, we have received payments of $63.0 million relating to license and milestonepayments and royalty prepayments through December 31, 2016. Additionally, we are entitled to receive potential milestonepayments based on certain net sales targets, plus royalties on SPEDRA sales. Menarini will also reimburse us for payments madeto cover various obligations to MTPC during the term of the Menarini License Agreement.In October 2013, we also entered into the Auxilium License Agreement and the Auxilium Supply Agreement underwhich Auxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote STENDRA in the United States and Canada and wewould supply Auxilium with STENDRA for commercialization. We received an upfront license fee of $30.0 million in October2013 and a regulatory milestone payment of $15.0 million in 2014 upon approval by FDA of a specific time of onset claim forSTENDRA in the Auxilium Territory. Additionally, we received royalty payments based on tiered percentages of the aggregateannual net sales of STENDRA in the Auxilium Territory on a quarterly basis. Auxilium terminated the Auxilium SupplyAgreement effective June 30, 2016 and the Auxilium License Agreement effective September 30, 2016.On September 30, 2016, we entered into the Metuchen License Agreement and the Metuchen Supply Agreement withMetuchen. Under the terms of the Metuchen License Agreement, Metuchen received an exclusive license to develop,commercialize and promote STENDRA in the Metuchen Territory, effective October 1, 2016. We received an upfront license feeof $70 million under the Metuchen License Agreement. Metuchen will also reimburse us for payments made to cover royalty andmilestone obligations to MTPC during the term of the license agreement, but will otherwise owe us no future royalties. Metuchenwill obtain STENDRA exclusively from us for a mutually agreed70 Table of Contentsterm pursuant to the supply agreement. Metuchen may elect to transfer the control of the supply chain for STENDRA for theTerritory to itself or its designee by assigning to Metuchen our agreements with the contract manufacturer.In December 2013, we entered into the Sanofi License Agreement under which Sanofi received an exclusive license tocommercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in the Sanofi Territory. Effective as of December 11, 2013, wealso entered into the Sanofi Supply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi, whichterminated according to its terms on June 30, 2015. We received an upfront license fee of $5.0 million and a $1.5 millionmanufacturing milestone payment in December 2013. In February 2014, we received an additional $3.5 million in manufacturingmilestone payments. We were also eligible to receive up to $6.0 million in regulatory milestone payments, and up to $45.0million in sales milestone payments, plus royalties on avanafil sales based on tiered percentages of the aggregate annual net salesin the Sanofi Territory.Development ProgramPulmonary Arterial Hypertension - TacrolimusPAH is a chronic, life-threatening disease characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which arethe arteries between the heart and lungs, due to severe constriction of these blood vessels. The current medical therapies for PAHinvolve ERA, PDE5 inhibitors, prostacyclin analogues, selective IP receptor agonists, and sGC stimulators, which aim to reducesymptoms and improve quality of life. All currently approved products treat the symptoms of PAH, but do not address theunderlying disease. We believe that tacrolimus can be used to enhance reduced BMPR2 signaling that is prevalent in PAHpatients and may therefore address a fundamental cause of PAH.On January 6, 2017, we entered into the Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten, whereby we received exclusive,worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of tacrolimus for the treatment of PAH and related vasculardiseases. Under this agreement, Selten received an upfront payment of $1.0 million and is entitled to milestone payments basedon global development status and future sales milestones, as well as tiered royalty payments on future sales of thesecompounds. The total potential milestone payments are $39.0 million to Selten. We have assumed full responsibility for thedevelopment and commercialization of the licensed compounds for the treatment of PAH and related vascular diseases.On March 16, 2015, tacrolimus for the treatment of PAH received an Orphan Drug Designation. In 2017, we intend tofocus on developing a proprietary formulation of tacrolimus to be used in a clinical development program and for commercialuse.Business Strategy ReviewEarlier this year, we initiated a business strategy review with an outside advisor. The first announcement was thelicensing of STENDRA to Metuchen for the U.S., Canada, South America, and India, as discussed above. We will continue thisprocess to evaluate strategies for maximizing our current assets as well as potentially building our portfolio of development andcommercial assets through in-licensing opportunities. We will also look for opportunities to restructure our existing debt,including repayment or restructuring the outstanding balances.NOL Rights PlanOn November 8, 2016 our board of directors approved an amendment and restatement of our stockholder rights planoriginally adopted on March 26, 2007. The amended plan is designed to protect stockholder value by mitigating the likelihood ofan “ownership change” that would result in significant limitations to our ability to use our net operating losses or other taxattributes to offset future income. The amended plan is similar to rights plans adopted by other public companies with significantnet operating loss carryforwards.In connection with the original adoption of the rights plan, one right was distributed for each share of our common stockoutstanding as of the close of business on April 13, 2007 and one right was distributed with each share of our common stock thatwas issued after such date. The amended rights plan provides, subject to certain exceptions, that if any person or group acquires4.9% or more of our outstanding common stock, there would be a triggering event potentially resulting in significant dilution inthe voting power and economic ownership of that person or group. Existing71 Table of Contentsstockholders who hold 4.9% or more of our outstanding common stock as of the date of the amended rights plan will trigger adilutive event only if they acquire an additional 1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.As extended and amended, the rights plan will continue in effect until November 9, 2019, unless earlier terminated or therights are earlier exchanged or redeemed by our Board of Directors. We expect to submit the rights plan to a vote at the 2017annual meeting of stockholders. If stockholders do not approve the plan at the 2017 annual meeting, it will expire at the close ofbusiness of the following day. Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesThe discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidatedfinancial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Thepreparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets,liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related toavailable‑for‑sale securities, research and development expenses, income taxes, inventories, revenues, including revenues frommultiple‑element arrangements, contingencies and litigation and share‑based compensation. We base our estimates on historicalexperience, information received from third parties and on various market specific and other relevant assumptions that arebelieved to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carryingvalues of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ significantly from theseestimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 to ourConsolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in thepreparation of our consolidated financial statements:Revenue RecognitionProduct RevenueWe recognize product revenue when:(i)persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists,(ii)delivery has occurred and title has passed,(iii)the price is fixed or determinable, and(iv)collectability is reasonably assured.Revenue from sales transactions where the customer has the right to return the product is recognized at the time of saleonly if: (i) our price to the customer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, (ii) the customer has paid us, or thecustomer is obligated to pay us and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, (iii) the customer’s obligation to uswould not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product, (iv) the customer acquiring theproduct for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by us, (v) we do not have significant obligations for futureperformance to directly bring about resale of the product by the customer, and (vi) the amount of future returns can be reasonablyestimated.Product Revenue AllowancesProduct revenue is recognized net of consideration paid to our customers, wholesalers and certified pharmacies forservices rendered by the wholesalers and pharmacies in accordance with the wholesalers and certified pharmacy services networkagreements, and includes a fixed rate per prescription shipped and monthly program management and data fees. These servicesare not deemed sufficiently separable from the customers’ purchase of the product; therefore, they are recorded as a reduction ofrevenue at the time of revenue recognition.Other product revenue allowances include certain prompt pay discounts and allowances offered to our customers,program rebates and chargebacks. These product revenue allowances are recognized as a reduction of72 Table of Contentsrevenue at the later of the date at which the related revenue is recognized or the date at which the allowance is offered. We alsooffer discount programs to patients. Calculating certain of these items involves estimates and judgments based on sales or invoicedata, contractual terms, utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines thatwould impact the amount of the actual rebates or chargebacks. We review the adequacy of product revenue allowances on aquarterly basis. Amounts accrued for product revenue allowances are adjusted when trends or significant events indicate thatadjustment is appropriate and to reflect actual experience.The following table summarizes the activity in the accounts related to Qsymia product revenue allowances (inthousands): Wholesaler/ Discount Pharmacy Cash Rebates/ programs fees discounts Chargebacks Total Balance at January 1, 2014 $(702) $(1,424) $(134) $(79) $(2,339) Current provision related to sales made during current period* (17,579) (6,973) (1,712) (2,110) (28,374) Payments 17,418 7,393 1,696 1,752 28,259 Balance at December 31, 2014 (863) (1,004) (150) (437) (2,454) Current provision related to sales made during current period* (19,044) (6,958) (1,934) (2,706) (30,642) Payments 18,935 6,802 1,920 2,663 30,320 Balance at December 31, 2015 (972) (1,160) (164) (480) (2,776) Current provision related to sales made during current period* (18,919) (7,153) (1,679) (871) (28,622) Payments 18,884 7,033 1,630 1,250 28,797 Balance at December 31, 2016 $(1,007) $(1,280) $(213) $(101) $(2,601) * Current provision related to sales made during current period includes $27.2 million, $28.7 million and $24.6 million for productrevenue allowances related to revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Theremaining amounts for the respective years were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as deferred revenue at the end of eachperiod.We ship units of Qsymia through a distribution network that includes certified retail pharmacies. Qsymia has a 36–month shelf life and we grant rights to our customers to return unsold product six months prior to and up to 12 months afterproduct expiration and issue credits that may be applied against existing or future invoices. Given our limited history of sellingQsymia and the duration of the return period, we have not had sufficient information to reliably estimate expected returns ofQsymia at the time of shipment, and therefore revenue is recognized when units are dispensed to patients through prescriptions, atwhich point, the product is not subject to return. We obtain prescription shipment data from the pharmacies to determine theamount of revenue to recognize.We will continue to recognize revenue for Qsymia based upon prescription sell through until we have sufficienthistorical information to reliably estimate returns. Our deferred revenue represents product shipped to our customers, but not yetdispensed to patients through prescriptions. A corresponding accounts receivable is also recorded for this amount, as thepayments from customers are not contingent upon the sale of product to patients.Supply RevenueWe recognize supply revenue from the sales of STENDRA or SPEDRA when the four basic revenue recognition criteriadescribed above are met. We produce STENDRA or SPEDRA through a contract manufacturing partner and then sell it to ourcommercialization partners. We are the primary responsible party in the commercial supply arrangements and bear significantrisk in the fulfillment of the obligations, including risks associated with manufacturing, regulatory compliance and qualityassurance, as well as inventory, financial and credit loss. As such, we recognize supply revenue on a gross basis as the principalparty in the arrangements. Under our product supply agreements, as long as the product meets specified product dating criteria atthe time of shipment to the partner, our73 Table of Contentscommercialization partners do not have a right of return or credit for expired product. As such, we recognize revenue for productsthat meet the dating criteria at the time of shipment.Revenue from Multiple‑Element ArrangementsWe account for multiple element arrangements, such as license and commercialization agreements in which a customermay purchase several deliverables, in accordance with ASC Topic 605 25, Revenue Recognition —Multiple ElementArrangements , or ASC 605 25. We evaluate if the deliverables in the arrangement represent separate units of accounting. Indetermining the units of accounting, management evaluates certain criteria, including whether the deliverables have value to itscustomers on a stand alone basis. Factors considered in this determination include whether the deliverable is proprietary to us,whether the customer can use the license or other deliverables for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remainingelements, whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered items, and whether there are other vendors that canprovide the undelivered items. Deliverables that meet these criteria are considered a separate unit of accounting. Deliverables thatdo not meet these criteria are combined and accounted for as a single unit of accounting.When deliverables are separable, we allocate non contingent consideration to each separate unit of accounting basedupon the relative selling price of each element. When applying the relative selling price method, we determine the selling pricefor each deliverable using vendor specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if it exists, or third party evidence, orTPE, of selling price, if it exists. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for a deliverable, we use best estimated sellingprice, or BESP, for that deliverable. Significant management judgment may be required to determine the relative selling price ofeach element. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized based on when the following four basic revenue recognitioncriteria are met for each element: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services havebeen rendered; (iii) the price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments thatcan have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue we report. Changes in assumptions or judgments, or changesto the elements in an arrangement, could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue reported in a particularperiod.ASC Topic 605 28, Revenue Recognition — Milestone Method or (ASC 605 28), established the milestone method as anacceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event based payments under research and developmentarrangements. Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone isrecognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved basedin whole or in part on either our performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from our performance, (ii) forwhich there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved, and (iii) thatwould result in additional payments being due to us. The determination that a milestone is substantive requires judgment and ismade at the inception of the arrangement. Milestones are considered substantive when the consideration earned from theachievement of the milestone is: (i) commensurate with either our performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement ofvalue of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from our performance to achieve the milestone, (ii) relatessolely to past performance, and (iii) is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.Other contingent, event based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage of timeor the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605 28. In accordance with ASC605, such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the four basic revenue recognition criteria are met.Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized when the four basic revenue recognition criteria describedabove are met.InventoriesInventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first in, first out method using aweighted average cost method calculated for each production batch. Inventory includes the cost of the active pharmaceuticalingredients, or API, raw materials and third party contract manufacturing and packaging services.74 Table of ContentsIndirect overhead costs associated with production and distribution are allocated to the appropriate cost pool and then absorbedinto inventory based on the units produced or distributed, assuming normal capacity, in the applicable period.Inventory costs of product shipped to customers, but not yet recognized as revenue, are recorded within inventories onthe consolidated balance sheets and are subsequently recognized to cost of goods sold when revenue recognition criteria havebeen met.Our policy is to write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expectednet realizable value and inventory in excess of expected requirements. The estimate of excess quantities is subjective andprimarily dependent on our estimates of future demand for a particular product. If the estimate of future demand is inaccuratebased on lower actual sales, we may increase the write down for excess inventory for that product and record a charge toinventory impairment. We periodically evaluate the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amount overdemand.Research and Development ExpensesResearch and development, or R&D, expenses include license fees, related compensation, consultants’ fees, facilitiescosts, administrative expenses related to R&D activities and clinical trial costs incurred by clinical research organizations orCROs, and research institutions under agreements that are generally cancelable, among other related R&D costs. We also recordaccruals for estimated ongoing clinical trial costs. Clinical trial costs represent costs incurred by CRO and clinical sites andinclude advertising for clinical trials and patient recruitment costs. These costs are recorded as a component of R&D expenses andare expensed as incurred. Under our agreements, progress payments are typically made to investigators, clinical sites and CROs.We analyze the progress of the clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment, invoices received and contracted costs whenevaluating the adequacy of accrued liabilities. Significant judgments and estimates must be made and used in determining theaccrued balance in any accounting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions. Revisionsare charged to expense in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.In addition, we have obtained rights to patented intellectual properties under several licensing agreements for use inresearch and development activities. Non-refundable licensing payments made for intellectual properties that have no alternativefuture uses are expensed to research and development as incurred.Share‑Based PaymentsCompensation expense is recognized for share-based payments, including stock options, restricted stock units and sharesissued under the employee stock purchase plan, using a fair value based method. We estimate the fair value of share basedpayment awards on the date of the grant using the Black Scholes option pricing model, which requires us to estimate the expectedterm of the award, the expected volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividends. The expected term, whichrepresents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, is derived by analyzing the historical experienceof similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the share based awards, vesting schedules and expectations offuture employee behavior. Expected volatilities are estimated using the historical share price performance over the expected termof the option, which are adjusted as necessary for any other factors which may reasonably affect the volatility of VIVUS’s stockin the future. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of the grant for the expected termof the award. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. We develop pre-vesting forfeiture assumptions basedon an analysis of historical data.Share‑based compensation expense is allocated among cost of goods sold, research and development and selling, generaland administrative expenses, or included in the inventory carrying value and absorbed into inventory, based on the function of therelated employee.Fair Value MeasurementsFair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in theprincipal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on themeasurement date. Three levels of inputs are used to measure fair value. The three levels are as follows: Level 1, defined asobservable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than the75 Table of Contentsquoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as significant unobservableinputs in which little or no market data exists.Our financial instruments include cash equivalents, available for sale securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable,accrued liabilities and debt. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. The carrying value of cash equivalents, accountsreceivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value due to the relatively short term nature of theseinstruments. Debt instruments are initially recorded at face value, with stated interest and amortization of debt issuance discountsand costs recognized as interest expense.Our convertible notes contain a conversion option that is classified as equity. We determined the fair value of theliability component of the debt instrument and allocated the excess amount of $95.3 million from the initial proceeds to theconversion option in additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the debt component was determined by estimating a risk adjustedinterest rate, or market yield, at the time of issuance for similar notes that do not include the conversion feature. This excess isreported as a debt discount and is amortized as non-cash interest expense, using the effective-interest method, over the expectedlife of the convertible notes. The convertible notes are recorded in the balance sheet as a component of long-term debt.Issuance costs related to the conversion feature of the convertible notes were charged to additional paid in capital. Theportion of the issuance costs related to the debt component is being amortized and recorded as additional interest expense over theexpected life of the convertible notes. In connection with the issuance of the convertible notes, the Company entered into cappedcall transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the underwriters. The fair value of the purchased capped calls of $34.7million was recorded to additional paid-in capital.Concentration of Credit RiskFinancial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cashequivalents, available for sale securities, and accounts receivable. We have established guidelines to limit its exposure to creditrisk by placing investments in high credit quality money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities or corporate debt securities andby placing investments with maturities that maintain safety and liquidity within our liquidity needs. We have also establishedguidelines for the issuance of credit to existing and potential customers.Accounts Receivable, Allowances for Doubtful Accounts and Cash DiscountsWe extend credit to our customers for product sales resulting in accounts receivable. Customer accounts are monitoredfor past due amounts. Amounts that are determined to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts.Allowances for doubtful accounts are estimated based upon past due amounts, historical losses and existing economic factors, andare adjusted periodically. Historically, we have not had any significant uncollected accounts. We offer cash discounts to itscustomers, generally 2% of the sales price, as an incentive for prompt payment. The estimate of cash discounts is recorded at thetime of sale. We account for the cash discounts by reducing revenue and accounts receivable by the amount of the discounts itexpects the customers to take. The accounts receivable are reported in the consolidated balance sheets, net of the allowances fordoubtful accounts and cash discounts. There is no allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2016 or 2015.Inventory Impairment and Other Non‑Recurring ChargesOur inventory impairment and other non-recurring charges consist of inventory impairment charges, proxy contestexpenses and charges from cost reduction plans, including employee severance, one time termination benefits and ongoingbenefits related to the reduction of our workforce, facilities and other facility exit costs. Liabilities for costs associated with thecost reduction plan are recognized when the liability is incurred. In addition, liabilities associated with cost reduction activities aremeasured at fair value. One-time termination benefits are expensed at the date the entity notifies the employee, unless theemployee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Ongoingbenefits are expensed when cost reduction activities are probable and the benefit amounts are estimable. Other costs primarilyconsist of legal, consulting, and other costs related to employee terminations and are expensed when incurred. Terminationbenefits are calculated in accordance with the various agreements with certain of our employees.76 Table of ContentsIncome TaxesWe make certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. Theseestimates and judgments occur in the calculation of certain tax assets and liabilities, which arise from differences in the timing ofrecognition of revenue and expense for tax and financial statement purposes.As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes ineach of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our current tax exposure under the most recent taxlaws and assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. Thesedifferences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our consolidated balance sheets.We assess the likelihood that we will be able to recover our deferred tax assets. We consider all available evidence, bothpositive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxableincome and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. If it is not morelikely than not that we will recover its deferred tax assets, we will increase our provision for taxes by recording a valuationallowance against the deferred tax assets that we estimate will not ultimately be recoverable. As a result of our analysis of allavailable evidence, both positive and negative, as of December 31, 2016, it was considered more likely than not that our deferredtax assets would not be realized. However, should there be a change in our ability to recover its deferred tax assets, we wouldrecognize a benefit to our tax provision in the period in which we determine that it is more likely than not that we will recover itsdeferred tax assets.We recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of our provision forincome taxes.Contingencies and LitigationWe are periodically involved in disputes and litigation related to a variety of matters. When it is probable that we willexperience a loss, and that loss is quantifiable, we record appropriate reserves. We record legal fees and costs as an expense whenincurred.RESULTS OF OPERATIONSRevenues Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014Net product revenue$48,501 $54,622 $45,277 License and milestone revenue69,400 11,574 38,614 Supply revenue2,291 26,674 26,519 Royalty revenue4,066 2,560 3,771 Total revenue$124,258 $95,430 $114,181 Net Qsymia product revenueWe recognize net product revenue for Qsymia based on prescription sell‑through by the certified retail pharmacies andhome delivery pharmacy services networks to patients as we do not have sufficient historical information to reliably estimatereturns. Currently, Qsymia is only approved for sale in the U.S.; therefore, all net product revenue for Qsymia to date has beenearned in the U.S.77 Table of ContentsThe following table reconciles gross Qsymia product revenue to net Qsymia product revenue (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Gross Qsymia product revenue $73,689 $83,338 $69,870 Discount programs (15,994) (18,441) (16,140) Wholesaler/Pharmacy fees (6,849) (5,913) (4,970) Cash discounts (1,474) (1,656) (1,373) Rebates/Chargebacks (871) (2,706) (2,110) Net product revenue $48,501 $54,622 $45,277 Prescriptions are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014Prescriptions dispensed (in thousands) 442 566 534 Prescriptions dispensed as free goods (in thousands) 51 99 109 Percent of prescriptions including either a free good or discount offer 64% 63% 60% At December 31, 2016, we had Qsymia deferred gross revenue of $17.6 million, which represents Qsymia productshipped to wholesalers and certified retail pharmacies, but not yet dispensed to patients through prescriptions, net ofprompt‑payment discounts. We expect Qsymia net product revenue in 2017 to remain flat or decrease from 2016 levels due tomarket conditions.License and milestone revenueOn September 30, 2016, we entered into the Metuchen License Agreement and the Metuchen Supply Agreement tocommercialize and promote STENDRA for the treatment of ED in the Metuchen Territory. On September 30, 2016, we received$70 million from Metuchen under the Metuchen License Agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized thisamount as license revenue, less an estimate of our future financial obligations under the license agreement.For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized $11.6 million in license and milestone revenue with respect toSTENDRA/SPEDRA, primarily attributable to milestone payments related to the approval of the Time‑to‑Onset Claim in the EU.For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized $38.6 million in license and milestone revenue primarily attributable tomilestone payments related to product launches in certain EU countries, the approval of the Time-to-Onset Claim in the U.S. andthe delivery of the license rights and know-how under the Sanofi License Agreement. License and milestone revenue is dependentupon the timing of the achievement of certain milestones and the timing of entering into collaborative agreements.License and milestone revenues are dependent on the timing of entering into new collaborations and the timing of ourcollaborators meeting certain milestone events. As a result, our license and milestone revenue will fluctuate materially betweenperiods.Net STENDRA/SPEDRA supply revenueWe supply STENDRA/SPEDRA to our collaborations partners on a cost-plus basis. The variations in supply revenue area result of the timing of orders placed by our partners and may or may not reflect end user demand for STENDRA/SPEDRA. Thetiming of purchases by our commercialization partners will be affected by, among other items, their minimum purchasecommitments, end user demand, and distributor inventory levels. As a result, supply revenue has and will continue to fluctuatematerially between reporting periods.78 Table of ContentsRoyalty revenueRoyalty revenue was attributable to commercialization agreements with Menarini and Auxilium for which we earnroyalties based on a certain percentage of net sales reported by commercialization partners. We record royalty revenue related toSTENDRA based on reports provided by our partners. One of our partners, Auxilium, was acquired by Endo in January 2015. InApril 2015, Endo revised its accounting estimate for its return reserve for STENDRA sold in 2014. As a result, in the first quarterof 2015, we recorded an adjustment of $1.2 million to reduce our royalty revenue. On September 30, 2016, Auxilium returned theU.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us. Also, on September 30, 2016, we entered into a license agreement anda supply agreement with Metuchen, providing them with, among other rights, commercial rights to sell STENDRA/SPEDRA inthe U.S., Canada, South America, and India. The license agreement with Metuchen does not include future royalties to us on thesales of STENDRA/SPENDRA in their territories. We expect royalty revenue to decrease in 2017 from 2016 levels as beginningin the fourth quarter of 2016, we no longer receive royalty revenue from net sales in the U.S.Cost of goods sold Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014Qsymia cost of goods sold$7,523 $8,720 $7,155 STENDRA/SPEDRA cost of goods sold3,079 25,437 26,232 Cost of goods sold$10,602 $34,157 $33,387 Cost of goods sold for Qsymia dispensed to patients includes the inventory costs of API, third‑party contractmanufacturing and packaging and distribution costs, royalties, cargo insurance, freight, shipping, handling and storage costs, andoverhead costs of the employees involved with production. Cost of goods sold for STENDRA or SPEDRA shipped to ourcommercialization partners includes the inventory costs of API, tableting, bottling, freight, shipping and handling costs. The costof goods sold associated with deferred revenue on Qsymia and STENDRA or SPEDRA product shipments is recorded as deferredcosts, which are included in inventories in the consolidated balance sheets, until such time as the deferred revenue is recognized.Cost of goods sold decreased overall in 2016 as compared to 2015 due to the reduction in net product and supply revenue. Thechange in the cost of goods sold as a percentage of net product and supply revenue was due to the full year effect of priceincreases in 2015 and the sales mix between Qsymia and STENDRA/SPEDRA during the periods. The increase in cost of goodssold in 2015 as compared to 2014 was due to increases in Qsymia product revenue.Selling, general and administrative % Change Years Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) 2016 2015 2014 2016 vs 2015 2015 vs 2014 (In thousands, except percentages) Selling and marketing$21,775$52,988$72,330(59)% (27)%General and administrative 30,604 26,399 39,209 16% (33)% Total selling, general and administrative expenses $52,379 $79,387 $111,539 (34)% (29)% The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in 2016 as compared to 2015 was primarily due to the full year impactof cost saving efforts to reduce marketing programs and the reduction in the number of territories from 150 to approximately 50effective in 2015. The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to lowerpromotional activities for Qsymia, driven by a lower workforce and more targeted spending.The increase in general and administrative expenses in 2016 as compared to 2015 was primarily due to higher consultantand legal fees related to our business strategy review, partially offset by the full year impact of corporate restructuring plan begunin July 2015 as well as our continuing efforts to cut costs and lower spending for corporate activities. The decrease in general andadministrative expenses in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to our cost control initiatives, including a reduction inheadcount and other employee costs.79 Table of ContentsWe expect selling and marketing expenses in general to remain flat or decrease in 2017 from 2016 as we continue ourefforts to commercialize Qsymia in an efficient manner. However, our general and administrative expenses will be impacted byour Qsymia patent litigation, expenses from our continuing business strategy review and expenses from strategic transactions, ifany.Research and development % Change Years Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Drug Indication/Description 2016 2015 2014 2016 vs 2015 2015 vs 2014 (In thousands, except percentages) Qsymia for obesity $1,335 $3,328 $4,457 (60)% (25)% STENDRA for ED 147 840 2,356 (83)% (64)% Share-based compensation 493 398 1,177 24% (66)% Overhead costs* 3,617 5,536 5,773 (35)% (4)% Total research and development expenses $5,592 $10,102 $13,793 (45)% (27)% * Overhead costs include compensation and related expenses, consulting, legal and other professional services fees relating toresearch and development activities, which we do not allocate to specific projects.The decrease in total research and development expenses in 2016 as compared to 2015 was due primarily to lowerheadcount resulting from our corporate restructuring plan begun in July 2015 as well as the timing of studies associated with ourpost-marketing requirements for STENDRA and Qsymia. The decrease in total research and development expenses in 2015 ascompared to 2014 was due primarily to the timing of clinical activity, the impact of our cost reduction efforts implemented during2015 and lower share-based compensation expense, as a result of our lower share price and decrease in headcount.We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in 2017 as we continue to complete our post-marketing requirements for Qsymia, specifically an adolescent efficacy trial, and begin development of tacrolimus for thetreatment of PAH. In addition, our research and development expenses will increase if we begin development of any additionalproduct candidates.Inventory impairment and other non‑recurring chargesInventory impairment and other non‑recurring charges consist of (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Inventory impairment $ — $29,522 $2,170 Employee severance and related costs — 2,503 1,711 Patent settlement — — 1,949 Share-based compensation — 36 343 Total inventory impairment and other non-recurring expense $ — $32,061 $6,173 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first in, first out method for allinventories, which are valued using a weighted average cost method calculated for each production batch. We periodicallyevaluate the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amount over demand using the same lower of cost or marketapproach as that used to value the inventory. In 2015, we recorded inventory impairment charges primarily for Qsymia APIinventory in excess of expected demand. In 2014, we recorded inventory impairment charges for finished goods and certain non-API raw materials on hand in excess of demand.In 2015, we recorded employee severance and related costs and share-based compensation related to the July 2015corporate restructuring plan, which reduced our workforce by approximately 60 full time equivalents. In 2014, we recordedemployee severance and related costs, share-based compensation and operating lease termination costs related to the 2013 costreduction plan that reduced our workforce by approximately 20 employees.80 Table of ContentsIn 2014, we paid $5.0 million in connection with the transfer and assignment of certain patents from JanssenPharmaceuticals, Inc. Of the $5.0 million, approximately $1.9 million was recognized as a non-recurring expense for the yearended December 31, 2014 as it related to a legal settlement. The remaining balance of approximately $3.1 million was recordedas an intangible asset and is being amortized as cost of goods sold through their expiration dates.Interest and other expense (income)Interest and other expense (income) consists primarily of interest expense and the amortization of issuance costs fromour Convertible Notes and Senior Secured Notes and the amortization of the debt discount on the Convertible Notes. Interestexpense (income) was $32.9 million, $33.3 million and $32.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014,respectively. The decrease in interest and other expense (income), net in 2016 as compared to 2015 was primarily due to thelowering of the debt balances due to the repayment of debt. Other expense and income were not significant. We expect interestand other expense (income) in 2017 to remain relatively consistent with 2016 levels.Provision for (Benefit from) income taxesWe recorded a net provision for income taxes of $70,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to $3,000for the year ended December 31, 2015 and a net benefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $629,000.The tax provisions for 2016 and 2015 are the result of certain state tax liabilities. The tax benefit in 2014 primarily relates to taxliabilities in certain states, offset by a tax refund received from the State of New Jersey as a result of a settlement of an audit andacceptance of a refund claim for the tax year ended December 31, 2007 amounting to $462,000 (including interest) and areduction of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as a result of the California Franchise Tax Board audit that was favorablysettled amounting to approximately $208,000.LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCESCash. Cash, cash equivalents and available‑for‑sale securities totaled $269.5 million at December 31, 2016, ascompared to $241.6 million at December 31, 2015. The increase is primarily due to cash received from our license agreementwith Metuchen, partially offset by cash used in the funding of our operations. We received payments for license and milestonerevenue of $70.0 million, $11.6 million and $35.3 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Since inception, we havefinanced operations primarily from the issuance of equity, debt and debt‑like securities.We invest our excess cash balances in money market, U.S. government securities and corporate debt securities inaccordance with our investment policy. Our investment policy has the primary investment objectives of preservation of principal;however, there may be times when certain of the securities in our portfolio will fall below the credit ratings required in the policy.If those securities are downgraded or impaired, we would experience realized or unrealized losses in the value of our portfolio,which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Investment securities areexposed to various risks, such as interest rate, market and credit. