Vocera Communications
Annual Report 2013

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One)  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 OR (cid:1) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from to Commission File Number: 001-35469 VOCERA COMMUNICATIONS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 94-3354663 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Vocera Communications, Inc. 525 Race Street San Jose, CA 95126 (408) 882-5100 (Address and telephone number of principal executive offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: (Title of class) Common Stock, $0.0003 par value (Name of exchange on which registered) New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuance to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K(§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) (cid:1) (cid:1) Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company  (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:4) No  As of June 28, 2013, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $245 million based upon the $14.70 closing price reported for such date on the New York Stock Exchange. For purposes of this disclosure, shares of common stock held by persons who hold more than 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock and shares held by executive officers and directors of the registrant have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates of registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of March 10, 2014, there were 25,115,772 sha res of the registrant's common stock outstanding. Documents Incorporated by Reference Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 . Table of Contents VOCERA COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE ANNUAL PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures INDEX PART I PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial Data Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation PART III Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule PART IV Page 3 12 27 27 27 28 29 31 32 46 47 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 Signatures Index to Exhibits 2 Table of Contents PART I This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that are based on our beliefs and assumptions regarding future events and circumstances, including statements regarding our strategies, our opportunities, developments in the healthcare market, our relationships with our customers and contract manufacturer and other matters. These statements are principally contained in Item 1, Business; Item 1A, Risk Factors; Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; and other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements include statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by words such as “project,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “continue,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “potentially,” “will” or “may,” or other similar words and phrases. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated by these forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and factors include those we discuss in this annual report in Item 1A, Risk Factors. You should read these risk factors and the other cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as being applicable to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. It is not possible for us to predict all risks that could affect us, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Moreover, new risks emerge from time to time. The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Item 1. Business Overview We are a provider of secure, integrated, intelligent communication solutions, focused on empowering mobile workers in healthcare, hospitality, energy, and other mission-critical mobile work environments, in the U.S. and internationally. Today the significant majority of our business is generated from sales of our solutions in the healthcare market, but we are working to expand our sales and marketing efforts to enter and grow in other markets. We help our healthcare customers improve patient safety and satisfaction, and increase hospital efficiency and productivity through our Communication and Care Experience solutions. These have been installed in more than 1,200 healthcare and non-healthcare organizations worldwide. The Communication solution, which includes an intelligent enterprise software platform, a lightweight, wearable, voice-controlled communication badge, and smartphone applications, enables users to connect instantly with other staff simply by saying the name, function or group name of the desired recipient. It also securely delivers text messages and alerts directly to and from smartphones, replacing legacy pagers. At the core of our Communication solution is a patent-protected server software platform that we introduced in 2002. We have significantly enhanced and added features and functionality to this solution through ongoing development based on frequent interactions with our customers. Our software platform is built upon a scalable architecture and recognizes more than 100 spoken commands. Users can instantly communicate with others using the Vocera communication badge or through Vocera Connect and Collaboration Suite client applications for iPhone and Android smartphones, as well as through Cisco wireless IP phones. Our solution lets users communicate and collaborate with each other using voice or secure text, and unlike other solutions, allows users to reach people by their role, room number or department, without ever knowing a person’s name or phone number. The system can also broadcast emergency messages to a single department or a whole company. Our Communication solution can be integrated with nurse call, patient monitoring and other clinical systems to immediately and efficiently alert hospital workers to patient needs. In applications outside of healthcare, similar integrations are possible, such as the ability to integrate our Communication solution with hospitality workflow management solutions to improve guest satisfaction and staff productivity. Vocera Care Experience is a hosted, software solution suite that coordinates and streamlines provider-to-patient and provider-to-provider communication across the continuum of care. The solution is used to provide personalized patient instructions and education, to alert and notify physicians and caregivers of patients’ changing care plans or status and to track patient satisfaction prior to, during, and following hospitalization. Our Experience Innovation Network, our thought leadership consulting division, complements our Vocera Care Experience solutions. It is a membership-based program designed to spread the adoption of leading strategies to improve patient and staff experience. 3 Table of Contents Our solutions are deployed in 970 hospitals and healthcare facilities, including large hospital systems, small and medium-sized local hospitals, and a small number of clinics, surgery centers and aged-care facilities. Over 1,200 customers, including non-healthcare users, have deployed our solutions. We sell our solutions to our healthcare customers primarily through our direct sales force in the United States, with resellers for certain U.S. Government business, and through direct sales and select distribution channels in international markets. On January 13, 2014, we acquired certain assets of mVisum, Inc., an innovative provider of alarm management technology solutions for health systems. This new acquisition specifically addresses communications breakdowns caused by alarm fatigue experienced by healthcare workers in critical care facilities. The mVisum solution is expected to align well with our strategic vision of being the leader in integrated, intelligent communications solutions for healthcare and other mission-critical environments. We were incorporated in Delaware on February 16, 2000. Our corporate headquarters are located at 525 Race Street, San Jose, CA 95126, and our main telephone number is (408) 882-5100. We maintain a website at www.vocera.com. The contents of our website are not incorporated into, or otherwise to be regarded as part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Vocera® is our primary registered trademark in the United States. Other trademarks appearing in this document are the property of their respective holders. Industry overview Vocera provides communication solutions for mobile workers in healthcare, hospitality, energy, education and other industries. Healthcare is our largest vertical market. Improving communication among the mobile and highly dispersed healthcare professionals in hospitals is extremely important. Hospital communications are typically conducted through disparate systems, including overhead paging, pagers and mobile phones, often relying on written records of who is serving in specific roles during a particular shift. These legacy communication methods are inefficient, often unreliable, noisy and do not provide “closed loop” communication (in which a caller knows if a message has reached its intended recipient). These communication deficiencies can negatively impact patient safety, delay patient care and result in operational inefficiencies. Additionally, the increasing focus on improving patients' experience is supported by federal healthcare reform legislation, which incorporates financial incentives for hospitals to improve the quality of care and patient satisfaction. A number of non-government organizations, such as The Joint Commission, are requiring improvements in patient safety and quality of care. These forces are driving hospitals to invest in technology and process improvements to manage their operations more efficiently and to improve safety, quality and cost of care and patient satisfaction. Our communication platform helps hospitals increase productivity and reduce costs by streamlining operations, and improves patient and staff satisfaction by enabling secure, integrated, and intelligent communication. We also serve other vertical industries, including hospitality, nuclear energy and education. In the hospitality industry, our Communication solution can be used to increase guest satisfaction and loyalty, as well as staff productivity and responsiveness. In the nuclear energy industry, Vocera can be used to instantly connect people and resources to save time and steps, shorten refuel outages, and reduce the potential for worker radiation exposure. Schools can leverage our Communication solution to increase security and staff communication, and libraries can use our Communication solution to enable their librarians to be more mobile and attentive to their patrons. Our strategy Our goal is to extend our leadership position as a provider of communication solutions in the healthcare market and expand our communications solutions in non-healthcare markets Key elements of our strategy include: • Expand our business to new U.S. healthcare customers. As of December 31, 2013, our solutions were deployed in approximately 11% of U.S. hospitals. We believe our unified communication platform can provide significant value to both large and small hospitals. We plan to continue to add new customers among hospitals of all sizes. We have structured and incentivized our sales organization to focus on sales to new customer sites, particularly within large health systems. • Further penetrate our existing installed customer base. Typically, our customers initially deploy our Communication solutions in a few departments of a hospital and gradually expand to additional departments as they come to fully appreciate the value of our solutions. We recognize the significant opportunity to up-sell and cross-sell to our existing customers, including into new hospitals that are part of an existing healthcare system customer. Key sales strategies include promoting further adoption of our Communication solution and demonstrating the value of our Care Experience solutions to our existing customers. We plan to continue expanding within our existing customers in order to grow our revenue and maintain and improve customer experience. 4 Table of Contents • Extend our technology advantage and create new product solutions. We intend to continue our investment in research and development to enhance the functionality of our communication solutions and further differentiate them from other competing solutions. We plan to invest in product upgrades, product line extensions and new solutions to enhance our portfolio, such as our introduction of the Collaboration Suite client application for iPhone and Android mobile platforms. • Pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies and assets. We have completed five small acquisitions since 2010 to expand our solutions offering, demonstrating that we can successfully source, acquire and integrate complementary businesses, technologies and assets. We intend to continue to pursue acquisition opportunities that we believe can accelerate the growth of our business. • Grow our international healthcare presence. Today, in addition to our core U.S. market, we sell primarily into other English-speaking markets, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. As of December 31, 2013, our solutions were deployed in over 125 healthcare facilities outside the United States. We plan both to utilize our direct sales force and leverage channel partners to expand our presence in other English-speaking markets and enter non-English speaking countries. We have also introduced localized versions of our Communication solution for the French language and for English speakers in Singapore. • Expand our communication solutions in non-healthcare markets. While our primary focus is on the healthcare market, we believe that our communication solutions can also provide value in non-healthcare markets. Our Communication solutions have been deployed at over 200 customers in markets beyond healthcare including hospitality, energy and other mission critical mobile work environments. Currently, this is not a material portion of our revenue, but longer term, we believe these markets could represent potential opportunities for growth. Our products, technology and services Our solutions include the Vocera Communication System, Vocera Care Experience suite and our Experience Innovation Network, a thought leadership collaborative. To complement our solutions, we provide services, support and education to help our customers optimize the benefits of our solutions. Vocera Communication System The Vocera Communication solution is comprised of a unique software platform that connects communication devices, including our hands-free, wearable, voice-controlled communication badges, and third-party mobile devices that use our software applications to become part of the Vocera system. The system transforms the way mobile workers communicate by enabling them to instantly connect with the right person simply by saying the name, function or group name of the person they want to reach, often while remaining at the point-of-care. Our system responds to over 100 spoken commands. Some examples of common commands are shown below. Action Call by name Call a group member Spoken commands Call John Smith. Call an Anesthesiologist. Dial a phone number or extension Dial extension 3145 . Initiate a broadcast to a group Broadcast to Emergency Response Team . Locate nearest member of a group Where is the nearest member of Security ? Send a voice message Record a message for Pediatric Nursing . Components of the Vocera Communication System include: • Software platform. At the heart of our Vocera Communication System is a patent-protected enterprise-class software platform that runs on our customers’ Windows-based servers. The intelligence of our client-server system is contained primarily within our server-software. This platform contains an optimized speech recognition engine and call management functionality. In addition, it controls the calling and messaging functions of the mobile client devices and maintains profiles for users and groups that enable customization of workflow patterns for each customer. Our scalable software platform can support multiple geographic sites and multiple facilities within a healthcare system to help clinicians stay connected to the latest status of their patients. In addition to the primary system server, our software platform includes usage and diagnostic reporting tools, as well as our telephony software to interface to customers’ existing phone systems. Our solution is further embedded into the clinical workflow of the hospital through the ability to integrate with over 50 third-party clinical systems, including nurse call, patient monitoring and electronic medical record systems. These integrated solutions enable the immediate delivery of alerts to hospital workers, helping to improve patient safety and satisfaction. 5 Table of Contents • Communication badge . Our communication badge is a wearable device weighing less than two ounces that operates over customers’ industry-standard Wi-Fi networks, the use of which has become increasingly prevalent in hospitals. The badge is worn clipped to a shirt or on a lanyard. It can be used to conduct hands-free communication and is the only hands-free device of its kind. It enables instant two-way voice conversations without the need to remember a phone number or use a handset. An over-the-air update mechanism seamlessly updates device software. Our badge also incorporates automatic diagnostic mechanisms that feed data on wireless network performance back to the software platform for reporting and diagnosis of problems. The Vocera B3000 badge, our fourth generation communication badge, offers improved durability, a louder speaker for noisy environments and proprietary acoustic noise reduction technology to improve speech recognition by eliminating background noise. • Vocera Connect. Vocera Connect mobile applications allow Vocera customers to enable authorized users to access the voice calling capability of our system on third-party mobile devices, including iPhone, Android and other mobile devices. In 2012, we added Cisco wireless IP phones to the list of mobile devices we support. When used in a Wi-Fi environment, the Vocera Connect mobile application enables non- Vocera devices to receive voice communication initiated within the Vocera system, including role-based calls and group broadcasts. Onscreen presence information enables users to see the status of other users and instantly connect with particular individuals, functional roles or entire groups using voice commands or our click-to-connect functionality. • Vocera Secure Messaging. The Vocera Secure Messaging suite is a secure enterprise messaging and alerting solution that provides smartphone users robust, reliable, HIPAA-compliant delivery of critical pages, text, messages, alarms, and alerts. Users can receive and send messages from smartphones, and send through a web-based console, or through integrated third-party clinical systems. Our solution delivers text messages, alerts and other information, directly to and from smartphones. It is designed to replace paging and unsecure short message service, or SMS, systems. Our solution is comprised of an enterprise-grade software platform and client applications that run on iPhone or Android devices. The software platform provides the central intelligence, database of users and contacts and monitoring controls that display a real-time dashboard of delivery, receipt confirmations and responses. • Vocera Collaboration Suite . The Vocera Collaboration Suite that we recently announced will create a seamless user experience, combining the unique calling, texting, alerting and content distribution capabilities of Vocera into one, secure, easy-to-use smartphone application. Key features include support for shared and personal Apple IOS and Android devices, ability to call by name, function or group, secure and auditable delivery and response reporting for alerts and texts and management of critical alarms and messages delivery through on-call scheduling. • Vocera Alarm Management System. As a result of the early 2014 acquisition of mVisum, Inc., we expect to offer in mid-2014 an FDA cleared technology that acts as a secondary alarm notification system and provides clinical context, including waveforms, like ECGs, and vital signs, offering decision support and insight into the criticality of every alarm. The Alarm Management system uses patented push notification technology to connect with and distribute data from almost any hospital alarm-generating device. Configurable dashboards allow users to monitor alarms and alarm responses at the floor, nurse and individual bed levels. In addition, the suite of connected care solutions delivers patient details to physicians and specialists on their smartphone. Vocera Care Experience Our Vocera Care Experience solution is a hosted software suite we developed to improve patient and staff experience. Vocera Care Experience suite offers caregivers communication solutions that span the entire care continuum - before admission, during treatment and after discharge. This patient-centric solution is designed to enable hospitals and health systems to improve care quality and safety, enhance patient experience and satisfaction, simplify and automate manual tasks and procedures, improve patient satisfaction scores under the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey ("HCAHPS"), and otherwise increase revenue and decrease costs. Vocera Care Experience includes the following modules: • Good to Go® - Live discharge instructions are recorded, and securely made available for patients, families and other care providers to review at any time, using any device. • Care Calls - Streamlines patient follow-up calls and workflows using best practice checklists, risk stratification information, and recorded discharge instructions. • Care Rounds - Measures and manages patient experience during a hospital stay in real-time to evaluate gaps in satisfaction and provide service recovery interventions. • Performance Analytics - Multi-dimensional dashboards identify gaps in communication, compliance and performance for each patient, by department and for the entire enterprise, across the continuum of care. • PCP (Primary Care Physician) Notification - Patient updates can be sent by the hospital staff via text and/or email to primary care physicians to keep them up-to-date on their patients' care. • SNF (Skilled Nursing Facility) Communication - Patient discharge notifications along with recorded care instructions can be sent to skilled nursing facilities, ensuring safer care transitions. 6 Table of Contents Services Our customer-centric strategy is supported by our services and support capabilities, which help customers optimize their use of Vocera solutions and enhance users' experience with our products. Our services organization consists of the following: • Experience Innovation Network. T he Experience Innovation Network is a membership program that partners with healthcare provider organizations to further the development of innovations and solutions that improve patient experience and clinical and operational performance. Services offered by the Experience Innovation Network include: advisory services focused on developing organizational alignment around patient experience strategy and priorities, developing process improvement plans to increase patient and caregiver satisfaction, providing curriculum and implementation tools on topics such as improving plan of care communication, service line experience mapping, and developing physician and nurse partnerships. Professional services. Our professional services are key to helping customers successfully deploy, manage, update and/or expand their Vocera systems in order to gain the full benefits of our solutions. As of December 31, 2013, our professional services team consisted of 40 professionals with expertise in wireless communication, clinical workflow, end-user training, speech science and project management, approximately half of whom are nurses who understand and can assist clients in addressing the challenges of clinical communication issues. We offer a full suite of services, including clinical workflow design, wireless assessment, solution configuration, training and project management, enabling customers to integrate our solutions and improve workflow efficiency and staff productivity. We also provide classroom and distance learning curricula for systems administrators, information technology professionals and clinical educators. • Technical support . We provide 24x7 technical support to our customers through our support centers in San Jose, California; Toronto, Canada; Knoxville, Tennessee and Reading, United Kingdom. As of December 31, 2013, our technical support team consisted of 41 technical support professionals with expertise in wireless, telephony, integration, servers and client devices. Our team utilizes remote diagnostic tools to proactively assess the performance of customer systems. Each support center includes bilingual French/English engineers. We assign technical account management resources to our largest accounts to help them expand the use of our solutions and facilitate adoption of new functionality. Additional services, including an annual Remote System Health Assessment and biweekly technical webinar education, are offered as project- based consulting or through our membership collaborative. • Vocera University. We provide hands-on, interactive educational experience through classroom training, distance learning or customized courseware covering best practices, implementation and use of our solutions. Training courses are provided for systems administrators, IT professionals, as well as industry-specific, end-user educators. Sales and marketing Sales We use a direct sales model to call on hospitals and healthcare systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. As of December 31, 2013, we had 106 sales employees. The sales team is organized to allow us to better serve our customers and to support the different elements of our sales strategy. Certain members of the sales team focus on the development of new customer relationships with large integrated health systems and government healthcare facilities. Our compensation is structured to incentivize new account development, including higher commissions paid for new customers. We supplement our sales organization by utilizing a U.S. government-authorized reseller to facilitate our sales to Veterans Administration and Department of Defense healthcare facilities. Sales team members also focus on new customer development with smaller systems and individual hospitals. The sales team further includes account managers who focus on service and additional sales to existing customers. We enhance our sales efforts by including in our sales staff individuals with nursing backgrounds to address clinical uses with, and provide utilization advice to, customers and potential customers. We have also staffed our sales team with system engineers who focus on the technical elements of system optimization, particularly wireless, and overall product configuration. In 2013, we staffed a small team of direct sales people to focus on developing our non-healthcare business, including hospitality, energy and other mission critical mobile work environments. We strive to hire sales people with at least 10 years of experience selling enterprise solutions in healthcare and who have experience selling in competitive and complex environments with multiple decision makers. In markets outside the United States, our sales efforts are supplemented by a select group of resellers and distributors. In addition, as of December 31, 2013, we had 25 employees responsible for sales and services support. Marketing Our marketing efforts focus on product management, demand generation, sales support and brand management. We believe continuing to increase our brand recognition is important for the growth of our business. As of December 31, 2013, we had 22 employees in marketing and business development. 7 Table of Contents Our product roadmap and requirements are driven by both primary and secondary research that is continually validated with current and prospective customers. We collect customer feedback through surveys and focus groups, customer visits, a customer advisory board, user forums and participation in industry standards organizations. Our customer-centric marketing strategy is key to generating new sales leads as word of mouth advertising and testimonials are some of our most valuable marketing tools. A number of our customers have agreed to participate in video testimonials, white papers and case studies that validate the efficacy and the financial benefits of our solutions. We have been featured in numerous articles and on network television demonstrating increased patient satisfaction, streamlined hospital operations and enhanced employee safety. Additionally, we sponsor numerous customer-led webinars to demonstrate customer success and to let prospective customers hear from their peer group about the positive impact that our solutions have made on their hospitals. Many of our sales leads come from referrals of existing customers or users who have moved from a hospital already using Vocera to a new facility or health system. In 2013, we also developed marketing tools and website content to support our non-healthcare business. Demand generation is created through high touch activities across multiple platforms including print media, phone, direct mail and e-mail campaigns and participation in tradeshows and other industry sponsored events. We use a variety of sales tools with prospective customers including collateral, ROI calculators and product videos and presentations. Throughout 2013, we received the exclusive endorsement of AHA Solutions, a subsidiary of the American Hospital Association, for our Vocera Communication and Care Transition solutions. As part of this endorsement, we are able to participate in customer events sponsored by AHA Solutions. Further, we believe hospital customers view this endorsement as a validation of the quality of our solutions. Customers Our customers include 970 hospitals and other healthcare facilities, of which over 125 are outside of the United States. In addition, we have deployed our Vocera Communication solution in over 200 customers in other non-healthcare markets. Our healthcare customers include national and international health and hospital systems, large and medium-sized independent and academic hospitals, small hospitals and healthcare facilities, and U.S. governmental hospitals and care facilities. Our diverse customer base has very low customer revenue concentration. During 2013, our largest end customer represented only1.1% of revenue. Currently, we sell primarily into English speaking markets including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. During 2013 and 2012 , non-U.S. markets represented approximately 10.5% and 10.7% of our revenue, respectively. In addition to introduction of a localized French language version of our Vocera Communication solution, we are developing plans to offer our solutions in a wider range of international markets including other non-English speaking countries. Competition We do not believe any single competitor offers an intelligent voice communication system to the healthcare market that allows instant, hands-free communication through voice-activated, role-based and activity-based calling using a combination of dedicated, proprietary devices as well as accommodating the use of third-party smartphones and other devices. At this time, the primary alternative to our system consists of traditional communication methods utilizing wired phones, Wi-Fi in-building phones, smartphones, pagers and overhead intercoms. The most significant alternative with which we compete for sales in the hospital are in-building wireless telephones. While we compete with the providers of these wireless phones in making sales to hospitals, they do not at this time purport to contain the system intelligence and convenience of our Communication solution. The market for in-building wireless phones is dominated by large communications companies such as Cisco Systems, Ascom and Spectralink. We believe that the use of mobile smartphone apps for healthcare and the hospital will continue to expand in our target market and may represent a source of competition to our Communication solution. Our Vocera Collaboration Suite smartphone app enables these hospital workers to connect to our software platform and participate as users on our Communication system. We believe that the primary competitive factors at work in our market include: comprehensiveness of the solution and the features provided • • product performance and reliability • • the initial cost and ongoing cost of ownership customer service and support capabilities 8 Table of Contents We may face increased competition in the future, including competition from large, multinational companies with significant resources. Potential competitors may have existing relationships with purchasers of other products and services within the hospital, which may enhance their ability to gain a foothold in our market. Research and development Our continued investment in research and development is critical to our business. We have assembled teams of engineers with expertise in various fields, including software, firmware, database design, applications, speech recognition, wireless communication and hardware design. We employ research and development personnel in San Jose, California; Knoxville, Tennessee; Toronto, Canada and Bangalore, India. There were 71 full-time research and development employees as of December 31, 2013 . We also utilize small teams of contractors in India and Ukraine to assist with quality assurance testing and automation, and targeted development efforts. Our research and development expenditures were $14.9 million , $11.6 million and $9.3 million in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. Intellectual property Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, copyrights and trademarks, as well as customary contractual protections. We held, as of December 31, 2013, 18 U.S. patents, including patents on many capabilities of our software platform and communication badge. Subsequently, as of January 13, 2014, we acquired through mVisum an additional 7 U.S. patents covering additional healthcare communications technologies and had one more patent issued for a total of 26 U.S. Patents. The expiration dates of these patents range from 2018 through 2029. One or more utility patents have also been issued in Australia, Canada, India, Japan and the European Patent Office (with validation in Germany, France, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands). A European Community design patent has been issued that protects the design in multiple European jurisdictions. We have five patent applications pending in the United States, and one or more utility patent applications are pending in Canada and at the European Patent Office. In addition to the foregoing protections, we generally control access to and use of our proprietary software and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers and partners. Our software is also protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. Our solutions include software developed and owned by us as well as software components we have licensed. These non-exclusive licenses are terminable by the licensor for cause. Certain of these licenses are for a contractually specified term and cannot be renewed without the assent of the licensor. In the event one or more of these licenses is terminated or is not renewed, we could be required to redesign substantial portions of our software in order to incorporate software components from alternative sources. An unplanned redesign of our software could materially and adversely affect our business. Manufacturing operations and suppliers We outsource the manufacturing of our device products to original design manufacturers and a contract manufacturer, SMTC Corporation. Our communication badge is currently built in Mexico using custom tools and test equipment owned by us. Initial volumes of new products may be manufactured by our contract manufacturer in U.S. facilities. Most of our accessories, including batteries, chargers and attachments, are built by original design manufacturers in Asia. These manufacturers are responsible for procuring all the components included in our products as specified and approved by us. Some of these components are sole-sourced off-the-shelf and some are custom components built exclusively for our products. In the event we are unable to procure certain components, we could be required to redesign some of our products in order to incorporate technology from alternative sources. An unplanned redesign of our products could materially and adversely affect our business. We require our suppliers to perform both incoming and outgoing product inspections. In addition, we perform in-house quality control and ongoing reliability testing. Employees As of December 31, 2013 , we had 383 employees, consisting of 27 in manufacturing and quality operations, 71 in research and development, 153 in sales and marketing, 81 in services and 51 in general and administrative. