VMware
Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

VMWARE, INC. FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 02/26/15 for the Period Ending 12/31/14 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code Industry Sector Fiscal Year 3401 HILLVIEW AVENUE PALO ALTO, CA 94304 (650) 427-5000 0001124610 VMW 7372 - Prepackaged Software Software & Programming Technology 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2015, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 OR For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001-33622 _______________________________________________________ VMWARE, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) _______________________________________________________ (650) 427-5000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) _____________________________________________________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None _______________________________________________________ Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:1) No   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (cid:1) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Delaware 94-3292913 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 3401 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94304 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 New York Stock Exchange Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer (cid:1) Non-accelerated filer (cid:4) (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company (cid:1) At June 30, 2014, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based upon the closing sale price of such shares on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2014) was approximately $8,398,288,024. Shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each entity or person, other than investment companies, that, to the registrant’s knowledge, owned 5% or more of the registrant’s outstanding Class A common stock as of June 30, 2014 have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates of the registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of February 20, 2015 , the number of shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the registrant outstanding was 427,616,585 of which 127,616,585 shares were Class A common stock and 300,000,000 were Class B common stock. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Information required in response to Part III of Form 10-K (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) is hereby incorporated by reference to portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2015. The Proxy Statement will be filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.  TABLE OF CONTENTS VMware, VMworld, vSphere, vCloud, vCenter, VMware View, vCloud Suite, Horizon Suite, VMware NSX, Virtual SAN, vCloud Air, vSphere Replication, vCenter Site Recovery Manager, VMware Fusion, vMotion, Horizon, vRealize, vRealize Operations, vRealize Automation, Horizon Air, VMware Ready, EVO: RAIL, CloudVolumes, AirWatch, Desktone, Dynamic Ops, Nicira, and Virsto are registered trademarks or trademarks of VMware or its subsidiaries in the United States and other jurisdictions. All other marks and names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. 2 Page PART I Item 1. Business 4 Item 1A. Risk Factors 12 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 38 Item 2. Properties 38 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 38 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 38 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 40 Item 6. Selected Financial Data 42 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 43 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 57 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 58 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures 98 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 98 Item 9B. Other Information 99 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 100 Item 11. Executive Compensation 100 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management, and Related Stockholder Matters 100 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 100 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 100 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule 100 Signatures 103 Table of Contents Forward-Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding expectations of, or our plans for: our vision and expected benefits of the Software-Defined Data Center; newer products and services driving strong growth; maintaining our industry leadership position; benefits of our products and services to customers and partners; sales of licenses that include products beyond VMware vSphere hypervisor continuing to grow; increased sales of our non-standalone vSphere products; software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) revenues and revenues from our hybrid cloud offerings comprising an increasing percentage of our revenues in future periods; expected growth of hybrid cloud and SaaS revenues in 2015 and the associated negative impact on revenues and license revenues growth; synergies across product areas; increased total costs of services revenues; investment in research and development; future competition; the impact and timing of our realignment plan on our financial results; future amortization of software development costs; the recognition of unearned revenues; the impact of our relationship with EMC Corporation on taxes; repurchasing at least one billion dollars of Class A common stock in 2015; customer and partner demand for our products and services; synergies from our acquisitions and associated accounting for goodwill; the sufficiency of our liquidity and capital reserves to fund our operations and business strategy; our ability to generate positive cash flows from operations; the impact of the AirWatch acquisition on cash provided by operating activities; continuation of our stock repurchase program; expectations that stock-based compensation will increase in future periods; our effective tax rate and the effects of potential developments in U.S. and non-U.S. tax jurisdictions; the timing and outcome of the IRS tax audit of the EMC consolidated group; the amount of any unrecognized tax benefit; acquisition accounting and the deductibility of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets for U.S. income tax purposes; utilization of net operating loss carryforwards; anticipation that we will not declare and cash dividends; indefinitely reinvesting our overseas earnings outside of the U.S. and not repatriating them to the U.S.; adequacy of our current facilities and the availability of additional or substitute space for future expansion; the lack of a material effect on us due to the resolution of pending claims, legal proceedings and investigations, including the General Services Administration and Department of Justice inquiries; and impact of foreign currency exchange rates on future revenues. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and the cautionary statements set forth above and those contained in the section of this report entitled “Risk Factors” identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those predicted in any such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements in this document are made as of the date hereof, based on information available to us as of the date hereof. We assume no obligation to, and do not currently intend to, update these forward-looking statements. 3  PART I Overview VMware, Inc. (“VMware”) is the leader in virtualization infrastructure solutions utilized by organizations to help transform the way they build, deliver and consume information technology (“IT”) resources. We develop and market our product and service offerings within three main product groups, and we also leverage synergies across these three product areas. We pioneered the development and application of virtualization technologies with x86 server-based computing, separating application software from the underlying hardware. The benefits to our customers include lower IT costs and a more automated and resilient systems infrastructure capable of responding dynamically to variable business demands. Our broad and proven suite of virtualization technologies are designed to establish secure and reliable IT environments and address a range of complex IT challenges that include cost reduction, operational inefficiencies, access to cloud computing capacity, business continuity and corporate end-user computing device management. Our solutions enable organizations to aggregate multiple servers, storage infrastructure and networks together into shared pools of capacity that can be allocated dynamically, securely and reliably to applications as needed. Once created, these internal computing infrastructures, or “clouds,” can be dynamically extended by our customers to the public cloud environment. When linked, this results in a “hybrid” computing cloud of highly available internal and external computing resources that organizations can access on demand. Our customers’ deployments range in size from a single virtualized server for small businesses to thousands of virtual machines for our Fortune 1000 enterprise customers. We believe that our solutions enable organizations to realize significant operational and cost efficiencies as they transition their underlying legacy IT infrastructure. We work closely with more than 1,100 technology partners, including leading server, microprocessor, storage, networking, software and security vendors. We have shared the economic opportunities surrounding virtualization with our partners by facilitating solution development through open application programming interface (“APIs”) formats and protocols and providing access to our source code and technology. The endorsement and support of our partners further enhances the awareness, reputation and adoption of our virtualization solutions. In 2014, we acquired AirWatch, a leader in enterprise mobile management and security, which expands our solutions within the enterprise mobile management and security spaces. We have developed a multi-channel distribution model to expand our presence and reach various segments of the market. We derive the majority of our revenues from our indirect sales channel, which includes distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators. We believe that our partners benefit greatly from the sale of our solutions through additional services, software and hardware sales opportunities. We have trained a large number of partners and end users to deploy and leverage our solutions. We incorporated in Delaware in 1998, were acquired by EMC in 2004 and conducted our initial public offering of our Class A common stock in August 2007. EMC holds approximately 79.9% of our outstanding common stock, including 43 million shares of our Class A common stock as of December 31, 2014 , and all of our Class B common stock, and we are considered a “controlled company” under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. Total revenues in 2014 increased 16% to $6,035 million . This included license revenues of $2,591 million and services revenues of $3,444 million . Of our total services revenues in 2014, 88% comprised software maintenance revenues and the remaining 12% was comprised of professional services revenues, including training. For additional financial information on our business by product and geographic area, refer to Note O to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our corporate headquarters are located at 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California, and we have approximately 114 offices worldwide. Products and Technology Software-Defined Data Center VMware was the first company to articulate a vision for the software-defined data center (“SDDC”), where increasingly infrastructure is virtualized and delivered as a service, enabling control of the data center to be entirely automated by software. Traditional data centers are loose collections of technology silos where each application type has its own vertical stack consisting of a CPU and operating system, storage pool, networking and security, and management systems. Over time, costs to maintain the data center infrastructure have been increasing because the data center environment has become divergent, leading to higher complexity. The increased complexity of the data center demands constantly increasing resources to manage and 4 ITEM 1. BUSINESS • SDDC or Software-Defined Data Center • Hybrid Cloud Computing • End-User Computing Table of Contents maintain the IT infrastructure. The SDDC is designed to transform the data center into an on-demand service that addresses application requirements by abstracting, pooling and automating the services that are required from the underlying hardware. SDDC promises to dramatically simplify data center operations and lower costs. Our SDDC architecture consists of four main product categories: Compute VMware vSphere, our flagship data center platform, provides the fundamental compute layer for VMware environments. A “hypervisor” is a layer of software that resides between the operating system and system hardware to enable compute virtualization. Users deploy the VMware vSphere hypervisor when they purchase VMware vSphere or suite versions that include vSphere, such as VMware vCloud Suites and vSphere with Operations Management (“vSOM”). Sales of VMware licenses that include products beyond the VMware vSphere hypervisor have continued to grow. Storage and Availability We provide many storage and availability products to offer cost-effective holistic data storage and protection options to all applications running on the vSphere platform. Key technologies in this area include: Network and Security Network virtualization abstracts physical networks and greatly simplifies the provisioning and consumption of networking resources. In addition, security services are built in, do not require purpose-built hardware, and can scale with the network. Our network virtualization solution is VMware NSX, which was launched in the third quarter of 2013. Sales volumes of VMware NSX continued to grow during 2014 as VMware NSX was increasingly introduced into production environments. While the market for network virtualization continues to be in an early stage, we believe that network virtualization product offerings, including VMware NSX, have the potential to be as transformational for networks as server virtualization has been for computing. Management and Automation Our management and automation products move beyond core infrastructure to manage and automate overarching IT processes involved in provisioning IT services and resources to users from initial infrastructure deployment to retirement. These IT processes manage virtualized and non-virtualized infrastructure resources and private and public cloud infrastructures, including hybrid cloud services. Examples of products in the management and automation product portfolio include: Software-Defined Data Center Suites Our SDDC offerings are available separately or may be acquired in a single solution. The VMware vCloud Suite, VMware vSphere with Operations Management, and VMware vRealize suite are integrated solutions for building and managing a complete cloud infrastructure optimized for use with the VMware vSphere platform. VMware vCloud Suite is designed to fulfill the promise of the software-defined data center by pooling industry-standard hardware and running compute, networking and management functions in the data center as software-defined services. VMware vSphere with Operations Management allows users to optimize capacity and monitor the workload performance of their vSphere environments. The VMware vRealize suite is a cloud management platform that extends vCloud Suite capabilities beyond a vSphere private cloud environment to both heterogeneous and hybrid cloud environments. The following products are available in different configurations of our VMware vCloud Suite offerings: 5 • Compute • Storage and Availability • Network and Security • Management and Automation • Virtual SAN— clusters server disks to create radically simple shared storage designed for virtual machines. • vSphere Replication— provides cost-efficient and simple way to manage replication. • vCenter Site Recovery Manager— leverages vSphere and vSphere Replication to protect applications against site failures and to streamline planned migrations. • vRealize Operations— provides performance, capacity and configuration management for virtual or physical infrastructure. • vRealize Automation— enables customers to rapidly deploy and provision cloud services. • vRealize Business— provides transparency and control over the costs and quality of IT services. • vSphere— VMware’s industry-leading virtualization platform. • Disaster Recovery Automation with VMware vCenter Site Recovery Manager— policy-based disaster recovery and testing for all virtualized applications. • VMware vRealize Operations— intelligent performance, capacity, and configuration management for vSphere environments. Table of Contents The following products are available in different configurations of our VMware vSphere with Operations Management offerings: The following products are available in different configurations of our VMware vRealize suite offerings: Hyper-Converged Infrastructure —In addition to our SDDC main product categories, we launched EVO:RAIL during the second half of 2014. EVO:RAIL is our first solution that combines VMware compute, networking, and storage resources into a hyper-converged infrastructure appliance enabling easy virtual machine deployment. Hybrid Cloud Computing We enable our customers to utilize off-premise vSphere-based hybrid cloud computing capacity through three programs: VMware vCloud Air, VMware vCloud Air Network Service Providers and vCloud Air Business Ventures. VMware vCloud Air, built on the foundation of VMware’s vSphere, is a public cloud operated by us that includes infrastructure, disaster recovery, and various applications as service offerings, and which provides customers with a common platform to seamlessly extend their data center to the cloud. VMware vCloud Air enables customers to extend the same skills, tools, networking and security models across both on-premise and off-premise environments. Our VMware vCloud Air Network Service Providers program is directed to hosting and cloud computing vendors, enabling organizations to choose between running applications in virtual machines on their own “private clouds” inside their data center or on “public clouds” hosted by a service provider. Our VMware vCloud Air Business Ventures is a program primarily developed to expand VMware vCloud Air globally, by partnering and co-investing with large in-country telecommunication providers in order to enable a user experience consistent with VMware’s owned and operated vCloud Air Service. End-User Computing (“EUC”) Our End-User Computing strategy enables IT organizations to efficiently deliver more secure access to data, applications and devices to end users—thus providing them a virtual workspace to work in an increasingly mobile-cloud era. Our EUC solutions are led by the workspace suite, which brings together desktop, mobile, content and underlying services such as identity management and social collaboration, in order to provide a software-defined workspace that complements our software-defined data center solutions. Our solutions provide corporate end users with choice in access to their applications, content and data in a user-friendly environment—all while allowing corporate IT appropriate control over the computing environment with high-quality service, improved availability and scalable performance—either on-premise or in hybrid clouds. Our workspace suite includes: Desktop Solutions 6 • VMware vRealize Automation— self-service and policy-based infrastructure and application provisioning for vSphere environments. • VMware vRealize Business— automated costing, usage metering, and service pricing of virtualized infrastructure for vSphere environments. • vSphere— VMware’s industry-leading virtualization platform. • VMware vRealize Operations— intelligent performance, capacity, and configuration management for vSphere environments. • vRealize Automation— automated delivery of personalized infrastructure, applications and custom IT services. • vRealize Operations— intelligent operations with predictive analytics driving proactive performance, capacity and configuration management. • vRealize Log Insight— real time log management and log analysis. • vRealize Business— provides insight into cost and utilization of infrastructure and services to help better manage demand, budget, capital expenditures and operating expenses. • Horizon 6— delivers unified virtual desktops and application from a single solution. • Horizon Air (Desktop-as-a-Service)— delivers virtual desktops and applications from a public cloud environment and public cloud service providers. • Horizon FLEX— delivers local Windows desktops and applications to laptops, Macs, contractors and other mobile users while maintaining centralized management. • App Volumes— delivers application workloads to end users and desktops in seconds, enabling IT to instantly provision applications at scale. • Fusion and Workstation— provide personal desktop virtualization solutions for Macintosh and Windows. Table of Contents Enterprise Mobility We acquired AirWatch during the first quarter of 2014. AirWatch provides a portfolio of solutions for managing mobile devices, applications and content while also securing mobile email, securing browsing across any device, and providing telecom analytics and other key modules. Our mobile offerings are sold both as perpetual licenses and as software-as-a-service (“SaaS”). AirWatch provides the core foundation to support an increasingly mobile workforce and customer base, enabling VMware and AirWatch customers to take advantage of “bring your own device” initiatives. AirWatch Enterprise Mobile Management (“EMM”) capabilities include: Content Collaboration AirWatch by VMware’s Secure Content Locker provides a leading enterprise file sync and share solution that extends Mobile Content Management to secure access of content on any device, desktop or mobile, while allowing the content to be stored in any federated data-store whether on-premise or in the cloud, e.g. SharePoint, Microsoft OneDrive, Google Drive or other stores. Our content collaboration solutions also include Socialcast, our enterprise social computing solution that allow users to complement their use of email with rich communication in consumer-grade experiences. Workspace Services Our EUC portfolio also includes a complete set of underlying platform-like Workspace Services that support the entire set of solutions and mobile and desktop users. These include Workspace Portal, a single sign-on identity service, to deliver applications, desktops and data in a single portal of entry, and other services like gateway and analytics, which provide a common set of platform services for all VMware EUC products. Technology Alliances Consistent with our partner-centric strategy, we have engaged a broad group of hardware, software and cloud computing service vendors to cooperatively advance virtualization technology through joint marketing, product interoperability, collaboration and co-development. We create opportunity for partners by enabling them to build products that utilize our virtualization technology and create differentiated value through joint solutions. We have more than 1,100 technology partners with whom we bring joint offerings to the marketplace and over 4,000 active service provider partners. We classify our partners as follows: Our Technology Alliance Partner program facilitates joint solution creation and coordinated go-to-market activities with our partners. Over 4,500 of the most widely used applications from ISVs support the VMware vSphere platform. These applications include business solutions for enterprise resource planning, human resource management, electronic medical records management, financial processing and middleware, such as application servers and databases. As an extension to this rapidly growing list, we have expanded our VMware Ready program to allow application software and desktop solution 7 • Mobile Device Management • Mobile Application Management • Mobile Content Management • Mobile Email Management • Productivity Apps • Telecom Analytics • Independent Hardware Vendors (“IHVs”) We have established relationships with large system vendors, including Cisco, Dell, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Lenovo and NEC for joint certification and co-development. We also work closely with AMD, Intel and other IHVs to provide input on product development to enable them to deliver hardware advancements that benefit virtualization users. We coordinate with the leading storage and networking vendors to ensure joint interoperability and enable our software to access their differentiated functionality. • Independent Software Vendors (“ISVs”) We partner with leading systems management, infrastructure software and application software vendors—including healthcare, telecom, finance and retail market leaders—to deliver value-added products that integrate with our VMware products. • VMware Service Providers We have established partnerships with over 4,000 active service providers including AT&T, Bluelock, Colt, CSC, Dell, Fujitsu, OVH, Rackspace, Singapore Telecommunications, Softbank and T-Systems to enable them to host and deliver enterprise-class hybrid clouds as a way for enterprises to extend their data centers to external clouds, while preserving security, compliance and quality of service. Table of Contents providers to qualify for the VMware Ready logo. The VMware Ready Desktop Solutions program validates the reference architecture and desktop specialization of solution providers that simplify VMware virtual desktop environments. Our ISVs and other alliance partners, developers and additional VMware community members have distributed more than 1,700 software applications as virtual appliances. We invest significant capital in testing and certification of infrastructure to rigorously ensure our software works well with major hardware and software products. We have certified approximately 12,700 servers, storage, I/O and thin-client devices that are VMware Ready. We have successfully tested approximately 670 operating system versions for use with our solutions. We believe that the scale and scope of this effort is a significant competitive advantage. Research and Development We have made, and expect to continue to make, significant investments in research and development (“R&D”). We have assembled an experienced group of developers with system level, systems management, desktop, mobile devices, security, application development, collaborative applications, networking, storage and open source software expertise. We also have strong ties to leading academic institutions around the world, and we invest in joint research with academia. We prioritize our product development efforts through a combination of engineering-driven innovation and customer and market-driven feedback. Our R&D culture places high value on innovation, quality and open collaboration with our partners. We currently participate in numerous standards groups and VMware employees hold a variety of standards organization leadership positions, including with the Distributed Management Task Force, the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation, the Open Networking Foundation and the Open Stack Foundation. Our R&D expenses totaled $1,239 million , $1,082 million , and $999 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Sales and Marketing We derive the majority of our sales from our indirect sales channel, which includes distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators. The remainder of our sales is primarily derived from our direct sales force. We have established ongoing business relationships with our distributors. Our distributors purchase software licenses and software support from us for resale to end-user customers via resellers. A substantial majority of our resellers obtain software licenses and software support from our distributors and market and sell them to our end-user customers. These resellers are part of our VMware Partner Network (“VPN”), which offers these resellers sales and product training, pricing incentives, rebates and access to the worldwide network of VMware distributors and the VMware Partner Central Web portal. We offer several levels of membership in our VPN depending on a reseller’s interest and capability of providing demand generation, fulfillment, service delivery and education to customers and prospects. We also have certain resellers, as well as systems integrators, who obtain software licenses and software support directly from VMware. The VPN agreements signed by the resellers carry no obligation to purchase or sell VMware products and can be terminated at any time by either party. We have a highly leveraged go-to-market strategy that includes a direct sales force that is complementary to our channel. Our sales force works with our channel partners to introduce them to end-user customer accounts and new sales opportunities. In addition, our channel partner network includes certain systems integrators and resellers trained and certified to deliver consulting services and solutions leveraging VMware products. We generally do not have long-term contracts or minimum purchase commitments with our distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators, and our contracts with these channel partners do not prohibit them from offering products or services that compete with ours. We continue to primarily sell our software under perpetual licenses. However, our hybrid cloud and SaaS offerings, including certain AirWatch offerings, are sold as software-as-a-service or pay-as-you-go and generally result in less revenue being recognized up-front than we would otherwise recognize as part of a multi-year license arrangement. Sales of perpetual licenses require end-user customers to also purchase maintenance. Software maintenance and renewals are sold both directly to end-user customers and via our network of channel partners. The majority of professional services are sold via our channel, with some professional services sold directly. End users can obtain licenses to our products through individual discrete purchases to meet their immediate needs or through the adoption of enterprise license agreements (“ELAs”). ELAs are comprehensive volume license offerings that provide for multi-year maintenance and support at discounted prices. ELAs enable us to build long-term relationships with our customers as they commit to our virtual infrastructure solutions in their data centers. Our sales cycle can vary greatly depending on numerous factors, including the size and complexity of the proposed offering and customer’s infrastructure. 8 Table of Contents In establishing list prices for our products, we take into account, among other numerous factors, the value our products and solutions deliver and the cost of both alternative virtualization and hardware solutions. Our marketing efforts focus on communicating the benefits of our solutions and educating our customers, distributors, resellers, system vendors, systems integrators, the media and analysts about the advantages of our innovative virtualization technology. We raise awareness of our company and brands, market our products and generate sales leads through VMware and industry events, public relations efforts, marketing materials, advertising, direct marketing, social media initiatives, free downloads and our website. We have invested in multiple online communities that enable customers and partners to share and discuss sales and development resources, best practices implementation, and industry trends among other topics. Our annual user conference, VMworld, is held in both the U.S. and Europe. We also offer management presentations, seminars, and webinars on our products of virtualization and cloud computing. We believe the combination of these activities strengthens our brand and enhances our leading market position in our industry. Our business is subject to seasonality in the sale of our products and services. For example, our fourth quarter revenues are affected by a number of seasonal factors, including fiscal year-end spending trends. Such factors historically have contributed to stronger fourth quarter revenues in any given year. We believe that seasonal factors are common within our industry. Customers Our customer deployments range in size from a single virtualized server for small businesses to thousands of virtual machines for our largest enterprise customers. During 2014, three distributors, who purchased software licenses and software support from us for resale to end-user customers directly or via resellers, each accounted for over 10% of our consolidated revenues. Arrow Electronics, Inc., Tech Data Corporation and Ingram Micro, Inc. accounted for 15% , 13% and 11% , respectively, of our consolidated revenues in 2014. Our distribution agreements are typically terminable at will by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ prior written notice to the other party, and neither party has any obligation to purchase or sell any products under the agreement. Competition The cloud computing, end-user computing and virtualization spaces are inter-related and rapidly evolving. We experienced increased competition during 2014 and expect it to significantly intensify in the future. We compete with large and small vendors in different segments of the cloud computing, end-user computing and virtualization spaces, and expect that new entrants will continue to enter these industries and develop technologies that, if commercialized, may compete with our products and services. We believe the key competitive factors in the cloud computing, end-user computing and virtualization spaces include: 9 • the level of reliability, interoperability and new functionality of product and service offerings; • the ability to provide comprehensive solutions, including management capabilities; • the ability to offer products and software-as-a-service that support multiple hardware platforms, operating systems, applications and application development frameworks; • the ability to deliver an intuitive end-user experience for accessing data, applications and services from a wide variety of end-user devices; • delivery of next-generation end-user computing capabilities that integrate with and work alongside existing, legacy capabilities; • the ability to drive down the marginal cost of operations and management for both new and existing assets; • a proven track record of formulating and delivering a roadmap of compelling software and service capabilities that align with industry trends; • pricing of products, individually and in bundles; • the ability to attract and preserve a large installed base of customers; • the ability to attract and maintain a large number of application developers for a given cloud ecosystem; • our market leadership in enterprise data center virtualization and presence in most enterprise IT environments; • the ability to embrace and integrate many open source technologies that are critical in private and public cloud computing architectures, including OpenStack and Docker; Table of Contents Our vSphere-based data center virtualization product offerings are central to our SDDC product suites and remain essential to our business strategy. Microsoft continues to be a primary competitor for data center virtualization solutions. We also compete with open source based solutions based on the OpenStack platform as well as emerging container technologies like Docker and Rocket. Additionally, we compete with Citrix and its collaborations with Microsoft for end-user computing solutions. With our entry into network virtualization we are experiencing additional competition predominantly from Cisco. Our management and automation product offerings that we market as part of our VMware vCloud Suites provide customers alternatives to offerings from established IT management vendors, such as BMC, CA, HP and IBM, as well as many new entrants that are trying to penetrate the nascent, higher growth cloud management markets. During 2014, we expanded our hybrid cloud computing offerings and footprint, and rebranded our vCloud hybrid cloud services (“vCHS”) to VMware vCloud Air. The cloud computing industry is dynamic with both established and new technology companies vying for thought leadership and market share. With the launch of VMware vCloud Air, we now directly compete with infrastructure-as-a-service offerings from Amazon, Microsoft, Google, IBM and emerging open source efforts. These cloud providers also present alternatives to VMware’s on-premises data center footprint and compete against our hybrid cloud computing vision. As we grow and increase the breadth of our product portfolio, we naturally encounter additional competition. Companies that are core partners can become, over time, competitors. This cooperative competition is very common in the tech industry and is also known in the common parlance as “coopetition.” This kind of competition can occur when we have alliances with vendors and partners that cover one part of our business or geographical area, yet we compete with such partners in other businesses or other geographies or countries. We actively work to segregate those parts of our business that compete with certain vendors or partners from those that partner with such companies and employ the usual tools and protocols widely used by other firms to manage this potential conflict of interest, including the use of confidentiality agreements and business function separation and segregation. We are also competing with new entrants to the cloud computing, end-user computing and virtualization spaces, which may include parties currently selling our products and our current technology partners. Existing and future competitors may introduce products in the same areas we serve or intend to serve, and competing products may have better performance, lower prices, better functionality and broader acceptance than our products. Our competitors may also add features to their cloud computing, end-user computing and virtualization products that are similar to features that presently differentiate our product offerings from theirs. Additionally, some of our competitors may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships with one another to offer more comprehensive solutions than those they individually had offered. Some competitors have in the past, and may in the future, take advantage of their existing relationships with our business partners to engage in business practices such as support, distribution and license restrictions that make our products less attractive to our channel partners and end users. Additionally, information technology companies are also increasingly seeking to deliver end-to-end IT solutions to end users that combine enterprise-level hardware and software solutions in a converged infrastructure platform for private cloud computing. In addition, competitors who have existing relationships with our current or prospective end users could integrate competitive capabilities into their existing products and make them available without additional charge. Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, a larger customer base and significantly greater financial, technical, sales and marketing and other resources than we do. Overall however, we believe our market position, large virtualization customer base, strong network of partners and indirect sales, broad and innovative solutions suite, and platform-agnostic approach position us to compete effectively. Intellectual Property As of December 31, 2014, approximately 600 patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office have been granted or assigned to us. We also have been granted or assigned patents from other countries. These patents cover various aspects of our server virtualization and other technologies. The granted United States patents will expire beginning in 2018, with the last patent expiring in 2033. We also have numerous pending United States provisional and non-provisional patent 10 • the ability to create and maintain partnering opportunities with hardware vendors, software vendors and cloud service providers; • the ability to support newly emerging large-scale application development and deployment approaches; • the ability to deploy operational cloud solutions for customers in a timely manner and provide robust technical support; • the ability to develop robust indirect sales channels; and • the ability to attract and retain cloud, virtualization and systems experts as key employees. Table of Contents applications, and numerous pending foreign and international patent applications, that cover other aspects of our virtualization and other technologies. We have federal trademark registrations in the United States for “VMWARE,” “VMWORLD,” “VMWARE FUSION,” “VSPHERE,” “VMWARE VCLOUD,” “VMWARE VIEW,” “VMOTION,” “HORIZON,” “AIRWATCH” and numerous other trademarks. We have also registered trademarks in a number of foreign countries. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights and our brand. We enforce our intellectual property rights in the United States and a number of foreign countries. Despite our efforts, the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to police such misappropriation or infringement is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the United States. United States patent filings are intended to provide the holder with a right to exclude others from making, using, offering to sell, selling or importing into the United States products covered by the claims of granted patents. Our granted United States patents, and any future patents (to the extent they are issued), may be contested, circumvented or invalidated in the future. Moreover, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing these patents. Therefore, the exact effect of our patents and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property cannot be predicted with certainty. Employees As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately 18,000 employees in offices worldwide, less than 5% of which were contracted through EMC. None of our employees are represented by labor unions, and we consider current employee relations to be good. We contract with EMC to utilize personnel who are dedicated to work for VMware on a full-time basis. These individuals are located in countries in which we do not currently have an operating subsidiary and are predominantly dedicated to our sales and marketing efforts. We use contractors from time to time for temporary assignments and in locations in which we do not currently have operating subsidiaries. In the event that these contractor resources were not available, we do not believe that this would have a material adverse effect on our operations. Available Information Our website is located at www.vmware.com, and our investor relations website is located at http://ir.vmware.com. Our goal is to maintain the Investor Relations website as a portal through which investors can easily find or navigate to pertinent information about us, all of which is made available free of charge, including: The information found on our website is not part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC. 11 • our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”); • announcements of investor conferences, speeches and events at which our executives talk about our products, services and competitive strategies; • webcasts of our quarterly earnings calls and links to webcasts of investor conferences at which our executives appear (archives of these events are also available for a limited time); • additional information on financial metrics, including reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures discussed in our presentations to the nearest comparable GAAP measure; • press releases on quarterly earnings, product and service announcements, legal developments and international news; • corporate governance information including our certificate of incorporation, bylaws, corporate governance guidelines, board committee charters, business conduct guidelines (which constitutes our code of business conduct and ethics) and other governance-related policies; • other news, blogs and announcements that we may post from time to time that investors might find useful or interesting; and • opportunities to sign up for email alerts and RSS feeds to have information pushed in real time. Table of Contents The risk factors that appear below could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks and uncertainties facing us. Our business is also subject to general risks and uncertainties that affect many other companies. Specific risk factors related to our relationship with EMC are also included below. Risks Related to Our Business As the markets for our server and desktop virtualization products have matured we have been increasingly developing and marketing products and services targeted toward the delivery, management and automation of information technology (“IT”) infrastructure, platforms and services through cloud-based solutions. If businesses do not find our cloud computing solutions compelling, our revenue growth and operating margins will decline. Our products and services are based on server virtualization and related technologies that have primarily been used for virtualizing on-premise data center servers and form the foundation for private cloud computing. As the market for data center server virtualization has matured, we have increasingly directed our product development and marketing toward products and services that enable businesses to utilize virtualization as the foundation for cloud-based computing. We have extended the benefits of virtualization beyond servers to include network and storage, and coupled this with management and automated delivery of IT resources to create private cloud platforms. We have also extended our product portfolio beyond desktop virtualization to include mobile device management with our AirWatch offerings. We also offer hybrid cloud services through our vCloud Air platform. Our success depends on our current and future customers perceiving technological and operational benefits and cost savings associated with the increasing adoption of our private and hybrid cloud solutions as well as our client virtualization and mobile device management solutions. As the market for our server virtualization products matures and the scale of our business increases, our rate of revenue growth will depend largely upon the success of our newer product and service offerings. In addition, to the extent that our newer private and hybrid cloud solutions, as well as our client virtualization and mobile device management solutions are adopted more slowly or less comprehensively than we expect, our revenue growth rates may slow materially or our revenue may decline substantially. The large majority of our revenues have come from our server virtualization products including our flagship VMware vSphere product line. Decreases in demand for our server virtualization products could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The large majority of our revenues have come from our server virtualization products. Although we continue to develop other applications for our virtualization technology such as our network virtualization solution, VMware NSX, end-user computing products and hybrid cloud services and expand our offerings into related areas such as our vRealize SDDC management products and vCloud product suites, we expect that our server virtualization products and related enhancements and upgrades will constitute a majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Declines and variability in demand for our data center virtualization products could occur as a result of: Also, as more and more businesses achieve the virtualization of their servers, certain markets for our VMware vSphere product line have matured. Our sales of standalone VMware vSphere have declined as a portion of our overall business as we seek to transition our customers to product suites, our newer products and infrastructure-as-a-service offerings. If we fail to introduce compelling new features in future upgrades to our VMware vSphere product line, manage the transition to hybrid cloud platforms, develop new applications for our virtualization technology or provide product suites based on the VMware vSphere platform that address customer requirements for integration, automation and management of their IT systems, overall demand for products and services based on VMware vSphere may decline. Due to our product concentration, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows would therefore be adversely affected by a decline in demand for our data center virtualization products. 