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investmentsecurities and the level of uncertainty related to changes in the value of investment securities, it is possible that changes in theserisk factors in the near term could have an adverse material impact on our results of operations or stockholders’ equity.Accounts Receivable. We extend credit to our customers for product sales resulting in accounts receivable. Customeraccounts are monitored for past due amounts. Past due accounts receivable, determined to be uncollectible, are written off againstthe allowance for doubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts are estimated based upon past due amounts, historicallosses and existing economic factors, and are adjusted periodically. Historically, we have had no significant uncollectableaccounts receivable. We offer cash discounts to our customers, generally 2% of the sales price as an incentive for promptpayment.Accounts receivable (net of allowance for cash discounts) at December 31, 2016, was $9.5 million, as compared to$9.0 million at December 31, 2015. Currently, we do not have any significant concerns related to accounts receivable orcollections. As of February 28, 2017, we had collected 93% of the accounts receivable outstanding at December 31, 2016.81 Table of ContentsLiabilities. Total liabilities were $287.6 million at December 31, 2016, compared to $284.3 million at December 31,2015. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to timing differences in our various liability accounts.Summary Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (in thousands) Cash provided by (used for): Operating activities $38,165 $(46,332) $(38,105) Investing activities (40,078) 67,404 15,893 Financing activities (8,699) (8,851) 2,124 Operating Activities. The increase in cash from operating activities in 2016 as compared to cash used for operatingactivities in 2015 was primarily due to cash from the license agreements with Metuchen. Additional increases were due todecreased spending on inventory, partially offset by increases in accounts receivable. The increase in cash used from operatingactivities in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to the reduction in total revenue, due to a reduction in license andmilestone receipts, and spending on inventory for contractually-mandated purchases, partially offset by lower operating expenses,primarily attributable to our cost reduction plan in 2015.Investing Activities. Cash used or provided by investing activities primarily relates to the purchases and maturities ofinvestment securities. The fluctuations from period to period are due primarily to the timing of purchases, sales and maturities ofthese investment securities and were impacted in 2016 due primarily to the investment of portions of the cash received from theMetuchen License Agreement.Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 consistprimarily of our repayments of $8.7 million and $9.0 million, respectively, under our Senior Secured Notes. Cash provided byfinancing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 consisted of cash received for the exercise of stock options andpurchases of stock under the employee stock purchase plan.We anticipate that our existing capital resources combined with anticipated future cash flows will be sufficient tosupport our operating needs at least for the next twelve months. However, we anticipate that we may require additional funding toexpand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education, find the right partner for expanded Qsymiacommercial promotion to a broader primary care physician audience, create a pathway for centralized approval of the marketingauthorization application for Qsiva in the EU, conduct post-approval clinical studies for Qsymia, conduct non-clinical and clinicalresearch and development work to support regulatory submissions and applications for our current and future investigational drugcandidates, finance the costs involved in filing and prosecuting patent applications and enforcing or defending our patent claims,if any, to fund operating expenses, establish additional or new manufacturing and marketing capabilities, and manufacturequantities of our drugs and investigational drug candidates and to make payments under our existing license agreements andsupply agreements.If we require additional capital, we may seek any required additional funding through collaborations, public and privateequity or debt financings, capital lease transactions or other available financing sources. Additional financing may not beavailable on acceptable terms, or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existingstockholders may result. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one ormore of our commercialization or development programs or obtain funds through collaborations with others that are onunfavorable terms or that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies, product candidates or products that wewould otherwise seek to develop on our own.Contractual ObligationsThe following table summarizes our contractual obligations at December 31, 2016, excluding amounts already recordedon our consolidated balance sheet as accounts payable or accrued liabilities, and the effect such obligations are expected to haveon our liquidity and cash flow in future fiscal years. This table includes our enforceable, non‑cancelable, and legally bindingobligations and future commitments as of December 31, 2016. The amounts below82 Table of Contentsdo not include contingent milestone payments or royalties, and assume the agreements and commitments will run through the endof terms, as such no early termination fees or penalties are included herein: Payments Due by Period Contractual obligations Total 2017 2018 - 2020 2021 - 2022 Thereafter (in thousands) Operating leases $3,330 $529 $2,263 $538 $ — Purchase obligations 27,010 16,485 10,525 — — Notes payable 282,264 9,866 272,398 — — Interest payable 30,150 13,521 16,629 — — Total contractual obligations $342,754 $40,401 $301,815 $538 $ — Operating LeasesWe have a lease of 13,981 square feet of office space at 900 East Hamilton Avenue, Campbell, California, or theCampbell Lease. The Campbell Lease has an initial term of approximately 58 months, commencing on December 27, 2016, witha beginning annual rental rate of $3.10 per rentable square foot, subject to agreed-upon increases. The Company is entitled to anabatement of the monthly rent for the first four months on the lease term, subject to conditions detailed in the Campbell Lease.The Company has one option to extend the lease term for two years at the fair market rental rate then prevailing as detailed in theCampbell Lease.We have a lease on 4,914 square feet of office space located at 1174 Castro Street, Mountain View, California, or theCastro Facility. The average base rent for the Castro Facility is approximately $2.87 per square foot or $14,124 per month. Thelease for the Castro Facility has a term of 60 months commencing March 15, 2012, with an option to extend the term for one yearfrom the expiration of the new lease. Commencing on September 1, 2014, we subleased the Castro Facility for a term of31 months at a starting monthly rental rate of $4.42 per square feet (subject to agreed increases). The sublessee is entitled toabatement of the first monthly installment.Purchase ObligationsPurchase obligations consist of agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding on usand that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable priceprovisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction.The API and the tablets for STENDRA/SPEDRA (avanafil) are currently manufactured by Sanofi. We have minimumpurchase commitments with Sanofi to purchase API materials and tablets through 2018. Our minimum purchase commitmentswith Sanofi totaled approximately $26.4 million as of December 31, 2016. We have purchase commitments for raw materialsupplies for Qsymia at December 31, 2016 of $624,000, and have open purchase orders totaling $774,000.Notes Payable and Interest PayableConvertible Senior Notes Due 2020On May 21, 2013, we closed an offering of $220.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 1, 2020, or theConvertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture, dated as of May 21, 2013, between the Company andDeutsche Bank National Trust Company, as trustee. On May 29, 2013, we closed on an additional $30.0 million of ConvertibleNotes upon exercise of an option by the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes. Total net proceeds from the ConvertibleNotes were approximately $241.8 million. The Convertible Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior tothe close of business on the business day immediately preceding November 1, 2019, only under certain conditions. On or afterNovember 1, 2019, holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at any time at their option at the conversionrate then in effect, regardless of these conditions. Subject to certain limitations, we will settle conversions of the ConvertibleNotes by paying or delivering, as the case83 Table of Contentsmay be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. The currentconversion rate of the Convertible Notes is $14.86 per share.Senior Secured Notes Due 2018On March 25, 2013, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with BioPharma providing for the purchase of adebt‑like instrument, or the Senior Secured Notes. Under the agreement, we received $50 million, less $500,000 in funding andfacility payments, at the initial closing on April 9, 2013. We had the option, but elected not to exercise it, to receive an additional$60 million, less $600,000 in a funding payment, at a secondary closing no later than January 15, 2014. The scheduled quarterlypayments on the Senior Secured Notes are subject to the net sales of (i) Qsymia and (ii) any other obesity agent developed ormarketed by us or our affiliates or licensees. The scheduled quarterly payments, other than the payment(s) scheduled to be madein the second quarter of 2018, are capped at the lower of the scheduled payment amounts or 25% of the net sales of (i) and (ii)above. Accordingly, if 25% of the net sales is less than the scheduled quarterly payment, then 25% of the net sales is due for thatquarter, with the exception of the payment(s) scheduled to be made in the second quarter of 2018, when any unpaid scheduledquarterly payments plus any accrued and unpaid make whole premiums must be paid. All unpaid balances are due in the secondquarter of 2018. Any quarterly payment less than the scheduled quarterly payment amount will be subject to a make wholepremium equal to the applicable scheduled quarterly payment of the preceding quarter less the actual payment made toBioPharma for the preceding quarter multiplied by 1.03. We may elect to pay full scheduled quarterly payments if we choose.Additional Contingent PaymentsWe have entered into development, license and supply agreements that contain provisions for payments upon completionof certain development, regulatory and sales milestones. Due to the uncertainty concerning when and if these milestones may becompleted or other payments are due, we have not included these potential future obligations in the above table.Selten Pharma, Inc.On January 6, 2017, we entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten, whereby we received exclusive,worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of BMPR2 activators for the treatment of PAH and related vasculardiseases. As part of the agreement, Selten assigned to us its license to a group of patents owned by Stanford, which cover uses oftacrolimus and ascomycin to treat PAH. We are responsible for future financial obligations to Stanford under that license.We have also assumed full responsibility for the development and commercialization of the licensed compounds for thetreatment of PAH and related vascular diseases. Selten received an upfront payment of $1.0 million and is entitled to receivemilestone payments based on global development status and future sales milestones, as well as tiered royalty payments on futuresales of these compounds. The total potential milestone payments are $39.0 million to Selten and $550,000 to Stanford. Themajority of the milestone payments to Selten may be paid, at our sole option, either in cash or our common stock, provided that inno event shall the payment of common stock exceed fifty percent of the aggregate amount of such milestone payments.Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationIn January 2001, we entered into an exclusive development, license and clinical trial and commercial supply agreementwith MTPC for the development and commercialization of avanafil. Under the terms of the agreement, MTPC agreed to grant anexclusive license to us for products containing avanafil outside of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore,Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. We agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive, royalty‑free license withinthose countries for oral products that we develop containing avanafil. In addition, we agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive optionto obtain an exclusive, royalty‑bearing license within those countries for non‑oral products that we develop containing avanafil.MTPC agreed to manufacture and supply us with avanafil for use in clinical trials, which were our primary responsibility. TheMTPC agreement contains a number of milestone payments to be made by us based on various triggering events.84 Table of ContentsWe have made and expect to make substantial milestone payments to MTPC in accordance with this agreement as wecontinue to develop avanafil in our territories outside of the United States and, if approved for sale, commercialize avanafil for theoral treatment of male sexual dysfunction in those territories. Potential future milestone payments include $6.0 million uponachievement of $250.0 million or more in worldwide net sales during any calendar year.The term of the MTPC agreement is based on a country‑by‑country and on a product‑by‑product basis. The term shallcontinue until the later of 10 years after the date of the first sale for a particular product or the expiration of the last‑to‑expirepatents within the MTPC patents covering such product in such country. In the event that our product is deemed tobe insufficiently effective or insufficiently safe relative to other PDE5 inhibitor compounds based on published information or noteconomically feasible to develop due to unforeseen regulatory hurdles or costs as measured by standards common in thepharmaceutical industry for this type of product, we have the right to terminate the agreement with MTPC with respect to suchproduct.In August 2012, we entered into an amendment to our agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the API andtablets for STENDRA ourselves or through third parties. On July 31, 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement withSanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the API for avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories andon a semi‑exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. Further, on November 18, 2013, weentered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafiltablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi‑exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU,Latin America and other territories. Sanofi began producing API and tablets in 2015.On February 21, 2013, we entered into the third amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,expands our rights, or those of our sublicensees, to enforce the patents licensed under the MTPC agreement against allegedinfringement, and clarifies the rights and duties of the parties and our sublicensees upon termination of the MTPC agreement. Inaddition, we were obligated to use our best commercial efforts to market STENDRA in the U.S. by December 31, 2013, whichwas achieved by our commercialization partner, Auxilium.On July 23, 2013, we entered into the fourth amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,changes the definition of net sales used to calculate royalties owed by us to MTPC.OtherIn October 2001, we entered into the Assignment Agreement with Thomas Najarian, M.D., for the CombinationTherapy, that has since been the focus of our investigational drug candidate development program for Qsymia for the treatment ofobesity, obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes. The Combination Therapy and all the related Patents were transferred to us withworldwide rights to develop and commercialize the Combination Therapy and exploit the Patents. The Assignment Agreementrequires us to pay royalties on worldwide net sales of a product for the treatment of obesity that is based upon the CombinationTherapy and the Patents until the last‑to‑expire of the assigned Patents. To the extent that we decide not to commercially exploitthe Patents, the Assignment Agreement will terminate, and the Combination Therapy and Patents will be assigned back toDr. Najarian.Off‑‑Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe have not entered into any off‑balance sheet financing arrangements and have not established any special purposeentities. We have not guaranteed any debt or commitments of other entities or entered into any options on non‑financial assets.IndemnificationsIn the normal course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope to certain customers against claims ofintellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of its products and to its clinical researchorganizations and investigator sites against liabilities incurred in connection with any third‑party claim arising from the workperformed on behalf of the Company, among others. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not beensignificant and we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnification provisions on our future resultsof operations.85 Table of ContentsTo the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreements whereby we indemnify our officers and directors forcertain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnificationperiod covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount offuture payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we maintaindirector and officer insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid.We believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.Recent Accounting PronouncementsThe information on recent account pronouncements in incorporated by reference to Note 1 to our Consolidated FinancialStatements included elsewhere in this report.Dividend PolicyWe have not paid any dividends since our inception and do not intend to declare or pay any dividends on our commonstock in the foreseeable future. Declaration or payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board ofDirectors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results and current and anticipatedcash needs.Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market RiskThe Securities and Exchange Commission’s rule related to market risk disclosure requires that we describe and quantifyour potential losses from market risk sensitive instruments attributable to reasonably possible market changes. Market risksensitive instruments include all financial or commodity instruments and other financial instruments that are sensitive to futurechanges in interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity prices or other market factors.Market and Interest Rate RiskOur cash, cash equivalents and available‑for‑sale securities as of December 31, 2016, consisted primarily of moneymarket funds and U.S. Treasury securities. Our cash is invested in accordance with an investment policy approved by our Boardof Directors that specifies the categories (money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and debt securities of U.S. governmentagencies, corporate bonds, asset‑backed securities, and other securities), allocations, and ratings of securities we may consider forinvestment. Currently, we have focused on investing in U.S. Treasuries until market conditions improve.Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level ofU.S. interest rates, particularly because the majority of our investments are in short‑term marketable debt securities. The primaryobjective of our investment activities is to preserve principal. Some of the securities that we invest in may be subject to marketrisk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the value of the investment to fluctuate. For example, if wepurchase a security that was issued with a fixed interest rate and the prevailing interest rate later rises, the value of our investmentmay decline. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would reduce the fair value of our available‑for‑salesecurities at December 31, 2016, by approximately $2.4 million. In general, money market funds are not subject to market riskbecause the interest paid on such funds fluctuates with the prevailing interest rate.86 Table of ContentsItem 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Dat aVIVUS, INC.1. Index to Consolidated Financial StatementsThe following financial statements are filed as part of this Report:Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 88 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 90 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 91 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 91 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 92 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 93 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 94 Financial Statement Schedule II 123 87 Table of ContentsREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Stockholders ofVIVUS, Inc.We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of VIVUS, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, andthe related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows foreach of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. In connection with our audits of the financial statements, we havealso audited the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index. These financial statements and schedule are theresponsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements andschedule based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financialstatements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts anddisclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management,as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for ouropinion.In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, thefinancial position of VIVUS, Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each ofthe three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America. Also, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidatedfinancial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, in 2016 the Company changed the manner in which itaccounts for the classification of debt issuance costs in the consolidated balance sheets due to the adoption of ASU 2015-03,Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs .We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates), VIVUS, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in InternalControl—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission andour report dated March 8, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon./s/ OUM & Co. LLPSan Francisco, CaliforniaMarch 8, 201788 Table of ContentsREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Stockholders ofVIVUS, Inc.We have audited VIVUS, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of theTreadway Commission (the COSO criteria). VIVUS, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal controlover financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in theaccompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting included in Item 9A. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effectiveinternal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding ofinternal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the designand operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such otherprocedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for ouropinion.A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regardingthe reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that(1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions ofthe assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation offinancial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of thecompany are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) providereasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’sassets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequatebecause of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.In our opinion, VIVUS, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as ofDecember 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates), the consolidated balance sheets of VIVUS, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidatedstatements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three yearsin the period ended December 31, 2016 and our report dated March 8, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon./s/ OUM & Co. LLPSan Francisco, CaliforniaMarch 8, 201789 Table of Contents VIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(In thousands, except par value) December 31, 2016 2015 ASSETS Note 1 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $84,783 $95,395 Available-for-sale securities 184,736 146,168 Accounts receivable, net 9,478 8,997 Inventories 16,186 13,602 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 8,251 9,430 Total current assets 303,434 273,592 Property and equipment, net 788 994 Non-current assets 1,554 2,616 Total assets $305,776 $277,202 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) Current liabilities: Accounts payable $4,707 $7,060 Accrued and other liabilities 15,686 15,891 Deferred revenue 19,174 22,142 Current portion of long-term debt 8,708 14,356 Total current liabilities 48,275 59,449 Long-term debt, net of current portion 232,610 217,034 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 6,449 6,508 Non-current accrued and other liabilities 257 1,296 Total liabilities 287,591 284,287 Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity (deficit): Preferred stock; $1.00 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued andoutstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015 — — Common stock; $.001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 104,874 and 104,055 sharesissued and outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively 105 104 Additional paid-in capital 831,750 829,428 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (616) (261) Accumulated deficit (813,054) (836,356) Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) 18,185 (7,085) Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) $305,776 $277,202 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.90 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATION S(In thousands, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Revenue: Net product revenue $48,501 $54,622 $45,277 License and milestone revenue 69,400 11,574 38,614 Supply revenue 2,291 26,674 26,519 Royalty revenue 4,066 2,560 3,771 Total revenue 124,258 95,430 114,181 Operating expenses: Cost of goods sold 10,602 34,157 33,387 Selling, general and administrative 52,379 79,387 111,539 Research and development 5,592 10,102 13,793 Inventory impairment and other non-recurring charges — 32,061 6,173 Total operating expenses 68,573 155,707 164,892 Income (loss) from operations 55,685 (60,277) (50,711) Interest and other expense: Interest expense 32,888 33,317 32,535 Other (income) expense, net (575) (490) 30 Interest expense and other expense, net 32,313 32,827 32,565 Income (loss) before income taxes 23,372 (93,104) (83,276) Provision for (Benefit from) income taxes 70 3 (629) Net income (loss) $23,302 $(93,107) $(82,647) Basic net income (loss) per share $0.22 $(0.90) $(0.80) Diluted net income (loss) per share $0.22 $(0.90) $(0.80) Shares used in per share computation: Basic 104,385 103,926 103,456 Diluted 104,969 103,926 103,456 VIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS )(In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Net income (loss) $23,302 $(93,107) $(82,647) Unrealized loss on securities, net of taxes (355) (233) (94) Comprehensive income (loss) $22,947 $(93,340) $(82,741) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 91 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)(In thousands) Accumulated Additional Other Common Stock Paid-In Comprehensive Accumulated Shares Amount Capital Income (Loss) Deficit Total Balances, December 31, 2013 103,161 $103 $813,802 $66 $(660,602) $153,369 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 113 — 405 — — 405 Exercise of common stock options for cash 385 1 1,718 — — 1,719 Vesting of restricted stock units 70 — — — — — Share-based compensation expense — — 9,766 — — 9,766 Net unrealized loss on securities — — — (94) — (94) Net loss — — — — (82,647) (82,647) Balances, December 31, 2014 103,729 104 825,691 (28) (743,249) 82,518 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 77 — 147 — — 147 Vesting of restricted stock units 249 — — — — — Share-based compensation expense — — 3,590 — — 3,590 Net unrealized loss on securities — — — (233) — (233) Net loss — — — — (93,107) (93,107) Balances, December 31, 2015 104,055 104 829,428 (261) (836,356) (7,085) Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 41 — 39 — — 39 Vesting of restricted stock units 778 1 (1) — — — Share-based compensation expense — — 2,284 — — 2,284 Net unrealized loss on securities — — — (355) — (355) Net income — — — — 23,302 23,302 Balances, December 31, 2016 104,874 $105 $831,750 $(616) $(813,054) $18,185 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 92 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $23,302 $(93,107) $(82,647) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used for operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 1,080 1,387 1,112 Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts 18,666 17,174 15,923 Amortization of discount or premium on available-for-sale securities 944 2,282 4,016 Share-based compensation expense 2,284 3,590 9,766 Loss on disposal of property and equipment 342 — — Inventory impairment charge — 29,522 2,170 Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable (481) 2,598 619 Inventories (2,584) (8,487) 11,886 Prepaid expenses and other assets 1,516 2,639 7,734 Accounts payable (2,353) (3,370) (329) Accrued and other liabilities (1,524) (889) (9,061) Deferred revenue (3,027) 329 706 Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities 38,165 (46,332) (38,105) Cash flows from investing activities: Property and equipment purchases (211) (310) (262) Purchases of available-for-sale securities (135,997) (213,536) (240,983) Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale securities 60,050 281,250 260,500 Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities 36,080 — — Non-current assets — — (3,362) Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities (40,078) 67,404 15,893 Cash flows from financing activities: Repayments of notes payable (8,738) (8,998) — Net proceeds from exercise of common stock options — — 1,719 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 39 147 405 Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities (8,699) (8,851) 2,124 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (10,612) 12,221 (20,088) Cash and cash equivalents: Beginning of year 95,395 83,174 103,262 End of period $84,783 $95,395 $83,174 Supplemental cash flow disclosure: Interest paid $15,368 $18,756 $20,251 Income taxes paid $59 $58 $94 Non-cash investing activities: Unrealized loss on securities $(355) $(233) $(94) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 93 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNote 1 . Business and Significant Accounting PoliciesBusinessVIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company developing and commercializing innovative, next-generation therapies toaddress unmet medical needs in human health, with two approved therapies and one product candidate in active clinicaldevelopment. Qsymia® (phentermine and topiramate extended release) is approved by FDA for chronic weight management andSTENDRA® (avanafil) is approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction, or ED, and by the European Commission, or EC, under thetrade name, SPEDRA, for the treatment of ED in the EU. Tacrolimus is in clinical development for the treatment of PulmonaryArterial Hypertension, or PAH.Qsymia incorporates a proprietary formulation combining low doses of active ingredients from two previously approveddrugs, phentermine and topiramate, and is being commercialized by the Company in the U.S. primarily through a sales forcesupported by an internal commercial team, who promote Qsymia to physicians. Avanafil is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5inhibitor that is being commercialized in the U.S., EU and other countries through commercialization collaborators.At December 31, 2016, the Company’s accumulated deficit was approximately $813.1 million. Based on current plans,management expects to incur further losses for the foreseeable future. Management believes that the Company’s existing capitalresources combined with anticipated future cash flows will be sufficient to support its operating needs at least for the next twelvemonths. However, the Company anticipates that it may require additional funding to expand the use of Qsymia through targetedpatient and physician education, find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary carephysician audience, create a pathway for centralized approval of the marketing authorization application for Qsiva in the EU,conduct post-approval clinical studies for Qsymia, conduct non-clinical and clinical research and development work to supportregulatory submissions and applications for our current and future investigational drug candidates, finance the costs involved infiling and prosecuting patent applications and enforcing or defending our patent claims, if any, to fund operating expenses,establish additional or new manufacturing and marketing capabilities, and manufacture quantities of its drugs and investigationaldrug candidates and to make payments under its existing license agreements and supply agreements.If the Company requires additional capital, it may seek any required additional funding through collaborations, publicand private equity or debt financings, capital lease transactions or other available financing sources. Additional financing may notbe available on acceptable terms, or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution toexisting stockholders may result. If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to delay, reduce the scope ofor eliminate one or more of its commercialization or development programs or obtain funds through collaborations with othersthat are on unfavorable terms or that may require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies, productcandidates or products that it would otherwise seek to develop on its own.Management has evaluated all events and transactions that occurred after December 31, 2016, through the date theseconsolidated financial statements were filed. There were no events or transactions occurring during this period that requirerecognition or disclosure in these consolidated financial statements. The Company operates in a single segment, the developmentand commercialization of novel therapeutic products.Significant Accounting PoliciesReclassificationsIn April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-03,Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs . The standard requiresthat debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from thecarrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The Company adopted94 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Table of Contentsthis standard as required beginning in the first quarter of 2016 and retrospectively applied this standard to the balance sheet as ofDecember 31, 2015. The amounts impacted by the adoption of this standard are as follows: As ReportedDecember 31, 2015Adjustment toreflect ASU 2015-03As AdjustedDecember 31,2015Prepaid expenses and other assets10,624 (1,194)9,430 Total current assets274,786 (1,194)273,592 Non-current assets4,801 (2,185)2,616 Total assets280,581 (3,379)277,202 Long-term debt, current portion15,550 (1,194)14,356 Total current liabilities60,643 (1,194)59,449 Long-term debt, net of current portion219,219 (2,185)217,034 Total liabilities287,666 (3,379)284,287 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity280,581 (3,379)277,202 Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VIVUS, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Allsignificant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.Use of EstimatesThe Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accountingprinciples as set forth in the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification, with consideration given to the various staff accountingbulletins and other applicable guidance issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These accounting principlesrequire management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets andliabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts ofrevenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including criticalaccounting policies or estimates related to available‑for‑sale securities, debt instruments, contingencies, litigation, inventories,research and development expenses, income taxes, and share‑based compensation. The Company bases its estimates on historicalexperience, information received from third parties and on various market specific and other relevant assumptions that it believesto be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values ofassets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimatesunder different assumptions or conditions.Cash and Cash EquivalentsThe Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities from the date of purchase of three months or less to becash equivalents. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, all cash equivalents were invested in money market funds and U.S. Treasurysecurities. These investments are recorded at fair value.Available‑for‑Sale SecuritiesThe Company determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluatessuch designation at each balance sheet date. Marketable securities have been classified and accounted for as available‑for‑sale.The Company may or may not hold securities with stated maturities greater than 12 months until maturity. In response to changesin the availability of and the yield on alternative investments as well as liquidity requirements, the Company may sell thesesecurities prior to their stated maturities. As these securities are viewed by the95 Table of ContentsCompany as available to support current operations, securities with maturities beyond 12 months are classified as current assets.Securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component ofstockholders’ equity (deficit), unless the decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary, in which case such securities arewritten down to fair value and the loss is charged to other‑than‑temporary loss on impaired securities. The Company periodicallyevaluates its investment securities for other‑than‑temporary declines based on quantitative and qualitative factors. Any losses thatare deemed other-than-temporary are recognized as a non-operating loss. To date, the Company has not had any other-than-temporary declines in the value of any of the securities in its investment portfolio. Realized gains or losses on the sale ofmarketable securities are determined on a specific identification method, and such gains and losses are reflected as a componentof interest expense.Fair Value MeasurementsThe Company’s financial instruments include cash equivalents, available‑for‑sale securities, accounts receivable,accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. Available‑for‑sale securities are carried at fair value. The carrying value of cashequivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value due to the relativelyshort‑term nature of these instruments. Debt instruments are initially recorded at face value, with stated interest and amortizationof debt issuance discounts and costs recognized as interest expense, which currently approximates fair value.Issuance costs related to the conversion option of the Company’s convertible notes were charged to additional paid‑incapital. The portion of the issuance costs related to the debt component is being amortized and recorded as additional interestexpense over the expected life of the convertible notes. In connection with the issuance of the convertible notes, the Companyentered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the underwriters.Concentration of Credit RiskFinancial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cashequivalents, available‑for‑sale‑securities, and accounts receivable. The Company has established guidelines to limit its exposureto credit risk by placing investments in high credit quality money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities or corporate debtsecurities and by placing investments with maturities that maintain safety and liquidity within the Company’s liquidity needs. TheCompany has also established guidelines for the issuance of credit to existing and potential customers.Accounts Receivable, Allowances for Doubtful Accounts and Cash DiscountsThe Company extends credit to its customers for product sales resulting in accounts receivable. Customer accounts aremonitored for past due amounts. Amounts that are determined to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance fordoubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts are estimated based upon past due amounts, historical losses and existingeconomic factors, and are adjusted periodically. Historically, the Company has not had any significant uncollected accounts. TheCompany offers cash discounts to its customers, generally 2% of the sales price, as an incentive for prompt payment. Theestimate of cash discounts is recorded at the time of sale. The Company accounts for the cash discounts by reducing revenue andaccounts receivable by the amount of the discounts it expects the customers to take. The accounts receivable are reported in theconsolidated balance sheets, net of the allowances for doubtful accounts and cash discounts. There is no allowance for doubtfulaccounts at December 31, 2016 or 2015. The allowance for cash discounts is $213,000 and $164,000 at December 31, 2016 and2015, respectively.InventoriesInventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first‑in, first‑out method using aweighted average cost method calculated for each production batch. Inventory includes the cost of the active pharmaceuticalingredients, or API, raw materials and third‑party contract manufacturing and packaging services.96 Table of ContentsIndirect overhead costs associated with production and distribution are allocated to the appropriate cost pool and then absorbedinto inventory based on the units produced or distributed, assuming normal capacity, in the applicable period.Inventory costs of product shipped to customers, but not yet recognized as revenue, are recorded within inventories onthe consolidated balance sheets and are subsequently recognized to cost of goods sold when revenue recognition criteria havebeen met.The Company’s policy is to write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess ofits expected net realizable value and inventory in excess of expected requirements. The estimate of excess quantities is subjectiveand primarily dependent on the Company’s estimates of future demand for a particular product. If the estimate of future demandis inaccurate based on lower actual sales, the Company may increase the write down for excess inventory for that product andrecord a charge to inventory impairment. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventory on hand forpotential excess amount over demand. As a result of this evaluation, for the year ended December 31, 2015, the Companyrecognized an impairment charge of $29.5 million for Qsymia API inventory in excess of projected demand. For the year endedDecember 31, 2014, the Company recognized a total charge of $2.2 million for Qsymia inventories on hand in excess of projecteddemand.Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment is stated at cost and includes computers and software, furniture and fixtures, leaseholdimprovements and manufacturing equipment. Depreciation is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated usefullives of two to seven years for computers and software, furniture and fixtures and manufacturing equipment. Leaseholdimprovements are amortized using the straight‑line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated usefullives. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance, which do not extend the useful life of the property and equipment, are expensedas incurred. Gains and losses associated with dispositions are reflected as a non-operating gain or loss in the accompanyingconsolidated statements of operations.Long‑lived assets, including property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes incircumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used ismeasured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows expected to begenerated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge isrecognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. To date, the Company hashad no significant write-offs of long-lived assets.Debt Issuance CostsDebt issuance costs, which are presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debtliability, are amortized as interest expense using the effective-interest method over the expected term of the debt.Revenue RecognitionProduct Revenue:The Company recognizes product revenue when:(i)persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists,(ii)delivery has occurred and title has passed,(iii)the price is fixed or determinable, and(iv)collectability is reasonably assured.Revenue from sales transactions where the customer has the right to return the product is recognized at the time of saleonly if: (i) the Company’s price to the customer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, (ii) the customer has paidthe Company, or the customer is obligated to pay the Company and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product,(iii) the customer’s obligation to the Company would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of theproduct, (iv) the customer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the Company,(v) the Company does not have significant obligations for future performance97 Table of Contentsto directly bring about resale of the product by the customer, and (vi) the amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated.Product Revenue Allowances:Product revenue is recognized net of consideration paid to the Company’s customers, wholesalers and certifiedpharmacies. Such consideration is for services rendered by the wholesalers and pharmacies in accordance with the wholesalersand certified pharmacy services network agreements, and includes a fixed rate per prescription shipped and monthly programmanagement and data fees. These services are not deemed sufficiently separable from the customers’ purchase of the product;therefore, they are recorded as a reduction of revenue at the time of revenue recognition.Other product revenue allowances include certain prompt pay discounts and allowances offered to the Company’scustomers, program rebates and chargebacks. These product revenue allowances are recognized as a reduction of revenue at thelater of the date at which the related revenue is recognized or the date at which the allowance is offered. The Company also offersdiscount programs to patients. Calculating certain of these items involves estimates and judgments based on sales or invoice data,contractual terms, utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines that wouldimpact the amount of the actual rebates or chargebacks. The Company reviews the adequacy of product revenue allowances on aquarterly basis. Amounts accrued for product revenue allowances are adjusted when trends or significant events indicate thatadjustment is appropriate and to reflect actual experience.The Company ships units of Qsymia through a distribution network that includes certified retail pharmacies. Qsymia hasa 36–month shelf life and the Company grants rights to its customers to return unsold product six months prior to and up to12 months after product expiration and issue credits that may be applied against existing or future invoices. Given the Company’slimited history of selling Qsymia and the duration of the return period, the Company has not had sufficient information to reliablyestimate expected returns of Qsymia at the time of shipment, and therefore revenue is recognized when units are dispensed topatients through prescriptions, at which point, the product is not subject to return. The Company obtains prescription shipmentdata from the pharmacies to determine the amount of revenue to recognize.The Company will continue to recognize revenue for Qsymia based upon prescription sell‑through until it has sufficienthistorical information to reliably estimate returns. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had deferred gross revenue of$17.6 million related to shipments of Qsymia, which represents product shipped to its customers, but not yet dispensed to patientsthrough prescriptions. A corresponding accounts receivable is also recorded for this amount, as the payments from customers arenot contingent upon the sale of product to patients.Supply Revenue:The Company recognizes supply revenue from the sales of STENDRA or SPEDRA when the four basic revenuerecognition criteria described above are met. The Company produces STENDRA or SPEDRA through a contract manufacturingpartner and then sells it to its commercialization partners. The Company is the primary responsible party in the commercialsupply arrangements and bears significant risk in the fulfillment of the obligations, including risks associated with manufacturing,regulatory compliance and quality assurance, as well as inventory, financial and credit loss. As such, the Company recognizessupply revenue on a gross basis as the principal party in the arrangements. Under the Company’s product supply agreements, aslong as the product meets specified product dating criteria at the time of shipment to the partner, the Company’scommercialization partners do not have a right of return or credit for expired product. As such, the Company recognizes revenuefor products that meet the dating criteria at the time of shipment. Revenue from Multiple‑Element Arrangements:The Company accounts for multiple‑element arrangements, such as license and commercialization agreements in whicha customer may purchase several deliverables, in accordance with ASC Topic 605‑25, Revenue Recognition —Multiple‑ElementArrangements , or ASC 605‑25. The Company evaluates if the deliverables in the arrangement represent separate units ofaccounting. In determining the units of accounting, management evaluates certain criteria, including whether the deliverableshave value to its customers on a stand‑alone basis. Factors considered in this determination include whether the deliverable isproprietary to the Company, whether the customer can use the license or98 Table of Contentsother deliverables for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining elements, whether the value of the deliverable isdependent on the undelivered items, and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered items. Deliverables thatmeet these criteria are considered a separate unit of accounting. Deliverables that do not meet these criteria are combined andaccounted for as a single unit of accounting.When deliverables are separable, the Company allocates non‑contingent consideration to each separate unit ofaccounting based upon the relative selling price of each element. When applying the relative selling price method, the Companydetermines the selling price for each deliverable using vendor‑specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if it exists,or third‑party evidence, or TPE, of selling price, if it exists. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for a deliverable, theCompany uses best estimated selling price, or BESP, for that deliverable. Significant management judgment may be required todetermine the relative selling price of each element. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized based on when thefollowing four basic revenue recognition criteria are met for each element: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists;(ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability isreasonably assured.Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments thatcan have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue the Company reports. Changes in assumptions or judgments,or changes to the elements in an arrangement, could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue reported in aparticular period.ASC Topic 605‑28, Revenue Recognition — Milestone Method or (ASC 605‑28), established the milestone method as anacceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event‑based payments under research and developmentarrangements. Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone isrecognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved basedin whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from theCompany’s performance, (ii) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the eventwill be achieved, and (iii) that would result in additional payments being due to the Company. The determination that a milestoneis substantive requires judgment and is made at the inception of the arrangement. Milestones are considered substantive when theconsideration earned from the achievement of the milestone is: (i) commensurate with either the Company’s performance toachieve the milestone or the enhancement of value of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from theCompany’s performance to achieve the milestone, (ii) relates solely to past performance, and (iii) is reasonable relative to alldeliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.Other contingent, event‑based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage of timeor the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605‑28. In accordance with ASC605, such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the four basic revenue recognition criteria are met.Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized when the four basic revenue recognition criteria describedabove are met.Cost of Goods SoldCost of goods sold for units dispensed to patients through prescriptions, or shipped to customers without a right of returnor credit, includes the inventory costs of API, third‑party contract manufacturing costs, packaging and distribution costs,royalties, cargo insurance, freight, shipping, handling and storage costs, and overhead costs of the employees involved withproduction. Specifically, cost of goods sold for Qsymia dispensed to patients includes the inventory costs of the API, third‑partycontract manufacturing and packaging and distribution costs, royalties, cargo insurance, freight, shipping, handling and storagecosts, and overhead costs of the employees involved with production; cost of goods sold for STENDRA shipped to partnersincludes the inventory costs of purchased tablets, freight, shipping and handling costs. The cost of goods sold associated withdeferred revenue on Qsymia and STENDRA product shipments is recorded as deferred costs, which are included in inventories inthe consolidated balance sheets, until such time as the deferred revenue is recognized.99 Table of ContentsResearch and Development ExpensesResearch and development, or R&D, expenses include license fees, related compensation, consultants’ fees, facilitiescosts, administrative expenses related to R&D activities and clinical trial costs incurred by clinical research organizations orCROs, and research institutions under agreements that are generally cancelable, among other related R&D costs. The Companyalso records accruals for estimated ongoing clinical trial costs. Clinical trial costs represent costs incurred by CRO and clinicalsites and include advertising for clinical trials and patient recruitment costs. These costs are recorded as a component of R&Dexpenses and are expensed as incurred. Under the Company’s agreements, progress payments are typically made to investigators,clinical sites and CROs. The Company analyzes the progress of the clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment, invoicesreceived and contracted costs when evaluating the adequacy of accrued liabilities. Significant judgments and estimates must bemade and used in determining the accrued balance in any accounting period. Actual results could differ from those estimatesunder different assumptions. Revisions are charged to expense in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revisionbecome known.In addition, the Company has obtained rights to patented intellectual properties under several licensing agreements foruse in research and development activities. Non‑refundable licensing payments made for intellectual properties that have noalternative future uses are expensed to research and development as incurred.Advertising ExpensesAdvertising expenses are expensed as incurred. The Company incurred advertising and sales promotion costs related toits marketing of Qsymia of $3.9 million, $12.6 million and $10.1 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.Share‑Based CompensationCompensation expense is recognized for share-based payments, including stock options, restricted stock units and sharesissued under the employee stock purchase plan, using a fair‑value based method. The Company estimates the fair value ofshare‑based payment awards on the date of the grant using the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model, which requires the Companyto estimate the expected term of the award, the expected volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividends. Theexpected term, which represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, is derived by analyzing thehistorical experience of similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the share‑based awards, vesting schedulesand expectations of future employee behavior. Expected volatilities are estimated using the historical share price performanceover the expected term of the option, which are adjusted as necessary for any other factors which may reasonably affect thevolatility of VIVUS’s stock in the future. The risk‑free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of thegrant for the expected term of the award. The Company does not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. The Companydevelops pre‑vesting forfeiture assumptions based on an analysis of historical data and expected future activity.Inventory Impairment and Other Non‑Recurring ChargesThe Company’s inventory impairment and other non-recurring charges consist of inventory impairment charges, proxycontest expenses and charges from cost reduction plans, including employee severance, one time termination benefits andongoing benefits related to the reduction of our workforce, facilities and other facility exit costs. Liabilities for costs associatedwith the cost reduction plan are recognized when the liability is incurred. In addition, liabilities associated with cost reductionactivities are measured at fair value. One-time termination benefits are expensed at the date the entity notifies the employee,unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period.Ongoing benefits are expensed when cost reduction activities are probable and the benefit amounts are estimable. Other costsprimarily consist of legal, consulting, and other costs related to employee terminations and are expensed when incurred.Termination benefits are calculated in accordance with the various agreements with certain of the Company’s employees.Income TaxesThe Company makes certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statementpurposes. These estimates and judgments occur in the calculation of certain tax assets and liabilities, which arise from differencesin the timing of recognition of revenue and expense for tax and financial statement purposes.100 Table of ContentsAs part of the process of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company is required toestimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. This process involves the Companyestimating its current tax exposure under the most recent tax laws and assessing temporary differences resulting from differingtreatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which areincluded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.The Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets. The Company considers allavailable evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated withestimates of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuationallowance. If it is not more likely than not that the Company will recover its deferred tax assets, the Company will increase itsprovision for taxes by recording a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets that the Company estimates will notultimately be recoverable. As a result of the Company’s analysis of all available evidence, both positive and negative, as ofDecember 31, 2016, it was considered more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets would not be realized.However, should there be a change in the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company would recognize abenefit to its tax provision in the period in which the Company determines that it is more likely than not that it will recover itsdeferred tax assets.The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of itsprovision for income taxes.FASB ASC topic 740, Income Taxes , or ASC 740, prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for thefinancial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a company’s incometax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods,disclosure, and transition. ASC 740‑10 utilizes a two‑step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, Recognition,requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to besustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, Measurement, is based onthe largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. The Company also recognizesinterest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of its provision for income taxes. As of December31, 2016, the Company does not have any unrecognized tax positions.Foreign Currency TransactionsTransactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of thetransactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated into the Company’s functionalcurrency at the rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Non‑monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated inforeign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the initial transaction dates.Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items, and on the retranslation of monetary items, areincluded in the profit and loss account for the period. Exchange differences arising on the retranslation of non‑monetary itemscarried at fair value are included in other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the period.Contingencies and LitigationThe Company is periodically involved in disputes and litigation related to a variety of matters. When it is probable thatthe Company will experience a loss, and that loss is quantifiable, the Company records appropriate reserves. The Companyrecords legal fees and costs as an expense when incurred.Intangible AssetsThe Company records acquired intangible assets at cost and amortizes them over the estimated useful life of the asset.When events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of intangible assets may not be recoverable, theCompany evaluates such impairment if the net book value of such assets exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows attributableto such assets. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured101 Table of Contentsbased on the excess carrying value of the asset over the asset’s fair value or discounted estimates of future cash flows attributableto the assets. To date, the Company has recorded no impairment losses on its intangible assets.Net Income (Loss) Per ShareThe Company computes basic net income (loss) per share applicable to common stockholders based on the weightedaverage number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is based on the weightedaverage number of common and common equivalent shares, which represent shares that may be issued in the future upon theexercise of outstanding stock options or upon a net share settlement of the Company’s Convertible Notes. Common shareequivalents are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti‑dilutive effect. Stock options for which theprice exceeds the average market price over the period have an anti‑dilutive effect on net income (loss) per share and,accordingly, are excluded from the calculation. As discussed in Note 13, the triggering conversion conditions that allow holdersof the Convertible Notes to convert have not been met. If such conditions are met and the note holders opt to convert, theCompany may choose to pay in cash, common stock, or a combination thereof. However, if this occurs, the Company has theintent and ability to net share settle this debt security; thus the Company uses the treasury stock method for net income (loss) pershare purposes. Due to the effect of the capped call instrument purchased in relation to the Convertible Notes, there would be nonet shares issued until the market value of the Company’s stock exceeds $20 per share, and thus no impact on diluted net income(loss) per share. Further, when there is a net loss, other potentially dilutive common equivalent shares are not included in thecalculation of net loss per share since their inclusion would be anti‑dilutive. The following table presents the computation of basicand diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2016 2015 2014 Net income (loss) $23,302 $(93,107) $(82,647) Basic: Weighted-average shares outstanding 104,385 103,926 103,456 Basic net income (loss) per share $0.22 $(0.90) $(0.80) Diluted: Weighted-average shares outstanding used in basic calculation 104,385 103,926 103,456 Dilutive potential shares 584 — — Weighted-average shares outstanding used in diluted calculation 104,969 103,926 103,456 Diluted net income (loss) per share $0.22 $(0.90) $(0.80) For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, potentially dilutive outstanding stock options and RSUs of10,122,000, 7,167,000 and 8,096,000, respectively, were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because theeffect would have been anti‑dilutive.Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers .The standard is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict thetransfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange forthose goods or services. This new standard will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance. In July 2015, the FASBvoted to delay the effective date of the standard by one year to the first quarter of 2018. Early adoption is permitted, but notbefore the first quarter of 2017. This new revenue standard may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented orretrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized in retained earnings as of the date of adoption, or the “modifiedretrospective basis.” Preliminarily, the Company plans to adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2018 using the modifiedretrospective basis. The Company currently defers revenue on certain product shipments due to an inability to estimate returns atthe level of confidence required by current accounting guidance. If the Company is unable to reasonably estimate returns prior tothe adoption of this standard, the adoption of102 Table of Contentsthis standard could have a material impact on the Company’s net product revenues in the first quarter of adoption as well as onthe timing of future recognition of net product revenues.In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory -Inventory (Topic 330), which changes the measurement principle for inventory from the lower of cost or market to lower of costand net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the “estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, lessreasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.” The standard eliminates the guidance that entitiesconsider replacement cost or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin in the subsequent measurement ofinventory when cost is determined on a first-in, first-out or average cost basis. The standard is effective for public entities withfiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standardon the Company's consolidated financial statements.In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which modifies theaccounting by lessees for all leases with a term greater than 12 months. The standard will require lessees to recognize on thebalance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. For public companies, the standard iseffective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company’sonly significant lease is its operating lease for its corporate headquarters in Campbell, California, and, while the Company cannotyet estimate the amounts by which its financial statements will be affected by the adoption of this guidance, it expects that therecognition of expense will be similar to current guidance but that there will be a significant change in the balance sheet due tothe recognition of right of use assets and the corresponding lease liabilities. The Company plans to adopt the new leases guidanceeffective January 1, 2019 using a modified retrospective transition method.In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting . The standard is intended to simplify several areas ofaccounting for share-based compensation arrangements, including the income tax impact, classification on the statement of cashflows and forfeitures. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of this standard to have a material impact onthe Company’s consolidated financial statements.In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments . The standard clarifies how certain cash receipts and cash paymentswill be presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periodswithin those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating theimpact that the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements. Note 2. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Available‑‑for‑‑Sale SecuritiesThe fair value and the amortized cost of cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale securities by major security typeconsist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2016 Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Cash and money market funds $84,783 $ — $ — $84,783 U.S. Treasury securities 24,780 7 (110) 24,677 Corporate debt securities 160,571 52 (564) 160,059 Total 270,134 59 (674) 269,519 Less amounts classified as cash and cash equivalents (84,783) — — (84,783) Total available-for-sale securities $185,351 $59 $(674) $184,736 103 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2015 Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Cash and money market funds $95,395 $ — $ — $95,395 U.S. Treasury securities 84,734 — (107) 84,627 Corporate debt securities 61,696 20 (175) 61,541 Total 241,825 20 (282) 241,563 Less amounts classified as cash and cash equivalents (95,395) — — (95,395) Total available-for-sale securities $146,430 $20 $(282) $146,168 As of December 31, 2016, the Company’s available‑for‑sale securities have original contractual maturities up to 57months. In response to changes in the availability of and the yield on alternative investments as well as liquidity requirements, theCompany may sell securities prior to their stated maturities. As these securities are viewed by the Company as available tosupport current operations, securities with maturities beyond 12 months are classified as current assets. Due to their short‑termmaturities, the Company believes that the fair value of its bank deposits, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximatetheir carrying value.Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in theprincipal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on themeasurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize theuse of unobservable inputs. Three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable,may be used to measure fair value. The three levels are:·Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.·Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices forsimilar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable orcan be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.·Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to thefair value of the assets or liabilities.The following table represents the fair value hierarchy for our cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities by majorsecurity type (in thousands): As of December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalCash and money market funds $84,783 $ — $ — $84,783U.S. Treasury securities 24,677 — — 24,677Corporate debt securities — 160,059 — 160,059Total $109,460 $160,059 $ — $269,519 As of December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalCash and money market funds $95,395 $ — $ — $95,395U.S. Treasury securities 84,627 84,627Corporate debt securities — 61,541 — 61,541Total$180,022$61,541$ —$241,563 104 Table of ContentsNote 3. Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2016 2015 Qsymia $8,982 $8,508 STENDRA/SPEDRA 709 652 9,691 9,160 Qsymia allowance for cash discounts (213) (163) Net $9,478 $8,997 There was no allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2016 or 2015. Note 4. Inventories Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2016 2015 Raw materials $9,412 $8,645 Work-in-process 2,984 247 Finished goods 3,110 4,282 Deferred costs 680 428 Inventories $16,186 $13,602 Raw materials inventories consist primarily of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, for Qsymia andSTENDRA/SPEDRA. Note 5. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current AssetsPrepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2016 2015 Prepaid sales and marketing expenses $1,767 $3,434 Prepaid insurance 1,182 1,124 Other prepaid expenses and assets 5,302 4,872 Total $8,251 $9,430 The amounts included in prepaid expenses and other assets consist primarily of prepayments for future services,miscellaneous non-trade receivables, prepaid interest and interest income receivable. These costs have been deferred as prepaidexpenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and will be either (i) charged to expense accordingly whenthe related prepaid services are rendered to the Company, or (ii) converted to cash when the receivable is collected by theCompany. 105 Table of ContentsNote 6. Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2016 2015 Computers and software $1,965 $2,300 Furniture and fixtures 516 943 Manufacturing equipment 213 213 Leasehold improvements 492 876 3,186 4,332 Accumulated depreciation (2,398) (3,338) Property and equipment, net $788 $994 Note 7. Non‑‑Current AssetsNon-current assets primarily consist of patent acquisition and assignment costs (see Note 10). Note 8. Accrued and Other LiabilitiesAccrued and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2016 2015 Accrued employee compensation and benefits $3,014 $3,621 Accrued non-recurring charges (see Note 10) 5 503 Accrued interest on debt (see Note 13) 1,509 1,293 Accrued manufacturing costs 6,835 5,408 Other accrued liabilities 4,323 5,066 Total $15,686 $15,891 The amounts included in other accrued liabilities consist of obligations primarily related to sales, marketing, research,clinical development, corporate activities, the STENDRA license and royalties. Note 9. Non‑‑Current Accrued and Other LiabilitiesNon‑current accrued and other liabilities were $0.3 million and $1.3 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015,respectively, and were primarily comprised of deferred rent and costs associated with the exit of certain operating leases andsecurity deposits relating to the sublease agreements (see Note 10). 106 Table of ContentsNote 10. Inventory Impairment and Other Non-Recurring ChargesInventory impairment and other non-recurring charges consist of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Inventory impairment (see Note 4) $ — $29,522 $2,170 Employee severance and related costs — 2,503 1,711 Patent settlement — — 1,949 Share-based compensation (see Note 15) — 36 343 Total inventory impairment and other non-recurring expense $ — $32,061 $6,173 As discussed in Note 4, in 2015 the Company recorded inventory impairment charges primarily for Qsymia APIinventory in excess of expected demand. In 2014, the Company recorded inventory impairment charges for finished goods andcertain non-API raw materials on hand in excess of demand.In 2015, the Company recorded employee severance and related costs and share-based compensation related to the July2015 corporate restructuring plan, which reduced the Company’s workforce by approximately 60 job positions. In 2014, theCompany recorded employee severance and related costs and share-based compensation costs related to the 2013 cost reductionplan that reduced the Company’s workforce by approximately 20 employees.In 2014, the Company paid $5.0 million in connection with the transfer and assignment of certain patents from JanssenPharmaceuticals, Inc. Of the $5.0 million, approximately $1.9 million was recognized as a non-recurring expense for the yearended December 31, 2014 as it related to a legal settlement. The remaining balance of approximately $3.1 million was recordedas an intangible asset and is being amortized as cost of goods sold through the expiration dates.The following table sets forth activity for the cost reduction plans (in thousands): Facilities- Severance related obligations obligations Total Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2013 $6,509 $1,022 $7,531 Charges 1,711 — 1,711 Payments (4,940) (450) (5,390) Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2014 3,280 572 3,852 Charges 2,474 — 2,474 Payments (5,344) (101) (5,445) Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2015 410 471 881 Charges — — — Reclassifications (268) (402) (670) Payments (137) (69) (206) Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2016 $5 $ — $5 Accrued employee severance costs as of December 31, 2016 are included under current liabilities in “Accrued and otherliabilities .”The balance of the accrued employee severance and facilities-related costs at December 31, 2016 is anticipated to bepaid out in 2017. 107 Table of ContentsNote 11. Deferred RevenueDeferred revenue consists of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2016 2015Qsymia deferred revenue - current $17,558 $19,275STENDRA deferred revenue - current 1,616 2,867Deferred revenue - current $19,174 $22,142 STENDRA deferred revenue - non-current $6,449 $6,508 Qsymia deferred revenue consists of product shipped to the Company’s wholesalers, certified retail pharmacies andcertified home delivery pharmacy services networks, but not yet dispensed to patients through prescriptions, net of promptpayment discounts. SPEDRA deferred revenue relates to a prepayment for future royalties on sales of SPEDRA. Note 12. License, Commercialization and Supply AgreementsIn January 2001, the Company entered into an exclusive development, license and clinical trial and commercial supplyagreement with Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., now Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC, for the development andcommercialization of avanafil. Under the terms of the agreement, MTPC agreed to grant an exclusive license to the Company forproducts containing avanafil outside of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia,Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. The Company agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive, royalty free license within thosecountries for oral products that we develop containing avanafil. The MTPC agreement contains a number of milestone paymentsto be made by us based on various triggering events. The term of the MTPC agreement is based on a country by country and on aproduct by product basis. In August 2012, the Company entered into an amendment to the agreement with MTPC that permittedthe Company to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and tablets for STENDRA by itself or through thirdparties. In 2015, the Company transferred the manufacturing of the API and tablets for STENDRA to Sanofi.In July 2013, the Company entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Menarini License Agreement,and a supply agreement, or the Menarini Supply Agreement, with the Menarini Group through its subsidiary Berlin Chemie AG,or Menarini. Under the terms of the Menarini License Agreement, Menarini received an exclusive license to commercialize andpromote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand. Additionally,the Company transfered to Menarini ownership of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA in the EU for the treatment of ED,which was granted by the EC in June 2013. Under the Menarini License Agreement, the Company has and is entitled to receivepotential milestone payments based on certain net sales targets, plus royalties on SPEDRA sales. Under the terms of the MenariniSupply Agreement, the Company will supply Menarini with STENDRA drug product until December 31, 2018. Menarini also hasthe right to manufacture STENDRA independently, provided that it continues to satisfy certain minimum purchase obligations tothe Company. Following the expiration of the Menarini Supply Agreement, Menarini will be responsible for its own supply ofSTENDRA. Either party may terminate the Menarini Supply Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach orbankruptcy, or upon the termination of the Menarini License Agreement.In October 2013, the Company entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Auxilium LicenseAgreement, and a commercial supply agreement, or the Auxilium Supply Agreement. Auxilium terminated the Auxilium SupplyAgreement effective June 30, 2016 and the Auxilium License Agreement effective September 30, 2016.In December 2013, the Company entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Sanofi LicenseAgreement, with Sanofi. Under the terms of the Sanofi License Agreement, Sanofi received an exclusive license to commercializeand promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in Africa, the Middle East—Turkey and Commonwealth of IndependentStates, including Russia, or the Sanofi Territory. In July 2013, the Company entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement withSanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the API for avanafil on an108 Table of Contentsexclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, LatinAmerica and other territories. In November 2013, the Company entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with SanofiWinthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territoriesand on a semi exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. The Company has minimumannual purchase commitments under these agreements for at least the initial five year terms.On September 30, 2016, the Company entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Metuchen LicenseAgreement, and a commercial supply agreement, or the Metuchen Supply Agreement, with Metuchen. Under the terms of thelicense agreement, Metuchen received an exclusive license to develop, commercialize and promote STENDRA in the UnitedStates, Canada, South America and India, or the Metuchen Territory, effective October 1, 2016. The Company and Metuchenhave agreed not to develop, commercialize, or in-license any other product that operates as a PDE-5 inhibitor in the MetuchenTerritory for a limited time period, subject to certain exceptions. The license agreement will terminate upon the expiration of thelast-to-expire payment obligations under the license agreement; upon expiration of the term of the license agreement, theexclusive license granted under the license agreement shall become fully paid-up, royalty-free, perpetual and irrevocable as to theCompany but not certain trademark royalties due to MTPC.Metuchen will obtain STENDRA exclusively from the Company for a mutually agreed term pursuant to the MetuchenSupply Agreement. Metuchen may elect to transfer the control of the supply chain for STENDRA for the Metuchen Territory toitself or its designee by assigning to Metuchen the Company’s agreements with the contract manufacturer. For 2016 and eachsubsequent calendar year during the term of the Metuchen Supply Agreement, if Metuchen fails to purchase an agreed minimumpurchase amount of STENDRA from the Company, it will reimburse the Company for the shortfall as it relates to the Company’sout of pocket costs to acquire certain raw materials needed to manufacture STENDRA. Upon the termination of the MetuchenSupply Agreement (other than by Metuchen for the Company’s uncured material breach or upon completion of the transfer of thecontrol of the supply chain), Metuchen’s agreed minimum purchase amount of STENDRA from the Company shall accelerate forthe entire then current initial term or renewal term, as applicable. The initial term under the Metuchen Supply Agreement will befor a period of five years, with automatic renewal for successive two year periods unless either party provides a termination noticeto the other party at least two years in advance of the expiration of the then current term. On September 30, 2016, the Companyreceived $70 million from Metuchen under the Metuchen License Agreement. Metuchen will also reimburse the Company forpayments made to cover royalty and milestone obligations to MTPC during the term of the license agreement. For the year endedDecember 31, 2016, the Company recognized this amount as license revenue, less an estimate of its financial obligations underthe Metuchen License Agreement. Note 13. Long‑‑Term DebtConvertible Senior Notes Due 2020In May 2013, the Company closed an offering of $220.