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement or are represented by a labor union. We consider current employee relations to be good. 9 Table of Contents Backlog Our backlog of undelivered orders was $24.4 million and $16.0 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Of the current backlog, all but $3.8 million is expected to be delivered in 2014. Government regulations and standards Substantially all of our revenue is derived from the healthcare industry. The healthcare industry is highly regulated and is subject to changing political, legislative, regulatory and other influences. These factors affect the purchasing practices and operations of healthcare organizations, as well as the behavior and attitudes of our users. Healthcare reform has been recently enacted at the federal level. We expect federal and state legislatures and agencies to continue to consider programs to reform or revise aspects of the U.S. healthcare system. These programs may contain proposals to increase governmental involvement in healthcare or otherwise change the environment in which healthcare industry participants operate. HIPAA privacy and security standards In connection with our healthcare communications business, we handle and have access to personal health information on behalf of our customers. Accordingly, in the United States, we are subject to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, ("HIPAA"), and its implementing regulations, which established uniform standards for certain “covered entities” (healthcare providers engaged in electronic transactions, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses) governing the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protecting the security and privacy of protected health information. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included sweeping expansion of HIPAA’s privacy and security standards as reflected in the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, ("HITECH"). Among other things, the new law makes certain HIPAA privacy and security standards directly applicable to “business associates” - independent contractors or agents of covered entities that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. Most of our customers are covered entities under HIPAA and, to the extent that we handle personal health information on their behalf, we are their “business associates” and are subject to HIPAA and associated contractual obligations, as well as comparable state privacy and security laws. In addition, we are subject to privacy and security regulations in other jurisdictions. For example, the EU adopted the Data Protection Directive or "DPD" (officially Directive 95/46/EC ), imposing strict regulations and establishing a series of requirements regarding the storage of personally identifiable information on computers or recorded on other electronic media. This has been implemented by all EU member states through national laws. DPD provides for specific regulations requiring all non-EU countries doing business with EU member states to provide adequate data privacy protection when receiving personal data from any of the EU member states. Similarly, Canada’s Personal Information and Protection of Electronic Documents Act provides Canadian residents with privacy protections in regard to transactions with businesses and organizations in the private sector and sets out ground rules for how private sector organizations may collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial activities. These statutes, regulations and contractual obligations impose numerous requirements regarding the use and disclosure of personal health information with which we must comply, and subject us to material liability and other adverse impacts to our business in the event we fail to do so. These include, without limitation, civil fines, criminal sanctions in certain circumstances, contractual liability to our customer, and damage to our brand and reputation. We endeavor to mitigate these risks through measures we believe to be appropriate for the specific circumstances, including storing personal data under our control on password-protected systems in secure facilities, counseling our customers as to best practices in using our solutions, and encrypting such information. Medical device regulation The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") regulates certain products, including software-based products, as “medical devices” based, in part, on the intended use of the product and the risk the device poses to the patient should the device fail to perform properly. We have concluded that our communication products are general-purpose communication devices not subject to FDA regulation. However, either the FDA could disagree with our conclusion or changes in our product or the FDA’s evolving regulations could lead to the imposition of medical device regulation on our products. In this event, we would be subject to extensive regulatory requirements, including the expense of compliance with Medical Device Reporting and Quality System regulation and the potential of liability for failure to comply, and we could be required to obtain 510(k) clearance or premarket approval of our products from the FDA prior to commercial distribution. Some of the new products acquired as a result of the mVisum acquisition are regulated by the FDA as Class II medical devices under applicable law and FDA regulations, including being subject to the new 2.3% excise tax under the Affordable Care Act. Class II devices are devices 10 Table of Contents classified by the FDA as posing a moderate to high risk and therefore subject to both “general controls” and “special controls”, as such terms are defined in the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act. Further, for other products we could become subject to the 2.3% excise tax if the FDA were to determine in the future that they constitute medical devices. Electrical standards and FCC regulations Our products emit radio frequency energy in the 2.4 GHz spectrum band for which licensing by U.S. and other regulatory authorities is not required, provided that the products conform to certain requirements, e.g., maximum power output and tolerance of interference from other devices sharing that spectrum band. We subject our products to testing by independent testing laboratories for compliance with the relevant standards issued by various U.S. and international bodies, including the European Union (with respect to the “CE” mark), the International Electrotechnical Commission, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, Underwriters Laboratories and CSA International. Information about segment and geographic revenue Information about segment and geographic revenue is set forth in Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, financial information regarding our operations, assets and liabilities, including our total net revenue and net income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , and our total assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , is included in our Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Executive officers The names of our executive officers, their ages as of March 12, 2014, and their positions are shown below. Name Robert J. Zollars Brent D. Lang William R. Zerella Jay M. Spitzen, Ph.D., J.D. M. Bridget Duffy, M.D. Paul Johnson Age 56 46 57 64 54 50 Position Executive Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer General Counsel and Corporate Secretary Chief Medical Officer Executive Vice President of Sales and Services The Board chooses executive officers, who then serve at the Board’s discretion. There is no family relationship between any of our directors or executive officers. Robert J. Zollars assumed the role of Executive Chairman effective June 1, 2013. Mr. Zollars served as our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer and director from June 2007 through May 2013. From May 2006 to May 2007, he served as chief executive officer of Wound Care Solutions, Inc., an operator of outsourced chronic wound care centers. From June 1999 to March 2006, Mr. Zollars served as chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Neoforma, Inc., a healthcare technology company. From January 1997 to June 1999, Mr. Zollars served as executive vice president and group president of Cardinal Health, Inc., a supplier of health care products and services, where he was responsible for five wholly-owned subsidiaries. From 1985 to 1997, Mr. Zollars served as a division president of four different operating units at Baxter International, Inc., a medical instrument and supply company. From 1979 to 1985, Mr. Zollars served as area vice president and in various other capacities at American Hospital Supply Corporation, a medical supply company, which was acquired by Baxter International in 1985. Since February 2005, Mr. Zollars has served on the board of directors of Diamond Foods, Inc., and as its chairman since February 2012. Since May 2004, he has also served on the board of directors of VWR International, LLC, a scientific equipment distributor. Since December of 2013, he also serves on the board of directors of Five9, a SaaS based call center software provider. Mr. Zollars graduated magna cum laude with a B.S. degree in Marketing from Arizona State University and earned an M.B.A. degree in Finance from John F. Kennedy University. Brent D. Lang assumed the role of President and Chief Executive Officer effective June 1, 2013. Mr. Lang served as our President and Chief Operating Officer from October 2007 through May 2013. From February 2007 to October 2007, he served as our Executive Vice President, from January 2007 to June 2007, he served as our Acting Chief Executive Officer, and from June 2001 through January 2007, he served as our Vice President of Marketing and Business Development. From September 1995 to June 2001, Mr. Lang served as senior director of marketing for 3Com Corporation, a networking company, where he was responsible for 3Com’s digital home products. From June 1991 to June 1993, Mr. Lang worked as a strategy consultant for Monitor Company, Inc., a consulting firm, advising Fortune 500 companies. Mr. Lang earned a B.S. degree in Industrial and Operations Engineering from the University of Michigan and an M.B.A. degree from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business. 11 Table of Contents William R. Zerella has served as our Chief Financial Officer since October 2011. From July 2006 to September 2011, he served as chief financial officer for Force10 Networks Inc., a networking company which was acquired by Dell Inc. in August 2011. From December 2004 to June 2006, Mr. Zerella served as chief financial officer at Infinera Corporation, a manufacturer of high-capacity optical transmission equipment for the service provider market. From 2001 to November 2004, Mr. Zerella served as chief financial officer at Calient Networks, Inc., a manufacturer of switches for directing signals in fiber-optic communications networks. Prior to Calient, Mr. Zerella held various other senior level financial and business management positions at companies including GTECH Corporation and Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Zerella graduated magna cum laude with a B.S. degree in Accounting from the New York Institute of Technology and earned an M.B.A. degree from the Leonard N. Stern School of Business at New York University and is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive). Dr. Jay M. Spitzen has served as our General Counsel since April 2011 and as our Corporate Secretary since June 2011. Dr. Spitzen has served as our counsel since our founding in February 2000. From 1994 to 2000, he was a partner at Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich LLP (now DLA Piper LLP), a law firm. From September 1988 to 1994, Dr. Spitzen was an attorney with Ware & Freidenrich P.C., a law firm. From 1982 to 1985, he held positions as an engineering manager and vice president of planning for Convergent Technologies, Inc., a workstation company that he co- founded in 1979. From 1978 to 1979, Dr. Spitzen was a staff scientist with Xerox Corporation, a document management company. From September 1974 to March 1978, he worked as a software engineer with SRI International, Inc., an independent, nonprofit research institute. Dr. Spitzen earned an A.B. degree in Applied Mathematics from Harvard College, Ph.D. and S.M. degrees in Applied Mathematics from Harvard University, and a J.D. degree from Harvard Law School. M. Bridget Duffy, M.D. has served as our Chief Medical Officer since January 2013 and as the Chief Executive Officer of ExperiaHealth from November 2010 to December 2012. From July 2007 to June 2009, Dr. Duffy served as chief experience officer of the Cleveland Clinic, a non-profit academic medical center. Dr. Duffy earned her Doctor of Medicine in June 1991 from the University of Minnesota and currently holds a Physician and Surgeon license in both the states of Minnesota and California. Paul Johnson has served as our Executive Vice President of Sales and Services since October 2013. From August 2013 to October 2013, Mr. Johnson served as Vice President of Sales at Digital Insight, a provider of online and mobile banking solutions. Mr. Johnson served as Vice President of Sales and Relationship Management at Intuit’s Financial Services Division (which was renamed Digital Insight following Intuit’s sale of this business in August 2013) from January 2011 to August 2013. From November 2007 to December 2010, he served as the Executive Vice President, North America, Sage Business Solutions for Sage Software, Inc., a provider of business management software and services. In addition, Mr. Johnson previously served in various sales and services functions at International Business Machines Corporation. Mr. Johnson earned his M.B.A and B.S degrees in Business Administration from the University of Southern California. Available information We make available our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, free of charge on our website at www.vocera.com , as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Additionally, copies of materials filed by us with the SEC may be accessed at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 or at www.sec.gov. For information about the SEC's Public Reference Room, contact 1-800-SEC-0330. Item 1A. Risk Factors Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects could be materially and adversely harmed if any of the following risks, or other risks or uncertainties that are not yet identified or that we currently believe are immaterial, actually occur. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks or uncertainties, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment. Risks related to our business and industry We have incurred significant losses in the past, and may experience losses in the future. As a result, our business may be harmed and our stock price could decline. 12 Table of Contents We have incurred significant losses in the past and reported a net loss of $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 . As of December 31, 2013 , we had an accumulated deficit of $64.4 million . If we cannot achieve profitability in future periods, our business may be harmed and our stock price could further decline. Our ability to be profitable in the future depends upon continued demand for our communication solutions from existing and new customers. Further market adoption of our solutions, including increased penetration within our existing customers, depends upon our ability to improve patient safety and satisfaction and increase hospital efficiency and productivity, and to bring value to customers outside of healthcare. Additionally, further adoption of our solutions in non-healthcare markets depends on our ability to modify our products to successfully respond to the challenges in those markets and our sales efforts to reach the customers in those markets. In addition, our profitability will be affected by, among other things, our ability to execute on our business strategy, the timing and size of orders, the pricing and costs of our solutions, macroeconomic conditions affecting the health care industry and the extent to which we invest in sales and marketing, research and development and general and administrative resources. We depend on sales of our Vocera Communication solution in the healthcare market for substantially all of our revenue, and any decrease in its sales would harm our business. To date, substantially all of our revenue has been derived from sales of our Vocera Communication solution to the healthcare market and, in particular, hospitals. Any decrease in revenue from sales of our Vocera Communication solution would harm our business. Sales of our Vocera Communication solution to the healthcare market accounted for 91% and 92% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. In addition, we obtained a significant portion of these sales from existing hospital customers. We anticipate that sales of our Vocera Communication solution will represent a significant portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future. While we are evaluating new solutions for non-healthcare markets, we may not be successful in applying our technology in any of these markets, or in selling our solutions to customers in these markets. We do not anticipate that sales of our Vocera Communication solution in non-healthcare markets will represent a significant portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future. Our success depends in part upon the deployment of our Vocera Communication solution by new hospital customers, the expansion and upgrade of our solution at existing customers, and our ability to continue to provide on a timely basis cost-effective solutions that meet the requirements of our hospital customers. Our Vocera Communication solution requires a substantial upfront investment by customers. Typically, our hospital customers initially deploy our solution for specific users in specific departments before expanding our solution into other departments or for other users. The cost of the initial deployment depends on the number of users and departments involved, the size and age of the hospital and the condition of the existing wireless infrastructure, if any, within the hospital. Even if hospital personnel determine that our Vocera Communication solution provides compelling benefits over their existing communications methods, their hospitals may not have, or may not be willing to spend, the resources necessary to install and maintain wireless infrastructure to initially deploy and support our solution or expand our solution to other departments or users. Hospitals are currently facing significant budget constraints, ever increasing demands from a growing number of patients and impediments to obtaining reimbursements for their service. In addition, hospitals, including both governmental and non-governmental customers, are experiencing budgeting issues due to the ongoing effects of and uncertainty around the continuing impact of federal government sequestration on Medicare reimbursement rates and the federal budget, as well as continuing changes in the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 ("ACA") and other healthcare reform legislation. As a consequence, we may continue to experience a slowdown and deferral of orders for our Vocera Communication solution that could negatively impact our sales. We believe hospitals are currently allocating funds for capital and infrastructure improvements to benefit from electronic medical records incentives and, for compliance with ICD-10 diagnosis coding requirements, which may impact their ability to purchase and deploy our solution. We might not be able to sustain or increase our revenue from sales of our Vocera Communication solution, or achieve the growth rates that we envision, if hospitals continue to face significant budgetary constraints and reduce their spending on communications systems. Our sales cycle can be lengthy and unpredictable, which may cause our revenue and operating results to fluctuate significantly. Our sales cycles can be lengthy and unpredictable. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the use and benefits of our solutions, including the technical capabilities of our solutions and the potential cost savings and productivity gains achievable by deploying them. Customers typically undertake a significant evaluation process, which frequently involves not only our solutions but also their existing communications methods and those of our competitors, and can result in a lengthy sales cycle of nine to twelve months or more. We spend substantial time, effort and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. In addition, purchases of our solutions are frequently subject to budget 13 Table of Contents constraints, multiple approvals, and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. For example, we experienced elongated sales cycles due to uncertainty surrounding healthcare reform and lower hospital admission trends in 2013. At this time, hospitals in the U.S. face significant uncertainty over the continuing impact of federal government sequestration, the country’s debt ceiling and federal budget, and continuing changes in the implementation and deadlines for compliance with the ACA and other healthcare reform legislation, as well as potential future statutes and rulemaking. If our business does not grow as we expect, or we are not able to manage our growth effectively, our operating results will suffer. We have experienced significant growth in our revenues and operations in the past. Our growth has placed, and may continue to place, strains on our management systems, infrastructure and other resources. We plan to hire additional direct sales and marketing personnel domestically and internationally, acquire complementary businesses, technologies or assets, and increase our investment in research and development. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to successfully implement these plans and manage our anticipated expansion. To do so successfully we must, among other things: • manage our expenses in line with our operating plans and current business environment; • maintain and enhance our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; • • manage operations in multiple locations and time zones; and • develop and deliver new solutions and enhancements to existing solutions efficiently and reliably. integrate acquired businesses, technologies or assets; We expect to incur costs associated with the investments made to support our growth before the anticipated benefits or the returns are realized, if at all. If we are unable to grow our business as expected or manage our future growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities or develop new solutions or enhancements to existing solutions. We may also fail to satisfy customer requirements, maintain quality, execute our business plan or respond to competitive pressures, which could result in lower revenue and a decline in the share price of our common stock. Our revenue and operating results have fluctuated, and are likely to continue to fluctuate, which may make our quarterly results difficult to predict, cause us to miss analyst expectations and cause the price of our common stock to decline. Our operating results may be difficult to predict, even in the near term, and are likely to fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Comparisons of our revenue and operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. Each of the following factors, among others, could cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter: • • the financial health of our healthcare customers and budgetary constraints on their ability to upgrade their communications; changes in the regulatory environment affecting our healthcare customers, including impediments to their ability to obtain reimbursement for their services; the procurement and deployment cycles of our healthcare customers and the length of our sales cycles; • our ability to expand our sales and marketing operations; • • variations in the amount of orders booked in a prior quarter but not delivered until later quarters; • our mix of solutions and pricing, including discounts by us or our competitors; • our ability to expand into non-healthcare markets; • our ability to forecast demand and manage lead times for the manufacture of our solutions; and • our ability to develop and introduce new solutions and features to existing solutions that achieve market acceptance. Developments in the healthcare industry and governing regulations could negatively affect our business. Substantially all of our revenue is derived from customers in the healthcare industry, in particular, hospitals. The healthcare industry is highly regulated and is subject to changing political, legislative, regulatory and other influences. Developments generally affecting the healthcare industry, including new regulations or new interpretations of existing regulations, could adversely affect spending on information technology and capital equipment by reducing funding, changing healthcare pricing or delivery or creating impediments for obtaining healthcare reimbursements, which together with declining admission trends, could cause our sales to decline and negatively impact our business. For example, the profit margins of our hospital customers are modest, and pending changes in reimbursement for healthcare costs may reduce the overall solvency of our customers or cause further deterioration in their financial or business condition. 