12 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS • improved products or product versions being offered by competitors in our markets; • competitive pricing pressures; • failure to timely execute and implement our product strategy, which could lead to quality issues, integration issues with ecosystem partners, and difficulties in creating and marketing suites of interoperable solutions; • failure to release new or enhanced versions of our server virtualization products on a timely basis, or at all; • technological change that we are unable to address with our server virtualization and private cloud products or that changes the way enterprises utilize our products; and • general economic conditions. Table of Contents We expect to face increasing competition that could result in a loss of customers, reduced revenues or decreased operating margins. The virtualization, cloud computing, end-user computing and software-defined data center industries are inter-related and rapidly evolving. We experienced increased competition during 2014 and expect it to remain intense going forward. For example, Microsoft continues to improve its virtual infrastructure and virtual management products and is expected to release updated versions of its Hyper V virtualization product and CloudOS private cloud platform. Microsoft also offers IaaS capabilities in Azure with a similar hybrid cloud message. We also face competition from other companies that have announced a number of new product initiatives, alliances and consolidation efforts. For example, Citrix Systems continues to enhance its end-user desktop and mobility offerings and their networking and cloud platform offerings. IBM, Google and Amazon have existing cloud computing offerings and announced new cloud computing initiatives. Additionally, open source technologies for virtualization, containerization, and cloud platforms such as Xen, KVM, Docker, Rocket, and OpenStack provide significant pricing competition, and enable competing vendors to leverage open source technologies like OpenStack to compete directly with our SDDC initiative. Enterprises and service providers have also shown significant interest in building their own clouds based on open source projects such as OpenStack. Other companies have indicated their intention to expand offerings of virtual management and cloud computing solutions as well. Additionally, our hybrid cloud computing offering, which allows enterprises to pool internal and external IT resources running on a common vSphere infrastructure, competes with low-cost public cloud infrastructure offerings such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, IBM SoftLayer and Google Compute Engine. Following our acquisition of Nicira and the resulting release of our NSX product, a number of competitors announced software-defined networking offerings. For example, Cisco announced its Application Centric Infrastructure initiative. We believe that the key competitive factors in the virtualization and cloud computing spaces include: Existing and future competitors may introduce products and services in the same areas we serve or intend to serve, and competing products and services may have better performance, lower prices, better functionality and broader acceptance than our products and services. Our competitors may also add features to their virtualization, end-user and cloud computing products similar to features that presently differentiate our product offerings from theirs. Many of our current or potential competitors also have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources than we do. This competition could result in increased pricing pressure and sales and marketing expenses, thereby materially reducing our operating margins, and could also prevent our new products and services from gaining market acceptance, thereby harming our ability to increase, or causing us to lose, market share. Increased competition also may prevent us from entering into or renewing service contracts on terms similar to those that we currently offer and may cause the length of our sales cycle to increase. Additionally, some of our competitors and potential competitors supply a wide variety of products and services to, and have well-established relationships with, our current and prospective end users. For example, small to medium sized businesses and companies in emerging markets that are evaluating the adoption of virtualization-based technologies and solutions may be inclined to consider Microsoft solutions because of their existing use of Windows and Office products. Some of these competitors have in the past and may in the future take advantage 13 • the level of reliability, security and new functionality of product offerings; • the ability to provide comprehensive and scalable solutions, including management and security capabilities; • the ability to offer products and services that support multiple hardware platforms, operating systems, applications and application development frameworks; • the ability to deliver an intuitive end-user experience for accessing data, applications and services from a wide variety of end-user devices; • the ability to effectively run traditional IT applications and emerging applications; • the proven track record of formulating and delivering a roadmap of virtualization and cloud computing capabilities; • the ability to attract and preserve a large installed base of customers; • pricing of products and services, individually and in bundles; • the ability to attract and preserve a large number of application developers to develop to a given cloud ecosystem; • the ability to create and maintain partnering opportunities with hardware vendors, infrastructure software vendors and cloud service providers; • the ability to develop robust indirect sales channels; and • the ability to attract and retain cloud, virtualization and systems experts as key employees. Table of Contents of their existing relationships to engage in business practices that make our products and services less attractive to our end users. Other competitors have limited or denied support for their applications running in VMware virtualization environments. These distribution, licensing and support restrictions, as well as other business practices that may be adopted in the future by our competitors, could materially impact our prospects regardless of the merits of our products and services. In addition, competitors with existing relationships with our current or prospective end users could in the future integrate competitive capabilities into their existing products and services and make them available without additional charge. For example, Oracle provides free server virtualization software intended to support Oracle and non-Oracle applications, and Microsoft offers its own server virtualization software packaged with its Windows Server product and offers built-in virtualization in the client version of Windows. As a result, existing and prospective VMware customers may elect to use products that are perceived to be “free” or “very low cost” instead of purchasing VMware products and services for certain applications where they do not believe that more advanced and robust capabilities are required. Competitors may also leverage open source technologies to offer zero or low cost products and services capable of putting pricing pressure on our own product offerings. By engaging in such business practices, our competitors can diminish competitive advantages we may possess by incentivizing end users to choose products that lack some of the technical advantages of our own offerings. In addition, even if customers find our products and services to be technically superior, they may choose to employ a “ multiple-vendor ” strategy, where they purposely deploy multiple vendors in their environment in order to prevent any one vendor from gaining too much control over their IT operations. We also face potential competition from our partners. For example, third parties currently selling our products and services could build and market their own competing products and services or market competing products and services of other vendors. If we are unable to compete effectively, our growth and our ability to sell products and services at profitable margins could be materially and adversely affected, which could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Industry alliances or consolidation may result in increased competition. Some of our competitors have made acquisitions and entered into or extended partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer more comprehensive virtualization and cloud computing solutions than they individually had offered. Citrix Systems continues to invest in desktop virtualization marketing by continuing its collaboration with Microsoft and has acquired smaller players like Zenprise, Virtual Computer and Framehawk. IBM acquired SoftLayer to increase their data center footprint and grow their cloud business. Moreover, information technology companies are increasingly seeking to deliver top-to-bottom IT solutions to end users that combine enterprise-level hardware and software solutions to provide an alternative to our virtualization platform. For example, Oracle offers integrated hardware and software virtualization solutions, and Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard continue their collaboration based on Microsoft’s cloud computing and virtualization platforms. In addition, Citrix offers an IaaS cloud services solution, and Red Hat continues to invest in the Open Virtualization Alliance (“OVA”) to bolster KVM as a direct competitor to VMware vSphere. A number of competitors are active in the emerging software-defined networking space. For example, in 2013, Cisco acquired Insieme. In June 2013, Oracle and Microsoft entered into a partnership pursuant to which Oracle now supports the use of Oracle products in Microsoft Hyper-V deployments as well as Windows Azure. In July 2014, Cisco and Microsoft announced an initiative to integrate Cisco data center solutions and networking switches with Microsoft cloud offerings and to jointly market and sell their data center and hybrid cloud solutions. In September 2014, Cisco and RedHat announced a new integrated infrastructure solution for OpenStack-based cloud deployments. In addition, the companies announced an expansion of their relationship, accelerating collaboration around OpenStack, Application Centric Infrastructure and Intercloud. We expect these trends to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their positions in the evolving virtualization infrastructure and enterprise IT solutions industry. Many of the companies driving this trend have significantly greater financial, technical and other resources than we do and may be better positioned to acquire and offer complementary products and technologies. The companies and alliances resulting from these possible combinations may create more compelling product and service offerings and be able to offer greater pricing flexibility than we can or may engage in business practices that make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, sales and marketing programs (such as providing greater incentives to our channel partners to sell a competitor’s product), technology or product functionality. This competition could result in a substantial loss of customers or a reduction in our revenues, which could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our new product and technology initiatives subject us to additional business, legal and competitive risks. Over the last several years, we have introduced new product and technology initiatives that aim to leverage our virtualization infrastructure software products into the emerging areas of cloud computing and end-user computing as alternatives to the provisioning of physical computing resources. One of our core strategies is to deliver the software-defined data center. In 2012, we acquired two companies that furthered our software defined data center ( “ SDDC”) strategy—Dynamic Ops, a provider of cloud automation solutions that enable 14 Table of Contents provisioning and management of IT services across heterogeneous environments, and Nicira, a developer of software-defined networking and a leader in network virtualization for open source initiatives. In 2013, we acquired Virsto Software, a developer of software that optimizes storage performance and utilization in virtual environments. These acquired technologies, combined with existing technologies, constitute the basis for our SDDC private cloud offerings. We also continue to expand and enhance our end-user computing offerings, such as VMware View and Horizon Suite, a solution that provides end users with a single place to get access to their applications, data and desktops and gives IT a single management console to manage entitlements, policies and security. In the second quarter of 2013, we introduced our hybrid cloud service called vCloud Air (formerly, vCloud Hybrid Service). vCloud Air is designed to deliver a public cloud as a service offering that is interoperable with our customers’ existing VMware virtualized infrastructure, enabling customers to extend the same skills, tools, networking and security models across both on-premise and off-premise environments. In the first quarter of 2014, we acquired AirWatch, a leader in enterprise mobility management and security solutions. The acquisition of AirWatch expands our portfolio of mobile solutions within the enterprise mobility and security space. In the third quarter of 2014, we announced that we had entered into a joint venture with the Softbank Group to expand our vCloud Air service to Japan. We are currently making significant investments in developing and introducing new technologies and product offerings related to our SDDC, vCloud Air and end-user and mobile computing initiatives. The expansion of our offerings to deliver the SDDC, address IT management and automation, add network and storage virtualization, and enhance our end-user computing capabilities and our hybrid cloud offerings subjects us to additional risks, such as the following: 15 • These initiatives may present new and difficult technological challenges. Significant investments will be required to acquire and develop solutions to those challenges. Customers may choose not to adopt our new product or service offerings and we may be unable to recoup or realize a reasonable return on our investments. • Some of our new initiatives are hosted by third parties whom we do not control but whose failure to prevent service disruptions, or other failures or breaches may require us to issue credits or refunds or indemnify or otherwise be liable to customers or third parties for damages that may occur. Any transition of our services from a third party hosting service to our own data centers would also entail a risk of service disruption during a transition. We may be subject to claims if customers of these service offerings experience service disruptions or failures, security breaches, data losses or other quality issues. • The success of these new offerings depends upon the cooperation of hardware, software and cloud hosting vendors to ensure interoperability with our products and offer compatible products and services to end users. If we are unable to obtain such cooperation, it may be difficult and more costly for us to achieve functionality and service levels that would make our services attractive to end users. • We will need to develop and implement appropriate go-to-market strategies and train our sales force in order to effectively market offerings in product categories in which we may have less experience than our competitors. Accordingly, end users could choose competing products and services over ours, even if such offerings are less advanced than ours. • Our increasing focus on developing and marketing IT management and automation and infrastructure-as-a-service (including software-defined networking and vCloud Air) offerings that enable customers to transform their IT systems will require a greater focus on marketing and selling product suites and more holistic solutions, rather than selling on a product-by-product basis. Consequently, we will need to develop new strategies for marketing and selling our offerings, our customers’ purchasing decisions may become more complex and require additional levels of approval and the duration of sales cycles for our offerings may increase. • We will need to develop appropriate pricing strategies for our new product initiatives. For example, it has frequently been challenging for software companies to derive significant revenue streams from open source projects, such as certain of our offerings. Additionally, in some cases our new product initiatives are predicated on converting free and trial users to paying customers of the premium tiers of these services, and therefore we must maintain a sufficient conversion ratio for such services to be profitable. Also, certain of our new product initiatives have a subscription model. We may not be able to accurately predict subscription renewal rates or their impact on results, and because revenue is recognized for our services over the term of the subscription, downturns or upturns in sales may not be immediately reflected in our results. Moreover, as customers transition to our hybrid cloud and SaaS products and services, our revenue growth rate may be adversely impacted, during the period of transition as we will recognize less revenue up-front than we would otherwise recognize as part of a multi-year license arrangement. Table of Contents As our vSphere-related products continue to mature, our future revenue growth is increasingly dependent on revenue from our new product and technology offerings. Our newer initiatives may be less profitable than our established products, and we may not be successful enough in these newer activities to recoup our investments in them. If any of these risks were to occur, it could damage our reputation, limit our growth and negatively affect our operating results. Our vCloud Air offering relies upon a number of third-party providers for data center space, equipment, maintenance and other colocation services, and the loss of, or problems with, one or more of these providers may impede the growth of our vCloud Air offerings, adversely impact our plans to expand the service and damage our reputation. We launched our vCloud Air service offerings in 2013 in the United States and began to expand the services globally in 2014. Our vCloud Air offerings rely upon third-party providers to supply data center space, equipment maintenance and other colocation services. While we have entered into various agreements for the lease of data center space, equipment maintenance and other services, third parties could fail to live up to the contractual obligations under those agreements. For example, a data center landlord may fail to adequately maintain its facilities or provide an appropriate data center infrastructure for which it is 16 • The success of vCloud Air will depend on the successful global implementation of the offering and building effective go-to-market strategies. We will need to build sales expertise and infrastructure to support the new offering that is capable of meeting customer requirements for security, reliability and regulatory compliance. This hybrid cloud offering involves significant capital investment as well as technology risk, and may not be accepted by customers. Further, this offering may lead our team to reduce the time spent on selling our existing product portfolio, which could have a material negative impact on revenues. • As we expand our IaaS and SaaS offerings globally, we may rely more upon joint ventures with established providers of IT products and services in particular regions, such as our joint venture with the Softbank Group to expand our vCloud Air hybrid cloud service to Japan. Joint ventures require close ongoing cooperation and commitments from the joint venture partners, and the willingness to devote adequate resources as required. If we are unable to continue our strategic alignment with joint venture partners or obtain the cooperation and commitments we are relying upon, our ability to successfully expand our IaaS and SaaS offerings globally will diminish. • Our new products and services may compete with offerings from companies who are members of our developer and technology partner ecosystem. Consequently, we may find it more difficult to continue to work together productively on other projects, and the advantages we derive from our ecosystem could diminish. • The virtualized end-user computing industry remains in an emerging stage of expansion. Other companies are entering, and are developing competing standards for, the end-user computing space, such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Citrix, and such companies are likely to introduce their own initiatives that may compete with or not be compatible with our end-user computing initiatives, which could limit the degree to which other vendors develop products and services around our offerings and end users adopt our platforms. • The cloud computing industry is in early stages of expansion. Other companies are entering, and are developing competing standards for the cloud computing space, such as Microsoft, IBM, Cisco, Google and Amazon, as well as numerous vendor offerings based on the OpenStack project. These companies are likely to introduce their own initiatives that may compete with or not be compatible with our cloud initiatives, which could potentially limit the degree to which other vendors develop products and services around our offerings and end users adopt our platforms. • Emerging IT sectors, such as those within IaaS, are frequently subject to a “first mover” effect pursuant to which certain product and service offerings can rapidly capture a significant portion of market share and developer attention. Therefore, if competitive product and service offerings in these sectors gain broad adoption before ours, it may be difficult for us to displace such offerings regardless of the comparative technical merit, efficacy or cost of our products and services. • Developing and launching new technologies in new areas, as we are continuing to do with our VMware NSX virtual networking, Virtual SAN virtual storage and vCloud Air initiatives, requires significant investments of resources and often entails greater risk than incremental investments in existing industries. If these investments are not successful, our rate of growth may decline or reverse and our operating results will be negatively affected. • In connection with some of our product initiatives, including our web-based services, mobile services and our vCloud Air offering, we expect that our customers may increasingly use our services to store and process personal information and other regulated data, increasing our potential exposure to cybersecurity breaches and data loss. • Marketing and selling new technologies to enterprises requires significant investment of time and resources in order to educate customers on the benefits of our new product offerings. These investments can be costly and the additional effort required to educate both customers and our own sales force can distract from their efforts to sell existing products and services. Table of Contents responsible. If that were to happen, our ability to deliver services at levels acceptable to our customers and at levels that we have committed to could be impaired. Additionally, if the third parties that we rely on do fail to deliver on their obligations, our reputation could be damaged, our customers could lose confidence in us, and our ability to maintain and expand our vCloud Air offerings would be impaired. Ongoing uncertainty regarding global economic conditions and the stability of regional financial markets may reduce information technology spending below current expectations and therefore adversely impact our revenues, impede end-user adoption of new products and services and product and service upgrades, and adversely impact our competitive position. Our business depends on the overall demand for information technology and on the economic health of our current and prospective customers. The purchase of our products and services is often discretionary and may involve a significant commitment of capital and other resources. Weak economic conditions or significant uncertainty regarding the stability of financial markets could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations in a number of ways, including by lengthening sales cycles, affecting the size of enterprise license agreements (“ELAs”) that customers will commit to, reducing the level of our non-ELA transactional sales, lowering prices for our products and services, reducing unit sales and reducing the rate of adoption of our products and services by new customers and the willingness of current customers to purchase upgrades to our existing products and services. For example, a recurrence of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe or that region’s failure to recover from recession would threaten to suppress demand and our customers’ access to credit in that region, which is an important market for our products and services. Additionally, in response to sustained economic uncertainty, many national and local governments that are current or prospective customers for our products and services, including the U.S. federal government, have made, or threatened to make, significant spending cutbacks which could reduce the amount of government spending on IT and the potential demand for our products and services from the government sector. Regional economic uncertainty can also result in general and ongoing tightening in the credit markets, lower levels of liquidity, increases in the rates of default and bankruptcy and significant volatility in the credit, equity and fixed income markets. As a result, current or potential customers may be unable to fund software purchases, which could cause them to delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products and services. Even if customers are willing to purchase our products and services, if they do not meet our credit requirements, we may not be able to record accounts receivable or unearned revenues or recognize revenues from these customers until we receive payment, which could adversely affect the amount of revenues we are able to recognize in a particular period. In addition, although we plan to continue making strategic investments in our business, many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical and other resources than we do, and to the degree that the economic recovery is anemic or not sustained, they may be better positioned to continue investment in competitive technologies. Our revenues, unearned revenues, collection of accounts receivable and financial results may be adversely impacted by fluctuation of foreign currency exchange rates. Although foreign currency hedges can offset some of the risk related to foreign currency fluctuations, we will continue to experience foreign currency gains and losses in certain instances where it is not possible or cost effective to hedge our foreign currency exposures. Our revenues, unearned revenues, and our collection of accounts receivable may be adversely impacted as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. For example, we have distributors in foreign countries that may incur higher costs in periods when the value of the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies. One or more of these distributors could delay payments or default on credit extended to them as a result. Any significant delay or default in the collection of significant accounts receivable could result in an increased need for us to obtain working capital from other sources. If we determine that the amount of accounts receivable that is uncollectible is greater than our estimates, we would recognize an increase in bad debt expense, which would have a negative impact on our results of operations. In addition, in periods when the value of the U.S. dollar strengthens, we may need to offer additional discounts, reduce prices or offer other incentives to mitigate the negative effect on demand. We invoice and collect in certain non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies, thereby conducting a portion of our transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Although this practice may alleviate credit risk from our distributors during periods when the U.S. dollar strengthens, it shifts the risk of currency fluctuations to us and may negatively impact our revenues, unearned revenues, anticipated cash flows and financial results due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly the euro, the British pound, the Japanese yen, the Australian dollar and the Chinese renminbi relative to the U.S. dollar. While variability in operating margin may be reduced due to invoicing in certain of the local currencies in which we also recognize expenses, increased exposure to foreign currency fluctuations will introduce additional risk for variability in revenue-related components of our consolidated financial statements. In 2014 approximately 30% of our sales were invoiced and collected in certain non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies. We enter into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of our net outstanding monetary assets and liabilities against movements in certain foreign exchange rates. Although we expect the gains and losses on our foreign currency forward contracts to generally offset the majority of the gains and losses associated with the underlying foreign-currency denominated 17 Table of Contents assets and liabilities that we hedge, our hedging transactions may not yield the results we expect. Additionally, we expect to continue to experience foreign currency gains and losses in certain instances where it is not possible or cost effective to hedge our foreign currency exposures. For example, we experienced a measurable negative impact to our revenues in the fourth quarter of 2014 due to exchange rate fluctuations and we expect a further negative impact to 2015 revenues and unearned revenues even if currency exchange rates stabilize. The further weakening of foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar would likely result in additional adverse impact on our revenues. We may not be able to respond to rapid technological changes with new solutions and services offerings, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales and profitability. The virtualization, cloud computing, end-user computing and SDDC industries are characterized by rapid technological changes, changing customer needs, frequent new software product introductions and evolving industry standards. The introduction of third-party solutions embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards could make our existing and future software solutions obsolete and unmarketable. Cloud computing is proving to be a disruptive technology that will alter the way that businesses consume, manage and provide physical IT resources, applications, data and IT services. We may not be able to establish or sustain our thought leadership in the cloud computing and enterprise software fields, and our customers may not view our products and services as innovative and best-of-breed, which could result in a reduction in market share and our inability to command a pricing premium over competitor products and services. We may not be able to develop updated products and services that keep pace with technological developments and emerging industry standards and that address the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers or that interoperate with new or updated operating systems and hardware devices or certify our products and services to work with these systems and devices. As a result, we may not be able to accurately predict the lifecycle of our software solutions, and they may become obsolete before we receive the amount of revenues that we anticipate from them. There is no assurance that any of our new offerings would be accepted in the marketplace. Significant reductions in server-related costs or the rise of more efficient infrastructure management software could also affect demand for our software solutions. As hardware and processors become more powerful, we will have to adapt our product and service offerings to take advantage of the increased capabilities. For example, while the introduction of more powerful servers presents an opportunity for us to provide better products for our customers, the migration of servers to microprocessors with an increasing number of multiple cores also allows an end user with a given number of licensed copies of our software to multiply the number of virtualization machines run per server socket without having to purchase additional licenses from us. If we are unable to revise our solutions and offerings in response to new technological developments, our ability to retain or increase market share and revenues in the virtualization software space could be materially adversely affected. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future results difficult to predict and may result in our operating results falling below expectations or our guidance and cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline. Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Our past results should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance. In addition, a significant portion of our quarterly sales typically occurs during the last month of the quarter, which generally reflects customer buying patterns for enterprise technology. As a result, our quarterly operating results are difficult to predict even in the near term. If our revenues or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts or below any guidance we may provide to the market, the price of our Class A common stock would likely decline substantially. In addition, factors that may affect our operating results include, among others: 18 • general economic conditions in our domestic and international markets and the effect that these conditions have on our customers’ capital budgets and the availability of funding for software purchases; • fluctuations in demand, adoption rates, sales cycles and pricing levels for our products and services; • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; • changes in customers’ budgets for information technology purchases and in the timing of their purchasing decisions; • the timing of recognizing revenues in any given quarter, which, as a result of software revenue recognition policies, can be affected by a number of factors, including product announcements, beta programs and product promotions that can cause revenue recognition of certain orders to be deferred until future products to which customers are entitled become available; • the sale of our products and services in the time frames we anticipate, including the number and size of orders in each quarter; • our ability to develop, introduce and ship in a timely manner new products and services and enhancements that meet customer demand, certification requirements and technical requirements; Table of Contents The failure by customers to renew large license agreement transactions on a satisfactory basis could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow. Our core customers are large enterprises with multi-year enterprise license agreements, each of which involves substantial aggregate fee amounts. The failure to renew those transactions in the future, at a dollar value at least equal to the original agreement, or to replace those enterprise license agreements with new transactions of similar scope, on terms that are commercially attractive to us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow. Our current research and development efforts may not produce significant revenues for several years, if at all. Developing our products and services is expensive. Our investment in research and development may not result in marketable products or services or may result in products and services that take longer to generate revenues, or may generate less revenues, than we anticipate. Our research and development expenses were approximately 21% of our total revenues during both 2014 and 2013 . Our future plans include significant investments in software research and development and related product opportunities. We believe that we must continue to dedicate a significant amount of resources to our research and development efforts to maintain our competitive position. However, we may not receive significant revenues from these investments for several years, if at all. Our products and services are sold using ELAs and through our transactional business, and this strategy may not drive long-term sales and revenue growth. We sell our products and services through two primary means, which we refer to as our ELA and our non-ELA, or transactional, sales. ELAs are comprehensive long-term license agreements that provide for multi-year maintenance and support and constitute an increasing percentage of total overall sales. We believe that ELAs help us grow our business by building long-term relationships with our enterprise customers. In recent periods, 25% to 40% of our overall sales each quarter have been comprised of ELAs. These are generally larger size transactions, typically driven by our direct sales force and are primarily attractive to our larger enterprise customers. Transactional sales, in contrast, tend to be smaller in scope, shorter in duration with a standard one-year maintenance term, and are principally driven by our sales channel partners. Historically, they have represented 60% to 75% of our overall sales. Our year-over-year overall sales, ELA sales and our transactional sales all increased in 2014 compared to 2013. Although our transactional business has increased during 2014, as we develop and add new product and service capabilities to our higher-end product offerings, and as our ELA volume continues to grow, we may not be successful in our strategy to increase the value of the products and services sold through the transactional business. Consequently, we may not be able to increase sales 19 • the introduction of new pricing and packaging models for our product offerings; • the timing of the announcement or release of upgrades or new products and services by us or by our competitors; • our ability to maintain scalable internal systems for reporting, order processing, license fulfillment, product delivery, purchasing, billing and general accounting, among other functions; • our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses; • changes to our effective tax rate; • the increasing scale of our business and its effect on our ability to maintain historical rates of growth; • our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees, particularly those with relevant experience in software development and sales; • our ability to conform to emerging industry standards and to technological developments by our competitors and customers; • renewal rates and the amounts of the renewals for ELAs as original ELA terms expire; • the timing and amount of software development costs that may be capitalized beginning when technological feasibility has been established and ending when the product is available for general release; • unplanned events that could affect market perception of the quality or cost-effectiveness of our products and solutions; and • the recoverability of benefits from goodwill and acquired intangible assets, and the potential impairment of these assets. Table of Contents volumes in our transactional business or help attract new customers to our product ecosystem with our enhanced product features and capabilities. If our overall go-to-market strategy is not successful, our growth rates may decline further, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, our sales efforts require considerable time and expense, and timing of sales is subject to changing purchasing behaviors of our customers. As a result, our sales are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from quarter to quarter, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly. The timing of our revenues is difficult to predict. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the use and benefit of our products and services, including their technical capabilities, potential cost savings to an organization and advantages compared to lower-cost products and services offered by our competitors. Customers typically undertake a significant evaluation process that has in the past resulted in a lengthy sales cycle which typically lasts several months, and may last a year or longer. We spend substantial time, effort and money on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. In addition, product and service purchases are frequently subject to budget constraints, economic conditions, multiple approvals, and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. Moreover, the greater number of competitive alternatives, as well as announcements by our competitors that they intend to introduce competitive alternatives at some point in the future, can lengthen customer procurement cycles, cause us to spend additional time and resources to educate end users on the advantages of our product and service offerings and delay product and service sales. Economic downturns and uncertainty can also cause customers to add layers to their internal purchase approval processes, adding further time to a sales cycle. Additionally, as we sell more products and services to domestic and foreign governments, we may encounter lengthier sales cycles, complicated budgeting processes and complex procurement regulations. These factors can have a particular impact on the timing and length of our ELA sales cycles and our overall sales during any particular fiscal period may have greater variability as a greater portion of our sales is made utilizing ELAs. Additionally, our quarterly sales have historically reflected an uneven pattern in which a disproportionate percentage of a quarter’s total sales occur in the last month, weeks and days of each quarter. Similarly, our yearly sales have historically reflected a disproportionate percentage of the year’s sales in the fourth fiscal quarter. These patterns make prediction of revenues, earnings and working capital for each financial period especially difficult and uncertain and increase the risk of unanticipated variations in financial condition and results of operations. We believe this uneven sales pattern is a result of many factors including the following: If sales expected from specific customers for a particular quarter are not realized in that quarter or at all, our results could fall short of public expectations and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We are dependent on our management and our key development personnel, and the loss of key personnel may prevent us from implementing our business plan in a timely manner. Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our existing management. We are also substantially dependent on the continued service of our key development personnel for product and service innovation and timely development and delivery of upgrades and enhancements to our existing products and services. The market for expert software developers upon whom we rely has become increasingly competitive. We generally do not have employment or non-compete agreements with our existing management or development personnel, and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time without penalty and could pursue employment opportunities with any of our competitors. Changes to management and key employees can also lead to additional unplanned losses of key employees. The loss of key employees could seriously harm our ability to release new products and services on a timely basis and could significantly help our competitors. Because competition for our target employees is intense, we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled employees we need to support our planned growth, and our compensation expenses may increase. To execute on our strategy, we must continue to attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially for senior sales executives and engineers with high levels of experience in designing and developing software. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel. We have from time to time in the past experienced, and we expect to continue to experience in the future, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have 20 • the tendency of customers to wait until late in a quarter to commit to a purchase in the hope of obtaining more favorable pricing; • the fourth quarter influence of customers spending their remaining capital budget authorization prior to new budget constraints in the following year; and • seasonal influences, such as holiday or vacation periods. Table of Contents greater resources than we have. Research and development personnel are also aggressively recruited by startup and emerging growth companies, which are especially active in many of the technical areas and geographic regions in which we conduct product and service development. In addition, in making employment decisions, particularly in the high-technology industry, job candidates often consider the value of the stock-based compensation they are to receive in connection with their employment. Declines in the value of our stock could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain key employees and result in increased employee compensation expenses. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed. Our success depends upon our ability to develop new products and services, integrate acquired products and services, enhance our existing products and services and develop appropriate business and pricing models. If we are unable to develop new products and services, integrate acquired products and services, enhance and improve our products and support services in a timely manner, or position or price our products and services to meet market demand, customers may not buy new software licenses from us, update to new versions of our software or renew product support. In addition, information technology standards from both consortia and formal standards-setting forums as well as de facto marketplace standards are rapidly evolving. We cannot provide any assurance that the standards on which we choose to develop new products and services will allow us to compete effectively for business opportunities in emerging areas such as cloud computing. New product and service development and introduction involve a significant commitment of time and resources and is subject to a number of risks and challenges including: In addition, if we cannot adapt our business models to keep pace with industry trends, our revenues could be negatively impacted. For example, if we increase our adoption of subscription-based pricing models for our products, we may fail to set pricing at levels appropriate to maintain our revenue streams or our customers may choose to deploy products from our competitors that they believe are priced more favorably. Additionally, we may fail to accurately predict subscription renewal rates or their impact on results of operations, and because revenues from subscriptions is recognized for our services over the term of the subscription, downturns or upturns in sales may not be immediately reflected in our results. As we offer more products that depend on converting users of free services to users of premium services and as such services grow in size, our ability to maintain or improve and to predict conversion rates will become more important. Breaches of our cybersecurity systems could degrade our ability to conduct our business operations and deliver products and services to our customers, delay our ability to recognize revenue, compromise the integrity of our software products, result in significant data losses and the theft of our intellectual property, damage our reputation, expose us to liability to third parties, and require us to incur significant additional costs to maintain the security of our networks and data. We increasingly depend upon our IT systems to conduct virtually all of our business operations, ranging from our internal operations and product development activities to our marketing and sales efforts and communications with our customers and business partners. Unauthorized parties have attempted to penetrate our network security and our website. Such cyberattacks 21 • managing the length of the development cycle for new products and services and product and service enhancements, which has frequently been longer than we originally expected; • increasing complexity of our product offerings as we introduce product suites such as our vCloud Suite, which can significantly increase the development time and effort necessary to achieve the interoperability of product suite components while maintaining product quality; • growth rates of our emerging products and services may be negatively impacted despite their technical merit by the need to package such products and services in more complex product suite offerings that require more time for customer evaluation and purchase decisions; • managing customers’ transitions to new products and services, which can result in delays in their purchasing decisions; • adapting to emerging and evolving industry standards and to technological developments by our competitors and customers; • entering into new or unproven markets with which we have limited experience; • reacting to trends and predicting which technologies will be successful and develop into industry standards; • tailoring our business and pricing models appropriately as we enter new markets and respond to competitive pressures and technological changes; • incorporating and integrating acquired products and technologies; and • developing or expanding efficient sales channels. Table of Contents threaten to misappropriate our proprietary information and cause interruptions of our IT services. Because the techniques used by unauthorized persons to access or sabotage networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques. Further, if unauthorized access or sabotage remains undetected for an extended period of time, the effects of such breach could be exacerbated. In addition, sophisticated hardware and operating system software and applications that we produce or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture, including “bugs” and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of the system. Our exposure to cybersecurity threats and negative consequences of cybersecurity breaches will likely increase as our vCloud Air business expands and we store increasing amounts of customer data and host or manage parts of customers’ businesses in cloud-based IT environments. We have also outsourced a number of our business functions to third party contractors, and our business operations also depend, in part, on the success of our contractors’ own cybersecurity measures. We also use third parties to provide colocation services (i.e. data center services) for our hybrid cloud offering. Similarly, we rely upon distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators to sell our products and our sales operations depend, in part, on the reliability of their cybersecurity measures. Additionally, we depend upon our employees to appropriately handle confidential data and deploy our IT resources in safe and secure fashion that does not expose our network systems to security breaches and the loss of data. Accordingly, if our cybersecurity systems and those of our contractors, partners and vendors fail to protect against unauthorized access, sophisticated cyberattacks and the mishandling of data by our employees, contractors, partners or vendors, our ability to conduct our business effectively could be damaged in a number of ways, including: Should any of the above events occur, we could be subject to significant claims for liability from our customers, regulatory actions from governmental agencies, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights could be compromised and our reputation and competitive position could be significantly harmed. Also, the regulatory and contractual actions, litigations, investigations, fines, penalties and liabilities relating to data breaches that result in losses of personally identifiable or credit card information of users of our services can be significant in terms of fines and reputational impact, and necessitate changes to our business operations that may be disruptive to us. Additionally, we could incur significant costs in order to upgrade our cybersecurity systems and remediate damages. Consequently, our financial performance and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our products and services are highly technical and may contain errors, defects or security vulnerabilities which could cause harm to our reputation and adversely affect our business. Our products and services are highly technical and complex and, when deployed, have contained and may contain errors, defects or security vulnerabilities. Some errors in our products or services may only be discovered after a product or service has been installed and used by customers. Any errors, defects or security vulnerabilities discovered in our products or services after commercial release could result in loss of revenues or delay in revenue recognition, loss of customers and increased service and warranty cost, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Undiscovered vulnerabilities in our products or services could expose them to hackers or other unscrupulous third parties who develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that could attack our products or services. In the past, VMware has been made aware of public postings by hackers of portions of our source code. It is possible that the released source code could expose unknown security vulnerabilities in our products and services that could be exploited by hackers or others. We may also inherit unknown security vulnerabilities when we integrate the products or services of companies that we acquire into existing and new VMware products or services. Actual or perceived security vulnerabilities in our products or services could harm our reputation and lead some customers to return products or services, to reduce or delay future purchases or to use competitive products or services. End users, who rely on our products and services for the interoperability of enterprise servers and applications that are critical to their information systems, may have a greater sensitivity to product errors and security vulnerabilities than customers for software products generally. Any security breaches could lead to interruptions, delays and data loss and protection concerns. By their nature, security breaches are often difficult to detect and the failure to detect a breach for an extended period of time could 22 • sensitive data regarding our business, including intellectual property and other proprietary data, could be stolen; • our electronic communications systems, including email and other methods, could be disrupted, and our ability to conduct our business operations could be seriously damaged until such systems can be restored and secured; • our ability to process customer orders and electronically deliver products and services could be degraded, and our distribution channels could be disrupted, resulting in delays in revenue recognition; • defects and security vulnerabilities could be exploited or introduced into our software products or our hybrid cloud offering, thereby damaging the reputation and perceived reliability and security of our products and services and potentially making the data systems of our customers vulnerable to further data loss and cyber incidents; and • personally identifiable or confidential data of our customers, employees and business partners could be stolen or lost. Table of Contents significantly increase the damage it could cause. In addition, we could face claims for product liability, tort or breach of warranty, including claims relating to changes to our products and services made by our channel partners. Our contracts with customers contain provisions relating to warranty disclaimers and liability limitations, which may not be upheld, and customers and channel partners may seek indemnification from us for their losses and those of their customers. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and time-consuming and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products and services. In addition, if our business liability insurance coverage proves inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Operating in foreign countries subjects us to additional risks that may harm our ability to increase or maintain our international sales operations and investments. Revenues from customers outside the United States comprised approximately 52% of our total revenues in the years ended 2014 and 2013 . We have sales, administrative, research and development and technical support personnel in numerous countries worldwide. We expect to continue to add personnel in additional countries. Additionally, our investment portfolio includes investments in non-U.S. financial instruments and holdings in non-U.S. financial institutions, including European institutions. Our international operations subject us to a variety of risks, including: Additionally, as we continue to expand our business globally, we will need to maintain compliance with legal and regulatory requirements covering the foreign activities of U.S. corporations, such as export control requirements and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as well as with local regulatory requirements in non-U.S. jurisdictions. These risks will increase as we expand our operations to locations with a higher incidence of corruption and fraudulent business practices. Our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international operations. We expect a significant portion of our growth to occur in foreign countries, which can add to the difficulties in maintaining adequate management and compliance systems and internal controls over financial reporting, and increase challenges in managing an organization operating in various countries. In addition, potential fallout from recent disclosures related to the U.S. Internet and communications surveillance could also make foreign customers reluctant to purchase cloud computing products and services from U.S.-based companies and impair our growth rate in foreign markets. Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could negatively affect our reputation, limit our growth, harm our operations and reduce our international sales. Failure to effectively manage our product and service lifecycles could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow. As part of the natural lifecycle of our products and services, we periodically inform customers that products or services will be reaching their end of life or end of availability and will no longer be supported or receive updates and security patches. To the extent these products or services remain subject to a service contract with the customer, we offer to transition the customer to alternative products or services. Failure to effectively manage our product and service lifecycles could lead to 23 • the difficulty of managing and staffing international offices and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations; • increased exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk; • difficulties in enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable, and longer payment cycles, especially in emerging markets; • difficulties in delivering support, training and documentation in certain foreign markets; • tariffs and trade barriers and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell or develop our products and services in certain foreign markets; • economic or political instability and security concerns in countries that are important to our international sales and operations; • macroeconomic disruptions, such as monetary and credit crises, that can threaten the stability of local and regional financial institutions and decrease the value of our international investments; • the overlap of different tax structures or changes in international tax laws; • reduced protection for intellectual property rights, including reduced protection from software piracy, in some countries; • difficulties in transferring funds from certain countries; and • difficulties in maintaining appropriate controls relating to revenue recognition practices. Table of Contents customer dissatisfaction, and contractual liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow. If operating system and hardware vendors do not cooperate with us or we are unable to obtain early access to their new products, or access to certain information about their new products to ensure that our solutions interoperate with those products, our product development efforts may be delayed or foreclosed. Our products interoperate with Windows, Linux and other operating systems and the hardware devices of numerous manufacturers. Developing products that interoperate properly requires substantial partnering, capital investment and employee resources, as well as the cooperation of the vendors and developers of the operating systems and hardware. Operating system and hardware vendors may not provide us with early access to their technology and products, assist us in these development efforts or share with or sell to us any application programming interfaces, or APIs, formats or protocols we may need. If they do not provide us with the necessary early access, assistance or proprietary technology on a timely basis, we may experience product development delays or be unable to expand our products into other areas. To the extent that software or hardware vendors develop products that compete with ours or those of our controlling stockholder, EMC Corporation (“EMC”), they may have an incentive to withhold their cooperation, decline to share access or sell to us their proprietary APIs, protocols or formats, or engage in practices to actively limit the functionality, compatibility and certification of our products. To the extent that we enter into collaborations or joint development and marketing arrangements with certain hardware and software vendors, vendors who compete with our collaborative partners may similarly choose to limit their cooperation with us. In addition, hardware or operating system vendors may fail to certify or support or continue to certify or support our products for their systems. If any of the foregoing occurs, our product development efforts may be delayed or foreclosed and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. We rely on distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators to sell our products and services, and our failure to effectively develop, manage or prevent disruptions to our distribution channels and the processes and procedures that support them could cause a reduction in the number of end users of our products and services. Our future success is highly dependent upon maintaining and increasing the number of our relationships with distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators. Because we rely on distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators, we may have little or no contact with the ultimate users of our products and services, thereby making it more difficult for us to establish brand awareness, ensure proper delivery and installation of our products and services, service ongoing customer requirements, estimate end-user demand and respond to evolving customer needs. Recruiting and retaining qualified channel partners and training them in the use of our technology and product offerings requires significant time and resources. In order to develop and expand our distribution channel, we must continue to expand and improve our processes and procedures that support our channel, including our investment in systems and training, and those processes and procedures may become increasingly complex and difficult to manage. The time and expense required for sales and marketing organizations of our channel partners to become familiar with our product and service offerings, including our new product and service developments, may make it more difficult to introduce those products and services to end users and delay end-user adoption of our product and service offerings. We generally do not have long-term contracts or minimum purchase commitments with our distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators, and our contracts with these channel partners do not prohibit them from offering products or services that compete with ours. Our competitors may be effective in providing incentives to existing and potential channel partners to favor products and services of our competitors or to prevent or reduce sales of our products and services. Certain system vendors now offer competing virtualization products pre-installed on their server products and services. Additionally, our competitors could attempt to require key distributors to enter into exclusivity arrangements with them or otherwise apply their pricing or marketing leverage to discourage distributors from offering our products and services. Accordingly, our channel partners may choose not to offer our products and services exclusively or at all. Our failure to maintain and increase the number of relationships with channel partners would likely lead to a loss of end users of our products and services, which would result in us receiving lower revenues from our channel partners. Three of our distributors each accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues during the year ended of 2014 . Our agreements with distributors are typically terminable by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ prior written notice to the other party, and neither party has any obligation to purchase or sell any products or services under the agreements. While we believe that we have in place, or would have in place by the date of any such termination, agreements with replacement distributors sufficient to maintain our revenues from distribution, if we were to lose the distribution services of a significant distributor, such loss could have a negative impact on our results of operations until such time as we arrange to replace these distribution services with the services of existing or new distributors. 