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 2020, or theConvertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture, dated May 2013 between the Company and DeutscheBank National Trust Company, as trustee. In May 2013, the Company closed on an additional $30.0 million of Convertible Notesupon exercise of an option by the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes at a conversion rate of approximately $14.86 pershare. Total net proceeds from the Convertible Notes were approximately $241.8 million. The Convertible Notes are convertibleat the option of the holders under certain conditions at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediatelypreceding November 1, 2019. On or after November 1, 2019, holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes atany time at their option at the conversion rate then in effect, regardless of these conditions. Subject to certain limitations, theCompany will settle conversions of the Convertible Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of its commonstock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at the Company’s election. Interest payments are made quarterly.For the year ended December 31, 2016, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $29.8 million,including amortization of $17.5 million of the debt discount and $929,000 of deferred financing costs. For the year endedDecember 31, 2015, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $27.2 million, including amortization of $16.0million of the debt discount and $848,000 of deferred financing costs. For the year ended109 Table of ContentsDecember 31, 2014, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $25.0 million, including amortization of $14.7million of the debt discount and $784,000 of deferred financing costs.Senior Secured Notes Due 2018In March 2013, the Company entered into the Purchase and Sale Agreement between the Company and BioPharmaSecured Investments III Holdings Cayman LP, a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership, providing for the purchase of adebt‑like instrument, or the Senior Secured Notes. Under the agreement, the Company received $50 million, less $500,000 infunding and facility payments, at the initial closing in April 2013. The scheduled quarterly payments on the Senior Secured Notesare subject to the net sales of (i) Qsymia and (ii) any other obesity agent developed or marketed by us or our affiliates orlicensees. The scheduled quarterly payments, other than the payment(s) scheduled to be made in the second quarter of 2018, arecapped at the lower of the scheduled payment amounts or 25% of the net sales of (i) and (ii) above. Accordingly, if 25% of the netsales is less than the scheduled quarterly payment, then 25% of the net sales is due for that quarter, with the exception of thepayment(s) scheduled to be made in the second quarter of 2018, when any unpaid scheduled quarterly payments plus any accruedand unpaid make whole premiums must be paid. Any quarterly payment less than the scheduled quarterly payment amount will besubject to a make whole premium equal to the applicable scheduled quarterly payment of the preceding quarter less the actualpayment made to BioPharma for the preceding quarter multiplied by 1.03. The Company may elect to pay full scheduledquarterly payments if it chooses.For the year ended December 31, 2016, the interest expense related to the Senior Secured Notes was $4.6 million,including amortization of deferred financing costs amounting to $235,000. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the interestexpense related to the Senior Secured Notes was $6.3 million, including amortization of deferred financing costs amounting to$393,000. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the interest expense related to the Senior Secured Notes was $7.5 million,including amortization of deferred financing costs amounting to $468,000.The following table summarizes information on the debt (in thousands): December 31, 2016 Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 $250,000 Senior Secured Notes due 2018 32,264 282,264 Less: Debt issuance costs (2,216) Less: Discount on convertible senior notes (38,730) 241,318 Less: Current portion (8,708) Long-term debt, net of current portion $232,610 Future estimated payments on the Senior Secured Notes as of December 31, 2016are as follows: 2017 $23,386 2018 39,027 Total 62,413 Less: Interest portion (30,149) Senior Secured Notes $32,264 Note 14. Stockholders’ EquityCommon StockThe Company is authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, therewere 104,874,000 and 104,055,000 shares, respectively, issued and outstanding.110 Table of ContentsPreferred StockThe Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock with a par value of $1.00 pershare. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding. The Company may issue sharesof preferred stock in the future, without stockholder approval, upon such terms as the Company’s management and Board ofDirectors may determine.Stockholder Rights PlanOn March 26, 2007, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a Stockholder Rights Plan, or the Rights Plan, andamended its bylaws. Under the Rights Plan, the Company will issue a dividend of one right for each share of its common stockheld by stockholders of record as of the close of business on April 13, 2007.The Rights Plan is designed to guard against partial tender offers and other coercive tactics to gain control of theCompany without offering a fair and adequate price and terms to all of the Company’s stockholders. The Rights Plan is intendedto provide the Board of Directors with sufficient time to consider any and all alternatives to such an action and is similar to plansadopted by many other publicly traded companies. The Rights Plan was not adopted in response to any efforts to acquire theCompany and the Company is not aware of any such efforts.Each right will initially entitle stockholders to purchase a fractional share of the Company’s preferred stock for $26.00.However, the rights are not immediately exercisable and will become exercisable only upon the occurrence of certain events. If aperson or group acquires, or announces a tender or exchange offer that would result in the acquisition of 15% or more of theCompany’s common stock while the Stockholder Rights Plan remains in place, then, unless the rights are redeemed by theCompany for $.001 per right, the rights will become exercisable by all rights holders except the acquiring person or group for theCompany’s shares or shares of the third‑party acquirer having a value of twice the right’s then‑current exercise price. The rightswill expire on the earliest of (i) April 13, 2017 (the final expiration date), or (ii) redemption or exchange of the rights.On November 9, 2016, the Company adopted an Amended and Restated Preferred Stock Rights Agreement, or the A&RRights Agreement, which amended and extended the Rights Plan. The A&R Rights Agreement was approved to mitigate thelikelihood of an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or theCode, and thereby preserve the current ability of the Company to utilize certain net operating loss carryovers and other taxbenefits of the Company and its subsidiaries to offset future income. The A&R Rights Agreement is intended to act as a deterrentto any person or group acquiring beneficial ownership of 4.9% or more of the outstanding common stock of the Company withoutthe approval of the Board.The A&R Rights Agreement extends the expiration date of the rights from April 13, 2017 to November 9, 2019 (subjectto earlier expiration under the circumstances described below). It also lowers the threshold at which a person or group becomes an“Acquiring Person” to 4.9% of the outstanding Common Stock, subject to certain exceptions (including that any person or groupwho, as of the time of the first public announcement of the approval of the A&R Rights Agreement, beneficially owns 4.9% ormore of the then-outstanding shares of Common Stock, will not be deemed to be an “Acquiring Person” so long as such person orgroup does not thereafter acquire an additional 1% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, subject to certain exceptions);and amends certain other provisions, including the definitions of “Beneficial Ownership” and “Exempt Person”, to include termsappropriate for the purpose of preserving the tax benefits.Each right would initially entitle the holder to purchase one one-thousandth of a share of the Company’s Series AParticipating Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, or the Preferred Stock, for a purchase price of $5.30 (subject toadjustment). Under certain circumstances set forth in the A&R Rights Agreement, the Company may suspend the exercisability ofthe rights.The rights and the A&R Rights Agreement will expire on the earliest of (i) November 9, 2019, (ii) the time at which therights are redeemed or exchanged pursuant to the A&R Rights Agreement, (iii) the repeal of Section 382 of the Code or anysuccessor statute if the Board determines that the A&R Rights Agreement is no longer necessary or desirable for the preservationof the tax benefits, (iv) the first business day following the date on which the A&R Rights Agreement fails to be ratified by theCompany’s stockholders at the Company’s 2017 annual meeting and (v) the beginning of a taxable year to which the Boarddetermines that no tax benefits may be carried forward.111 Table of Contents Note 15. Stock Option and Purchase PlansStock Option PlanOn March 29, 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors terminated the 2001 Stock Option Plan and adopted andapproved a new 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan, which was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the 2010Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The 2001 Plan continues to govern awards previously granted under it. The 2010 Plan providesfor the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares andperformance units to employees, directors and consultants, to be granted from time to time as determined by the Board ofDirectors, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, or its designees. The term of the option is determined by theBoard of Directors on the date of grant but shall not be longer than 10 years. Options under this plan generally vest over fouryears.The 2010 Plan’s original share reserve was 8,400,000 shares, plus any shares reserved but not issued pursuant to awardsunder the 2001 Plan as of the date of stockholder approval, or 99,975 shares, plus any shares subject to outstanding awards underthe 2001 Plan that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full, or are forfeited to or repurchased by theCompany, up to a maximum of 8,111,273 shares (which was the number of shares subject to outstanding options under the 2001Plan as of March 11, 2010). In September 2014 and November 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved increases to the totalnumber of shares reserved under the 2010 Plan by 5,950,000 and 5,000,000 shares, respectively, for a total of 19,350,000 shares.Restricted Stock UnitsBeginning in 2012, the Company began issuing restricted units under the 2010 Plan on a limited basis. A summary ofrestricted stock unit award activity under the 2010 Plan is as follows: Weighted Number of Average Restricted Grant Date Stock Units Fair Value Restricted stock units outstanding January 1, 2014 — $ — Granted 521,900 8.20 Vested (70,500) 8.37 Forfeited (117,900) 8.17 Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2014 333,500 8.17 Granted 1,954,000 1.85 Vested (248,688) 2.73 Forfeited (628,937) 7.99 Restricted stock units outstanding December 31, 2015 1,409,875 1.87 Granted 562,500 1.43 Vested (1,359,829) 1.68 Forfeited (70,789) 1.95 Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2016 541,757 $1.91 112 Table of ContentsStock OptionsA summary of stock option award activity under these plans is as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Weighted- Weighted- Weighted- Average Average Average Number of Exercise Number of Exercise Number of Exercise Shares Price Shares Price Shares Price Options outstanding at beginning of year 5,722,105 $7.97 5,956,459 $12.09 8,906,451 $12.06 Granted 4,980,835 $1.06 3,499,200 $2.46 935,800 $6.89 Exercised — $ — — $ — (374,530) $4.48 Cancelled (1,134,797) $5.89 (3,733,554) $9.38 (3,511,262) $11.45 Options outstanding at end of year 9,568,143 $4.62 5,722,105 $7.97 5,956,459 $12.09 Options exercisable at end of year 3,740,459 $9.62 3,042,888 $11.48 4,053,329 $12.34 Weighted average grant-date fair value ofoptions granted during the year $0.55 $1.44 $4.34 At December 31, 2016, stock options were outstanding and exercisable as follows: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Weighted- Number Average Weighted- Number Weighted- Outstanding at Remaining Average Exercisable Average December 31, Contractual Exercise December 31, Exercise Range of Exercise Prices 2016 Life Price 2016 Price $1.06—$1.06 4,643,506 6.08years$1.06 29,739 $1.06 $1.26—$6.05 2,451,717 4.88years$2.69 1,305,535 $2.94 $6.39—$24.23 2,412,920 4.31years$12.90 2,345,185 $13.04 $25.74—$25.74 60,000 5.45years$25.74 60,000 $25.74 $1.06—$25.74 9,568,143 5.32years$4.62 3,740,459 $9.62 The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options as of December 31, 2016 was $418,000. At December 31, 2016,8,895,532 options remained available for grant.Valuation AssumptionsThe fair value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model, assumingno expected dividends and the following weighted average assumptions: 2016 2015 2014 Expected life (in years) 4.33 4.69 4.84 Volatility 65.8% 70.8% 79.1%Risk-free interest rate 1.36% 1.28% 1.74%Dividend yield — — — Employee Stock Purchase PlanUnder the 1994 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, the Company reserved 800,000 shares of common stockfor issuance to employees pursuant to the ESPP. The reserved amount was increased to 1,400,000 in 2003 and 2,000,000 in 2011.Under the ESPP, eligible employees may authorize payroll deductions of up to 10% of their base compensation (as defined) topurchase common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value as of the beginning or the end of each six-month offering period.113 Table of ContentsAs of December 31, 2016, 1,732,884 shares have been issued to employees and there are 267,116 shares available forissuance under the ESPP. The weighted average fair value of shares issued under the ESPP in 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $0.33,$0.69 and $1.05 per share, respectively.Valuation AssumptionsThe fair value of shares issued under the ESPP is estimated using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model, assuming noexpected dividends and the following weighted average assumptions: 2016 2015 2014 Expected life (in years) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Volatility 50.0% 63.4% 44.9%Risk-free interest rate 0.5% 0.2% 0.1%Dividend yield — — — Share‑Based Compensation ExpenseTotal estimated share‑based compensation expense, related to all of the Company’s share‑based awards, was comprisedas follows (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 Cost of goods sold $147 $132 $118 Selling, general and administrative 1,644 2,862 1,177 Research and development 493 398 8,128 Non-recurring charges — 198 343 Total share-based compensation expense $2,284 $3,590 $9,766 Total share‑based compensation cost capitalized as part of the cost of inventory was $33,000, $23,000 and $0 for theyears ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.The following table summarizes share‑based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures associated with each type ofaward (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 Restricted stock units $1,591 $1,409 $1,334 Stock options 675 2,143 8,305 Employee stock purchase plan 18 38 127 $2,284 $3,590 $9,766 As of December 31, 2016, unrecognized estimated compensation expense totaled $5.0 million related to non‑vestedstock options and restricted stock units and $8,000 related to the ESPP. The weighted average remaining requisite service periodfor the non‑vested stock options was 2.9 years and for the ESPP was less than 6 months. Note 16. CommitmentsLease CommitmentsIn November 2006, the Company entered into a 30-month lease for its former corporate headquarters located inMountain View, California, or Castro Lease, which was expanded and extended through March 2017. Under the Castro Lease, theCompany leased 4,914 square feet at an average base rent of $2.87 per square foot. Commencing on September 1, 2014, theCompany subleased the Castro Lease for a term of 31 months at a starting monthly rental rate of $4.42 per square feet (subject toagreed increases). Minimum rents expected to be received under this sublease are $69,000 for the year ending December 31,2017.114 Table of ContentsIn August 2016, the Company entered into a lease for new principal executive offices, consisting of approximately13,981 square feet of office space at 900 E. Hamilton Avenue, Campbell, California, or the Campbell Lease. The Campbell Leasehas an initial term of approximately 58 months, commencing on December 27, 2016, with a beginning annual rental rate of $3.10per rentable square foot, subject to agreed-upon increases. The Company is entitled to an abatement of the monthly rent for thefirst four months on the lease term, subject to conditions detailed in the Campbell Lease. The Company has one option to extendthe lease term for two years at the fair market rental rate then prevailing as detailed in the Campbell Lease.Future minimum lease payments under operating leases at December 31, 2016, were as follows (in thousands): 2017 $347 2018 531 2019 548 2020 564 2021 435 $2,425 Cardiovascular Outcomes TrialAs a condition of FDA granting approval to commercialize Qsymia in the U.S., the Company agreed to complete certainpost-marketing requirements. One requirement was to perform a cardiovascular outcomes trial, or CVOT, on Qsymia. The cost ofa CVOT is estimated to be between $180 million and $220 million incurred over a period of approximately five years. TheCompany is working with FDA to determine a pathway to provide FDA with information to support the safety of Qsymia in amore cost effective manner. To date, the Company has not incurred expenses related to the CVOT..Note 17. Income TaxesDeferred income taxes result from differences in the recognition of expenses for tax and financial reporting purposes, aswell as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets as ofDecember 31, 2016 and 2015, are as follows (in thousands): 2016 2015 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry forwards $220,053 $235,714 Research and development credit carry forwards 16,550 16,562 Share-based compensation 7,579 7,939 Accruals and other 21,833 20,589 Depreciation 75 104 Deferred revenue 3,123 3,492 269,213 284,400 Valuation allowance (269,213) (284,400) Total $ — $ — The net decrease in the valuation allowance in 2016 was $15.2 million. The net increase in the valuation allowance in2015 was $24.1 million. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had no significant deferred tax liabilities.As of December 31, 2016, the Company had approximately $635.7 million and $265.0 million of net operating loss, orNOL, carryforwards with which to offset its future taxable income for federal and state income tax reporting purposes,respectively. The federal and state NOL carryforwards will begin expiring in 2022 and 2028, respectively, unless previouslyutilized.115 Table of ContentsAs of December 31, 2016, the Company has federal and state research credit carryforwards of approximately $13.2million, and $5.2 million, respectively. The federal research credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2018, unless previouslyutilized. The state research credit carryforwards do not expire.Utilization of the Company’s NOL and tax credit carryforwards, or Tax Attributes, may be subject to substantial annuallimitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions to the extent certain ownership changes aredeemed to occur. Such an annual limitation could result in the expiration of the Tax Attributes before utilization. The TaxAttributes reflected above have not been reduced by any limitations. To the extent it is determined upon completion of theanalysis that such limitations do apply, the Company will adjust the Tax Attributes accordingly. The Company faces the risk thatits ability to use its Tax Attributes will be substantially restricted if it undergoes an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, or Section 382.An ownership change under Section 382 would occur if “5-percent shareholders,” within the meaning of Section 382,collectively increased their ownership in the Company by more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. TheCompany has completed studies through June 30, 2016 and concluded that no adjustments were required. If there is a futurechange of control, the Company’s NOL carryforwards and tax credits may not be available, or their utilization could be subject toan annual limitation under Section 382. A full valuation allowance has been provided against the Company’s NOL carryforwards,and if an adjustment is required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment to the valuation allowance. Accordingly, therewould be no impact on the consolidated financial statements.The Company uses the with-and-without approach described in guidance which has been incorporated into ASC 740Income Taxes to determine the recognition and measurement of excess tax benefits. Accordingly, the Company has elected torecognize excess income tax benefits from stock option exercises in additional paid-in capital only if an incremental income taxbenefit would be realized after considering all other Tax Attributes presently available to the Company. As of December 31,2016, the amount of excess tax benefits from stock options included in federal and state net operating losses is $48.4 million and$9.9 million, respectively. The impact of this excess tax benefit is recognized as additional paid-in capital when it reduces taxespayable. In addition, the Company has elected to account for the indirect effects of stock-based awards on other Tax Attributes,such as the research and alternative minimum tax credits, through the consolidated statement of operations.The provision (benefit) for income taxes is based upon the loss from continuing operations before income taxes asfollows (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 Income (loss) before income taxes: Domestic $23,592 $(92,967) $(83,151) International (220) (137) (125) Income (loss) before taxes $23,372 $(93,104) $(83,276) The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 Current: Federal $ — $ — $ — State 70 3 (629) Foreign — — — Total current provision (benefit) for income taxes $70 $3 $(629) Deferred: Federal $ — $ — $ — State — — — Foreign — — — Total deferred provision for income taxes $ — $ — $ — Total provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuingoperations $70 $3 $(629) 116 Table of ContentsThe effective tax rate differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rates as follows: 2016 2015 2014 Tax at U.S. federal statutory rate 35% (35)% (35)%State income taxes, net of federal tax effect 4 (2) — Change in valuation allowance (67) 31 29 Permanent items 28 6 7 Other — — (2) Effective tax rate —% —% (1)%The reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): 2016 2015 2014 Unrecognized tax benefits as of January 1 $38 $ — $1,662 Gross increase/(decrease) for tax positions of prior years 2 — — Gross increase/(decrease) for tax positions of current year 25 38 — Settlements — — (1,662) Lapse of statute of limitations — — — Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31 $65 $38 $ — The remaining balance recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is as follows (in thousands): 2016 2015 Total unrecognized tax benefits $65 $38 Amounts netted against deferred tax assets (65) (38) Unrecognized tax benefits recorded on consolidated balance sheets $ — $ — As the Company is not currently under examination, it is reasonable to assume that the balance of gross unrecognizedtax benefits will likely not change in the next twelve months. The Company currently has not recorded interest and penaltiesrelating to uncertain tax positions. Note 18. Segment Information and Concentration of Customers and SuppliersThe Company operates in one business segment — the development and commercialization of novel therapeuticproducts. Therefore, results of operations are reported on a consolidated basis for purposes of segment reporting, consistent withinternal management reporting. Disclosures about product revenues by geographic area, revenues and accounts receivable frommajor customers, and major suppliers are presented below.Geographic InformationOutside the United States, the Company sells products principally in the EU. The geographic classification of productsales was based on the location of the customer. The geographic classification of all other revenues was based on the domicile ofthe entity from which the revenues were earned.117 Table of ContentsProduct revenue by geographic region is as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2016 2015 U.S. ROW Total U.S. ROW Total Qsymia—Net product revenue $48,501 $ — $48,501 $54,622 $ — $54,622 STENDRA/SPEDRA—License andmilestone revenue 69,400 — 69,400 — 11,574 11,574 STENDRA/SPEDRA—Supply revenue 765 1,526 2,291 16,602 10,072 26,674 STENDRA/SPEDRA —Royalty revenue 1,649 2,417 4,066 418 2,142 2,560 Total revenue $120,315 $3,943(1) $124,258 $71,642 $23,788(2) $95,430 2014 U.S. ROW Total Qsymia—Net product revenue $45,277 $ — $45,277 STENDRA/SPEDRA—License andmilestone revenue 15,406 23,208 38,614 STENDRA/SPEDRA—Supply revenue 9,059 17,460 26,519 STENDRA/SPEDRA —Royalty revenue 2,176 1,595 3,771 Total revenue $71,918 $42,263(3) $114,181 (1)$3.9 million of which is attributable to Germany.(2)$23.7 million of which is attributable to Germany.(3)$37.2 million of which is attributable to Germany.Major customersRevenues from significant customers as a percentage of net Qsymia product revenues is as follows: 2016 2015 2014 Amerisource Bergen 35% 31% 35% McKesson 34% 37% 33% Cardinal Health, Inc. 29% 30% 28% Accounts receivable by significant customer as a percentage of the total gross accounts receivable balance are asfollows: 2016 2015 Amerisource Bergen 40% 32%McKesson 30% 33%Cardinal Health, Inc. 21% 25%Major suppliersThe Company relies on third‑party sole‑source manufacturers to produce its clinical trial materials, raw materials andfinished goods. Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC, or Catalent, which supplied the product for the Phase 3b/4 program for Qsymia,is the Company’s sole source of clinical and commercial supplies for Qsymia. Until 2015, MTPC was the Company’s sole‑sourcesupplier for the API and the tablets for STENDRA (avanafil). In 2015, the Company transitioned to Sanofi as it sole-sourcesupply for STENDRA API and tablets. The Company does not have any manufacturing facilities and intends to continue to relyon third parties for the supply of the starting materials, API and tablets. Third‑party manufacturers may not be able to meet theCompany’s needs with respect to timing, quantity or quality. In July 2013, the Company entered into a Commercial SupplyAgreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the API for our drug avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United Statesand other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. In November2013, the Company entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture andsupply the118 Table of Contentsavanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, includingthe EU, Latin America and other territories.During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company incurred expenses for work performed by athird‑party clinical research organization, or CRO, for Qsymia and STENDRA post‑approval studies that accounted for 27%,11% and 27%, respectively, of total research and development expenses.Note 19. 401(k) PlanAll of the Company’s full‑time employees are eligible to participate in the VIVUS 401(k) Plan. Employer‑matchingcontributions for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $272,000, $406,000 and $467,000, respectively.Note 20. Legal MattersShareholder LawsuitOn March 27, 2014, Mary Jane and Thomas Jasin, who purport to be purchasers of VIVUS common stock, filed anAmended Complaint in Santa Clara County Superior Court alleging securities fraud against the Company and three of its formerofficers and directors. In that complaint, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc ., Case No. 114-cv-261427, plaintiffs asserted claimsunder California’s securities and consumer protection securities statutes. Plaintiffs alleged generally that defendantsmisrepresented the prospects for the Company’s success, including with respect to the launch of Qsymia, while purportedlyselling VIVUS stock for personal profit. Plaintiffs alleged losses of “at least” $2.8 million, and sought damages and otherrelief. On July 18, 2014, the same plaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District ofCalifornia, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc ., Case No. 5:14-cv-03263. The Jasins’ federal complaint alleges violations of Sections10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, based on facts substantially similar to those alleged in theirstate court action. On September 15, 2014, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed theirstate court action with prejudice. Defendants moved to dismiss the federal action and moved to dismiss again after plaintiffsamended their complaint to include additional factual allegations and to add seven new claims under California law. The courtgranted the latter motion on June 18, 2015, dismissing the seven California claims with prejudice and dismissing the two federalclaims with leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint on August 17, 2015. Defendants moved to dismiss thatcomplaint as well. On April 19, 2016, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice and entered judgment infavor of defendants. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on May 18, 2016. Briefing on theappeal has now been completed. The Ninth Circuit has not yet scheduled the matter for oral argument or consideration. TheCompany maintains directors’ and officers’ liability insurance that it believes affords coverage for much of the anticipated cost ofthe remaining Jasin action, subject to the use of the Company’s financial resources to pay for its self-insured retention and thepolicies’ terms and conditions.The Company and the defendant former officers and directors cannot predict the outcome of the lawsuit, but they believethe lawsuit is without merit and intend to continue vigorously defending against the claims.Qsymia ANDA LitigationOn May 7, 2014, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis Laboratories FL indicating thatit filed an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, requestingapproval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending that the patents listed for Qsymia in FDA Orange Book at thetime the notice was received (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, and 8,580,299 (collectively“patents-in-suit”)) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale or offer for sale of ageneric form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On June 12, 2014, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court forthe District of New Jersey against Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., Actavis, Inc., and Actavis PLC, collectively referred to asActavis. The lawsuit (Case No. 14-3786 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA to obtainapproval to manufacture, use, sell or offer for sale generic versions of Qsymia prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suitconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.119 Table of ContentsIn accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Actavis, FDA approval ofActavis’ ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from the Company’s May 7, 2014 receipt of Actavis’Paragraph IV certification notice (i.e. November 7, 2016) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents areinvalid, unenforceable or not infringed.On January 21, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending thattwo additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) are invalid, unenforceableand/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On March 4, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis (Case No. 15-1636(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit.On July 7, 2015, the Company received a third Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On August 17, 2015, theCompany filed a third lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis (Case No. 15-6256 (SRC)(CLW)) in response to the third Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA constitutesinfringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The three lawsuits against Actavis have been consolidated into a singlesuit (Case No. 14-3786 (SRC)(CLW)). On July 20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claimconstruction (Markman) ruling governing the suit. The Court adopted the Company’s proposed constructions for all but one ofthe disputed claim terms and adopted a compromise construction that was acceptable to the Company for the final claim term.On March 5, 2015, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.indicating that it filed an ANDA with FDA, requesting approval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending that eightpatents listed for Qsymia in the Orange Book at the time of the notice (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776,8,580,298, 8,580,299, 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) (collectively “patents-in-suit”) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not beinfringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On April 15, 2015, theCompany filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva Pharmaceutical USA, Inc. and TevaPharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., collectively referred to as Teva. The lawsuit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on thebasis that Teva’s submission of their ANDA to obtain approval to manufacture, use, sell, or offer for sale generic versions ofQsymia prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suit constitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Teva, FDA approval ofTeva’s ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our March 5, 2015 receipt of Teva’s Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. September 5, 2017) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed.On August 5, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On September 18, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva (Case No. 15-6957(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Teva’s submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The two lawsuits against Teva have been consolidated intoa single suit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)).On July 20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a claim construction (Markman) rulinggoverning the suit. The Court adopted the Company’s proposed constructions for all but one of the disputed claim terms andadopted a compromise construction that was acceptable to the Company for the final claim term. On September 27, 2016, Dr.Reddy’s Laboratories, S.A. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc., collectively referred to as DRL, were substituted for Teva asdefendants in the lawsuit as a result of Teva’s transfer to DRL of ownership and all rights in the ANDA that is the subject of thelawsuit.The schedule for both suits has now been consolidated for expert discovery and trial. Expert discovery is scheduled toclose on April 21, 2017. A final pretrial conference is scheduled for May 31, 2017 and a second pretrial conference, if necessary,is scheduled for June 28, 2017. No trial date has been scheduled.120 Table of ContentsThe Company intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Qsymia, but the Company cannotpredict the outcome of these matters.STENDRA ANDA LitigationOn June 20, 2016, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Hetero USA, Inc. and Hetero LabsLimited, collectively referred to as Hetero, indicating that it filed an ANDA with FDA, requesting approval to market a genericversion of STENDRA and contending that patents listed for STENDRA in the Orange Book at the time of the notice (U.S. Patents6,656,935, and 7,501,409) (collectively “patents-in-suit”) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by themanufacture, use or sale of a generic form of STENDRA as described in their ANDA. On July 27, 2016, the Company filed alawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Hetero (Case No. 16-4560 (KSH)(CLW)). On January 3,2017, we entered into a settlement agreement with Hetero. Under the settlement agreement, Hetero was granted a license tomanufacture and commercialize the generic version of STENDRA described in its ANDA filing in the United States as of the datethat is the later of (a) October 29, 2024, which is 180 days prior to the expiration of the last to expire of the patents-in-suit, or (b)the date that Hetero obtains final approval from FDA of the Hetero ANDA. The Settlement Agreement provides for a fullsettlement of all claims that were asserted in the suit.The Company is not aware of any other asserted or unasserted claims against it where it believes that an unfavorableresolution would have an adverse material impact on the operations or financial position of the Company . Note 21. Selected Financial Data (Unaudited)Selected Quarterly Financial Data (in thousands except per share data): Quarter Ended, March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 2016 Total revenue$15,324$13,776$13,353$81,805Total gross profit 11,620 11,129 11,288 79,619 Operating expenses 19,855 17,435 14,201 17,082 Net (loss) income (12,708) (11,401) (9,152) 56,563 Basic net (loss) income per share (0.12) (0.11) (0.09) 0.54 Diluted net (loss) income per share $(0.12) $(0.11) $(0.09) $0.54 2015 Total revenue $32,166 $22,985 $24,936 $15,343 Total gross profit 22,270 13,115 13,171 12,717 Operating expenses 38,990 64,192 32,965 19,560 Net loss (15,466) (49,352) (16,106) (12,183) Basic and diluted net loss per share $(0.15) $(0.48) $(0.15) $(0.12) Note 22. Subsequent EventsOn January 6, 2017, the Company entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with Selten Pharma, Inc., or Selten,whereby the Company received exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of BMPR2 activators forthe treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, or PAH. As part of the agreement, Selten assigned to the Company its licenseto a group of patents owned by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, or Stanford, which cover uses oftacrolimus and ascomycin to treat PAH. The Company is responsible for future financial obligations to Stanford under thatlicense.The Company has assumed full responsibility for the development and commercialization of the licensed compounds forthe treatment of PAH and related vascular diseases. Selten will receive an upfront payment of $1.0 million and milestonepayments based on global development status and future sales milestones, as well as tiered royalty121 Table of Contentspayments on future sales of these compounds. The total potential milestone payments are $39.0 million to Selten and $550,000 toStanford. The majority of the milestone payments to Selten may be paid, at the Company’s sole option, either in cash or in theCompany’s common stock, provided that in no event shall the payment of common stock exceed fifty percent of the aggregateamount of such milestone payments. 122 Table of ContentsFINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULEThe financial statement Schedule II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS is filed as part of theForm 10‑K.VIVUS, Inc.SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS(in thousands)Each of the following valuation and qualifying accounts are reported as assets and liabilities of continuing anddiscontinued operations in the consolidated balance sheets for all periods presented. Balance at Charged Balance at Beginning of to Charges End of Period Operations* Utilized Period Allowance for Cash Discounts Fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 $134 $1,712 $(1,696) $150 Fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 $150 $1,933 $(1,919) $164 Fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 $164 $1,679 $(1,630) $213 * Amount charged to operations during fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, includes 1,474,000,$1,656,000 and $1,373,000, respectively, for cash discount allowances related to revenue recognized during each fiscalyear. The remaining amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as deferred revenue at the end of eachperiod, respectively.123 Table of ContentsItem 9. Changes in and Disagreement s with Accountants on Accounting and Financial DisclosureNone.Item 9A. Controls and Procedure sEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed inour Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the timelines specified in the Securities andExchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management,including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding requireddisclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls andprocedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired controlobjectives, and in reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment inevaluating the cost‑benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.As required by SEC Rule 13a‑15(b), the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with theparticipation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s ChiefFinancial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of theend of the year covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concludedthat the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingInternal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our ChiefExecutive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:(1)Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions anddispositions of our assets;(2)Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financialstatements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expendituresare being made only in accordance with authorization of our management and directors; and(3)Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, use ordisposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectivesbecause of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence andcompliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financialreporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a riskthat material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting.However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design intothe process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintainingadequate internal control over financial reporting for the company, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of theExchange Act.Our management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled Internal Control—Integrated Frameworkpublished by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013), known as COSO Framework, toevaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Based on124 Table of Contentsthis assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31,2016.Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting FirmOUM & Co. LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our Consolidated Financial Statementsincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internalcontrol over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. This report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on theeffectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, is included herein.Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial ReportingThere has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that hasmaterially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.Item 9B. Other Informatio nNone.125 Table of ContentsPART IIIItem 10. Directors, Executive Officer s and Corporate GovernanceThe information required by this item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information under the captions“Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance—Board Committees,” “Executive Officers” and “Section 16(a) BeneficialOwnership Reporting Compliance” contained in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission no later than 120 days from the end of the Company’s last fiscal year in connection with the solicitation ofproxies for its 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and to allof its other officers, directors, employees and agents. The code of ethics is available at the Corporate Governance section of theInvestor Relations page on the Company’s website at www.vivus.com . The Company intends to disclose future amendments to, orwaivers from, certain provisions of its code of ethics on the above website within four business days following the date of suchamendment or waiver.Item 11. Executive Compensatio nThe information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “CorporateGovernance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Executive Compensation” and “Executive andDirector Compensation Tables” in the Company’s Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10 above.Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner s and Management and Related Stockholder MattersEquity Compensation Plan InformationInformation about our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2016, that were approved by our stockholders was asfollows: Number of Shares Weighted Average Number of Shares to be issued Upon Exercise Price of Remaining Exercise of Outstanding Outstanding Available for Plan Category Options and Rights Options Future Issuance(c) Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders(a) 10,109,900 $4.62 9,162,648 Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders(b) — $ — — Total 10,109,900 $4.62 9,162,648 (a)Consists of three plans: our 2001 Stock Option Plan, our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and our 1994 Employee StockPurchase Plan.(b)The Company currently has no instruments outstanding or available for issuance under non-approved equitycompensation plans.(c)Includes 8,895,532 shares for the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and 267,116 shares for the 1994 Employee Stock PurchasePlan.The remaining information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption“Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Company’s Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10above.126 Table of ContentsItem 13. Certain Relationship s and Related Transactions, and Director IndependenceThe information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “CertainRelationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Board Independence” in the Company’s Proxy Statementreferred to in Item 10 above.Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and ServicesThe information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Ratificationof Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Company’s Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10above.127 Table of ContentsPART IVItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule s(a) Documents filed as part of this report1. Financial StatementsReference is made to the financial statements included under Item 8 of Part II hereof.2. Financial Statement SchedulesReference is made to the financial statement schedules included under Item 8 of Part II hereof. All other schedules areomitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or the notesthereto.3. Exhibits Refer to Item 15(b) immediately below.(b) The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S‑K are listed in the Exhibit Index attached hereto and areincorporated herein by reference.128 Table of ContentsSIGNATURE SPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has dulycaused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized: VIVUS, INC., a Delaware Corporation By:/s/ Seth H. Z. Fischer Seth H. Z. Fischer Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: March 8, 2017 129 Table of ContentsPOWER OF ATTORNE YKNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes andappoints each of Seth H. Z. Fischer and Mark K. Oki as his attorney‑in‑fact for him, in any and all capacities, to sign eachamendment to this Report on Form 10‑K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith,with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney‑in‑fact or his substitute orsubstitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the followingpersons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:Signature Title Date /s/ Seth H. Z. Fischer Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)and Director March 8, 2017Seth H. Z. Fischer /s/ David Y. Norton Chairman of the Board of Directors and Director March 8, 2017David Y. Norton /s/ Mark K. OkiChief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)March 8, 2017Mark K. Oki /s/ Jorge Plutzky, M.D. Director March 8, 2017Jorge Plutzky, M.D. /s/ Eric W. Roberts Director March 8, 2017Eric W. Roberts /s/ Herman Rosenman Director March 8, 2017Herman Rosenman /s/ Allan L. Shaw Director March 8, 2017Allan L. Shaw 130 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.REPORT ON FORM 10‑‑K FORTHE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016EXHIBIT INDE X Exhibit Number Description2.1(1)† Asset Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and K‑V Pharmaceutical Company dated as of March 30,20072.2(2)† Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 1, 2010, between the Registrant, MEDA AB and Vivus RealEstate, LLC3.1(3) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant3.2(4) Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.3(5) Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.4(6) Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.5(7) Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.6(8) Amendment No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.7(9) Amendment No. 5 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.8(10) Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series AParticipating Preferred Stock of the Registrant4.1(11) Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant4.2(12) Amended and Restated Preferred Stock Rights Agreement, dated as of November 9, 2016, by and between theRegistrant and Computershare Trust Company, N.A.4.3(13) Indenture dated as of May 21, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank Trust CompanyAmericas, as trustee4.4(14) Form of 4.50% Convertible Senior Note due May 1, 202010.1(15)* Form of Indemnification Agreement by and among the Registrant and the Officers of the Registrant10.2(16)* Form of Indemnification Agreement by and among the Registrant and the Directors of the Registrant10.3(17)* 1994 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended, Form of Subscription Agreement and Form of Notice ofWithdrawal10.4(18)* 2001 Stock Option Plan and Form of Agreement thereunder10.5(19)* 2001 Stock Option Plan, as amended on July 12, 200610.6(20)* Form of Notice of Grant and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the VIVUS, Inc. 2001 Stock Option Plan10.7(21)* 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and Form of Agreement thereunder10.8(22)* 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended on September 12, 201410.9(23)* 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended and restated)10.10(24)* Stand‑Alone Stock Option Agreement with Michael P. Miller dated as of April 30, 201010.11(25)† Agreement effective as of December 28, 2000, between the Registrant and Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.10.12(26) Amendment No. 1 effective as of January 9, 2004, to the Agreement effective as of December 28, 2000,between the Registrant and Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.10.13(27) Termination and Release executed by Tanabe Holding America, Inc. dated May 1, 200710.14(28)† Second Amendment effective as of August 1, 2012, to the Agreement dated as of December 28, 2000, betweenthe Registrant and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)10.15(29)† Third Amendment effective as of February 21, 2013, to the Agreement dated as of December 28, 2000,between the Registrant and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)10.16(30)† Settlement and Modification Agreement dated July 12, 2001, between ASIVI, LLC, AndroSolutions, Inc.,Gary W. Neal and the Registrant10.17(31)† Assignment Agreement between Thomas Najarian, M.D. and the Registrant dated October 16, 200110.18(32)† Master Services Agreement dated as of September 12, 2007, between the Registrant and Medpace, Inc.131 Table of ContentsExhibit Number Description10.19(33)† Exhibit A: Medpace Task Order Number: 06 dated as of December 15, 2008, pursuant to that certain MasterServices Agreement, between the Registrant and Medpace, Inc., dated as of September 12, 200710.20(34)† Commercial Manufacturing and Packaging Agreement by and between the Registrant and Catalent PharmaSolutions, LLC dated as of July 17, 201210.21(35) Lease Agreement effective November 1, 2006, by and between the Registrant and Castro MountainView, LLC, Thomas A. Lynch, Trudy Molina Flores, Trustee of the Jolen Flores and Trudy Molina FloresJoint Living Trust dated April 3, 2001, E William and Charlotte Duerkson, The Duerkson Family Trust datedFebruary 16, 1999, The Dutton Family Trust dated September 16, 1993, The Noel S. Schuurman Trust, TheDuarte Family Partners, L.P., The Marie Antoinette Clough Revocable Living Trust dated January 11, 1989,Blue Oak Properties, Inc., and CP6CC, LLC10.22(36) First Amendment to Lease dated November 18, 2008, between Castro Mountain View, LLC, CP6CC, LLCand the Registrant10.23(37) Second Amendment to Lease effective November 12, 2009, between Castro Mountain View, LLC,CP6CC, LLC and the Registrant10.24(38) Third Amendment to Lease effective December 3, 2010, between Castro Mountain View, LLC, CP6CC, LLCand the Registrant10.25(39) Fourth Amendment to Lease effective February 14, 2012, between Castro Mountain View, LLC, CP6CC, LLCand the Registrant10.26(40) Lease Agreement effective December 11, 2012, by and between the Registrant and SFERS Real Estate Corp.U.10.27(41)† Purchase and Sale Agreement effective as of March 25, 2013, between the Registrant and BioPharma SecuredInvestments III Holdings Cayman LP10.28(42) Capped Call Confirmation dated May 15, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank AG,London Branch10.29(43)* Form of Amended and Restated Change of Control and Severance Agreement10.30(44)† License and Commercialization Agreement dated July 5, 2013, between the Registrant and Berlin‑Chemie AG10.31(45)† Commercial Supply Agreement dated as of July 5, 2013, between the Registrant and Berlin‑Chemie AG10.32(46) Agreement dated July 18, 2013, by and between the Registrant and First Manhattan Co.10.33(47)* Letter Agreement dated July 18, 2013, by and among the Registrant, First Manhattan Co. and Peter Y. Tam10.34(48) Fourth Amendment to the Agreement dated as of December 28, 2000, between the Registrant and MitsubishiTanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), effective as of July 1, 201310.35(49)† Commercial Supply Agreement dated July 31, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Sanofi Chimie10.36(50)* Employment Agreement dated September 3, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Seth H. Z. Fischer10.37(51)† License and Commercialization Agreement dated as of October 10, 2013, by and between the Registrant andAuxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.10.38(52)† Commercial Supply Agreement dated as of October 10, 2013, by and between the Registrant and AuxiliumPharmaceuticals, Inc.10.39(53)* Letter Agreement dated November 4, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Timothy E. Morris10.40(54)† Manufacturing and Supply Agreement dated November 18, 2013, by and between the Registrant and SanofiWinthrop Industrie10.41(55)† License and Commercialization Agreement dated December 11, 2013, by and between the Registrant andSanofi10.42(56)† Supply Agreement effective as of December 11, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Sanofi WinthropIndustrie10.43(57)† Patent Assignment Agreement, dated August 24, 2014, by and between the Registrant and JanssenPharmaceuticals, Inc.132 Table of ContentsExhibit Number Description10.44(58)* Letter Agreement dated April 13, 2015, by and between the Registrant and Guy P. Marsh10.45(59)* Form of Second Amended and Restated Change of Control and Severance Agreement10.46(60)* Letter Agreement dated July 20, 2015, by and between the Registrant and Wesley W. Day, Ph.D.10.47(61)* Letter Agreement dated August 17, 2015, by and between the Registrant and Svai S. Sanford10.48(62) Letter Regarding Termination Notice dated December 30, 2015, from Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. andEndo Ventures Limited to the Registrant10.49(63) Letter Regarding Termination Notice dated as of June 30, 2016, from Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. andEndo Ventures Limited to the Registrant10.50(64) Letter Regarding Termination Notice dated as of August 29, 2016, from Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, LLC andEndo Ventures Limited to the Registrant10.51(65) First Amendment to Lease effective August 30, 2016, between the Registrant and MV Campus Owner, LLC,the successor in interest to SFERS Real Estate Corp. U.10.52(66) Office Lease effective September 2, 2016, between the Registrant and AG-SW Hamilton Plaza Owner, L.P.10.53(67)†† License and Commercialization Agreement dated as of September 30, 2016, by and between the Registrantand Metuchen Pharmaceuticals LLC10.54(68)†† Commercial Supply Agreement dated as of September 30, 2016, by and between the Registrant and MetuchenPharmaceuticals LLC10.55†† Patent Assignment Agreement dated as of January 6, 2017, by and between the Registrant and Selten Pharma,Inc.10.56†† License Assignment Agreement dated as of January 6, 2017, by and between the Registrant and SeltenPharma, Inc.21.1 List of Subsidiaries23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm24.1 Power of Attorney (See signature page)31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a‑14 and 15d‑14 promulgated under theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a‑14 and 15d‑14 promulgated under the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934, as amended32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 18 U.S.C. 1350, asadopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002101 The following materials from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31,2016, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), include: (i) the Consolidated BalanceSheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of ComprehensiveLoss, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) related notes † Confidential treatment granted.†† Confidential portions of this exhibit have been redacted and filed separately with the SEC pursuant to a confidentialtreatment request in accordance with Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.(1)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(2)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K/A for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on June 12, 2013.(3)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 1996, filed with the SEC on March 28, 1997.133 Table of Contents(4)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onApril 20, 2012.(5)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscal quarterended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(6)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscal quarterended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(7)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onMay 13, 2013.(8)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 24, 2013.(9)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC onSeptember 18, 2015.(10)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8‑A filed with theSEC on March 28, 2007.(11)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K/A for the fiscal yearended December 31, 1996, filed with the SEC on April 16, 1997.(12)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC onNovember 9, 2016.(13)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onMay 21, 2013.(14)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onMay 21, 2013.(15)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 filed with the Registrant’s Form 8‑B filed with the SEC on June 25, 1996.(16)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onAugust 12, 2014.(17)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 29, 2011.(18)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑8 filed with theSEC on November 15, 2001.(19)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 13, 2006.(20)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 13, 2006.(21)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2010, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2011.(22)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S‑8 filed with theSEC on November 5, 2014.(23)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with theSEC on December 14, 2016.(24)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onMay 6, 2010.134 Table of Contents(25)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(26)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42A filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended March 31, 2004, filed with the SEC on May 7, 2004.(27)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.61 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onMay 4, 2007.(28)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onAugust 10, 2012.(29)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onFebruary 25, 2013.(30)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(31)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.79 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2009, filed with the SEC on March 10, 2010.(32)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(33)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K/A filed with the SECon July 15, 2009.(34)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 23, 2012.(35)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.60 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onNovember 7, 2006.(36)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onDecember 18, 2008.(37)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.78 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2009, filed with the SEC on March 10, 2010.(38)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2010, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2011.(39)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onFebruary 16, 2012.(40)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(41)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(42)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onMay 16, 2013.(43)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 5, 2013.(44)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2013.(45)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2013.135 Table of Contents(46)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 19, 2013.(47)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 24, 2013.(48)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 29, 2013.(49)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2013.(50)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onSeptember 4, 2013.(51)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on November 7, 2013.(52)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on November 7, 2013.(53)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the SEC onNovember 5, 2013.(54)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2014.(55)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2014.(56)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2014.(57)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2014, filed with the SEC on November 5, 2014.(58)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 3, 2015.(59)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC onJune 24, 2015.(60)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 3, 2015.(61)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on November 4, 2015.(62)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on March 9, 2016.(63)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on August 4, 2016.(64)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016.(65)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016.(66)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016.136 Table of Contents(67)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016.(68)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016. 137Exhibit 10.55CONFIDENTIAL***INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENTWAS REQUESTED. ALL SUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THESECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANT TO RULE 24b-2 PROMULGATED UNDERTHE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED.PATENT ASSIGNMENT AGREEMENTThis Patent Assignment Agreement is entered into as of the Effective Date (as defined below), by and between SeltenPharma, Inc., a Cayman Islands company, having a principal place of business at 751 Laurel St, #520, San Carlos, CA94070, (“ SELTEN ”) and VIVUS, Inc., a Delaware company having a principal place of business at 900 E. HamiltonAve., Suite 550, Campbell, California 95008 (“ VIVUS ”).BACKGROUNDWHEREAS:SELTEN and its Affiliates own the Patent Rights as defined below, which include one or more claims relating tocertain drug products containing Tacrolimus and Ascomycin (as defined below); andVIVUS desires to obtain and SELTEN desires to assign to VIVUS the Patent Rights on the financial terms andother conditions set forth below.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the various promises and covenants set forth herein, and other good andvaluable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereby agree as follows:Article 1 DefinitionsThe terms in this Agreement with initial letters capitalized, whether used in the singular or the plural, will have themeaning set forth below or, if not listed below, the meaning designated where first used in this Agreement, andcorrelative capitalized terms will have corresponding meanings.1.1. “ Affiliate ” means, with respect to a specified Party, any corporation or other entity that directly or indirectlycontrols, is controlled by, or is under common control with such Party. For the purposes of this definition, the term“control” (including, with correlative meanings, the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”) meanspossession of at least fifty percent (50%) of the voting stock or other ownership interest of the entity, or the power todirect or cause the direction of the management and policies of the entity, or the power to elect or appoint at least fiftypercent (50%) of the members of the governing body of the entity through the ownership of the outstanding votingsecurities or by contract or otherwise.1.2. “ Agreement ” means this Patent Assignment Agreement, including its Attachments, as the same may be amended from time to time. 1.3. “ Ascomycin ” means the compound having the systematic (IUPAC) name (3 S ,4 R ,5 S ,8 R ,9 Z ,12 S ,14 S ,15R ,16 S ,18 R ,19 R ,26a S )-8-ethyl-5,19-dihydroxy-3-{( E )-2-[(1 R ,3 R ,4 R )-4-hydroxy-3- methoxycyclohexyl]-1-methylvinyl}-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-4,5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-heptadecahydro-3 H -15,19-epoxypyrido[2,1- c ][1,4] oxazacyclotriclosine-1,7,20,21(23 H )-tetrone and may also bereferred to as FK520 or SPI-054.1.4. “ Bankruptcy ” means, with respect to a Party, that: (a) the Party has been declared insolvent or bankrupt by acourt of competent jurisdiction and such declaration is not appealable or is not appealed; or (b) a voluntary or involuntarypetition in bankruptcy has been filed in any court of competent jurisdiction against the Party and such petition has notdismissed within *** days after filing; or (c) the Party has made or executed an assignment of substantially all of itsassets for the benefit of creditors.1.5. “ Business Day ” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or a day that is a national or bank holiday in theUnited States.1.6. “ Commercialization ” means any and all activities directed to the manufacture, distribution, marketing,detailing, promotion, selling and, outside of the United States, securing of reimbursement of Product. When used as averb, “Commercialize” shall mean to engage in Commercialization.1.7. “ Commercially Reasonable Efforts ” means those commercially reasonable efforts and resources consistent withthe usual practices of a company similar in size and resources to VIVUS in pursuing the development, manufacturing orCommercialization of a biologic or pharmaceutical product or therapy owned or licensed by it, with similar productcharacteristics, which is at a similar stage of research, development or Commercialization, taking into account efficacy,safety, proprietary position of the product or therapy, including patent and regulatory exclusivity, regulatory structureinvolved including anticipated or approved labeling and anticipated or approved post-approval requirements, present andfuture market and commercial potential including competitive market conditions and probability of the profitability ofthe product or therapy in light of pricing and reimbursement issues, and all other relevant factors including technical,legal, scientific and/or medical factors and the unique nature of Product to be developed, manufactured orCommercialized under this Agreement.1.8. “ Competing Product ” means a product with application in the Field (as defined below) or a product comprisingthe Licensed Compound.1.9. “ Confidential Information ” has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 5.2.1.10. “ Diligent Efforts ” means, with respect to a Party in reference to commercialization, expending commerciallyreasonable efforts that are consistent with the efforts typically expended in the pharmaceutical industry, by companiessimilarly capitalized and situated as the Party, considering relevant factors, for example, technical challenges, marketpotential, regulatory2*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. requirements, patient population, profitability and competitive position, as may be applicable. 1.11. “ Dollars ” means the legal currency of the United States.1.12. “ Effective Date ” means the date of execution by the last Party to sign below.1.13. “ Exchange Rates ” means the exchange rates the Parties agree to use to convert royalty payments in localcurrency into US dollars. Exchange rates will be set quarterly based on the close price exchange rates published in theWall Street Journal on the last Business Day of each calendar quarter. The reset exchange rates shall apply to all royaltypayment based on Net Sales recognized in the same calendar quarter. The exchange rates shall apply to all royaltypayments related to the Net Sales recognized during the period for which fixed exchange rate applies independent of theactual invoice date.1.14. “ FDA ” means the United States Food and Drug Administration or any successor agency in the United Stateswith responsibilities comparable to those of the United States Food and Drug Administration.1.15. “ Field ” means the treatment, diagnosis, and/or prevention of pulmonary arterial hypertension (“ PAH ”) andrelated vascular diseases.1.16. “ First Commercial Sale ” means the first sale in an arm’s-length transaction of a VIVUS Product to a ThirdParty by VIVUS (or any of its Affiliates, assignees or licensees) in a country, following receipt of any necessaryRegulatory Approval of the VIVUS Product to permit its marketing in such country. 1.17. “ Indication ” means any disease or condition listed under the header “INDICATIONS AND USAGE” of aProduct’s approved label upon marketing approval for the Product by a Regulatory Authority.1.18. “ Licensed Compound ” means each of the compounds Tacrolimus and Ascomycin, (each, a “ LicensedCompound ” and collectively, the “ Licensed Compounds ”).1.19. “ Net Sales ” for purposes of this Agreement means the amount invoiced or otherwise billed by VIVUS or itsAffiliates or sublicensees (“ Selling Party ”) for sales of a VIVUS Product to a Third Party purchaser, less the following(collectively, “ Net Sales Deductions ”):(a) discounts actually given on a VIVUS Product, including cash, trade and quantity discounts, pricereduction or incentive programs (including sales coupons and co-payment programs), retroactive price adjustments withrespect to sales of such VIVUS Product, and charge-back payments;(b) credits, refunds, returns or allowances actually allowed, paid, received or given, including credits,allowances, discounts and rebates to, and chargebacks from the account of customers for nonconforming, damaged,rejected, outdated and returned, withdrawn or3*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. recalled VIVUS Product or on account of retroactive price reductions affecting such VIVUS Product;(c) rebates, reimbursements, administrative fees or similar allowances actually granted to managedhealth care organizations or to federal, state and local governments in the VIVUS Territory or any other organization thatutilizes any governmental discount program with respect to a VIVUS Product;(d) inventory management agreement (IMA) fees, wholesaler fees, and specialty pharmacy charges,in each case, to the extent specifically attributable to the applicable VIVUS Product;(e) freight, postage, shipping and insurance charges actually allowed or paid for delivery of a VIVUSProduct, to the extent billed as a separate line item by the Selling Party to the Third Party purchaser;(f) taxes, duties or other governmental charges imposed on the sale of a VIVUS Product and actuallypaid by the Selling Party (as adjusted for rebates and refunds, but specifically excluding taxes based on net income of theSelling Party), to the extent billed as a separate line item by the Selling Party to the Third Party purchaser;provided that all of the foregoing deductions shall be calculated in accordance with then-current generally acceptedaccounting principles in the Unites States, consistently applied during the applicable calculation period throughout theSelling Party’s organization (“ GAAP ”). To the extent that Net Sales Deductions are based on estimates, such estimateswill be adjusted to actual on a periodic basis.A sale of a VIVUS Product is deemed to occur in accordance with GAAP. For sake of clarity and avoidance of doubt, the transfer of a VIVUS Product by a Selling Party or one of its Affiliates toanother Affiliate of such Selling Party or to a sublicensee of such Selling Party for resale shall not be considered a sale;in such cases, Net Sales shall be determined based on the amount invoiced or otherwise billed by such Affiliate orsublicensee to an independent Third Party, less the Net Sales Deductions allowed under this Section.1.20. “ NDA ” means a New Drug Application, as defined in the United States Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.1.21. “ Net Sales Deductions ” has the meaning set forth in the definition of “Net Sales” in this Article 1. 1.22. “ Party ” means SELTEN or VIVUS, as referred to individually. “ Parties ” means SELTEN and VIVUS, asreferred to collectively.1.23. “ Patent Office ” means the United States Patent and Trademark Office, European Patent4*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Office, or other government agency or office responsible for the examination of patent applications or granting of patentsin a country, region, or supra-national territory.1.24. “ Patent Rights ” means those patents and patent applications owned by SELTEN or its Affiliates set forth inAttachment 1 , including, without limitation, any and all: (a) continuations, continuations-in-part, requests for continuedexamination, divisions, renewals, substitute applications, and all patents granted thereon, and (b) reissues, reexaminationsand extensions or restorations by existing or future extension or restoration mechanisms; and (c) any foreign counterpartsof the foregoing.1.25. “ Prosecute ” means, in reference to any Patent Rights, to prosecute, maintain, defend, and take any other actionwith respect to the Patent Rights in any Patent Office.1.26. “ Product ” means pharmaceutical compositions containing a Licensed Compound, in the form, formulation,and dosage strength(s) as defined in the NDA approved by the FDA or in the approval of any other Regulatory Authorityand any other improvements, line extensions, delivery mechanisms, dosage strengths, formulations, or forms as may beapproved in the future by the FDA or other Regulatory Authority, in each case, that contain a Licensed Compound aloneor in combination with one or more other active ingredients.1.27. “ Regulatory Approval ” means receipt of all official approvals from the applicable Regulatory Authority orother government, pricing, and/or health authorities in a jurisdiction (country or supra-national organization), such as theFDA or EMA, required for the use or sale of a VIVUS Product for a particular Indication in such jurisdiction, includingany approvals for importation, manufacture, pricing, and/or reimbursement where necessary. For the avoidance of doubt,a notice of approvability or an approvable letter from such a Regulatory Authority shall not be deemed an approval . 1.28. “ Regulatory Drug Application ” means a new drug application or product license application or its equivalentfiled with and accepted by the FDA after completion of human clinical trials to obtain marketing approval for a Product,or any comparable application filed with and accepted by the Regulatory Authority of a country or jurisdiction other thanthe United States.1.29. “ Regulatory Authority ” means any applicable supranational, European Union, federal, national, regional, stateor local regulatory agency, department, bureau, commission, council or other government entity with authority over thedevelopment, manufacture, use, marketing and/or sale (including approval of NDAs and other Regulatory Applications)of a pharmaceutical Product in any regulatory jurisdiction throughout the world, including without limitation, the FDA inthe United States.1.30. “ SELTEN Know-How ” means all Information that is Controlled as of the Effective Date or during the Term bySELTEN or its Affiliates that relates to any Product in the Field or the research, development, manufacture, use or sale ofa Product in the Field in the VIVUS Territory, including but not limited to any notes, records, data, reports, formulations,study5*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. designs, and protocols, in each case related to a Licensed Compound.1.31. “ Stanford Agreement ” shall mean the Exclusive Agreement between The Board of Trustees of the LelandStanford Junior University and Selten Pharma, Inc. having effective date October 25, 2015 as amended from time totime.1.32. “ Term ” has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 8.1.1.33. “ Third Party ” means any Person other than a Party or any of its Affiliates.1.34. “ Tacrolimus ” means the compound having the systematic (IUPAC) name [3S- [3R*[E(1S*,3S*,4S*)],4S*,5R*,8S*,9E,12R*,14R*,15S*,16R*,18S*,19S*,26aR*]]-5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy- 3-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethenyl]-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10, 12,18-tetramethyl-8-(2-propenyl)-15,19-epoxy-3H-pyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxaazacyclotricosine-1,7,20,21(4H,23H)-tetrone, monohydrate and also may be referred to as FK506 or SPI-026.1.35. “ VIVUS Product ” means a Product sold by or on behalf of VIVUS. 1.36. “ VIVUS Territory ” means worldwide.Article 2 Assignment of Patents and License to Know-How2.1. Assignment of Patent Rights. As of the Effective Date and subject to the terms and conditions of thisAgreement, SELTEN shall and hereby does agree to transfer and assign, and shall cause its applicable Affiliates totransfer and assign, to VIVUS all of SELTEN’s and its Affiliates’ rights, title and interest in and to the Patent Rights,including (i) the right to exclusively or non-exclusively license, sublicense, claim priority to, prosecute, assign and/orotherwise exploit the Patent Rights, without accounting to SELTEN and without payment of consideration to SELTENother than as set forth herein; and (ii) all causes of action and enforcement rights for the Patent Rights, including allrights to pursue damages, injunctive relief and other remedies for past and future infringement of the Patents Rights .2.2. Assignment of Orphan-Drug Designation . As of the Effective Date and subject to the terms and conditions ofthis Agreement, SELTEN shall and hereby does agree to transfer and assign, and shall cause its applicable Affiliates totransfer and assign, to VIVUS all of SELTEN’s and its Affiliates’ rights, title and interest in and to any orphan-drugdesignation it holds in any Licensed Compound , including but not limited to the orphan drug designation for tacrolimusdesignated on March 16, 2015.2.3. Confirmatory Documentation. Promptly after the Effective Date, SELTEN shall execute, and cause itsapplicable Affiliates to execute, a confirmatory assignment of the Patent Rights substantially in the form attached asAttachment 2 hereto for VIVUS’s recordation with Patent Offices and agrees to execute all other documents reasonablyrequested by VIVUS and6*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. reasonably necessary to evidence with any Patent Office the transfer of said Patent Rights to VIVUS . VIVUS shall besolely responsible at its own expense for notifying any Patent Offices or other appropriate government agencies of thetransfer of ownership of the Patent Rights, and for formally recording documentation of the assignment of the PatentRights in any Patent Offices, and VIVUS assumes all risk associated with any failure to timely do so with respect to anyPatent Rights. Without limiting the foregoing, SELTEN agrees to use Diligent Efforts to assist VIVUS, at VIVUS’sexpense, to secure VIVUS’s rights in the Patent Rights in any and all countries where they are now issued or pending,including the execution of all assignments and all other instruments which VIVUS considers reasonably necessary orappropriate in order to perfect the assignment and conveyance to VIVUS, its successors and assigns of the sole andexclusive right, title and interest in and to such Patent Rights. SELTEN also agrees to use Diligent Efforts to transfer toVIVUS any ownership or beneficial interest it holds in any orphan-drug designation for Tacrolimus, including but notlimited to submitting any information or statement required by 21 CFR §316.27.2.4. License to SELTEN Know How. As of the Effective Date and subject to the terms and conditions of thisAgreement, SELTEN hereby grants to VIVUS an exclusive (even as to SELTEN) license under the SELTEN Know-How (i) to use, distribute, import, promote, market, sell, offer for sale, and otherwise commercialize Products in the Fieldin the VIVUS Territory; (ii) to conduct development activities in support of Regulatory Approval of a Product in theVIVUS Territory; and (iii) to otherwise exploit the Patent Rights.2.5. No Implied Licenses. Except as expressly granted herein, no license or any other right is granted by a Partyunder any of its patents or any other intellectual property rights to the other Party.2.6. Exclusivity.(a) SELTEN hereby covenants that neither it nor its Affiliates will, directly or indirectly(including via a license with a Third Party), begin a phase II study on a Competing Product earlier than *** years fromthe Effective Date. (b) The Parties acknowledge that a failure to comply with the provisions of this Section 2.6 shallconstitute a material breach of this Agreement.2.7 Right of First Refusal . During the term of this Agreement, VIVUS will have a right of first refusal (the“ROFR”) with respect to any license, sale, assignment, transfer or other disposition by SELTEN of any material portionof intellectual property related to any Competing Product(s) conceived or developed by SELTEN either alone or incollaboration with a Third Party. SELTEN will first provide VIVUS with written notice of such Competing Product insufficient detail to allow VIVUS to evaluate the Competing Product. VIVUS shall have *** days from receipt of suchnotice to provide SELTEN written notice of VIVUS’s intent to pursue a license and if so, the parties shall negotiate, ingood faith, a mutually agreeable license for the Competing Product. If the Parties, acting in good faith, are unable tonegotiate a license to the Competing Product within *** days from SELTEN’s receipt of VIVUS’s written notice (the7*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. “Negotiation Period”), SELTEN agrees that it will not license the Competing Product to a Third Party on terms morefavorable than those last offered to VIVUS for *** from the end of the Negotiation Period, and without first offering themore favorable terms to VIVUS and allowing VIVUS to consider such terms for *** days. Article 3 Financials and Reporting3.1. Upfront Payment. VIVUS shall pay to SELTEN a one-time, non-refundable, non-creditable, upfront paymentof *** Dollars ($ *** ), which amount will be due upon execution of this Agreement and payable within *** daysthereafter. 3.2. Early Termination for Formulation Failure. In the event VIVUS has been unable to develop a formulation forTacrolimus that is suitable for phase II studies, as determined by VIVUS and at VIVUS’s sole discretion, by *** , *** ,VIVUS will terminate this Agreement subject to Sections 8.2 and 8.3.3.3. Milestone Payments. VIVUS shall make each of the one-time milestone payments indicated below toSELTEN upon the achievement by VIVUS of the corresponding milestone event:SELTEN Regulatory/Development Milestone Event*Payment ***$ *** *****$ *** *****$ ******$ *** **SELTEN Sales Milestone Event ***$ *** *****$ *** *****$ *** ** * These milestone payments by VIVUS to SELTEN will be applicable to either Licensed Compound; provided thatsuch milestone payments shall not exceed *** dollars ($ *** ) in the aggregate.** These milestone payments by VIVUS to SELTEN are payable, at VIVUS’s sole option, in all cash or a combinationof cash and freely tradeable common stock of VIVUS (the “ Payment Option ”); provided that in no event shall thepayment of common stock exceed *** percent ( *** %) of the aggregate amount of such milestone payments. Forthe sake of clarity, VIVUS may exercise the Payment Option for each of the milestone payments. 