14 Table of Contents Since 2009, three significant bills were signed into law that impact the U.S. healthcare system. Those bills include The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, enacted under Title XIII of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ("HITECH Act"), the ACA, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Together, these acts drive substantive changes over several years to the operating processes, reimbursements and rules governing the U.S. healthcare system. The actual end effect of these laws on the marketplace is not yet fully understood. We believe that our healthcare customers are unsure of the impact that a number of the elements of those acts will have on their business, and cannot predict the timing and requirements of the final rules issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") for these statutes, making managing their business operations more difficult. Further, as has been experienced since 2010, as these final rules are created by HHS, a number of aspects of the acts have been interpreted, modified or delayed. For example, sudden changes in the rules for individuals buying insurance through state or federal health insurance exchanges, and individual and employer mandates to have and offer insurance coverage, have challenged hospitals’ abilities to forecast patient utilization and revenues, and to set operational plans and budget accordingly. Federal budget activities also impact our customers. The federal budget sequestration, which went into effect in March 2013, automatically cut Medicare reimbursement rates and cut federal department budgets, including at the Department of Defense, which also operates hospitals that are prospective customers. We believe sequestration had a significant impact on our customers and our business in 2013. As part of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, signed into law on December 26, 2013, the Medicare reimbursement rate cut established in the March 2013 sequester was maintained and extended, although the cuts to Department of Defense and its hospitals were lifted. We further believe that it is likely that additional legislative changes and rulemaking by HHS will continue. In addition, many state governments are changing or expanding their healthcare laws, adding additional complexity to understanding the potential impacts. We are unable to predict the full impact of these new and changing rules on our hospital customers and others in the healthcare industry. Impacts of these rules could materially affect our customers’ ability to budget for or purchase our products. The healthcare industry has changed significantly in recent years and we expect that significant changes will continue to occur. We cannot assure you that the markets for our solutions will continue to exist at current levels or that we will have adequate technical, financial and marketing resources to react to changes in those markets. If we fail to increase market awareness of our brand and solutions, and expand our sales and marketing operations, our business could be harmed. We intend to continue to add personnel and resources in sales and marketing as we focus on expanding awareness of our brand and solutions and capitalize on sales opportunities with new and existing customers. Our efforts to improve sales of our solutions will result in an increase in our sales and marketing expense and general and administrative expense, and these efforts may not be successful. Some newly hired sales and marketing personnel may subsequently be determined to be unproductive and have to be replaced, resulting in operational and sales delays and incremental costs. If we are unable to significantly increase the awareness of our brand and solutions or effectively manage the costs associated with these efforts, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. We primarily compete in the rapidly evolving and competitive healthcare market, and if we fail to effectively respond to competitive pressures, our business and operating results could be harmed. We believe that at this time the primary competition for our Vocera Communication solution consists of traditional methods using wired phones, pagers and overhead intercoms. While we believe that our system is superior to these legacy methods, our solution requires a significant infrastructure investment by a hospital and many hospitals may not recognize the value of implementing our solution. Manufacturers and distributors of product categories such as cellular phones, smartphone applications, pagers, mobile radios and in-building wireless telephones attempt to sell their products to hospitals as components of an overall communication system. Of these product categories, in- building wireless telephones represent the most significant competition for the sale of our solution. The market for in-building wireless phones is dominated by communications companies such as Cisco Systems, Ascom and Spectralink. In addition, the proliferation of smartphones and related applications may represent a new category of competitive offerings. While we do not have a directly comparable competitor that provides a richly featured Vocera Communication system for the healthcare market, we could face such competition in the future. Potential competitors in the healthcare or communications markets include large, multinational companies with significantly more resources to dedicate to product development and sales and marketing. These companies may have existing relationships within the hospital, which may enhance their ability to gain a 15 Table of Contents foothold in our market. Customers may prefer to purchase a more highly integrated or bundled solution from a single provider or an existing supplier rather than a new supplier, regardless of performance or features. Accordingly, if we fail to effectively respond to competitive pressures, we could experience pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, higher sales and marketing expenses, lower revenue and the loss of market share, any of which would harm our business, operating results or financial condition. If we fail to offer high-quality services and support for any of our solutions, our ability to sell those solutions will be harmed. Our ability to sell our Vocera Communication or Care Experience solutions is dependent upon our professional services and technical support teams providing high-quality services and support. Our professional services team assists our customers with their wireless infrastructure assessment, clinical workflow design, communication solution configuration, training and project management during the pre-deployment and deployment stages. Once our solutions are deployed within a customer’s facility, the customer typically depends on our technical support team to help resolve technical issues, assist in optimizing the use of our solutions and facilitate adoption of new functionality. If we do not effectively assist our customers in deploying our solutions, succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve technical and other post-deployment issues, or provide effective ongoing support services, our ability to expand the use of our solutions with existing customers and to sell our solutions to new customers will be harmed. If deployment of our solutions is unsatisfactory, as has been the case with certain third-party deployments in the past, we may incur significant costs to attain and sustain customer satisfaction. As we rapidly hire new services and support personnel, we may inadvertently hire underperforming people who will have to be replaced, or fail to effectively train such employees, leading in some instances to slower growth, additional costs and poor customer relations. In addition, the failure of channel partners to provide high-quality services and support in markets outside the United States could also harm sales of our solutions. The implementation of our new enterprise resource planning system could disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we initiated a multi-year project to upgrade certain key internal systems and processes, including our enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system and company-wide human resources management system. The first phase "go live" date was completed in the third quarter of 2013. We have invested, and will continue to invest, significant capital and human resources in the design and implementation of these systems and processes. Any disruptions or delays in the design and implementation of the new systems or processes, particularly any disruptions or delays that impact our operations, could adversely affect our ability to process customer orders, ship products, provide service and support to our customers, bill and track our customers, fulfill contractual obligations, record and transfer information in a timely and accurate manner, file SEC reports in a timely manner, or otherwise run our business. Even if we do not encounter these adverse effects, the design and implementation of these new systems and processes may be much more costly than we anticipated. If we are unable to successfully design and implement these new systems and processes as planned, or if the implementation of these systems and processes is more costly than anticipated, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be negatively impacted. We depend on a number of sole source and limited source suppliers, and if we are unable to source our components from them, our business and operating results could be harmed. We depend on sole and limited source suppliers for several hardware components of our Vocera Communication solution, including our batteries and integrated circuits. We purchase inventory generally through individual purchase orders. Any of these suppliers could cease production of our components, cease to provide the necessary levels of support for our use of their components, experience capacity constraints, material shortages, work stoppages, financial difficulties, cost increases or other reductions or disruptions in output, cease operations or be acquired by, or enter into exclusive arrangements with, a competitor. These suppliers typically rely on purchase orders rather than long-term contracts with their suppliers, and as a result, even if available, the supplier may not be able to secure sufficient materials at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build our components in a timely manner. Any of these circumstances could cause interruptions or delays in the delivery of our solutions to our customers, and this may force us to seek components from alternative sources, which may not have the required specifications, or be available in time to meet demand or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Any of these circumstances may also force us to redesign our solutions if a component becomes unavailable in order to incorporate a component from an alternative source. Our solutions incorporate multiple software components obtained from licensors on a non-exclusive basis, such as voice recognition software, software supporting the runtime execution of our software platform, and database and reporting software. Our license agreements can be terminated for cause. In many cases, these license agreements specify a limited term and are only renewable beyond that term with the consent of the licensor. If a licensor terminates a license agreement for cause, objects 16 Table of Contents to its renewal or conditions renewal on modified terms and conditions, we may be unable to obtain licenses for equivalent software components on reasonable terms and conditions, including licensing fees, warranties or protection from infringement claims. Some licensors may discontinue licensing their software to us or support of the software version used in our solutions. In such circumstances, we may need to redesign our solutions at substantial cost to incorporate alternative software components or be subject to higher royalty costs. Any of these circumstances could adversely affect the cost and availability of our solutions. Third-party licensors generally require us to incorporate specific license terms and conditions in our agreements with our customers. If we are alleged to have failed to incorporate these license terms and conditions, we may be subject to claims by these licensors, incur significant legal costs defending ourselves against such claims and, if such claims are successful, be subject to termination of licenses, monetary damages, or an injunction against the continued distribution of one or more of our solutions. Because we depend upon a contract manufacturer, our operations could be harmed and we could lose sales if we encounter problems with this manufacturer. We do not have internal manufacturing capabilities and rely upon a contract manufacturer, SMTC Corporation, ("SMTC"), to produce the primary hardware component of our Vocera Communication solution. We have entered into a manufacturing agreement with SMTC that is terminable by either party with advance notice and that may also be terminated for a material uncured breach. We also rely on original design manufacturers, or ODMs, to produce accessories, including batteries, chargers and attachments. Any of these suppliers could cease production of our components, cease to provide the necessary levels of support for our use of their components, experience capacity constraints, material shortages, work stoppages, financial difficulties, cost increases or other reductions or disruptions in output, cease operations or be acquired by, or enter into exclusive arrangements with, a competitor. If SMTC or an ODM is unable or unwilling to continue manufacturing components of our solutions in the volumes that we require, fails to meet our quality specifications or significantly increases its prices, we may not be able to deliver our solutions to our customers with the quantities, quality and performance that they expect in a timely manner. As a result, we could lose sales and our operating results could be harmed. SMTC or ODMs may experience problems that could impact the quantity and quality of components of our Vocera Communication solution, including disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor strikes or shortages, component or material shortages and cost increases. SMTC and these ODMs generally rely on purchase orders rather than long-term contracts with their suppliers, and as a result, may not be able to secure sufficient components or other materials at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build components of our solutions in a timely manner. The majority of the components of our Vocera Communication solution are manufactured in Asia or Mexico and adverse changes in political or economic circumstances in those locations could also disrupt our supply and quality of components of our solutions. Companies occasionally encounter unexpected difficulties in ramping up production of new products, and we may experience such difficulties with future generations of our products. SMTC and our ODMs also manufacture products for other companies. Generally, our orders represent a relatively small percentage of the overall orders received by SMTC and these ODMs from their customers; therefore, fulfilling our orders may not be a priority in the event SMTC or an ODM is constrained in its ability to fulfill all of its customer obligations. In addition, if SMTC or an ODM is unable or unwilling to continue manufacturing components of our solutions, we may have to identify one or more alternative manufacturers. The process of identifying and qualifying a new contract manufacturer or ODM can be time consuming, and we may not be able to substitute suitable alternative manufacturers in a timely manner or at an acceptable cost. Additionally, transitioning to a new manufacturer may cause us to incur additional costs and delays if the new manufacturer has difficulty manufacturing components of our solutions to our specifications or quality standards. If we fail to forecast our manufacturing requirements accurately, or fail to properly manage our inventory with our contract manufacturer, we could incur additional costs and experience manufacturing delays, which can adversely affect our operating results. We place orders with our contract manufacturer, SMTC, and we and SMTC place orders with suppliers based on forecasts of customer demand. Because of our international low cost sourcing strategy, our lead times are long and cause substantially more risk to forecasting accuracy than would result were lead times shorter. Our forecasts are based on multiple assumptions, each of which may introduce errors into our estimates affecting our ability to meet our customers' demands for our solutions. We also may face additional forecasting challenges due to product transitions in the components of our solutions, or to our suppliers discontinuing production of materials and subcomponents required for our solutions. If demand for our solutions increases significantly, we may not be able to meet demand on a timely basis, and we may need to expend a significant amount of time working with our customers to allocate limited supply and maintain positive customer relations, or we may incur additional costs in order to source additional materials and subcomponents to produce components of our solutions or to expedite the 17 Table of Contents manufacture and delivery of additional inventory. If we underestimate customer demand, our contract manufacturer may have inadequate materials and subcomponents on hand to produce components of our solutions, which could result in manufacturing interruptions, shipment delays, deferral or loss of revenue, and damage to our customer relationships. Conversely, if we overestimate customer demand, we and SMTC may purchase more inventory than required for actual customer orders, resulting in excess or obsolete inventory, thereby increasing our costs and harming our operating results. If hospitals do not have and are not willing to install, upgrade and maintain the wireless infrastructure required to effectively operate our Vocera Communication solution, then they may experience technical problems or not purchase our solution at all. The effectiveness of our Vocera Communication solution depends upon the quality and compatibility of the communications environment that our healthcare customers maintain. Our solutions require voice-grade wireless, or Wi-Fi, installed through large enterprise environments, which can vary from hospital to hospital and from department to department within a hospital. Many hospitals have not installed a voice-grade wireless infrastructure. If potential customers do not have a wireless network that can properly and fully interoperate with our Vocera Communication solution, then such a network must be installed, or an existing Wi-Fi network must be upgraded or modified, for example, by adding access points in stairwells, for our Vocera Communication solution to be fully functional. The additional cost of installing or upgrading a Wi-Fi network may dissuade potential customers from installing our solution. Furthermore, if changes to a customer's physical or information technology environment cause integration issues or degrade the effectiveness of our solution, or if the customer fails to upgrade or maintain its environment as may be required for software releases or updates or to ensure our solution's effectiveness, the customer may not be able to fully utilize our solution or may experience technical problems, or these changes may impact the performance of other wireless equipment being used. If such circumstances arise, prospective customers may not purchase or existing customers may not expand their use of or deploy upgraded versions of our Vocera Communication solution, thereby harming our business and operating results. If we fail to achieve and maintain certification for certain U.S. federal standards, our sales to U.S. government customers will suffer. We believe that a significant opportunity exists to sell our products to healthcare facilities in the Veterans Administration and Department of Defense, or DoD. These customers require independent certification of compliance with particular requirements relating to encryption, security, interoperability and scalability. These requirements include compliance with Federal Information Processing Standard, or FIPS, 140-2 and, as to DoD facilities, certification by the Joint Interoperability and Test Command of DoD and under the DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process. We have received certification under certain of these standards for a military-specific configuration of the Vocera communication solution incorporating the B2000 badge. We are carrying out activities intended to achieve additional certifications, including certifications applicable to the B3000 badge, expected in the first half of 2014, and future products as well. A failure on our part to comply in a timely manner with these requirements, or to maintain certification, both as to current products and as to new product versions, could adversely impact our revenue. Our expanded efforts to sell our communications solutions in non-healthcare markets may not be successful. Our primary focus has been on selling our communications solutions to the healthcare market, with other markets addressed only opportunistically. We recently expanded our sales efforts to customers outside the healthcare markets, including hospitality, energy and other mobile work environments. We may not be successful in further penetrating the non-healthcare markets upon which we are initially focusing, or other new markets. To date, our Vocera Communication solution has been deployed in over 200 customers in non-healthcare markets. Total revenue from non-healthcare customers accounted for 3% of our revenue for both the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 . If we cannot maintain these customers by providing communications solutions that meet their requirements, if we cannot successfully expand our communications solutions in non-healthcare markets, or if our solutions are adopted more slowly than we anticipate, we may not obtain significant revenue from these markets. We may experience challenges as we expand in non-healthcare markets, including pricing pressure on our solutions and technical issues as we adapt our solutions for the requirements of new markets. Our communications solutions also may not contain the functionality required by these non-healthcare markets or may not sufficiently differentiate us from competing solutions such that customers can justify deploying our solutions. If we fail to successfully develop and introduce new solutions and features to existing solutions, our revenue, operating results and reputation could suffer. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to develop and introduce new solutions and features to existing solutions that meet existing and new customer requirements. We may not be able to develop and introduce new solutions or features on a 18 Table of Contents timely basis or in response to customers’ changing requirements, or that sufficiently differentiate us from competing solutions such that customers can justify deploying our solutions. We may experience technical problems and additional costs as we introduce new features to our software platform, deploy future models of our wireless badges and integrate new solutions with existing customer clinical systems and workflows. In addition, we may face technical difficulties as we expand into non-English speaking countries and incorporate non-English speech recognition capabilities into our Vocera Communication solution. We also may incur substantial costs or delays in the manufacture of any additional new products or models as we seek to optimize production methods and processes at our contract manufacturer. In addition, we expect that we will at least initially achieve lower gross margins on new models, while endeavoring to reduce manufacturing costs over time. If any of these problems were to arise, our revenue, operating results and reputation could suffer. If we do not achieve the anticipated strategic or financial benefits from our acquisitions or if we cannot successfully integrate them, our business and operating results could be harmed. We have acquired, and in the future may acquire, complementary businesses, technologies or assets that we believe to be strategic, such as our recent mVisum acquisition. We may not achieve the anticipated strategic or financial benefits, or be successful in integrating any acquired businesses, technologies or assets. If we cannot effectively integrate our Vocera Communication solution with our Secure Messaging and Care Experience solutions and successfully market and sell these solutions, we may not achieve market acceptance for, or significant revenue from, these new solutions. Integrating newly acquired businesses, technologies and assets could strain our resources, could be expensive and time consuming, and might not be successful. Our recent acquisition exposes us and we will be further exposed, if we acquire or invest in additional businesses, technologies or assets, to a number of risks, including that we may: • • • experience technical issues as we integrate acquired businesses, technologies or assets into our existing communications solutions; encounter difficulties leveraging our existing sales and marketing organizations, and direct sales channels, to increase our revenue from acquired businesses, technologies or assets; find that the acquisition does not further our business strategy, we overpaid for the acquisition or the economic conditions underlying our acquisition decision have changed; • have difficulty retaining the key personnel of acquired businesses; • suffer disruption to our ongoing business and diversion of our management's attention as a result of transition or integration issues and the challenges of managing geographically or culturally diverse enterprises; and experience unforeseen and significant problems or liabilities associated with quality, technology and legal contingencies relating to the acquisition, such as intellectual property or employment matters. • In addition, from time to time we may enter into negotiations for acquisitions that are not ultimately consummated. These negotiations could result in significant diversion of management time, as well as substantial out-of-pocket costs. If we were to proceed with one or more significant acquisitions in which the consideration included cash, we could be required to use a substantial portion of our available cash. To the extent we issue shares of capital stock or other rights to purchase capital stock, including options and warrants, the ownership of existing stockholders would be diluted. In addition, acquisitions may result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, large write-offs, or other unanticipated costs, events or circumstances, any of which could harm our operating results. We generally recognize revenue from maintenance and support contracts over the contract term, and changes in sales may not be immediately reflected in our operating results. We generally recognize revenue from our customer maintenance and support contracts ratably over the contract term, which is typically 12 months, in some cases subject to an early termination right. Revenue from our maintenance and support contracts accounted for 31% and 26% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. A portion of the revenue we report in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to maintenance and support contracts entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed maintenance and support by our customers in any one quarter may not be immediately reflected in our revenue for that quarter. Such a decline, however, will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our services and potential changes in our rate of renewals may not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods. Our success depends upon our ability to attract, integrate and retain key personnel, and our failure to do so could harm our ability to grow our business. 19 Table of Contents Our success depends, in part, on the continuing services of our senior management and other key personnel, and our ability to continue to attract, integrate and retain highly skilled personnel, particularly in engineering, sales and marketing. Competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, particularly in the Silicon Valley where our headquarters are located. If we fail to attract, integrate and retain key personnel, our ability to grow our business could be harmed. The members of our senior management and other key personnel are at-will employees, and may terminate their employment at any time without notice. If they terminate their employment, we may not be able to find qualified individuals to replace them on a timely basis or at all and our senior management may need to divert their attention from other aspects of our business. Former employees may also become employees of a competitor. We may also have to pay additional compensation to attract and retain key personnel. We also anticipate hiring additional engineering, marketing and sales, and services personnel to grow our business. Often, significant amounts of time and resources are required to train these personnel. We may incur significant costs to attract, integrate and retain them, and we may lose them to a competitor or another company before we realize the benefit of our investments in them. Our international operations subject us, and may increasingly subject us in the future, to operational, financial, economic and political risks abroad. Although we derive a relatively small portion of our revenue from customers outside the United States, we believe that non-U.S. customers could represent an increasing share of our revenue in the future. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , we obtained 10.5% and 10.7% of our revenue, respectively, from customers outside of the United States, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand. Accordingly, we are subject to risks and challenges that we would not otherwise face if we conducted our business solely in the United States, including: challenges incorporating non-English speech recognition capabilities into our solutions as we expand into non-English speaking jurisdictions; • • difficulties integrating our solutions with wireless infrastructures with which we do not have experience; • difficulties integrating local dialing plans and applicable PBX standards; • • difficulties in staffing and managing personnel and resellers; • challenges associated with delivering support, training and documentation in several languages; the need to comply with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, including increasingly stringent data privacy regulations, requirements for export controls for encryption technology, employment laws, changes in tax laws and tax audits by government agencies; • political and economic instability in, or foreign conflicts that involve or affect, the countries of our customers; • difficulties in collecting accounts receivable and longer accounts receivable payment cycles; • • • exposure to competitors who are more familiar with local markets; limited or unfavorable intellectual property protection in some countries; and currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could affect the price of our solutions relative to locally produced solutions. Any of these factors could harm our existing international business, impair our ability to expand into international markets or harm our operating results. Our solutions are highly complex and may contain software or hardware errors that could harm our reputation and operating results. Our solutions incorporates complex technology, is deployed in a variety of complex hospital environments and must interoperate with many different types of devices and hospital systems. While we test the components of our solutions for defects and errors prior to release, we or our customers may not discover a defect or error until after we have deployed our solution, integrated it into the hospital environment and our customer has commenced general use of the solution. In addition, our solutions in some cases are integrated with hardware and software offered by “middleware” vendors in order to interoperate with nurse call systems, device alarms and other hospital systems. If we cannot successfully integrate our solution with these vendors as needed or if any hardware or software of these vendors contains any defect or error, then our solution may not perform as designed, or may exhibit a defect or error. Any defects or errors in, or which are attributed to, our solutions, could result in: • delayed market acceptance of our affected solutions; loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition; • • loss of customers or inability to attract new customers; • diversion of engineering or other resources for remedying the defect or error; 20 Table of Contents • damage to our brand and reputation; • • increased service and warranty costs; and legal actions by our customers and hospital patients, including product liability claims. If any of these occur, our operating results and reputation could be harmed. We face potential liability related to the privacy and security of personal information collected through our solutions. In connection with our healthcare communications business, we handle and have access to personal health information subject in the United States to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, regulations issued pursuant to these statutes, state privacy and security laws and regulations, and associated contractual obligations as a “business associate” of healthcare providers. These statutes, regulations and contractual obligations impose numerous requirements regarding the use and disclosure of personal health information with which we must comply. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application or interpretation of these statutes, regulations and contractual obligations as we develop our solutions, a failure by us to comply with their requirements (e.g., evolving encryption and security requirements) or an allegation that defects in our products have resulted in noncompliance by our customers could create material civil and/or criminal liability for us, resulting in adverse publicity and negatively affecting our business. In addition, the use and disclosure of personal health information is subject to regulation in other jurisdictions in which we do business or expect to do business in the future. Those jurisdictions may attempt to apply such laws extraterritorially or through treaties or other arrangements with U.S. governmental entities. We might unintentionally violate such laws, such laws may be modified and new laws may be enacted in the future which may increase the chance that we violate them. Any such developments, or developments stemming from enactment or modification of other laws, or the failure by us to comply with their requirements or to accurately anticipate the application or interpretation of these laws could create material liability to us, result in adverse publicity and negatively affect our business. For example, the European Union, or EU, adopted the Data Protection Directive, or DPD, imposing strict regulations and establishing a series of requirements regarding the storage of personally identifiable information on computers or recorded on other electronic media. This has been implemented by all EU member states through national laws. DPD provides for specific regulations requiring all non-EU countries doing business with EU member states to provide adequate data privacy protection when receiving personal data from any of the EU member states. Similarly, Canada’s Personal Information and Protection of Electronic Documents Act provides Canadian residents with privacy protections in regard to transactions with businesses and organizations in the private sector and sets out ground rules for how private sector organizations may collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial activities. A finding that we have failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations regarding the collection, use and disclosure of personal information could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and negatively affect our business. Any legislation or regulation in the area of privacy and security of personal information could affect the way we operate our services and could harm our business. The costs of compliance with, and the other burdens imposed by, these and other laws or regulatory actions may prevent us from selling our solutions or increase the costs associated with selling our solutions, and may affect our ability to invest in or jointly develop solutions in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. Further, we cannot assure you that our privacy and security policies and practices will be found sufficient to protect us from liability or adverse publicity relating to the privacy and security of personal information. The failure of our equipment lease customers to pay us under leasing agreements with them that we do not sell to third party lease finance companies could harm our revenue and operating results. In 2012 we began offering our badges and related hardware accessories to our customers through multi-year equipment lease agreements. In connection with each sale, we recognize product-related revenue at the net present value of the lease payment stream once our obligations related to such sale have been met. We plan to sell the bulk of these leases, including the related accounts receivables, to third party lease finance companies on a non-recourse basis. We will have to retain unsold leases in-house, which will expose us to the creditworthiness of such equipment lease customers over the lease term. For the leases that we retain in-house, our ability to collect payments from a customer or to recognize revenue for the sale could be impaired if the customer fails to meet its obligations to us such as in the case of its bankruptcy filing or deterioration in its financial position, or has other creditworthiness issues, any of which could harm our revenue and operating results. Our use of open source and non-commercial software components could impose risks and limitations on our ability to commercialize our solutions. 