24 Table of Contents The concentration of our product sales among a limited number of distributors increases our potential credit risk. Additionally, weakness in credit markets could affect the ability of our distributors, resellers and customers to comply with the terms of credit we provide in the ordinary course of business. Accordingly, if our distributors, resellers and customers find it difficult to obtain credit or comply with the terms of their credit obligations, it could cause significant fluctuations or declines in our product revenues. Three of our distributors each accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues during the year ended of 2014 . We anticipate that sales of our products to a limited number of distributors will continue to account for a significant portion of our total product revenues for the foreseeable future. The concentration of product sales among certain distributors increases our potential credit risks. For example, approximately 42% of our total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2014 was from these three distributors. Some of our distributors may experience financial difficulties, which could adversely impact our collection of accounts receivable. One or more of these distributors could delay payments or default on credit extended to them. Our exposure to credit risks of our distributors may increase if our distributors and their customers are adversely affected by global or regional economic conditions. Additionally, we provide credit to distributors, resellers, and certain end-user customers in the normal course of business. Credit is generally extended to new customers based upon a credit evaluation. Credit is extended to existing customers based on ongoing credit evaluations, prior payment history, and demonstrated financial stability. We often allow distributors and customers to purchase and receive shipments of products in excess of their established credit limit. We are unable to recognize revenues from such shipments until the collection of those amounts becomes reasonably assured. Any significant delay or default in the collection of significant accounts receivable could result in an increased need for us to obtain working capital from other sources, possibly on worse terms than we could have negotiated if we had established such working capital resources prior to such delays or defaults. Any significant default could result in a negative impact on our results of operations and delay our ability to recognize revenue. We may become involved in litigation and regulatory inquiries and proceedings that could negatively affect us. From time to time, we are involved in various legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands and investigations relating to our business, which may include claims with respect to commercial, product liability, intellectual property, employment, class action, whistleblower and other matters. In the ordinary course of business, VMware also receives inquiries from and has discussions with government entities regarding the compliance of its contracting and sales practices with laws and regulations. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources and cause us to incur significant expenses. While no formal legal proceedings that we expect to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations have been commenced, there can be no assurance that actions will not be taken in the future, and final resolution of such claims could be materially different from our current estimates. Furthermore, because litigation and the outcome of regulatory proceedings are inherently unpredictable, it is possible that our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively affected by an unfavorable resolution of one or more of such proceedings, claims, demands or investigations. Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations regarding data protection. Our business is subject to federal, state and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and protection of personal data. As Internet commerce continues to evolve, regulation by federal, state and foreign governments or agencies in the areas of data privacy and data security is likely to increase. Other nations have data privacy laws that, in some respects, are more stringent than privacy standards in the United States. As we expand our operations in these countries, our liability exposure and the complexity and cost of compliance with data and privacy requirements will likely increase. We collect contact and other personal or identifying information from our customers. Additionally, in connection with some of our product initiatives, including our web-based services, mobile services and our vCloud Air offering, we expect that our customers may increasingly use our services to store and process personal information and other regulated data. We post, on our websites, and, where appropriate, within our products, our privacy policies and practices concerning our treatment of personal data. We also often include privacy commitments in our contracts. Any failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies, other federal, state or international privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations, or the privacy commitments contained in our contracts could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. It is possible that these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines and penalties, a governmental order requiring that we change our data practices could result, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business. Compliance with such an order may involve significant costs or require changes in business practices that result in reduced revenues. Noncompliance could result in penalties being imposed on us or we could be ordered to cease conducting the noncompliant activity. In addition to government regulation, privacy advocacy and industry groups or other third parties may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to our customers or us. Any inability to adequately 25 Table of Contents address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and standards, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, reduce sales and harm our business. Additionally, our virtualization technology is used by cloud computing vendors, and we have expanded our involvement in the delivery and provision of cloud computing through business alliances with various providers of cloud computing services and software and expect to continue to do so in the future. The application of U.S. and international data privacy laws to cloud computing vendors is uncertain, and our existing contractual provisions may prove to be inadequate to protect us from claims for data loss or regulatory noncompliance made against cloud computing providers who we may partner with. Accordingly, the failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations by our customers and business partners who provide cloud computing services could have a material adverse effect on our business. Since some of our products and services are web-based, our customers store their data on our servers and our vendors’ servers. This data may include personal data. It may also include protected health information (“PHI”) that may be subject to federal, state and international health care privacy, data privacy or security laws, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”). HIPAA has been amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH Act”) with the result of increased civil penalties. As a result of HIPAA and the HITECH Act, business associates who have access to PHI provided by covered entities and other business associates are now directly subject to HIPAA. When our customers place PHI into our web-based services, including vCloud Air or our services hosted on our vCloud Air, we may be required to comply with HIPAA’s data security requirements and may be liable for sanctions and penalties for failure to do so. Any systems failure or compromise of our security that results in the release of our customers’ data could (i) subject us to substantial damage claims from our customers, (ii) expose us to costly regulatory remediation, and (iii) harm our reputation and brand. We may also need to expend significant resources to protect against security breaches. If we fail to comply with our customer contracts or government contracting regulations, our business could be adversely affected. Our contracts with our customers may include unique and specialized performance requirements. In particular, our contracts with federal, state, local and non-U.S. governmental customers and our arrangements with distributors and resellers who may sell directly to governmental customers are subject to various procurement regulations, contract provisions and other requirements relating to their formation, administration and performance. Any failure by us to comply with provisions in our customer contracts or any violation of government contracting regulations could result in the imposition of various civil and criminal penalties, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments and, in the case of our government contracts, fines and suspension from future government contracting. Further, any negative publicity related to our customer contracts or any proceedings surrounding them, regardless of its accuracy, may damage our business and affect our ability to compete for new contracts. In the ordinary course of business, we also receive inquiries from and have ongoing discussions with government entities regarding the compliance of our contracting and sales practices with laws and regulations. We continue to cooperate with the U.S. General Services Administration and the Department of Justice in their inquiries regarding our government sales practices between 2006 and 2013. During the second quarter of 2014 , we recognized a liability of approximately $11 million in connection with this matter as the loss was determined to be both probable and reasonably estimable. While no formal legal proceedings have been commenced, final resolution of the matter could result in liability materially different from the accrued amount, and there can be no assurance that actions will not be commenced in the future. If our customer contracts are terminated, if we are suspended from government work or fines or other government sanctions are imposed, or if our ability to compete for new contracts is adversely affected, our business, operating results or financial condition could be adversely affected. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce our rights. We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws and confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. As such, despite our efforts, the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to police such misappropriation or infringement is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the United States. Further, with respect to patent rights, we do not know whether any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims. To the extent that additional patents are issued from our patent applications, which are not certain, they may be contested, circumvented or invalidated in the future. Moreover, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages, and, as with any technology, competitors may be able to develop similar or superior technologies to our own now or in the future. In addition, we rely on confidentiality or license agreements with third parties in connection with their use of our products and technology. There is no guarantee that such parties will abide by the terms of such agreements or that we will be able to adequately enforce our rights, in part because we rely on “click-wrap” and “shrink-wrap” licenses in some instances. 26 Table of Contents Detecting and protecting against the unauthorized use of our products, technology proprietary rights, and intellectual property rights is expensive, difficult and, in some cases, impossible. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, either of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, and there is no guarantee that we would be successful. Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to protecting their technology or intellectual property rights than we do. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property, which could result in a substantial loss of our market share. We provide access to our hypervisor and other selected source code to partners, which creates additional risk that our competitors could develop products that are similar to or better than ours. Our success and ability to compete depend substantially upon our internally developed technology, which in some cases is incorporated in the source code for our products. We seek to protect the source code, design code, documentation and other information relating to our software, under trade secret, copyright, and other applicable laws. However, we have chosen to provide access to our hypervisor and other selected source code to several dozen of our partners for co-development, as well as for open APIs, formats and protocols. Though we generally control access to our source code and other intellectual property, and enter into confidentiality or license agreements with such partners, as well as with our employees and consultants, this combination of procedural and contractual safeguards may be insufficient to protect our trade secrets and other rights to our technology. Our protective measures may be inadequate, especially because we may not be able to prevent our partners, employees or consultants from violating any agreements or licenses we may have in place or abusing their access granted to our source code. Improper disclosure or use of our source code could help competitors develop products similar to or better than ours. We are, and may in the future be, subject to claims by others that we infringe or contribute to the infringement of their proprietary technology, which could force us to pay damages or prevent us from using certain technology in our products. Companies in the software and technology industries own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. This risk may increase as the number of products and competitors in our market increases as computing, networking, storage, and software technologies increasingly converge. This risk may also increase as a result of our increasing presence in the mobile enterprise management space. The threat of intellectual property infringement claims against us may increase in the future because of constant technological change in the segments in which we compete, extensive patent coverage of existing technologies and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents. Additionally, there is an increased risk that our competitors will use their intellectual property rights to limit our freedom to operate and exploit our products or to otherwise block us from taking full advantage of our markets. In addition, as a well-known information technology company, we risk being the subject of an increasing number of intellectual property infringement claims, including claims by entities that do not have operating businesses of their own and therefore limit our ability to seek counterclaims for damages and injunctive relief. Any claim of infringement by a third party, even one without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim, and could distract our management from our business. Furthermore, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages. A judgment could also include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering our products. In addition, we might be required to seek a license for the use of such intellectual property, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Alternatively, we may be required to develop non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and may ultimately not be successful. Any of these events could seriously harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Third parties may also assert infringement claims against our customers and channel partners. Any of these claims could require us to initiate or defend potentially protracted and costly litigation on their behalf, regardless of the merits of these claims, because we generally indemnify our customers and channel partners from claims of infringement of proprietary rights of third parties in connection with the use of our products. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages on behalf of our customers or channel partners, which could negatively affect our results of operations. Our use of “open source” software in our products could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation. A significant portion of the products, technologies or services acquired, licensed, developed or offered by us may incorporate so-called “open source” software, and we may incorporate open source software into other products in the future. Such open source software is generally licensed by its authors or other third parties under open source licenses, including, for example, the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, “Apache-style” licenses, “BSD-style” licenses and other open source licenses. We monitor our use of open source software in an effort to avoid subjecting our 27 Table of Contents products to conditions we do not intend. Although we believe that we have complied with our obligations under the various applicable licenses for open source software that we use, our processes used to monitor how open source software is used could be subject to error. In addition, there is little or no legal precedent governing the interpretation of terms in most of these licenses. Therefore, any improper usage of open source could result in unanticipated obligations regarding our products and technologies. For example, we may be subjected to certain conditions, including requirements that we offer our products that use the open source software for no cost, that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon incorporating, using or distributing the open source software, that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open source license, that we revise or modify our product code to remove alleged infringing code or that we take other steps to avoid or remedy an alleged infringement. Any of these obligations could have an adverse impact on our intellectual property rights and our ability to derive revenues from products incorporating the open source software. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations. Although we have received inquiries regarding open source license compliance for software used in our products, no formal legal proceedings that would have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition have been filed. However, there can be no assurance that actions will not be taken in the future. If our defenses were not successful, we could be subject to significant damages. We could also be enjoined from the distribution of our products that contained the open source software or be required to modify our products in order to comply with the conditions of the open source license(s) in question, thereby disrupting the distribution and sale of some of our products. In addition, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, under some open source licenses we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software, which could substantially help our competitors develop products that are similar to or better than ours. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software exposes us to risks that differ from the use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or assurance of title or controls on origin of the software. In addition, many of the risks associated with usage of open source software such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title cannot be eliminated and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. We have established processes to help address these risks, including a review process for screening requests from our development organizations for the use of open source and conducting appropriate due diligence of the use of open source software in the products developed by companies we acquire, but we cannot ensure that our processes will be sufficient, all open source software will be submitted for approval prior to use in our products, or all open source software is discovered during due diligence. We offer a number of products under open source licenses that subject us to additional risks and challenges, which could result in increased development expenses, delays or disruptions to the release or distribution of those software solutions, and increased competition. Several of our product offerings are distributed under open source licenses. Software solutions that are substantially or mostly based on open source software subject us to a number of risks and challenges: 28 • If open source software programmers, most of whom we do not employ, do not continue to develop and enhance open source technologies, our development expenses could be increased and our product release and upgrade schedules could be delayed. • One of the characteristics of open source software is that anyone can modify the existing software or develop new software that competes with existing open source software. As a result, competition can develop without the degree of overhead and lead time required by traditional proprietary software companies. It is also possible for new competitors with greater resources than ours to develop their own open source solutions, potentially reducing the demand for, and putting price pressure on, our solutions. • It is possible that a court could hold that the licenses under which our open source products and services are developed and licensed are not enforceable or that someone could assert a claim for proprietary rights in a program developed and distributed under them. Any ruling by a court that these licenses are not enforceable, or that open source components of our product or services offerings may not be liberally copied, modified or distributed, may have the effect of preventing us from distributing or developing all or a portion of our products or services. In addition, licensors of open source software employed in our offerings may, from time to time, modify the terms of their license agreements in such a manner that those license terms may no longer be compatible with other open source licenses in our offerings or our end-user license agreement or terms of service, and thus could, among other consequences, prevent us from continuing to distribute the software code subject to the modified license or terms of service. Table of Contents If we are unable to successfully address the challenges of integrating offerings based upon open source technology into our business, our ability to realize revenues from such offerings will be negatively affected and our development costs may increase. Acquisitions could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have acquired in the past and plan to acquire in the future other businesses, products or technologies. Acquisitions can involve significant risks and uncertainties, which include: Additionally, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals, or they may be viewed negatively by customers, financial markets or investors. If our acquisitions do not meet our expectations, or if our strategic focus subsequently changes, we may choose to abandon certain acquired product lines and divest from acquired businesses. For example, in 2013, we divested certain business activities, including SlideRocket, Shavlik, and Zimbra. It is generally difficult for an acquirer to completely recover the cost of an acquisition which is subsequently divested. Accordingly, divestitures of acquired businesses and products may result in us taking charges for impairment of assets and goodwill, and result in cash expenditures in connection with headcount reductions. The risks described above may be exacerbated as a result of managing multiple acquisitions at the same time. We may also face difficulties due to the lack of experience in new markets, products or technologies or the initial dependence on unfamiliar supply or distribution partners. In addition to business acquisitions, we also seek to invest in businesses such as venture financed companies and joint ventures that offer complementary products, services or technologies. These investments are accompanied by risks similar to those encountered in an acquisition of a business. Additionally, we do not control entities where we have a minority investment, and therefore cannot ensure that these investments and joint ventures will make decisions that promote or are complementary to our business strategy. 29 • Actions to protect and maintain ownership and control over our intellectual property could adversely affect our standing in the open source community, which in turn could limit our ability to continue to rely on this community, upon which we are dependent, as a resource to help develop and improve our open source products and services. • disrupting our ongoing operations, diverting management from day-to-day responsibilities, increasing our expenses, and adversely impacting our business, financial condition and results of operations; • failure of the acquired business to further our business strategy; • uncertainties in achieving the expected benefits of an acquisition, including enhanced revenues, technology, human resources, cost savings, operating efficiencies and other synergies; • reducing cash available for operations, stock repurchase programs and other uses and resulting in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt; • incurring amortization expense related to identifiable intangible assets acquired that could impact our operating results; • difficulty integrating the operations, systems, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired businesses effectively; • retaining and motivating key personnel from acquired companies; • assuming the liabilities of the acquired business, including acquired litigation-related liabilities, and potential litigation arising from a proposed or completed acquisition; • maintaining good relationships with customers or business partners of the acquired business or our own customers as a result of any integration of operations; • product liability, customer liability or intellectual property liability associated with the sale of the acquired business’s products; • unidentified issues not discovered during the diligence process, including issues with the acquired business’s intellectual property, product quality, security, privacy practices, accounting practices or legal contingencies; • maintaining or establishing acceptable standards, controls, procedures or policies with respect to the acquired business; and • risks relating to the challenges and costs of closing a transaction. Table of Contents If our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings. We may not realize all the economic benefit from our acquisitions of other companies, which could result in an impairment of goodwill or intangibles. During 2014, our goodwill balance increased by $938 million or 31% primarily as a result of acquisitions made during the year. We review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable, include a decline in stock price and market capitalization or cash flows, reduced future cash flow estimates, and slower growth rates in our industry. We may be required to record a significant charge in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets is determined, negatively impacting our results of operations. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and the trading price of our Class A common stock. In order to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we need to maintain our processes and systems and adapt them to changes in our business requirements and regulation. We may seek to automate certain processes to improve efficiencies and better ensure ongoing compliance but such automation may itself disrupt existing internal controls and introduce unintended vulnerability to error or fraud. This continuous process of maintaining and adapting our internal controls and compliance with Section 404 is expensive and time-consuming, and requires significant management attention. We cannot be certain that our internal control measures will continue to provide adequate control over our financial processes and reporting and ensure compliance with Section 404. Furthermore, as our business grows and changes and as we expand through acquisitions of other companies, our internal controls may become more complex and we will require significantly more resources to ensure our internal controls overall remain effective. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify material weaknesses, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. In addition, if we are unable to continue to comply with Section 404, our non-compliance could subject us to a variety of administrative sanctions, including the suspension or delisting of our Class A common stock from the New York Stock Exchange and the inability of registered broker-dealers to make a market in our Class A common stock, which could reduce our stock price. Problems with our information systems could interfere with our business and could adversely impact our operations. We rely on our information systems and those of third parties for processing customer orders, delivery of products, providing services and support to our customers, billing and tracking our customers, fulfilling contractual obligations and otherwise running our business. If our systems fail, our disaster recovery planning and capacity may prove insufficient to enable timely recovery of important functions and business records. Any disruption in our information systems and those of the third parties upon whom we rely could have a significant impact on our business. In addition, we continuously work to enhance our information systems. The implementation of these types of enhancements is frequently disruptive to the underlying business of an enterprise, which may especially be the case for us due to the size and complexity of our business. Additionally, our information systems may not support new business models and initiatives and significant investments could be required in order to upgrade them. Any disruptions relating to our systems enhancements, particularly any disruptions impacting our operations during the implementation period, could adversely affect our business in a number of respects. Additionally, delays in adapting our information systems to address new business models could limit the success or result in the failure of such initiatives and impair the effectiveness of our internal controls. Even if we do not encounter these adverse effects, the implementation of these enhancements may be much more costly than we anticipated. If we are unable to successfully implement the information systems enhancements as planned, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted. Our financial results may be adversely impacted by higher than expected tax rates, and we may have exposure to additional tax liabilities. As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes, such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, net worth, property and goods and services taxes, in both the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. Our domestic and international tax liabilities are subject to the allocation of revenues and expenses in different jurisdictions and the timing of recognizing revenues and expenses. Additionally, the amount of income taxes paid is subject to our interpretation of applicable tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we file and changes to tax laws. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. From time to time, we are subject to income and non-income tax examinations. Currently, the EMC consolidated tax group is under federal income tax audit for 2009 and 30 Table of Contents 2010 and the audit is not expected to be completed until 2015. While we believe we have complied with all applicable income tax laws, there can be no assurance that a governing tax authority will not have a different interpretation of the law and assess us with additional taxes. Should we be assessed with additional taxes, there could be a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Our future effective tax rate may be affected by such factors as changes in tax laws, our business, rates, changing interpretation of existing laws or regulations, the impact of accounting for stock-based compensation, the impact of accounting for business combinations, and shifts in the amount of earnings in the U.S. compared with other regions in the world as well as the expiration of statute of limitations and settlements of audits, changes in our international organization, and changes in overall levels of income before tax. For example, the U.S. federal research credit, which provided a significant reduction in our effective tax rate, expired on December 31, 2014. Without the reinstatement of the U.S. federal research credit, we expect our 2015 effective tax rate to be higher than the 2014 effective tax rate. In addition, in the ordinary course of our global business, there are many intercompany transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, we cannot ensure that the final determination of tax audits or tax disputes will not be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Additionally, our rate of taxation in foreign jurisdictions is lower than the U.S. tax rate. Our international income is primarily earned by our subsidiaries organized in Ireland and as such, our effective tax rate can be impacted by the mix of our earnings in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. During October 2014, Ireland announced revisions to its tax regulations that will require foreign earnings earned by our subsidiaries organized in Ireland to be taxed at higher rates. We will be impacted by the changes in tax regulations in Ireland beginning in 2021. Additionally, the U.S. and other countries where we do business have been considering changes to existing tax laws. These potential changes could also adversely affect our effective tax rate. Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events such as pandemics, and to interruption by man-made problems, such as computer viruses, unanticipated disruptions in local infrastructure or terrorism, which could result in delays or cancellations of customer orders or the deployment of our products and services. Our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood or other act of God, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As we continue to grow internationally, increasing amounts of our business will be located in foreign countries that may be more subject to political or social instability that could disrupt operations. Furthermore, some of our new product initiatives and business functions are hosted and carried out by third parties that may be vulnerable to disruptions of these sorts, many of which may be beyond our control. In addition, our servers are vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems. Unanticipated disruptions in services provided through localized physical infrastructure, such as utility or telecommunication outages, can curtail the functioning of local offices as well as critical components of our information systems, and adversely affect our ability to process orders, provide services, respond to customer requests and maintain local and global business continuity. Natural disasters that affect the manufacture of IT products can also delay customer spending on our software, which is often coupled with customer purchases of new servers and IT systems. Furthermore, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in our or our customers’ business or the economy as a whole, and disease pandemics could temporarily sideline a substantial part of our or our customers’ workforce at any particular time. To the extent that such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of customer orders, or the deployment or availability of our products and services, our revenues would be adversely affected. Additionally, any such catastrophic event could cause us to incur significant costs to repair damages to our facilities, equipment and infrastructure. Changes in accounting principles and guidance, or their interpretation, could result in unfavorable accounting charges or effects, including changes to our previously-filed financial statements, which could cause our stock price to decline. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These principles are subject to interpretation by the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles and guidance. A change in these principles or guidance, or in their interpretations, may have a significant effect on our reported results and retroactively affect previously reported results. For example, during May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ( “ ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The updated standard is effective for us in the first quarter of 2017. We have not selected a transition method and are currently evaluating the effect that the updated standard will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 31 Table of Contents Risks Related to Our Relationship with EMC As long as EMC controls us, or Class B common stock remains outstanding, other holders of our Class A common stock will have limited ability to influence matters requiring stockholder approval. As of December 31, 2014 , EMC owned 43,025,000 shares of our Class A common stock and all 300,000,000 shares of our Class B common stock, representing 79.9% of the total outstanding shares of common stock or 97.2% of the voting power of outstanding common stock. The holders of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock have identical rights, preferences and privileges except with respect to voting and conversion rights, the election of directors, certain actions that require the consent of holders of Class B common stock and other protective provisions as set forth in our certificate of incorporation. Holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to 10 votes per share of Class B common stock on all matters except for the election of our Group II directors, in which case they are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share of Class A common stock. The holders of Class B common stock, voting separately as a class, are entitled to elect 80% of the total number of directors on our board of directors that we would have if there were no vacancies on our board of directors at the time. These are our Group I directors. Subject to any rights of any series of preferred stock to elect directors, the holders of Class A common stock and the holders of Class B common stock, voting together as a single class, are entitled to elect our remaining directors, which at no time will be less than one director-our Group II director(s). Accordingly, the holders of our Class B common stock currently are entitled to elect 8 of our 9 directors. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, if EMC transfers shares of our Class B common stock to any party other than a successor-in-interest or a subsidiary of EMC prior to a distribution to its stockholders under Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (a “355 distribution”), those shares will automatically convert into Class A common stock. Additionally, if, prior to a 355 distribution, EMC’s ownership falls below 20% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock will automatically convert to Class A common stock. Following a 355 distribution, shares of Class B common stock may convert to Class A common stock if such conversion is approved by VMware stockholders after the 355 distribution and we have obtained a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service. In January 2014, the IRS announced in Revenue Procedure 2014-3 that, generally, it would no longer issue private letter rulings on 355 distributions. For so long as EMC or its successor-in-interest beneficially owns shares of our common stock representing at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of outstanding voting stock, EMC will be able to elect all of the members of our board of directors. To the extent that shares of our Class B common stock remain outstanding following a 355 distribution, these shares will remain entitled to 10 votes per share and the holders of our Class A common stock will continue to have limited ability to influence matters requiring stockholder approval. Furthermore, to the extent that shares of our Class B common stock remain outstanding following a 355 distribution, holders of these shares will remain entitled to elect 80% of the total number of directors on our board of directors and the holders of our Class A common stock will continue to have limited ability to elect members of our board of directors. In addition, until such time as EMC or its successor-in-interest beneficially owns shares of our common stock representing less than a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of outstanding voting stock, EMC will have the ability to take stockholder action without the vote of any other stockholder and without having to call a stockholder meeting, and holders of our Class A common stock will not be able to affect the outcome of any stockholder vote during this period. As a result, EMC will have the ability to control all matters affecting us, including: Our certificate of incorporation and the master transaction agreement entered into between us and EMC in connection with our initial public offering (“IPO”) also contain provisions that require that as long as EMC beneficially owns at least 20% or 32 • the composition of our board of directors and, through our board of directors, any determination with respect to our business plans and policies; • any determinations with respect to mergers, acquisitions and other business combinations; • our acquisition or disposition of assets; • our financing activities; • certain changes to our certificate of incorporation; • changes to the agreements we entered into in connection with our transition to becoming a public company; • corporate opportunities that may be suitable for us and EMC; • determinations with respect to enforcement of rights we may have against third parties, including with respect to intellectual property rights; • the payment of dividends on our common stock; and • the number of shares available for issuance under our stock plans for our prospective and existing employees. Table of Contents more of the outstanding shares of our common stock, the prior affirmative vote or written consent of EMC (or its successor-in-interest) as the holder of the Class B common stock is required (subject in each case to certain exceptions) in order to authorize us to: If EMC does not provide any requisite consent allowing us to conduct such activities when requested, we will not be able to conduct such activities and, as a result, our business and our operating results may be harmed. EMC’s voting control and its additional rights described above may discourage transactions involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which holders of our Class A common stock might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then-current market price. EMC is not prohibited from selling a controlling interest in us to a third party and may do so without the approval of the holders of our Class A common stock and without providing for a purchase of any shares of Class A common stock held by persons other than EMC. Accordingly, shares of Class A common stock may be worth less than they would be if EMC did not maintain voting control over us or if EMC did not have the additional rights described above. In the event EMC is acquired or otherwise undergoes a change of control, any acquirer or successor will be entitled to exercise the voting control and contractual rights of EMC, and may do so in a manner that could vary significantly from EMC’s historic practice. By becoming a stockholder in our company, holders of our Class A common stock are deemed to have notice of and have consented to the provisions of our certificate of incorporation and the master transaction agreement with respect to the limitations that are described above. Our business and that of EMC overlap, and EMC may compete with us, which could reduce our market share. We and EMC are both IT infrastructure companies providing products and services related to storage management, back-up, disaster recovery, security, system management and automation, provisioning and resource management. There can be no assurance that EMC will not engage in increased competition with us in the future. In addition, the intellectual property agreement that we have entered into with EMC provides EMC the ability to use our source code and intellectual property, which, subject to limitations, it may use to produce certain products that compete with ours. EMC’s rights in this regard extend to its majority-owned subsidiaries, which could include joint ventures where EMC holds a majority position and one or more of our competitors hold minority positions. EMC could assert control over us in a manner which could impede our growth or our ability to enter new markets or otherwise adversely affect our business. Further, EMC could utilize its control over us to cause us to take or refrain from taking certain actions, including entering into relationships with channel, technology and other marketing partners, enforcing our intellectual property rights or pursuing business combinations, other corporate opportunities or product development initiatives that could adversely affect our competitive position, including our competitive position relative to that of EMC in markets where we compete with them. In addition, EMC maintains significant partnerships with certain of our competitors, including Microsoft. EMC’s competition in certain markets may affect our ability to build and maintain partnerships. Our existing and potential partner relationships may be affected by our relationship with EMC. We partner with a number of companies that compete with EMC in certain markets in which EMC participates. EMC’s majority ownership in us might affect our ability to effectively partner with these companies. These companies may favor our competitors because of our relationship with EMC. EMC competes with certain of our significant channel, technology and other marketing partners, including IBM and Hewlett-Packard. Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation and other agreements that we have with EMC, EMC may have the 33 • consolidate or merge with any other entity; • acquire the stock or assets of another entity in excess of $100 million; • issue any stock or securities except to our subsidiaries or pursuant to our employee benefit plans; • establish the aggregate annual amount of shares we may issue in equity awards; • dissolve, liquidate or wind us up; • declare dividends on our stock; • enter into any exclusive or exclusionary arrangement with a third party involving, in whole or in part, products or services that are similar to EMC’s; and • amend, terminate or adopt any provision inconsistent with certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws. Table of Contents ability to impact our relationship with those of our partners that compete with EMC, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or our ability to pursue opportunities which may otherwise be available to us. Our investment in Pivotal Software, Inc. ( “ Pivotal, ” previously known as “ GoPivotal, Inc. ” ) may not prove successful. In April 2013, we contributed technology and transferred employees to Pivotal, a subsidiary of EMC, established to focus on Big Data and Cloud Application Platforms. Pivotal is led by Paul Maritz, its Chief Executive Officer and our former Chief Executive Officer, and includes most employees and resources formerly working within EMC’s Greenplum and Pivotal Labs organizations, and our former vFabric (including Spring and Gemfire), Cloud Foundry and Cetas organizations, as well as related efforts. Pivotal’s ability to operate successfully will require, among other factors: In the event that Pivotal is unable to operate successfully, we may be asked to contribute capital resources to Pivotal or accept dilution in our ownership interest, and we may be unable to realize any value from the technology and resources that we contributed to Pivotal. In order to preserve the ability for EMC to distribute its shares of our Class B common stock on a tax-free basis, we may be prevented from pursuing opportunities to raise capital, to effectuate acquisitions or to provide equity incentives to our employees, which could hurt our ability to grow. Beneficial ownership of at least 80% of the total voting power is required in order for EMC to affect a tax-free spin-off of VMware or certain other tax-free transactions. We have agreed that for so long as EMC or its successor-in-interest continues to own greater than 50% of the voting control of our outstanding common stock, we will not knowingly take or fail to take any action that could reasonably be expected to preclude EMC’s or its successor-in-interest’s ability to undertake a tax-free spin-off. Additionally, under our certificate of incorporation and the master transaction agreement we entered into with EMC, we must obtain the consent of EMC or its successor-in-interest, as the holder of our Class B common stock, to issue stock or other VMware securities, except pursuant to employee benefit plans (provided that we obtain Class B common stockholder approval of the aggregate annual number of shares to be granted under such plans), which could cause us to forgo capital raising or acquisition opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. As a result, we may be precluded from pursuing certain growth initiatives. Third parties may seek to hold us responsible for liabilities of EMC, which could result in a decrease in our income. Third parties may seek to hold us responsible for EMC’s liabilities. Under our master transaction agreement with EMC, EMC will indemnify us for claims and losses relating to liabilities related to EMC’s business and not related to our business. However, if those liabilities are significant and we are ultimately held liable for them, we cannot be certain that we will be able to recover the full amount of our losses from EMC. Although we have entered into a tax sharing agreement with EMC under which our tax liabilities for most transactions will effectively be determined as if we were not part of any consolidated, combined or unitary tax group of EMC Corporation or its subsidiaries, we nonetheless could be held liable for the tax liabilities of other members of these groups. We have historically been included in EMC’s consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as well as in certain consolidated, combined or unitary groups that include EMC Corporation or certain of its subsidiaries for state and local income tax purposes. Pursuant to our tax sharing agreement with EMC, we and EMC generally will make payments to each other such that, with respect to tax returns for any taxable period in which we or any of our subsidiaries are included in EMC’s consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes or any other consolidated, combined or unitary group of EMC Corporation or its subsidiaries, the amount of taxes to be paid by us will be determined, subject to certain adjustments, as if we and each of our subsidiaries included in such consolidated, combined or unitary group filed our own consolidated, combined or unitary tax return. We have been included in the EMC consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes since our acquisition by EMC, and expect to continue to be included in such consolidated group for periods in which EMC owns at least 80% of the total voting power and value of our outstanding stock. Each member of a consolidated group during any part of a consolidated return year is jointly and severally liable for tax on the consolidated return of such year and for any subsequently determined deficiency thereon. Similarly, in some jurisdictions, each member of a consolidated, combined or unitary group for state, local or foreign income tax purposes is jointly and severally liable for the state, local or foreign income tax liability of each other 34 • successfully integrating technology from both us and EMC; • creating offerings for which there is suitable demand in the marketplace; • developing an effective go-to-market strategy; • successfully competing and differentiating its offerings from those of its competitors; and • having access to adequate financial resources to fund its operations. Table of Contents member of the consolidated, combined or unitary group. Accordingly, for any period in which we are included in the EMC consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes or any other consolidated, combined or unitary group of EMC Corporation and/or its subsidiaries, we could be liable in the event that any income tax liability was incurred, but not discharged, by any other member of any such group. Any inability to resolve favorably any disputes that arise between us and EMC with respect to our past and ongoing relationships may result in a significant reduction of our revenues and earnings. Disputes may arise between EMC and us in a number of areas relating to our ongoing relationships, including: We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party. The agreements we enter into with EMC may be amended upon agreement between the parties. While we are controlled by EMC, we may not have the leverage to negotiate amendments to these agreements if required on terms as favorable to us as those we would negotiate with an unaffiliated third party. Our CEO and some of our directors own EMC common stock or equity awards to acquire EMC common stock, and some of our directors hold management positions with EMC, which could cause conflicts of interests that result in our not acting on opportunities we otherwise may have. Our CEO and some of our directors own EMC common stock or equity awards to purchase EMC common stock. In addition, some of our directors are executive officers or directors of EMC, and EMC, as the sole holder of our Class B common stock, is entitled to elect 8 of our 9 directors. Ownership of EMC common stock, restricted shares of EMC common stock and equity awards to purchase EMC common stock by our directors and the presence of executive officers or directors of EMC on our board of directors could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving both us and EMC that could have different implications for EMC than they do for us. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and the master transaction agreement between EMC and us address corporate opportunities that are presented to our directors or officers that are also directors or officers of EMC. There can be no assurance that the provisions in our certificate of incorporation or the master transaction agreement will adequately address potential conflicts of interest or that potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor, or that we will be able to take advantage of corporate opportunities presented to individuals who are officers or directors of both us and EMC. As a result, we may be precluded from pursuing certain growth initiatives. EMC’s ability to control our board of directors may make it difficult for us to recruit independent directors. So long as EMC beneficially owns shares of our common stock representing at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of outstanding voting stock, EMC can effectively control and direct our board of directors. Further, the interests of EMC and our other stockholders may diverge. Under these circumstances, persons who might otherwise accept our invitation to join our board of directors may decline. 35 • labor, tax, employee benefit, indemnification and other matters arising from our separation from EMC; • our reseller arrangements with EMC; • employee retention and recruiting; • business combinations involving us; • our ability to engage in activities with certain channel, technology or other marketing partners; • sales or dispositions by EMC of all or any portion of its ownership interest in us; • the nature, quality and pricing of services EMC has agreed to provide us or we have agreed to provide to EMC; • arrangements with third parties that are exclusionary to EMC; • arrangements with EMC for collaborative product or technology development, marketing and sales activities involving our technology, employees and other resources; • business opportunities that may be attractive to both EMC and us; and • product or technology development or marketing activities or customer agreements which may require the consent of EMC. Table of Contents We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange rules and, as a result, are relying on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to stockholders of companies that are not “controlled companies.” EMC owns more than 50% of the total voting power of our common stock and, as a result, we are a “controlled company” under the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance standards. As a controlled company, we are exempt under the New York Stock Exchange standards from the obligation to comply with certain New York Stock Exchange corporate governance requirements, including the requirements: While we have voluntarily caused our Compensation and Corporate Governance Committee to currently be composed entirely of independent directors, reflecting the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, we are not required to maintain the independent composition of the committee. As a result of our use of the “controlled company” exemptions, holders of our Class A common stock will not have the same protection afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance requirements. Our historical financial information as a majority-owned subsidiary of EMC may not be representative of the results of a completely independent public company. The financial information covering the periods included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K does not necessarily reflect what our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows would have been had we been a completely independent entity during those periods. In certain geographic regions where we do not have an established legal entity, we contract with EMC subsidiaries for support services and EMC personnel who are managed by us. The costs incurred by EMC on our behalf related to these employees are passed on to us and we are charged a mark-up intended to approximate costs that would have been charged had we contracted for such services with an unrelated third party. These costs are included as expenses in our consolidated statements of income. Additionally, we and EMC engage in intercompany transactions, including agreements regarding the use of EMC’s and our intellectual property and real estate, agreements regarding the sale of goods and services to one another and to Pivotal, and an agreement for EMC to resell our products and services to third party customers. If EMC were to distribute its shares of our common stock to its stockholders or otherwise divest itself of all or a significant portion of its VMware shares, there would be numerous implications to VMware, including the fact that VMware would lose the benefit of these arrangements with EMC. There can be no assurance that VMware would be able to renegotiate these arrangements with EMC or replace them on the same or similar terms. Additionally, our business could face significant disruption and uncertainty as we transition from these arrangements with EMC. Moreover, our historical financial information is not necessarily indicative of what our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows will be in the future if and when we contract at arm’s length with independent third parties for the services we have received and currently receive from EMC. During the year ended December 31, 2014 , we recognized revenues of $318 million , and as of December 31, 2014 , $317 million of sales were included in unearned revenues from such transactions with EMC. For additional information, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. Risks Related to Owning Our Class A Common Stock The price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated substantially in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future. The trading price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated significantly since our IPO in August 2007. For example, between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014, the closing trading price of our Class A common stock was volatile, ranging between $76.43 and $111.80 per share. Our trading price could fluctuate substantially in the future due to the factors discussed in this Risk Factors section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Substantial amounts of Class A common stock are held by our employees and EMC, and all of the shares of our Class B common stock, which may be converted to Class A common stock upon request of the holder, are held by EMC. Shares of Class A common stock held by EMC (including shares of Class A common stock that might be issued upon the conversion of Class B common stock) are eligible for sale subject to the volume, manner of sale and other restrictions of Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), which allows the holder to sell up to the greater of 1% of our 36 • that a majority of our board of directors consists of independent directors; • that we have a corporate governance and nominating committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; • that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and • for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and governance committee and compensation committee. Table of Contents outstanding Class A common stock or our four-week average weekly trading volume during any three-month period and following the expiration of their contractual restrictions. Additionally, EMC possesses registration rights with respect to the shares of our common stock that it holds. If EMC chooses to exercise such rights, its sale of the shares that are registered would not be subject to the Rule 144 limitations. Additionally, the provisions of our charter documents and the agreements that we entered into with EMC prior to our IPO enable EMC to elect to distribute all of its holdings of our Class A and Class B common stock to EMC stockholders and require us to register the shares so they could be resold in the public trading markets. If a significant amount of the shares that become eligible for resale enter the public trading markets in a short period of time, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline. Additionally, if our Class B common stock is distributed to EMC stockholders and remains outstanding, it would trade separately from and potentially at a premium to our Class A common stock, and could thereby contribute additional volatility to the price of our Class A common stock. Additionally, broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The stock market in general and technology companies in particular have often experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted, including against us, and, if not resolved swiftly, can result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. If securities or industry analysts change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our Class A common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable. Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following: Until such time as EMC or its successor-in-interest ceases to beneficially own 20% or more of the outstanding shares of our common stock, the affirmative vote or written consent of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Class B common stock will be required to: 37 • the division of our board of directors into three classes, with each class serving for a staggered three-year term, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at any annual meeting; • the right of the board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors; • following a 355 distribution of Class B common stock by EMC to its stockholders, the restriction that a beneficial owner of 10% or more of our Class B common stock may not vote in any election of directors unless such person or group also owns at least an equivalent percentage of Class A common stock or obtains approval of our board of directors prior to acquiring beneficial ownership of at least 5% of Class B common stock; • the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors or any other matters, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of stockholders to elect director candidates; • the requirement for advance notice for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting; • the ability of the board of directors to issue, without stockholder approval, up to 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock with terms set by the board of directors, which rights could be senior to those of common stock; and • in the event that EMC or its successor-in-interest no longer owns shares of our common stock representing at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors, stockholders may not act by written consent and may not call special meetings of the stockholders. • amend certain provisions of our bylaws or certificate of incorporation; • make certain acquisitions or dispositions; • declare dividends, or undertake a recapitalization or liquidation; • adopt any stockholder rights plan, “poison pill” or other similar arrangement; Table of Contents In addition, we have elected to apply the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us. These provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage potential takeover attempts and could reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock. None. As of December 31, 2014, we owned or leased the facilities described below: ____________________________ We believe that our current facilities are suitable for our current employee headcount and will sustain us through 2015, but we intend to add new facilities or expand existing facilities as we add employees and expand our operations. We believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate expansion of our operations. Refer to Note L to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of legal proceedings. See also the risk factor entitled “We may become involved in litigation and regulatory inquiries and proceedings that could negatively affect us” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of potential risks to our results of operations and financial condition that may arise from legal proceedings. Not Applicable. 38 • approve any transactions that would involve a merger, consolidation, restructuring, sale of substantially all of our assets or any of our subsidiaries or otherwise result in any person or entity obtaining control of us or any of our subsidiaries; or • undertake certain other actions. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Location Approximate Sq. Ft. (1) Principal Use(s) Palo Alto, CA owned: 1,499,836 (2) Executive and administrative offices, sales and marketing, R&D and data center leased: 18,200 North and Latin American region (excluding Palo Alto, CA) leased: 1,051,553 (3) Administrative offices, sales and marketing, R&D and data center Asia Pacific region leased: 1,217,560 Administrative offices, sales and marketing, R&D and data center Europe, Middle East and Africa region leased: 568,133 Administrative offices, sales and marketing, R&D and data center (1) Of the total square feet owned or leased, approximately 655,000 square feet were under construction as of December 31, 2014. (2) Represents all of the right, title and interest purchased in a ground lease, which expires in 2046, covering the property and improvements located at VMware’s Palo Alto, California campus. (3) Includes leased space for a Washington data center facility, for which VMware is considered to be the owner for accounting purposes. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Table of Contents EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT The names of executive officers and their ages as of February 20, 2015, are as follows: Patrick P. Gelsinger has been the Chief Executive Officer and a Director of VMware since September 1, 2012. Prior to joining VMware, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer, EMC Information Infrastructure Products at EMC, VMware’s parent company and controlling stockholder, from September 2009 to August 2012. Mr. Gelsinger joined EMC from Intel Corporation, a designer and manufacturer of advanced integrated digital technology platforms, where he was Senior Vice President and Co-General Manager of Intel Corporation’s Digital Enterprise Group from 2005 to September 2009 and served as Intel’s Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer from 2002 to 2005. Prior to this, Mr. Gelsinger led Intel’s Desktop Products Group. Carl M. Eschenbach was appointed Chief Operating Officer and Co-President of VMware in April 2012 and became President and Chief Operating Officer in December 2012. Mr. Eschenbach had previously served as VMware’s Co-President, Customer Operations from January 2011 to April 2012 and as VMware’s Executive Vice President of Worldwide Field Operations from May 2005 to January 2011. Prior to joining VMware in 2002, he was Vice President of North America Sales at Inktomi from 2000 to 2002. He also held various sales management positions with 3Com Corporation, Lucent Technologies Inc. and EMC. Mr. Eschenbach currently serves on the board of Palo Alto Networks. Jonathan C. Chadwick has served as VMware’s Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President since August 2014. Mr. Chadwick joined VMware as its Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President on November 2012. Previously, Mr. Chadwick had been Chief Financial Officer of Skype, a provider of Internet-based voice communication, since March 2011, and a Corporate Vice President of Microsoft Corporation since its acquisition of Skype in October 2011. Mr. Chadwick joined Skype from McAfee, an antivirus software and computer security company, where he was the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from June 2010 until February 2011, when McAfee was acquired by Intel Corporation. From 1997 to 2010, Mr. Chadwick held various finance roles at Cisco Systems, a networking equipment company. At Cisco, Mr. Chadwick served as Senior Vice President, CFO - Global Customer Markets from July 2009 to June 2010, Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer from June 2007 until July 2009, Vice President, Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer from September 2006 to June 2007 and Vice President, Corporate Finance & Planning from February 2001 to September 2006. Mr. Chadwick currently serves on the board of F5 Networks, Inc. Sanjay Poonen has served as VMware’s Executive Vice President and General Manager, End-User Computing since August 2013. Prior to joining VMware, he spent more than seven years at SAP AG, serving as President and Corporate Officer of Platform Solutions and the Mobile Division from April 2012 until July 2013, prior to that as President of Global Solutions from November 2010 to March 2012, as Executive Vice President of Performance Optimization Apps from June 2008 to September 2009 and Senior Vice President of Analytics from April 2006 to May 2008. Mr. Poonen’s over 20 years of technology industry experience also included executive-level positions with Symantec and Veritas, and product management and engineering positions with Alphablox, Apple, Inc. and Microsoft Corporation. Rangarajan (Raghu) Raghuram has served as VMware’s Executive Vice President, Software-Define Data Center Division since April 2012. Mr. Raghuram joined VMware in 2003 and has held multiple product management and marketing roles. Mr. Raghuram served as Senior Vice President and General Manager, Cloud Infrastructure and Management, Virtualization and Cloud Platforms, and Enterprise Products, from December 2009 through March 2012. Mr. Raghuram previously served as Vice President of VMware’s Server Business Unit and of Product and Solutions Marketing from September 2003 through December 2009. Prior to VMware, Mr. Raghuram held product management and marketing roles at Netscape and Bang Networks. S. Dawn Smith has been the Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary at VMware since September 2009 and Chief Compliance Officer since August 2010. Prior to joining VMware, Ms. Smith was a partner at Morrison & Foerster LLP, a law firm, since January 2008 and served as an attorney since 2005. Prior to joining Morrison & Foerster LLP, she was an attorney at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati P.C. 39 Name Age Position(s) Patrick P. Gelsinger 53 Chief Executive Officer and Director Carl M. Eschenbach 48 President and Chief Operating Officer Jonathan C. Chadwick 49 Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President Sanjay Poonen 45 Executive Vice President and General Manager, End-User Computing Rangarajan (Raghu) Raghuram 52 Executive Vice President, Software-Defined Data Center Division S. Dawn Smith 51 Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Secretary Table of Contents PART II Market Information Our Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol VMW. The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices of our Class A common stock on the New York Stock Exchange for the past two years during the fiscal periods shown. Our Class B common stock is not publicly traded. Holders We had 51 holders of record of our Class A common stock, and one holder of record, EMC Corporation (“EMC”), of our Class B common stock as of February 20, 2015. Dividends Subsequent to our initial public offering in August 2007, we have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to the consent of the holders of our Class B common stock pursuant to our certificate of incorporation. Holders of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock will share equally on a per share basis in any dividend declared on our common stock by our board of directors. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Issuer purchases of Class A common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2014: ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Prices High Low Year ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter $ 111.45 $ 86.88 Second Quarter 112.89 88.64 Third Quarter 103.86 92.25 Fourth Quarter 95.00 75.85 Year ended December 31, 2013 First Quarter $ 99.10 $ 70.05 Second Quarter 79.71 64.86 Third Quarter 90.60 65.02 Fourth Quarter 90.91 76.51 Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid Per Share (1)(2) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)(3) October 1 – October 31, 2014 476,657 $ 83.83 476,657 $ 1,169,939,797 November 1 – November 30, 2014 2,305,766 84.64 2,305,766 974,772,451 December 1 – December 31, 2014 167,996 86.99 167,996 960,158,636 2,950,419 $ 84.65 2,950,419 960,158,636 (1) In August 2014, VMware’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional one billion dollars of VMware’s Class A common stock through the end of 2016. VMware’s Class A common stock has been, and may in the future be, purchased pursuant to our stock repurchase authorizations, from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, subject to market conditions. We are not obligated to purchase any shares under our stock repurchase program. Subject to applicable laws, repurchases under our stock repurchase program may be made at such times and in such amounts as we deem appropriate. The timing of any repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased will 40 Table of Contents depend on a variety of factors, including VMware’s stock price, cash requirements for operations and business combinations, corporate and regulatory requirements and other market and economic conditions. Purchases under our stock repurchase program can be discontinued at any time that we feel additional purchases are not warranted. Stock Performance Graph The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Systems Software index for the period beginning on December 31, 2009 through December 31, 2014, assuming an initial investment of $100. Historically, we have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, while the data for the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Systems Software Index assume reinvestment of dividends. Note: The stock price performance shown on the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. This graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing. 41 (2) The average price paid per share excludes commissions. (3) Represents the amounts remaining in the VMware stock repurchase authorizations. Base Period 12/31/2009 12/31/2010 12/31/2011 12/31/2012 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 VMware, Inc. $ 100.00 $ 209.79 $ 196.30 $ 222.13 $ 211.68 $ 194.71 S&P 500 Index 100.00 115.06 117.49 136.30 180.44 205.14 S&P 500 Systems Software Index 100.00 104.80 94.37 108.74 144.51 177.76 Table of Contents FIVE-YEAR SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA (amounts in millions, except per share amounts, and shares in thousands) ____________________________ 42 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Summary of Operations: Revenues: License $ 2,591 $ 2,270 $ 2,087 $ 1,841 $ 1,401 Services 3,444 2,937 2,518 1,926 1,456 Total revenues $ 6,035 $ 5,207 $ 4,605 $ 3,767 $ 2,857 Operating income 1,027 1,093 872 735 428 Net income 886 1,014 746 724 357 Net income per weighted average share, basic, for Class A and Class B $ 2.06 $ 2.36 $ 1.75 $ 1.72 $ 0.87 Net income per weighted average share, diluted, for Class A and Class B $ 2.04 $ 2.34 $ 1.72 $ 1.68 $ 0.84 Weighted average shares, basic, for Class A and Class B 430,355 429,093 426,658 421,188 409,805 Weighted average shares, diluted, for Class A and Class B 434,513 433,415 433,974 431,750 423,446 December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments (1) $ 7,075 $ 6,175 $ 4,631 $ 4,512 $ 3,324 Working capital (1) 5,134 4,388 3,160 3,276 2,509 Total assets 15,216 12,327 10,596 8,681 6,797 Total unearned revenues 4,833 4,092 3,461 2,708 1,860 Long-term obligations (2) 1,500 450 450 450 450 Total stockholders’ equity 7,586 6,816 5,740 4,770 3,808 Cash Flow Data: Net cash provided by operating activities $ 2,180 $ 2,535 $ 1,897 $ 2,026 $ 1,174 (1) In 2012, we acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of Nicira, Inc. (“Nicira”) for $1,100 million, net of cash acquired, consisting of $1,083 million in cash and $17 million for the fair value of assumed equity attributed to pre-combination services. Refer to Note B to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. (2) On January 21, 2014, in connection with our agreement to acquire A.W.S. Holding, LLC (“AirWatch Holding”), the sole member and equity holder of AirWatch LLC (“AirWatch”), we and EMC entered into a note exchange agreement providing for the issuance of three promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,500 million. The total debt of $1,500 million includes $450 million that was exchanged for the $450 million promissory note outstanding in prior years. Refer to Note N to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Table of Contents All dollar amounts expressed as numbers in this MD&A (except share and per share amounts) are in millions. Period-over-period changes are calculated based upon the respective underlying, non-rounded data. Unless the context requires otherwise, we are referring to VMware, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries when we use the terms “VMware,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us.” Overview The information technology (“IT”) industry is transforming, moving from a hardware based traditional model to one of a software-defined infrastructure. We are the leader in virtualization infrastructure solutions utilized by organizations to help transform the way they build, deliver and consume IT resources. We develop and market our product and service offerings within three main product groups and we also leverage synergies across these three product and service areas: Historically, the majority of our license sales have been from our standalone vSphere product, which is included in our compute product category within our SDDC architecture. However, over the last two years, the growth rate of our standalone vSphere product license sales has declined as certain large markets for data center server virtualization have matured. The growth rate of license sales beyond our standalone vSphere product has increased over this period as we transition to offering a wider range of products and services to enable the entire SDDC. As the transformation of the IT industry continues, we expect that our growth rates will be increasingly derived from sales of our newer products, suites and services solutions across our SDDC portfolio, beyond standalone vSphere. For example, we have experienced continued growth in sales volumes, production use and number of customers who have purchased VMware NSX, our network virtualization solution, throughout 2014. We also continue to see traction of our Virtual SAN product and other newer offerings. Hybrid cloud computing, comprising of VMware vCloud Air, VMware vCloud Air Network Service Providers Program and vCloud Air Business Ventures offerings have also experienced growth throughout 2014. We continue to expand our hybrid cloud global footprint as well as our service offerings. Revenues from these offerings are recognized over a period of time. We acquired AirWatch during the first quarter of 2014. AirWatch expands our portfolio of mobile solutions within the enterprise mobile and security space and we are in the early stages of growing this business by leveraging the reach of our global presence, robust channel and access to enterprise accounts via our sales force. Currently, our AirWatch business models include an on-premise solution that we offer through the sale of perpetual licenses and an off-premise solution that we offer as software-as-a-service. AirWatch products and services contributed to the growth we experienced in sales of our end-user computing products during 2014. Our investments in AirWatch resulted in increased operating expenses during 2014, primarily driven by employee-related costs, including expenses we recognized in connection with installment payments to certain key employees as part of the acquisition, as well as amortization of purchased intangible assets. We generally sell our solutions using enterprise license agreements (“ELAs”) or as part of our non-ELA, or transactional, business. ELAs are comprehensive volume license offerings, offered both directly by us and through certain channel partners that also provide for multi-year maintenance and support. Results of Operations In connection with our contribution to Pivotal Software, Inc. (“Pivotal”), during 2013, we transferred certain assets and liabilities to Pivotal in exchange for ownership interest in Pivotal of approximately 28%. We also transferred approximately 415 of our employees to Pivotal during 2013. While the contribution to Pivotal has had a negative impact on our revenue growth rate in primarily 2013 compared to 2012, our operating margin has been positively impacted due to the elimination of Pivotal related costs from our consolidated statements of income. 43 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS • SDDC or Software-Defined Data Center • Hybrid Cloud Computing • End-User Computing Table of Contents Revenues Our revenues during the years ended 2014 , 2013 and 2012 were as follows: License Revenues License revenues were up 14% in 2014 and 9% in 2013. Our license revenue growth rate was favorably impacted during 2014 compared to 2013 as a result of increased sales of our integrated product suites, including VMware vCloud Suite and vSphere with Operations Management. Our customers continue transitioning to purchasing our suite solutions rather than products such as vSphere that are sold on a standalone basis. Our integrated product suites include various product offerings and are generally sold at a higher price than our products that are sold on an individual basis. Additionally, revenue from our network virtualization solution, VMware NSX, as well as our end-user computing products, including AirWatch mobile solutions, also contributed to the increase in license revenues. We expect that sales of our non-standalone vSphere products will continue to increase as a percentage of total revenues. Revenues from AirWatch include revenues recognized from our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) offerings. SaaS revenues are included in both license and software maintenance revenues, and while the amounts have not been material for all periods presented, we expect these revenues and those from our hybrid cloud offerings to form an increasing percentage of our revenues in future periods. The anticipated revenue growth of our hybrid cloud and SaaS revenues are expected to adversely impact the growth rate of our license revenues in 2015 as we will recognize less revenue up-front than we would otherwise recognize as part of a multi-year license arrangement. Additionally, changes in foreign currency are also expected to have an impact on our license revenues. Refer to our Foreign Currency discussion below for further information. Our revenues for 2013 increased due to overall increased global sales volumes in all major geographies, slightly offset by the disposition of certain business lines under our realignment plan and the contribution to Pivotal. License revenues related to Pivotal and all dispositions under our realignment plan were $18 in 2013 as compared to $56 in 2012. Services Revenues In 2014 and 2013, software maintenance revenues benefited from renewals, multi-year software maintenance contracts sold in previous periods, and additional maintenance contracts sold in conjunction with new software license sales. In each period presented, customers bought, on average, more than 24 months of support and maintenance with each new license purchased, which we believe demonstrates our customers’ commitment to our SDDC strategy. In 2013, our services revenue growth rate was negatively impacted by the contribution to Pivotal and the disposition of other net assets under our realignment plan. Service revenues related to Pivotal and all dispositions under our realignment plan were $37 in 2013 as compared to $143 in 2012. In 2014 and 2013, professional services revenues increased as growth in our license sales and increased complexity of our product suite led to additional demand for our professional services. As we continue to invest in our partners and expand our ecosystem of third-party professionals with expertise in our solutions to independently provide professional services to our customers, our professional services revenue will vary based on the delivery channels used in any given period as well as the timing of engagements. 44 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change Revenues: License $ 2,591 $ 2,270 $ 2,087 $ 321 14 % $ 183 9 % Services: Software maintenance 3,022 2,563 2,153 459 18 410 19 Professional services 422 374 365 49 13 9 2 Total services 3,444 2,937 2,518 508 17 419 17 Total revenues $ 6,035 $ 5,207 $ 4,605 $ 829 16 $ 602 13 Revenues: United States $ 2,912 $ 2,485 $ 2,229 $ 427 17 % $ 256 11 % International 3,123 2,722 2,376 401 15 345 15 Total revenues $ 6,035 $ 5,207 $ 4,605 $ 829 16 $ 602 13 Table of Contents Foreign Currency Although approximately 70% of our sales are denominated in the U.S. dollar, we also invoice and collect in the euro, the British pound, the Japanese yen, the Australian dollar and the Chinese renminbi in their respective regions. As a result, a portion of our total revenues are affected by changes in the value of the U.S. dollar against these currencies. Transactions denominated in foreign currency are converted to the U.S. dollar upon booking of the transaction using the monthly exchange rate. Although the U.S. dollar strengthened against most foreign currencies during the fourth quarter of 2014, foreign currency fluctuations did not have a material impact when comparing license revenues in 2014 and 2013 to their respective prior years. However, even if currency exchange rates stabilize, we would still anticipate a negative impact both on our license and total revenue growth rates in 2015. Unearned Revenues Our unearned revenues as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 were as follows: Unearned license revenues are generally recognized upon delivery of existing or future products or services, or they are otherwise recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. Future products include, in some cases, emerging products that are offered as part of product promotions where the purchaser of an existing product is entitled to receive the future product at no additional charge. To the extent the future product has not been delivered and vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value cannot be established, the revenue for the entire order is deferred until such time as all product delivery obligations have been fulfilled. In the event the arrangement does not include professional services, unearned license revenue may also be recognized ratably, if the customer is granted the right to receive unspecified future products or VSOE of fair value on the software maintenance element of the arrangement does not exist. Total unearned license revenues may vary over periods for a variety of factors, including the type and level of promotions offered, and the timing of when the products are delivered upon general availability. Unearned software maintenance revenues are primarily attributable to our maintenance contracts and are generally recognized ratably over the contract period. The weighted-average remaining term at December 31, 2014 was approximately 2 years . Unearned professional services revenues result primarily from prepaid professional services, including training, and are generally recognized as the services are delivered. Cost of License and Services Revenues, and Operating Expenses Our cost of services revenues and operating expenses were primarily impacted by increasing headcount. Headcount during the year ended December 31, 2014 continued to increase due primarily to organic growth and the AirWatch acquisition. The increased headcount has resulted in higher cash and stock-based employee-related expenses across most of our income statement expense categories when compared to the same periods in 2013, and we expect this trend to continue. Cost of License Revenues Our cost of license revenues principally consists of the cost of fulfillment of our software, royalty costs in connection with technology licensed from third-party providers and amortization of intangible assets and capitalized software. The cost of fulfillment of our software includes IT development efforts, personnel costs and related overhead associated with the physical and electronic delivery of our software products. Cost of license revenues decreased in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to a decrease of $34 in amortization of capitalized software development costs, which was partially offset by an increase of $17 in amortization of intangible assets. 45 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Unearned license revenues $ 488 $ 465 Unearned software maintenance revenues 3,905 3,304 Unearned professional services revenues 440 323 Total unearned revenues $ 4,833 $ 4,092 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change Cost of license revenues $ 190 $ 208 $ 235 $ (18 ) (9 )% $ (27 ) (11 )% Stock-based compensation 2 2 2 — — — — Total expenses $ 192 $ 210 $ 237 $ (18 ) (9 ) $ (27 ) (11 ) % of License revenues 7 % 9 % 11 % Table of Contents Cost of license revenues decreased in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily due to a decrease of $37 in amortization of capitalized software and a decrease of $11 in IT development costs. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $18 in intangible amortization expense. No amortization expenses was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2014 as all previously capitalized software development costs had been fully amortized as of December 31, 2013 . We do not expect significant amortization of capitalized software development costs in future years. Cost of Services Revenues Our cost of services revenues primarily includes the costs of personnel and related overhead to deliver technical support for our products and to provide our professional services. Additionally, our costs of services revenues include costs related to our IT development efforts and depreciation on equipment supporting our service offerings. As we continue to invest in and grow business from our SaaS and professional services offerings, we expect our total costs of services revenues to continue to increase. Cost of services revenues increased in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily driven by the investment and growth in our SaaS and professional services offerings, which led to higher costs. The increase includes growth in cash-based employee-related expenses of $124 due to incremental growth in headcount, both organic and through acquisitions, and an increase in technical support costs of $21. Additionally, increases of $25 in equipment and depreciation costs also contributed to the increases in cost of services revenues. The increase in 2014 was partially offset by a decrease of $10 in operating expenses related to Pivotal. Cost of services revenues increased in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily due to an increase of $39 in cash-based employee-related expenses and an increase of $27 in costs we incurred to provide technical support. These increases were generally proportional to the increases in services revenues for the same comparable period. Equipment and depreciation costs also contributed to the increase in cost of services revenues. The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $32 of operating expenses related to Pivotal. Research and Development Expenses Our research and development expenses include the personnel and related overhead associated with the development of our product software and service offerings. Research and development expenses increased in 2014 compared to 2013. The increases were primarily due to growth in cash-based employee-related expenses of $125 and increases in stock-based compensation of $17, driven by incremental growth in headcount, both organic and through acquisitions. Equipment and depreciation expenses increased by $27 in 2014. The increase in 2014 was partially offset by a decrease of $15 in research and development expenses related to Pivotal. Research and development expenses increased in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily due to growth in cash-based employee-related expenses of $85, which was primarily driven by planned incremental growth in headcount. Additionally, contractor costs, stock-based compensation expense and equipment and depreciation expenses also increased by $48 during 2013 compared to the prior year. The increases in expenses were partially offset by a decrease of $59 of research and development expenses related to Pivotal. 46 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change Cost of services revenues $ 683 $ 491 $ 456 $ 192 39 % $ 35 8 % Stock-based compensation 42 29 28 13 43 1 4 Total expenses $ 725 $ 520 $ 484 $ 204 39 $ 36 7 % of Services revenues 21 % 18 % 19 % For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change Research and development $ 995 $ 855 $ 789 $ 141 16 % $ 66 8 % Stock-based compensation 244 227 210 17 7 17 8 Total expenses $ 1,239 $ 1,082 $ 999 $ 157 15 $ 82 8 % of Total revenues 21 % 21 % 22 % Table of Contents Sales and Marketing Expenses Our sales and marketing expenses include personnel costs, sales commissions and related overhead associated with the sale and marketing of our license and services offerings, as well as the cost of product launches. Sales commissions are generally earned and expensed when a firm order is received from the customer. Sales and marketing expenses also include the net impact from the expenses incurred and fees generated by certain marketing initiatives, such as our annual VMworld U.S. and VMworld Europe conferences. Sales and marketing expenses increased in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily driven by growth in cash-based employee-related expenses of $240 and an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $29 due to incremental growth in headcount, both organic and through acquisitions. Costs incurred for travel and marketing programs also increased by $48 in 2014 compared 2013. The increase in expenses in 2014 was partially offset by a decrease of $10 in sales and marketing expenses related to Pivotal. Sales and marketing expenses increased in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily due to growth in cash-based employee-related expenses of $174, including, incremental growth in headcount and by higher commission expense due to increased sales volumes. To a lesser extent, costs incurred for marketing programs also contributed to the increase of expense in 2013, compared to prior year. The increases in expenses in 2013 were partially offset by a decrease of $44 of sales and marketing expenses related to Pivotal. General and Administrative Expenses Our general and administrative expenses include personnel and related overhead costs to support the overall business. These expenses include the costs associated with our finance, human resources, IT infrastructure and legal, as well as expenses related to corporate costs and initiatives. General and administrative expenses increased in 2014 compared to 2013. We have made and will continue to make installment payments to certain key employees of AirWatch subject to the achievement of specified future employment conditions. We recognized compensation expense of $141 in 2014 relating to these installment payments. Other cash-based employee-related expenses increased by $52 in 2014 due to incremental growth in headcount, both organic and through acquisitions. Costs of $11 related to certain litigation and other contingencies, and amounts for IT development costs and stock-based compensation expense further contributed to the increase in expenses in 2014 compared to 2013. General and administrative expenses increased in 2013 compared to 2012 due to incremental growth in headcount resulting in an increase of $19 in cash-based employee-related expenses. The increase in 2013 compared to 2012 was also due to an increase in charitable donations, stock-based compensation expense and contractor expenses. 47 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change Sales and marketing $ 1,969 $ 1,671 $ 1,495 $ 298 18 % $ 177 12 % Stock-based compensation 172 144 150 29 20 (7 ) (5 ) Total expenses $ 2,141 $ 1,815 $ 1,645 $ 327 18 $ 170 10 % of Total revenues 35 % 35 % 36 % For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change General and administrative $ 626 $ 363 $ 320 $ 263 72 % $43 14 % Stock-based compensation 69 56 48 12 22 9 18 Total expenses $ 695 $ 419 $ 368 $ 276 66 $ 52 14 % of Total revenues 12 % 8 % 8 % Table of Contents Realignment Charges During the second half of 2014, we eliminated approximately 180 positions across all major functional groups and geographies to streamline our operations. As a result of these actions, $16 of realignment charges was recognized in 2014 on the consolidated statements of income, which consisted of workforce reduction charges. As of December 31, 2014 , $8 remained in accrued expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheets and is expected to be paid during 2015. Realignment charges in 2013 were incurred in connection with the realignment plan we initiated in January 2013. The plan included the elimination of approximately 710 positions and personnel across all major functional groups and geographies. The total cash and non-cash charges for workforce reductions of $54 and costs primarily associated with asset impairments of $14 were recorded on the consolidated statements of income in 2013. The realignment plan was completed by the end of December 31, 2013. Interest Expense with EMC Interest expense with EMC of $24 in 2014, representing an increase of $21 compared to 2013 primarily as a result of the additional debt that we obtained from EMC in connection with the AirWatch acquisition and the change of interest rate from 90-day LIBOR plus 55 basis points to a fixed rate of 1.75%. Refer to “Our Relationship with EMC” discussion below for further information. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net in 2013 was primarily due to the recognition of a pre-tax gain of $44 as a result of exiting certain lines of business under our business realignment plan. Partially offsetting this gain was an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $13 that we recognized in connection with a strategic investment. Income Tax Provision Our annual effective income tax rate was 15.5% , 11.6% and 16.5% for 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Our effective rate in 2014 is higher than 2013 primarily due to the fact that the 2013 effective tax rate includes the benefit of the federal research tax credit for both 2013 and 2012, whereas the 2014 effective tax rate only includes the benefit of the federal research tax credit for 2014. Our annual effective tax rate in 2012 does not include any benefit from the federal research tax credit. Our rate of taxation in foreign jurisdictions is lower than our U.S. tax rate. Our foreign earnings are primarily earned by our subsidiaries organized in Ireland, and as such, our annual effective tax rate can be significantly impacted by the mix of our earnings in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. During October 2014, Ireland announced revisions to its tax regulations that will require income earned by our subsidiaries organized in Ireland to be taxed at higher rates. We will be impacted by the changes in tax regulations in Ireland beginning in 2021. All income earned abroad, except for previously taxed income for U.S. tax purposes, is considered indefinitely reinvested in our non-U.S. operations and no provision for U.S. taxes has been provided with respect to such income. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , the undistributed earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries were approximately $3,594 and $2,830 , respectively. Our intent is to indefinitely reinvest our non-U.S. funds in our foreign operations, and our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate them to fund our U.S. operations. At this time, it is not practicable to estimate the amount of tax that may be payable if we were to repatriate these earnings. We are included in the EMC consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and expect to continue to be included in such consolidated group for periods in which EMC owns at least 80% of the total voting power and value of our combined outstanding Class A and Class B common stock as calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The percentage of voting power and value calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes may differ from the percentage of outstanding shares 48 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 $ Change % Change Realignment charges $ 16 $ 62 $ (47 ) (75 )% Stock-based compensation — 6 (6 ) (100 ) Total expenses $ 16 $ 68 $ (53 ) (77 ) For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 vs. 2013 2013 vs. 2012 2014 2013 2012 $ Change $ Change Other income (expense), net $ 7 $ 28 $ (1 ) $ (21 ) $ 29 Table of Contents beneficially owned by EMC due to the greater voting power of our Class B common stock as compared to our Class A common stock and other factors. Each member of a consolidated group during any part of a consolidated return year is jointly and severally liable for tax on the consolidated return of such year and for any subsequently determined deficiency thereon. Should EMC’s ownership fall below 80% of the total voting power or value of our outstanding stock in any period, then we would no longer be included in the EMC consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and our U.S. federal income tax would be reported separately from that of the EMC consolidated group. Although we file a consolidated federal tax return with EMC, the income tax provision is calculated primarily as though we were a separate taxpayer. However, certain transactions that we and EMC are parties to are assessed using consolidated tax return rules. Our effective tax rate in the periods presented is the result of the mix of income earned in various tax jurisdictions that apply a broad range of income tax rates. The rate at which the provision for income taxes is calculated differs from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to different tax rates in foreign jurisdictions where income is earned. The EMC consolidated group is routinely under audit by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”). All U.S. federal income tax matters have been concluded for years through 2008. The IRS commenced a federal income tax audit for the tax years 2009 and 2010 in the third quarter of 2012. The current federal income tax audit is ongoing, and it is not expected to be completed until 2015. We also have income tax audits in progress in numerous state and local jurisdictions. In our international jurisdictions that comprise a significant portion of our operations, the years that may be examined vary, with the earliest year being 2008. In our most significant international jurisdiction, Ireland, the open tax years begin as of 2010. Based on the timing and outcome of examinations of our international subsidiaries, the result of the expiration of statutes of limitations for specific jurisdictions or the timing and result of ruling requests from taxing authorities, it is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months total unrecognized tax benefits could be potentially reduced by approximately $14 . Audit outcomes and the timing of audit settlements are subject to significant uncertainty. Our future effective tax rate may be affected by such factors as changes in tax laws, changes in our business, regulations, or rates, changing interpretation of existing laws or regulations, the impact of accounting for stock-based compensation, the impact of accounting for business combinations and shifts in the amount of earnings in the U.S. compared with other regions in the world as well as the expiration of statute of limitations and settlements of audits. Our Relationship with EMC As of December 31, 2014 , EMC owned 43,025,000 shares of Class A common stock and all 300,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, representing 79.9% of our total outstanding shares of common stock and 97.2% of the combined voting power of our outstanding common stock. The information provided below includes a summary of the transactions entered into with EMC and EMC’s consolidated subsidiaries (collectively “EMC”), including VCE Company LLC (“VCE”) from the date EMC acquired its controlling interest in VCE through December 31, 2014. Transactions with EMC We and EMC engage in the following ongoing intercompany transactions, which resulted in revenues and receipts and unearned revenues for us: 49 • Pursuant to an ongoing reseller arrangement with EMC, EMC bundles our products and services with EMC’s products and sells them to end users. • EMC purchases products and services from us for internal use. • We recognize revenues for professional services based upon such contractual agreements with EMC. • From time to time, we and EMC enter into agreements to collaborate on technology projects, and EMC pays us for services that we provide to EMC in connection with such projects. • Pursuant to an ongoing distribution agreement, we act as the selling agent for certain products and services in exchange for a customary agency fee. • We recognize revenues for various transition services provided to Pivotal. Support costs incurred by us are reimbursed to us and are recorded as a reduction to the costs incurred by us. Table of Contents Information about our revenues and receipts and unearned revenues from such arrangements with EMC for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 consisted of the following: We and EMC engage in the following ongoing intercompany transactions, which resulted in costs to us: Information about our costs from such arrangements with EMC for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 consisted of the following: In the fourth quarter of 2013, we and EMC modified an existing technology licensing arrangement. Pursuant to the modified arrangement, we received certain rights to developed technology for a lump-sum payment of $26 , which was included in amounts due to related parties, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2013 . The license of technology was accounted for as a transaction by entities under common control. Accordingly, an intangible asset of $2 was recognized and was derived by allocating the value ascribed to the licensed technology based upon the relative fair market values of the technology to each party. The difference between the asset recorded and the consideration due was primarily recognized as a reduction in capital from EMC on the statements of stockholders’ equity. In addition to the license of the technology, we will pay EMC for support and for development collaboration. These amounts are included in collaborative technology project costs in the table above. Certain Stock-Based Compensation Effective September 1, 2012, Pat Gelsinger succeeded Paul Maritz as Chief Executive Officer of VMware. Prior to joining VMware, Pat Gelsinger was the President and Chief Operating Officer of EMC Information Infrastructure Products. Paul Maritz remains a board member of VMware and currently serves as Chief Executive Officer of Pivotal, a majority-owned subsidiary of EMC in which we have an ownership interest, and as an executive officer of EMC. Both Paul Maritz and Pat Gelsinger retain certain of their respective equity awards that they held as of September 1, 2012 and Mr. Gelsinger continues to vest in certain of his EMC awards. Stock-based compensation related to Pat Gelsinger’s EMC awards are being recognized in 50 Revenues and Receipts from EMC Unearned Revenues from EMC For the Year Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 Reseller revenues $ 205 $ 141 $ 141 $ 290 $ 188 Professional services revenues 85 72 82 9 12 Internal-use revenues 21 32 9 18 20 Collaborative technology project receipts — 7 7 n/a n/a Agency fee revenues 5 5 — — — Reimbursement for transition services 2 12 — n/a n/a • We purchase and lease products and purchase services for internal use from EMC. • From time to time, we and EMC enter into agreements to collaborate on technology projects, and we pay EMC for services provided to us by EMC related to such projects. • In certain geographic regions where we do not have an established legal entity, we contract with EMC subsidiaries for support services and EMC personnel who are managed by us. The costs incurred by EMC on our behalf related to these employees are passed on to us and we are charged a mark-up intended to approximate costs that would have been charged had we contracted for such services with an unrelated third party. These costs are included as expenses in our consolidated statements of income and primarily include salaries, benefits, travel and rent. EMC also incurs certain administrative costs on our behalf in the U.S. that are recorded as expenses in our consolidated statements of income. • We incur interest expense on our notes payable with EMC. For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Purchases and leases of products and purchases of services $ 71 $ 63 $ 42 Collaborative technology project costs 12 13 n/a EMC subsidiary support and administrative costs 137 128 106 Interest expense on notes payable 24 4 5 Table of Contents our consolidated statements of income over the awards’ remaining requisite service periods. Effective since September 1, 2012, stock-based compensation costs related to Paul Maritz’s VMware awards have been charged to EMC and have not been recognized by us. Due To/From Related Parties, Net As a result of the related-party transactions with EMC described above, amounts due to and from related parties, net as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 consisted of the following: Balances due to or from related parties, which are unrelated to tax obligations, are generally settled in cash within 60 days of each quarter-end. The timing of the tax payments due to and from EMC is governed by the tax sharing agreement with EMC. Refer to Note K to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Notes Payable to EMC In connection with our acquisition of AirWatch, we and EMC entered into a note exchange agreement on January 21, 2014 providing for the issuance of three promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,500 . The total debt of $1,500 includes $450 that was exchanged for the $450 promissory note issued to EMC in April 2007, as amended and restated in June 2011. The three notes issued may be prepaid without penalty or premium, and outstanding principal is due on the following dates: $680 due May 1, 2018 , $550 due May 1, 2020 and $270 due December 1, 2022 . The notes bear interest, payable quarterly in arrears, at the annual rate of 1.75% . During the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , $24 , $4 and $5 , respectively, of interest expense was recognized. Pivotal During 2013, we transferred certain assets and liabilities to Pivotal. We contributed certain assets, including intellectual property, to Pivotal, and Pivotal assumed substantially all liabilities related to certain VMware Cloud Application Platform products and services, including VMware’s Cloud Foundry, VMware vFabric (including Spring and GemFire) and Cetas organizations, except for certain tangible assets related to Cloud Foundry. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we transferred approximately 415 of our employees to Pivotal. In addition, we and Pivotal entered into an agreement pursuant to which we will act as the selling agent for products and services we contributed to Pivotal in exchange for a fee. We also agreed to provide various transition services to Pivotal. As of December 31, 2014 , our ownership interest in Pivotal was 28% , however, the investment carried by us had a cost basis of zero. Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , we held cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as follows: As of December 31, 2014 , we held a diversified portfolio of money market funds and fixed income securities totaling $5,004 . Our fixed income securities are denominated in U.S. dollars and consisted of highly liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies, municipal obligations, and U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities. We limit the amount of our domestic and international investments with any single issuer and any single financial institution, and also monitor the diversity of the portfolio, thereby diversifying the credit risk. As of December 31, 2014 , our total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were $7,075 , of which $4,968 was held outside the U.S. If these overseas funds were needed for our operations in 51 As of December 31, 2014 2013 Due to EMC $ (76 ) $ (114 ) Due from EMC 125 96 Due (to) from related parties, net $ 49 $ (18 ) Income tax payable due to EMC $ (40 ) $ (22 ) December 31, 2014 2013 Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,071 $ 2,305 Short-term investments 5,004 3,870 Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 7,075 $ 6,175 Table of Contents the U.S., we would be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes on the related undistributed earnings to repatriate these funds. However, our intent is to indefinitely reinvest our non-U.S. earnings in our foreign operations and our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate them to fund our U.S. operations. We expect that cash generated by operations will be our primary source of liquidity. We also believe that existing cash and cash equivalents, together with any cash generated from operations will be sufficient to meet normal operating requirements for at least the next twelve months. While we believe our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash to be generated by operations will be sufficient to meet our normal operating requirements, our overall level of cash needs may be impacted by the number and size of acquisitions, investments and stock repurchases. On January 21, 2014 , in connection with our agreement to acquire AirWatch, we and EMC entered into a note exchange agreement providing for the issuance of three promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,500 . Please refer to “Notes Payable to EMC” below for further details regarding these promissory notes. Should we require additional liquidity, we may seek to arrange debt financing or enter into credit facilities. Our cash flows summarized for the years ended 2014 , 2013 and 2012 were as follows: Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $356 in 2014 from 2013 , mainly as a result of decreased profitability due to an increase in headcount related expenses driven by the AirWatch acquisition, including installment payments made to certain key employees of AirWatch. The decrease was also driven by the change in income taxes payable as a result of tax payments made to EMC under the tax sharing agreement. Under the tax sharing agreement, we are obligated to pay EMC an amount equal to the tax expense generated by us that EMC may recognize in a given year on its consolidated tax return and EMC is obligated to pay us an amount equal to any tax benefit generated by us. In 2014, we paid $150 to EMC under the tax sharing agreement, but in 2013 we benefited from the net receipt of $24. While we expect sales and related cash collections to increase in 2015, we expect installment payments of approximately $185 to certain key employees of AirWatch as well as higher tax payments to offset the benefit from increased sales. Additionally, even if currency exchange rates stabilize, our cash flows from operations are still expected to be negatively impacted, primarily due to an unfavorable foreign exchange impact on our non-U.S. dollar cash collections. Cash provided by operating activities increased by $638 in 2013 from 2012 primarily driven by increased profitability as a result of strong sales volumes. The increase was also driven by the change in accounts receivable due to increased cash collections. Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities is generally attributable to the purchase of fixed income securities, business acquisitions, and capital expenditures. Cash provided by investing activities is also impacted by the timing of purchases, sales and maturities of our available-for-sale securities. Cash used in investing activities increased in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to increases in purchases of available-for-sale securities partially offset by increases in sales of available-for-sale securities. Additionally, cash used in investing activities increased significantly in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily as a result of our acquisition of AirWatch during the first quarter of 2014. The increase in restricted cash during in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily relates to amounts due to certain AirWatch employees, subject to achievement of certain employment conditions. Cash used for business acquisitions during 2013 compared to 2012 was significantly lower as a result of our acquisition of Nicira, Inc., which occurred in 2012 . Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities in 2014 changed compared to net cash used in financing activities in 2013 primarily as a result of the notes payable exchange agreement we entered into with EMC in connection with our acquisition of AirWatch. The proceeds from the notes payable exchange agreement with EMC were partially offset by an increase in the repurchase of our common stock in 2014 . 52 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 2,180 $ 2,535 $ 1,897 Investing activities (2,785 ) (1,472 ) (2,035 ) Financing activities 371 (367 ) (209 ) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents $ (234 ) $ 696 $ (347 ) Table of Contents Net cash used in financing activities during 2013 increased compared to 2012 primarily as a result of the decrease in excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and a decrease in proceeds from issuance of common stock. These decreases were primarily due to changes in the market value of our stock and the number of equity awards exercised, sold or vested. Notes Payable to EMC As of December 31, 2014 , $1,500 remained outstanding on notes payable to EMC, with interest payable quarterly in arrears. In connection with our acquisition of AirWatch, we entered into a note exchange agreement with EMC on January 21, 2014 providing for the issuance of three promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,500 . The total debt of $1,500 includes $450 that was exchanged for the $450 promissory note issued to EMC in April 2007, as amended and restated in June 2011. The three notes issued have the following principal amounts and maturity dates: $680 due May 1, 2018 , $550 due May 1, 2020 and $270 due December 1, 2022 . The notes bear interest at the annual rate of 1.75% . Interest is payable quarterly in arrears. The notes may be prepaid without penalty or premium. We drew down on all three notes in late January 2014. Stock Repurchase Program From time to time, we repurchase stock pursuant to open authorized stock repurchase programs in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements. We are not obligated to purchase any shares under our stock repurchase programs. The timing of any repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased depends on a variety of factors, including our stock price, cash requirements for operations and business combinations, corporate and regulatory requirements and other market and economic conditions. Purchases can be discontinued at any time that we feel additional purchases are not warranted. All shares repurchased under our stock repurchase programs are retired. During the year ended December 31, 2014 , we repurchased 7,641,742 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $700 . As of December 31, 2014 , the cumulative authorized amount remaining for repurchase under an authorized program was $960 . Refer to Note M to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. On January 27, 2015, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional one billion dollars of our Class A common stock through the end of 2017. Refer to Note M to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. We are increasing our share buyback goal compared to recent years, and as a result, we expect to repurchase at least one billion dollars of our Class A common stock in 2015. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities and Commitments Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations We enter into agreements in the ordinary course of business with, among others, customers, distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators. Most of these agreements require us to indemnify the other party against third-party claims alleging that one of our products infringes or misappropriates a patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret or other intellectual property right. Certain of these agreements require us to indemnify the other party against certain claims relating to property damage, personal injury, or the acts or omissions by us and our employees, agents or representatives. We have agreements with certain vendors, financial institutions, lessors and service providers pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify the other party for specified matters, such as acts and omissions by us and our employees, agents, or representatives. We have procurement or license agreements with respect to technology that we have obtained the right to use in our products and agreements. Under some of these agreements, we have agreed to indemnify the supplier for certain claims that may be brought against such party with respect to our acts or omissions relating to the supplied products or technologies. We have agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers, to the extent legally permissible, against all liabilities reasonably incurred in connection with any action in which such individual may be involved by reason of such individual being or having been a director or officer. Our by-laws and charter also provide for indemnification of our directors and officers to the extent legally permissible, against all liabilities reasonably incurred in connection with any action in which such individual may be involved by reason of such individual being or having been a director or executive officer. We also indemnify certain employees who provide service with respect to employee benefits plans, including the members of the Administrative Committee of the VMware 401(k) Plan, and employees who serve as directors or officers of our subsidiaries. 53 Table of Contents In connection with certain acquisitions, we have agreed to indemnify the former directors and officers of the acquired company in accordance with the acquired company’s by-laws and charter in effect immediately prior to the acquisition or in accordance with indemnification or similar agreements entered into by the acquired company and such persons. We typically purchase a “tail” directors’ and officers’ insurance policy, which should enable us to recover a portion of any future indemnification obligations related to the former officers and directors of an acquired company. We are unable to determine the maximum potential amount under these indemnification agreements due to our limited history with prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not been significant. Contractual Obligations We have various contractual obligations impacting our liquidity. The following represents our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2014: Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements are based upon the selection and application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America that require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and the accompanying notes. Future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and any such differences may be material to our financial statements. We believe that the critical accounting policies set forth below may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application than our other significant accounting policies and represent the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements. If different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, the results could be materially different from our reported results. Our significant accounting policies are presented within Note A, “Overview and Basis of Presentation,” to our consolidated financial statements appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Revenue Recognition We derive revenues primarily from licensing our software under perpetual licenses, related software maintenance, training, technical support consulting services, and hosted services. Revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or service has been provided, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is probable. Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenues recognized. We enter into multiple-element revenue arrangements in which a customer may purchase a combination of software, maintenance and support, training, consulting services, and hosted services. If a product or service included in a software-related multiple-element arrangement has not been delivered, and is not considered essential to the functionality of the 54 Payments Due by Period Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years Notes payable to EMC (1) $ 1,500 $ — $ — $ 680 $ 820 Operating leases (2) 898 81 132 83 602 Purchase obligations 95 47 48 — — Other obligations (3) 49 8 16 10 15 Sub-Total 2,542 136 196 773 1,437 Uncertain tax positions (4) 206 Total $ 2,748 (1) See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of the $1,500 notes payable we entered into with EMC on January 21, 2014, in connection with our agreement to acquire AirWatch. (2) Our operating leases are primarily for facility space and land. (3) Consisting of various contractual agreements, which include commitments on the lease for our Washington data center facility and asset retirement obligations. (4) As of December 31, 2014, we had $206 of non-current net unrecognized tax benefits. The timing of future payments relating to these obligations are highly uncertain. Given this uncertainty, unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2014 could be reduced by approximately $14 in the next 12 months, as a result of tax audit resolutions. Refer to “Income Tax Provision” for a discussion of such tax audits. Table of Contents delivered products or services, we must determine the fair value of each undelivered product or service using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”). Absent VSOE, revenues are deferred until VSOE of fair value exists for each of the undelivered products or services, or until all elements of the arrangement have been delivered. However, if the only undelivered element is maintenance and support, the entire arrangement fee is recognized ratably over the performance period. Changes in assumptions or judgments or changes to the elements in a software arrangement could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenues that we report in a particular period. VSOE of fair value for an undelivered element is generally based on historical stand-alone sales to third parties. In limited instances, for an offering that is not yet sold, VSOE is the price established by management if it is probable that the price will not change when introduced to the marketplace. In determining VSOE of fair value, we require that the selling prices for a product or service fall within a reasonable pricing range. For multiple-element arrangements that contain software and non-software elements, we allocate revenues to software or software-related elements as a group and any non-software elements separately based on relative selling prices using the selling price hierarchy. The relative selling price for each deliverable is determined using VSOE, if it exists, or third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price. TPE of fair value is based on evaluation of prices charged for competitor products or services sold to similarly situated customers. As our offerings contain significant proprietary technology and provide different features and functionality, comparable prices of similar products typically cannot be obtained and relied upon. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exist for a deliverable, best estimate of selling price (“BESP”) is used for that deliverable. We use BESP in allocation of arrangement consideration. We determine BESP by considering our overall pricing objectives and practices across different sales channels. In the event we publicly announce specific features or functionalities, entitlements or the release number of a software upgrade that has not been made available, and customers will receive that upgrade as part of a current software maintenance contract, a specified upgrade is deemed created. As a result of the specified upgrade which we do not have VSOE of fair value, revenues are deferred on qualifying purchases that include the current version of the product subject to the announcement until delivery of the upgrade. Multiple-element arrangements may be bundled with a commitment to deliver a product that has not yet been made available. Revenues specific to these arrangements is deferred until all product obligations have been fulfilled. Professional services include design, implementation and training. Professional services are not considered essential to the functionality of our products because services do not alter the product capabilities and may be performed by customers or other vendors. Revenues from professional services engagements performed for a fixed fee, for which we are able to make reasonably dependable estimates of progress toward completion, are recognized on a proportional performance basis assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Revenues for professional services engagements billed on a time and materials basis are recognized as the hours are incurred. Revenues on all other professional services engagements are recognized upon completion. Rebates We offer rebates to certain channel partners, which are recognized as a reduction to revenues or unearned revenues. Rebates based on actual partner sales are recognized as a reduction of revenues as the underlying revenues are recognized. Rebates earned based upon partner achievement of cumulative level of sales are recognized as a reduction of revenues proportionally for each sale that is required to achieve the target. The estimated reserves for channel rebates and sales incentives are based on channel partners’ actual performance against the terms and conditions of the programs, historical trends and the value of the rebates. The accuracy of these reserves for these rebates and sales incentives depends on our ability to estimate these items and could have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenues we report. Returns With limited exceptions, our return policy does not allow product returns for a refund. We estimate future returns at the time of sale and record as a reduction to revenues or unearned revenues. Our estimate is based on historical return rates and the accuracy of these reserves depends on our ability to estimate sales returns among other criteria. If we were to change any of these assumptions or judgments, it could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenues that we report in a particular period. Returns have not been material to date. Accounting for Income Taxes We have been included in the EMC consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and expect to continue to be included in such consolidated group for periods in which EMC owns at least 80% of the total voting power and value of our outstanding stock as calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The percentage of voting power and value calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes may differ from the percentage of outstanding shares beneficially owned by EMC due to the greater voting power of our Class B common stock as compared to our Class A common stock and other factors. Each member 55 Table of Contents of a consolidated group during any part of a consolidated return year is jointly and severally liable for tax on the consolidated return of such year and for any subsequently determined deficiency thereon. However, our income tax expense and the related income tax balance sheet accounts are derived primarily assuming we filed a separate tax return. However, certain transactions that we and EMC are parties to are assessed using consolidated tax return rules. The difference between the income taxes payable that is calculated on a separate tax return basis and the amount actually paid to EMC pursuant to our tax sharing agreement with EMC is presented as a component of additional paid-in capital. Our assumptions, judgments and estimates used to calculate our income tax expense considers current tax laws, our interpretation of current tax laws and possible outcomes of current and future audits conducted by foreign and domestic tax authorities. We have established reserves for income taxes to address potential exposures involving tax positions that could be challenged by federal, state and foreign tax authorities, which may result in proposed assessments. As part of the EMC consolidated group, and separately, we are subject to the periodic examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. The assumptions and judgments we have used in estimating our tax liabilities are reasonable, however, changes in tax laws or our interpretation of tax laws and the resolution of the current and any future tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in our consolidated financial statements. We are subject to tax in the U.S., and in multiple non-U.S. tax jurisdictions. Our U.S. liquidity needs are currently satisfied using cash flows generated from our U.S. operations, borrowings, or both. We also utilize a variety of tax planning strategies in an effort to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in locations in which it is needed. Currently, we do not provide U.S. income taxes on undistributed earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. These undistributed earnings are considered permanently reinvested outside the U.S. While we do not anticipate changing our intention regarding permanently reinvested earnings, if certain foreign earnings previously treated as permanently reinvested are repatriated, the related U.S. tax liability may be reduced by any non-U.S. income taxes paid on these earnings. Our deferred tax assets reflect our estimates of the amount and category of future taxable income, such as income from operations, capital gains and also consider other key factors that might restrict our ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Actual operating results and the underlying amount and category of income in future years could render our current assumptions, judgments and estimates of recoverable net deferred taxes inaccurate. Business Combinations We allocate the purchase price of acquirees to the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interests in an acquiree, which are measured based on the acquisition date fair value. Goodwill is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net amounts of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. The allocation of the purchase price requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the related useful lives of the acquired assets, when applicable, as of the acquisition date. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates used in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future include but are not limited to: These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that we have made. Additionally, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. New Accounting Pronouncements During May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The updated revenue standard establishes principles for recognizing revenue and develops a common revenue standard for all industries. Upon adoption, entities will be required to recognize the amount of revenue that they expect to be entitled to for the transfer of promised goods or services to their customers. The updated standard is effective for us in the first quarter of 2017 and permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Early adoption is not permitted. 56 • future expected cash flows from sales, maintenance agreements and acquired developed technologies; • the acquired company’s trade name and customer relationships as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired trade name and customer relationships will continue to be used in the combined company’s product portfolio; • discount rates used to determine the present value of estimated future cash flows. Table of Contents The Company has not selected a transition method and is currently evaluating the effect that the updated standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Foreign Exchange Risk We operate in foreign countries, which expose us to market risk associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and various foreign currencies, the most significant of which is the euro. Although approximately 70% of our sales are denominated in the U.S. dollar, we also invoice and collect in the euro, the British pound, the Japanese yen, the Australian dollar and the Chinese renminbi in their respective regions. As a result, a portion of our total revenues are affected by changes in the value of the U.S. dollar against these currencies. Additionally, a portion of our operating expenses, primarily the cost of personnel to deliver technical support on our products and professional services, sales and sales support and research and development, are denominated in foreign currencies, primarily those currencies in which we also invoice and collect. Revenues resulting from selling in local currencies and costs incurred in local currencies are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations which can affect our operating income. As exchange rates vary, operating results may differ materially from expectations. We calculate the foreign currency impact on our revenues and operating expenses as the difference between amounts translated at current exchange rates and the same amounts translated at prior-period exchange rates. To manage the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, we utilize derivative financial instruments, principally foreign currency forward contracts, as described below. Cash Flow Hedging Activities. To mitigate our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations resulting from operating expenses denominated in certain foreign currencies, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts. We typically enter into cash flow hedges annually with maturities of 12 months or less. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , we had foreign currency forward contracts to purchase approximately $240 million and $82 million , respectively, in foreign currency. The fair value of these forward contracts was immaterial as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 . Foreign Currency Forward Contracts Not Designated as Hedges. We enter into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of our net outstanding monetary assets and liabilities against movements in certain foreign exchange rates. Our foreign currency forward contracts are traded on a monthly basis with a typical contractual term of one month. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , we had outstanding forward contracts with a total notional value of $697 million and $498 million , respectively. The fair value of these forward contracts was immaterial as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 . Sensitivity Analysis. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will adequately protect us against the risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations. A hypothetical adverse foreign currency exchange rate movement of 10% would have resulted in a potential loss of $85 million in fair value of our foreign currency forward contracts as of December 31, 2014 . This sensitivity analysis disregards any offsetting gain that may be associated with the underlying foreign-currency denominated assets and liabilities that we hedge. This analysis also assumes a parallel adverse shift of all foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar; however, foreign currency exchange rates do not always move in such a manner and actual results may differ materially. We do not, and do not intend to use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Refer to Note G to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Interest Rate Risk Fixed Income Securities Our fixed income investment portfolio is denominated in U.S. dollars and consists of various holdings, types, and maturities. Our primary objective for holding fixed income securities is to achieve an appropriate investment return consistent with preserving principal and managing risk. At any time, a sharp rise in interest rates or credit spreads could have a material adverse impact on the fair value of our fixed income investment portfolio. Hypothetical increases in interest rates of 50 basis points and 100 basis points would have decreased the fair value of our fixed income investment portfolio as of December 31, 2014 by $33 million and $66 million , respectively. Hypothetical decreases in interest rates of 50 basis points and 100 basis points would have increased the fair value of our fixed income investment portfolio as of December 31, 2014 by $31 million and $55 million , respectively. This sensitivity analysis assumes a parallel shift of all interest rates; however, interest rates do not always move in such a manner and actual results may differ materially. We monitor our interest rate and credit risk, including our credit exposures to specific rating categories and to individual issuers. These instruments are not leveraged and we do not intend to use them for speculative purposes. Refer to Notes E and F to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. 57 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK  VMware, Inc. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE Note: All other financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 58 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 59 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 60 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 61 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2014 and 2013 62 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 63 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 64 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 65 Schedule: Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 104  REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of VMware, Inc.: In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the accompanying index present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of VMware, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, California February 26, 2015 59 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (amounts in millions, except per share amounts, and shares in thousands) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 60 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Revenues: License $ 2,591 $ 2,270 $ 2,087 Services 3,444 2,937 2,518 Total revenues 6,035 5,207 4,605 Operating expenses (1): Cost of license revenues 192 210 237 Cost of services revenues 725 520 484 Research and development 1,239 1,082 999 Sales and marketing 2,141 1,815 1,645 General and administrative 695 419 368 Realignment charges 16 68 — Operating income 1,027 1,093 872 Investment income 38 30 27 Interest expense with EMC (24 ) (4 ) (5 ) Other income (expense), net 7 28 (1 ) Income before income taxes 1,048 1,147 893 Income tax provision 162 133 147 Net income $ 886 $ 1,014 $ 746 Net income per weighted-average share, basic for Class A and Class B $ 2.06 $ 2.36 $ 1.75 Net income per weighted-average share, diluted for Class A and Class B $ 2.04 $ 2.34 $ 1.72 Weighted-average shares, basic for Class A and Class B 430,355 429,093 426,658 Weighted-average shares, diluted for Class A and Class B 434,513 433,415 433,974 __________ (1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows: Cost of license revenues $ 2 $ 2 $ 2 Cost of services revenues 42 29 28 Research and development 244 227 210 Sales and marketing 172 144 150 General and administrative 69 56 48 Realignment charges — 6 — Table of Contents VMware, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in millions) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 61 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Net income $ 886 $ 1,014 $ 746 Other comprehensive income: Changes in market value of available-for-sale securities: Unrealized gains (losses), net of taxes of $0, $0, and $3 (1 ) — 5 Reclassification of (gains) realized during the period, net of taxes of $(2), $(1), and $0 (3 ) (2 ) — Net change in market value of available-for-sale securities (4 ) (2 ) 5 Changes in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts: Unrealized (losses), net of $0 taxes for all periods (1 ) — — Net change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts (1 ) — — Total other comprehensive income (loss) (5 ) (2 ) 5 Total comprehensive income, net of taxes $ 881 $ 1,012 $ 751 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in millions, except per share amounts, and shares in thousands) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 62 December 31, 2014 2013 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,071 $ 2,305 Short-term investments 5,004 3,870 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2 and $2 1,520 1,220 Due from related parties, net 49 — Deferred tax assets 248 190 Other current assets 238 96 Total current assets 9,130 7,681 Property and equipment, net 1,035 845 Other assets, net 174 107 Deferred tax assets 165 60 Intangible assets, net 748 607 Goodwill 3,964 3,027 Total assets $ 15,216 $ 12,327 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 203 $ 109 Accrued expenses and other 811 608 Due to related parties, net — 18 Unearned revenues 2,982 2,558 Total current liabilities 3,996 3,293 Notes payable to EMC 1,500 450 Unearned revenues 1,851 1,534 Other liabilities 283 234 Total liabilities 7,630 5,511 Commitments and Contingencies (refer to Note L) Stockholders’ equity: Class A common stock, par value $.01; authorized 2,500,000 shares; issued and outstanding 129,359 and 130,349 shares 1 1 Class B convertible common stock, par value $.01; authorized 1,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 300,000 shares 3 3 Additional paid-in capital 3,380 3,496 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (1 ) 4 Retained earnings 4,198 3,312 Total VMware, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity 7,581 6,816 Non-controlling interests 5 — Total stockholders’ equity 7,586 6,816 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 15,216 $ 12,327 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions) For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Operating activities: Net income $ 886 $ 1,014 $ 746 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 345 337 355 Stock-based compensation 529 454 426 Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation (36 ) (70 ) (138 ) Deferred income taxes, net (128 ) 56 (74 ) Non-cash realignment charges — 15 — Gain on disposition of certain lines of business and other, net — (31 ) — Gain on sales of strategic investments (6 ) — — Other (1 ) 7 2 Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Accounts receivable (267 ) (71 ) (268 ) Other assets (70 ) (59 ) (112 ) Due to/from related parties, net (46 ) 60 6 Accounts payable 69 30 24 Accrued expenses 135 1 22 Income taxes receivable from EMC — 17 19 Income taxes payable 77 19 138 Unearned revenues 693 756 751 Net cash provided by operating activities 2,180 2,535 1,897 Investing activities: Additions to property and equipment (352 ) (345 ) (234 ) Purchases of available-for-sale securities (3,937 ) (3,181 ) (3,189 ) Sales of available-for-sale securities 2,076 1,599 1,880 Maturities of available-for-sale securities 717 717 902 Proceeds from disposition of certain lines of business — 37 — Purchases of strategic investments (52 ) (8 ) (51 ) Sales of strategic investments 11 — — Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (1,159 ) (289 ) (1,344 ) Decrease (increase) in restricted cash (78 ) (3 ) 1 Other investing (11 ) 1 — Net cash used in investing activities (2,785 ) (1,472 ) (2,035 ) Financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock 164 197 253 Proceeds from issuance of notes payable to EMC 1,050 — — Reduction in capital from EMC (24 ) — — Proceeds from non-controlling interests 7 — — Repurchase of common stock (700 ) (508 ) (467 ) Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation 36 70 138 Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on vesting of restricted stock (162 ) (126 ) (133 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 371 (367 ) (209 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (234 ) 696 (347 ) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period 2,305 1,609 1,956 Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period $ 2,071 $ 2,305 $ 1,609 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest $ 27 $ 6 $ 7 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 63 Cash paid for taxes, net 215 35 56 Non-cash items: Changes in capital additions, accrued but not paid $ 19 $ (16 ) $ 37 Changes in tax withholdings on vesting of restricted stock, accrued but not paid 7 — 2 Fair value of stock-based awards assumed in acquisition 24 — 17 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in millions) Class A Common Stock Class B Convertible Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Non-controlling Interests Stockholders’ Equity Shares Par Value Shares Par Value Balance, January 1, 2012 125 $ 1 300 $ 3 $ 3,213 $ 1,552 $ 1 $ — $ 4,770 Proceeds from issuance of common stock 7 — — — 253 — — — 253 Issuance of stock-based awards in acquisition — — — — 17 — — — 17 Repurchase and retirement of common stock (5 ) — — — (467 ) — — — (467 ) Issuance of restricted stock, net of cancellations 4 — — — — — — — — Shares withheld for tax withholdings on vesting of restricted stock (2 ) — — — (136 ) — — — (136 ) Stock-based compensation — — — — 420 — — — 420 Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation — — — — 136 — — — 136 Amount due from tax sharing arrangement — — — — (4 ) — — — (4 ) Total other comprehensive income — — — — — — 5 — 5 Net income — — — — — 746 — — 746 Balance, December 31, 2012 129 1 300 3 3,432 2,298 6 — 5,740 Proceeds from issuance of common stock 6 — — — 197 — — — 197 Repurchase and retirement of common stock (7 ) — — — (508 ) — — — (508 ) Issuance of restricted stock, net of cancellations 4 — — — — — — — — Shares withheld for tax withholdings on vesting of restricted stock (2 ) — — — (126 ) — — — (126 ) Stock-based compensation — — — — 436 — — — 436 Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation — — — — 48 — — — 48 Amount due from tax sharing arrangement — — — — (3 ) — — — (3 ) Total other comprehensive loss — — — — — — (2 ) — (2 ) Reduction in capital from EMC — — — — (22 ) — — — (22 ) Contribution to Pivotal — — — — 17 — — — 17 Reclassification of liability-classified awards to equity stock-based compensation — — — — 25 — — — 25 Net income — — — — — 1,014 — — 1,014 Balance, December 31, 2013 130 1 300 3 3,496 3,312 4 — 6,816 Proceeds from issuance of common stock 4 — — — 164 — — — 164 Issuance of stock-based awards in acquisition — — — — 24 — — — 24 Repurchase and retirement of common stock (8 ) — — — (700 ) — — — (700 ) Issuance of restricted stock, net of cancellations 5 — — — 1 — — — 1 Shares withheld for tax withholdings on vesting of restricted stock (2 ) — — — (162 ) — — — (162 ) Stock-based compensation — — — — 516 — — — 516 Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation — — — — 32 — — — 32 Amount due from tax sharing arrangement — — — — (12 ) — — — (12 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 64 Total other comprehensive loss — — — — — — (5 ) — (5 ) Activities with non-controlling interests — — — — — — — 5 5 Reclassification of liability-classified awards to equity stock-based compensation — — — — 21 — — — 21 Net income — — — — — 886 — — 886 Balance, December 31, 2014 129 $ 1 300 $ 3 $ 3,380 $ 4,198 $ (1 ) $ 5 $ 7,586 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS A. Overview and Basis of Presentation Company and Background VMware, Inc. (“VMware” or the “Company”) is the leader in virtualization infrastructure solutions utilized by organizations to help them transform the way they build, deliver and consume information technology (“IT”) resources. VMware’s virtualization infrastructure solutions, which include a suite of products and services designed to deliver a software-defined data center, run on industry-standard desktop computers and servers and support a wide range of operating system and application environments, as well as networking and storage infrastructures. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for annual financial reporting. VMware was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1998, was acquired by EMC Corporation (“EMC”) in 2004 and conducted its initial public offering of VMware’s Class A common stock in August 2007. As of December 31, 2014 , EMC held approximately 79.9% of VMware’s outstanding common stock and 97.2% of the combined voting power of VMware’s outstanding common stock, including 43 million shares of VMware’s Class A common stock and all of VMware’s Class B common stock. VMware is a majority-owned and controlled subsidiary of EMC, and its results of operations and financial position are consolidated with EMC’s financial statements. Management believes the assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements are reasonable. However, the amounts recorded for VMware’s intercompany transactions with EMC may not be considered arm’s length with an unrelated third party. Therefore, the financial statements included herein may not necessarily reflect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows had VMware engaged in such transactions with an unrelated third party during all periods presented. Accordingly, VMware’s historical financial information is not necessarily indicative of what the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows will be in the future if and when VMware contracts at arm’s length with unrelated third parties for the services the Company receives from and provides to EMC. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VMware and subsidiaries in which VMware has a controlling financial interest. Non-controlling interests are presented as a separate component within total stockholders’ equity and represent the equity and cumulative pro-rata share of the results of operations attributable to the non-controlling interests. Net earnings attributable to the non-controlling interests are eliminated within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income and are not presented separately as they were not material for the periods presented. All intercompany transaction and account balances between VMware and its subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. Transactions with EMC and its subsidiaries are generally settled in cash and are classified on the statements of cash flows based upon the nature of the underlying transaction. Reclassification Certain prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Use of Accounting Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Estimates are used for, but not limited to trade receivable valuation, marketing rebates, useful lives assigned to fixed assets and intangible assets, valuation of goodwill and definite-lived intangibles, income taxes, stock-based compensation and contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition VMware derives revenues primarily from licensing software under perpetual licenses, related software maintenance, training, technical support, consulting services, and hosted services. Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or service has been provided, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is probable. 65 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) License Revenues VMware licenses most of its software through distributors, resellers, system vendors, systems integrators and through its direct sales force. VMware recognizes revenues from the sale of its software licenses upon shipment and provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. VMware also offers certain of its customers access to its software on a pay-as-you-go model. Revenue from these offerings is generally recognized based upon the customer's reported usage. When software license arrangements are offered with new products that become available on a when-and-if-available basis, revenue associated with these arrangements are recognized ratably over the subscription period. For software sold by system vendors that is bundled with their hardware, unless the Company has a separate license agreement which governs the transaction, revenue is recognized in arrears upon the receipt of royalty reports. Services Revenues VMware’s services revenues generally consist of software maintenance, training, technical support, consulting services, and hosted services. Software maintenance and technical support offerings entitle customers to receive major and minor product upgrades on a when-and-if-available basis and technical support. Revenues from software maintenance and technical support offerings are generally recognized ratably over the contract period. Professional services include design, implementation and training. Professional services are not considered essential to the functionality of VMware’s products as these services do not alter the product capabilities and may be performed by customers or other vendors. Revenues from professional services engagements performed for a fixed fee, for which the Company is able to make reasonably dependable estimates of progress toward completion, are recognized on a proportional performance basis assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Revenues from professional services engagements invoiced on a time and materials basis are recognized as the hours are incurred. Revenues from all other professional services are recognized upon completion. VMware’s hosted services consist of certain software offerings sold as a service without the customer’s ability to take possession of the software over the subscription term. These arrangements are offered to VMware’s customers over a specified period of time and revenue is recognized ratably over the subscription term commencing upon delivery of the service. Hosted services are also provided on a consumption basis with revenues recognized commensurate with customer’s usage of the related services. Rebates Reserves Rebates are offered to certain channel partners, which are recognized as a reduction to revenues or unearned revenues. Rebates based on actual partner sales are recognized as a reduction of revenue as the underlying revenue is recognized. Rebates earned based upon partner achievement of cumulative level of sales are recognized as a reduction of revenues proportionally for each sale that is required to achieve the target. VMware participates in marketing development programs with certain channel partners wherein VMware reimburses its partners for expenses incurred by them under the terms of the programs. VMware recognizes these costs incurred associated with the marketing development funds as a reduction of revenues concurrent with the recognition of the underlying revenues based upon the maximum potential liability. The difference between the maximum potential liability recognized and the actual amount paid out has not been material to date. Returns Reserves With limited exceptions, VMware’s return policy does not allow product returns for a refund. VMware estimates and records reserves for product returns at the time of sale based on historical return rates. Amounts are recorded as a reduction to revenues or unearned revenues. Returns have not been material to date. Multiple-Element Arrangements VMware enters into multiple-element revenue arrangements in which a customer may purchase a combination of software, maintenance and support, training, consulting services, and hosted services. For multiple-element arrangements with software elements, VMware allocates and defers revenue for the undelivered elements based on fair value using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) and applies the residual method to allocate the remaining fee to the delivered products and services. If a product or service included in a software-related multiple-element arrangement has not been delivered, and is not considered essential to the functionality of the delivered products or services, VMware must determine the fair value of each undelivered product or service using VSOE. Absent VSOE, revenue is deferred until VSOE of fair value exists for each of the undelivered products or services, or until all elements of the arrangement have been delivered. However, if the only undelivered element is maintenance and support, the entire arrangement fee is recognized ratably over the performance period. Changes in 66 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) assumptions or judgments or changes to the elements in a software arrangement could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenues that VMware reports in a particular period. VSOE of fair value for an undelivered element is based on historical stand-alone sales to third parties. In limited instances, for an offering that is not yet sold, VSOE is the price established by management if it is probable that the price will not change when introduced to the marketplace. In determining VSOE of fair value, VMware requires that the selling prices for a product or service fall within a reasonable pricing range. VMware has established VSOE for its software maintenance and technical support services, consulting services and training. For multiple-element arrangements that contain software and non-software elements, VMware allocates revenue to software or software-related elements as a group and any non-software elements separately based on relative selling prices using the selling price hierarchy. The relative selling price for each deliverable is determined using VSOE, if it exists, or third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price. TPE of fair value is based on evaluation of prices charged for competitor products or services sold to similarly situated customers. As VMware’s offerings contain significant proprietary technology and provide different features and functionality, comparable prices of similar products typically cannot be obtained and relied upon. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for a deliverable, VMware uses its best estimate of selling price (“BESP”) for that deliverable. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which VMware would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis. VMware determines BESP by considering its overall pricing objectives and practices across different sales channels and geographies, market conditions, and historical sales. VMware uses BESP in the allocation of arrangement consideration. Once value is allocated to software or software-related elements as a group, revenue is then recognized when the relevant revenue recognition criteria are met. In the event VMware publicly announces specific features or functionalities, entitlements or the release number of a software upgrade that has not been made available, and customers will receive that upgrade as part of a current software maintenance contract, a specified upgrade is deemed created. As a result of the specified upgrade which VMware does not have VSOE of fair value, revenue is deferred on qualifying purchases that include the current version of the product subject to the announcement until delivery of the upgrade. Multiple element arrangements may be bundled with a commitment to deliver a product that has not yet been made available. Revenue specific to these arrangements is deferred until all product obligations have been fulfilled. In addition, revenue specific to arrangements that include subscription software products and professional services are deferred until the professional service obligations have been fulfilled. Unearned revenues substantially consist of payments received in advance of revenue recognition for products and services described above. Refer to Note J for further information. Foreign Currency Remeasurement The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of VMware’s foreign subsidiaries. VMware records net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions as a component of foreign currency exchange gains and losses in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. These gains and losses are net of those recognized on foreign currency forward contracts that VMware enters into to mitigate its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. Net losses were $8 million and $3 million during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Net gains during the year ended December 31, 2012 were immaterial. Cash and Cash Equivalents, Short-Term Investments, and Restricted Cash VMware invests primarily in money market funds, highly liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies, municipal obligations, and U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities. All highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less from date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents and all highly liquid investments with maturities of greater than 90 days from date of purchase as short-term investments. Short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale. VMware may sell these securities at any time for use in current operations or for other purposes, such as consideration for acquisitions and strategic investments. Consequently, VMware may or may not hold securities with stated maturities greater than twelve months until maturity. VMware carries its fixed income investments at fair value and unrealized gains and losses on these investments, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains or losses are included in the consolidated statements of income. Gains and losses on the sale of fixed income securities issued by the same issuer and of the same type are determined using the first-in first-out (“FIFO”) method. When a determination has been made that an other-than-temporary decline in fair value has occurred, the amount of the decline that is related to a credit loss is realized and is included in the consolidated statements of income. 67 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Cash balances that are restricted pursuant to the terms of various agreements are classified as restricted cash and included in other current assets and other assets, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 the total amount of VMware’s restricted cash was $95 million and $13 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2014 , $75 million of the restricted cash related to the acquisition of AirWatch LLC and amounts held in escrow to be paid in future periods. Refer to Note B for further information. As of December 31, 2014 , VMware’s total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were $7,075 million , of which $4,968 million was held outside the U.S. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts VMware maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses on uncollectible accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful accounts considers such factors as creditworthiness of VMware’s customers, historical experience, the age of the receivable, and current economic conditions. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net is recorded at cost. Depreciation commences upon placing the asset in service and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets, as follows: Upon retirement or disposition, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed with any gain or loss recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Repair and maintenance costs that do not extend the economic life of the underlying assets are expensed as incurred. Internal-Use Software Development Costs Costs associated with internal-use software systems during the application development stage are capitalized. Capitalization of costs begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management has committed to funding the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalization ceases at the point when the project is substantially complete and is ready for its intended purpose. The capitalized amounts are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Research and Development and Capitalized Software Development Costs Research and development costs primarily consist of personnel and related overhead costs associated with the research and development of VMware’s product software and service offerings and are expensed as incurred. Development costs of software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are subject to capitalization beginning when technological feasibility for the product has been established and ending when the product is available for general release. Following a change in VMware’s go-to-market strategy in late 2011, the length of time between achieving technological feasibility and general release to customers significantly decreased. During the years presented, software development costs incurred for products during the time period between reaching technological feasibility and general release were not material and accordingly were expensed as incurred. No amortization expense was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2014 , as all previously capitalized software development costs had been fully amortized as of December 31, 2013 . Amortization expense from capitalized amounts was $34 million and $71 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Amortization expense is included in cost of license revenues on the consolidated statements of income. Business Combinations For business combinations, VMware recognizes the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interests in an acquiree, which are measured based on the acquisition date fair value. Goodwill is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net amounts of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. 68 Buildings Term of underlying land lease Land improvements 15 years Furniture and fixtures 5 years Equipment 3 to 5 years Software 2 to 3 years Leasehold improvements 20 years, not to exceed the term of the underlying lease Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) VMware uses significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the related useful lives of the acquired assets, when applicable, as of the acquisition date. When those estimates are provisional, VMware refines them as necessary during the measurement period. The measurement period is the period after the acquisition date, not to exceed one year, in which VMware may gather and analyze the necessary information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date to adjust the provisional amounts recognized. Measurement period adjustments are applied retrospectively, if material. All other adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of income. Businesses acquired from EMC are accounted for as a business combination between entities under common control. VMware includes the results of operations of the acquired businesses under common control, if material, in the period of acquisition as if it had occurred at the beginning of the period and also retrospectively adjusts the financial statement information presented for prior years to reflect the business as if it had been acquired at the beginning of the financial period presented. VMware recognizes the net assets under common control at EMC’s carrying values as of the date of the transfer and records the difference between the carrying value and the cash consideration as an equity transaction. Costs to effect an acquisition are recorded in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of income as the expenses are incurred. Purchased Intangible Assets and Goodwill Goodwill is evaluated for impairment during the fourth quarter of each year or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. VMware elected to perform a quantitative assessment of goodwill with respect to its one reporting unit. In doing so, VMware compared the enterprise fair value to the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill. VMware concluded that, to date, there have been no impairments of goodwill. Purchased intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. VMware reviews intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Derivative instruments are measured at fair value and reported as current assets and current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, as applicable. In order to manage VMware’s exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, VMware enters into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of VMware’s net outstanding monetary asset and liability positions. These foreign currency forward contracts are generally entered into on a monthly basis, with a typical contractual term of 1 month . These forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under applicable accounting guidance and therefore are adjusted to fair value through other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income. Additionally, VMware enters into foreign currency forward contracts which it designates as cash flow hedges to manage the volatility of cash flows that relate to operating expenses denominated in certain foreign currencies. These forward contracts are entered into annually, have maturities of 12 months or less, and are adjusted to fair value through accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, on the consolidated balance sheets. When the underlying expense transaction occurs, the gains or losses on the forward contract are subsequently reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the related operating expense line item on the consolidated statements of income. The Company does not, and does not intend to, use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Refer to Note G for further information. Advertising Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $29 million , $27 million and $37 million in the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Income Taxes Income taxes as presented herein are calculated on a separate tax return basis, although VMware is included in the consolidated tax return of EMC. However, certain transactions that VMware and EMC are parties to, are assessed using consolidated tax return rules. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Tax credits are generally recognized as reductions of income tax 69 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) provisions in the year in which the credits arise. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced by a valuation allowance if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. VMware does not provide for a U.S. income tax liability on undistributed earnings of VMware’s non-U.S. subsidiaries. The earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, which reflect full provision for non-U.S. income taxes, are currently indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations or will be remitted substantially free of additional tax. If these overseas funds are needed for its operations in the U.S., VMware would be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes on related undistributed earnings to repatriate these funds. However, VMware’s intent is to indefinitely reinvest its non-U.S. earnings in its foreign operations and VMware’s current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate them to fund its U.S. operations. At this time, it is not practicable to estimate the amount of tax that may be payable if VMware were to repatriate these funds. The difference between the income taxes payable or receivable that is calculated on a separate return basis and the amount actually paid to or received from EMC pursuant to VMware’s tax sharing agreement is presented as a component of additional paid-in capital. Refer to Note K to the consolidated financial statements for further information. Net Income Per Share Basic net income per share is calculated using the weighted-average number of shares of VMware’s common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares, including the dilutive effect of equity awards as determined under the treasury stock method. VMware has two classes of common stock, Class A and Class B common stock. For purposes of calculating net income per share, VMware uses the two-class method. As both classes share the same rights in dividends, basic and diluted net income per share are the same for both classes. Concentrations of Risks Financial instruments, which potentially subject VMware to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. Cash on deposit with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. These deposits may be redeemed upon demand. VMware places cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments primarily in money market funds and fixed income securities and limits the amount of investment with any single issuer and any single financial institution. VMware holds a diversified portfolio of money market funds and fixed income securities, which primarily consist of various highly liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies, municipal obligations, and U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities. VMware’s fixed income investment portfolio is denominated in U.S. dollars and consists of securities with various maturities. VMware manages counterparty risk through adequate diversification of the investment portfolio among various financial institutions and by entering into derivative contracts with financial institutions that are of high credit quality. VMware provides credit to its customers, including distributors, OEMs, resellers, and end-user customers, in the normal course of business. To reduce credit risk, the Company performs periodic credit evaluations, which consider the customer’s payment history and financial stability. Additionally, VMware does not recognize revenues or unearned revenues to the extent a customer’s outstanding balance exceeds its credit limit. As of December 31, 2014 , two distributors accounted for 19% and 13% of VMware’s accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2013 , three distributors accounted for 18% , 15% and 11% of VMware’s accounts receivable balance. One distributor accounted for 15% of revenues in each of the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , and another distributor accounted for 13% , 12% and 12% of revenues in the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. A third distributor accounted for 11% of revenues in each of the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Black-Scholes option-pricing model is used to determine the fair value of VMware’s stock option awards and 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) shares. The Black-Scholes model includes assumptions regarding dividend yields, expected volatility, expected term and risk-free interest rates. These assumptions reflect the Company’s best estimates, but these items involve uncertainties based on market and other conditions outside of the Company’s control. VMware restricted stock unit awards, including performance stock unit (“PSU”) awards, are valued based on the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. For those awards expected to vest, which only contain a service vesting feature, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the awards’ requisite service periods. Liability-classified awards are recorded at fair value at each reporting period and are included in accrued expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheets. PSU awards will vest if certain employee-specific or VMware-designated performance targets are achieved. If minimum performance thresholds are achieved, each PSU award will convert into VMware’s Class A common stock at a defined ratio 70 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) depending on the degree of achievement of the performance target designated by each individual award. If minimum performance thresholds are not achieved, then no shares will be issued. Based upon the expected levels of achievement, stock-based compensation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the PSUs’ requisite service periods. The expected levels of achievement are reassessed over the requisite service periods and, to the extent that the expected levels of achievement change, stock-based compensation is adjusted in the period of change and recorded in the statements of income and the remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation is recorded over the remaining requisite service period. New Accounting Pronouncement During May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The updated revenue standard establishes principles for recognizing revenue and develops a common revenue standard for all industries. Upon adoption, entities will be required to recognize the amount of revenue that they expect to be entitled to for the transfer of promised goods or services to their customers. The updated standard is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2017 and permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company has not selected a transition method and is currently evaluating the effect that the updated standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. B. Business Combinations, Joint Venture, Definite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill Business Combinations Fiscal Year 2014 Acquisition of AirWatch LLC On February 24, 2014, VMware acquired for cash all of the outstanding membership units of A.W.S. Holding, LLC (“AirWatch Holding”), the sole member and equity holder of AirWatch LLC (“AirWatch”). AirWatch is a leader in enterprise mobile management and security solutions. VMware acquired AirWatch to expand VMware’s solutions within the enterprise mobile management and security space. The total purchase price of $1,128 million included cash of $1,104 million and the fair value of assumed unvested equity attributed to pre-combination services totaling $24 million . Merger consideration totaling $300 million , including $75 million being held in escrow, is payable to certain employees of AirWatch subject to specified future employment conditions and will be recognized as expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. Compensation expense of $141 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2014 . VMware assumed all of AirWatch’s unvested stock options and restricted stock outstanding at the completion of the acquisition with an estimated fair value of $134 million . Of the total fair value, $24 million was allocated to the purchase price and $110 million was allocated to future services and will be expensed over the remaining requisite service periods on a straight-line basis. The estimated fair value of the stock options assumed by the Company was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Pursuant to the purchase agreement, AirWatch’s outstanding stock awards were converted into shares of VMware’s common stock at the conversion ratio of 0.4 . The assumed unvested options converted into 1.4 million stock options to purchase VMware Class A common stock. The assumed unvested restricted stock converted into an immaterial number of shares of restricted VMware Class A common stock. The following table summarizes the allocation of the consideration to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (table in millions): 71 Cash $ 36 Other current assets 61 Intangible assets 250 Goodwill 868 Other acquired assets 30 Total assets acquired 1,245 Unearned revenues (45 ) Other assumed liabilities (72 ) Total liabilities assumed (117 ) Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed $ 1,128 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. Management believes that the goodwill represents the synergies expected from combining the technologies of VMware with those of AirWatch. The estimated fair value assigned to the tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities were based on management’s estimates and assumptions. Management expects that the majority of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets will be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. The following table summarizes the components of the identifiable intangible assets acquired and their estimated useful lives by VMware in conjunction with the acquisitions of AirWatch (amounts in table in millions): The following pro forma financial information summarizes the combined net income for VMware and AirWatch, which was significant for purposes of the unaudited pro forma financial information disclosure, as though the companies were combined at the beginning of the Company’s fiscal year 2013. The amount of revenue from AirWatch was not considered material, and as such, has not been included in the unaudited pro forma financial information disclosure below. Supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if AirWatch had been acquired on January 1, 2013 , is presented as follows (table in millions): Pro forma adjustments primarily include compensation expense for certain key employees subject to specified future employment conditions, intangible amortization, stock-based compensation and related tax effects. Other 2014 Business Combinations During the year ended December 31, 2014 , VMware completed three business combinations in addition to AirWatch, which were not material to VMware’s consolidated financial statements, either individually or in the aggregate. On August 20, 2014, VMware acquired CloudVolumes, Inc. (“CloudVolumes”), a provider of real-time application delivery technology that enables enterprises to deliver native applications to virtualized environments on-demand. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2014, VMware completed two other immaterial business combinations. The aggregate purchase price for these three acquisitions was $91 million , net of cash acquired. The preliminary purchase price primarily included $19 million of identifiable intangible assets and approximately $73 million of goodwill. Of the goodwill acquired, $28 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. 72 Useful Lives (in years) Weighted-Average Useful Lives (in years) Fair Value Amount Purchased technology 2 – 6 5.9 $ 118 Customer relationships and customer lists 2 – 8 7.9 78 Trademarks and tradenames 8 8 40 Other 2 – 8 3.2 14 Total identifiable intangible assets $ 250 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Pro forma adjusted net income $ 849 $ 781 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Fiscal Year 2013 During the year ended December 31, 2013 , VMware completed two business combinations. On October 10, 2013, VMware acquired Desktone, Inc. (“Desktone”), a provider of desktop-as-a-service for delivering Windows desktops and applications as a cloud service. On February 15, 2013, VMware acquired Virsto Software (“Virsto”), a provider of software that optimizes storage performance and utilization in virtual environments. The aggregate consideration for these two acquisitions was $289 million , net of cash acquired. The following table summarizes the allocation of the consideration to the fair value of the assets acquired and net liabilities assumed (table in millions): The excess of the consideration for Desktone and Virsto over the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents the goodwill resulting from the acquisitions. Management believes that the goodwill represents the synergies expected from combining the technologies of VMware with those of Desktone and Virsto, including complementary products that will enhance the Company’s overall product portfolio. No goodwill was deductible for tax purposes. The following table summarizes the fair value of the intangible assets acquired by VMware in conjunction with the acquisitions of Desktone and Virsto (amounts in table in millions): As of December 31, 2013 , $9 million of the $10 million in IPR&D shown in the table above was completed and transferred to purchased technology with a weighted-average life of 5 years . The remaining IPR&D was completed and transferred to purchased technology during the year ended December 31, 2014 . The results of operations of Desktone and Virsto described above have been included in VMware’s consolidated financial statements from their respective date of purchase. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as the results of the acquired businesses were not material to VMware’s consolidated results of operations in the year ended December 31, 2013 or 2012 . Fiscal Year 2012 Acquisition of Nicira, Inc. On August 24, 2012 , VMware acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of Nicira, a developer of software-defined networking solutions. This acquisition expanded VMware’s product portfolio to provide a suite of software-defined networking capabilities. The aggregate consideration was $1,100 million , net of cash acquired, including cash of $1,083 million and the fair value of assumed equity attributed to pre-combination services of $17 million . VMware assumed all of Nicira’s unvested stock options and restricted stock outstanding at the completion of the acquisition. The fair value of the assumed equity awards for post-combination services was $152 million and was not included in the consideration transferred. The $152 million is being recognized over the awards’ remaining requisite service periods, which extend through the first half of 2016. In accordance with the merger agreement, the assumed unvested stock options converted into 1 million stock options to purchase VMware Class A common stock. The weighted-average acquisition-date fair value of the stock options was 73 Intangible assets $ 62 Goodwill 233 Deferred tax assets, net 4 Total assets acquired 299 Other assumed liabilities, net of other acquired assets (10 ) Total net liabilities assumed (10 ) Fair value of assets acquired and net liabilities assumed $ 289 Weighted-Average Useful Lives (in years) Fair Value Amount Purchased technology 6 $ 49 Vendor contracts 8 3 In-process research and development (“IPR&D”) 10 Total intangible assets, net, excluding goodwill $ 62 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: (i) market price of $92.21 per share, which was the closing price of VMware’s Class A common stock on the acquisition date; (ii) expected term of 2.7 years ; (iii) risk-free interest rate of 0.3% ; (iv) annualized volatility of 35.7% ; and (v) no dividend yield. The weighted-average acquisition-date fair value per share of the assumed stock options was $88.39 . The assumed restricted stock converted into 1 million shares of restricted VMware Class A common stock. The fair value of the restricted stock was based on the acquisition-date closing price of $92.21 per share for VMware’s Class A common stock. The following table summarizes the allocation of the consideration to the fair value of the intangible assets acquired and net liabilities assumed on August 24, 2012 , and reflects adjustments made through the measurement period to finalize the purchase price allocation (table in millions): No goodwill was deductible for tax purposes. The following table summarizes the fair value of the intangible assets acquired by VMware in conjunction with the Nicira acquisition (amounts in table in millions): As of December 31, 2012 , the $49 million of IPR&D shown in the table above was completed and transferred to purchased technology with a weighted-average life of 8 years . Supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if Nicira had been acquired on January 1, 2011 , is presented as follows (table in millions, except per share amounts): Pro forma adjustments primarily include intangible amortization, stock-based compensation and related tax effects. 74 Intangible assets $ 335 Goodwill 893 Total intangible assets acquired 1,228 Deferred tax liabilities, net (77 ) Income taxes payable (50 ) Other assumed liabilities, net of other acquired assets (1 ) Total net liabilities assumed (128 ) Fair value of intangible assets acquired and net liabilities assumed $ 1,100 Weighted-Average Useful Lives (in years) Fair Value Amount Purchased technology 7 $ 266 Trademarks and tradenames 10 20 IPR&D 49 Total intangible assets acquired, net, excluding goodwill $ 335 For the Year Ended December 31, 2012 Pro forma adjusted total revenue $ 4,607 Pro forma adjusted net income 687 Pro forma adjusted net income per weighted-average share, diluted for Class A and Class B $ 1.58 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Other 2012 Business Combinations During the year ended December 31, 2012, VMware completed five business combinations in addition to Nicira, which were not material to VMware’s consolidated financial statements, either individually or in the aggregate. The aggregate consideration for these five acquisitions was $261 million , net of cash acquired. The following table summarizes the allocation of the consideration to the fair value of the intangible assets acquired and net liabilities assumed (table in millions): Of the goodwill acquired, $15 million is deductible for income tax purposes. Joint Venture During the year ended December 31, 2014 , VMware established a joint venture intended to expand VMware vCloud Air services (formerly vCloud Hybrid Service) in Japan. Cash contributions of $8 million and $7 million were made by VMware and the non-controlling interests, respectively, in proportion to their respective ownership interests. At December 31, 2014 , VMware had a controlling interest in the joint venture and approximately 51% of the ownership. Accordingly, VMware consolidated the financial results of the joint venture. The share of the earnings in the joint venture attributable to the non-controlling interests was not material during the year ended December 31, 2014 . Definite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (table in millions): 75 Intangible assets $ 88 Goodwill 187 Total intangible assets acquired 275 Deferred tax liabilities, net (8 ) Other assumed liabilities, net of other acquired assets (6 ) Total net liabilities assumed (14 ) Fair value of intangible assets acquired and net liabilities assumed $ 261 December 31, 2014 2013 Balance, beginning of the year $ 607 $ 732 Additions to intangible assets related to business combinations 278 62 Disposition of certain business activities (Refer to Note C) — (54 ) Contribution to Pivotal (Refer to Note N) — (28 ) Amortization Expense (141 ) (107 ) Other adjustments 4 2 Balance, end of the year $ 748 $ 607 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) As of December 31, 2014 , definite-lived intangible assets consisted of the following (amounts in table in millions): As of December 31, 2013 , definite-lived intangible assets consisted of the following (amounts in table in millions): During the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , amortization expense was $141 million , $107 million and $96 million , respectively. Based on intangible assets recorded as of December 31, 2014 and assuming no subsequent additions or impairment of underlying assets, the remaining estimated annual amortization expense is expected to be as follows (table in millions): 76 December 31, 2014 Weighted-Average Useful Lives (in years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value Purchased technology 6.5 $ 699 $ (252 ) $ 447 Leasehold interest 34.9 149 (15 ) 134 Customer relationships and customer lists 8.2 157 (53 ) 104 Trademarks and tradenames 8.6 61 (9 ) 52 Other 2.7 18 (7 ) 11 Total definite-lived intangible assets $ 1,084 $ (336 ) $ 748 December 31, 2013 Weighted-Average Useful Lives (in years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value Purchased technology 6.6 $ 580 $ (163 ) $ 417 Leasehold interest 34.9 145 (11 ) 134 Customer relationships and customer lists 8.7 75 (37 ) 38 Trademarks and tradenames 9.1 24 (7 ) 17 IPR&D 1 — 1 Total definite-lived intangible assets $ 825 $ (218 ) $ 607 2015 $ 143 2016 126 2017 119 2018 107 2019 86 Thereafter 167 Total $ 748 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Goodwill The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (table in millions): The deferred tax adjustments relate to the finalization of the fair value estimates for certain acquisitions. C. Realignment Charges During the second half of 2014 , VMware eliminated approximately 180 positions across all major functional groups and geographies to streamline its operations. As a result of these actions, $16 million of realignment charges was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2014 on the consolidated statements of income, which consisted of workforce reduction charges. As of December 31, 2014 , $8 million remained in accrued expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheets and is expected to be paid during 2015 . During January 2013, VMware approved and initiated a business realignment plan to streamline its operations. The realignment plan included the elimination of approximately 710 positions and personnel across all major functional groups and geographies. During the year ended December 31, 2013 , $68 million of realignment charges were recorded on the consolidated statements of income, which consisted of workforce reduction charges and asset impairments. As of December 31, 2013 , the plan had been completed. The following table summarizes the activity for the accrued realignment charges for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (table in millions): Other Related Activities In connection with VMware’s 2013 business realignment plan, VMware recognized a cumulative pre-tax gain of $44 million during the year ended December 31, 2013 relating to the disposition of certain business activities that were no 77 December 31, 2014 2013 Balance, beginning of the year $ 3,027 $ 2,848 Increase in goodwill related to business combinations 941 233 Contribution to Pivotal (see Note N) — (28 ) Reduction related to disposition of certain business activities — (4 ) Deferred tax adjustments to purchase price allocations on acquisitions (4 ) (20 ) Other adjustments to purchase price allocations on acquisitions — (2 ) Balance, end of the year $ 3,964 $ 3,027 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Balance as of January 1, 2014 Realignment Charges Utilization Balance as of December 31, 2014 Non-Cash Portion of Utilization Workforce reductions $ — $ 18 $ (10 ) $ 8 $ — Asset impairments, exit of facilities and other exit costs 3 (2 ) (1 ) — — Total $ 3 $ 16 $ (11 ) $ 8 $ — For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Balance as of January 1, 2013 Realignment Charges Utilization Balance as of December 31, 2013 Non-Cash Portion of Utilization Workforce reductions $ — $ 54 $ (54 ) $ — $ (6 ) Asset impairments, exit of facilities and other exit costs — 14 (11 ) 3 (9 ) Total $ — $ 68 $ (65 ) $ 3 $ (15 ) Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) longer aligned with VMware’s core business priorities. The gain recognized in connection with these dispositions were recorded to other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2013 . D. Net Income per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period, as calculated using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive securities primarily include unvested restricted stock units, stock options and purchase options under VMware’s employee stock purchase plan. Securities are excluded from the computations of diluted net income per share if their effect would be anti-dilutive. VMware uses the two-class method to calculate net income per share as both classes share the same rights in dividends, therefore basic and diluted earnings per share are the same for both classes. The following table sets forth the computations of basic and diluted net income per share during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 (net income in millions, shares in thousands): The following table sets forth the weighted-average common share equivalents of Class A common stock that were excluded from the diluted net income per share calculations during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , because their effect would have been anti-dilutive (shares in thousands): 78 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Net income $ 886 $ 1,014 $ 746 Weighted-average shares, basic for Class A and Class B 430,355 429,093 426,658 Effect of dilutive securities 4,158 4,322 7,316 Weighted-average shares, diluted for Class A and Class B 434,513 433,415 433,974 Net income per weighted-average share, basic for Class A and Class B $ 2.06 $ 2.36 $ 1.75 Net income per weighted-average share, diluted for Class A and Class B $ 2.04 $ 2.34 $ 1.72 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Anti-dilutive securities: Employee stock options 1,440 1,023 388 Restricted stock units 16 167 2,338 Total 1,456 1,190 2,726 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) E. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following (tables in millions): Refer to Note F for further information regarding the fair value of VMware’s cash equivalents and short-term investments. VMware evaluated its fixed income investments as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 to determine whether or not any security had experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , VMware did not 79 December 31, 2014 Cost or Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Aggregate Fair Value Cash $ 885 $ — $ — $ 885 Cash equivalents: Money-market funds 1,130 — — 1,130 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities 54 — — 54 Foreign governments and multi-national agency obligations 2 — — 2 Total cash equivalents 1,186 — — 1,186 Short-term investments: U.S. Government and agency obligations 542 — — 542 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities 3,236 3 (5 ) 3,234 Foreign governments and multi-national agency obligations 23 — — 23 Municipal obligations 930 2 — 932 Asset-backed securities 53 — — 53 Mortgage-backed securities 221 — (1 ) 220 Total short-term investments 5,005 5 (6 ) 5,004 Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 7,076 $ 5 $ (6 ) $ 7,075 December 31, 2013 Cost or Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Aggregate Fair Value Cash $ 483 $ — $ — $ 483 Cash equivalents: Money-market funds 1,808 — — 1,808 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities 12 — — 12 Municipal obligations 2 — — 2 Total cash equivalents 1,822 — — 1,822 Short-term investments: U.S. Government and agency obligations 537 — — 537 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities 2,351 6 (3 ) 2,354 Foreign governments and multi-national agency obligations 37 — — 37 Municipal obligations 811 3 — 814 Mortgage-backed securities 129 — (1 ) 128 Total short-term investments 3,865 9 (4 ) 3,870 Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 6,170 $ 9 $ (4 ) $ 6,175 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) consider any of its fixed income investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired. The realized gains and realized losses on fixed income investments during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were not material. Unrealized losses on cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , which have been in a net loss position for less than twelve months, were classified by investment category as follows (table in millions): As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , unrealized losses on cash equivalents and short-term investments in other investment categories, which have been in a net loss position for less than twelve months, were not material. Unrealized losses on cash equivalents and short-term investments, which have been in a net loss position for twelve months or greater, were not material as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 . Contractual Maturities The contractual maturities of cash equivalents and short-term investments held at December 31, 2014 consisted of the following (table in millions): F. Fair Value Measurements Assets and Liabilities Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Certain financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. VMware determines fair value using the following hierarchy: • Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Most of VMware’s fixed income securities are classified as Level 2, with the exception of some of the U.S government and agency obligations which are classified as Level 1. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , the majority of VMware’s Level 2 securities were priced using non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated by observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, or pricing models such as discounted cash flow techniques. VMware’s procedures include controls to ensure that appropriate fair values are recorded such as comparing prices obtained from multiple independent sources. Additionally, VMware’s Level 2 classification includes foreign currency forward contracts and notes payable to EMC as the valuation inputs for these are based upon quoted prices, quoted pricing intervals from public data sources, observable market data and discounted cash flow techniques. The fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts was not material for any period presented. As of December 31, 2014 , the fair value of the notes payable to EMC approximated its carrying value due to the minimal change in the interest rate between December 31, 2014 and the date the notes were entered into. As such, the notes payable to EMC are excluded from the fair value table below. 80 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities $ 1,964 $ (5 ) $ 750 $ (3 ) Mortgage-backed securities 107 (1 ) 91 (1 ) Total $ 2,071 $ (6 ) $ 841 $ (4 ) Amortized Cost Basis Aggregate Fair Value Due within one year $ 2,594 $ 2,594 Due after 1 year through 5 years 3,361 3,360 Due after 5 years 236 236 Total cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 6,191 $ 6,190 • Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are noted active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities • Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) VMware does not have any material assets or liabilities that fall into Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , and there have been no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 . The following tables set forth the fair value hierarchy of VMware’s money-market funds and available-for-sale securities, including those securities classified within cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets, that were required to be measured at fair value as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 (tables in millions): Beginning in 2014 , VMware offers a deferred compensation plan for eligible employees that allows participants to defer payment for part or all of their compensation. VMware’s results of operations are not significantly affected by this plan since changes in the fair value of the assets substantially offset changes in the fair value of the liabilities. As such, assets and liabilities associated with this plan have not been included in the above table. Assets and liabilities associated with this plan were approximately $8 million as of December 31, 2014 , and are included in other assets, net and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. 81 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Total Cash equivalents: Money-market funds $ 1,130 $ — $ 1,130 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 54 54 Foreign governments and multi-national agency obligations — 2 2 Total cash equivalents 1,130 56 1,186 Short-term investments: U.S. Government and agency obligations 353 189 542 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 3,234 3,234 Foreign governments and multi-national agency obligations — 23 23 Municipal obligations — 932 932 Asset-backed securities — 53 53 Mortgage-backed securities — 220 220 Total short-term investments 353 4,651 5,004 Total cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 1,483 $ 4,707 $ 6,190 December 31, 2013 Level 1 Level 2 Total Cash equivalents: Money-market funds $ 1,808 $ — $ 1,808 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 12 12 Municipal obligations — 2 2 Total cash equivalents 1,808 14 1,822 Short-term investments: U.S. Government and agency obligations 385 152 537 U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities — 2,354 2,354 Foreign governments and multi-national agency obligations — 37 37 Municipal obligations — 814 814 Mortgage-backed securities — 128 128 Total short-term investments 385 3,485 3,870 Total cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 2,193 $ 3,499 $ 5,692 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis The carrying value of VMware’s strategic investments were accounted for under the cost method. VMware evaluated the strategic investments in its portfolio to assess whether any of its strategic investments were other-than-temporarily impaired. VMware uses Level 3 inputs as part of its impairment analysis, including, pre- and post-money valuations of recent financing events and the impact of those on its fully diluted ownership percentages, as well as other available information regarding the issuer’s historical and forecasted performance. The estimated fair value of these investments is considered in VMware’s impairment review if any events or changes in circumstances occur that might have a significant adverse effect on their value. During the year ended December 31, 2013 , VMware recognized an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $13 million in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income for a non-recoverable strategic investment. Strategic investments are included in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of VMware’s strategic investments was $110 million and $63 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. G. Derivatives and Hedging Activities VMware conducts business on a global basis in multiple foreign currencies, subjecting the Company to foreign currency risk. To mitigate this risk, VMware utilizes hedging contracts as described below, which potentially expose the Company to credit risk to the extent that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreement. VMware manages counterparty risk by seeking counterparties of high credit quality, by monitoring credit ratings and credit spreads of, and other relevant public information about its counterparties. VMware does not, and does not intend to, use derivative instruments for speculative purposes. Cash Flow Hedges To mitigate its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations resulting from operating expenses denominated in certain foreign currencies, VMware enters into foreign currency forward contracts. The Company designates these forward contracts as cash flow hedging instruments as the accounting criteria for such designation have been met. Therefore, the effective portion of gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of these hedges is initially reported in accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets and is subsequently reclassified to the related operating expense line item in the consolidated statements of income in the same period that the underlying expenses are incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , the effective portion of gains or losses reclassified to the consolidated statements of income was not material. Interest charges or “forward points” on VMware’s forward contracts are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income as incurred. VMware enters into forward contracts annually, which have maturities of 12 months or less. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , VMware had foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges with a total notional value of $240 million and $82 million , respectively. The notional value represents the gross amount of foreign currency that will be bought or sold upon maturity of the forward contract. The fair value of these forward contracts was immaterial as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and therefore excluded from the fair value tables above. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , all cash flow hedges were considered effective. Foreign Currency Forward Contracts Not Designated as Hedges VMware has established a program that utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to offset the foreign currency risk associated with net outstanding monetary asset and liability positions. These forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under applicable accounting guidance, and therefore all changes in the fair value of the forward contracts are reported in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. VMware enters into foreign currency forward contracts on a monthly basis, which have a typical contractual term of one month. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , VMware had outstanding forward contracts with a total notional value of $697 million and $498 million , respectively. The notional value represents the gross amount of foreign currency that will be bought or sold upon maturity of the forward contract. The fair value of these forward contracts was immaterial as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and therefore excluded from the fair value tables above. During the year ended December 31, 2014 , VMware recognized a gain of $48 million relating to the settlement of foreign currency forward contracts. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , VMware recognized losses of $4 million and $10 million , respectively. Gains and losses relating to the settlement of foreign contracts are recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. The combined gains and losses derived from the settlement of foreign forward contracts and the underlying foreign-currency denominated assets and liabilities resulted in a net loss of $9 million , $4 million and $2 million during the years ended 82 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Net gains and losses are recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. H. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following (table in millions): Depreciation expense was $190 million , $141 million and $131 million during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. As of December 31, 2013 , construction in progress primarily represented buildings and site improvements related to VMware’s Palo Alto campus expansion that had not yet been placed into service. As of December 31, 2014, this construction was substantially completed. I. Accrued Expenses and Other Accrued expenses and other as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following (table in millions): Accrued partner liabilities relate to rebates and marketing development fund accruals for channel partners, system vendors and systems integrators, as well as accrued royalties. J. Unearned Revenues Unearned revenues as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following (table in millions): Unearned license revenues are generally recognized upon delivery of existing or future products or services, or they are otherwise recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. Future products include, in some cases, emerging products that are offered as part of product promotions where the purchaser of an existing product is entitled to receive the future product at no additional charge. To the extent the future product has not been delivered and vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value cannot be established, the revenue for the entire order is deferred until such time as all product delivery obligations have been fulfilled. In the event the arrangement does not include professional services, unearned license revenue may also be recognized ratably, if the customer is granted the right to receive unspecified future products or VSOE of fair value on the 83 December 31, 2014 2013 Equipment and software $ 974 $ 752 Buildings and improvements 753 584 Furniture and fixtures 92 77 Construction in progress 25 120 Total property and equipment 1,844 1,533 Accumulated depreciation (809 ) (688 ) Total property and equipment, net $ 1,035 $ 845 December 31, 2014 2013 Salaries, commissions, bonuses, and benefits $ 374 $ 303 Accrued partner liabilities 148 135 Other 289 170 Total $ 811 $ 608 December 31, 2014 2013 Unearned license revenues $ 488 $ 465 Unearned software maintenance revenues 3,905 3,304 Unearned professional services revenues 440 323 Total unearned revenues $ 4,833 $ 4,092 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) software maintenance element of the arrangement does not exist. Total unearned license revenues may vary over periods for a variety of factors, including the type and level of promotions offered, and the timing of when the products are delivered upon general availability. Unearned software maintenance revenues are attributable to VMware’s maintenance contracts and are generally recognized ratably over the contract period. The weighted-average remaining term at December 31, 2014 was approximately 2 years . Unearned professional services revenues result primarily from prepaid professional services, including training, and are generally recognized as the services are delivered. K. Income Taxes The domestic and foreign components of income before provisions for income taxes were as follows (table in millions): VMware’s provision for income taxes consisted of the following (table in millions): A reconciliation of VMware’s income tax rate to the statutory federal tax rate is as follows: 84 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Domestic $ 174 $ 160 $ 177 International 874 987 716 Total $ 1,048 $ 1,147 $ 893 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Federal: Current $ 188 $ 1 $ 161 Deferred (116 ) 57 (71 ) 72 58 90 State: Current 15 2 13 Deferred (12 ) 6 (7 ) 3 8 6 Foreign: Current 87 72 44 Deferred — (5 ) 7 87 67 51 Total provision for income taxes $ 162 $ 133 $ 147 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Statutory federal tax rate 35 % 35 % 35 % State taxes, net of federal benefit 1 % 1 % 1 % Tax rate differential for international jurisdictions (21 )% (22 )% (22 )% U.S. tax credits (1) (3 )% (7 )% — % Permanent items and other 4 % 5 % 3 % Effective tax rate 16 % 12 % 17 % (1) Amounts presented for 2013 include the federal research tax credit for 2012 as the credit was enacted retroactively through December 31, 2013, and passed by the United States Congress during January 2013. Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be reversed. Significant deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (table in millions): VMware has U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $127 million from acquisitions made since 2007 . These operating loss carryforwards expire at different periods through 2033 . Portions of these carryforwards are subject to annual limitations. VMware expects to be able to fully use these net operating losses against future income. Also, resulting from acquisitions since 2007 , VMware has state net operating loss carryforwards of $168 million expiring at different periods through 2034 . VMware has California research and development credit carryforwards for income tax purposes of approximately $79 million , that can be carried over indefinitely. VMware determined that the realization of deferred tax assets relating to the state research and development tax credits and certain capital losses did not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold, and accordingly, a valuation allowance was recorded. If in the future, new evidence supports the realization of the deferred tax assets related to the state research and development tax credits or capital losses, the valuation allowance will be reversed and a tax benefit will be recorded accordingly. VMware has non-U.S. operating losses of $3 million resulting from a non-U.S. acquisition in 2012 . These net operating losses have an unlimited carryforward period. VMware expects to be able to fully use these net operating losses against future non-U.S. income. VMware has non-U.S. tax credits of approximately $1 million . U.S. income taxes have not been provided on certain undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries of approximately $3,594 million and $2,830 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively, because such earnings are considered to be reinvested indefinitely outside of the U.S., or will be remitted substantially free of additional tax. VMware’s rate of taxation in non-U.S. jurisdictions is lower than the U.S. tax rate. VMware’s international income is primarily earned by VMware’s subsidiaries in Ireland, where the statutory tax rate is 12.5% . Recent developments in non-U.S. tax jurisdictions and unfavorable changes in non-U.S. tax laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on VMware’s annual effective tax rate if earnings are lower than anticipated in countries where the statutory tax rates are lower than the U.S. federal tax rate. All income earned abroad, except for previously taxed income for U.S. tax purposes, is considered indefinitely reinvested in VMware’s foreign operations and no provision for U.S. taxes has been provided with respect to such income. At this time, it is not practicable to estimate the amount of tax that may be payable if VMware were to repatriate these earnings. Although VMware files a consolidated federal tax return with EMC, the income tax provision is calculated primarily as though VMware were a separate taxpayer. However, certain transactions that VMware and EMC are parties to are assessed using consolidated tax return rules. 85 December 31, 2014 2013 Deferred tax assets: Unearned revenue $ 296 $ 224 Accruals and other 67 45 Stock-based compensation 90 68 Tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards 138 119 Other non-current assets 9 14 Basis difference in investment in business 20 20 Net deferred tax assets 620 490 Valuation allowance (106 ) (94 ) Total deferred tax assets 514 396 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment, net (93 ) (70 ) Intangibles and other assets, net (8 ) (76 ) Total deferred tax liabilities (101 ) (146 ) Total deferred tax assets, net $ 413 $ 250 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Pursuant to the tax sharing agreement, VMware has made payments to EMC and EMC has made payments to VMware. The following table summarizes these payments made between VMware and EMC during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 (table in millions): Payments between VMware and EMC under the tax sharing agreement relate to VMware’s portion of federal income taxes on EMC’s consolidated tax return as well as the state payments for combined states. Payments from EMC to VMware relate to periods where VMware had a stand-alone loss for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes or where VMware had federal tax credits in excess of federal tax liabilities. The amounts that VMware either pays to or receives from EMC for its portion of federal income taxes on EMC’s consolidated tax return differ from the amounts VMware would owe on a separate return basis and the difference is presented as a component of stockholders’ equity. In the year ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , the difference between the amount of tax calculated on a separate-return basis and the amount of tax calculated per the tax sharing agreement was recorded as a decrease in stockholders’ equity totaling $12 million , $3 million and $4 million , respectively. Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits, is as follows (table in millions): The net unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, of $197 million as of December 31, 2014 would, if recognized, benefit VMware’s annual effective income tax rate. The $197 million of net unrecognized tax benefits were classified as a non-current liability within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. VMware recognizes interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters in the income tax provision. VMware had accrued $22 million of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2014 and $13 million of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2013 associated with unrecognized tax benefits. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 included interest and penalties of $8 million associated with uncertain tax positions. The EMC consolidated group is routinely under audit by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”). All U.S. federal income tax matters have been concluded for years through 2008. The IRS commenced a federal income tax audit for the tax years 2009 and 2010 in the third quarter of 2012. The current federal income tax audit is ongoing and it is not expected to be completed until 2015. VMware also has income tax audits in progress in numerous state and local jurisdictions. In its international jurisdictions that comprise a significant portion of its operations, the years that may be examined vary, with the earliest year being 2008. In 86 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Payments from VMware to EMC $ 150 $ 8 $ — Payments from EMC to VMware — 32 19 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Balance, beginning of the year $ 167 $ 158 $ 95 Tax positions related to current year: Additions 32 32 12 Reductions — — (4 ) Tax positions related to prior years: Additions related to acquisitions completed in 2012 — — 60 Additions 1 — — Reductions (3 ) (12 ) — Settlements (1 ) (2 ) — Reductions resulting from a lapse of the statute of limitations (2 ) (8 ) (4 ) Foreign currency effects (4 ) (1 ) (1 ) Balance, end of the year $ 190 $ 167 $ 158 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) its most significant international jurisdiction, Ireland, the open tax years begin as of 2010. Based on the timing and outcome of examinations of VMware’s international subsidiaries, the result of the expiration of statutes of limitations for specific jurisdictions or the timing and result of ruling requests from taxing authorities, it is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months total unrecognized tax benefits could be potentially reduced by approximately $14 million . Audit outcomes and the timing of audit settlements are subject to significant uncertainty. L. Commitments and Contingencies Litigation VMware and the U.S. General Services Administration (“GSA”) and the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) are in ongoing discussions regarding VMware’s government sales practices covering the period between 2006 and 2013. A total of $11 million was accrued for this matter during the second quarter of 2014 and the amount is included in accrued expenses and other in the consolidated balance sheets. VMware has continued discussions on this matter with both the GSA and DOJ. VMware believes a loss in excess of the estimated $11 million liability is currently not determinable but final resolution of the matter could be materially different from VMware's current estimate. VMware is also subject to other legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including claims with respect to commercial, product liability, intellectual property, employment, class action, whistleblower and other matters. From time to time, VMware also receives inquiries from and has ongoing discussions with government entities on various matters. VMware accrues for a liability when a determination has been made that a loss is both probable of occurrence and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether a loss is reasonably estimable. In making such judgments, VMware considers the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. Legal costs are generally recognized as expense when incurred. As of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 , amounts accrued relating to these other matters arising as part of the ordinary course of business were considered immaterial. To the extent there is a reasonable possibility that the losses could exceed the amounts already accrued, VMware believes that the amount of any such additional loss would also be immaterial to VMware’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Operating Lease and Other Contractual Commitments VMware leases office facilities and equipment under various operating leases. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 was $85 million , $67 million and $62 million , respectively. VMware’s minimum future lease commitments and other contractual commitments at December 31, 2014 were as follows (table in millions): (1) Consisting of various contractual agreements, which include commitments on the lease for VMware’s Washington data center facility and asset retirement obligations. The amount of the future lease commitments after 2019 is primarily for the ground leases on VMware’s Palo Alto, California headquarter facilities, which expire in 2046 . As several of VMware’s operating leases are payable in foreign currencies, the operating lease payments may fluctuate in response to changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the foreign currencies in which the commitments are payable. 87 Future Lease Commitments Purchase Obligations Other Contractual Commitments (1) Total 2015 $ 81 $ 47 $ 8 $ 136 2016 72 48 9 129 2017 60 — 7 67 2018 46 — 7 53 2019 37 — 3 40 Thereafter 602 — 15 617 Total minimum lease payments $ 898 $ 95 $ 49 $ 1,042 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations VMware enters into agreements in the ordinary course of business with, among others, customers, distributors, resellers, system vendors and systems integrators. Most of these agreements require VMware to indemnify the other party against third-party claims alleging that a VMware product infringes or misappropriates a patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, and/or other intellectual property right. Certain of these agreements require VMware to indemnify the other party against certain claims relating to property damage, personal injury, or the acts or omissions of VMware, its employees, agents, or representatives. VMware has agreements with certain vendors, financial institutions, lessors and service providers pursuant to which VMware has agreed to indemnify the other party for specified matters, such as acts and omissions of VMware, its employees, agents, or representatives. VMware has procurement or license agreements with respect to technology that it has obtained the right to use in VMware’s products and agreements. Under some of these agreements, VMware has agreed to indemnify the supplier for certain claims that may be brought against such party with respect to VMware’s acts or omissions relating to the supplied products or technologies. VMware has agreed to indemnify the directors and executive officers of VMware, to the extent legally permissible, against all liabilities reasonably incurred in connection with any action in which such individual may be involved by reason of such individual being or having been a director or executive officer. VMware’s by-laws and charter also provide for indemnification of directors and officers of VMware and VMware subsidiaries to the extent legally permissible, against all liabilities reasonably incurred in connection with any action in which such individual may be involved by reason of such individual being or having been a director or executive officer. VMware also indemnifies certain employees who provide service with respect to employee benefits plans, including the members of the Administrative Committee of the VMware 401(k) Plan, and employees who serve as directors or officers of VMware’s subsidiaries. In connection with certain acquisitions, VMware has agreed to indemnify the former directors and officers of the acquired company in accordance with the acquired company’s by-laws and charter in effect immediately prior to the acquisition or in accordance with indemnification or similar agreements entered into by the acquired company and such persons. VMware typically purchases a “tail” directors’ and officers’ insurance policy, which should enable VMware to recover a portion of any future indemnification obligations related to the former officers and directors of an acquired company. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount under these indemnification agreements due to the Company’s limited history with prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the Company under these agreements have not had a material effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. M. Stockholders’ Equity VMware Class B Common Stock Conversion Rights Each share of Class B common stock is convertible while held by EMC or its successor-in-interest at the option of EMC or its successor-in-interest into one share of Class A common stock. If VMware’s Class B common stock is distributed to security holders of EMC in a transaction (including any distribution in exchange for shares of EMC’s or its successor-in-interest’s common stock or other securities) intended to qualify as a distribution under Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code, or any corresponding provision of any successor statute, shares of VMware’s Class B common stock will no longer be convertible into shares of Class A common stock. Prior to any such distribution, all shares of Class B common stock will automatically be converted into shares of Class A common stock upon the transfer of such shares of Class B common stock by EMC other than to any of EMC’s successors or any of its subsidiaries (excluding VMware). If such a distribution has not occurred, each share of Class B common stock will also automatically convert at such time as the number of shares of common stock owned by EMC or its successor-in-interest falls below 20% of the outstanding shares of VMware’s common stock. Following any such distribution, VMware may submit to its stockholders a proposal to convert all outstanding shares of Class B common stock into shares of Class A common stock, provided that VMware has received a favorable private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service satisfactory to EMC to the effect that the conversion will not affect the intended tax treatment of the distribution. If a meeting of VMware stockholders is called for this purpose, the holders of VMware Class A common stock and VMware Class B common stock will be entitled to one vote per share and, subject to applicable law, will vote together as a single class, and neither class of common stock will be entitled to a separate class vote. All conversions will be effected on a share-for-share basis. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , 300.0 million shares of Class A common stock were reserved for conversion. 88 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) VMware Equity Plan In June 2007, VMware adopted its 2007 Equity and Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”). In May 2009, VMware amended its 2007 Plan to increase the number of shares available for issuance by 20.0 million shares for total shares available for issuance of 100.0 million . In May 2013, VMware further amended the 2007 Plan to increase the number of shares available for issuance by 13.3 million shares. The number of shares underlying outstanding equity awards that VMware assumes in the course of business acquisitions are also added to the 2007 Plan reserve on an as-converted basis. VMware has assumed 4.2 million shares, which accordingly have been added to the 2007 Plan reserve. Awards under the 2007 Plan may be in the form of stock options or other stock-based awards, including awards of restricted stock units. The exercise price for a stock option awarded under the 2007 Plan shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of VMware Class A common stock on the date of grant. Most options granted under the 2007 Plan vest 25% after the first year and then monthly thereafter over the following three years and expire between six and seven years from the date of grant. Most restricted stock grants made under the 2007 Plan have a three -year to four -year period over which they vest and vest 25% the first year and then semi-annually thereafter. VMware’s Compensation and Corporate Governance Committee determines the vesting schedule for all equity awards. VMware utilizes both authorized and unissued shares to satisfy all shares issued under the 2007 Plan. At December 31, 2014 , there were an aggregate of 17.9 million shares of common stock available for issuance pursuant to future grants under the 2007 Plan. VMware Stock Repurchases On January 27, 2015, VMware’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional one billion dollars of VMware’s Class A common stock through the end of 2017. Stock will be purchased from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, subject to market conditions. The new stock repurchase authorization is in addition to VMware’s ongoing one-billion-dollar stock repurchase program, originally announced on August 6, 2014. The timing of any repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including VMware’s stock price, cash requirements for operations and business combinations, corporate and regulatory requirements and other market and economic conditions. VMware is not obligated to purchase any shares under its stock repurchase programs. Purchases can be discontinued at any time that VMware feels additional purchases are not warranted. All shares repurchased under VMware’s stock repurchase programs are retired. The following table summarizes stock repurchase authorizations during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 (amounts in table in millions): As of December 31, 2014 , the cumulative authorized amount remaining for repurchase was $960 million . The following table summarizes stock repurchase activity during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 (aggregate purchase price in millions, shares in thousands): The amount of repurchased shares includes commissions and is classified as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. 89 Authorization Date Amount Authorized Expiration Date Status August 6, 2014 $1,000 December 31, 2016 Open August 7, 2013 700 December 31, 2015 Completed in Q4'14 November 28, 2012 250 December 31, 2014 Completed in Q4'13 February 29, 2012 600 December 31, 2013 Completed in Q2'13 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Aggregate purchase price $ 700 $ 508 $ 467 Class A common shares repurchased 7,642 6,636 5,132 Weighted-average price per share $ 91.61 $ 76.58 $ 91.10 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) VMware Employee Stock Purchase Plan In June 2007, VMware adopted its 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which is intended to be qualified under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. In May 2013, VMware amended its ESPP to increase the number of shares available for issuance by 7.9 million shares. Under the ESPP, eligible VMware employees are granted options to purchase shares at the lower of 85% of the fair market value of the stock at the time of grant or 85% of the fair market value at the time of exercise. Options to purchase shares are generally granted twice yearly on February 1 and August 1 and exercisable on the succeeding July 31 and January 31, respectively, of each year. As of December 31, 2014 , 6.2 million shares of VMware Class A common stock were available for issuance under the ESPP. The following table summarizes ESPP activity during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 (cash proceeds in millions, shares in thousands): As of December 31, 2014 , $46 million of ESPP withholdings were recorded as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets for the next purchase that occurred during January 2015 . VMware and EMC Stock Options Prior to the adoption of VMware’s 2007 Plan in June 2007, eligible VMware employees participated in EMC’s equity plans. In August 2007, VMware and EMC completed an exchange offer enabling eligible VMware employees to exchange their options to acquire EMC common stock for options to acquire VMware Class A common stock. VMware employees who did not elect to exchange their EMC options for options to purchase VMware Class A common stock continue to have their existing grants governed under EMC’s stock plans. Additionally, if an employee transferred from EMC to VMware had outstanding EMC options at the date of transfer, the employee typically retains their EMC award which also continues to be governed under the EMC stock plan. Similarly, if an employee transferred from VMware to EMC had outstanding VMware options at the date of transfer, the employee typically retains their VMware award which continues to be governed under the VMware stock plan. 90 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Cash proceeds $ 80 $ 76 $ 69 Class A common shares purchased 1,099 1,154 897 Weighted-average price per share $ 73.21 $ 65.97 $ 77.34 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The following table summarizes option activity since January 1, 2012 for VMware and EMC stock options (shares in thousands): The above table includes stock options granted in conjunction with unvested stock options assumed in business combinations. As a result, the weighted-average exercise price per share may vary from the VMware stock price at time of grant. Options outstanding that are exercisable and that have vested and are expected to vest as of December 31, 2014 were as follows: (1) The aggregate intrinsic values represent the total pre-tax intrinsic values based on VMware's closing stock price of $82.52 as of December 31, 2014 , which would have been received by the option holders had all in-the-money options been exercised as of that date. (2) These aggregate intrinsic values represent the total pre-tax intrinsic values based on EMC’s adjusted closing stock price of $29.74 as of December 31, 2014 , which would have been received by the option holders had all in-the-money options been exercised as of that date. The total fair value of VMware stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 was $64 million , $60 million and $72 million , respectively. 91 VMware Stock Options EMC Stock Options Number of Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per share) Number of Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per share) Outstanding, January 1, 2012 16,174 $ 35.27 3,628 $ 13.16 Options relating to employees transferred (to) from EMC — — (177 ) 4.40 Granted 1,201 4.67 — — Forfeited (644 ) 42.07 (36 ) 14.96 Expired — — (11 ) 12.67 Exercised (6,598 ) 30.44 (761 ) 12.35 Outstanding, December 31, 2012 10,133 34.36 2,643 15.12 Options relating to employees transferred (to) from EMC — — (97 ) 11.87 Granted 1,434 71.53 — — Forfeited (416 ) 36.25 (46 ) 16.09 Expired (387 ) 105.81 (29 ) 12.99 Exercised (5,009 ) 28.12 (775 ) 15.39 Outstanding, December 31, 2013 5,755 44.12 1,696 15.53 Options relating to employees transferred (to) from EMC — — 149 15.87 Granted 2,695 50.91 — — Forfeited (220 ) 47.89 (2 ) 19.10 Expired — — (9 ) 14.14 Exercised (2,361 ) 35.58 (563 ) 14.37 Outstanding, December 31, 2014 5,869 50.54 1,271 16.08 VMware Stock Options EMC Stock Options Outstanding Options (in thousands) Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in millions) Outstanding Options (in thousands) Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2) (in millions) Exercisable, December 31, 2014 2,818 $ 37.40 2.09 $ 128 1,228 $ 15.84 3.81 $ 17 Vested and expected to vest, December 31, 2014 5,584 48.57 4.26 204 1,269 16.07 3.90 17 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 had a pre-tax intrinsic value of $147 million , $256 million and $443 million , respectively. Cash proceeds from the exercise of EMC stock options paid to EMC were $8 million , $11 million and $9 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. The pre-tax intrinsic value of EMC stock options held by VMware employees that were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 were $7 million , $8 million and $11 million , respectively. VMware Restricted Stock VMware restricted stock primarily consists of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards granted to employees. RSUs are valued based on the VMware stock price on the date of grant, and shares underlying RSU awards are not issued until the RSUs vest. Upon vesting, each RSU converts into one share of VMware Class A common stock. VMware restricted stock also includes performance stock unit (“PSU”) awards, which have been granted to certain of VMware’s executives and employees. The PSU awards include performance conditions and, in certain cases, a time-based vesting component. Upon vesting, each PSU award will convert into VMware’s Class A common stock at various ratios ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 shares per PSU, depending upon the degree of achievement of the performance target designated by each individual award. As of December 31, 2014 , the performance period for the outstanding PSU awards was concluded. The number of PSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2014 reflects the PSU awards ultimately expected to vest, subject to certain service conditions. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity since January 1, 2012 (units in thousands): As of December 31, 2014 , the 12.6 million units outstanding included 11.9 million of RSUs and 0.6 million of PSUs. The above table includes RSUs issued for outstanding unvested RSUs in connection with business combinations. Restricted stock that is expected to vest as of December 31, 2014 was as follows: (1) The aggregate intrinsic values represent the total pre-tax intrinsic values based on VMware's closing stock price of $82.52 as of December 31, 2014 , which would have been received by the RSU holders had the RSUs been issued as of December 31, 2014 . The total fair value of VMware RSUs, PSUs, and restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 was $480 million , $340 million and $347 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2014 , restricted stock 92 Number of Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value (per unit) Outstanding, January 1, 2012 9,540 $ 72.74 Granted 7,832 101.73 Vested (3,751 ) 69.01 Forfeited (1,451 ) 81.53 Outstanding, December 31, 2012 12,170 91.93 Granted 7,391 76.20 Vested (4,399 ) 83.21 Forfeited (2,306 ) 90.55 Outstanding, December 31, 2013 12,856 85.85 Granted 6,189 92.82 Vested (5,166 ) 86.27 Forfeited (1,294 ) 88.03 Outstanding, December 31, 2014 12,585 88.88 Number of Units (in thousands) Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in millions) Expected to vest, December 31, 2014 10,989 1.33 $ 907 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) representing 12.6 million shares of VMware’s Class A common stock were outstanding, with an aggregate intrinsic value of $1,039 million based on VMware’s closing price as of December 31, 2014 . VMware Shares Repurchased for Tax Withholdings During the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , VMware repurchased and retired or withheld 1.8 million , 1.9 million and 1.7 million shares, respectively, of Class A common stock, for $162 million , $126 million and $136 million , respectively, to cover tax withholding obligations. These amounts may differ from the amounts of cash remitted for tax withholding obligations on the consolidated statements of cash flows due to the timing of payments. Pursuant to the respective award agreements, these shares were repurchased or withheld in conjunction with the net share settlement upon the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units during the period. The value of the repurchased or withheld shares, including restricted stock units, was classified as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. Stock-Based Compensation The following table summarizes the components of total stock-based compensation included in VMware’s consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 (table in millions): From time to time, VMware issues equity awards that have a guaranteed amount of value and are classified as liability awards on VMware’s consolidated balance sheets. Upon vesting, these grants will be settled in shares based upon the stock price or a trailing average stock price on a date determined by the terms of each individual award. As of December 31, 2014 , there were no outstanding liability-classified awards. During the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , $21 million and $25 million , respectively, of liability-classified awards were reclassified to additional paid-in capital upon vesting. As of December 31, 2014 , the total unrecognized compensation cost for stock options and restricted stock was $891 million and will be recognized through 2018 with a weighted-average remaining period of 1.5 years. Stock-based compensation related to both VMware and EMC equity awards held by VMware employees is recognized on VMware’s consolidated statements of income over the awards’ requisite service periods. Fair Value of VMware Options The fair value of each option to acquire VMware Class A common stock granted during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: 93 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Cost of license revenues $ 2 $ 2 $ 2 Cost of services revenues 42 29 28 Research and development 244 227 210 Sales and marketing 172 144 150 General and administrative 69 56 48 Realignment — 6 — Stock-based compensation 529 464 438 Income tax benefit (157 ) (136 ) (132 ) Total stock-based compensation, net of tax $ 372 $ 328 $ 306 For the Year Ended December 31, VMware Stock Options 2014 2013 2012 Dividend yield None None None Expected volatility 36.2 % 38.5 % 35.8 % Risk-free interest rate 0.9 % 0.9 % 0.3 % Expected term (in years) 3.2 3.6 2.7 Weighted-average fair value at grant date $ 48.47 $ 29.47 $ 80.45 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) The weighted-average grant date fair value of VMware stock options can fluctuate from period to period primarily due to higher valued options assumed through business combinations with exercise prices lower than the fair market value of VMware’s stock on the date of grant. For equity awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , volatility was based on an analysis of historical stock prices and implied volatilities of VMware’s Class A common stock or those of publicly-traded companies with similar characteristics, as applicable. The expected term is based on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting termination behavior, the term of the purchase period for grants made under the ESPP, or the weighted-average remaining term for options assumed in acquisitions. VMware’s expected dividend yield input was zero as it has not historically paid, nor expects in the future to pay, cash dividends on its common stock. The risk-free interest rate was based on a U.S. Treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected term of the stock options. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The changes in components of accumulated other comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were as follows (table in millions): Gains on VMware’s available-for-sale securities are reclassified to investment income on the consolidated statements of income in the same period that they are realized. The effective portion of gains (losses) resulting from changes in the fair value of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedging instruments are reclassified to its related operating expense line item on the consolidated statements of income in the same period that the underlying expenses are incurred. The amounts recorded to their related operating expense line items on the consolidated statements of income during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , were not material. N. Related Parties The information provided below includes a summary of the transactions entered into with EMC and EMC’s consolidated subsidiaries (collectively “EMC”), including VCE Company LLC (“VCE”) from the date EMC acquired its controlling interest in VCE through December 31, 2014 . 94 For the Year Ended December 31, VMware Employee Stock Purchase Plan 2014 2013 2012 Dividend yield None None None Expected volatility 32.3 % 32.9 % 37.8 % Risk-free interest rate 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Expected term (in years) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Weighted-average fair value at grant date $ 20.71 $ 20.45 $ 23.36 Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Loss on Cash Flow Hedges Total Balance, January 1, 2013 $ 6 $ — $ 6 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of income, net of taxes of $(1), $0 and $(1) (2 ) — (2 ) Other comprehensive loss, net (2 ) — (2 ) Balance, December 31, 2013 4 — 4 Unrealized gain (loss), net of taxes of $0 (1 ) (1 ) (2 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of income, net of taxes of $(2), $0 and $(2) (3 ) — (3 ) Other comprehensive loss, net (4 ) (1 ) (5 ) Balance, December 31, 2014 $ — $ (1 ) $ (1 ) Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Transactions with EMC VMware and EMC engaged in the following ongoing intercompany transactions, which resulted in revenues and receipts and unearned revenues for VMware: Information about VMware’s revenues and receipts and unearned revenues from such arrangements with EMC for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 consisted of the following (table in millions): VMware and EMC engaged in the following ongoing intercompany transactions, which resulted in costs to VMware: 95 • Pursuant to an ongoing reseller arrangement with EMC, EMC bundles VMware’s products and services with EMC’s products and sells them to end users. • EMC purchases products and services from VMware for internal use. • VMware recognizes revenues for professional services based upon such contractual agreements with EMC. • From time to time, VMware and EMC enter into agreements to collaborate on technology projects, and EMC pays VMware for services that VMware provides to EMC in connection with such projects. • Pursuant to an ongoing distribution agreement, VMware acts as the selling agent for certain products and services in exchange for a customary agency fee. • VMware recognizes revenues for various transition services provided to Pivotal. Support costs incurred by VMware are reimbursed to VMware and are recorded as a reduction to the costs incurred by VMware. Revenues and Receipts from EMC Unearned Revenues from EMC For the Year Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 Reseller revenues $ 205 $ 141 $ 141 $ 290 $ 188 Professional services revenues 85 72 82 9 12 Internal-use revenues 21 32 9 18 20 Collaborative technology project receipts — 7 7 n/a n/a Agency fee revenues 5 5 — — — Reimbursement for transition services 2 12 — n/a n/a • VMware purchases and leases products and purchases services for internal use from EMC. • From time to time, VMware and EMC enter into agreements to collaborate on technology projects, and VMware pays EMC for services provided to VMware by EMC related to such projects. • In certain geographic regions where VMware does not have an established legal entity, VMware contracts with EMC subsidiaries for support services and EMC personnel who are managed by VMware. The costs incurred by EMC on VMware’s behalf related to these employees are passed on to VMware and VMware is charged a mark-up intended to approximate costs that would have been charged had VMware contracted for such services with an unrelated third party. These costs are included as expenses in VMware’s consolidated statements of income and primarily include salaries, benefits, travel and rent. EMC also incurs certain administrative costs on VMware’s behalf in the U.S. that are recorded as expenses in VMware’s consolidated statements of income. • VMware incurs interest expense on its notes payable with EMC. Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Information about VMware’s costs from such arrangements with EMC for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 consisted of the following (table in millions): In the fourth quarter of 2013, VMware and EMC modified an existing technology licensing arrangement. Pursuant to the modified arrangement, VMware received certain rights to developed technology for a lump-sum payment of $26 million , which was included in amounts due to related parties, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2013 . The license of technology was accounted for as a transaction by entities under common control. Accordingly, an intangible asset of $2 million was recognized and was derived by allocating the value ascribed to the licensed technology based upon the relative fair market values of the technology to each party. The difference between the asset recorded and the consideration due was primarily recognized as a reduction in capital from EMC on the statements of stockholders’ equity. In addition to the license of the technology, VMware will pay EMC for support and for development collaboration. These amounts are included in collaborative technology project costs in the table above. Certain Stock-Based Compensation Effective September 1, 2012, Pat Gelsinger succeeded Paul Maritz as Chief Executive Officer of VMware. Prior to joining VMware, Pat Gelsinger was the President and Chief Operating Officer of EMC Information Infrastructure Products. Paul Maritz remains a board member of VMware and currently serves as Chief Executive Officer of Pivotal, a majority-owned subsidiary of EMC in which VMware has an ownership interest, and as an executive officer of EMC. Both Paul Maritz and Pat Gelsinger retain certain of their respective equity awards that they held as of September 1, 2012 and Mr. Gelsinger continues to vest in certain of his EMC awards. Stock-based compensation related to Pat Gelsinger’s EMC awards are being recognized in VMware’s consolidated statements of income over the awards’ remaining requisite service periods. Effective since September 1, 2012, stock-based compensation costs related to Paul Maritz’s VMware awards have been charged to EMC and have not been recognized by VMware. Due To/From Related Parties, Net As a result of the related-party transactions with EMC described above, amounts due to and from related parties, net as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 consisted of the following (table in millions): Balances due to or from related parties, which are unrelated to tax obligations, are generally settled in cash within 60 days of each quarter-end. The timing of the tax payments due to and from EMC is governed by the tax sharing agreement with EMC. Refer to Note K to the consolidated financial statements for further information. Notes Payable to EMC In connection with VMware’s acquisition of AirWatch, VMware and EMC entered into a note exchange agreement on January 21, 2014 providing for the issuance of three promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,500 million . The total debt of $1,500 million includes $450 million that was exchanged for the $450 million promissory note issued to EMC in April 2007, as amended and restated in June 2011. The three notes issued may be prepaid without penalty or premium, and outstanding principal is due on the following dates: $680 million due May 1, 2018 , $550 million due May 1, 2020 and $270 million due December 1, 2022 . The notes bear 96 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Purchases and leases of products and purchases of services $ 71 $ 63 $ 42 Collaborative technology project costs 12 13 n/a EMC subsidiary support and administrative costs 137 128 106 Interest expense on notes payable 24 4 5 As of December 31, 2014 2013 Due to EMC $ (76 ) $ (114 ) Due from EMC 125 96 Due (to) from related parties, net $ 49 $ (18 ) Income tax payable due to EMC $ (40 ) $ (22 ) Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) interest, payable quarterly in arrears, at the annual rate of 1.75% . During the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , $24 million , $4 million and $5 million , respectively, of interest expense was recognized. Pivotal During 2013, VMware transferred certain assets and liabilities to Pivotal. VMware contributed certain assets, including intellectual property, to Pivotal, and Pivotal assumed substantially all liabilities related to certain VMware Cloud Application Platform products and services, including VMware’s Cloud Foundry, VMware vFabric (including Spring and GemFire) and Cetas organizations, except for certain tangible assets related to Cloud Foundry. During the year ended December 31, 2013, VMware transferred approximately 415 VMware employees to Pivotal. VMware received preferred equity interests in Pivotal equal to approximately 31% of Pivotal’s outstanding shares in exchange for its contributions. The book value of all contributed assets and the liabilities assumed by Pivotal, with the exception of intangible assets and goodwill, was based on the book values of those assets and liabilities specific to those particular products and services. For intangible assets and goodwill, the book value contributed was based on the relative fair value of the contributed assets applicable to Pivotal. The following table summarizes the assets VMware contributed to Pivotal and the liabilities Pivotal assumed from VMware (table in millions): Of the $71 million in unearned revenues assumed by Pivotal on April 1, 2013, $32 million related to unearned license revenues and $39 million related to unearned services revenues. As Pivotal assumed a net liability from VMware, the investment carried by VMware has a cost basis of zero . Thus the net liability assumed by Pivotal of $17 million as of December 31, 2013 was classified to additional paid-in capital on VMware’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , VMware’s ownership interest in Pivotal was 28% as a result of investments made by a third-party strategic investor during the year ended December 31, 2013 . O. Segment Information VMware operates in one reportable operating segment, thus all required financial segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. VMware’s chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses performance based upon discrete financial information at the consolidated level. Revenues by geographic area for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 were as follows (table in millions): Revenues by geographic area are based on the ship-to-addresses of VMware’s customers. No individual country other than the United States accounted for 10% or more of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2014 . It is not practicable for VMware to determine revenues by country other than the United States for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 . 97 Accounts receivable $ 4 Property and equipment, net 1 Intangible assets 28 Goodwill 28 Total assets 61 Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other, net (7 ) Unearned revenues (71 ) Total liabilities (78 ) Total liabilities, net assumed by Pivotal $ (17 ) For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 United States $ 2,912 $ 2,485 $ 2,229 International 3,123 2,722 2,376 Total $ 6,035 $ 5,207 $ 4,605 Table of Contents VMware, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) One customer accounted for 15% of revenues during each of the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively, and another customer accounted for 13% , 12% and 12% of revenues during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. A third customer accounted for 11% of revenues during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Long-lived assets by geographic area, which primarily include property and equipment, net, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 were as follows (table in millions): No individual country other than the United States accounted for 10% or more of these assets as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. VMware’s product and service solutions are organized into three main product groups: VMware develops and markets product and service offerings within each of these three product groups. Additionally, synergies are leveraged across these three product areas. VMware’s products and service solutions from each of its product groups may also be bundled as part of an ELA arrangement. Accordingly, it is not practicable to determine revenue by each of the three product groups described above. P. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) Quarterly financial data for 2014 and 2013 were as follows (tables in millions, except per share amounts): None. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We carried out an evaluation required by the Exchange Act, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the 98 December 31, 2014 2013 United States $ 801 $ 741 International 117 58 Total $ 918 $ 799 • SDDC • End-User Computing • Hybrid Cloud Computing 2014 Q1 2014 Q2 2014 Q3 2014 Q4 2014 Revenues $ 1,360 $ 1,457 $ 1,515 $ 1,703 Net income 199 167 194 326 Net income per share, basic $ 0.46 $ 0.39 $ 0.45 $ 0.76 Net income per share, diluted $ 0.46 $ 0.38 $ 0.45 $ 0.75 2013 Q1 2013 Q2 2013 Q3 2013 Q4 2013 Revenues $ 1,191 $ 1,243 $ 1,289 $ 1,483 Net income 174 244 261 335 Net income per share, basic $ 0.41 $ 0.57 $ 0.61 $ 0.78 Net income per share, diluted $ 0.40 $ 0.57 $ 0.60 $ 0.77 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Table of Contents period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As a result of this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2014 , our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2014 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Limitations on Controls Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management does not expect, however, that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. On February 25, 2015, VMware’s Board of Directors approved a change in control retention plan (the “Plan”) covering VMware executives. The Plan provides severance benefits for participants who are involuntarily terminated without “cause”, or who terminate employment for “good reason”, within 12 months following a “change in control” of VMware (each such term as defined in the Plan). The Plan is designed to be competitive with the compensation practices of VMware’s peer companies in the technology sector. Upon a qualifying termination under the Plan following a change in control, each participant is eligible to receive (i) a lump sum payment equal to a multiple of annual base salary, target annual bonus and monthly health insurance premiums; and (ii) full accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards. VMware’s CEO is eligible to receive two times his annual base salary and target bonus and 24 months of the health insurance premium amount. Other executives are eligible to receive 1.5 times their annual bases salary and target bonus and 18 months of the health insurance premium amount. The monthly health insurance premium amount equals 150% of the monthly cost required to obtain continuation coverage for the participant and his or her covered dependents. Participants would be required to execute a release in favor of VMware in exchange for Plan benefits. Performance-based equity awards will generally convert into shares at target amounts if a change in control occurs during a performance period, unless otherwise specified in the performance award agreement. The Plan does not provide for any tax gross-ups. In the event the participant would be subject to an excise tax under Section 4999 of the Internal Revenue Code (imposed on individuals who receive compensation in connection with a change of control that exceeds certain specified limits), the benefits to the participant will be reduced to the extent that such benefits do not trigger the excise tax unless the participant would retain greater value (on an after-tax basis) by receiving all benefits and paying applicable excise, income and payroll taxes. The foregoing description of the Plan does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by the full text of the Plan, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.28 and incorporated by reference herein. 99 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Table of Contents PART III We will furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission a definitive Proxy Statement no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement. Also see “Executive Officers of the Registrant” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have a code of ethics that applies to all of our employees, including our executive officers. Our Business Conduct Guidelines (available on our website) satisfy the requirements set forth in Item 406 of Regulation S-K and apply to all relevant persons set forth therein. We intend to disclose on our website at www.vmware.com amendments to, and, if applicable, waivers of, our code of ethics. The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section of the company’s Proxy Statement entitled “Compensation of Executive Officers.” The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section of the company’s Proxy Statement entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.” The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section of the company’s Proxy Statement entitled “Our Board of Directors and Nominees” and “Transactions with Related Persons.” The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section of the company’s Proxy Statement entitled “Ratification of Selection of Independent Auditors.” The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. Financial Statements : The information relating to our financial statements, and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein to the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Item 8, entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 2. Financial Statement Schedule : Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. 3. Exhibits: The exhibits listed below are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 100 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Filed Herewith Form/ File No. Date 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among VMware, Inc., Aikman Acquisition Corp., A.W.S. Holding, LLC and the Representative named therein, dated January 21, 2014* 8-K 2/24/2014 2.2 Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among VMware, Inc., Aikman Acquisition Corp., A.W.S. Holding, LLC and the Representative named therein, dated February 24, 2014* 8-K 2/24/2014 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation S-1/A-2 7/9/2007 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws 8-K 3/8/2011 4.1 Form of specimen common stock certificate S-1/A-4 7/27/2007 10.1 Form of Master Transaction Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation S-1/A-2 7/9/2007 Table of Contents 101 Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Filed Herewith Form/ File No. Date 10.2 Form of Administrative Services Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation S-1/A-2 7/9/2007 10.3 Form of Tax Sharing Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation S-1/A-2 7/9/2007 10.4 Form of Intellectual Property Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation S-1/A-1 6/11/2007 10.5 Form of Real Estate License Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation S-1/A-2 7/9/2007 10.6+ 2007 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated May 29, 2013 S-8 6/20/2013 10.7+ Form of Indemnification Agreement for VMware, Inc. Directors and Executive Officers, as approved March 4, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.8 Form of Insurance Matters Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation S-1/A-2 7/9/2007 10.9+ Form of Option Agreement, as amended June 13, 2013 10-Q 8/2/2013 10.10+ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, as amended June 13, 2013 10-Q 8/2/2013 10.11 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated November 14, 2013 10-K 2/25/2014 10.12+ Letter Agreement between VMware, Inc. and Patrick Gelsinger dated September 14, 2012 10-K 2/27/2013 10.13 First Amendment to Tax Sharing Agreement between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation effective as of January 1, 2011 10-Q 5/4/2011 10.14+ Executive Bonus Program, as amended and restated February 12, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.15 Agreement of Purchase and Sale Agreement between Roche Palo Alto LLC and VMware, Inc. dated March 16, 2011 10-Q 8/3/2011 10.16 Amended and Restated Ground Lease between VMware, Inc. and the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University dated June 13, 2011 (3431 Hillview Campus) 10-Q 8/3/2011 10.17 Ground Lease between 3401 Hillview LLC. and the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University dated as of February 2, 2006 10-Q 8/3/2011 10.18+ Letter Agreement between VMware, Inc. and Jonathan Chadwick dated October 12, 2012 10-K 2/27/2013 10.19+ Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement, as amended August 14, 2013 10-Q 11/7/2013 10.20+ Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2014 10-K 2/25/2014 10.21+ Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2014 10-K 2/25/2014 10.22+ Letter Agreement between VMware, Inc. and Sanjay Poonen dated July 18, 2013 10-K 2/25/2014 10.23 Third Amendment to Ground Lease by and between the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University and 3401 Hillview LLC dated as of January 1, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.24 Note Exchange Agreement by and between VMware, Inc. and EMC Corporation, dated as of January 21, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.25 Promissory Note for $680 million due and payable on May 1, 2018, issued to EMC Corporation dated January 31, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.26 Promissory Note for $550 million due and payable on May 1, 2020, issued to EMC Corporation dated January 31, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.27 Promissory Note for $270 million due and payable on December 1, 2022, issued to EMC Corporation dated January 31, 2014 10-Q 5/1/2014 10.28+ Change in Control Retention Plan, adopted February 25, 2015 X Table of Contents + Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement * Exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. VMware hereby undertakes to furnish supplementally copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the Securities and Exchange Commission. 