8*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Each milestone payment in this Section 3.3 shall be paid only once. The maximum total amount of payment to SELTENpursuant to this Section 3.3 shall be *** dollars ($ *** ). VIVUS shall notify and pay to SELTEN the applicablemilestone payment together with the delivery of the quarterly report pursuant to Section 3.6 for the calendar quarter inwhich the applicable milestone event was achieved. For clarity, in the event that more than one (1) of the *** thresholdsis achieved in a calendar year, VIVUS shall owe each of the corresponding payments. Each milestone paymenthereunder shall be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds into an account designated in writing bySELTEN. Each such milestone payment is non-refundable and non-creditable against any other payments duehereunder. VIVUS shall use Diligent Efforts to deliver to SELTEN a courtesy copy of the same report that VIVUSprovides to STANFORD under Clause 8.1 of the Stanford Agreement.3.4. Royalty Payments to SELTEN3.4.1. VIVUS shall pay to SELTEN, on a quarterly basis beginning with the *** ending after the ExecutionDate, royalties calculated as a percentage of Net Sales of a VIVUS Product in the Field in the VIVUS Territory asfollows (“ Royalty Payments ”):Aggregate Net Sales of a Product in a calendar year in the Field inthe VIVUS TerritoryRoyalty Rate****** %****** %****** % 3.4.2. Such royalties shall be payable, on a country-by-country and Product-by-Product basis, beginning onthe First Commercial Sale of a VIVUS Product in a particular country and ending on the later of (i) *** years after theFirst-Commercial Sale in such country, or (ii) the date of expiration of the last-to-expire Patent Right having an issuedclaim covering the VIVUS Product in such country. 3.4.3. VIVUS shall have the option to terminate VIVUS’s milestone and royalty payment obligations underSections 3.3 and 3.4, and to fully pay up the remaining consideration for the assignment of the Patent Rightshereunder, upon making a lump-sum payment to SELTEN in an amount equal to: (i) *** Dollars ($ *** ) if paid on orbefore the *** day anniversary of Regulatory Approval in the U.S. or (ii) *** Dollars ($ *** ) if paid on or before the*** month anniversary of the first commercial sale of a VIVUS Product to a Third Party (the “ Buyout Amount ”). 3.4.4. During the Term, from the Effective Date until such time as VIVUS pays the Buyout Amount toSELTEN, VIVUS shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to commercialize each VIVUS Product in each countrywhere VIVUS receives Regulatory Approval for such VIVUS Product. Upon payment of the Buyout Amount, VIVUS’smilestone and royalty payment obligations shall terminate.9*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 3.4.5. In the event of an uncured material breach of Section 2.6 VIVUS shall owe no royalties or milestones toSELTEN for any VIVUS Product sold during a calendar quarter in which a Competing Product is sold by SELTEN or itsAffiliates in the VIVUS Territory.3.5. Royalty Reduction. In the event the manufacture or Commercialization of a VIVUS Product, disclosed andclaimed in Patent Rights set forth in Attachment 1 or included in the Licensed Patent as defined in the StanfordAgreement, in the VIVUS Territory would necessarily infringe the issued patents of any Third Party absent a licensethereunder and VIVUS must obtain a royalty-bearing license under such patents, then VIVUS may deduct such ThirdParty royalty payments from the Royalty Payments due to SELTEN pursuant to Section 3.4 with respect to a particularVIVUS Product in a particular country in the VIVUS Territory, provided that in no event shall the amount paid toSELTEN during any calendar year be reduced to a royalty rate that is less than *** % of the Royalty Rate due under3.4.1. For clarity, such royalty reduction shall not be applicable to the royalty due to Stanford pursuant to the ExclusiveAgreement.3.6. Royalty Payments and Report. Royalty payments are due and payable in Dollars *** days after the end ofeach calendar quarter. Each payment of royalties due under this Agreement will be accompanied with a report settingforth, on a Product-by-Product and country-by-country basis, the number of units of VIVUS Product sold by VIVUS,its Affiliates and licensees during the applicable calendar quarter, gross sales of VIVUS Product in the applicable countryduring such calendar quarter, a calculation of Net Sales in the applicable country showing the itemized deductions to theextent practicable provided for in the definition of “Net Sales” during such calendar quarter. This report shall alsoinclude the Exchange Rates set for in Section 1.13 and other methodology used in converting Net Sales into Dollars,from the currencies in which sales were made in order to determine the appropriate royalties owed to SELTEN for NetSales of VIVUS Products during such calendar quarter, with all such amounts reflected in United States Dollars. VIVUSand its Affiliates and licensees shall keep complete and accurate records in sufficient detail to enable the royaltiespayable hereunder to be determined.3.7. Records; Inspection. VIVUS shall keep, and shall cause its Affiliates and licensees to keep, for a period of notless than *** years, true and complete records relating to the determination of Net Sales of VIVUS Products and theroyalties due to SELTEN pursuant to Section 3.4. SELTEN shall have the right, at its sole expense, during the Termfollowing the First Commercial Sale of any VIVUS Product and following reasonable notice, to inspect through anindependent accountant reasonably acceptable to VIVUS during regular business hours, the records of VIVUS (or itsAffiliates or licensees) relating to the sales of any VIVUS Products; provided, however, that such inspection shall not (i)take place more often than once each calendar year and (ii) audit any records that date prior to the date of the lastinspection under this Section, and further provided that, such accountants shall in strict confidence and report toSELTEN only as to the accuracy of the royalty statements and payments and the amount of any underpayment. Copiesof such reports shall be supplied to VIVUS. If any audit or inspection of VIVUS’s records reveals an underpayment byVIVUS, VIVUS shall make payment to SELTEN of an amount equal to such underpayment within *** days following10*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. notification by SELTEN to VIVUS of the amount underpaid. In the event that there has been an underpayment greaterthan or equal to *** percent ( *** %), VIVUS shall reimburse SELTEN for the reasonable costs of the relevant audit orinspection.3.8. Methods of Payment. All royalties, milestones and other payments to be made by VIVUS to SELTEN in cashhereunder shall be made by wire transfer from a banking institution in the United States in Dollars in accordance withinstructions given in writing by SELTEN. All cash payments shall be made in immediately available funds by electronictransfer by VIVUS, to the bank account identified below or such other bank account as SELTEN may designate inwriting to VIVUS. Any payments due and payable under this Agreement on a date that is not a Business Day may bemade on the next Business Day.Payment instructions are as follows:************************************ 3.9. Delay in Payment. In case of any delay in payment by VIVUS to SELTEN, interest on the overdue paymentwill accrue at *** as reported in The Wall Street Journal , as determined for each month on the last Business Day of thatmonth, plus *** percent ( *** %), assessed from the day payment was initially due. The foregoing interest will be duefrom VIVUS without any notice of delinquency from SELTEN.3.10. Taxes.3.10.1. VIVUS will make all payments to SELTEN under this Agreement without deduction or withholdingfor taxes except to the extent that any such deduction or withholding is required by law in effect at the time of payment.3.10.2. Any tax required to be withheld on amounts payable under this Agreement will promptly be paid byVIVUS on behalf of SELTEN to the appropriate governmental authority, and VIVUS will furnish SELTEN with proof ofpayment of such tax. Any such tax required to be withheld will be an expense of and borne by SELTEN .3.10.3. VIVUS and SELTEN will cooperate with respect to all documentation required by any taxing authorityor reasonably requested by VIVUS to secure a reduction in the rate of applicable withholding taxes.11*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Article 4 Prosecution and Enforcement of Assigned Patents4.1. Prosecution and Enforcement. As of the Effective Date of this Agreement, VIVUS will become responsiblefor Prosecuting and enforcing the Patents Rights at VIVUS’s sole cost and expense. 4.2. Cooperation. As of the Effective Date, SELTEN shall use best efforts to cooperate with VIVUS to effect thetransfer of the right to Prosecute the Patent Rights before Patent Offices and initiate any enforcement actions, includingby executing all lawful documents required to vest title to the Patent Rights in VIVUS. SELTEN will use best efforts toassist VIVUS in every reasonable way in the procurement, maintenance, enforcement and defense of the Patent Rights,including the disclosure to VIVUS of all pertinent information and data with respect thereto, the execution of all lawfuloaths, assignments, declarations and all other instruments which VIVUS shall deem necessary in order to apply for andobtain such rights and in order to assign and convey to VIVUS, its successors and assigns the sole and exclusive rights,title and interest in and to such Patent Rights.4.3. Reimbursement of Transitional Prosecution Costs. From the Effective Date of this Agreement until suchtime during the Term that any Patent Office having jurisdiction over any Patent Rights officially recognizes VIVUS asthe owner of such Patent Rights, SELTEN shall follow VIVUS’s reasonable directions with respect to the Prosecution ofthe Patent Rights, and VIVUS shall reimburse SELTEN for all reasonable, documented out-of-pocket costs expended inconnection therewith.Article 5 Confidential Information5.1. Public Announcements. The existence and the terms of this Agreement shall be treated by each Party as theother Party’s Confidential Information. The Parties hereby consent to issuing the joint press release appended to thisAgreement as Attachment 3 , following execution of the Agreement. Otherwise, neither Party shall originate anypublicity, news release, public announcements, or public disclosures, written or oral, whether to the public or press,stockholders or otherwise, relating to this Agreement, including its existence, the subject matter to which it relates,performance under it or any of its terms, save only such announcements that are required to be made by law, regulations,the rules of a securities exchange, or the order of a court or other governmental body of competent jurisdiction or that areotherwise agreed to by the Parties. The Parties shall use Diligent Efforts to keep such announcements brief andfactual. If a Party decides to make such an announcement, required by law regulations, court order, or the rules of asecurities exchange, or desires to make any other public disclosure relating to this Agreement, it shall give each otherParty at least *** Business Days advance notice, where practicable, of the proposed text of the announcement ordisclosure so that each other Party shall have an opportunity to comment. To the extent that a reviewing Party reasonablyrequests the deletion of any information in the proposed text, the disclosing Party shall delete such information unless, inthe reasonable opinion of the disclosing Party’s legal counsel, such confidential information is legally required to be fullydisclosed. Nothing herein shall prevent a Party from re-disclosing any factual information that has previously beendisclosed to the public,12*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. provided that such information remains accurate.5.2. Confidentiality. The Parties acknowledge that it may be necessary or desirable for them to share certainproprietary or confidential information or material (“ Confidential Information ”) to facilitate their performancehereunder. Each Party agrees to keep the other party’s Confidential Information received during the Term of thisAgreement in confidence and not to disclose it to any Third Party or use the other Party’s Confidential Information forany purpose other than for purposes hereunder, without the prior written consent of the other Party. The obligation ofconfidentiality shall continue for a period of *** years from the date of execution of this Agreement. Each Party maydisclose the other Party’s Confidential Information to its employees and consultants, and employees and consultants ofits Affiliates, who have a need to know such information and are bound by obligations of confidentiality and non-usesimilar to those herein. Without limitation, each Party agrees to take commercially reasonable precautions to prevent theunauthorized disclosure to any Third Party of the Confidential Information received from another Party hereunder. Inorder to be deemed confidential, the Confidential Information shall be supplied to the receiving Party in written form andidentified as being confidential or, if disclosed orally, shall be confirmed in writing as being confidential within *** daysof its oral disclosure. Upon termination of this Agreement or at the disclosing Party’s reasonable request, a receivingParty shall promptly return or destroy all copies of the disclosing Party's Confidential Information, except that one (1)copy may be retained in archival legal files for the receiving Party to ensure compliance hereunder. The receivingParty’s obligation of confidentiality hereunder, however, shall not apply to Confidential Information that: (a) at the timeof disclosure to the receiving Party is published, known publicly or is otherwise in the public domain; (b) after disclosureto the receiving Party is published or becomes known publicly or otherwise becomes part of the public domain throughno fault of the receiving Party; (c) prior to the time of disclosure to the receiving Party, was known to the receiving Partyas evidenced by its written records; (d) has been or is disclosed to the receiving Party in good faith by a Third Party whowas not, or is not, under any obligation of confidentiality to the other Party at the time the Third Party discloses to thereceiving Party; or (e) is independently developed by or on behalf of the receiving Party without reliance on theInformation received hereunder as evidenced by its written records. Nothing herein, however, shall prohibit a receivingParty from disclosing a disclosing Party’s Confidential Information to the extent it is required to be disclosed by law,regulation, rules of a securities exchange, or order of a court or other governmental body of competent jurisdiction,provided that the receiving Party gives the disclosing Party, prior to making any legally required disclosure, promptnotice of such requirement and an opportunity to intervene to protect or limit the disclosure.5.3. SEC Filings and Other Disclosures. In addition to the disclosures that are permitted under Section 5.1 and thatare permitted generally for Confidential Information pursuant to Section 5.2, a Party may disclose the terms of thisAgreement and any information resulting from the activities contemplated by this Agreement (a) to the extent required tocomply with the applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commissionor similar security regulatory authorities in other countries, (b) to comply with the applicable rules of a securitiesexchange, or (c) in connection with a prospective acquisition,13*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. merger, financing or license for such Party, to prospective acquirers or merger candidates or to existing or potentialinvestors or licensees who are under an obligation of confidentiality substantially consistent with the terms hereof.Article 6 Representations and Warranties6.1. Representations, Warranties of Each Party. Each Party hereby makes the following representations,warranties and covenants:6.1.1. Authority. As of the Effective Date, it has the full right, power and authority to enter into thisAgreement; this Agreement has been duly executed by such Party and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation ofsuch Party, enforceable in accordance with its terms; and6.1.2. No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by such Party does notconflict with any material agreement, instrument or understanding, oral or written, to which it is a party or by which it isbound, nor violate any material law or regulation of any court, governmental body or administrative or other agencyhaving jurisdiction over it.6.2. Additional Representations and Warranties of SELTEN. In addition to the representations and warrantiesmade by SELTEN under Section 6.1, SELTEN further represents and warrants that:6.2.1. SELTEN has the right to assign the Patent Rights on behalf of it and its applicable Affiliates, and neitherSELTEN nor any of its Affiliates has previously assigned, transferred, conveyed or otherwise encumbered the rights, titleand interest in the Patent Rights, and there are currently no existing license agreements to which SELTEN or any of itsAffiliates is a party for such Patent Rights;6.2.2. SELTEN has not received written notice of any claim or threatened claim by any Third Party that (i)such Third Party has any rights to the Patent Rights or (ii) any issued patents within the Patent Rights are invalid orunenforceable;6.2.3. To SELTEN’s knowledge as of the Effective Date, there is no litigation threatened, impending orexisting against SELTEN or to which SELTEN is a party relating to the Patent Rights; 6.2.4. To SELTEN’s knowledge as of the Effective Date, SELTEN is not aware of any claim of infringementof any patents owned or controlled by SELTEN existing as of the Effective Date of this Agreement, that are not includedin the Patent Rights and which SELTEN could assert against VIVUS regarding its sales of any product;6.2.5. Contingent upon SELTEN’s receipt of the Upfront Payment set forth in Section14*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 3.1, SELTEN hereby covenants not to assert against VIVUS in any court or other body of competent jurisdiction aninfringement claim alleging that any claim of any patent or patent application, that is owned by SELTEN as of theEffective Date or in the future, whether such patent claim has issued as of the Effective Date of this Agreement or issuesthereafter from an application owned by SELTEN pending as of the Effective Date or in the future, covers theProduct or its use in the Field. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing covenant extends to any process formanufacturing any Product, any composition of a Licensed Compound, and any use of a Product in the Field. Furtherfor the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing covenant extends to any patents owned by any Affiliates of SELTEN; 6.2.6. During the Term of this Agreement, SELTEN will comply in all material respects with all applicablelaws and regulations concerning SELTEN’s obligations under this Agreement: and6.2.7. SELTEN has not received any communication from the FDA indicating that the orphan designation forTacrolimus for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension will be withdrawn, challenged or otherwise revoked andSELTEN has no knowledge of any Third Party that has filed an IND for Tacrolimus for the treatment of pulmonaryarterial hypertension.6.3. Additional Representations and Warranties of VIVUS. In addition to the representations and warrantiesmade by VIVUS under Section 6.1, VIVUS further represents and warrants that : 6.3.1. During the Term of this Agreement, VIVUS will comply in all material respects with all applicable lawsand regulations concerning the development, commercialization, manufacture, use, distribution, and sale of Products; and6.3.2. During the Term of this Agreement, VIVUS will comply in all material respects with all applicable lawsand regulations concerning VIVUS’s obligations under this Agreement.6.3.3. VIVUS will use Commercially Reasonable Efforts in completing development and regulatory activitiesfor a Licensed Compound in the VIVUS Territory.6.4. No Implication by SELTEN. Except as expressly stated herein, nothing in the Agreement will be construed as:(a) a warranty or representation by SELTEN as to the enforceability, validity or patentability or scope of any ofthe Patent Rights; (b) a warranty or representation by SELTEN that any Product or any other thing that has been or will be made,used, sold, offered for sale, or imported under any Patent Rights is or will be free from infringement of any patents orother intellectual property rights of any Third Parties or Affiliates of SELTEN; or(c) a warranty or representation by SELTEN that any Patent Rights cover any Products.15*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 6.5. Disclaimer of Warranties. EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT , NEITHER OFTHE PARTIES MAKES ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR EXTENDS ANY WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OFANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO ANY PATENT RIGHTS TRANSFERREDHEREUNDER, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTY OF ENFORCEABILITY, VALIDITY,PATENTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULARPURPOSE.Article 7 Indemnification and Insurance7.1. Indemnification.7.1.1 Indemnification by VIVUS. Subject to Section 7.2, VIVUS shall indemnify, defend and hold harmlessSELTEN and its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents (each, a “ SELTENIndemnified Party ”) from and against any and all liability, loss, damage, expense (including reasonable and necessaryattorneys’ fees and expenses) and cost (collectively, “ Liability ”) arising out of or relating to claims of any nature by anyThird Parties: (a) arising out of or relating to any breach by VIVUS of any of its representations, warranties orcovenants set forth herein; or (b) relating to the development, commercialization, administration, use or manufacture of,or any other activity involving, any Product by or on behalf of VIVUS before, on, or after the Effective Date, except, ineach case (a) and (b), to the extent caused in whole or in part by the gross negligence or willful misconduct of a SELTENIndemnified Party.7.1.2 Indemnification by SELTEN. Subject to Section 7.2, SELTEN will indemnify, defend and holdharmless VIVUS and its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents (each, a “ VIVUSIndemnified Party ”) from and against any and all Liability arising out of or relating to claims of any nature by any ThirdParties arising out of or relating to any breach by SELTEN of any of its representations, warranties or covenants set forthherein, except, in each case, to the extent caused by the gross negligence or willful misconduct of a VIVUS IndemnifiedParty. 7.2 Conditions to Indemnification. If either a SELTEN Indemnified Party or a VIVUS Indemnified Party(each, an “ Indemnified Party ”) intends to claim indemnification under Article 7, the Indemnified Party shall (a) give theother Party (the “ Indemnifying Party ”) reasonably prompt written notice of any Liability in respect of which theIndemnified Party intends to claim such indemnification, (b) reasonably cooperate with the Indemnifying Party at theIndemnifying Party’s request and expense, in the defense or settlement of the claim, and (c) give the Indemnifying Partythe right to control the defense or settlement of the claim, except that the Indemnifying Party shall not enter into anysettlement that adversely affects the Indemnified Party’s rights or obligations under this Agreement without theIndemnified Party’s prior express written consent, which will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. The16*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Indemnified Party may participate in the defense or settlement of any such claim at its own expense with counsel of itschoosing. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any failure of the Indemnified Party to comply with the provisions of thisSection 7.2 will not relieve the Indemnifying Party of any defense or indemnity obligations hereunder except to theextent that the Indemnifying Party is prejudiced by such failure.7.3 Limitations of Indemnification. SUBJECT TO AND WITHOUT LIMITING THEINDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS OF EACH PARTY WITH RESPECT TO THIRD PARTY CLAIMS UNDERSECTION 7.1, NEITHER PARTY NOR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES WILL BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER UNDERANY CONTRACT, WARRANTY, NEGLIGENCE, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHER LEGAL OREQUITABLE THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIALDAMAGES OR FOR LOST PROFITS, MILESTONES OR ROYALTIES, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTIONWITH THIS AGREEMENT OR ITS SUBJECT MATTER .Article 8 Term and Termination8.1 Term. The term of this Agreement will commence on the Effective Date and will extend, unless thisAgreement is terminated earlier in accordance with this Article 8, until the later of (i) the expiration of all PatentRights or (ii) the expiration of the Stanford Agreement (the “ Term ”). 8.2 Early Termination . Subject to Section 3.2, VIVUS may terminate this Agreement at any time byproviding thirty (30) days written notice to SELTEN. Termination shall be effective upon assignment of the PatentRights to SELTEN pursuant to Section 8.3 below.8.3 Reassignment of Patent Rights with Termination. If VIVUS elects to terminate this Agreement underSection 8.2, VIVUS shall assign and transfer to SELTEN VIVUS’s entire right, title and interest in and to the PatentRights remaining at the date of such termination by executing an instrument to such effect in form and substancereasonably satisfactory to SELTEN and will perform all other actions reasonably requested by SELTEN to effect andconfirm such transfer.8.4 Exclusivity. In the event this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Sections 3.2 or 8.2, VIVUS herebycovenants that neither it nor its Affiliates will, directly or indirectly (including via a license with a Third Party), begin aphase II study on a Competing Product earlier than *** years from the date at which such termination becomeseffective. The Parties acknowledge that a failure to comply with the provisions of this Section 8.4 shall constitute amaterial breach of this Agreement.8.5 Survival of Obligations. The expiration or termination of this Agreement will17*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. not relieve the Parties of any rights or obligations accruing prior to such termination, and any such termination will bewithout prejudice to the rights of either Party against the other. The provisions of Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10 andSections 8.3 and 8.4, will survive any expiration or termination of this Agreement. Additionally, VIVUS’s ownership ofthe Patent Rights as of the Effective Date shall in no event be affected by the expiration or termination of thisAgreement, except upon early termination as provided in Section 3.2 and this Article 8. Article 9 Dispute Resolution; Governing Law9.1 Mediation . In the event of any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement,including any involving any Affiliates of any Party, (a “ Dispute ”), a Party seeking to resolve such Dispute shall providenotice thereof to the other Party. Any Dispute shall first be submitted to mediation according to the CommercialMediation Procedures of the American Arbitration Association (“ AAA ”) ( see www.adr.org ). Such mediation shall beattended on behalf of each Party for at least one (1) session by a senior business person with authority to resolve theDispute. Any period of limitations that would otherwise expire between the initiation of a mediation and its conclusionshall be extended until *** days after the conclusion of the mediation.9.2 Arbitration. Any Dispute that cannot be resolved by mediation within *** days of notice by one (1)Party to the other of the existence of a Dispute (unless the Parties agree to extend that period) shall be resolved byarbitration in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the AAA (“ AAA Rules ”; see www.adr.org) and theFederal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §1 et seq. The arbitration shall be conducted in San Francisco, California, by ***appointed in accordance with the AAA Rules. The *** shall follow the ICDR Guidelines for Arbitrators ConcerningExchanges of Information in managing and ruling on requests for discovery. The *** , by accepting appointment,undertakes to exert *** best efforts to conduct the process so as to issue an award within *** months of ***appointment, but failure to meet that timetable shall not affect the validity of the award. The *** shall decide theDispute in accordance with the substantive law as provided in Section 9.3 below. The *** may award reasonableattorneys fees and costs to the prevailing party to the arbitration. The award of the *** may be entered in any court ofcompetent jurisdiction.9.3 Governing Law. This Agreement will be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws ofthe State of California without reference to its choice of laws or conflicts of laws provisions. Article 10 Miscellaneous10.1 Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including each attachment and any other exhibit or schedulehereto, constitutes and contains the entire understanding and agreement of the Parties respecting the subject matter of thisAgreement and cancels and supersedes any and all prior or contemporaneous negotiations, correspondence,understandings and agreements between the Parties, whether oral or written, regarding such subject matter.18*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 10.2 Further Actions. Each Party agrees to execute, acknowledge and deliver such further instruments andto do all such other acts as may be necessary or appropriate in order to carry out the purposes and intent of thisAgreement. 10.3 Binding Effect. This Agreement and the rights granted herein will be binding upon, and will inure to thebenefit of SELTEN, VIVUS and their respective lawful successors and permitted assigns.10.4 Assignment. Neither Party may assign its rights or delegate its duties under this Agreement without theprior written consent of the other relevant Party, which will not be unreasonably withheld, provided that any Party maytransfer this Agreement to an Affiliate without any requirement that it obtain the consent of the other Party and furtherprovided that any Party may transfer this Agreement to a successor in connection with the transfer of all or substantiallyall of its assets or that portion of its business pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement, whether by merger,consolidation, sale of assets, or otherwise, without any requirement that it obtain the consent of the other Party. 10.5 Use of Names. Except as expressly provided, no right, expressed or implied, is granted by thisAgreement to a Party to use in any manner the name or any other trade name of the other Party or its Affiliates inconnection with this Agreement. 10.6 No Waiver. No waiver, modification or amendment of any provision of this Agreement will be valid oreffective unless made in writing and signed by a duly authorized officer of each Party. The failure of either Party toassert a right hereunder or to insist upon compliance with any term or condition of this Agreement will not constitute awaiver of that right or excuse a similar subsequent failure to perform any such term or condition.10.7 Independent Contractors. The Parties are independent contractors and not agents or employees of theother Party under this Agreement. Nothing contained in this Agreement is intended nor is to be construed so as toconstitute SELTEN or VIVUS as partners or joint venturers with respect to this Agreement. No Party will have anyexpress or implied right or authority to assume or create any obligations on behalf of or in the name of the other Party orto bind the other Party to any other contract, agreement or undertaking with any Third Party except as may be explicitlyprovided for herein or authorized in writing.10.8 Notices and Deliveries. Any notices, request, delivery, approval or consent required or permitted to begiven under this Agreement will be in writing and will be deemed to have been sufficiently given when it is received,whether delivered in person, transmitted by facsimile with contemporaneous confirmation, delivered by registered letter(or its equivalent) or delivered by certified overnight courier service, to the Party to which it is directed at its addressshown below or such other address as such Party will have last given by notice to the other Parties.If to VIVUS:19*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. VIVUS, Inc.900 E. Hamilton Ave.Suite 550Campbell, California 95008Attention: Chief Executive Officerwith a copy to:VIVUS, Inc.900 E. Hamilton Ave.Suite 550Campbell, California 95008Attention: General CounselIf to SELTEN:Selten Pharma, Inc.751 Laurel St., #520San Carlos, CA 94070Attention: Chief Executive Officer10.9 Severability. In the event that any provision of this Agreement will, for any reason, be held to beinvalid or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity or unenforceability will not affect any other provision hereof, andthis Agreement will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision had not been included herein.10.10 Advice of Counsel. Each Party acknowledges and agrees it has participated in the drafting of thisAgreement. In interpreting and applying the terms and provisions of this Agreement, the Parties agree that nopresumption will exist or be implied against the Party which drafted such terms and provisions.10.11 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts (including by facsimileor electronic transmission), each of which need not contain the signature of more than one Party, but all suchcounterparts taken together will constitute one and the same agreement. Signatures provided by facsimile transmissionor in Adobe™ Portable Document Format (PDF) sent by electronic mail shall be deemed to be original signatures.10.12 Waiver. Except as specifically provided for herein, the waiver from time to time by either of the Partiesof any of their rights or their failure to exercise any remedy will not operate or be construed as a continuing waiver ofsame or of any other of such Party’s rights or remedies provided in this Agreement.20*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 10.13 Compliance with Laws. Each Party will comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and orders ofthe United States and applicable foreign countries and supra-governmental organizations and all jurisdictions and anyagency or court thereof in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.10.14 Construction. Except where the context requires otherwise, whenever used the singular includes theplural, the plural includes the singular, the use of any gender is applicable to all genders and the word “or” has theinclusive meaning represented by the phrase “and/or”. Whenever this Agreement refers to a number of days, unlessotherwise specified, such number refers to calendar days. The headings of this Agreement and any descriptions ofAttachments and Exhibits or descriptions of cross‑references are for convenience of reference only and do not define,describe, extend or limit the scope or intent of this Agreement or the scope or intent of any provision contained in thisAgreement. The terms “including,” “include(s),” “such as,” and “for example” as used in this Agreement meanincluding the generality of any description preceding such term and will be deemed to be followed by “withoutlimitation”. [ Remainder of page intentionally left blank. ] 21*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective dulyauthorized officers as of the date specified below. SELTEN PHARMA, INC. By:/s/ Narinder Banait Name:Narinder S. Banait Title:Co-CEO, General Counsel Date:January 6, 2017 VIVUS, INC. By:/s/ John L. Slebir Name:John L. Slebir Title:SVP, General Counsel Date:January 6, 2017 22*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Attachment 1Patent Rights *** TITLE: COMBINATION THERAPY FOR PULMONARY HYPERTENSION CountryPatent Application Number ****** ****** *** TITLE : COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF PULMONARYHYPERTENSION CountryPatent Application Number ****** ****** *** TITLE: PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CountryPatent Application Number ****** ****** 23*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Attachment 2Form of Patent AssignmentGENERAL PATENT ASSIGNMENTWHEREAS, SELTEN PHARMA, INC. a Cayman Islands corporation, having its place of business at 751Laurel St., San Carlos, CA 94070 (hereinafter called “ Assignor ”), has established ownership rights in and to the patentsand patent applications identified in the attached Exhibit (the “ Patents ”); andWHEREAS, VIVUS, INC. , a corporation of the State of Delaware, having its principle place of business at 900E. Hamilton Ave. Suite 550, Campbell, California 95008 (hereinafter called “ Assignee ”), desires to acquire all ofAssignor’s right, title and interest in and to the Patents and any provisional or other right to recover damages, includingroyalties, for prior infringements of the Patents; andNOW, THEREFORE , for good and sufficient consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, andto the extent that the Assignor has not done so already via a prior agreement with the Assignee, or if the Assignor hasalready done so via a prior agreement with the Assignee then in confirmation of any obligation to do so in said prioragreement, the Assignor has sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, and by these presents does sell, assign, transfer, andset over, unto the Assignee, its successors, legal representatives, and assigns, the Assignor’s entire right, title, and interestin:(a) the Patents, including any and all: (1) continuations, continuations-in-part, requests for continuedexamination, divisions, renewals, substitute applications, and all patents granted thereon, and (2) reissues,reexaminations and extensions or restorations by existing or future extension or restoration mechanisms; and (3)any foreign counterparts of the foregoing; and(b) any provisional or other right to recover damages, including royalties, for prior infringements of the Patents.The above-granted rights, titles, and interests are to be held and enjoyed by the Assignee, for its own use and behalf andthe use and behalf of its successors, legal representatives, and assigns, as fully and entirely as the same would have beenheld and enjoyed by the Assignor had this sale and assignment not been made.The Assignor hereby covenants and agrees to and with the Assignee, its successors, legal representatives, and assigns,that the Assignor will sign all papers and documents, take all lawful oaths, and do all acts necessary or required to bedone in connection with any and all proceedings for the procurement, maintenance, enforcement and defense of saidpatents, and said patent applications, including interference proceedings, without charge to the Assignor, its successors,legal representatives, and assigns, but at the cost and expense of the Assignee, its successors, legal representatives, andassigns.24*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Assignor and Assignee have caused this General Patent Assignment to be executedby their duly authorized officers or agents on this __ day of ___, 2017. ASSIGNOR: SELTEN PHARMA, INC. BY: DATE: TITLE: WITNESS: DATE: WITNESS: DATE: ASSIGNEE: VIVUS, INC. BY: DATE: TITLE: WITNESS: DATE: WITNESS: DATE: 25*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Attachment 3JOINT Press Release VIVUS AND SELTEN PHARMA ANNOUNCE AGREEMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION RIGHTS TO TREATMENTS FOR PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH)MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., and SAN CARLOS, Calif., January __, 2017 - VIVUS, Inc. (Nasdaq: VVUS) and SeltenPharma, Inc., announced VIVUS’ acquisition from Selten of exclusive, worldwide rights for the development andcommercialization of tacrolimus and ascomycin for the treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and relatedvascular diseases. VIVUS assumes all development and commercialization responsibilities.Selten has assigned VIVUS its license to a family of patents owned by the Board of Trustees of the Leland StanfordJunior University (Stanford) and all rights under a collection of patent applications owned by Selten . The licensedpatent family includes U.S. Patent No. 9,474,745 and is directed to methods of using tacrolimus to treat PAH. Theassigned patent applications are directed to additional compounds and methods for the treatment of PAH andformulations for tacrolimus. In March 2015, Selten received orphan drug designation for tacrolimus for the treatment ofPAH.VIVUS is responsible for all future financial obligations to Stanford under the Stanford license . Selten will receive anupfront payment, and development and sales milestone payments, as well as tiered royalties on future sales of thesecompounds.“Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension is a degenerative disease with current treatment options that only address thesymptoms to slow the progression of the disease. We are excited about the potential of tacrolimus and ascomycin tosignificantly improve the quality of life and life expectancy of PAH patients,” said Seth H.Z. Fischer, VIVUS’ ChiefExecutive Officer. “The move into PAH is the latest announcement in our effort to reshape VIVUS to build long-termstockholder value, and we look forward to additional announcements in the future.”