21 Table of Contents Our solutions contain software modules licensed under open source and other types of non-commercial licenses, including the GNU Public License, the GNU Lesser Public License, the Apache License and others. We also may incorporate open source and other licensed software into our solutions in the future. Use and distribution of such software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as licenses of these types generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some of these licenses require the release of our proprietary source code to the public if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in certain manners. This could allow competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately result in a loss of sales for us. The terms of many open source and other non-commercial licenses have not been judicially interpreted and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. In such event, in order to continue offering our solutions, we could be required to seek licenses from alternative licensors, which may not be available on a commercially reasonable basis or at all, to re-engineer our solutions or to discontinue the sale of our solutions in the event we cannot obtain a license or re-engineer our solutions on a timely basis, any of which could harm our business and operating results. In addition, if an owner of licensed software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the corresponding license agreement, we could incur significant legal costs defending ourselves against such allegations. In the event such claims were successful, we could be subject to significant damages, be required to disclose our source code, or be enjoined from the distribution of our solutions. Claims of intellectual property infringement could harm our business. Vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights has resulted in protracted and expensive litigation for many companies in our industry. Although claims of this kind have not materially affected our business to date, there can be no assurance of the absence of such claims in the future. Any claims or proceedings against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, result in the diversion of significant operational resources, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, any of which could harm our business and operating results. Intellectual property lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties due to the complexity of the technical issues involved, and we cannot be certain that we will be successful in defending ourselves against intellectual property claims. In addition, we currently have a limited portfolio of issued patents compared to many other industry participants, and therefore may not be able to effectively utilize our intellectual property portfolio to assert defenses or counterclaims in response to patent infringement claims or litigation brought against us by third parties. Further, litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant products and against whom our potential patents may provide little or no deterrence. Many potential litigants have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. Furthermore, a successful claimant could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or prevents us from distributing certain solutions or performing certain services. We might also be required to seek a license and pay royalties for the use of such intellectual property, which may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Alternatively, we may be required to develop non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and may ultimately not be successful. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce our rights. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We protect our proprietary technology through patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws in the United States and similar laws in other countries. We also protect our proprietary technology through licensing agreements, nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions. These protections may not be available in all cases or may be inadequate to prevent our competitors from copying, reverse engineering or otherwise obtaining and using our technology, proprietary rights or solutions in an unauthorized manner. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. In addition, third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate or circumvent our patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets, or applications for any of the foregoing. Our competitors may independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent, or superior, to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. In each case, our ability to compete could be significantly impaired. To prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, it may be necessary to prosecute actions for infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights. Any such action could result in significant costs and diversion of our resources and 22 Table of Contents management's attention, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in such action. Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights than us. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our intellectual property. While we plan to continue to protect our intellectual property with, among other things, patent protection, there can be no assurance that: current or future U.S. or foreign patent applications will be approved; • • our issued patents will protect our intellectual property and not be held invalid or unenforceable if challenged by third parties; • we will succeed in protecting our technology adequately in all key jurisdictions in which we or our competitors operate; or • others will not independently develop similar or competing products or methods or design around any patents that may be issued to us. Our failure to obtain patents with claims of a scope necessary to cover our technology, or the invalidation of our patents, or our inability to protect any of our intellectual property, may weaken our competitive position and harm our business and operating results. We might be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity of our proprietary rights. Any litigation, whether or not it is resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, which may harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Some of our solutions are and others could become subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or similar foreign agencies, which could increase our operating costs. We provide products that may become subject to regulation by the FDA, and similar agencies in other countries, or the jurisdiction of these agencies could be expanded in the future to include our solutions. The FDA regulates certain products, including software-based products, as “medical devices” based, in part, on the intended use of the product and the risk the device poses to the patient should the device fail to perform properly. Although we have concluded that our wireless badge is a general-purpose communications device not subject to FDA regulation, the FDA could disagree with our conclusion, or changes in our solutions or the FDA’s evolving regulation could lead to FDA regulation of our solutions. If these products were deemed to be medical devices, they would be subject to the 2.3% excise tax under the Affordable Care Act. Canada and many other countries in which we sell or may sell our solutions could also have similar regulations applicable to our solutions, some of which may be subject to change or interpretation. We may incur substantial operating costs if we are required to register our solutions or components of our solutions as regulated medical devices under U.S. or foreign regulations, obtain premarket approval from the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies, and satisfy the extensive reporting requirements. In addition, failure to comply with these regulations could result in enforcement actions and monetary penalties. A clinical communications product acquired from mVisum, Inc. is regulated by the FDA as a Class II medical device. Product liability or other liability claims could cause us to incur significant costs, adversely affect the sales of our solutions and harm our reputation. Our solutions are utilized by healthcare professionals and others in the course of providing patient care. It is possible that patients, family members, physicians, nurses or others may allege we are responsible for harm to patients or healthcare professionals due to defects in, the malfunction of, the characteristics of, or the operation of, our solutions. Any such allegations could harm our reputation and ability to sell our solutions. Components of our solutions utilizing Wi-Fi also emit radio frequency, or RF, energy. RF emissions have been alleged, in connection with cellular phones, to have adverse health consequences. While these components of our solutions comply with guidelines applicable to such emissions, some may allege that these components of our solutions cause adverse health consequences or applicable guidelines may change making these components of our solutions non-compliant. Regulatory agencies in the United States and other countries in which we do or plan to do business may implement regulations concerning RF emissions standards. In addition, healthcare professionals have alleged and may allege in the future that magnets in our badges may emit electromagnetic radiation or otherwise interfere with implanted medical or other devices. Any such allegations or non-compliance, or any regulatory developments, including any changes affecting the transmission of radio signals, could negatively impact the sales of our solutions, require costly modifications to our solutions and harm our reputation. Although our customer agreements contain terms and conditions, including disclaimers of liability, that are intended to reduce or eliminate our potential liability, we could be required to spend significant amounts of management time and resources to defend ourselves against product liability, tort, warranty or other claims. If any such claims were to prevail, we could be forced 23 Table of Contents to pay damages, comply with injunctions or stop distributing our solutions. Even if potential claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending against these claims could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management's attention away from our business. We maintain general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors and omissions; however, this coverage may not be sufficient to cover large claims against us or otherwise continue to be available on acceptable terms. Further, the insurer could attempt to disclaim coverage as to any particular claim. Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as power disruptions or terrorism. Our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity, and many critical components of our solutions are sourced in Asia and Mexico, regions known to suffer natural disasters. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or a flood, occurring at our headquarters, our other facilities or where our contract manufacturer or its suppliers are located, could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our business, the businesses of our customers and suppliers, or the economy as a whole. We also rely on information technology systems to communicate among our workforce located worldwide, and in particular, our senior management, general and administrative, and research and development activities that are coordinated with our corporate headquarters in the San Francisco Bay Area. Any disruption to our internal communications, whether caused by a natural disaster or by man-made problems, such as power disruptions, in the San Francisco Bay Area, Asia or Mexico could delay our research and development efforts, cause delays or cancellations of customer orders or delay deployment of our solutions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We may require additional capital to support our business growth, and such capital may not be available. We intend to continue to make investments to support business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, which include the need to develop new solutions or enhance existing solutions, enhance our operating infrastructure, expand our sales and marketing capabilities, expand into non-healthcare markets, and acquire complementary businesses, technologies or assets. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financing to secure funds. Equity and debt financing, however, might not be available when needed or, if available, might not be available on terms satisfactory to us. If we raise additional funds through equity financing, our stockholders may experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve covenants restricting our operations or our ability to incur additional debt. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited as we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some or all of our initiatives, which could harm our operating results. As an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and may, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure and governance requirements. As an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and may, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure and governance requirements. For example, for so long as we are an emerging growth company, which can last, at most, until the first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering, we will not be required to: • have our independent registered public accounting firm report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the • Sarbanes-Oxley Act; comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements; • provide the “compensation discussion and analysis” and certain compensation tables for our named executive officers in our Form 10-K or annual proxy statement; and submit certain executive compensation matters to stockholder advisory votes, such as “say on pay” and “say on frequency.” • We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years. However, if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30th of any year, we could cease to be an “emerging growth company” as of the following December 31st. This threshold was not reached for June 30, 2013. After exceeding the threshold, as of each fiscal year end, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to evaluate and report on our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. While management has established plans to accommodate the additional assessment and attestation procedures and related costs of Section 404(b) compliance, we may incur additional costs or require additional management time to comply with Section 404(b) in a timely manner. 24 Table of Contents If we do not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures in the future, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting annually and disclosure controls and procedures quarterly. In particular, beginning with the year ending on December 31, 2013, we must obtain confidence in our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. To the extent we find a material weakness or other deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected. Multiple negative consequences could ensue if a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting is identified in the future, or we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or we do not maintain effective controls. For example, our reported financial results could be materially misstated or could be restated, we could receive an adverse opinion regarding our controls from our independent registered public accounting firm (once such opinion is required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act), or we could be subject to investigations or sanctions by regulatory authorities. All of these outcomes would require additional financial and management resources, and the market price of our stock could decline. We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company and our management will have to devote substantial time to public company compliance obligations. As a public company, we will continue to incur substantial legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will continue to incur substantial expenses even though we as an “emerging growth company” may rely upon the disclosure and governance exemptions under the JOBS Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and our stock exchange, impose various requirements on public companies, including changes in corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance requirements and any new requirements that the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 may impose on public companies. Moreover, these rules and regulations, along with compliance with accounting principles and regulatory interpretations of such principles, as amended by the JOBS Act, have increased and will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs and have made and will continue to make some activities more time- consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We face risks related to securities litigation that could result in significant legal expenses and settlement or damage awards. We are currently, and may in the future become, subject to claims and litigation alleging violations of the securities laws or other related claims, which could harm our business and require us to incur significant costs. For example, on August 1, 2013 and August 21, 2013, purported securities class actions were filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against us and certain of our officers, our board of directors, a former director and the underwriters for our initial public offering. The suits purport to allege claims for allegedly misleading statements in the registration statement for our initial public offering and in subsequent communications regarding our business and financial results. Regardless of the outcome, these matters or future litigation may require significant attention from management and could result in significant legal expenses, settlement costs or damage awards that could have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Compliance with the SEC's new rule for disclosures on sourcing of "conflict minerals" may be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our reputation. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC has adopted a new rule that applies to companies that use certain minerals and metals, known as conflict minerals, in their products, including certain products manufactured for them by third parties. The new rule will require companies that use conflict minerals in the production of their products to conduct diligence as to whether or not such minerals originate from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and to file certain information with the SEC about the use of these minerals. We will incur additional costs to comply with the due diligence and disclosure requirements. In addition, depending upon our findings, or our inability to make reliable findings, about the source of any conflict minerals that we use, our reputation could be harmed. The first conflict minerals report is due June 2, 2014. To date, we have not incurred any material incremental costs, but we may in the future. Risks related to our common stock The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and your investment in our stock could suffer a decline in value. 25 Table of Contents There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of equity securities, which is often unrelated or disproportionate to the financial performance of the companies issuing the securities. These broad market fluctuations may negatively affect the market price of our common stock. The market price of our common stock could fluctuate significantly in response to the factors described in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Form 10-K and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, including: • • • • actual or anticipated variation in anticipated operating results of us or our competitors; the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections; announcements by us or our competitors of new solutions, new or terminated significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments; failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation; announced or completed acquisitions of businesses, technologies or assets by us or our competitor; changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular; • developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights; • • • • price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our common stock; • our public float relative to the total number of shares of our common stock that are issued and outstanding; • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole; • • • unfavorable economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets; and • other events or factors, including those resulting from war or incidents of terrorism. rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry; any major change in our management; If securities or industry analysts issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock or do not publish research or reports about our business, our stock price could decline. The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more analysts downgrade our common stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business. If one or more analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports about our company, we could lose visibility in the financial market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. Further, securities or industry analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The concentration of our capital stock ownership with insiders will likely limit your ability to influence corporate matters. Our executive officers, directors, current 5% or greater stockholders and entities affiliated with any of them together beneficially own approximately 52% of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2013 . These stockholders, if they act together, will have significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders. This concentration of ownership could also limit stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters. Accordingly, corporate actions might be taken even if other stockholders, including you, oppose them, or may not be taken even if other stockholders view them as in the best interests of our stockholders. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company, may make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Our stock price could decline due to the substantial number of outstanding shares of our common stock that are available for sale on the public market. All of our outstanding shares are freely tradable without restrictions or further registration under the federal securities laws, except for shares held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates which are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933 and various vesting agreements. If the holders of substantial amounts of such freely tradable shares sell, or indicate an intention to sell, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Additional shares subject to outstanding warrants, outstanding options and RSUs, or reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive and employee stock purchase plans, could also become available for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. 26 Table of Contents We have never paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We have never paid cash dividends on any of our capital stock and currently intend to retain our future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or change in our management that stockholders consider favorable and cause our stock price to decline. Certain provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or change in our management that the stockholders of our company consider favorable. These provisions: • authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could issue to increase the number of outstanding shares and to discourage a takeover attempt; • prohibit stockholder action by written consent, requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of stockholders; • establish advance notice procedures for nominating candidates to our board of directors or proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings; • limit the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders; • prohibit stockholders from cumulating their votes for the election of directors; • permit newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors or vacancies on our board of directors to be filled only by majority vote of our remaining directors, even if less than a quorum is then in office; • provide that our board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; • • provide that our directors may be removed only for “cause” and only with the approval of the holders of at least 66 2/3rds percent of our establish a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are elected at one time; outstanding stock; and require super-majority voting to amend certain provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws. • Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law may also discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None Item 2. Properties We do not currently own any of our facilities. The following table sets forth the location, approximate size, primary use and lease expiration dates of our leased facilities. Our facilities are in good operating condition and adequately serve our business needs. Location San Jose, California Knoxville, Tennessee San Francisco, California Toronto, Canada Reading, United Kingdom Item 3. Legal Proceedings Approximate square feet 70,000 7,502 3,093 4,260 1,000 Lease expiration date Primary use Corporate headquarters and product warehousing April 1, 2016 Development, sales and support Vocera Care Experience offices Development, sales and support Sales and support March 31, 2016 May 31, 2014 April 30, 2017 December 31, 2014 On August 1, 2013 a purported securities class action entitled Brado v. Vocera Communications Inc., et al . was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against us and certain of our officers, our board of directors, a former director and the underwriters for our initial public offering. A second purported securities class action, entitled Duncan v. Vocera Communications Inc., et al ., was filed on August 21, 2013, also in the Northern District of California, against the same parties. On September 27, 2013, the Court ordered the matters related. The suits purport to allege claims under Sections 11, 12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act of 1934 for 27 Table of Contents allegedly misleading statements in the registration statement for our initial public offering and in subsequent communications regarding our business and financial results. The suits are purportedly brought on behalf of purchasers of our securities between March 28, 2012 and May 3, 2013, and seek compensatory damages, rescission, fees and costs, as well as equitable and injunctive or other relief. The plaintiffs’ motion for consolidation of the actions and for appointment of lead plaintiff has been granted, and we anticipate that the plaintiffs will file an amended consolidated complaint. No response to the current complaints is due at this time. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of this matter. We are unable at this time to determine whether the outcome of the litigation would have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flow. We have not established any reserve for any potential liability relating to this lawsuit. From time to time, we may be involved in other lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment and other matters which arise in the ordinary course of business. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures None. 28 Table of Contents PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VCRA” since March 28, 2012. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. Our initial public offering was priced at $16.00 per share on March 27, 2012. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange: Year ending December 31, 2013 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year ending December 31, 2012 First Quarter (beginning March 28, 2012) Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Holders of Common Stock High 29.47 $ 23.96 $ 19.71 $ 18.99 $ High 24.91 $ 28.15 $ 32.97 $ 31.25 $ Low 21.32 11.99 13.72 14.71 Low 20.20 20.70 24.17 22.11 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ As of March 10, 2014, w e had 80 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities. Dividend policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We expect to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs, plans for expansion and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Stock Performance This stock performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Vocera Communications, Inc. under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. The following stock performance graph compares the cumulative total return provided to holders of the common stock of Vocera Communications, Inc. relative to the cumulative total returns of the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index and the Standard & Poors 1500 Health Care Technology Index since the pricing of the initial public offering of Vocera’s common stock on March 28, 2012. An investment of $100 is assumed to have been made in our common stock and in each of the indexes on March 31, 2012, including reinvestment of dividends, and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2013 . 29 Table of Contents Vocera Communications Inc. NYSE Composite S&P Health Care Technology Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Assumed investment date 3/28/2012 100.00 100.00 100.00 Prior year-end performance 12/31/2012 119.35 105.02 101.94 End of performance period 12/31/2013 74.23 132.62 146.38 During the three months ended December 31, 2013 , we did not repurchase any of our securities. 30 Table of Contents Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data in this section are not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and are qualified in their entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this report. We derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 from our audited financial statements that do not appear in this report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future. (in thousands, except per share data) Consolidated statements of operations data: Total revenue Gross profit Net (loss) income Less: undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities 2013 Years ended December 31, 2011 2010 2012 $ 102,498 $ 64,189 (10,465 ) 100,957 $ 64,336 2,893 79,503 $ 47,996 (2,479 ) 56,803 $ 35,628 1,210 2009 41,139 25,273 (992 ) — (992 ) Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ (10,465 ) $ — (1,366 ) 1,527 $ — (2,479 ) $ (1,210 ) — $ Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders Basic and diluted $(0.43) $0.08 $(0.74) $0.00 $(0.49) Weighted average shares used to compute net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders Basic Diluted (in thousands) Consolidated balance sheet data: Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments Total assets Total borrowings Convertible preferred stock warrant liability Convertible preferred stock Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) 24,621 24,621 17,979 20,608 3,370 3,370 2,223 2,846 2,039 2,039 2013 2012 As of December 31, 2011 2010 2009 $ 127,676 $ 173,107 — — — 125,563 127,510 $ 167,305 — — — 123,125 14,898 $ 49,818 8,333 1,853 53,013 (49,399 ) 8,642 $ 33,933 5,405 1,127 52,758 (50,364 ) 8,931 19,801 1,777 802 52,758 (53,372 ) 31 Table of Contents Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. The cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read as applying to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those set forth under Item 1A, “Risk factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Business overview We are a provider of secure, integrated, intelligent communication solutions, focused on empowering mobile workers in healthcare, hospitality, energy, and other mission-critical mobile work environments, in the U.S. and internationally. Today the significant majority of our business is generated from sales of our solutions in the healthcare market, but we are working to expand our sales and marketing efforts to enter and grow in other markets. We help our healthcare customers improve patient safety and satisfaction, and increase hospital efficiency and productivity through our Communication and Care Experience solutions. These have been installed in more than 1,200 healthcare and non-healthcare organizations worldwide. We outsource the manufacturing of our products. Our outsourced manufacturing model allows us to scale our business without the significant capital investment and on-going expenses required to establish and maintain manufacturing operations. We work closely with our contract manufacturer, SMTC Corporation, and key suppliers to manage the procurement, quality and cost of components. We seek to maintain an optimal level of finished goods inventory to meet our forecast sales and unanticipated shifts in sales volume and mix. We primarily sell products and maintenance services directly to end users. To date, substantially all of our revenue has been derived from sales of our Vocera Communication solution, including product maintenance and related services. Revenue grew 1.5% to $102.5 million in 2013 from $101.0 million in 2012 , and our 2012 revenue grew 27.0% from $79.5 million in 2011 . For the year ended December 31, 2013 we recorded a net loss of $10.5 million . For the year ended December 31, 2012 , we recorded a net income of $2.9 million and net income attributable to common stockholders of $1.5 million . Our diverse customer base ranges from large hospital systems to small local hospitals, as well as other healthcare facilities and customers in non- healthcare markets. We are not reliant on any one customer. For 2013 , our largest end customer represented only 1.1% of revenue. While we have international customers in other English speaking countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia, most of our customers are located in the United States. International customers represented 10.5% and 10.7% of our revenue in 2013 and in 2012 , respectively. We are developing plans to expand our presence in other English speaking markets and enter non-English speaking markets. 