102 Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Filed Herewith Form/ File No. Date 21.1 List of subsidiaries X 23.1 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP X 31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 101.INS XBRL Instance Document X 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema X 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase X 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase X 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase X 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase X Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. POWER OF ATTORNEY Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby authorizes and appoints Patrick P. Gelsinger, Jonathan C. Chadwick and S. Dawn Smith, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities indicated and on the dates indicated. VMWARE, INC. Dated: February 26, 2015 By: /s/ Patrick P. Gelsinger Patrick P. Gelsinger Chief Executive Officer Dated: February 26, 2015 By: /s/ Kevan Krysler Kevan Krysler Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Date Signature Title February 26, 2015 /s/ Patrick P. Gelsinger Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Patrick P. Gelsinger February 26, 2015 /s/ Jonathan C. Chadwick Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President (Principal Financial Officer) Jonathan C. Chadwick February 26, 2015 /s/ Joseph M. Tucci Chairman Joseph M. Tucci February 26, 2015 /s/ Michael W. Brown Director Michael W. Brown February 26, 2015 /s/ Pamela J. Craig Director Pamela J. Craig February 26, 2015 /s/ John R. Egan Director John R. Egan February 26, 2015 /s/ Paul A. Maritz Director Paul A. Maritz February 26, 2015 /s/ Paul Sagan Director Paul Sagan February 26, 2015 /s/ Dennis D. Powell Director Dennis D. Powell  103 February 26, 2015 /s/ David N. Strohm Director David N. Strohm Table of Contents VMWARE, INC. SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (in millions) 104 Allowance for Bad Debts Balance at Beginning of Period Allowance for Bad Debts Charged to General and Administrative Expenses Bad Debts Write-Offs Balance at End of Period Year ended December 31, 2014 allowance for doubtful accounts $ 2 $ — $ — $ 2 Year ended December 31, 2013 allowance for doubtful accounts 4 (2 ) — 2 Year ended December 31, 2012 allowance for doubtful accounts 4 1 (1 ) 4 Tax Valuation Allowance Balance at Beginning of Period Tax Valuation Allowance Charged to Income Tax Provision Tax Valuation Allowance Credited to Income Tax Provision Balance at End of Period Year ended December 31, 2014 income tax valuation allowance $ 94 $ 21 $ (9 ) $ 106 Year ended December 31, 2013 income tax valuation allowance 64 32 (2 ) 94 Year ended December 31, 2012 income tax valuation allowance 57 7 — 64 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 VMware, Inc. February 25, 2015 Change in Control Retention Plan The Company considers it essential to the best interests of its stockholders to attract senior-level executives and to foster the continuous employment of key management personnel. In this connection, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “ Board ” ), recognizes that from time to time the possibility of a Change in Control may exist and that such possibility, and the uncertainty such circumstances can raise among members of management, may result in the departure or distraction of management personnel to the detriment of the Company and its stockholders. The Board has determined that appropriate steps should be taken to ensure the continuity of management and to foster objectivity in the face of such potentially disruptive circumstances. In order to induce the Company officers and other key personnel described on Schedule A , which list may be amended from time to time (each, a “ Participant ”), to remain in the employ of the Company and in consideration of a Participant’s further services to the Company, the Company agrees that effective as of the date on which a Participant signs the attached Schedule B (“ Consent to Accept Plan Benefits ”), such Participant will receive the severance benefits from the Company set forth in this Change in Control Retention Plan (“ CIC Plan ”) in the event any such Participant Separates from Service with the Company or a subsidiary of the Company who is the Participant’s direct employer (the Company and any such employing subsidiary, “ VMware ”) in connection with a Change in Control of the Company under the circumstances described below. The Compensation and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board (the “ Committee ”) is responsible for selecting and designating eligible individuals employed by VMware as Participants. It is a condition for eligibility to receive benefits under this CIC Plan that each Participant waive any and all severance benefits conditioned on a Change in Control to which he or she might otherwise have been entitled under any prior agreement, arrangement or policy should the Participant Separate from Service to VMware (as each term is defined below), and this CIC Plan supersedes and replaces in all respects any rights a Participant had to such benefits other than as set forth herein. 1. Term of CIC Plan . This CIC Plan continues in effect with respect to a Participant until the earliest of (i) any termination of such Participant’s employment that occurs outside of the Change in Control Period; (ii) any termination of such Participant’s employment that occurs during the Change in Control Period that is not an Involuntary Termination; (iii) the Company’s satisfaction of all of its obligations to the Participant under this CIC Plan; (iv) the execution of a written agreement between the Company and the Participant terminating his or her rights under this CIC Plan; (v) immediately following the end of the Change in Control Period if such Participant has not experienced an Involuntary Termination; or (vi) the Release Deadline Date (as defined in Section 3(c) below) if the Release described in Section 3 has not then become effective with respect to the Participant. 2. Definitions . As used in this CIC Plan: (a) “Base Salary” means the highest annualized base salary rate that a Participant was paid by the Company at any point during the Protected Period. (b) “Beneficial Owner” has the meaning ascribed to such term in Rule 13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “ Exchange Act ”). (c) “Cause” for termination of a Participant’s employment during the Protected Period will exist in the event of any one or more of the following: (i) willful and continued failure by the Participant to perform substantially the duties and responsibilities of his or her employment position with the Company after a written demand for substantial Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 performance is delivered to the Participant by the Board, which demand specifically identifies the manner in which the Board believes that the Participant has not substantially performed such duties or responsibilities, provided that the following will not constitute Cause: (A) the Participant’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness; (B) any such actual or anticipated failure after the issuance of a Notice of Termination by the Participant for Good Reason; or (C) the Company’s active or passive obstruction of the performance of the Participant’s duties and responsibilities; (ii) the conviction of the Participant by a court of competent jurisdiction for felony criminal misconduct; or (iii) the willful engaging by the Participant in fraud or dishonesty, which is demonstrably and materially injurious to the Company or its reputation, monetarily or otherwise, including but not limited to an act constituting misappropriation or embezzlement of property . No act or failure to act on the Participant’s part will be deemed “willful” for purposes of this Cause definition unless committed or omitted by the Participant in bad faith and without reasonable belief that his or her act or failure to act was in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Company. In order to terminate a Participant for Cause during the Protected Period, the Company is required to deliver a Notice of Termination to the Participant in accordance with the procedure set forth in Section 7 below. Solely for the avoidance of doubt, during the Protected Period, this definition of “Cause” with respect to termination of employment of the Participant will supersede any and all similar definitions of termination for Cause set forth in agreements between the Participant and the Company and any Plans in which the Participant participates. (d) “Change in Control” of the Company means and includes any of the following occurrences: (i) Any Person is or becomes the Beneficial Owner, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing 35% or more of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities, excluding any Person who becomes a Beneficial Owner in connection with subsection (ii) below. For the avoidance of doubt, any change in the Persons who are the direct or indirect Beneficial Owners of the securities of EMC will not be deemed to constitute a change in the direct or indirect Beneficial Owners of the Company for purposes of this subsection (i); (ii) There is consummated a merger or consolidation of the Company with any other corporation or similar entity, other than (A) a merger or consolidation which would result in the voting securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or any parent thereof) at least 50% of the combined voting power of the securities of the Company or such surviving entity or any parent thereof outstanding immediately after such merger of consolidation, or (B) a merger or consolidation effected to implement a recapitalization of the Company (or similar transaction) in which no Person is or becomes the Beneficial Owner, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company (not including in the securities Beneficially Owned by such Person any securities acquired directly from the Company or its affiliates) representing 35% or more of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities; (iii) The stockholders of the Company approve a plan of complete liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or there is consummated an agreement for the sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, other than, following a “355 Distribution” (as defined below), a sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets to an entity, at least 50% of the combined voting power of the voting securities of which are owned by stockholders of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the Company immediately prior to such sale; 2 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 (iv) The individuals who constitute the Incumbent Board cease for any reason to constitute at least a majority of the Board ; or (v) EMC becomes the Beneficial Owner of 90% or more of each class of the Company’s then-outstanding capital stock through a transaction or series of transactions, including without limitation, a tender for shares or otherwise, and regardless of whether the transaction or series of transactions has been fully consummated at such time. Any other provision of this definition notwithstanding, the term Change in Control will not be deemed to have occurred with respect to a Participant for purposes of this CIC Plan by virtue of: (I) any transaction that results in such Participant, or a group of Persons in which such Participant has a substantial interest, acquiring, directly or indirectly, 35% or more of either the then outstanding shares of common stock of the Company or the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities, or (II) EMC’s distribution or transfer of the Company’s shares in a transaction intended to qualify as a tax-free distribution or transfer under Code Section 355 ( “355 Distribution”) . (e) “Change in Control Period” means the period beginning on the effective date of a Change in Control and ending on the first anniversary of such effective date. With respect to Participants who experience a Good Reason to resign prior to or on the first anniversary of such effective date, the Change in Control Period will be extended to end on the last date that such Participant is still eligible to resign for Good Reason in accordance with the procedure set forth in Section 7(b) below. (f) “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. (g) “Company” means VMware, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and any successor as provided in Section 10 below. (h) “Disability” means that, at the time a Participant Separates from Service, he or she has been unable to perform the duties of his or her position for a period of 180 consecutive days as the result of the Participant’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness. Any question as to the existence of the Participant’s Disability upon which the Participant and the Company cannot agree will be determined by a qualified independent physician who will have been jointly selected by (i) a physician selected by the Participant (or, if the Participant is unable to make such selection, by any adult member of the Participant’s immediate family), and (ii) a physician selected by the Company. The determination of such physician made in writing to the Company and to the Participant will be final and conclusive for all purposes of this CIC Plan, absent fraud. Solely for the avoidance of doubt, during the Protected Period, this definition of “Disability” with respect to termination of employment of the Participant will supersede any and all similar definitions of termination for Disability set forth in agreements between the Participant and the Company under the Company’s equity plans. (i) “EMC” means EMC Corporation, a Massachusetts corporation. (j) “Good Reason” for a Participant to resign his or her employment means that one or more of the following has occurred during the Protected Period without Participant’s express written consent: (i) any materially adverse alteration in the Participant’s role or to the nature or status of the Participant’s responsibilities relative to his or her role or responsibilities, provided that neither a mere change in title nor in the fact that the Participant no longer holds following a Change in Control the same position in a public company as he or she held before the transaction will alone constitute Good Reason, except that, with respect to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and General Counsel of the Company, no longer holding the position of Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or General Counsel, respectively, in a public company following a Change in Control will itself be a materially adverse alteration in the Participant’s responsibility, role and status constituting Good Reason; 3 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 (ii) a material diminution by the Company in the Participant’s base salary, or a material diminution by the Company in the Participant’s target level of annual incentive bonus relative to his or her highest base salary and highest target level of annual incentive bonus, respectively, or, if applicable a material diminution by the Company in the Participant’s On-Target Earnings, during the Protected Period; (iii) relocation of the Participant’s principal place of employment to a location more than 50 miles from his or her principal place of employment, except for required travel on the Company’s business to an extent substantially consistent with the business travel obligations that the Participant undertook on behalf of the Company prior to the Change in Control; (iv) any purported termination of the Participant’s employment by the Company during the Change in Control Period that is not effected pursuant to a Notice of Termination satisfying the requirements of Section 2(q) below; or (v) a material breach of the Company’s obligations under this CIC Plan (including without limitation the failure of the Company to obtain the assumption of this CIC Plan pursuant to Section 10). The Participant’s right to terminate the Participant’s employment for Good Reason will not be affected by the Participant’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness. In order for a Participant to invoke a termination due to Good Reason in a manner that would entitle him or her to benefits under Section 3 below, the Participant must provide a Notice of Termination to the Company and Separate from Service in accordance with the procedure set forth in Section 7(b) below. (k) “Historic Bonus Percentage” means, with respect to each Participant, the Participant’s highest target bonus percentage applicable during the Protected Period. (l) “Historic Bonus Target” means a Participant’s Historic Bonus Percentage multiplied by his or her Base Salary. (m) “Incumbent Board” means the members of the Board as of the date this CIC Plan is finally approved by the Board or Committee, as the case may be. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any individual who becomes a member of the Board after such effective date whose election, or nomination for election by the stockholders of the Company, was approved by a vote of at least a majority of the directors then comprising the Incumbent Board will be considered as though such member were a member of the Incumbent Board, but excluding, for this purpose, any such individual whose initial assumption of office occurs as a result of an actual or threatened election contest with respect to the election or removal of directors or other actual or threatened solicitation of proxies or consents by or on behalf of a Person other than the Board. (n) “Insurance Premiums” means 150% of the amount of the aggregate monthly insurance premium payments necessary to procure coverage for Participant and Participant’s covered dependents of health and dental insurance benefits substantially similar to those provided to the Participant and Participant’s covered dependents under the Company’s Plans immediately prior to the Termination Date. To the extent that health or dental insurance continuation coverage is made available to Participant and Participant’s covered dependents under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (“COBRA”), the monthly amount of the insurance premium payments necessary to procure such coverage for Participant and Participant’s covered dependents will equal the monthly cost required to obtain such COBRA continuation coverage for the first month following the Termination Date under the health and dental insurance programs in which Participant and Participant’s covered dependents were participating on the Termination Date. (o) “Involuntary Termination ” of a Participant’s employment with the Company will occur only upon a Separation from Service due to termination of Participant’s employment by the Company without Cause or resignation by Participant due to Good Reason. A termination of employment as a result of the Participant’s death or Disability is not considered an Involuntary Termination. 4 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 (p) “Key Employee” means an employee who is determined by the Company to be a “specified employee” in accordance with Section 409A of the Code. (q) “Notice of Termination” means a notice that indicates whether a proposed termination is, if provided by the Company, (A) for Cause or (B) without Cause; and if provided by the Participant, (C) for Good Reason. Additionally, Notice of Termination refers to a notice that indicates whether a proposed termination is due to Disability, which notice may be provided by the Company or the Participant. (r) “On-Target Earnings ” means, with respect to a Participant compensated via the Company’s on-target earnings or other sales commission-based programs, the Participant’s highest annualized compensation rate for on-target performance during the Protected Period. (s) “Person” has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3(a)(9) of the Exchange Act and as used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) thereof, including a group as defined in Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act but excluding (i) the Company or EMC, any of their respective subsidiaries or any employee benefit plan sponsored or maintained by the Company, EMC or any of their respective subsidiaries (including any trustee or other fiduciary of any such plan), (ii) an underwriter temporarily holding securities pursuant to an offering of such securities, or (iii) a corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by the stockholders of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of stock of the Company, provided, however , that the exclusion from this definition of EMC, its subsidiaries or employee benefits plans sponsored by EMC, as set forth in subclause (i), will no longer apply and will not be reinstated once EMC is no longer the Beneficial Owner, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing 35% or more of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities. (t) “ Plan” means any compensation plan such as an incentive plan, or any employee benefit plan such as a thrift, pension, profit sharing, medical, disability, accident, life insurance plan or a relocation or vacation plan or policy or any other plan, program or policy of the Company or its subsidiaries intended to benefit employees. (u) “Potential Change in Control” means the occurrence of any one of the following: (i) the Company or EMC, as applicable, enters into an agreement, the consummation of which would result in the occurrence of a Change in Control; (ii) the Company, EMC or any Person publicly announces an intention to take or to consider taking actions that, if consummated, would constitute a Change in Control; (iii) an event that constitutes a Change in Control; or (iv) the Board adopts a resolution that for purposes of this CIC Plan a Potential Change in Control has occurred. (v) “Protected Period” means the period commencing upon the earlier of an event constituting (i) a Potential Change in Control, or (ii) a Change in Control, and concluding upon the earlier of (A) termination of the CIC Plan with respect to a Participant as set forth in Section 1 above, or (B) termination of the agreement or event that triggered a Potential Change in Control prior to consummation of the Change in Control contemplated by such agreement or event. (w) “Section 409A” means Code Section 409A together with final regulations promulgated thereunder and any other written interpretive guidance issued by the Department of Treasury or the Internal Revenue Service. (x) “Separation from Service” or “Separates from Service” means a termination of employment with the Company that the Company determines is a “separation from service” in accordance with Section 409A of the Code. (y) “Termination Date” means the date of Participant’s Separation from Service with the Company due to an Involuntary Termination. 3. Compensation Upon Involuntary Termination In Connection with a Change in Control . Subject to Sections 4, 5 and 6 below, if a Participant (a) experiences an Involuntary Termination during the Change in Control Period, or (b) experiences a Good Reason to resign during the Protected Period and resigns for Good Reason during the Change in Control Period following the procedures prescribed in Section 7(b), then subject to his or her signing 5 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 and not revoking a separation agreement and general release of all claims he or she may have against VMware and its officers, directors, agents and affiliates arising out of or relating to his or her employment with VMware and the termination of his or her employment with VMware (the “Release ”) in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Company, which form will include a customary nonsolicit provision: (a) The Participant will be entitled to receive a lump sum severance payment in cash consisting of: (i) the applicable multiple determined in accordance with Schedule A times the sum of (i) his or her Base Salary plus (ii) the Participant’s Historic Bonus Target, or, if a Participant is compensated via the Company’s on-target earnings or other sales commission-based programs, the applicable multiple of such Participant’s On-Target Earnings; (ii) the aggregate amount of Insurance Premiums determined in accordance with Schedule A The foregoing severance payment (the “ Severance Payment ”) is composed of two parts: (i) the amount to which the Participant would otherwise be entitled under a Plan with respect to cash severance payments in the absence of this CIC Plan, assuming the conditions resulting in the entitlement to such payments in such Plan have occurred (the “ Base Severance Payment ”), and the additional amount, if any, provided above (the “ Enhanced Severance Payment ”). The amount of the Enhanced Severance Payment will be reduced by the amount of the Base Severance Payment, if any, so that the total of cash severance payments will not exceed the sum of the amounts calculated pursuant to subsections (i) and (ii) above of this Section 3(a). All Severance Payments are payable in lump sum, except as provided in the following sentence. If, with respect to a Participant, the Base Severance Payment, if any, is not exempt from the definition of “nonqualified deferred compensation” under Section 409A, then such Base Severance Payment will be payable in the form provided under the applicable Plan and the Enhanced Severance Payment, if any, will be payable in lump sum. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Participant’s receipt of benefits under this subsection (a) is subject to subsection (c) and to Sections 5 and 6 below. (b) The Participant will be entitled to the following treatment of his or her Equity Awards: (iv) All outstanding unvested Company stock options, and stock appreciation rights (collectively, the “Option Rights” ), restricted stock, performance shares, restricted stock units, performance stock units and other equity-based awards held by the Participant as of the Termination Date (collectively, the “Equity Awards” ) (including any Equity Awards assumed by the Company in connection with its acquisition of another entity) will immediately be 100% vested and, to the extent subject to an exercise feature, exercisable) as of the Termination Date. The Participant will be entitled to exercise any Option Rights until the expiration of 90 days following the Payment Date (or until such later date as may be applicable under the terms of the award agreement governing the Option Right upon termination of employment), subject to the maximum full term of the Option Right. To the extent an Equity Award is subject to a Section 409A payment restriction, vesting of such Equity Award will be accelerated as specified above but settlement shall be made in accordance with the terms of the applicable Plan and the requirements of Section 409A; and (v) With respect to any performance-based Equity Award whose vesting is accelerated pursuant to subsection (i) above, it is the intent of this Section 3 that the vesting of such award be accelerated so that the Participant becomes vested in connection with his or her Involuntary Termination in the number of shares subject to the award in which he or she would have been vested had the target level of performance specified under the original terms of the award been achieved (and to the extent any time-based vesting provisions apply in addition to the performance vesting conditions, as if the Participant satisfied all such time-based vesting provisions). (vi) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary above, (x) in no event will performance-based Equity Awards (other than Option Rights) intended to qualify as performance-based compensation for purposes of Code Section 162(m) with respect to which the performance has not already been fixed be accelerated under this subsection 3(b) in the event of a Change in Control covered by Section 2(d)(v), and 6 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 (y) to the extent that the Board or Committee has provided or will provide for different treatment of performance-based Equity Awards in the event of Change in Control, such different treatment set forth in the grant agreements governing such performance-based awards will supersede the terms of this CIC Plan with respect to the effect of a Change in Control on such awards; provided , however , that during the Protected Period, the definitions of Cause, Change in Control, Disability, Good Reason, Involuntary Termination, Separation from Service and Termination Date set forth in this CIC Plan will supersede the definition of such term or similar terms set forth in any such grant agreements to the extent permitted in accordance with Section 409A. (c) Subject to Section 6 below, all payments and benefits under subsection (a) above and the effective date of any acceleration of vesting under subsection (b) above as to any Equity Awards held by the Participant will be made, commence or will become effective on the 30 th day following the Termination Date or on the next business day if such 30 th day is not a business day, with such date referred to as the “Payment Date”; provided , however , that if Participant’s Involuntary Termination occurs in a manner that requires a release consideration period of more than 21 days under applicable statutes and regulations, then the Payment Date will be the 55 th day following the Termination Date or on the next business day if such 55 th day is not a business day. The Company will provide the Release to the Participant no later than five business days following the Participant’s Termination Date. A Participant will not be entitled to any payment or acceleration under subsection (a) or (b) above if the Participant’s Release has not become effective as of the third business day preceding the Payment Date (the “Release Deadline Date” ) or the Participant revokes the Release. If the amounts of all such payments cannot be finally determined on or before the Payment Date, the Company will pay to the Participant on the Payment Date an estimate, as determined in good faith by the Company, of the minimum amount of such payments to which the Participant is clearly entitled and will pay the remainder of such payments (together with interest on the unpaid remainder (or on all such payments to the extent the Company fails to make such payments when due) at 120% of the rate provided in Section 1274(b)(2)(B) of the Code) on the 30th day after the Payment Date (also subject to Section 6). In the event that the amount of the estimated payments exceeds the amount subsequently determined to have been due, such excess will constitute a loan by the Company to the Participant, payable on the fifth business day after demand by the Company (together with interest at 120% of the rate. (d) The Company will have no obligation hereunder to make any payment or offer any benefits to a Participant under this Section 3 if he or she Separates from Service under any circumstances outside the Change in Control Period, or under any circumstances that do not constitute an Involuntary Termination, whenever occurring. 4. Merger or Consolidation . Subject to any required action by the stockholders, in the event of a dissolution, liquidation, merger or consolidation in which the Company is not the surviving corporation or in which a majority of the outstanding shares are converted into securities of another corporation or are exchanged for other consideration, the Company will either (a) arrange for any entity succeeding to the business and assets of the Company to assume such awards of Participants or issue to the Participants replacement awards (which, in the case of ISOs, satisfy, in the determination of the Committee, the requirements of Section 424 of the Code) on such entity’s equity, which will to the extent possible preserve the value of the outstanding awards or (b) will make the outstanding awards of Participants fully exercisable or cause all of the applicable restrictions to which outstanding awards are subject to lapse, in each case, on a basis that gives the holder of the award a reasonable opportunity, as determined by the Committee, following the exercise of the award or the issuance of shares of Common Stock, as the case may be, to participate as a stockholder in any such dissolution, liquidation, merger or consolidation, and the award will terminate upon consummation of any such transaction. The existence of the CIC Plan will not prevent any such transaction and no Participant will have any right except as herein expressly set forth. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 4, awards subject to and intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 409A of the Code will be construed and administered consistent with such intent. 5. Parachute Payments . In the event that any payment or benefit received or to be received by a Participant in connection with his or her Involuntary Termination (collectively, the “ Severance Parachute Payments ”) would (a) constitute a parachute payment within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code or any similar or successor provision to 280G and (b) but for this Section 5, be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code or any similar or successor provision to Section 4999 (the “Excise Tax” ), then such Severance Parachute Payments will be either: 7 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 (vi) delivered in full, or (vii) delivered as to such lesser extent that would result in no portion of such benefits being subject to the Excise Tax, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local income and payroll taxes and the Excise Tax, results in the receipt by the Participant on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such benefits may be taxable under the Excise Tax. Unless the Company and the Participant otherwise agree in writing, any determination required under this Section 5 will be made in writing in good faith by a “Big Four” national accounting firm selected by the Company (the “Accountants” ). If a reduction in the payments or benefits is required under this Section 5, and if none of the payments or benefits is subject to Code Section 409A, then the reduction will occur in the manner a Participant elects in writing prior to the date of payment; provided however that if the manner elected by the Participant pursuant to this sentence could in the opinion of the Company result in any of the payments or benefits becoming subject to Code Section 409A, then the following sentence will instead apply. If any payment or benefit is subject to Code Section 409A or a Participant fails to elect an order under the preceding sentence, then the reduction will occur in the following order: (i) cancellation of acceleration of vesting on any Option Rights for which the exercise price exceeds the then fair market value of the underlying equity; (ii) reduction in the cash payments provided for under Section 3(a); and (iii) cancellation of acceleration of vesting of Equity Awards not covered under (i) above; provided , however , that in the event that acceleration of vesting of Equity Awards is to be cancelled, such acceleration of vesting will be cancelled in the reverse order of the date of grant of such Equity Awards, that is, later Equity Awards will be canceled before earlier equity awards. For purposes of making the calculations required by this Section 5, the Accountants may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations concerning the application of the Code. Any good faith determination of the Accountants made hereunder will be final, binding and conclusive upon the Company and the Participant. The Company and the Participant must furnish to the Accountants such information and documents as the Accountants may reasonably request in order to make a determination under this Section 5. The Company will bear all costs the Accountants may incur in connection with any calculations contemplated. 6. Section 409A . To the fullest extent applicable, amounts and other benefits payable under this CIC Plan are intended to be exempt from the definition of “nonqualified deferred compensation” under Section 409A. To the extent that any amount or benefit provided under this CIC Plan is or becomes subject to Section 409A due to a failure to qualify for an exemption from the definition of nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A, this CIC Plan is intended to comply with the applicable requirements of Section 409A with respect to such amounts or benefits so as to avoid the application of Section 409A(a)(1) to any amount or benefit provided for in this CIC Plan. To the extent possible, this CIC Plan will be interpreted and administered in a manner consistent with the foregoing statement of intent. For purposes of Section 409A and to the extent applicable, each payment and benefit under Sections 3(a), 3(b) and Section 4 is designated as a separate payment. If the Company determines that a Participant is a Key Employee at the time of the Participant’s Involuntary Termination, then (i) to the extent such payments or benefits are subject to Section 409A, (ii) to the extent necessary to avoid any portion of such payments and benefits being subject to Code Section 409A(a)(1), and (iii) notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 3(c) above, such amounts and benefits provided for will be paid, commence or be distributed, as applicable, in lump sum on or as of the first business day of the seventh month after a Participant’s Involuntary Termination. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 3(c) above, if distribution as required under Section 3(c) or Section 4 of shares or other property with respect to Equity Awards the vesting of which has been accelerated under Section 3(b)(ii) or Section 4 would subject such awards to adverse tax consequences under Section 409A, then the shares or property will be distributed only at the time(s) and according to the schedule on which such distributions were scheduled to be made under the original terms of the award agreement(s) governing the Equity Awards. To the extent required to avoid accelerated recognition of taxable income or imposition of additional tax under Section 409A, the amount of any in-kind benefits provided during a taxable year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement, or in-kind benefits to be provided in any other taxable year. Any required reimbursement of an amount under the CIC Plan will be made on or before the last day of the Participant’s taxable year following the taxable year in which the expense was incurred. Any right to reimbursement or to in-kind benefits is not subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit. 8 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 7. Termination of Employment . During the Protected Period, any termination of the Participant’s employment (other than by reason of death) will be communicated by written Notice of Termination from one party hereto to the other party hereto in accordance with this Section 7, and no purported termination by the Company effected other than pursuant to a Notice of Termination satisfying the requirements of this Section 7 will be effective. (a) Termination by the Company . If the Company terminates the Participant’s employment for Cause, without Cause or due to Disability, the Company will provide a Notice of Termination that specifies the specific termination provision in this CIC Plan relied upon and set forth in reasonable detail any facts and circumstances claimed to provide a basis for termination of the Participant’s employment under the provision so indicated. Further, a Notice of Termination for Cause is required to include a copy of a resolution duly adopted by the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of the entire membership of the Board at a meeting of the Board called and held for the purpose of considering such termination (after reasonable notice to the Participant and an opportunity for the Participant, together with the Participant’s counsel, to be heard before the Board). The resolutions must include a finding that, in the good faith opinion of the Board, the Participant was guilty of conduct set forth in the definition of Cause in Section 2(c) of this CIC Plan, and must specify the particulars thereof in detail. The Notice of Termination must provide the Participant 30 days to remedy the event or condition giving rise to Cause (if such event or condition is capable of remedy) in order to terminate his or her employment for Cause. (b) Resignation of Participant. If the Participant resigns from his or her employment with the Company for Good Reason or due to Disability, the Participant will provide a Notice of Termination that specifies the specific termination provision in this CIC Plan relied upon and set forth in reasonable detail any facts and circumstances claimed to provide a basis for termination of the Participant’s employment under the provision so indicated. In the case of a resignation due to Disability, the Notice of Termination may be provided by a person authorized to act on Participant’s behalf. Further, in the case of a termination for Good Reason, the following steps must be followed in order to entitle Participant to benefits under Section 3 above: (i) The Participant must provide a Notice of Termination to the senior officer of the Company’s Human Resources group of his or her intention to terminate due to an event or condition set forth in the definition of Good Reason set forth in Section 2(j) of this CIC Plan that specifies the particulars thereof in detail. The Participant must provide the Notice of Termination within 90 days of the initial occurrence or existence of such event or condition and provide the Company with 30 days from receipt of the notice to remedy the event or condition; (ii) The Company must fail to effect such remedy within the 30-day cure period; and (iii) The effective date of the resignation must occur within 90 days after the end of the 30-day cure period. In order for a Participant’s resignation to be deemed to be for Good Reason pursuant to this CIC Plan, the initial occurrence or existence of the event or condition constituting Good Reason must take place during the Protected Period and the Participant’s Termination Date must occur during the Change in Control Period. (c) Disputes Concerning Termination (i) If within 10 days after any Notice of Termination is given, or, if later, prior to the Termination Date, the party receiving such Notice of Termination notifies the other party that a dispute exists concerning the termination, the Termination Date will be extended until the earlier of (i) the date on which the Change in Control Period ends or (ii) the date on which the dispute is finally resolved, either by mutual written agreement of the parties or by a final judgment, order or decree of an arbitrator or a court of competent jurisdiction (which is not appealable or with respect to which the time for appeal therefrom has expired and no appeal has been perfected); provided , however , that the Termination Date will be extended by a notice of dispute given by the Participant only if such notice is given in good faith and the Participant pursues the resolution of such dispute with reasonable diligence. 9 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 (ii) If the Termination Date is extended in accordance with subsection (i) above, the Company will continue to pay the Participant the full compensation in effect when the notice giving rise to the dispute was given (including, but not limited to, the Base Salary) and continue the Participant as a participant in all Plans in which the Participant was participating when the notice giving rise to the dispute was given, until the Termination Date, as determined in accordance with subsection (i) above. Amounts paid under this Section 7(c) are in addition to all other amounts due under this CIC Plan and will not be offset against or reduce any other amounts due under this CIC Plan 8. No Mitigation . No Participant will be required to mitigate the amount of any payment provided for in Section 3 hereof by seeking other employment or otherwise, nor will the amount of such payment be reduced by reason of compensation or other income a Participant receives for services rendered after his or her Involuntary Termination from the Company. 9. Exclusive Remedy . In the event of a Participant’s Involuntary Termination during a Change in Control Period, the provisions of Section 3 are intended to be and are exclusive and in lieu of any other rights or remedies to which the Participant or the Company may otherwise be entitled (including any contrary provisions in any employment agreement between the Participant and VMware), whether at law, tort or contract, in equity, or under this CIC Plan. 10. Company’s Successors . The Company will require any successor (whether direct or indirect, by purchase, merger, consolidation or otherwise) to all or substantially all of the business and/or assets of the Company, to expressly assume and agree to perform the obligations under this CIC Plan in the same manner and to the same extent that the Company would be required to perform if no such succession had taken place. As used in this Section 10, the “Company” includes any successor to its business or assets as aforesaid that executes and delivers this CIC Plan or that otherwise becomes bound by all the terms and provisions of this CIC Plan by operation of contract or law. 11. Notice . All notices, deliveries and other communications provided for in this CIC Plan must be in writing and will be deemed given if sent via email or delivered by globally recognized express delivery service (with a required email copy, receipt of which need not be acknowledged) to the parties at the addresses listed after their signature. Any such notice, delivery or communication will be deemed to have been delivered and received (a) in the case of email, on the date that the recipient acknowledges having received the email, with an automatic “read receipt” not constituting acknowledgment of an email for purposes of this section, and (b) in the case of a globally recognized express delivery service, on the business day that receipt by the addressee is confirmed pursuant to the service’s systems. The Company and any Participant may update this address for notice by giving the other party written notice of the new address. If notice is given to the Company or the Board: VMware, Inc. 3401 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94304 Attn: General Counsel, email: GeneralCounsel@vmware.com If notice is given to the Participant: To the Participant’s home address on file with the Company, with a copy to Participant’s home email address on file with the Company. 12. CIC Plan Modification and Termination. Except as set forth below, no provision of this CIC Plan may be modified or terminated, unless as to a Participant such modification or termination is agreed to in writing and signed by such affected Participant and by an authorized member of the Committee or its designee, or by the respective parties’ legal representatives and successors. The consent requirement of the preceding sentence will not apply to the extent that (a) amendments provide additional benefits to Participants or are required so that the CIC 10 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 Plan complies with applicable law (including Section 409A) or (b) the amendment or termination is not effective until one year after it is communicated to all affected Participants and the amendment or termination is not adopted during a Protected Period. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, no amendment will be made if it would result in a delay or acceleration in payment, receipt of benefits or distribution of shares that causes Code Section 409A(a)(1) to apply to payments or benefits hereunder. 13. Detrimental Activity . During the Protected Period, the “detrimental activity” provisions in the Company’s equity and incentive plans will no longer apply to any award issued to the Participant under such plans, provided , however , that such “detrimental activity” provisions will once more become effective if, and at such time that, the Protected Period terminates. 14. Entire Agreement . This CIC Plan represents the entire agreement between each Participant and the Company with respect to the matters set forth herein and supersedes and replaces any prior agreements in their entirety. No agreements or representations, oral or otherwise, express or implied, with respect to the subject matter of this CIC Plan have been or will be made by either party except to the extent they are expressly set forth herein. No future agreement between a Participant and the Company may supersede this CIC Plan as it applies to the Participant, unless it is in writing and specifically makes reference to this CIC Plan. Nothing in this CIC Plan is intended to change any benefits to which a Participant is entitled under any written agreement with the Company in the event the Participant’s employment is terminated under circumstances other than a Separation from Service in connection with a Change in Control. 15. Participant’s Successors . Benefits and rights provided under this CIC Plan will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by a Participant’s personal or legal representatives, executors, administrators, successors, heirs, distributees, devisees and legatees. If a Participant should die while any amounts are still payable to him or her hereunder, all such amounts, unless otherwise provided herein, will be paid in accordance with the terms of this CIC Plan to the Participant’s devisee, legatee, or other designee or, if there be no such designees, to his or her estate. 16. Funding . This CIC Plan will be unfunded. Any payment made under the CIC Plan will be made from the Company’s general assets. 17. Waiver . No waiver by either party of any breach of, or of compliance with, any condition or provision of this CIC Plan by the other party will be considered a waiver of any other condition or provision or of the same condition or provision at another time. 18. Headings . All captions and section headings used in this CIC Plan are for convenient reference only and do not form a part of this CIC Plan. 19. Validity . The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this CIC Plan will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provisions of this CIC Plan, which will remain in full force and effect. 20. Withholding . All payments made pursuant to this CIC Plan will be subject to withholding of applicable income and employment taxes, and each Participant is responsible for all taxes of any nature whatsoever that are required by law to be paid in connection with the benefits offered hereunder. 21. Applicable Law . This CIC Plan will be interpreted and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of California (with the exception of its conflict of laws provisions). 22. Settlement of Disputes. In the event of a dispute between the Participant and the Company for benefits under this CIC Plan, Participant will provide notice of the dispute to the Board in writing with a written claim for benefits that the Participant believes to be due. The Board will determine the disposition of such disputed claim. Any denial by the Board of a claim for benefits under the CIC Plan will be delivered to the Participant in writing and will set forth the specific reasons for the denial and the specific provisions of this CIC Plan relied upon. The Board will afford a reasonable opportunity to the Participant for a review of the decision denying a claim and will further allow the Participant to appeal to the Board a decision within 60 days after notifications by the Board 11 Exhibit 10.28 Approved on February 25, 2015 that the Participant’s claim has been denied. Any further dispute or controversy arising under or in connection with this CIC Plan will be settled exclusively by arbitration in San Jose, California in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association then in effect. Judgment may be entered on the arbitrator’s award in any court having jurisdiction. The Company will pay to the Participant all legal fees and expenses incurred by the Participant in disputing in good faith any issue hereunder relating to the termination of the Participant’s employment, in seeking in good faith to obtain or enforce any benefit or right provided by this CIC Plan or in connection with any tax audit or proceeding to the extent attributable to the application of Section 162(m) of the Code to any payment or benefit provided hereunder. Such payments will be made within 15 business days after delivery of the Participant’s written requests for payment accompanied with such evidence of fees and expenses incurred as the Company reasonably may require. The Participant’s reimbursement rights described in this Section 22 will remain in effect for the life of the Participant, provided , however , that, in order for the Participant to be entitled to reimbursement hereunder, the Participant must submit the written reimbursement request described above within 180 days following the date upon which the applicable fee or expense is incurred. 23. Notwithstanding any provision of this CIC Plan to the contrary, the Participant will be entitled to seek specific performance of his or her right to be paid until the Involuntary Termination date during the pendency of any dispute or controversy arising under or in connection with this CIC Plan. 12  Exhibit 21.1 SUBSIDIARIES OF VMWARE, INC. SUBSIDIARIES STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION OF INCORPORATION OR ORGANIZATION 3401 Hillview LLC Delaware A.W.S. Holding, LLC Delaware AirWatch (Australia) Pty, Ltd. Australia AirWatch LLC Delaware AirWatch Pte Ltd. Singapore AirWatch Technologies India Private Ltd. India AirWatch UK, Limited United Kingdom Nicira, Inc. Delaware VMware Australia Pty Ltd Australia VMware Bermuda Limited Ireland VMware Bulgaria EOOD Bulgaria VMware Canada Inc. Canada VMware Costa Rica Ltda. Costa Rica VMware Denmark ApS Denmark VMware Eastern Europe Armenia VMware France SAS France VMware Global, Inc. Delaware VMware Hong Kong Limited Hong Kong VMware Information Technology (China) Co. Ltd China VMware International Limited Ireland VMware International Marketing Limited Ireland VMware Israel Ltd. Israel VMware Italy S.r.l. Italy VMware Korea Co., Ltd. South Korea VMware Malaysia SDN. BHD. Malaysia VMware Marketing Austria GmbH Austria VMware Middle East FZ-LLC Dubai VMware Netherlands B.V. Netherlands VMware Singapore Pte Ltd. Singapore VMware Software e Serviços Brasil Ltda. Brazil VMware Software India Private Limited India VMware Spain S.L. Spain VMware Sweden AB Sweden VMware Switzerland S.a.r.l. Switzerland VMware UK Limited United Kingdom VMware vCloud Service G.K. Japan VMware, K.K. Japan Wandering WiFi, LLC Nevada Wanova Technologies Ltd. Israel  CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-145402, 333-152582, 333-159747, 333-162079, 333-169537, 333-179680 ,333-189491 and 333-194148) of VMware, Inc. of our report dated February 26, 2015 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, CA February 26, 2015  Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Patrick P. Gelsinger, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of VMware, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 26, 2015 By: /s/ Patrick P. Gelsinger Patrick P. Gelsinger Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)  Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Jonathan C. Chadwick, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of VMware, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 26, 2015 By: /s/ Jonathan C. Chadwick Jonathan C. Chadwick Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President (Principal Financial Officer)  Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Patrick P. Gelsinger, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Annual Report of VMware, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in such Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of VMware, Inc. Date: February 26, 2015 By: /s/ Patrick P. Gelsinger Patrick P. Gelsinger Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)  Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Jonathan C. Chadwick, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Annual Report of VMware, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in such Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of VMware, Inc. Date: February 26, 2015 By: /s/ Jonathan C. Chadwick Jonathan C. Chadwick Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President (Principal Financial Officer) 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above