“We are excited to partner with VIVUS to strive to bring new therapies to PAH patients who have limited treatmentoptions,” said Leo Gu, Ph.D., President and Co-CEO of Selten. “Early compassionate use of the licensed compoundsdemonstrate potential to go beyond symptom management and impact the progression of disease,” he added.26*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. “It has been a pleasure to collaborate with VIVUS on this strategic deal, and we are looking forward to these importanttherapies being developed and making a difference in patients’ lives,” said Narinder S. Banait, Ph.D., J.D. GeneralCounsel, and Co-CEO of Selten. “Selten will continue to focus on rare diseases,” he added.About Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)PAH is a chronic life-threatening disease characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (arteriesbetween the heart and lungs) due to severe constriction of these blood vessels. These high pressures make it difficult forthe heart to pump blood through the lungs to be oxygenated. The symptoms of PAH are non-specific and can range frommild shortness of breath and fatigue during normal daily activity to symptoms of right heart failure and severerestrictions on exercise capacity and ultimately reduced life expectancy. PAH includes patients with idiopathic PAH,familial PAH, and associated PAH, which is related to certain conditions including connective tissue diseases, congenitalsystemic-to-pulmonary-shunts, portal hypertension, HIV infection, drugs and toxins. The current treatments for PAHinvolve calcium channel antagonists, prostacyclins, prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) agonist, endothelin receptorantagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, and long-term anticoagulant therapy, with the aim to reducesymptoms and improve quality of life.About VIVUSVIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company commercializing Qsymia (phentermine and topiramate extended-release)capsules CIV for the treatment of obesity . For more information about the company, please visit www.vivus.com.Certain statements in this press release are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities LitigationReform Act of 1995 and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, including risks and uncertainties related topotential change in our business strategy to enhance long-term stockholder value ; risks and uncertainties related to thetiming, strategy and success of the development and commercialization of tacrolimus and ascomycin for the treatment ofPulmonary Arterial Hypertension and related vascular diseases; and risks and uncertainties related to our ability tocontinue to identify, acquire and develop innovative investigational drug candidates and drugs. These risks anduncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those referred to in these forward-looking statements.The reader is cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. Investors should read the risk factors set forth inVIVUS’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed on March 9, 2016 and as amended by the Form 10-K/A filed on April 22, 2016, and periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. VIVUS does notundertake an obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.About Selten Pharma, Inc.Selten Pharma, Inc. is a privately held clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development andcommercialization of therapies for the treatment of rare diseases. The27*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. ® company has drug candidates in various stages of clinical and preclinical development. Selten's pipeline and productdevelopment strategy offers the possibility of rapid commercialization with lower risks than typical new chemicalentities.Contacts:VIVUS, Inc.Mark OkiChief Financial Officeroki@vivus.com650-934-5200VIVUS Investor Relations:The Trout GroupBrian KorbManaging Directorbkorb@troutgroup.com646-378-2923Selten Pharma, Inc.Tiberend Strategic Advisors, Inc.Andrew Mielach212-375-2694amielach@tiberend.com 28*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED.Exhibit 10.56CONFIDENTIAL*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24b-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED.LICENSE ASSIGNMENT AGREEMENTThis License Assignment Agreement is made and effective as of the Effective Date (as defined below), by and amongSelten Pharma, Inc., a Cayman Islands company, having a principal place of business at 751 Laurel St. # 520, SanCarlos, CA 94070 (“ SELTEN ”) and VIVUS, Inc., a Delaware company, having a principal place of business at 900 E.Hamilton Ave., Suite 550, Campbell, California 95008 (“ VIVUS ”).BACKGROUNDWHEREAS:1. SELTEN, by virtue of the Exclusive Agreement (as defined below), is the exclusive licensee of the LicensedPatents (as defined below) of The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (the “UNIVERSITY ”); and2. VIVUS desires to obtain from SELTEN, and SELTEN desires to assign to VIVUS, all of SELTEN’s rights,interest, and obligations under such Exclusive Agreement.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the various promises and covenants set forth herein, and other good andvaluable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereby agree as follows:Article 1 DefinitionsThe terms in this Agreement with initial letters capitalized, whether used in the singular or the plural, will have themeaning set forth below or, if not listed below, the meaning designated where first used in this Agreement.1.1. “ Affiliate ” means, with respect to a specified Party, any corporation or other entity that directly or indirectlycontrols, is controlled by, or is under common control with such Party. For the purposes of this definition, the term“control” (including, with correlative meanings, the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”) meanspossession of at least fifty percent (50%) of the voting stock or other ownership interest of the entity, or the power todirect or cause the direction of the management and policies of the entity, or the power to elect or appoint at least fiftypercent (50%) of the members of the governing body of the entity through the ownership of the outstanding votingsecurities or by contract or otherwise.1.2. “ Agreement ” means this License Assignment Agreement, including its Attachments, as the same may beamended from time to time. 1.3. “ Dollars ” means the legal currency of the United States.1.4. “ Effective Date ” means the date of execution by the last Party to sign below.1.5. “ Exclusive Agreement ” means the Exclusive Agreement between SELTEN and the UNIVERSITY entered intoon October 25, 2015, as amended by the first amendment dated October 24, 2016, a copy of which is attached hereto asAttachment 1 .1.6. “ Licensed Patents ” means United States Patent Application, Serial Number ***; PCT Application SerialNumber ***, US Provisional Application No. ***, any foreign patent application corresponding thereto, and anydivisional, continuation, or reexamination application, extension, and each patent that issues or reissues from any of thesepatent applications.1.7. “ Licensed Product ” means a product or part of a product for human therapeutics, where the making, using,importing or selling of which, absent the license granted in the Exclusive Agreement, infringes, induces infringement, orcontributes to infringement of a Licensed Patent.1.8. “ Party ” means SELTEN or VIVUS, as referred to individually. “ Parties ” means SELTEN and VIVUS, asreferred to collectively. 1.9. “Patent Assignment Agreement” means the agreement between SELTEN and VIVUS entered into on January__, 2017, whereby SELTEN assigned certain patent rights owned by SELTEN to VIVUS. 1.10. “ Tacrolimus ” means the compound having the systematic (IUPAC) name [3S- [3R*[E(1S*,3S*,4S*)],4S*,5R*,8S*,9E,12R*,14R*,15S*,16R*,18S*,19S*,26aR*]]-5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy- 3-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethenyl]-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10, 12,18-tetramethyl-8-(2-propenyl)-15,19-epoxy-3H-pyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxaazacyclotricosine-1,7,20,21(4H,23H)-tetrone, monohydrate and also may be referred to as FK506 or SPI-026.1.11. “ Third Party ” means any person or entity other than a Party or any of its Affiliates.Article 2 Assignment2.1. Assignment of Exclusive Agreement. Upon SELTEN’s receipt of the payment specified in Section 3.1, SELTEN shall and hereby does transfer, assign, and novate the Exclusive Agreement in favor of VIVUS, withretroactive effect to the Effective Date. VIVUS hereby agrees to accept the rights and obligations of SELTEN under theExclusive Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions therein, as such Exclusive Agreement may beamended in writing by VIVUS and the UNIVERSITY upon execution of this Agreement or thereafter. 2.2. VIVUS’s Assumption of the Exclusive Agreement. The Exclusive Agreement is hereby amended by replacingall occurrences therein of “SELTEN” with “VIVUS”. As of the2*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Effective Date, VIVUS hereby assumes and agrees to perform all of the obligations of SELTEN under the ExclusiveAgreement.Article 3 Financials3.1. Payment to SELTEN. As consideration for SELTEN’s assignment of the Exclusive Agreement pursuant toSection 2.1, VIVUS will pay to SELTEN *** Dollars ($***), which amount will be due upon execution of thisAgreement and payable within *** days thereafter. 3.2. Currency, Timing and Mode of Payment. All payments to SELTEN hereunder will be paid in Dollars andmade by wire transfer in the requisite amount to the account designated by SELTEN. In case of any delay in paymentby VIVUS to SELTEN, interest on the overdue payment will accrue at *** as reported in The Wall Street Journal , asdetermined for each month on the last business day of that month, plus *** percent (***%), assessed from the daypayment was initially due. 3.3. Taxes.3.3.1. VIVUS will make all payments to SELTEN under this Agreement without deduction or withholding fortaxes except to the extent that any such deduction or withholding is required by law in effect at the time ofpayment.3.3.2. Any tax required to be withheld on amounts payable under this Agreement will promptly be paid byVIVUS on behalf of SELTEN to the appropriate governmental authority, and VIVUS will furnish SELTEN withproof of payment of such tax. Any such tax required to be withheld will be an expense of and borne solely bySELTEN .3.3.3. VIVUS and SELTEN will cooperate with respect to all documentation required by any taxing authorityor reasonably requested by VIVUS to secure a reduction in the rate of applicable withholding taxes.Article 4 Representations and Warranties4.1. Representations, Warranties of Each Party. Each of the Parties makes the following representations,warranties and covenants:4.1.1. Authority. As of the Effective Date, it has the full right, power and authority to enter into thisAgreement. This Agreement has been duly executed by such Party and constitutes a legal, valid and bindingobligation of such Party, enforceable in accordance with its terms.4.1.2. No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by such Party does notconflict with any material agreement, instrument or understanding, oral or written, to which it is a party or bywhich it is bound, nor violate any material law3*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. or regulation of any court, governmental body or administrative or other agency having jurisdiction over it.4.2. Additional Representations and Warranties of SELTEN. In addition to the representations and warrantiesmade by SELTEN under Section 4.1, SELTEN hereby represents and warrants that:4.2.1. the Exclusive Agreement is in full force and effect; 4.2.2. SELTEN is not delinquent on any report or payment due under the Exclusive Agreement;4.2.3. SELTEN is not in material breach of any provision of the Exclusive Agreement;4.2.4. SELTEN has not missed a milestone described in Appendix A of the Exclusive Agreement;4.2.5. SELTEN has not provided to the UNIVERSITY any false report required to be provided to theUNIVERSITY under the Exclusive Agreement;4.2.6. UNIVERSITY has not provided to SELTEN any notice of any event that would provide theUNIVERSITY grounds to terminate the Exclusive Agreement pursuant to Section 15.2 of the ExclusiveAgreement; and4.2.7. SELTEN has full right and authority to transfer the Exclusive Agreement, the assignment granted hereinis fully compliant with Article 16 of the Exclusive Agreement and the conditions of section 16.2 of the ExclusiveAgreement have been performed completely, and the Exclusive Agreement herein transferred is free of lien,encumbrance or adverse claim.4.3. Additional Representations and Warranties of VIVUS. In addition to the representations and warrantiesmade by VIVUS under Section 4.1, VIVUS hereby represents and warrants that VIVUS will comply with all of itsobligations, including any financial obligations to the UNIVERSITY, as set forth in the Exclusive Agreement (as may beamended from time to time).4.4. Disclaimer of Warranties. EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT , NEITHER OFTHE PARTIES OR THEIR AFFILIATES MAKES ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR EXTENDS ANY WARRANTIESOR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO PRODUCTS, ORRIGHTS TRANSFERRED HEREUNDER, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR VALIDITY OR ENFORCEABILITY OFANY PATENT RIGHTS. 4*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Article 5 Term5.1. Term. The term of this Agreement will commence on the Effective Date and will extend until expiration of theExclusive Agreement (the “ Term ”). 5.2. Early Termination. In the event VIVUS terminates the Patent Assignment Agreement prior to the expiration ofthe Term, this Agreement will also terminate.5.3. Reassignment of the Exclusive Agreement upon Termination. In the event of termination of this Agreement,VIVUS shall reassign the Exclusive Agreement to SELTEN by executing an instrument to such effect in form andsubstance reasonably satisfactory to SELTEN and will perform all other actions reasonably requested by SELTEN toeffect and confirm such transfer.5.4. Survival of Obligations. The expiration or termination of this Agreement will not relieve the Parties of anyobligations accruing prior to such termination, and any such termination will be without prejudice to the rights of a Partyagainst another. The provisions of this Agreement will survive any expiration or termination of this Agreement. Additionally, the assignment of the Exclusive Agreement to VIVUS and the Exclusive Agreement shall in no event beaffected by the expiration or termination of this Agreement.Article 6 Dispute Resolution; Governing Law 6.1. Mediation and Arbitration. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to thisAgreement, including any such controversy or claim involving a Party or any of its Affiliates or successor, shall beresolved in accordance with the dispute resolution provisions set forth as of the Effective Date hereof at Article 17 of theExclusive Agreement (as Attachment 1 ), which are hereby incorporated by reference herein, as applicable mutatismutandi .6.2 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be construed and interpreted under the laws of the State ofCalifornia, USA, except that questions affecting the construction and effect of any patent within the Licensed Patentsunder the Exclusive Agreement shall be determined by the applicable law of the country or jurisdiction in which thepatent has been granted.Article 7 Publicity; Confidentiality7.1 Public Announcements. The existence and the terms of this Agreement shall be treated by each Party asthe other Party’s Confidential Information. The Parties hereby consent to issuance of the joint press release appended tothe Patent Assignment Agreement between SELTEN and VIVUS as Attachment 3 thereto, following execution of theAgreement. Otherwise, neither Party shall originate any publicity, news release, public announcements, or5*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. public disclosures, written or oral, whether to the public or press, stockholders or otherwise, relating to this Agreement,including its existence, the subject matter to which it relates, performance under it or any of its terms, save only suchannouncements that are required to be made by law, regulations, the rules of a securities exchange, or the order of a courtor other governmental body of competent jurisdiction or that are otherwise agreed to by the Parties. The Parties shall usecommercially reasonable efforts to keep such announcements brief and factual. If a Party decides to make such anannouncement required by law, regulations, court order, or the rules of a securities exchange, or desires to make anyother public disclosure relating to this Agreement, it shall give each other Party at least *** business days advancenotice, where practicable, of the proposed text of the announcement or disclosure so that each other Party shall have anopportunity to comment. To the extent that a reviewing Party reasonably requests the deletion of any information in theproposed text, the disclosing Party shall delete such information unless, in the reasonable opinion of the disclosingParty’s legal counsel, such confidential information is legally required to be fully disclosed. Nothing herein shall preventa Party from re-disclosing any factual information that has previously been disclosed to the public, provided that suchinformation remains accurate.7.2 Confidentiality. The Parties acknowledge that it may be necessary or desirable for them to sharecertain proprietary or confidential information or material (“ Confidential Information ”) to facilitate their performancehereunder. Each Party agrees to keep the other party’s Confidential Information received during the term of thisAgreement in confidence and not to disclose it to any Third Party or use the other Party's Confidential Information forany purpose other than for purposes hereunder, without the prior written consent of the other Party. The obligation ofconfidentiality shall continue for a period of *** years after disclosure. Each Party may disclose the other Party’sConfidential Information to its employees and consultants, and employees and consultants of its Affiliates, who have aneed to know such information and are bound by obligations of confidentiality and non-use similar to thoseherein. Without limitation, each Party agrees to take commercially reasonable precautions to prevent the unauthorizeddisclosure to any Third Party of the Confidential Information received from another Party hereunder. In order to bedeemed confidential, the Confidential Information shall be supplied to the receiving Party in written form and identifiedas being confidential or, if disclosed orally, shall be confirmed in writing as being confidential within forty-five (45) daysof its oral disclosure. Upon termination of this Agreement or at the disclosing Party’s reasonable request, a receivingParty shall promptly return or destroy all copies of the disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, except that one (1)copy may be retained in archival legal files for the receiving Party to ensure compliance hereunder. The receivingParty’s obligation of confidentiality hereunder, however, shall not apply to Confidential Information that: (a) at the timeof disclosure to the receiving Party is published, known publicly or is otherwise in the public domain; (b) after disclosureto the receiving Party is published or becomes known publicly or otherwise becomes part of the public domain throughno fault of the receiving Party; (c) prior to the time of disclosure to the receiving Party, was known to the receiving Partyas evidenced by its written records; (d) has been or is disclosed to the receiving Party in good faith by a Third Party whowas not, or is not, under any obligation of confidentiality to the other Party at the time the Third Party discloses to thereceiving Party; or (e) is independently developed by6*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. or on behalf of the receiving Party without reliance on the Information received hereunder as evidenced by its writtenrecords. Nothing herein, however, shall prohibit a receiving Party from disclosing a disclosing Party’s ConfidentialInformation to the extent it is required to be disclosed by law, regulation, rules of a securities exchange, or order of acourt or other governmental body of competent jurisdiction, provided that the receiving Party gives the disclosing Party,prior to making any legally required disclosure, prompt notice of such requirement and an opportunity to intervene toprotect or limit the disclosure.7.3 SEC Filings and Other Disclosures. In addition to the disclosures that are permitted under Section 7.1 and thatare permitted generally for Confidential Information pursuant to Section 7.2, a Party may disclose the terms of thisAgreement and any information resulting from the activities contemplated by this Agreement ( (a) to the extentrequired to comply with the applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and ExchangeCommission or similar security regulatory authorities in other countries, (b) to comply with the applicable rules of asecurities exchange, or (c) in connection with a prospective acquisition, merger, financing or license for such Party, toprospective acquirers or merger candidates or to existing or potential investors or licensees who are under an obligationof confidentiality substantially consistent with the terms hereof.Article 8 Indemnification8.1 VIVUS’s Indemnification of SELTEN. 8.1.1 With respect to any and all Licensed Products sold by VIVUS, its Affiliates, and assignees or sublicenseesunder the Exclusive Agreement, subject to the conditions of Section 8.1.2 below, VIVUS shall indemnify and holdharmless SELTEN from any and all costs, expenses, damages, judgments, and liabilities (including reasonable andnecessary attorneys’ fees) incurred by or rendered against SELTEN or its Affiliates arising from the use, testing, recall,labeling, promotion, or sale or other disposition of any Licensed Products, except in each case to the extent caused inwhole or in part by the gross negligence or willful misconduct of SELTEN.8.1.2 Upon the assertion of any claim or suit for which SELTEN seeks indemnification under this Article, itshall give VIVUS prompt written notice of any such claim or suit, and shall permit VIVUS to undertake the defensethereof, at VIVUS’s expense. SELTEN shall cooperate in such defense to the extent reasonably requested by VIVUS, atVIVUS’s expense and shall give VIVUS the right to control the defense or settlement of the claim, except that VIVUSshall not enter into any settlement that adversely affects SELTEN’s rights or obligations under this Agreement withoutSELTEN’s prior express written consent, which will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. SELTEN may participatein the defense or settlement of any such claim at its own expense with counsel of its choosing. 7*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 8.1.3 IN NO EVENT SHALL A PARTY BE LIABLE TO ANOTHER PARTY FOR ANY SPECIAL,CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING UNDER OR AS A RESULT OF THIS AGREEMENT,INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE LOSS OF PROSPECTIVE PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED SALES, ORON ACCOUNT OF EXPENSES, INVESTMENTS, OR COMMITMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE BUSINESSOR GOODWILL OF THE OTHER PARTY OR OTHERWISE.Article 9 Miscellaneous9.1. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including each attachment and any other exhibit or schedule hereto,constitutes and contains the entire understanding and agreement of the Parties respecting the Licensed Patents and othersubject matter of the Exclusive Agreement and cancels and supersedes any and all prior or contemporaneousnegotiations, correspondence, understandings and agreements between the Parties, whether oral or written, regardingsuch subject matter.9.2. Further Actions. Each Party agrees to execute, acknowledge and deliver such further instruments and to do allsuch other acts as may be necessary or appropriate in order to carry out the purposes and intent of this Agreement. 9.3. Binding Effect. This Agreement and the rights granted herein will be binding upon, and will inure to the benefitof SELTEN and VIVUS, and their respective lawful successors and permitted assigns.9.4. Assignment. No Party may assign its rights or delegate its duties under this Agreement without the prior writtenconsent of the other relevant Party, which will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, provided that any Party maytransfer this Agreement to an Affiliate without any requirement that it obtain the consent of the other Parties and furtherprovided that any Party may transfer this Agreement to a successor in connection with the transfer of all or substantiallyall of its assets or that portion of its business pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement, whether by merger,consolidation, sale of assets, or otherwise, without any requirement that it obtain the consent of the other Party. 9.5. Use of Names. Except as expressly provided, no right, expressed or implied, is granted by this Agreement to aParty to use in any manner the name or any other trade name, trademark, or logo of the other Party or its Affiliates inconnection with this Agreement. 9.6. No Waiver. No waiver, modification or amendment of any provision of this Agreement will be valid oreffective unless made in writing and signed by a duly authorized officer of each Party. The failure of either Party toassert a right hereunder or to insist upon compliance with any term or condition of this Agreement will not constitute awaiver of that right or excuse a similar subsequent failure to perform any such term or condition.8*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 9.7. Independent Contractors. The Parties are independent contractors and not agents or employees of the otherParties under this Agreement. Nothing contained in this Agreement is intended nor is to be construed so as to constituteSELTEN or VIVUS as partners or joint venturers with respect to this Agreement. No Party will have any express orimplied right or authority to assume or create any obligations on behalf of or in the name of another Party or to bindanother Party to any other contract, agreement or undertaking with any Third Party except as may be explicitly providedfor herein or authorized in writing.9.8. Notices and Deliveries. Any notices, request, delivery, approval or consent required or permitted to be givenunder this Agreement will be in writing and will be deemed to have been sufficiently given when it is received, whetherdelivered in person, transmitted by facsimile with contemporaneous confirmation, delivered by registered letter (or itsequivalent) or delivered by certified overnight courier service, to the Party to which it is directed at its address shownbelow or such other address as such Party will have last given by notice to the other Parties. If to VIVUS:VIVUS, Inc.900 E. Hamilton Ave.Suite 550Campbell, California 95008Attention: CEOwith a copy to:General Counsel If to SELTEN:Selten Pharma, Inc.751 Laurel St., #520San Carlos, CA 94070Attention: CEO 9.9. Severability. In the event that any provision of this Agreement will, for any reason, be held to be invalid orunenforceable in any respect, such invalidity or unenforceability will not affect any other provision hereof, and thisAgreement will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision had not been included herein.9.10. Advice of Counsel. Each Party acknowledges and agrees it has participated in the drafting of this Agreement. Ininterpreting and applying the terms and provisions of this9*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Agreement, the Parties agree that no presumption will exist or be implied against the Party which drafted such terms andprovisions.9.11. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts (including by facsimile orelectronic transmission), each of which need not contain the signature of more than one Party, but all such counterpartstaken together will constitute one and the same agreement. Signatures provided by facsimile transmission or in Adobe™Portable Document Format (PDF) sent by electronic mail shall be deemed to be original signatures.9.12. Waiver. Except as specifically provided for herein, the waiver from time to time by either of the Parties of anyof their rights or their failure to exercise any remedy will not operate or be construed as a continuing waiver of same orof any other of such Party’s rights or remedies provided in this Agreement.9.13. Compliance with Laws. Each Party will comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and orders of theUnited States and applicable foreign countries and supra-governmental organizations and all jurisdictions and any agencyor court thereof in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereunder.9.14. Construction. Except where the context requires otherwise, whenever used the singular includes the plural, theplural includes the singular, the use of any gender is applicable to all genders and the word “or” has the inclusivemeaning represented by the phrase “and/or”. Whenever this Agreement refers to a number of days, unless otherwisespecified, such number refers to calendar days. The headings of this Agreement and any descriptions of Attachments andExhibits or descriptions of cross‑references are for convenience of reference only and do not define, describe, extend orlimit the scope or intent of this Agreement or the scope or intent of any provision contained in this Agreement. Theterms “comprising”, “comprise(s)”, “including,” “include(s),” “such as,” and “for example” are used in this Agreement intheir open sense, and therefore will be interpreted to include the generality of any description preceding such term andwill be deemed to be followed by “without limitation” whether expressly stated or not. [ Remainder of page intentionally left blank. ]10*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective dulyauthorized officers. SELTEN PHARMA, INC. By:/s/ Narinder Banait Name:Narinder S. Banait Title:Co-CEO, General Counsel Date:January 6, 2017 VIVUS, INC. By:/s/ John L. Slebir Name:John L. Slebir Title:SVP, General Counsel Date:January 6, 2017 11*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Attachment 1Copy of Exclusive Agreement as Amended 12*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. EXCLUSIVE AGREEMENTThis Agreement between THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY ("Stanford"),an institution of higher education having powers under the laws of the State of California, and SELTEN PHARMA, INC.("Selten or Company"), a corporation having a principal place of business at 14435C Big Basin Way #246, Saratoga, CA 95070,is effective on the 25th day of October, 2015 ("Effective Date").1. BACKGROUNDStanford is the assignee of an invention related to a treatment for pulmonary hypertension also known as "FK-506 (Tacrolimus)for treatment of pulmonary hypertension," invented in the laboratory of Dr. Edda Spiekerkoetter, Dr. Marlene Rabinovitch, andDr. Philip Beachy, an employee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ("EIHMI"). It is described in Stanford Docket S11-009("Invention"). The Invention was made in the course of research supported by the National Institutes of Health.Selten and Stanford are parties to an Option Agreement effective October 17 , 2013 covering the Invention, later amended onOctober 17 , 2014, and which expired on November 10, 2014.Stanford wants to have the invention perfected and marketed as soon as possible so that resulting products may be available forpublic use and benefit.2. DEFINITIONS2.1 "Change of Control" means the following, as applied only to the entirety of that part of Selten's business that exercisesall of the rights granted under this Agreement:(A) acquisition of ownership—directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record—by any person or group (within themeaning of the Exchange Act and the rules of the SEC or equivalent body under a different jurisdiction) of thecapital stock of Selten representing more than 45% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by the issuedand outstanding capital stock of Selten unless Selten's shareholders immediately prior to such transaction would hold55% or more of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by the issued and outstanding capital stock of suchperson or surviving entity; and/or(B) the sale of all or substantially all Selten's assets and/or business in one transaction or in a series of relatedtransactions.2.2 "Exclusive" means that, subject to Articles 3 and 5, Stanford will not grant further licenses under the Licensed Patents inthe Licensed Field of Use in the Licensed Territory.1*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. th th 2.3 "Fully Diluted Basis" means the total number of shares of Selten's issued and outstanding common stock, assuming:(A) the conversion of all issued and outstanding securities convertible into common stock;(B) the exercise of all issued and outstanding warrants or options, regardless of whether then exercisable; and(C) the issuance, grant, and exercise of all securities reserved for issuance pursuant to any Selten stock or stock optionplan then in effect.2.4 "HHMI Indemnitees" means HHMI and its trustees, officers, employees, and agents.2.5 "Licensed Field of Use" means human therapeutics.2.6 "Licensed Patent" means Stanford's U.S. Patent Application, Serial Number ***, filed ***; PCT Application SerialNumber ***, filed on ***; US Provisional Application No ***, filed on ***, any foreign patent application correspondingthereto, and any divisional, continuation, or reexamination application, extension, and each patent that issues or reissuesfrom any of these patent applications. Any claim of an unexpired Licensed Patent is presumed to be valid unless it hasbeen held to be invalid by a final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction from which no appeal can be or is taken."Licensed Patent" excludes any continuation-in-part (CIP) patent application or patent.2.7 "Licensed Product" means a product or part of a product in the Licensed Field of Use the making, using, importing orselling of which, absent this license, infringes, induces infringement, or contributes to infringement of a Licensed Patent.2.8 "Licensed Territory" means worldwide.2.9 "Net Sales" means all gross revenue derived by Selten or Sublicensees, their distributors or designees, from the sale,transfer or other disposition of Licensed Product to an end user. Sales or transfers to distributors or Sublicensees shall notbe included in Net Sales until the actual sale or transfer by distributors or Sublicensees to a non-affiliate third party exceptif such distributor or Sublicensee is an end user. In the event that such distributor or Sublicensee is an end user, then NetSales will based on the average selling or transfer price of Licensed Products at the time that the Licensed Products weresold or transferred. Net Sales excludes the following items (but only as they pertain to the making, using, importing orselling of Licensed Products, are included in gross revenue, and are separately billed):(A) import, export, excise and sales taxes, and custom duties;(B) costs of insurance, packing, and transportation from the place of manufacture to the customer's premises or point ofinstallation;2*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (C) costs of installation at the place of use; and(D) credit for returns, allowances, or trades;(E) cash, trade, or quantity discounts actually granted to third parties.2.10 "Nonroyalty Sublicensing Consideration" means any consideration received by Selten from a Sublicensee hereunderbut excluding any consideration for:(A) royalties on products sales (royalties on product sales by Sublicensees will be treated as if Selten made the sale ofsuch product);(B) investments in Selten stock;(C) research and development expenses calculated on a fully burdened basis;(D) debt; and(E) reimbursement of out-of pocket patent prosecution and maintenance expenses for Patent Matters.2.11 "Patent Matters" means preparing, filing, and prosecuting broad and extensive patent claims (including any interferenceor reexamination actions) for Stanford's benefit in the Licensed Territory and for maintaining all Licensed Patents.2.12 "Stanford Indemnitees" means Stanford and Stanford Hospitals and Clinics, and their respective trustees, officers,employees, students, agents, faculty, representatives, and volunteers.2.13 "Sublicense" means any agreement between Selten and a third party ("Sublicensee") that contains a grant to Stanford'sLicensed Patents regardless of the name given to the agreement by the parties; however, an agreement to make, have made,use or sell Licensed Products on behalf of Selten is not considered a Sublicense.3. GRANT3.1 Grant. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Stanford grants Selten a license under the Licensed Patentin the Licensed Field of Use to make, have made, use, import, offer to sell and sell Licensed Product in the LicensedTerritory.3.2 Exclusivity. The license is Exclusive, including the right to sublicense under Article 4, in the Licensed Field of Usebeginning on the Effective Date and ending when the last Licensed Patent expires.3.3 Nonexclusivity. After the Exclusive term, the license will be nonexclusive.3.4 Retained Rights. Stanford retains the right, on behalf of itself, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, and all other non-profitresearch institutions, to practice the Licensed Patent for3*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. any non-profit purpose, including sponsored research and collaborations. Selten agrees that, notwithstanding any otherprovision of this Agreement, it has no right to enforce the Licensed Patent against any such institution. Stanford and anysuch other institution have the right to publish any information included in a Licensed Patent. Selten acknowledges that ithas been informed that the Licensed Patent was developed, at least in part, by employees of HHMI and that HHMI has apaid-up, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to use the Licensed Patent for HHMI's research purposes, but with no right toassign or sublicense (the "HHMI License"). This Agreement is explicitly made subject to the HHMI License.3.5 Specific Exclusion. Stanford does not:(A) grant to Selten any other licenses, implied or otherwise, to any patents or other rights of Stanford other than thoserights granted under Licensed Patent, regardless of whether the patents or other rights are dominant or subordinateto any Licensed Patent, or are required to exploit any Licensed Patent;(B) commit to Selten to bring suit against third parties for infringement, except as described in Article 14; and(C) agree to furnish to Selten any technology or technological information or to provide Selten with any assistance.4. SUBLICENSING4.1 Permitted Sublicensing. Selten may grant Sublicenses in the Licensed Field of Use only during the Exclusive term andonly if Selten is developing or selling Licensed Products. Sublicenses with any exclusivity must include diligencerequirements commensurate with the diligence requirements of Appendix A. Stanford agrees that Selten may apportionwithout discrimination between Selten and Stanford patents a commercially reasonable percentage of sublicensingpayments made to Stanford pursuant to Section 4.6, provided however that Selten provides Stanford with the proposedapportionment and justification prior to Selten's payment pursuant to Section 8.1. Stanford and Selten agree to meet todiscuss such proposed apportionment if in Stanford's opinion the apportionment does not reasonably reflect the value ofthe Licensed Patents.4.2 Required Sublicensing. If Selten is unable or unwilling to serve or develop a potential market or market territory forwhich there is a company willing to be a Sublicensee, Selten will, at Stanford's request, negotiate in good faith aSublicense with any such Sublicensee. Stanford would like licensees to address unmet needs, such as those of neglectedpatient populations or geographic areas, giving particular attention to improved therapeutics, diagnostics and agriculturaltechnologies for the developing world.4.3 Sublicense Requirements. Any Sublicense:(A) is subject to this Agreement;4*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (B) will reflect that any Sublicensee will not further sublicense;(C) will prohibit Sublicensee from paying royalties to an escrow or other similar account;(D) will expressly include the provisions of Articles 8, 9, 10 and 19.6 for the benefit of Stanford and HHMI; and(E) will include the provisions of Section 4.4 and require the transfer of all the Sublicensee's obligations to Selten,including the payment of royalties specified in the Sublicense, to Stanford or its designee, if this Agreement isterminated. If the Sublicensee is a spin-out from Selten, Selten must guarantee the Sublicensee's performance withrespect to the payment of Stanford's share of Sublicense royalties.4.4 Litigation by Sublicensee. Any Sublicense must include the following clauses:(A) In the event Sublicensee brings an action seeking to invalidate any Licensed Patent:(1) Sublicensee will double the payment paid to Selten during the pendency of such action. Moreover, should theoutcome of such action determine that any claim of a patent challenged by the Sublicensee is both valid andinfringed by a Licensed Product, Sublicensee will pay triple times the payment paid under the originalSublicense;(2) Sublicensee will have no right to recoup any royalties paid before or during the period challenge;(3) any dispute regarding the validity of any Licensed Patent shall be litigated in the courts located in Santa ClaraCounty, and the parties agree not to challenge personal jurisdiction in that forum; and(4) Sublicensee shall not pay royalties into any escrow or other similar account.(B) Sublicensee will provide written notice to Stanford at least three months prior to bringing an action seeking toinvalidate a Licensed Patent. Sublicensee will include with such written notice an identification of all prior art itbelieves invalidates any claim of the Licensed Patent.4.5 Copy of Sublicenses and Sublicensee Royalty Reports. Selten will submit to Stanford a copy of each Sublicense, anysubsequent amendments and all copies of Sublicensees' royalty reports. Beginning with the first Sublicense, the ChiefFinancial Officer or equivalent will certify annually regarding the name and number of Sublicensees.4.6 Sharing of Sublicensing Income. Selten will pay to Stanford a portion of Nonroyalty Sublicensing Consideration at arate determined based on the timing of execution of the Sublicense, as provided below:5*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (A) ***% for Sublicenses executed prior to the ***;(B) ***% for Sublicenses executed after the ***;(C) ***% for Sublicenses executed after ***.4.7 Royalty-Free Sublicenses. If Selten pays all royalties due Stanford from a Sublicensee's Net Sales, Selten may grant thatSublicensee a royalty-free or non-cash:(A) Sublicense or(B) cross-license.5. GOVERNMENT RIGHTSThis Agreement is subject to Title 35 Sections 200-204 of the United States Code. Among other things, these provisions providethe United States Government with nonexclusive rights in the Licensed Patent. They also impose the obligation that LicensedProduct sold or produced in the United States be "manufactured substantially in the United States." Selten will ensure allobligations of these provisions are met.6. DILIGENCE6.1 Milestones. Because the invention is not yet commercially viable as of the Effective Date, Selten will diligently develop,manufacture, and sell Licensed Product and will diligently develop markets for Licensed Product. In addition, Selten willmeet the milestones shown in Appendix A, and notify Stanford in writing as each milestone is met. Notwithstanding theforegoing, in the event that Company believes that it will be unable to achieve a particular milestone, Company will havethe right, which it must exercise no later than *** days prior to the date of such milestone, to extend such milestone by aperiod of *** months upon the payment of a $*** fee.6.2 Progress Report. By *** of each year, Selten will submit a written annual report to Stanford covering the precedingcalendar year. The report will include information sufficient to enable Stanford to satisfy reporting requirements of theU.S. Government and for Stanford to ascertain progress by Selten toward meeting this Agreement's diligence requirements.Each report will describe, where relevant: Selten's progress toward commercialization of Licensed Product, including workcompleted, key scientific discoveries, summary of work-in-progress, current schedule of anticipated events or milestones,market plans for introduction of Licensed Product, and significant corporate transactions involving Licensed Product.Selten will specifically describe how each Licensed Product is related to each Licensed Patent.6.3 Clinical Trial Notice. Selten will notify the Stanford University Office of Technology Licensing prior to commencingany clinical trials at Stanford.6*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 7. ROYALTIES7.1 Issue Royalty. Selten will pay to Stanford a noncreditable, nonrefundable license issue royalty of $*** upon signing thisAgreement.7.2 Purchase Right.