2013 was a challenging year for our U.S. hospital customers. Many hospitals responded to the federal budget sequestration in March 2013 by freezing or cutting operating and departmental budgets. These U.S. hospital industry trends affected our ability to expand the adoption of our solutions within existing customers, which has traditionally been a key factor in our revenue growth. At the same time, however, we experienced 19% growth in new customers. New customers most often buy our solutions from capital expenditure budgets, which were less affected than departmental operating budgets. This helped offset the reduced expansion of the use of our solutions within existing customers. Federal hospitals, which include Veterans Administration (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD), were differently affected by these healthcare reform trends. VA hospitals were specifically excluded from the sequester budget cutbacks, and we saw strong growth in VA contracts in the year. The DoD, however, was a primary target of the sequester cuts, which caused active military hospitals to cut spending budgets. We experienced strong growth from international hospitals in 2013, although it is a small portion of our current revenues, as is our non-healthcare business in hospitality, energy and other industries with mobile workers. Entering 2014, the rules, dates and actual impact of critical parts of the Affordable Care Act and other healthcare reform legislation remain uncertain based on the significant changes in 2013. We believe many U.S. hospitals are maintaining their cautious outlook for revenue and budgeting into 2014. At the same time, we further believe that productivity, safety and patient satisfaction are top priorities for many hospitals. With the new customer demand we experienced in 2013 for our core Vocera Communication System, plus several new products being introduced in 2014, we believe we are well positioned to help hospitals achieve those objectives. 32 Table of Contents Components of operating results Revenue. We generate revenue from the sale of products and services. As discussed further in the section titled “Critical accounting policies and estimates—Revenue recognition and deferred revenue” below, revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Revenue is comprised of the following: • Product. Our solutions include both hardware and software. We refer to hardware revenue as device revenue, which includes revenue from sales of our communication badges, badge accessories, including batteries, battery chargers, lanyards, clips and other ancillary badge components. Software revenue is derived primarily from the sale of perpetual licenses to our Vocera Communication System. We derive additional software revenue from the sale of term licenses or services provided, which can be renewed on a subscription basis. Product revenue is generally recognized upon shipment of hardware and perpetual licenses and, in the case of term licenses or subscription services, ratably over the applicable term. • Service. We receive service revenue from sales of software maintenance, extended hardware warranties and professional services. Software maintenance is typically invoiced annually in advance, recorded as deferred revenue, and recognized as revenue ratably over the service period. Our professional services revenue is based on both time and materials, and fixed price contracts, and is recognized as the services are provided. Extended warranties are invoiced in advance, recorded as deferred revenue, and recognized ratably over the extended warranty period. Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue is comprised of the following: • Cost of product. Cost of product is comprised primarily of materials costs, software license costs, write-offs for excess and obsolete inventory, warranty, and manufacturing overhead costs for test engineering, material requirements planning and our shipping and receiving functions. These overhead costs also include facilities, equipment depreciation, amortization of developed technology and stock-based compensation expenses. We expect material costs to vary with the product life cycle of our devices. Cost of service. Cost of service is comprised primarily of employee wages, benefits and related personnel expenses of our technical support team, our professional consulting personnel and our training teams. Cost of service also includes facility and information technology costs. We expect our cost of service will increase as we continue to invest in support services to meet the needs of our customer base. Operating expenses. Operating expenses are comprised of the following: • Research and development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee wages, benefits and related personnel expenses, hardware materials, and consultant fees and expenses related to the design, development, testing and enhancements of our solutions. We intend to continue to invest in improving the functionality of our solutions and the development of new solutions. As a result, we expect research and development expense to increase for the foreseeable future. • Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee wages, benefits and related personnel expenses, as well as trade shows, marketing programs and collateral and public relations programs. Sales commissions are earned when an order is received from a customer, and as a result, in some cases these commissions are expensed in an earlier period than the period in which the related revenue is recognized. Historically, our bookings have tended to peak in the fourth quarter of each year driving higher sales commissions, and to be lowest in the first quarter. We intend to continue to expand our direct sales force, invest in sales support functions and new marketing programs for the foreseeable future, and accordingly, expect sales and marketing expenses to increase. • General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee wages, benefits and related personnel expenses, consulting, accounting fees, legal fees and other general corporate expenses. We expect general and administrative expense to increase for the foreseeable future due to the significant costs we expect to incur as we continue to build and maintain the infrastructure necessary to comply with the regulatory requirements of being a public company and as we add personnel to support our growth. Interest income, interest expense and other income (expense), net. • Interest income. Interest income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalent and short-term investment balances. Our interest income will vary each reporting period depending on our average cash, cash equivalent and short-term investment balances during the period and market interest rates. 33 Table of Contents • Interest expense . Interest expense includes interest expense related to debt and financing obligations resulting from our credit facility and security agreement, which was paid off in full on April 3, 2012. Since then interest expense has been immaterial, but could potentially fluctuate in the future with changes in our borrowings. • Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net consists primarily of income from a stipend for market research regarding the industry in which our company operates that we provided to a market research firm, and the change in the fair value of our convertible preferred stock warrants. Our convertible preferred stock warrants were classified as liabilities and, as such, were marked-to-market at each balance sheet date with the corresponding gain or loss from the adjustment recorded as other income (expense), net. Upon the consummation of our initial public offering, on April 2, 2012, these warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock and are no longer marked-to- market. Other income (expense), net also includes any foreign exchange gains and losses. Provision for income taxes. We are subject to income taxes in the countries where we sell our solutions. We anticipate that in the future as we expand our sale of solutions to customers outside the United States, we will become subject to taxation based on the foreign statutory rates in the countries where these sales took place and our effective tax rate could fluctuate accordingly. Currently, each of our international subsidiaries is operating under cost plus agreements where the U.S. parent company reimburses the international subsidiary for its costs plus an arm's length profit. Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances have been established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount reasonably expected to be realized. Changes in valuation allowances are reflected as component of provision for income taxes. At December 31, 2013 , we held a $21.0 million valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. We review on a quarterly basis our conclusions about the appropriate amount of its deferred income tax asset valuation allowance. 34 Table of Contents Results of operations The following table is a summary of our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 . (in thousands, except percentages) Consolidated statements of operations data: Revenue Product Service Total revenue Cost of revenue Product Service Total cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total operating expenses (Loss) income from operations Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net (Loss) income before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net (loss) income Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 Amount % Revenue Amount % Revenue Amount % Revenue $ 62,393 40,105 102,498 60.9 % $ 39.1 100.0 65,028 35,929 100,957 64.4 % $ 50,322 29,181 35.6 79,503 100.0 63.3 % 36.7 100.0 21,714 16,595 38,309 64,189 21.2 16.2 37.4 62.6 14,915 44,928 14,906 74,749 (10,560 ) 257 — (53 ) (10,356 ) (109 ) $ (10,465 ) 14.6 43.8 14.5 72.9 (10.3 ) 0.3 — (0.1 ) (10.1 ) (0.1 ) (10.2 )% $ 21,551 15,070 36,621 64,336 11,618 33,432 14,390 59,440 4,896 171 (84 ) (1,463 ) 3,520 (627 ) 2,893 21.3 14.9 36.3 63.7 11.5 33.1 14.3 58.9 4.8 0.2 (0.1 ) (1.4 ) 3.5 (0.6 ) 2.9 % $ 17,465 14,042 31,507 47,996 9,335 28,151 11,316 48,802 (806 ) 17 (332 ) (1,073 ) (2,194 ) (285 ) (2,479 ) 22.0 17.7 39.6 60.4 11.7 35.4 14.2 61.4 (1.0 ) — (0.4 ) (1.3 ) (2.8 ) (0.4 ) (3.1 )% Years ended December 31, 2013 compared to December 31, 2012 Revenue: (in thousands, except percentages) Product Revenue Device Software Total product revenue Service revenue Maintenance and support Professional services and training Total service revenue Total revenue Total revenue increased $1.5 million, or 1.5%, from 2012 to 2013. Years ended December 31, 2013 Amount 2012 Amount Change Amount % 46,636 $ 15,757 62,393 47,725 $ 17,303 65,028 (1,089 ) (1,546 ) (2,635 ) (2.3 )% (8.9 ) (4.1 ) 31,559 8,546 40,105 102,498 $ 26,237 9,692 35,929 100,957 $ 5,322 (1,146 ) 4,176 1,541 20.3 (11.8 ) 11.6 1.5 $ $ 35 Table of Contents Product revenue decreased $2.6 million, or 4.1% in 2013. Device revenue decreased $1.1 million, or 2.3%, and software revenue decreased $1.5 million, or 8.9%. The 2013 decrease in device revenue, which related entirely to our Vocera Communication solution, was due primarily to a decrease in the average selling price for badges and, to a lesser extent, a slight decrease in the number of badges sold. The lower average selling price was primarily a result of a promotion in the second quarter of 2013. The list prices for our products did not change substantially in 2013. The 2013 decrease in software revenue was primarily due to a decrease in the number of server license seats sold for customer expansions for our Voice Communication solution. We believe this decrease is due to the impact on hospital operating budgets from the federal budget sequestration in March 2013 and uncertainty around the impact of healthcare reform within the US healthcare market, resulting in greater scrutiny of expenses and elongation of the sales cycle. Service revenue increased $4.2 million, or 11.6% in 2013. Software maintenance and support revenue increased $5.3 million, or 20.3%, and professional services and training revenue decreased $1.1 million, or 11.8%. The 2013 increase in software maintenance and support revenue was primarily a result of a larger customer base but also included $2.1 million from extended warranty contracts. The 2013 decrease in professional services and training revenue was due to a reduction in the number of deployments completed in 2013, particularly related to our existing customer base. Cost of revenue: (in thousands, except percentages) Cost of revenue Product Service Total cost of revenue Gross margin Product Service Total gross margin Years ended December 31, 2013 Amount 2012 Amount Change Amount % $ $ 21,714 16,595 38,309 $ $ 21,551 15,070 36,621 $ $ 163 1,525 1,688 0.8 % 10.1 4.6 65.2 % 58.6 62.6 66.9 % 58.1 63.7 (1.7 )% 0.5 (1.1 ) Cost of product revenue increased $0.2 million, or 0.8%, from 2012 to 2013. This increase was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in warranty expenses and a $0.7 million increase in overhead expenses, offset by decreases in product costs of $2.3 million due to lower per unit material and manufacturing costs as a result of increased unit volume. The increase in warranty expenses was primarily based on a manufacturing defect impacting a discrete batch of badges, resulting in an increase in warranty expense of $0.7 million. Cost of service revenue increased $1.5 million, or 10.1%, from 2012 to 2013. This increase was primarily due to a $1.2 million increase in employee wages and other personnel costs in our technical support and professional services organizations to support growth in customer deployments and in our installed base. Operating expenses: (in thousands, except percentages) Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total operating expenses Years ended December 31, 2013 Amount 2012 Amount Change Amount % $ $ 14,915 $ 44,928 14,906 74,749 $ 11,618 $ 33,432 14,390 59,440 $ 3,297 11,496 516 15,309 28.4 % 34.4 3.6 25.8 Research and development expense . Research and development expense increased $3.3 million, or 28.4%, from 2012 to 2013. This increase was primarily due to an increase in employee wages and other personnel related costs of $2.3 million, a $0.4 million increase in stock compensation expenses and $0.4 million increase in other support costs. Headcount in our research and development organization increased from 59 employees at December 31, 2012 to 71 employees at December 31, 2013. Sales and marketing expense. Sales and marketing expense increased $11.5 million, or 34.4%, from 2012 to 2013. This increase was primarily due to a $6.6 million increase in employee wages and other personnel costs, a $1.7 million increase in 36 Table of Contents stock compensation expenses, a $1.3 million increase in travel, a $1.6 million increase in marketing expenses and a $0.8 million increase in outside services, offset by a $0.5 million decrease in equipment and supplies. Headcount in our sales and marketing organization increased from 136 employees at December 31, 2012 to 153 employees at December 31, 2013. General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense increased $0.5 million, or 3.6%, from 2012 to 2013. This increase was due to a $1.7 million increase in stock compensation expense, a $0.6 million increase in employee wages and other personnel costs, a $0.2 million increase in outside services, offset by a $1.7 million decrease of bonus accrual and a $0.2 million decrease in administrative/other. Headcount in our general and administrative organization increased from 44 employees at December 31, 2012 to 51 employees at December 31, 2013. (in thousands, except percentages) Non-operating income (expense) elements: Interest income Interest expense Other (expense) income, net Income taxes: Provision for income taxes (Loss) income before income taxes Effective tax rate % Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 Change $ $ 257 — (53 ) $ 171 (84 ) (1,463 ) 86 84 1,410 (109 ) (10,356 ) (1.1 )% (627 ) 3,520 17.8 % 518 (13,876 ) (18.9 )% Interest income. Interest income increased $0.1 million from 2012 to 2013 due to higher cash balances from the proceeds of our initial public offering and follow-on offering completed in 2012. Interest expense. Interest expense decreased $0.1 million from 2012 to 2013 as we paid all outstanding debt upon completion of our initial public offering. Other income (expense), net. Other expense decreased $1.4 million from 2012 to 2013 as 2012 included $1.6 million of expense related to the fair market value of convertible preferred stock warrants. This decrease was offset by a $0.1 million increase in interest expense related to our lease financing program and a $0.1 million increase in foreign exchange losses. Provision for income taxes. The $0.1 million provision on $10.4 million of pretax loss in 2013 represented a negative effective tax rate of 1.1%. For 2012, the provision of $0.6 million on the consolidated pretax income of $3.5 million represented an effective tax rate of 17.8%. The negative effective tax rate for 2013 was due primarily to the impact of pre-tax losses in the U.S. operations, offset by income taxes from foreign operations. The effective tax rate of 17.8% for 2012 is due primarily to the impact of the utilization of the valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets, together with permanent tax adjustments for stock options. Years ended December 31, 2012 compared to December 31, 2011 Revenue: (in thousands, except percentages) Product Revenue Device Software Total product revenue Service revenue Maintenance and support Professional services and training Total service revenue Total revenue Years ended December 31, 2012 Amount 2011 Amount Change Amount % $ 47,725 $ 17,303 65,028 37,088 $ 13,234 50,322 10,637 4,069 14,706 28.7 % 30.7 29.2 26,237 9,692 35,929 100,957 $ 21,439 7,742 29,181 79,503 $ 4,798 1,950 6,748 21,454 22.4 25.2 23.1 27.0 $ 37 Table of Contents Total revenue increased $21.5 million, or 27.0%, from 2011 to 2012. Product revenue increased $14.7 million, or 29.2% in 2012. Device revenue increased $10.6 million, or 28.7%, and software revenue increased $4.1 million, or 30.7%. The 2012 increase in device revenue, which related entirely to our Vocera Communication solution, was driven by an increase in unit sales of badges and related accessories from new customers making initial purchases, existing customers expanding deployments within their facilities to new departments and users, and customers replacing badges. The list prices for our products did not change substantially in 2012. The 2012 increase in software revenue was comprised of $3.5 million from an increase in the sale of licenses of our Vocera Communication solution to new and existing customers and $0.6 million from other software revenue. Service revenue increased $6.7 million, or 23.1% in 2012. Software maintenance and support revenue increased $4.8 million, or 22.4%, and professional services and training revenue increased $2.0 million, or 25.2%. The 2012 increase in software maintenance and support revenue was primarily a result of a larger customer base but also included $1.0 million from extended warranty contracts and $0.3 million from other software services. The 2012 increase in professional services and training revenue included $0.9 million as a result of an increase in the number of new deployments and expansions of our Vocera Communication solution. The remaining increase in professional services and training revenue of $0.9 million was from other service offerings. Cost of revenue: (in thousands, except percentages) Cost of revenue Product Service Total cost of revenue Gross margin Product Service Total gross margin Years ended December 31, 2012 Amount 2011 Amount Change Amount % $ $ 21,551 15,070 36,621 $ $ 17,465 14,042 31,507 $ $ 4,086 1,028 5,114 23.4 % 7.3 16.2 66.9 % 58.1 63.7 65.3 % 51.9 60.4 1.6 % 6.2 3.3 Cost of product revenue increased $4.1 million, or 23.4%, from 2011 to 2012. This increase was primarily due to the higher product revenue, offset by decreases due to lower per unit material and manufacturing costs as a result of increased unit volume and lower warranty expenses in 2012 due to lower return rates on our B3000 badge compared to the B2000 badge and to lower cost estimates for refurbishment and replacement alternatives. In 2011, we recorded a $0.6 million provision for excess inventory of the Vocera Wi-Fi smartphone due to quantities-on-hand exceeding forecast demand. Excluding the excess inventory charge, product gross margins in 2011 would have been only 0.4% lower than those realized in 2012. Cost of service revenue increased $1.0 million, or 7.3%, from 2011 to 2012. This increase was primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in employee wages and other personnel costs in our technical support and professional services organizations to support growth in customer deployments and in our installed base. Headcount in our services organization increased from 71 employees at December 31, 2011 to 80 employees at December 31, 2012. Operating expenses: (in thousands, except percentages) Operating expenses Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total operating expenses Years ended December 31, 2012 Amount 2011 Amount Change Amount % $ $ 11,618 $ 33,432 14,390 59,440 $ 9,335 $ 28,151 11,316 48,802 $ 2,283 5,281 3,074 10,638 24.5 % 18.8 27.2 21.8 Research and development expense . Research and development expense increased $2.3 million, or 24.5%, from 2011 to 2012. This increase was primarily due to an increase in employee wages and other personnel related costs of $1.6 million, a $0.3 38 Table of Contents million increase in stock compensation expenses and $0.4 million increase in other support costs. Headcount in our research and development organization increased from 50 employees at December 31, 2011 to 59 employees at December 31, 2012. Sales and marketing expense. Sales and marketing expense increased $5.3 million, or 18.8%, from 2011 to 2012. This increase was primarily due to a $4.1 million increase in employee wages and other personnel costs to support corporate marketing and sales efforts, a $1.0 million increase in stock compensation expenses, $0.4 million increase in travel, $0.5 million increase in other support, offset by a $0.7 million decrease in brand and product launch expenses associated with the B3000 release in 2011. Headcount in our sales and marketing organization increased from 115 employees at December 31, 2011 to 136 employees at December 31, 2012. General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense increased $3.1 million, or 27.2%, from 2011 to 2012. This increase was due to a $2.9 million increase in employee wages and other personnel costs, a $0.6 million increase in stock compensation expense, a $0.4 million increase in outside services costs as we prepared to become a public company, partially offset by a $0.8 million decrease in other support costs. Headcount in our general and administrative organization increased from 35 employees at December 31, 2011 to 44 employees at December 31, 2012. (in thousands, except percentages) Non-operating income (expense) elements: Interest income Interest expense Other (expense) income, net Income taxes: Provision for income taxes Income (loss) before income taxes Effective tax rate % Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 Change $ $ 171 (84 ) (1,463 ) $ 17 (332 ) (1,073 ) (627 ) 3,520 17.8 % (285 ) (2,194 ) (13.0 )% 154 248 (390 ) (342 ) 5,714 30.8 % Interest income. Interest income increased $0.2 million from 2011 to 2012 due to higher cash balances from the proceeds of our initial public offering and follow-on offering completed in 2012. Interest expense. Interest expense decreased $0.2 million from 2011 to 2012 as we paid all outstanding debt upon completion of our initial public offering. Other income (expense), net. The $0.4 million increase in other expense from 2011 to 2012 is due to a $0.7 million increase in fair market value of the convertible preferred stock warrants offset by a $0.2 million increase in other income and a $0.1 million decrease in foreign exchange losses. Provision for income taxes. The $0.6 million provision on $3.5 million of pretax income in 2012 represented an effective tax rate of 17.8%. For 2011, the provision of $0.3 million on the consolidated pretax loss of $2.2 million represented a negative effective rate of 13.0%. The lower-than- normal 17.8% rate for 2012 was due primarily to the impact of the utilization of the valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets, together with permanent tax adjustments for stock options. The negative 13.0% rate for 2011 is due primarily to the increase in the valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets, together with tax liabilities in the foreign subsidiaries. Liquidity and capital resources (in thousands) Consolidated statements of cash flow data: Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ (1,259 ) $ (56,717 ) 5,107 (52,869 ) $ 12,294 $ (37,532 ) 102,861 77,623 $ 5,512 (2,454 ) 3,198 6,256 As of December 31, 2013 , we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $127.7 million and no debt. 39 Table of Contents On April 2, 2012, we completed our initial public offering in which we and existing stockholders sold 6,727,500 shares of common stock at $16.00 per share, before underwriting discounts and commissions. We sold 5,000,000 shares and existing stockholders sold an aggregate of 1,727,500 shares, including 877,500 shares as a result of the underwriters’ exercise of their over-allotment option. We recorded net proceeds of $70.5 million from the initial public offering, after subtraction of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, and offering expenses incurred in both 2011 and 2012. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by existing stockholders in our initial public offering. On September 12, 2012, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we and existing stockholders sold 5,548,750 shares of common stock at $28.75 per share, before underwriting discounts and commissions. We sold 1,337,500 shares and existing stockholders sold an aggregate of 4,211,250 shares, including an aggregate of 723,750 shares as a result of the underwriters' exercise of their over-allotment option. We received net proceeds of approximately $36.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses of the offering. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by existing stockholders in our follow-on public offering. We have also financed a portion of our operations and acquisitions with term loans, equipment lines of credit and revolving lines of credit. In January 2009, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Comerica Bank, N.A., or Comerica, which was subsequently amended in February 2010 and December 2010. These amendments renewed the working capital line of credit for $5.0 million, and increased the term loan facility from $2.0 million to $5.0 million. In April 2012, we used a portion of the proceeds from our initial public offering to pay in full the outstanding revolving line of credit of $4.5 million and the outstanding term loan balance of $3.3 million. We allowed this line of credit to expire in April 2012. Proceeds from transfers of our sales-type leases to third-party financial companies are allocated between the net investment in sales-type leases and the executory cost component for remaining service obligations based on relative present value. The difference between the amount of proceeds allocated to the net investment in lease and the carrying value of the net investment in lease is included in product revenue. Proceeds allocated to the executory cost components are accounted for as financing liabilities. We are not a capital-intensive business, nor do we expect to be in the future. During 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , our purchases of property and equipment were $3.8 million, $2.6 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The expenditures in 2013 included completion of the first phase of our ERP implementation in August 2013 and build out of additional leased space available in April 2013. The expenditures in 2012 included progress to date on our ERP implementation, as well as spending to support headcount growth with computer and equipment needs. The expenditures in 2011 primarily related to leasehold improvements and computer equipment to support the increase in our headcount and B3000 production equipment. We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will satisfy our anticipated working capital and capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. Our future liquidity and capital requirements will depend upon numerous factors, including our rate of growth, the rate at which we add personnel to generate and support future growth, and potential future acquisitions. In the future, we may seek to sell additional equity securities or borrow funds. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities or other borrowings, these securities or borrowings could have rights senior to those of our common stock and could contain covenants that could restrict our operations. Any required additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. Operating activities Cash used by operating activities was $1.3 million in 2013, due in part to the 2013 net loss of $10.5 million , together with inventory growth of $3.0 million attributable to downward revision of projections for our 2013 shipments which did not significantly reduce the lagged inventory receipt commitments until year-end , accounts receivable growth of $1.9 million , and decrease in accrued and other liabilities of $1.9 million . These were partially offset by non-cash items, including stock-based compensation of $8.7 million , higher than in 2012, and depreciation of property and equipment and intangibles amortization of $2.5 million . Additional offset was provided by the increase in deferred revenues of $4.2 million and the increase of $0.7 million in accounts payable. Cash provided by operating activities was $12.3 million in 2012, due in part to net income in 2012 of $2.9 million, based on 3.3% higher gross margins on a 27% increase in revenues. Operating cash flow also excludes the following non-cash items: depreciation of property and equipment and intangibles amortization of $2.6 million, the mark-to-market valuation of preferred stock warrants of $1.6 million prior to our initial public offering, and stock-based compensation of $4.2 million, which was higher in 2012 than in 2011 due to the higher quantity and fair value of stock option and RSU grants. Additional operating cash inflows were generated by the $5.8 million increase in deferred revenues and $2.8 million increase in accrued and other liabilities, both driven by our continued business growth. These items were partially offset by operating cash outflows of $5.9 40 Table of Contents million for the growth-driven increase in accounts receivable, $1.3 million for the increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and $1.1 million for the decrease in accounts payable. Cash provided by operating activities was $5.5 million in 2011, which was primarily due to an increase in deferred revenue of $6.3 million as a result of the increase in sales in 2011, the change in accounts payable of $3.0 million, an increase in accrued and other liabilities of $1.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $1.5 million, changes in the valuation of preferred stock warrants and option liabilities of $1.4 million, and depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets of $2.0 million. This was offset by a net loss of $2.5 million and change in accounts receivable of $6.7 million due to the increase in volume and the timing of product shipments during 2011. Inventory increased $1.1 million in 2011 as we began transitioning to the B3000 badge. Investing activities Cash used in investing activities was $56.7 million in 2013, which was primarily attributable to the purchase of short-term investments of $118.7 million , net of maturities received of $65.7 million , plus the purchase of property and equipment and leasehold improvements of $3.8 million . The short-term investment purchases primarily reflected our decision in early 2013 to migrate all investment and cash equivalents from our single asset manager into new portfolios, split between two new asset managers. The maturities reflected the proceeds from the liquidation of the former asset manager's portfolio, as well as fairly short-term maturities on the new portfolios, leading to a short-term investments balance of $88.0 million as of December 31, 2013 , with the remainder invested in cash equivalents. Cash used in investing activities was $37.5 million in 2012, which was primarily attributable to the purchase of short-term investments of $104.9 million, net of maturities received of $69.9 million, plus the purchase of property and equipment and leasehold improvements of $2.6 million. The short-term investment purchases reflected investment for higher yields of the proceeds from the April 2012 IPO and September 2012 follow-on offerings. We allowed the short-term investments to liquidate down to a $35.0 million balance as of December 31, 2012 , with the difference invested in cash equivalents from the maturities. Cash used in investing activities was $2.5 million in 2011, which was primarily attributable to the purchase of property and equipment and leasehold improvements related to expansion of our corporate offices. Our purchases of property and equipment during the year were higher than normal as we expanded our leasehold improvements and procured additional computer equipment to support the increase in headcount. We also invested in manufacturing tools and equipment to support our newly introduced B3000 badge. Financing activities Cash provided by financing activities was $5.1 million in 2013, which was attributable to employee stock purchase plan proceeds of $3.0 million , exercises of stock options of $1.8 million , cash from lease-related performance obligations of $0.8 million , exercise of common stock warrants of $0.2 million , partially offset by $0.7 million of taxes paid on behalf of employees for net share settlement. Cash provided by financing activities was $102.9 million in 2012, which was primarily attributable to the net proceeds received from our initial public offering of $72.1 million and the net proceeds from our follow-on offering of $36.0 million, partially offset by the $8.3 million repayment of our credit facility and term loan. Additional financing activities that contributed cash included $1.7 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $1.1 million of cash received for future executory costs for lease-related performance obligations. Cash provided by financing activities was $3.2 million in 2011, which was primarily attributable to a $2.9 million net increase in debt and $1.8 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and preferred stock warrants offset by $1.5 million of expenses related to our initial public offering. 