(A) Stanford shall have the right, but not the obligation, to purchase for cash up to its Share of the securities issued inany Qualifying Offering on the terms, and subject to the conditions, set forth in this Section 7.2 (the "PurchaseRight"). For purposes of this Agreement:(1) "Adjustment Event" means the final closing of the first Threshold Qualifying Offering occurring after the dateof this Agreement.(2) "Qualifying Offering" means a private offering of Selten's equity securities (or securities convertible into orexercisable for Selten's equity securities) for cash (or in satisfaction of debt issued for cash) having its finalclosing on or after the date of this Agreement and which includes investment by one or more venture capital,professional angel, corporate or other similar institutional investors other than Stanford.(3) “Share” means:(a) ***% with respect to any Qualifying Offering having a closing on or before the date of an AdjustmentEvent; or(b) with respect to any Qualifying Offering having a closing after an Adjustment Event, but before aTermination Event, the percentage necessary for Stanford to maintain its pro rata ownership interest inSelten on a Fully-Diluted Basis.(4) "Threshold Qualifying Offering" means any Qualifying Offering which either (i) is at least $*** in size or (ii)involves the sale to outside investors of at least ***% of the securities outstanding after such round on aFully-Diluted Basis.(B) The Purchase Right shall terminate upon the earliest to occur of the following (each a "Termination Event"):(1) Stanford's execution of an investor rights agreement or similar agreement (each a "Rights Agreement") inconnection with a Threshold Qualifying Offering so long the Rights Agreement satisfies the terms of thisSection 7.2 and Section 7.3 below;(2) Stanford purchases less than its entire Share of a Qualifying Offering; and7*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (3) Stanford fails to give an election notice within the Notice Period for a Qualifying Offering which has its finalclosing within 90 days of the date such notice is received by Stanford and which is closed on terms that arethe same or less favorable to the investors as the terms stated in Selten's notice to Stanford.(C) The Purchase Right shall not apply to the issuance of securities: (i) to employees, current members of Selten's Boardof Directors and other service providers pursuant to a plan approved by Selten's Board of Directors; or (ii) asadditional consideration in lending or leasing transactions; or (iii) to an entity pursuant to an arrangement thatSelten's Board of Directors determines in good faith is a strategic partnership or similar arrangement of Selten (i.e.,an arrangement in which the entity's purchase of securities is not primarily for the purpose of financing Selten); or(iv) to shareholders of another corporation in connection with the acquisition of that corporation by Selten.7.3 Rights Agreements; Information Rights; Notice; Elections.(A) Selten shall ensure that each Rights Agreement executed by Stanford in connection with a Qualifying Offering willgrant to Stanford the same rights as all other investors who are parties to that Rights Agreement. In particular, Seltenshall ensure that each such Rights Agreement will grant to Stanford the same right to purchase additional securities infuture offerings, the same information rights, and the same registration rights as are granted to other parties thereto,including all such rights granted to any investor designated as a "Major Investor" or other similar designation, even ifStanford is not so designated.(B) Notwithstanding any terms to the contrary contained in any applicable Rights Agreement:(1) Stanford shall not have any board representation or board meeting attendance rights;(2) In connection with all Qualifying Offerings, Selten shall give Stanford notice of the terms of the offering,including: (i) the names of the investors, the allocation of shares among them and the total amounts to beinvested by each of them in such offering; (ii) pre- and post- (projected) financing capitalization table; (iii)investor presentation (if available); (iv) an introduction to the lead investor in such offering for the purpose ofdiscussing the lead investor's due diligence process; and (v) such other documents and information as Stanfordmay reasonably request for the purpose of making an investment decision or verifying the number of shares itis entitled to purchase in such offering; and(3) Stanford may elect to exercise its Purchase Right, in whole or in part, by notice given to Selten within ***Stanford business days (i.e., days other than Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays or other days on whichStanford is officially closed) after receipt of Selten's notice ("Notice Period").8*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (C) If Stanford has no information rights under a Rights Agreement and to the extent that such information has beenprepared by Selten for other purposes, so long as Stanford holds Selten securities, Selten shall furnish to Stanford,upon request and as promptly as reasonably practicable, Selten's annual consolidated financial statements and annualoperating plan, including an annual report of the holders of Selten's units and other securities, and such otherinformation as Stanford may reasonably request from time to time for the purpose of valuing its interest in Selten.(D ) Notwithstanding any notice provision in this Agreement to the contrary, any notice given under this Agreement thatrefers or relates to any of Section 7.2 above or this Section 7.3 shall be copied concurrently topvfnotices@stanford.edu ; provided, however, that delivery of the copy will not by itself constitute notice for anypurpose under this Agreement.7.4 License Maintenance Fee. Beginning on *** and each *** thereafter, Selten will pay Stanford a *** licensemaintenance fee as follows. *** maintenance payments are nonrefundable, but they are creditable each year as described inSection 7.7.:(A) $*** in *** and ***;(B) $*** in *** and *** and(C) On the first *** after ***:(1) $*** if ***; or(2) $*** if ***.7.5 Milestone Payments. Selten will pay Stanford the following milestone payments:(A) $*** upon the ***;(B) $*** upon ***; and(C) $*** upon ***.7.6 Earned Royalty. Selten will pay Stanford earned royalties on Net Sales as follows:(A) *** % of Net Sales if aggregate Net Sales in the preceding calendar year is less than $***;9*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (B) *** % of Net Sales if aggregate Net Sales in the preceding calendar year is more or equal to $*** but lower than$***;(C) ***% of Net Sales if aggregate Net Sales in the preceding calendar year is more than $***.(D) Earned Royalty if Selten Challenges the Patent. Notwithstanding the above, should Selten bring an actionseeking to invalidate any Licensed Patent, Selten will pay royalties to Stanford at the rate of *** percent (***%) ofthe Net Sales of all Licensed Products sold during the pendency of such action. Moreover, should the outcome ofsuch action determine that any claim of a patent challenged by Selten is both valid and infringed by a LicensedProduct, Selten will pay royalties at the rate of *** percent (***%) of the Net Sales of all Licensed Products sold.7.7 Creditable Payments. The license maintenance fee for a year may be offset against earned royalty payments due on NetSales occurring in that year.For example:(A) if Selten pays Stanford a $*** maintenance payment for year Y, and according to Section 7.6 $*** in earnedroyalties are due Stanford for Net Sales in year Y, Selten will only need to pay Stanford an additional $*** for thatyear's earned royalties.(B) if Selten pays Stanford a $*** maintenance payment for year Y, and according to Section 7.6 $*** in earnedroyalties are due Stanford for Net Sales in year Y, Selten will not need to pay Stanford any earned royalty paymentfor that year. Selten will not be able to offset the remaining $*** against a future year's earned royalties.7.8 Obligation to Pay Royalties. A royalty is due Stanford under this Agreement for any activity conducted under thelicenses granted. For convenience's sake, the amount of that royalty is calculated using Net Sales. Nonetheless, if certainLicensed Products are made, used, imported, or offered for sale before the date this Agreement terminates, and thoseLicensed Products are sold after the termination date, Selten will pay Stanford an earned royalty for its exercise of rightsbased on the Net Sales of those Licensed Products.7.9 No Escrow. Selten shall not pay royalties into any escrow or other similar account.7.10 Currency. Selten will calculate the royalty on sales in currencies other than U.S. Dollars using the appropriate foreignexchange rate for the currency quoted by the Wall Street Journal on the close of business on the last banking day of eachcalendar quarter. Selten will make royalty payments to Stanford in U.S. Dollars.7.11 Non-U.S. Taxes. Selten will pay all non-U.S. taxes related to royalty payments. These payments are not deductible fromany payments due to Stanford.7.12 Interest. Any payments not made when due will bear interest at the lower of (a) the *** or (b) the maximum ratepermitted by law.10*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 8. ROYALTY REPORTS, PAYMENTS, AND ACCOUNTING8.1 Quarterly Earned Royalty Payment and Report. Beginning with the first sale of a Licensed Product by Selten or aSublicensee, Selten will submit to Stanford a written report (even if there are no sales) and an earned royalty paymentwithin *** days after the end of each ***. This report will be in the form of Appendix B and will state the number,description, and aggregate Net Sales of Licensed Product during the completed calendar quarter. The report will include anoverview of the process and documents relied upon to permit Stanford to understand how the earned royalties arecalculated. With each report Selten will include any earned royalty payment due Stanford for the completed calendarquarter (as calculated under Section 7.6).8.2 No Refund. In the event that a validity or non-infringement challenge of a Licensed Patent brought by Selten issuccessful, Selten will have no right to recoup any royalties paid before or during the period challenge.8.3 Termination Report. Selten will pay to Stanford all applicable royalties and submit to Stanford a written report within*** days after the license terminates. Selten will continue to submit earned royalty payments and reports to Stanford afterthe license terminates, until all Licensed Products made or imported under the license have been sold.8.4 Accounting. Selten will maintain records showing manufacture, importation, sale, and use of a Licensed Product for ***years from the date of sale of that Licensed Product. Records will include general-ledger records showing cash receipts andexpenses, and records that include: production records, customers, invoices, serial numbers, and related information insufficient detail to enable Stanford to determine the royalties payable under this Agreement.8.5 Audit by Stanford. Selten will allow Stanford or its designee to examine Selten's records to verify payments made bySelten under this Agreement.8.6 Paying for Audit. Stanford will pay for any audit done under Section 8.5. But if the audit reveals an underreporting ofearned royalties due Stanford of ***% or more for the period being audited, Selten will pay the audit costs.8.7 Self-audit. Selten will conduct an independent audit of sales and royalties at least every *** years if annual sales ofLicensed Product are over $***. The audit will address, at a minimum, the amount of gross sales by or on behalf of Seltenduring the audit period, the amount of funds owed to Stanford under this Agreement, and whether the amount owed hasbeen paid to Stanford and is reflected in the records of Selten. Selten will submit the auditor's report promptly to Stanfordupon completion. Selten will pay for the entire cost of the audit.8.8 Confidential Information. Stanford will maintain the reports and any information provided by Licensee to Stanfordpursuant to Sections 4.5, 6.2, 8.1, 8.3 and 8.7 in confidence and not disclose such information or reports to any third party,except as required by law. Stanford's obligation of confidentiality hereunder will be fulfilled by11*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. using at least the same degree of care with Selten's confidential information as it uses to protect its other confidentialinformation.9. EXCLUSIONS AND NEGATION OF WARRANTIES9.1 Negation of Warranties. Stanford provides Selten the rights granted in this Agreement AS IS and WITH ALL FAULTS.Stanford makes no representations and extends no warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Among other things,Stanford disclaims any express or implied warranty:(A) of merchantability, of fitness for a particular purpose;(B) of non-infringement; or(C) arising out of any course of dealing.9.2 No Representation of Licensed Patent. Selten also acknowledges that Stanford does not represent or warrant:(A) the validity or scope of any Licensed Patent; or(B) that the exploitation of Licensed Patent will be successful.10. INDEMNITY10.1 Indemnification. Selten will indemnify, hold harmless, and defend all Stanford Indemnitees against any claim of anykind arising out of or related to the exercise of any rights granted Selten under this Agreement or the breach of thisAgreement by Selten.10.2 HHMI Indemnification. HHMI Indemnitees will be indemnified, defended by counsel acceptable to HHMI, and heldharmless by SELTEN from and against any claim, liability, cost, expense, damage, deficiency, loss, or obligation, of anykind or nature (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and other costs and expenses of defense)(collectively, "Claims"), based upon, arising out of, or otherwise relating to this Agreement, including without limitationany cause of action relating to product liability. The previous sentence will not apply to any Claim that is determinedwith finality by a court of competent jurisdiction to result solely from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of anIIHMI Indemnitee. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, SELTEN's obligation to defend, indemnifyand hold harmless the HHMI Indemnitees under this paragraph will not be subject to any limitation or exclusion ofliability or damages or otherwise limited in any way.10.3 No Indirect Liability. Neither party shall be liable to the other for any indirect, special, consequential or other damageswhatsoever, whether grounded in tort (including negligence), strict liability, contract or otherwise arising out of or inconnection with solely this Agreement under any theory of liability, provided, however, that the foregoing shall not applyto any right of action for infringement, contributory infringement or12*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. inducement of infringement Stanford may have under any applicable law. Stanford shall not have any responsibilities orliabilities whatsoever with respect to Licensed Products(s).10.4 Workers' Compensation. Selten will comply with all statutory workers' compensation and employers' liabilityrequirements for activities performed under this Agreement.10.5 Insurance. During the term of this Agreement, Selten will maintain Comprehensive General Liability Insurance,including Product Liability Insurance, with a reputable and financially secure insurance carrier to cover the activities ofSelten and its Sublicensees. Within *** days of filing an IND or immediately prior to any testing of Licensed Products inhumans, whichever is earlier, the insurance will provide minimum limits of liability of $*** and will include all StanfordIndemnitees and HHMI Indemnitees as additional insureds. Insurance must cover claims incurred, discovered, manifested,or made during or after the expiration of this Agreement and must be placed with carriers with ratings of at least A- asrated by A.M. Best. Within *** days of the Effective Date of this Agreement, Selten will furnish a Certificate ofInsurance evidencing primary coverage and additional insured requirements. Selten will provide to Stanford *** daysprior written notice of cancellation or material change to this insurance coverage. Selten will advise Stanford in writingthat it maintains excess liability coverage (following form) over primary insurance for at least the minimum limits setforth above. All insurance of Selten will be primary coverage; insurance of Stanford Indemnitees, and HHMI Indemniteeswill be excess and noncontributory.11. EXPORTSelten and its affiliates and Sublicensees shall comply with all United States laws and regulations controlling the export oflicensed commodities and technical data. (For the purpose of this paragraph, "licensed commodities" means any article, materialor supply but does not include information; and "technical data" means tangible or intangible technical information that is subjectto U.S. export regulations, including blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, tables, engineering designs and specifications, manuals and instructions.) These laws and regulations may include, but are not limited to, the ExportAdministration Regulations (15 CFR 730-774), the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (22 CFR 120-130) and the variouseconomic sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury (31 CFR 500-600).Among other things, these laws and regulations prohibit or require a license for the export or retransfer of certain commoditiesand technical data to specified countries, entities and persons. Selten hereby gives written assurance that it will comply with, andwill cause its Sublicensees to comply with all United States export control laws and regulations, that it bears sole responsibilityfor any violation of such laws and regulations by itself or Sublicensees, and that it will indemnify, defend and hold Stanford andthe HHMI Indemnitees harmless for the consequences of any such violation.13*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 12. MARKINGBefore any Licensed Patent issues, Selten will mark Licensed Product with the words "Patent Pending." Otherwise, Selten willmark Licensed Product with the number of any issued Licensed Patent.13. STANFORD NAMES AND MARKS13.1 Stanford Names. Selten will not use (i) Stanford's name or other trademarks, (ii) the name or trademarks of anyorganization related to Stanford, or (iii) the name of any Stanford faculty member, employee, student or volunteer withoutthe prior written consent of Stanford. Permission may be withheld at Stanford's sole discretion. This prohibition includes,but is not limited to, use in press releases, advertising, marketing materials, other promotional materials, presentations,case studies, reports, websites, application or software interfaces, and other electronic media.13.2 HHMI Names. Selten will not use the name of HHMI or of any HHMI employee in a manner that reasonably couldconstitute an endorsement of a commercial product or service; but use for other purposes, even if commercially motivated,is permitted provided that (1) the use is limited to accurately reporting factual events or occurrences, and (2) any referenceto the name of HHMI or any HHMI employees in press releases or similar materials intended for public release isapproved by HHMI in advance.14. PROSECUTION AND PROTECTION OF PATENTS14.1 Patent Prosecution. Stanford will be solely responsible for preparing, filing, and prosecuting and maintaining theLicensed Patents. During the Exclusive Term, Stanford agrees to (i) keep Selten reasonably informed as to the filing,prosecution and maintenance of the Licensed Patents, (ii) furnish to Selten copies of material documents relevant to suchfiling, prosecution and maintenance, (iii) allow Selten a reasonable opportunity to comment on material documents filedwith any patent office with respect to the Licensed Patents and consider in good faith Selten's comments and (iv) instructStanford's legal representative to include Selten in all communications. At Stanford's request, Selten will provide allinformation and assistance to Stanford to ensure that Licensed Patent is as extensive as possible. In the event Seltendecides that it no longer intends to pay for prosecution or maintenance of one or more Licensed Patents, Selten shall giveStanford a 3-month notice. Stanford may in its discretion continue to prosecute and maintain such Licensed Patent(s) at itsexpense, in which case such Licensed Patent(s) shall no longer be covered by the licenses granted under this Agreement.14.2 Patent Costs. Within *** days after receiving a statement from Stanford, Selten will reimburse Stanford:(A) $*** to offset Licensed Patent's patenting expenses, including any interference or reexamination matters, incurredby Stanford before the Effective Date; and14*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (B) for all Licensed Patent's patenting expenses, including any interference or reexamination matters, incurred byStanford after the Effective Date. In all instances, Stanford will pay the fees prescribed for large entities to theUnited States Patent and Trademark Office.14.3 Infringement Procedure. Each party will promptly notify the other if it believes a third party infringes a LicensedPatent or if a third party files a declaratory judgment action with respect to any Licensed Patent. During the Exclusiveterm of this Agreement and if Selten is developing Licensed Product, Selten may have the right to institute a suit againstany infringer or defend any declaratory judgment action initiated by this third party as provided in Section 14.4 throughand including Section 14.8.14.4 Selten Suit. Selten has the first right to institute suit, and prosecute a suit or defend any declaratory judgment action solong as it conforms with the requirements of this Section and Selten is diligently developing or selling Licensed Product.If Selten decides to institute suit or defend any action, it will notify Stanford in writing and give Stanford the opportunityto jointly initiate suit or defend the action as provided in Section 14.5. If Stanford declines to join, Selten will diligentlypursue the suit and Selten will bear the entire cost of the litigation, including expenses and counsel fees incurred byStanford. Selten will keep Stanford reasonably apprised of all developments in the suit, and will seek Stanford's input andapproval on any substantive submissions or positions taken in the litigation regarding the scope, validity andenforceability of the Licensed Patent. Selten will not prosecute, settle or otherwise compromise any such suit in a mannerthat adversely affects Stanford's interests without Stanford's prior written consent. Stanford may be named as a party onlyif(A) Selten's and Stanford's respective counsel recommend that such action is necessary in their reasonable opinion toachieve standing;(B) Stanford is not the first named party in the action; and(C) the pleadings and any public statements about the action state that Selten is pursuing the action and that Selten hasthe right to join Stanford as a party.14.5 Joint Suit. If Stanford and Selten so agree, they may institute suit or defend the declaratory judgment action jointly. If so,they will:(A) prosecute the suit in both their names;(B) bear the out-of-pocket costs equally;(C) share any recovery or settlement equally; and(D) agree how they will exercise control over the action.14.6 Stanford Suit. If neither Section 14.4 nor 14.5 apply, Stanford may institute and may name Selten as a party for standingpurposes. If Stanford decides to institute suit, it will notify Selten in writing. If Selten does not notify Stanford in writingthat it desires to15*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. jointly prosecute the suit within *** days after the date of the notice, Selten will assign and hereby does assign to Stanfordall rights, causes of action, and damages resulting from the alleged infringement. Stanford will bear the entire cost of thelitigation and will retain the entire amount of any recovery or settlement.14.7 Recovery. If Selten sues under Section 14.4, then any recovery in excess of any unrecovered litigation costs and fees willbe shared with Stanford as follows:(A) any payment for past sales will be deemed Net Sales, and Selten will pay Stanford royalties at the rates specified inSection 7.6;(B) any payment for future sales will be deemed a payment under a Sublicense, and royalties will be shared asspecified in Article 4.6.(C) Selten and Stanford will negotiate in good faith appropriate compensation to Stanford for any non-cash settlementor non-cash cross-license.14.8 Abandonment of Suit. If either Stanford or Selten commences a suit and then wants to abandon the suit, it will givetimely notice to the other party. The other party may continue prosecution of the suit after Stanford and Selten agree on thesharing of expenses and any recovery in the suit.15. TERMINATION15.1 Termination by Selten. Selten may terminate this Agreement by giving Stanford written notice at least *** days inadvance of the effective date of termination selected by Selten.15.2 Termination by Stanford.(A) Stanford may also terminate this Agreement if Selten:(1) is delinquent on any report or payment;(2) is not diligently developing and commercializing Licensed Product;(3) misses a milestone described in Appendix A;(4) is in material breach of any provision; or(5) provides any false report.(B) Termination under this Section 15.2 will take effect *** days after written notice by Stanford unless Seltenremedies the problem in that ***-day period.15.3 Surviving Provisions. Surviving any termination or expiration are: (A) Selten's obligation to pay royalties accrued oraccruable;16*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. (B) any claim of Selten or Stanford, accrued or to accrue, because of any breach or default by the other party; and(C) the provisions of Articles 8, 9, 10, and 19.6 and any other provision that by its nature is intended to survive.(D) Upon termination, any Sublicensee who is not then in material breach shall have its Sublicense converted to a directlicense from Stanford under the terms and conditions of this Agreement, as further limited and restricted by theterms of the original Sublicense.16. ASSIGNMENT/CHANGE OF CONTROL AND NON-ASSIGNABILITY16.1 Assignment/ Change of Control. Selten may assign this Agreement in connection with a Change of Control,merger, reorganization or sale of that part of Selten's business that exercises all rights granted under thisAgreement if there is compliance with Section 16.2.16.2 Conditions of Assignment. Selten may assign this Agreement pursuant to Section 16.1 upon prior and completeperformance of the following conditions:(A) Selten must give Stanford *** days prior written notice of the assignment, including the new assignee's contactinformation; and(B) the new assignee must agree in writing to Stanford to be bound by this Agreement; and(C) Stanford must have received a $*** fee unless the transaction does not constitute a Change of Control.16.3 After the Assignment. Upon a permitted assignment of this Agreement pursuant to Article 16, Selten will be released ofliability under this Agreement and the term "Selten" in this Agreement will mean the assignee.16.4 Bankruptcy. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency, assignment is permitted only to a party that can provideadequate assurance of future performance, including diligent development and sales of Licensed Product.16.5 Nonassignability of Agreement. Except in conformity with Sections 16.1 and 16.4, this Agreement is not assignable bySelten under any other circumstances and any attempt to assign this Agreement by Selten is null and void.17. DISPUTE RESOLUTION17.1 Dispute Resolution by Arbitration. Any dispute between the parties regarding any payments made or due under thisAgreement will be settled by arbitration in accordance with the JAMS Arbitration Rules and Procedures. The parties arenot obligated to settle any other dispute that may arise under this Agreement by arbitration.17*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 17.2 Request for Arbitration. Either party may request such arbitration. Stanford and Selten will mutually agree in writing ona third party arbitrator within *** days of the arbitration request. The arbitrator's decision will be final and nonappealableand may be entered in any court having jurisdiction.17.3 Discovery. The parties will be entitled to discovery as if the arbitration were a civil suit in the California Superior Court.The arbitrator may limit the scope, time, and issues involved in discovery.17.4 Place of Arbitration. The arbitration will be held in Stanford, California unless the parties mutually agree in writing toanother place.17.5 Patent Validity. Any dispute regarding the validity of any Licensed Patent shall be litigated in the courts located in SantaClara County, California, and the parties agree not to challenge personal jurisdiction in that forum.17.6 HHMI Rights or Property Not Subject to Arbitration. No dispute affecting the rights or property of IIHMI shall besubject to the arbitration provisions set forth above.18. NOTICES18.1 Legal Action. Selten will provide written notice to Stanford at least three months prior to bringing an action seeking toinvalidate any Licensed Patent or a declaration of non-infringement. Selten will include with such written notice anidentification of all prior art it believes invalidates any claim of the Licensed Patent.18.2 All Notices. All notices under this Agreement are deemed fully given when written, addressed, and sent as follows:All general notices to Selten are mailed or emailed to:Selten Pharma, Inc. Attn.: CEO14435C Big Basin Way #246,Saratoga, CA 95070nbanait@seltenpharma.comAll financial invoices to Selten (i.e., accounting contact) are e-mailed to:Narinder S. Banaitnbanait@seltenpharma.comAll progress report invoices to Selten (i.e., technical contact) are e-mailed to:Narinder S. Banaitnbanait@seltenpharma.com18*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. All general notices to Stanford are e-mailed or mailed to:Office of Technology Licensing RE: S11-0093000 El Camino RealBuilding 5, Suite 300Palo Alto, CA 94306-2100info@otlmail.stanford.eduAll payments to Stanford are mailed to:Stanford UniversityOffice of Technology Licensing RE: S11-009Department #44439P.O. Box 44000San Francisco, CA 94144-4439All progress reports to Stanford are e-mailed or mailed to:Office of Technology Licensing3000 El Camino RealBuilding 5, Suite 300Palo Alto, CA 94306-2100info@otlmail.stanford.eduEither party may change its address with written notice to the other party.19. MISCELLANEOUS19.1 Waiver. No term of this Agreement can be waived except by the written consent of the party waiving compliance.19.2 Choice of Law. This Agreement and any dispute arising under it is governed by the laws of the State of California,United States of America, applicable to agreements negotiated, executed, and performed within California.19.3 Entire Agreement. The parties have read this Agreement and agree to be bound by its terms, and further agree that itconstitutes the complete and entire agreement of the parties and supersedes all previous communications, oral or written,and all other communications between them relating to the license and to the subject hereof. This Agreement may not beamended except by writing executed by authorized representatives of both parties. No representations or statements of anykind made by either party, which are not expressly stated herein, will be binding on such party.19*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 19.4 Exclusive Forum. The state and federal courts having jurisdiction over Stanford, California, United States of America,provide the exclusive forum for any court action between the parties relating to this Agreement. Selten submits to thejurisdiction of such courts, and waives any claim that such a court lacks jurisdiction over Selten or constitutes aninconvenient or improper forum.19.5 Headings. No headings in this Agreement affect its interpretation.19.6 Third Party Beneficiary. HHMI is not a party to this Agreement and has no liability to any licensee, or user of anythingcovered by this Agreement, but HHMI is an intended third-party beneficiary of this Agreement and certain of itsprovisions are for the benefit of HHMI and are enforceable by HHMI in its own name.19.7 Force Majeure. Neither party shall be liable for any failure to perform as required by this Agreement to the extent suchfailure to perform is due to circumstances reasonably beyond such party's control, including, without limitation, acts ofGod, labor disputes, accidents, failure of any governmental approval, civil disorders, terrorism, failure of utilities,mechanical breakdowns, material shortages, or other such occurrences. The affected party shall notify the other party ofsuch force majeure circumstances as soon as reasonably practical, and shall promptly undertake all reasonable effortsnecessary to cure such force majeure circumstances. THIS SPACE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK20*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. 19.8 Electronic Copy. The parties to this document agree that a copy of the original signature (including an electronic copy)may be used for any and all purposes for which the original signature may have been used. The parties further waive anyright to challenge the admissibility or authenticity of this document in a court of law based solely on the absence of anoriginal signature.The parties execute this Agreement in duplicate originals by their duly authorized officers or representatives. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELANDSTANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY Signature:/s/ Katharine Ku Name:Katharine Ku Title:Executive Director, Technology Licensing Date:October 22, 2015 SELTEN PHARMA, INC. Signature:/s/ Narinder S. Banait Name:Narinder S. Banait Title:General Counsel and Co-CEO Date:October 22, 2015 21*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Appendix A – Milestones- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***22*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. Appendix B — Sample Reporting FormStanford Docket No. S11-009This report is provided pursuant to the license agreement between Stanford University and (Selten Name)License Agreement Effective Date:Name(s) of Licensed Products being reported: Report Covering Period Yearly Maintenance Fee$Number of Sublicenses Executed Gross Revenue U.S. Gross Revenue$Non-U.S. Gross Revenue$Net Sales U.S. Net Sales$Non-U.S. Net Sales$Royalty Calculation Royalty Subtotal$Credit$Royalty Due$ Comments: 23*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. S11-009: XAFIRST AMENDMENT TO EXCLUSIVE AGREEMENT THIS FIRST AMENDMENT (the "Amendment") to the Exclusive Agreement dated October 25, 2015 betweenSELTEN PHARMA, INC., a corporation having a principal place of business at 14435C Big Basin Way #246, Saratoga, CA95070, ("Selten or Company") and THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY("Stanford"), an institution of higher education having powers under the laws of the State of California, ("Agreement") isentered into and made effective as of October 25, 2016. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaninggiven such terms in the Agreement.WHEREAS, the parties wish to amend certain terms of the Agreement as set forth herein.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants, agreements, representations and warranties hereincontained and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the partiesagree as follows:1. Exhibit A of the Agreement shall be deleted in its entirety and replaced with Exhibit Al attached hereto.All other terms and provisions of the Agreement not amended hereby shall remain in full force and effect. In the event of anyinconsistency between the terms of this Amendment and the Agreement, the terms of this Amendment shall govern.The parties execute this Amendment in duplicate originals by their duly authorized officers or representatives. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELANDSTANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY Signature:/s/ Mona Wan Name:Mona Wan Title:Associate Director Date:October 24, 2016 SELTEN PHARMA, INC. Signature:/s/ Narinder S. Banait Name:Narinder S. Banait Title:Co-CEO and General Counsel Date:October 24, 201624*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. S11-009: XAFIRST AMENDMENT TO EXCLUSIVE AGREEMENT Appendix Al — Milestones- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***- ***25*** INDICATES MATERIAL THAT WAS OMITTED AND FOR WHICH CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT WAS REQUESTED. ALLSUCH OMITTED MATERIAL WAS FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANTTO RULE 24B-2 PROMULGATED UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED.Exhibit 21.1Exhibit 21.1LIST OF SUBSIDIARIESThe following is a list of subsidiaries of VIVUS, Inc.1. VIVUS UK Limited (United Kingdom), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc.2. VIVUS BV (Netherlands), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc.3. Vivus Limited (Bermuda), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc.4. Vivus International, L.P. (Bermuda), General Partner Vivus Limited5. Vivus International Limited (Ireland), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc. Exhibit 23.1Exhibit 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Forms S‑8 (No. 333‑142354,No. 333‑150647, No. 333‑157787, No. 333‑164921, No. 333‑168106, No. 333‑175926, No. 333‑199881 and No. 333-215089)and Form S‑3 (No. 333‑161948) of our reports dated March 8, 2017, relating to the consolidated financial statements, financialstatement schedule, and the effectiveness of VIVUS, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting, which appear in this AnnualReport on Form 10‑K./s/ OUM & CO. LLPSan Francisco, CaliforniaMarch 8, 2017 Exhibit 31.1Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANTTO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Seth H. Z. Fischer, Chief Executive Officer, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of VIVUS, Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a materialfact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, notmisleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly presentin all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, theperiods presented in this report;4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls andprocedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (asdefined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to bedesigned under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including itsconsolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period inwhich this report is being prepared;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reportingto be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financialreporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this reportour conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the periodcovered by this report based on such evaluation; andd. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurredduring the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annualreport) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal controlover financial reporting; and5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controlover financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (orpersons performing the equivalent functions):a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control overfinancial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process,summarize and report financial information; andb. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant rolein the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.Date: March 8, 2017 By:/s/ Seth H. Z. Fischer Name:Seth H. Z. Fischer Title:Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2Exhibit 31.2CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANTTO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Mark K. Oki, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of VIVUS, Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a materialfact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, notmisleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly presentin all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, theperiods presented in this report;4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls andprocedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (asdefined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to bedesigned under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including itsconsolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period inwhich this report is being prepared;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reportingto be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financialreporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this reportour conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the periodcovered by this report based on such evaluation; andd. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurredduring the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annualreport) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal controlover financial reporting; and5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controlover financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (orpersons performing the equivalent functions):a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control overfinancial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process,summarize and report financial information; andb. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant rolein the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.Date: March 8, 2017 By:/s/ Mark K. Oki Name:Mark K. Oki Title:Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer Exhibit 32.1Exhibit 32.1CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Seth H. Z. Fischer, Chief Executive Officer of VIVUS, Inc., certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of VIVUS, Inc. on Form 10‑K for the periodending December 31, 2016 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934and that information contained in such Annual Report on Form 10‑K fairly presents in all material respects the financial conditionand results of operations of VIVUS, Inc. This written statement is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission asan exhibit to such Annual Report on Form 10‑K. A signed original of this statement has been provided to VIVUS, Inc. and will beretained by VIVUS, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. Date: March 8, 2017By:/s/ Seth H. Z. FischerSeth H. Z. Fischer Chief Executive Officer I, Mark K. Oki, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, asadopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of VIVUS, Inc. on Form 10‑K for theperiod ending December 31, 2016 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Actof 1934 and that information contained in such Annual Report on Form 10‑K fairly presents in all material respects the financialcondition and results of operations of VIVUS, Inc. This written statement is being furnished to the Securities and ExchangeCommission as an exhibit to such Annual Report on Form 10‑K. A signed original of this statement has been provided toVIVUS, Inc. and will be retained by VIVUS, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff uponrequest. Date: March 8, 2017By:/s/ Mark K. OkiMark K. OkiChief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
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