41 Table of Contents Contractual obligations The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2013 : (in thousands) Operating leases (1) Non-cancelable purchase commitments (2) Total Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years $ $ 3,477 $ 3,115 6,592 $ 1,540 $ 3,115 4,655 $ 1,909 $ — 1,909 $ 28 $ — 28 $ — — — (1) Consists of contractual obligations from non-cancelable office space under operating leases. (2) Consists of minimum purchase commitments with our independent contract manufacturer and other vendors. As of December 31, 2013 we had $216,000 of net deferred tax liabilities and $170,000 from uncertain tax positions, both recorded within other long-term liabilities. The timing and amounts of any payments which could result from the net deferred tax liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits will depend upon a number of factors. Accordingly, the timing and amounts of any eventual payment cannot be estimated for inclusion in the table above. We do not expect a significant tax payment related to these obligations to occur within the next 12 months. Such tax contingencies are separately disclosed and discussed in Note 10. Related party transactions During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 we billed a related party, the University of Chicago Medical Center (“UCMC”), $0.5 million in each year for consulting services and technology solutions. One of our board members, Sharon O’Keefe, is also the President of UCMC. These transactions were recorded at arms-length prices. There were no material related party transactions for UCMC in the year ended December 31, 2011 . During the year ended December 31, 2013 , we billed a related party, the Hewlett-Packard Company, approximately $9,200 for software and support, at arms’ length prices. Through July of 2013, John N. McMullen, one of our directors, served as Treasurer & Senior Vice President at Hewlett-Packard. There were no material related party transactions for Hewlett-Packard in the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Off-balance sheet arrangements During 2013 , we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Critical accounting policies and estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, accounting for business combinations and the provision for income taxes. We base our estimates and judgments on our historical experience, knowledge of factors affecting our business and our belief as to what could occur in the future considering available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The accounting estimates we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements will change as events occur, more experience is acquired, additional information is obtained and our operating environment changes. Changes in estimates are made when circumstances warrant. Such changes in estimates and refinements in estimation methodologies are reflected in our reported results of operations and, if material, the effects of changes in estimates are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. By their nature, these estimates and judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty and actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported based on these estimates. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 of the “Notes to our consolidated financial statements” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” we believe the following reflects our critical accounting policies and our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. Revenue recognition 42 Table of Contents We derive revenue from the sales of communication badges, smartphones, perpetual software licenses for software that is essential to the functionality of the communication badges, software maintenance, extended warranty and professional services. We also derive revenue from the sale of licenses for software that is not essential to the functionality of the communication badges, as well as certain subscription-based revenues. Sales tax is excluded from reported total revenue. Revenue is recognized when all of the below criteria are met: • there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, in the form of a written contract, amendments to that contract, or purchase orders from a third party; • delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; • • the price is fixed or determinable after evaluating the risk of concession; and collectability is reasonably assured based on customer creditworthiness and past history of collection. A typical sales arrangement involves multiple elements, such as sales of communications badges, perpetual software licenses, professional services and maintenance services which entitle customers to unspecified upgrades, bug fixes, patch releases and telephone support. Revenue from the sale of communication badges and perpetual software licenses is recognized upon shipment or delivery at the customers’ premises as the contractual provisions governing sales of these products do not include any provisions regarding acceptance, performance or general right of return or cancellation or termination provisions adversely affecting revenue recognition. Revenue from the sale of maintenance services on software licenses is recognized over the period during which the services are provided, which is generally one year. Revenue from professional services is recognized either on a fixed fee basis based on milestones or on a time and materials basis as the services are provided, both of which generally take place over a period of two to twelve weeks. For contracts that were signed prior to January 1, 2010 and were not materially modified after that date, we recognize revenue on such arrangements in accordance with the discussion under the authoritative guidance for software revenue recognition. For revenue arrangements entered into or materially modified after January 1, 2010, we have adopted the amended October 2009 guidance from Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) for revenue recognition for tangible products containing software components that function together to deliver the products essential functionality. The new guidance also amended the multiple element arrangement accounting. Under the new guidance, tangible products and the essential software licenses that work together with such tangible products to provide them their essential functionality are now not subject to software revenue recognition accounting rules (non-software elements), while non-essential software licenses are still governed under software revenue recognition rules (software elements). The adoption of the amended revenue recognition guidance did not result in any significant changes to the individual deliverables to which we allocate revenue as the fair value for most of the deliverables is based on VSOE, or to the timing of revenue recognized from the individual deliverables. We also derive revenue from the provision of hosted services on a subscription basis and software sold under term licenses. Revenue from the sale of these products and services are not sold as part of multiple element arrangements and such arrangements are recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. A portion of the Company's sales are made through multi-year lease agreements with customers. When these arrangements are considered sales- type leases, upon delivery of leased products to customers, the Company recognizes revenue for such products in an amount equal to the net present value of the minimum lease payments. Unearned income is recognized as part of product revenue under the effective interest method. The Company recognizes revenue related to executory costs such as extended warranty and battery refresh programs when such executory costs are incurred. Proceeds from transfers of sales-type leases to third-party financial companies are allocated between the net investment in sales-type leases and the executory cost component for remaining service obligations based on relative present value. The difference between the amount of proceeds allocated to the net investment in lease and the carrying value of the net investment in lease is included in product revenue. Proceeds allocated to the executory cost component are accounted for initially as financing liabilities, with subsequent amortization recorded in revenue, for extended warranty and battery refresh programs, offset by interest expense. Standard product warranties We provide for the estimated costs of product warranties at the time the related revenue is recognized. Costs are estimated based on historical and projected product failure rates, historical and projected repair costs, and knowledge of specific product failures (if any). The specific product warranty includes parts and labor over a period generally ranging from one to three years. 43 Table of Contents We provide no warranty for software. We regularly assess our estimates to evaluate the adequacy of the recorded warranty liabilities and adjust the amounts as necessary. The total warranty expense in 2013 was $1.7 million, compared to $0.3 million in 2012. The increase in warranty expense was due to a manufacturing defect relating to a discrete batch of badges, aggregating $0.7 million. One of the key drivers to the warranty reserve calculation is the estimated return rate of the installed base of products under standard warranty. We estimate that a 1 percentage change in the product return rate would impact the warranty expenses by $85,000 per year. Stock-based compensation Stock options We record all stock-based awards, which consist of stock option grants, at fair value as of the grant date and recognize the expense over the requisite service period (generally over the vesting period of the award). The expenses relating to these awards have been reflected in our financial statements. Stock options granted to our employees vest over periods of 12 to 48 months. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options on their grant date. This model requires the following major inputs: the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected life of the option, the expected volatility of the underlying common stock over the expected life of the option, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The following assumptions were used for each respective period for employee stock-based compensation: Expected term (in years) Volatility Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield 2013 5.38 - 5.43 46.7% - 48.1% 0.81% - 1.80% 0.0% Years ended December 31, 2012 5.23 - 5.60 47.9% - 48.7% 0.72% - 1.03% 0.0% 2011 5.49 - 5.73 44.7% - 47.6% 0.98% - 2.48% 0.0% The Company bases the risk-free rate for the expected term of options on the U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity Rate as of the grant date. The computation of expected life was determined based on the historical exercise and forfeiture behavior of our employees, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. The expected stock price volatility for our common stock was estimated based on the historical volatility of a group of comparable companies for the same expected term of our options. The comparable companies were selected based on industry and market capitalization data. We assumed the dividend yield to be zero, as we have never declared or paid dividends and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized based on a straight-line amortization method over the respective vesting period of the award and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. We estimated the expected forfeiture rate based on our historical experience, considering voluntary termination behaviors, trends of actual award forfeitures, and other events that will impact the forfeiture rate. To the extent our actual forfeiture rate is different from our estimate, the stock-based compensation expense is adjusted accordingly. Restricted Stock Units During the year ended December 31, 2012, we began incorporating restricted stock units as an element of our compensation plans. Beginning in May 2012, we granted certain employees restricted stock units, which vest one third on the first anniversary of the grant, one third on the second anniversary of the grant and one third upon the third anniversary of the grant. We did not grant any restricted stock units prior to May 2012. The grant date fair value of the RSUs is the closing market price on the date of grant; this amount is charged to expense ratably over the requisite service period. Beginning with 2012, RSU's have formed the largest form of stock compensation expense, in terms of grant type. Goodwill and intangible assets We allocate the purchase price of any acquisitions to tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the purchase price requires management to make significant estimates in determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based on information obtained from management of the acquired companies and historical experience. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired 44 Table of Contents assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that we have made. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates, and if such events occur we may be required to record a charge against the value ascribed to an acquired asset or an increase in the amounts recorded for assumed liabilities. Goodwill Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually as of September 30th, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. No impairment was recorded in 2013 , 2012 or 2011 . As of December 31, 2013 , no changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill carrying values may not be recoverable. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment. Circumstances that could affect the valuation of goodwill include, among other things, a significant change in our business climate and the buying habits of our customers along with changes in the costs to provide our products and services. For the September 30, 2013 goodwill impairment test, we used the qualitative assessment permitted under recent accounting guidance, and concluded there was no goodwill impairment, without proceeding to Steps 1 and 2 of the quantitative approach. Intangible assets In connection with the acquisitions we made in 2010, we recorded intangible assets. We applied an income approach to determine the values of these intangible assets. The income approach measures the value of an asset based on the future cash flows it is expected to generate over its remaining life. The application of the income approach requires estimates of future cash flows based upon, among other things, certain assumptions about expected future operating performance and an appropriate discount rate determined by our management. In applying the income approach, we used the excess earnings method to value our customer relationships and in-process research and development intangible assets and the relief from royalty method to value our developed technology and trade name intangible assets. We used the with-and-without method to value a non-compete intangible asset. The cash flows expected to be generated by each intangible asset were discounted to their present value equivalent using rates believed to be indicative of market participant discount rates. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Upon completion of development, acquired in process research and development assets are generally considered amortizable, finite-lived assets and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Finite-lived intangible assets consist of customer relationships, developed technology, trademarks and non-compete agreements. We evaluate our intangible assets for impairment at the asset group level, which means the intangibles grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Management has concluded that the Company's asset groups align with the Company's reporting units. The intangibles assets are allocated to the Product asset group, given that the Product asset group is the lowest level for which discrete cash flow information are identifiable, independent from other assets. We assess the recoverability of these assets whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such intangible assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment is recognized in the period of identification to the extent the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the fair value of such asset. No impairment of intangible assets was recorded in 2013 , 2012 or 2011 . Significant judgments required in assessing the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets include the identification of reporting units, identifying whether events or changes in circumstances require an impairment assessment, estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount and growth rates and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value as to whether an impairment exists and, if so, the amount of that impairment. Income taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we record deferred income taxes based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and use enacted tax rates and laws that we expect will be in effect when we recover those assets or settle those liabilities, as the case may be, to measure those taxes. In cases where the expiration date of tax carryforwards or the projected operating results indicate that realization is not likely, we provide for a valuation allowance. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We have deferred tax assets, resulting from deductible temporary differences that may reduce taxable income in future periods. A valuation allowance is required when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we estimate future taxable income, considering the feasibility of ongoing tax-planning strategies and the realizability of tax loss carryforwards. Valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets can be impacted by changes in tax laws, changes in statutory tax rates and future taxable income levels. If we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net carrying amounts, we would decrease the recorded valuation allowance through an increase to income in the period in which that determination is made. Due to the 45 Table of Contents amount of net operating losses available for income tax purposes through December 31, 2013 , we had a full valuation reserve against our deferred tax assets. We continue to evaluate the realizability of our U.S. and Canadian deferred tax assets. If our financial results improve, we will reassess the need for a full valuation allowance each quarter and, if we determine that it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized, we will adjust the valuation allowance. At December 31, 2013 , we had a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets of $21.0 million . We intend to review on a quarterly basis our conclusions about the appropriate amount of its deferred income tax asset valuation allowance. In the ordinary course of business, there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon our management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the highest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be realizable, no tax benefit has been recognized in our financial statements. We include interest and penalties with income taxes on the accompanying statement of operations. Our tax years after 2009 are subject to tax authority examinations. Additionally, our net operating losses and research credits prior to 2013 are subject to tax authority adjustment. Recently issued accounting guidance In July 2013, the FASB issued new guidance for the gross versus net presentation of unrecognized tax benefits. The FASB concluded that an unrecognized tax benefit should be presented as a reduction of a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss (“NOL”) or other tax credit carryforward when settlement in this manner is available under the tax law. The new guidance is effective for our first quarter of 2014, applied prospectively. We have the option to apply the rule retrospectively and early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this standard is not expected to impact our financial position or results of operations. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, historically we have invested in money market funds. With the proceeds from our two public offerings in 2012, we have invested in a broader portfolio of high credit quality short-term securities. To minimize the exposure due to an adverse shift in interest rates, we maintain an average portfolio duration of one year or less. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income and expense sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of the interest rates in the United States. However, because of the short-term nature of our interest-bearing securities, a 10% change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. Historically our operations have consisted of research and development and sales activities in the United States. As a result, our financial results have not been materially affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or economic conditions in foreign markets. We are developing plans to expand our international presence. Accordingly, we expect that our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and economic conditions may increase in future periods. 46 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Index to financial statements Page Report of independent registered public accounting firm Consolidated balance sheets Consolidated statements of operations Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) Consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit) Consolidated statements of cash flows Notes to consolidated financial statements 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Vocera Communications, Inc.: In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations, of stockholders' equity (deficit), comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Vocera Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP San Jose, California March 17, 2014 48 Table of Contents Vocera Communications, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (In Thousands, Except Share and Par Amounts) Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net Other receivables Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Goodwill Other long-term assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders' equity Current liabilities Accounts payable Accrued payroll and other current liabilities Deferred revenue, current Total current liabilities Deferred revenue, long-term Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) Stockholders' equity Preferred stock, $0.0003 par value - 5,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012; zero shares issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.0003 par value - 100,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012; 24,967,140 and 24,229,356 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity December 31, 2013 2012 39,652 $ 88,024 23,543 882 5,665 1,892 159,658 5,365 1,544 5,575 965 173,107 $ 3,531 $ 9,841 26,133 39,505 6,398 1,641 47,544 92,521 34,989 21,697 550 2,772 2,808 155,337 3,631 2,267 5,575 495 167,305 2,854 11,754 22,451 37,059 5,882 1,239 44,180 — — 7 189,966 23 (64,433 ) 125,563 173,107 $ 7 177,081 5 (53,968 ) 123,125 167,305 $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 49 Table of Contents Revenue Product Service Total revenue Cost of revenue Product Service Total cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total operating expenses (Loss) income from operations Interest income Interest expense Other (expense) income, net (Loss) income before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net (loss) income Less: undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities Vocera Communications, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations (In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ 62,393 $ 40,105 102,498 65,028 $ 35,929 100,957 21,714 16,595 38,309 64,189 14,915 44,928 14,906 74,749 (10,560 ) 257 — (53 ) (10,356 ) (109 ) (10,465 ) — 21,551 15,070 36,621 64,336 11,618 33,432 14,390 59,440 4,896 171 (84 ) (1,463 ) 3,520 (627 ) 2,893 (1,366 ) 1,527 $ 50,322 29,181 79,503 17,465 14,042 31,507 47,996 9,335 28,151 11,316 48,802 (806 ) 17 (332 ) (1,073 ) (2,194 ) (285 ) (2,479 ) — (2,479 ) Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ (10,465 ) $ Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders Basic and diluted Weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders Basic Diluted $(0.43) $0.08 $(0.74) 24,621 24,621 17,979 20,608 3,370 3,370 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 50 Table of Contents Vocera Communications, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (In Thousands) Net (loss) income Other comprehensive income, net: Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax Comprehensive (loss) income Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 (10,465 ) $ 2,893 $ (2,479 ) 18 (10,447 ) $ 5 2,898 $ — (2,479 ) $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 51 Table of Contents Vocera Communications, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (In Thousands, except share and per share amounts) Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accum. other comprehensive Accumulated income deficit Amount Balance at December 31, 2010 Exercise of stock options Vesting of early exercised stock options Non-employee stock-based compensation expense Employee stock-based compensation expense ExperiaHealth performance awards Repurchase of early exercised options Net loss Balance at December 31, 2011 Conversion of preferred stock to common stock Issuance of common stock upon initial public offering Issuance of common stock upon follow-on offering Reclassification of preferred stock warrant liability into additional paid-in capital upon initial public offering Exercise of stock options Vesting of early exercised stock options Cashless exercise of common stock warrants Issuance of restricted stock awards Non-employee stock-based compensation expense Employee stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefits from employee stock plans Repurchase of early exercised options Net income Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities Balance at December 31, 2012 Exercise of stock options RSUs released and tax settlement Common stock issued under employee stock purchase plan Vesting of early exercised stock options Cash exercise of common stock warrants Employee stock-based compensation expense Income tax shortfall from employee stock plans Repurchase of early exercised options Net loss Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities Balance at December 31, 2013 Shares 2,777,094 $ 1,005,366 — — — — (1,970 ) — 3,780,490 $ 12,937,750 5,000,000 1,337,500 — 1,073,732 — 78,487 24,152 — — — (2,755 ) — — 24,229,356 $ 420,492 71,824 215,039 — 34,142 — — (3,713 ) — — 24,967,140 $ 1 $ — — — — — — — 1 $ 4 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 7 $ — — — — — — — — — — 7 $ 4,017 1,224 217 457 1,001 549 (4 ) — 7,461 53,352 70,533 35,975 3,141 1,684 307 — — 29 4,203 406 (10 ) — — 177,081 $ 1,657 (703 ) 2,993 123 226 8,667 (64 ) (14 ) — — 189,966 $ — $ — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5 5 $ — — — — — — — — — 18 23 $ Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) (50,364 ) 1,224 217 457 1,001 549 (4 ) (2,479 ) (54,382 ) $ — — — — — — (2,479 ) (56,861 ) $ — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,893 — (53,968 ) $ — — — — — — — — (10,465 ) — (64,433 ) $ (49,399 ) 53,356 70,535 35,975 3,141 1,684 307 — — 29 4,203 406 (10 ) 2,893 5 123,125 1,657 (703 ) 2,993 123 226 8,667 (64 ) (14 ) (10,465 ) 18 125,563 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 52 Table of Contents Vocera Communications, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In Thousands) Cash flows from operating activities Net (loss) income Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 $ (10,465 ) $ 2,893 $ (2,479 ) Depreciation and amortization Non-cash interest income Loss on disposal of property and equipment Bad debt expense (recovery) Inventory write-down Change in lease-related performance liabilities Stock-based compensation expense Excess tax benefits from employee stock plans Change in fair value of warrant liability Change in fair value of option liability Changes in assets and liabilities Accounts receivable Other receivables Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable Accrued and other liabilities Deferred revenue Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Payment for purchase of property and equipment Purchase of short-term investments Maturities of short-term investments Changes in restricted cash Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Cash from lease-related performance obligations Proceeds from borrowings Principal payment of borrowings Proceeds from initial public offering, net of offering costs Proceeds from secondary public offering, net of offering costs Payment for repurchase of common stock Excess tax benefits from employee stock plans Proceeds from issuance of common stock from the employee stock purchase plan Proceeds from exercise of stock options Tax withholdings paid on behalf of employees for net share settlement Proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants Proceeds from exercise of preferred stock warrants Common stock issuance costs Net cash provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Supplemental cash flow information Cash paid for interest 2,542 (71 ) — 16 136 (207 ) 8,667 — — — (1,861 ) (434 ) (3,029 ) 446 690 (1,887 ) 4,198 (1,259 ) (3,770 ) (118,661 ) 65,714 — (56,717 ) 847 — — — — (14 ) — 2,993 1,758 (703 ) 226 — — 5,107 (52,869 ) 92,521 39,652 $ 2,615 (18 ) 27 — 224 (3 ) 4,232 (325 ) 1,631 — (5,916 ) 417 367 (1,348 ) (1,145 ) 2,803 5,840 12,294 (2,565 ) (104,869 ) 69,902 — (37,532 ) 1,114 — (8,333 ) 72,070 35,975 (10 ) 325 — 1,720 — — — — 102,861 77,623 14,898 92,521 $ 2,010 — — (10 ) 563 — 1,458 — 981 450 (6,670 ) (74 ) (1,103 ) (263 ) 2,969 1,379 6,301 5,512 (2,392 ) — — (62 ) (2,454 ) — 4,500 (1,572 ) — — (4 ) — — 1,811 — — 2 (1,539 ) 3,198 6,256 8,642 14,898 — $ 91 314 $ $ Cash paid for income taxes Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities Costs related to the initial public offering in accounts payable and accrued liabilities Property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities 54 — 104 556 — 321 — 86 165 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 53 Table of Contents 1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Background Vocera Communications, Inc. (“the Company”) is a provider of secure, integrated, intelligent communication solutions, focused on empowering mobile workers in healthcare, hospitality, energy, and other mission-critical mobile work environments, in the U.S. and internationally. Today the majority of the Company's business is from healthcare, but the Company is expanding its sales and marketing efforts to enter and grow in other markets. Vocera helps its healthcare customers improve patient safety and satisfaction, and increase hospital efficiency and productivity through its Communication and Care Experience solutions. These have been installed in more than 1,200 healthcare and non-healthcare organizations worldwide. The Vocera Communication System, which includes an intelligent enterprise software platform, a lightweight, wearable, voice-controlled communication badge, and smartphone applications, enables users to connect instantly with other staff simply by saying the name, function or group name of the desired recipient. It also securely delivers text messages and alerts directly to and from smartphones, replacing legacy pagers. The Company was incorporated in Delaware on February 16, 2000. The Company formed wholly-owned subsidiaries Vocera Communications UK Ltd and Vocera Communications Australia Pty Ltd. in 2005, Vocera Hand-Off, Inc., Vocera Canada, Ltd. and ExperiaHealth, Inc. in 2010 and Vocera Communications India Private Ltd. in 2013. In August 2013, we merged Vocera Hand-Off Communications, Inc. and ExperiaHealth, Inc. into our parent company, Vocera Communications, Inc. Since its inception, the Company has incurred significant losses and, as of December 31, 2013 , had an accumulated deficit of $64.4 million . The Company has funded its operations primarily with customer payments for its products and services, proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with its IPO and follow-on offering and, before the IPO, from the issuances of convertible preferred stock and from borrowings under its term loan facility and the utilization of its line of credit. As of December 31, 2013 , the Company had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $127.7 million , primarily as a result of its two public offerings in 2012 and subsequent net cash flows. The Company believes that its existing sources of liquidity will satisfy its working capital and capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. Failure to generate sufficient revenue, achieve planned gross margins, or control operating costs may require the Company to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing. Such additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and could require the Company to modify, delay or abandon some of its planned future expansion or expenditures or reduce some of its ongoing operating costs, which could harm its business, operating results, financial condition and ability to achieve its intended business objectives. If the Company raises additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities or other securities convertible into equity, its existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of the Company and any new securities it issues could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of its common stock. Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The board of directors of the Company and its stockholders approved a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of the Company’s common and preferred shares that was effected on March 26, 2012. All share and per share information included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. The estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, warranty reserves, inventory reserves, stock-based compensation expense, provisions for income taxes and contingencies. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company’s financial position and results of operations. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments The Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of money market funds, commercial paper, U.S. government agency notes, U.S. Treasury notes, municipal debt and corporate debt. These investments are classified as 54 Table of Contents available-for-sale securities and are carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of stockholders’ equity. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates the available-for-sale designations as of each balance sheet date. Investments with an original purchase maturity of less than three months are classified as cash equivalents, all those with longer maturities are classified as short-term investments, which are available-for-sale. Restricted cash Restricted cash was $0.3 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively, the majority of which is security for a corporate travel card facility and credit card processing services. All restricted cash is classified as curr ent, under prepaids and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet, based on the underlying terms of the arrangem ents. Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects the Company’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the Company’s receivables portfolio determined on the basis of historical experience, specific allowances for known troubled accounts and other currently available evidence. The Company has not experienced significant credit losses from its accounts receivable. The Company performs a regular review of its customers’ payment histories and associated credit risks as it does not require collateral from its customers. The following table presents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts: (in thousands) Allowance—beginning of period Provisions for bad debts Provisions charged to other accounts Recoveries from bad debts Write-offs and other Allowance—end of period Inventories Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ — $ (29 ) — 13 10 (6 ) $ — $ — — — — — $ (10 ) — — 10 — — Inventories are valued at the lower of standard cost (which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis) or market (net realizable value or replacement cost). The Company assesses the valuation of inventory and periodically writes down the value for estimated excess and obsolete inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Concentration of credit risk and other risks and uncertainties Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are primarily deposited with high quality financial institutions and in money market funds. Deposits at these institutions and funds may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes that these financial institutions and funds are financially sound and, accordingly, that minimal credit risk exists. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents. Marketable securities are stated at fair value, and accounted for as available-for-sale within short-term investments. The counterparties to the agreements relating to the Company’s investment securities consist of major corporations, financial institutions and government agencies of high credit standing. The primary hardware component of the Company’s products is currently manufactured by a third-party contractor in Mexico. A significant disruption in the operations of this contractor may impact the production of the Company’s products for a substantial period of time, which could harm the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable is considered to be limited due to the diversity of the Company’s customer base and geographic sales areas. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , no customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , no customer represented 10% or more of revenue. Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful economic lives of the assets. Assets generally have useful economic lives of three years except for leasehold improvements, which are amortized 55 Table of Contents using the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful life of the related assets. Purchased or developed software also generally has a three year useful economic life, except for major ERP implementations, for which the Company assumes a five year useful economic life. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. Maintenance and repairs which are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful life of the assets are charged to operations as incurred. The Company periodically reviews property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset is impaired or the estimated useful lives are no longer appropriate. Fair value is estimated based on discounted future cash flows. If indicators of impairment exist and the undiscounted projected cash flows associated with such assets are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recorded to write the asset down to its estimated fair values. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges. Software development costs. For internal-use software, the Company capitalizes certain internal and external costs incurred in its acquisition and creation. Capitalized internal- use software is included in property and equipment when development is complete and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related asset , generally three years, except that five years is assumed for major ERP implementations. Per the authoritative guidance, costs incurred either before or after the period satisfying the capitalization criteria, together with costs incurred for training and maintenance, are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , the Company capitalized costs of $2.1 million , $1.1 million and $0.3 million , respectively. Goodwill and intangible assets The Company allocates the purchase price of any acquisitions to tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the purchase price requires management to make significant estimates in determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based on information obtained from management of the acquired companies and historical experience. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that the Company has made. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates. If such events occur we may be required to record a charge against the value ascribed to an acquired asset or an increase in the amounts recorded for assumed liabilities. Goodwill Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. As of December 31, 2013 , no changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill carrying values may not be recoverable. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment. Circumstances that could affect the valuation of goodwill include, among other things, a significant change in the Company's business climate and the buying habits of the Company's customers along with changes in the costs to provide the Company's products and services. The Company has identified two operating segments (Product and Service) which management also considers to be reporting units. For the 2013 goodwill impairment test, the Company used the qualitative assessment permitted under recent accounting guidance, and concluded there was no goodwill impairment, without proceeding to Steps 1 and 2 of the quantitative approach. Intangible assets Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Upon completion of development, acquired in-process research and development assets are generally considered amortizable, finite-lived assets and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Finite-lived intangible assets consist of customer relationships, developed technology, trademarks and non-compete agreements. The Company evaluates intangible assets for impairment by assessing the recoverability of these assets whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such intangible assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment is recognized in the period of identification to the extent the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the fair value of such asset. No impairment of intangible assets was recorded in 2013 , 2012 or 2011 . Significant judgments required in assessing the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets include the identification of reporting units, identifying whether events or changes in circumstances require an impairment assessment, estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount and revenue growth rates and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and 56 Table of Contents assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value as to whether an impairment exists and, if so, the amount of that impairment. Convertible preferred stock Prior to the Company’s IPO, the Company had issued and outstanding six series of convertible preferred stock. As of December, 31, 2011, the proceeds recorded were $53.0 million with liquidation preference of $53.6 million . Each share of preferred stock was convertible, at the option of the holder, into common stock. Series A, Series C, Series D, Series E and Series F had a conversion ratio of 1:1. Series B preferred stock had a conversion ratio of 1:1.8304. In connection with the Company’s IPO, in April 2012, each share of then-outstanding preferred stock automatically converted into common stock at the ratio described above. In the statement of shareholders' equity for the year ended December 31, 2012 , this was recorded as non-cash conversion of $53.4 million from preferred stock to common stock. Deferred Costs of Revenue When the Company’s products have been delivered, but the product revenue associated with the arrangement has been deferred as a result of not meeting the revenue recognition criteria, the Company also defers the related inventory costs for the delivered items. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively, the Company included $144,000 and $4,000 of such deferred cost of revenue as part of “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Revenue recognition The Company derives revenue from the sales of communication badges, smartphones, perpetual software licenses for software that is essential to the functionality of the communication badges, software maintenance, extended product warranty and professional services. The Company also derives revenue from the sale of licenses for software that is not essential to the functionality of the communication badges. Sales tax is excluded from reported total revenue. Revenue is recognized when all of the below criteria are met: • there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, in the form of a written contract, amendments to that contract, or purchase orders from a third party; • delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; • • the price is fixed or determinable after evaluating the risk of concession; and collectability is reasonably assured based on customer creditworthiness and past history of collection. A typical sales arrangement involves multiple elements, such as sales of communication badges, perpetual software licenses, professional services and maintenance services which entitle customers to unspecified upgrades, bug fixes, patch releases and telephone support. Revenue from the sale of communication badges and perpetual software licenses is recognized upon shipment or delivery at the customers’ premises as the contractual provisions governing sales of these products do not include any provisions regarding acceptance, performance or general right of return or cancellation or termination provisions adversely affecting revenue recognition. Revenue from the sale of maintenance services on software licenses is recognized over the period during which the services are provided, which is generally one year. Revenue from professional services is recognized either on a fixed fee basis based on milestones or on a time and materials basis as the services are provided, both of which generally take place over a period of two to twelve weeks. The Company also derives revenue from the provision of hosted services on a subscription basis and software sold under term licenses. Revenue from the sale of these products and services are not sold as part of multiple element arrangements and such arrangements are recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. Revenue from sales-type leases A portion of the Company's sales are made through multi-year lease agreements with customers. When these arrangements are considered sales- type leases, upon delivery of leased products to customers, the Company recognizes revenue for such products in an amount equal to the net present value of the minimum lease payments. Unearned income is recognized as part of product revenue under the effective interest method. The Company recognizes revenue related to executory costs when such executory costs are incurred. Proceeds from transfers of sales-type leases to third-party financial companies are allocated between the net investment in sales-type leases and the executory cost component for remaining service obligations based on relative present value. The difference between the amount of proceeds allocated to the net investment in lease and the carrying value of the net investment in lease is included in product revenue. Proceeds allocated to the executory cost component are accounted for as financing liabilities. 57 Table of Contents For the year ended December 31, 2013 , the Company transferred $2.2 million of lease receivables, recording an immaterial net gain and $0.8 million of new financing liabilities for future performance of executory service obligations. For the year ended December 31, 2012 , the Company transferred $3.8 million of lease receivables, recording an immaterial net gain and $1.1 million of new financing liabilities for future performance of executory service obligations. For lease receivables retained as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively, the Company recorded $1.4 million and $0.5 million of net investment in sales-type leases, equivalent to the minimum lease payments for the delivered product. Commissions expense Sales commissions are recorded as sales and marketing expense and accrued current liability as orders are recorded; thus no contract acquisition costs are capitalized. Shipping and handling costs Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are included in revenue and the associated expense is recorded in cost of products sold in the statements of operations for all periods presented. Research and development expenditures Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred. Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are included in research and development and are expensed as incurred. After technological feasibility is established, material software development costs up to general availability of the software will be capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated product life, or based on the ratio of current revenues to total projected product revenues, whichever is greater. To date, the time between the establishment of technological feasibility and general availability has been very short and therefore no significant costs have been incurred. Accordingly, the Company has not capitalized any software development costs. Advertising costs Advertising costs are included in sales and marketing expense and are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 were immaterial. Product warranties The Company offers warranties on certain products and records a liability for the estimated future costs associated with warranty claims, which is based upon historical experience and the Company’s estimate of the level of future costs. The Company provides for the estimated costs of hardware warranties at the time the related revenue is recognized. Costs are estimated based on historical and projected product failure rates, historical and projected repair costs, and knowledge of specific product failures (if any). The specific hardware warranty includes parts and labor over a period generally ranging from one to three years. The Company provides no warranty for software. The Company regularly re-evaluates its estimates to assess the adequacy of the recorded warranty liabilities and adjust the amounts as necessary. Warranty costs are reflected in the consolidated statement of operations as cost of sales. Stock-based compensation For options granted to employees, stock-based compensation is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company determines the grant date fair value of the options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, first awarded in 2012, result in compensation expense, straightlined over the requisite service period, based on the award date closing stock price. Equity instruments issued to non-employees are recorded at their fair value on the measurement date and are subject to periodic adjustment as the underlying equity instruments vest. The fair value of options granted to non- employees is amortized over the vesting period, on a straight-line basis. For stock options issued to employees and non-employees with specific performance criteria, the Company makes a determination at each balance sheet date whether the performance criteria are probable of being achieved. Compensation expense is recognized until such time as the performance criteria are met or when it is probable that the criteria will not be met. The Company will only recognize a tax benefit from stock-based awards in additional paid-in capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax attributes currently available to the Company have been utilized. In addition, the Company has elected to account for the indirect effects of stock-based awards on other tax attributes, such as the research tax credit, through its statement of operations. 58 Table of Contents In 2012, the Company began incorporating restricted stock awards and RSUs as an element of our compensation plans. In 2012, the Company granted certain of its directors restricted stock which vests 50% on the first anniversary of the grant, and 50% on the second anniversary of the grant. In 2013, the Company began granting certain of its directors RSUs which vest 100% on the first anniversary of the grant. In 2012, the Company began granting certain employees RSUs, which vest one third on the first anniversary of the grant, one third on the second anniversary of the grant and one third upon the third anniversary of the grant. Income taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, the Company records deferred income taxes based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and use enacted tax rates and laws that the Company expects will be in effect when they recover those assets or settle those liabilities, as the case may be, to measure those taxes. In cases where the expiration date of tax carryforwards or the projected operating results indicate that realization is not likely, the Company provides for a valuation allowance. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets, resulting from net operating losses, research and development credits and temporary differences that may reduce taxable income in future periods. A valuation allowance is required when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company estimates future taxable income, considering the feasibility of ongoing tax-planning strategies and the realizability of tax loss carryforwards. Valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets can be impacted by changes in tax laws, changes in statutory tax rates and future taxable income levels. If the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net carrying amounts, it would decrease the recorded valuation allowance through an increase to income in the period in which that determination is made. Due to the history of losses the Company has generated in the past, the Company believes that it is not more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets in the U.S. and Canada can be realized as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets for these years. At December 31, 2013 , the Company had a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets of $21.0 million . The Company reviews on a quarterly basis its conclusions about the appropriate amount of its deferred income tax asset valuation allowance. In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying the Company’s income tax positions. The Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company has recorded the highest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be realizable, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. The Company includes interest and penalties with income taxes in the accompanying statement of operations. All of the Company’s net operating losses and research credit carryforwards prior to 2013 are subject to tax authority adjustment and all years after 2009 are still subject to tax authority examinations. The Company is currently not subject to any income tax audit examinations by tax authorities in any jurisdictions including U.S. federal, state and local or foreign countries. Foreign currency translation The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, monetary assets and liabilities in non-functional currency of these subsidiaries are remeasured using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period. Revenues and costs in local currency are remeasured using average exchange rates for the period, except for costs related to those consolidated balance sheet items that are remeasured using historical exchange rates. The resulting remeasurement gains and losses are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Translation gains and losses have not been significant to date. Segments Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company has two operating segments which are both reportable business segments: (i) Product; and (ii) Service. Comprehensive income (loss) 59 Table of Contents Before 2012, there were no components of comprehensive income which were excluded from net income (loss). For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the Company had small unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities. There were no other components within other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012 . Related party transactions During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the Company billed a related party, the University of Chicago Medical Center (“UCMC”), $0.5 million in each year for consulting services and technology solutions. One of the Company's board members, Sharon O’Keefe, is the President of UCMC. These transactions were recorded at arms-length prices. There were no material related party transactions for UCMC in the year ended 2011 . During the year ended December 31, 2013 the Company billed a related party, the Hewlett-Packard Company, approximately $9,200 for software and support, at arms’ length prices. Through July of 2013, John N. McMullen, one of the Company’s directors, served as Treasurer & Senior Vice President at Hewlett-Packard. There were no material related party transactions for Hewlett-Packard in the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 . Recent accounting pronouncements In July 2013, the FASB issued new guidance for the gross versus net presentation of unrecognized tax benefits. The FASB concluded that an unrecognized tax benefit should be presented as a reduction of a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss (“NOL”) or other tax credit carryforward when settlement in this manner is available under the tax law. The new guidance is effective for the Company's first quarter of 2014, applied prospectively. The Company has the option to apply the rule retrospectively and early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this standard is not expected to impact the financial position or results of operations of the Company. 2. Fair value of financial instruments The carrying values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate their fair value due to their short-term nature. As a basis for determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company established a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: (Level 1) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; (Level 2) inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and (Level 3) unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data which requires the Company to develop its own assumptions. This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 there have been no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value instruments and no transfers in or out of Level 3. The Company's money market funds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. The fair value of the Company's Level 2 fixed income securities are obtained from independent pricing services, which may use quoted market prices for identical or comparable instruments or model-driven valuations using observable market data or other inputs corroborated by observable market data. The table below summarizes the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by level, within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for these dates. (in thousands) Assets Money market funds Commercial paper U.S. government and agency securities U.S. Treasury securities Municipal debt securities Corporate debt securities Total assets measured at fair value December 31, 2013 Level 2 Level 1 Total December 31, 2012 Level 2 Level 1 Total $ $ 22,991 $ — — — — — 22,991 $ — $ 900 11,279 5,235 4,765 67,055 89,234 $ 22,991 $ 900 11,279 5,235 4,765 67,055 112,225 $ 45,040 $ — — — — — — $ 32,487 10,001 — — — 45,040 $ 42,488 $ 45,040 32,487 10,001 — — — 87,528 The financial accounts that are not subject to recurring fair value measurement include trade and other receivables, prepaid expenses and other current assets, total current liabilities and deferred revenues, both current and long-term. Due to their short 60 Table of Contents maturities, the carrying amounts of these accounts approximate their fair values. 3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments The following tables display gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses for cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments for the periods presented: (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Demand deposits and other cash Money market funds Commercial paper Corporate debt securities Total cash and cash equivalents Short-Term Investments: Commercial paper U.S. government agency securities U.S. Treasury securities Municipal debt securities Corporate debt securities Total short-term investments As of December 31, 2013 Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair value $ 15,451 $ 22,991 150 1,060 39,652 750 11,275 5,233 4,758 65,982 87,998 — $ — — — — — 5 2 7 20 34 — $ — — — — — (1 ) — — (7 ) (8 ) 15,451 22,991 150 1,060 39,652 750 11,279 5,235 4,765 65,995 88,024 Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 127,650 $ 34 $ (8 ) $ 127,676 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Demand deposits and other cash Money market funds Commercial paper Total cash and cash equivalents Short-Term Investments: Commercial paper U.S. government agency securities Total short-term investments Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ Amortized Cost As of December 31, 2012 Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair value $ 39,982 $ 45,040 7,498 92,520 24,987 9,998 34,985 127,505 $ — $ — 1 1 1 3 4 5 $ — $ — — — — — — — $ 39,982 45,040 7,499 92,521 24,988 10,001 34,989 127,510 The Company has determined that the unrealized losses on its short-term investments as of December 31, 2013 do not constitute an "other than temporary impairment". There were no unrealized loss positions as of December 31, 2012. The unrealized losses for the short-term investments as of December 31, 2013 have all been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months. The Company’s conclusion of no “other than temporary impairment” is based on the high credit quality of the securities, their short remaining maturity (less than five months, weighted average) and the Company’s intent and ability to hold such loss securities until maturity. 61 Table of Contents Classification of the cash, cash equivalent and short-term investments by contractual maturity was as follows: (in thousands) Balances as of December 31, 2013 Cash and cash equivalents (1) Short-term investments Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments Balances as of December 31, 2012 Cash and cash equivalents (1) Short-term investments Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments One year or shorter Between 1 and 2 years Total $ 39,652 $ 71,464 111,116 — $ 16,560 16,560 39,652 88,024 127,676 $ $ 92,521 $ 34,989 127,510 $ — $ — — $ 92,521 34,989 127,510 (1) Includes demand deposits and other cash, money market funds and other cash equivalent securities, all with 0-90 day maturity at purchase. All the above tables exclude restricted cash, primarily held in certificates of deposit, of $0.3 million as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 which is classified in prepaids and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. 4. Income (loss) per share For fiscal years preceding 2013, basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Immediately prior to the completion of the Company’s IPO on April 2, 2012, holders of Series A through Series F preferred stock were each entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends at the annual rate of 8% per share per annum, respectively, payable prior and in preference to any dividends on any shares of the Company’s common stock. In the event a dividend is paid on common stock, the holders of preferred stock were entitled to a proportionate share of any such dividend as if they were holders of common stock (on an as-if converted basis). The holders of the preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company. The Company considered its preferred stock to be participating securities. Additionally, the Company considers shares issued upon the early exercise of options subject to repurchase and unvested restricted shares to be participating securities as the holders of these shares have a nonforfeitable right to dividends. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings allocated to these participating securities and the related number of outstanding shares of the participating securities, which include contractual participation rights in undistributed earnings, have been excluded from the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share. Under the two-class method, net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings, calculated as net income less income attributable to participating securities between common stock and participating securities. In computing diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted-average common shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders for calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share by the weighted- average number of common shares outstanding, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options using the treasury stock method. For fiscal year 2013, the two-class method is not applicable due to the net loss, which must be attributed entirely to the common shareholders. Additionally, as of December 31, 2013 , there are only 26,463 of participating securities, consisting of repurchasable shares issued from early exercise of options and unvested restricted shares, so that the future effect of participating securities would generally be immaterial, even in years with net income. 62 Table of Contents The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share: (in thousands, except for share and per share amounts) Numerator: Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 Net (loss) income Less: undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders Reallocation of undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders for diluted net (loss) income per share $ $ (10,465 ) $ — (10,465 ) $ — 2,893 $ (1,366 ) 1,527 $ 32 (2,479 ) — (2,479 ) — $ (10,465 ) $ 1,559 $ (2,479 ) Denominator: Weighted-average shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per common share Effect of potentially dilutive securities: Employee stock options and restricted stock units Stock warrants Weighted average shares used to compute diluted income (loss) per common share 24,621 17,979 — — 24,621 2,547 82 20,608 3,370 — — 3,370 Net (loss) income per share Net (loss) income per common share - basic and diluted $(0.43) $0.08 $(0.74) For the years ended 2013, 2012 and 2011, the following securities were not included in the calculation of diluted shares outstanding as the effect would have been anti-dilutive: (in thousands) Convertible preferred stock (on an as if converted basis) Options to purchase common stock Common stock subject to repurchase Warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock Warrants to purchase common stock Restricted stock units Restricted stock awards 5. Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill 2013 As of December 31, 2012 2011 — 3,335 25 — 44 623 12 — 367 — — — 25 — 12,916 3,808 169 213 — — — The Company had $5.6 million of goodwill for each of the years as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 . Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company has two reporting units: Product and Service; as of December 31, 2013 all of the Company's goodwill resides in the Product reporting unit. The Company performed the annual required test of impairment of goodwill as of September 30, 2013. For both 2013 and 2012, the Company used the qualitative assessment permitted under authoritative accounting guidance. Among the qualitative factors considered were changes since the prior impairment in the following: industry and competitive environment, business strategy, product mix, buyer and supplier bargaining power, potential market size, consistency in operating margins and cash flows, change in reporting unit / product life cycle stage and earnings quality and sustainability. The Company’s annual impairment test did not indicate impairment at any of its reporting units. No impairment was recorded in 2013 , 2012 or 2011 . As of December 31, 2013 , no changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill carrying values may not be recoverable. 63 Table of Contents Triggering event for impairment analysis During the three months ended June 30, 2013, the Company experienced a 37% one-day decrease in share price following an earnings announcement on May 2, 2013 of below-guidance results for the first quarter of 2013 and reduced forward guidance for fiscal year 2013, which was considered a triggering event for further inquiry for both goodwill and the acquired intangibles. A "Step Zero" impairment assessment for goodwill and intangible assets was performed as part of this analysis, with the conclusion of no impairment of goodwill or intangibles. As of the September 30, 2013 annual assessment date, there were no changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying values of goodwill or acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. Intangible assets The fair values for acquired intangible assets were determined by management relying in part on valuations performed by independent valuation specialists. Acquisition-related intangible assets are amortized over the life of the assets on an accelerated basis that approximates the expected economic benefit of the assets. This assumption results in amortization that is higher in earlier periods of the useful life. To date there has been no impairment of the Company's intangible assets. The estimated useful lives and carrying value of acquired intangible assets are as follows: (in thousands) Intangible assets: Customer relationships Developed technology Trademarks Non-compete Agreements Total intangible assets, net Weighted average useful life (years) Gross carrying amount Accumulated amortization Net carrying amount Gross carrying amount Accumulated amortization Net carrying amount December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 9 6 7 2 $ $ $ $ 2,350 $ 1,880 $ 70 $ 70 4,370 $ 1,449 $ 1,264 $ 43 $ 70 2,826 $ 901 $ 616 $ 27 $ — 1,544 $ 2,350 $ 1,880 $ 70 $ 70 4,370 $ 1,117 $ 896 $ 30 $ 60 2,103 $ 1,233 984 40 10 2,267 Amortization of intangible assets was $0.7 million , $0.9 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. Amortization of acquired intangible assets is reflected in the cost of revenues for developed technology and in operating expenses for the other intangibles. The estimated future amortization of acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2013 was as follows: (in thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter Future amortization expense 6. Consolidated balance sheet components Inventories (in thousands) Raw materials Finished goods Total inventories Future amortization 567 389 258 156 106 68 1,544 $ December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 806 $ 4,859 5,665 $ 23 2,749 2,772 64 Table of Contents Property and equipment, net (in thousands) Computer equipment and software Furniture, fixtures and equipment Leasehold improvements Manufacturing tools and equipment Construction in process Property and equipment, at cost Less: Accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 7,345 $ 924 2,125 3,081 555 14,030 (8,665 ) 5,365 $ 4,127 886 1,654 2,710 1,100 10,477 (6,846 ) 3,631 Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $1.8 million , $1.7 million , and $1.0 million , respectively. Net investment in sales-type leases The Company has sales-type leases with terms of 1.25 to 4 years. Sales-type lease receivables are collateralized by the underlying equipment. The components of our net investment in sales-type leases are as follows: (in thousands) Net minimum lease payments to be received Less: Unearned interest income and executory revenue portion Net investment in sales-type leases Less: Current portion Non-current net investment in sales-type leases December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 2,597 $ (1,167 ) 1,430 (620 ) 810 $ 1,063 (527 ) 536 (243 ) 293 There were no allowances for doubtful accounts on these leases as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 . There is no guaranteed or unguaranteed residual value on the leased equipment. The current and non-current net investments in sales-types leases of $0.6 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2013 are reported as components of the consolidated balance sheet captions "other receivables" and "other long-tern assets", respectively. The minimum lease payments expected for future years under sales-type leases as of December 31, 2013 were as follows: (in thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Future lease payments 929 806 633 229 2,597 $ $ 65 Table of Contents Accrued payroll and other current liabilities (in thousands) Payroll and related expenses Accrued payables Deferred rent, current portion Lease financing, current portion Product warranty Sales and use tax payable Other Total accrued payroll and other current liabilities December 31, 2013 2012 5,065 $ 2,259 490 528 840 259 400 9,841 $ 7,845 1,978 591 212 297 397 434 11,754 $ $ The Company provides for the estimated costs of hardware warranties at the time the related revenue is recognized. Costs are estimated based on historical and projected product failure rates, historical and projected repair costs, and knowledge of specific product failures (if any). The specific hardware warranty includes parts and labor over a period generally ranging from one to three years. The Company provides no warranty for software. The Company regularly re-evaluates its estimates to assess the adequacy of the recorded warranty liabilities and adjust the amounts as necessary. A reconciliation of the changes in the Company’s warranty reserve for 2013 , 2012 and 2011 is as follows: (in thousands) Warranty balance at the beginning of the period Warranty expense accrued for shipments in period Changes in liability related to pre-existing warranties Warranty settlements made Warranty balance at the end of the period 7. Commitments and contingencies Non-cancelable purchase commitments Years ended December 31, 2012 2013 2011 $ 297 $ 1,185 536 (1,178 ) $ 840 $ 983 $ 540 (242 ) (984 ) 297 $ 605 1,563 50 (1,235 ) 983 The Company enters into non-cancelable purchase commitments with its third-party manufacturer whereby the Company is required to purchase any inventory held by the third-party manufacturer that have been purchased by them based on confirmed orders from the Company. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , approximately $3.1 million and $4.1 million , respectively, of raw material inventory was purchased and held by the third-party manufacturer which was subject to such purchase requirements. Leases The Company leases office space for its headquarters and subsidiaries under non cancelable operating leases, which will expire between April 2014 and April 2017. The San Jose, California headquarters lease ends March 31, 2016, with a single three-year extension option at rates approximating then-fair market value. Total rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $2.0 million , $1.9 million and $1.7 million , respectively. The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period, and has accrued for rent expense incurred but not paid. 66 Table of Contents Future minimum lease payments at December 31, 2013 under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows: (in thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total minimum lease payments Indemnifications Operating leases 1,540 1,475 434 28 3,477 $ The Company undertakes, in the ordinary course of business, to (i) defend customers and other parties from certain third-party claims associated with allegations of trade secret misappropriation, infringement of copyright, patent or other intellectual property right, or tortious damage to persons or property and (ii) indemnify and hold harmless such parties from certain resulting damages, costs and other liabilities. The term of these undertakings may be perpetual and the maximum potential liability of the Company under certain of these undertakings is not determinable. Based on its historical experience, the Company believes the liability associated with these undertakings is minimal. The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual. The Company currently has directors and officers insurance. As there has been no significant history of losses, no expense accrual has been made. Securities Litigation On August 1, 2013, a purported securities class action entitled Michael Brado v. Vocera Communications Inc., et al. was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, against the Company and certain of its officers, its board of directors, a former director and the underwriters for the Company's initial public offering. A second purported securities class action, entitled Duncan v. Vocera Communications Inc., et al., was filed on August 21, 2013, also in the Northern District of California, against the same parties. On September 27, 2013, the Court ordered the matters related. The suits purport to allege claims under Sections 11, 12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act of 1934 for allegedly misleading statements in the registration statement for the Company's initial public offering and in subsequent communications regarding its business and financial results. The suits are purportedly brought on behalf of purchasers of the Company's securities between March 28, 2012 and May 3, 2013, and seek compensatory damages, rescission, fees and costs, as well as equitable and injunctive or other relief. The plaintiffs’ motion for consolidation of the actions and for appointment of lead plaintiff has been granted, and the Company anticipates that the plaintiffs will file an amended consolidated complaint. No response to the current complaints is due at this time. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, the Company cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of this matter. The Company is unable at this time to determine whether the outcome of the litigation would have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition or cash flow. The Company has not established any reserve for any potential liability relating to this lawsuit, because this contingency is not considered probable and reasonably estimable. From time to time, we may be involved in other lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment and other matters which arise in the ordinary course of business. 8. Common Stock and Share-based Compensation The Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended, authorizes the Company to issue 100 million shares of $0.0003 par value common stock. At December 31, 2013 , the Company has reserved shares for issuance of common stock as follows: Reserved under stock option plans Exercise of warrants to purchase common stock Total reserved for issuance 67 Common Shares 328,519 44,491 373,010 Table of Contents Incentive stock option plans The Company has three equity incentive plans: the 2000 Stock Option Plan (the “2000 Plan”), the 2006 Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”) and the 2012 Stock Option Plan (the “2012 Plan”). On March 26, 2012, all shares that were reserved under the 2006 Plan but not subject to outstanding awards became available for grant under the 2012 Plan. No additional shares will be issued under the 2006 Plan. The 2000 Plan terminated in March 2010 and no additional shares will be issued under this plan. All options currently outstanding under the 2000 Plan and the 2006 Plan continue to be governed by the terms and conditions of those plans. Under the 2012 Plan, the Company has the ability to issue incentive stock options (“ISOs”), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance awards and stock bonuses. The ISOs will be granted at a price per share not less than the fair value at date of grant. Options granted to new hires generally vest over a 4 -year period with 25% vesting at the end of one year and the remaining vest monthly thereafter, options granted as merit awards generally vest monthly over a four- year period. Options granted generally are exercisable up to 10 years . As of December 31, 2013 , there were 328,519 shares remaining available for future issuance under the 2012 Plan. Early exercise of stock options The Company typically allows employees to exercise options granted under the 2000 and 2006 Plans prior to vesting. The unvested shares are subject to the Company’s repurchase right at the original purchase price. The proceeds initially are recorded as an accrued liability from the early exercise of stock options and reclassified to common stock as the Company’s repurchase right lapses. At December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , there were unvested shares in the amount of 14,360 , 48,260 and 112,967 , respectively, which were subject to repurchase at an aggregate price of $0.1 million , $0.2 million and $0.4 million , respectively. Stock Option Activity The following table summarizes the combined stock option activity under the 2000 Plan, the 2006 Plan and the 2012 Plan and non-plan stock option agreements: Options outstanding Weighted average exercise price Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) Number of options Outstanding at December 31, 2012 Options granted Options exercised Options canceled Options expired Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Options vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2013 Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2013 3,187,559 $ 675,460 (420,492 ) (142,102 ) (13,221 ) 3,287,204 $ 7.51 16.85 3.94 12.17 22.47 9.62 3,238,937 $ 9.51 1,996,061 $ 5.82 6.81 $ 6.45 $ 6.41 $ 5.05 $ Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands) 56,362 24,880 24,824 21,169 At December 31, 2013 , there was $8.2 million of unrecognized net compensation cost related to options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years The Company did not grant non-employee options in either of the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012. Using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, the weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $7.34 per share, $10.19 per share, and $3.30 per share, respectively. Further information regarding the value of employee options vested and exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 is set forth below. (in thousands) Grant-date fair value of options vested during period Intrinsic value of options exercised during period Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ 3,053 $ 5,896 2,256 $ 24,846 881 2,565 68 Table of Contents The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options on their grant date. This model requires the following major inputs: the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the underlying common stock over the expected life of the option, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The following assumptions were used for each respective period for employee stock-based compensation: Expected Term (in years) Volatility Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield 2013 5.38 - 5.43 46.7% - 48.1% 0.81% - 1.80% 0.0% Years ended December 31, 2012 5.23 - 5.60 47.9% - 48.7% 0.72% - 1.03% 0.0% 2011 5.49 - 5.73 44.7% - 47.6% 0.98% - 2.48% 0.0% The computation of expected term is based on the historical exercise and forfeiture behavior of the Company’s employees, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. For the expected term so determined, the risk-free rate is the U.S. Treasury Rate for that term on the grant date. The Company's expected common stock price volatility is based on the historical volatility of a peer group of publicly-traded companies, using the same expected term. The peer group was selected based on industry and market capitalization data. The Company assumes the dividend yield to be zero , as the Company has never declared or paid dividends and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In March 2012, the Company's board of directors and stockholders approved the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. The ESPP provides for six -month offering periods, except for the first offering period which was for 11 months. Additionally, in April 2013, the Company's compensation committee determined that following the February 15, 2013 six- month offering period, the next offering period under the ESPP would last for three months (commencing August 15, 2013 and expiring on November 14, 2013) and, following the expiration of such offering period, offering periods thereafter will commence on November 15, 2013, and May 15, 2014 and so on, each consisting of a single six-month purchase period. At the end of each offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last day of the offering period. During the year ended December 31, 2013 , employees purchased 215,039 shares of common stock at an average purchase price of $13.92 . No shares were purchased under the plan in 2012. As of December 31, 2013 , 193,920 shares remained available for future issuance under the ESPP. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of periodic ESPP offerings on their offer date. The following assumptions were used for each respective period for the ESPP: Expected Term (in years) Volatility Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield Years ended December 31, 2012 2013 0.50 - 0.88 0.25 - 0.50 43.2% - 50.0% 33.3% - 36.0% 0.14% - 0.18% 0.05% - 0.13% 0.0% 0.0% Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units In 2012, the Company began incorporating restricted stock awards and RSUs as an element of its compensation plans. In February 2012, the Company granted certain of its directors restricted stock awards that vest 50% on the first anniversary of the grant, and 50% on the second anniversary of the grant. In May 2012, the Company granted certain employees RSUs, which vest one third on the first anniversary of the grant, one third on the second anniversary of the grant and one third upon the third anniversary of the grant. 69 Table of Contents A summary of the restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2013 is presented below: Restricted Stock Awards Restricted Stock Units Number of shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share Number of shares Outstanding at December 31, 2012 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2013 24,152 $ — (12,076 ) — 12,076 $ 12.42 — 12.42 — 12.42 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share 25.34 16.91 25.18 23.63 19.24 373,908 $ 558,686 (117,245 ) (60,078 ) 755,271 $ At December 31, 2013 , there was $16,000 of unrecognized net compensation cost related to restricted stock awards which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.1 years. At December 31, 2013 , there was $10.8 million of unrecognized net compensation cost related to RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years. Non-Employee Stock-Based Compensation While the Company granted no options to non-employees during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the Company granted 67,916 options to non-employees during the year ended December 31, 2011 . All options granted to non-employees during 2011 were fully vested on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to non-employees is recognized as the stock option vests, or if fully vested, on the date of grant. For stock options issued to non-employees with specific performance criteria, the Company makes a determination at each balance sheet date whether the performance criteria are probable of being achieved. Compensation expense is recognized at the time it is determined that it is probable the performance criteria will be met. For the November 2010 ExperiaHealth acquisition, the entire $0.1 million consideration to the seller was in the form of revenue milestone performance options, with 41,666 options for 2010 revenue performance and another 41,666 options for 2011. Of the first tranche, 35,452 options ultimately vested, and the 2011 performance options for 41,666 shares vested entirely in March 2012. Under accounting guidance for acquisitions, such contingent consideration is recorded initially as a liability, and adjusted to fair value at each reporting date through net income, until vested. The 2012 pricing model assumptions below refer not to new non-employee grants in 2012, but to revaluation of the 2011 performance options. During the first quarter of 2012, the fair value of these increased from $419,000 to $448,000 , resulting in 2012 stock-based compensation expense of $29,000 . The entirely liability was then reclassified back to December 31, 2011 as equity. The fair value of the stock options granted to non-employees was calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: Expected Term (in years) Volatility Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield As of December 31, 2012 8.67 46.7% 1.77% 0.0% 2011 8.83 - 10.0 45.0% - 54.0% 1.63% - 3.41% 0.0% For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , the Company recognized expenses of approximately zero , $29,000 and $907,000 , respectively, related to these options. Allocation of Stock-Based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation expense is recognized based on a straight-line amortization method over the respective vesting period of the award and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The Company estimated the expected forfeiture rate based on its historical experience, considering voluntary termination behaviors, trends of actual award forfeitures, and other events that will impact the forfeiture rate. To the extent the Company’s actual forfeiture rate is different from the estimate, the stock-based compensation expense is adjusted accordingly. The following table presents the stock-based compensation allocation of expense (both for employees and non-employees): 70 Table of Contents (in thousands) Cost of revenue Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Total stock-based compensation Exercise of common stock warrants Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ 967 $ 861 2,942 3,897 8,667 $ 421 $ 449 1,262 2,100 4,232 $ 30 121 285 1,022 1,458 Prior to the April 2012 IPO, outstanding warrants to purchase preferred stock were classified as liabilities, which were adjusted to fair value at each reporting period until the earlier of their exercise or expiration or the completion of a liquidation event, including the completion of an initial public offering, at which time the preferred stock warrant liability automatically converted into a warrant to purchase shares of common stock and was reclassified to stockholders’ equity (deficit). The Company recorded an expense in other income (expense), net of zero , $1.6 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively, to reflect the change in the fair value of the outstanding preferred stock warrants. Since April 2012, the converted common stock warrants are classified within stockholder's equity (deficit) because they are considered to be "indexed to the entity's own stock". The holders of all the common stock warrants described above may undertake a cashless conversion of the warrant, in whole or in part, in lieu of exercising the warrant. The number of shares to be issued in such a conversion shall be determined by dividing (a) the aggregate fair market value of the shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrant minus the aggregate warrant price of such shares by (b) the fair market value of one share at the time of conversion. During the year ended December 31, 2013 , holders of common stock warrants exercised 34,142 shares for cash proceeds of $0.2 million . There were no cash exercises in the prior twelve-month period. During the year ended December 31, 2012 , holders of common stock warrants net exercised warrants for the purchase of 108,155 shares and received 78,487 shares. There were no such cashless exercises in the current twelve month period. At December 31, 2013 warrants to purchase 44,491 shares of common stock, each with exercise price of $6.61 , were outstanding and expire in October 2015. 9. Segments The Company has two operating segments which are both reportable segments: (i) Product; and (ii) Service, which are comprised of the Company’s and its wholly-owned subsidiaries’ results from operations. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (CODM), or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The CODM regularly receives information related to revenue, cost of revenue, and gross profit for each operating segment, and uses this information to assess performance and make resource allocation decisions. All other financial information, including operating expenses and assets, is prepared and reviewed by the CODM on a consolidated basis. Assets are not a measure used to assess the performance of the Company by the CODM, therefore the Company does not report assets by segment internally or in its financial statements. 71 Table of Contents The following table presents a summary of the operating segments: (in thousands) Revenue Product Service Total revenue Cost of revenue Product Service Total cost of revenue Gross profit Product Service Total gross profit Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ 62,393 $ 40,105 102,498 65,028 $ 35,929 100,957 50,322 29,181 79,503 17,465 14,042 31,507 32,857 15,139 47,996 48,802 (1,388 ) (2,194 ) 21,714 16,595 38,309 40,679 23,510 64,189 21,551 15,070 36,621 43,477 20,859 64,336 59,440 (1,376 ) 3,520 $ Operating expenses Interest income (expense), net and other (Loss) income before income taxes 74,749 204 (10,356 ) $ $ The following tables present the Company’s revenue by product line, as well as revenue and long-lived assets by geographic region. (in thousands) Revenue Product Device Software Total product Service Maintenance and support Professional services and training Total service Total revenue Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ 46,636 $ 15,757 62,393 31,559 8,546 40,105 102,498 $ 47,725 $ 17,303 65,028 26,237 9,692 35,929 100,957 $ 37,088 13,234 50,322 21,439 7,742 29,181 79,503 The Company’s revenue by geographic region, based on customer location, is summarized as follows: (in thousands) Revenue United States International Total revenue Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ 91,763 $ 10,735 102,498 $ 90,108 $ 10,849 100,957 $ 73,719 5,784 79,503 72 Table of Contents The Company’s tangible long-lived assets by geographic region, consisting of net property and equipment, are summarized as follows: (in thousands) Property and equipment, net United States International Total property and equipment, net 2013 December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 5,249 $ 116 5,365 $ 3,465 $ 166 3,631 $ 2,646 55 2,701 At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , no customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , no customer represented 10% or more of revenue. 10. Income taxes The components of (loss) income before income taxes are as follows: (in thousands) United States International Total (loss) income before income taxes The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows: (in thousands) Current Federal State Foreign Deferred Federal State Foreign Total income tax provision Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 (10,812 ) $ 456 (10,356 ) $ 3,205 $ 315 3,520 $ (2,421 ) 227 (2,194 ) Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 — $ (40 ) 74 34 60 4 11 75 109 $ 7 $ 512 38 557 60 10 — 70 627 $ 25 156 55 236 60 9 (20 ) 49 285 $ $ $ $ The Company had an effective tax rate of (1.1)% , 17.8% and (13.0)% for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. 73 Table of Contents Reconciliation of the provision for income taxes at the statutory rate to the Company’s provision for income tax is as follows: (in thousands) U.S. federal (tax benefit) provision at statutory rate State (tax benefit) income taxes, net of federal benefit Foreign income taxes at rates other than the US rate Stock-based compensation Change in valuation allowance Non-deductible warrant expense Research and development credits Other Total Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ (3,567 ) $ (338 ) (28 ) 549 3,911 — (527 ) 109 109 $ 1,197 $ 151 (10 ) 397 (1,494 ) 625 (220 ) (19 ) 627 $ (746 ) 109 (72 ) 340 546 334 (290 ) 64 285 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table presents the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities for the periods presented: (in thousands) Deferred tax assets Net operating loss carryforward Research and development credits Depreciation and amortization Reserves and accruals Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities As of December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 11,873 $ 2,809 288 6,060 21,030 (21,030 ) — (216 ) (216 ) $ 14,270 2,637 84 4,502 21,493 (21,193 ) 300 (451 ) (151 ) The Company determines its valuation allowance on deferred tax assets by considering both positive and negative evidence in order to ascertain whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Due to the history of losses the Company has generated in the past, the Company believes that it is not more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets in the U.S. and Canada can be realized as of December 31, 2013 ; accordingly, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets. The Company’s valuation allowance decreased by $0.2 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. The changes in the valuation allowances were primarily due to the addition of loss carryforwards. At December 31, 2013 , the Company had $49.6 million and $37.5 million , respectively, of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards. Included in the gross amount, approximately $27.2 million of net operating loss is created by excess stock option deduction. A credit to APIC will be recorded when the excess stock option deduction reduces the income tax payable. The federal net operating loss carryforward begins expiring in 2015, and the state net operating loss carryforward began expiring in 2014, if not utilized. In addition, the Company has federal research and development tax credits carryforwards of approximately $1.7 million and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $2.5 million . The federal credit carryforwards begin expiring 2021 and the state credits carry forward indefinitely . The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) contains provisions which limit the amount of net operating loss (NOL) and research credit carryforwards that can be used in any given year if a significant change in ownership has occurred. During the year, the Company determined that prior changes in ownership as defined under IRC Section 382 had occurred, resulting in a reduction in the Company's NOL and credits carryovers for amounts which will expire unutilized due to these limitations. Accordingly, the Company decreased its deferred tax asset and corresponding valuation allowance by $2.5 million to reflect the reduction of these carryovers. As of December 31, 2013, $12.8 million of the 74 Table of Contents Company's NOL carryovers and $0.5 million of credit carryovers are subject to an annual $0.6 million limitation, of which $7.5 million NOLs would be available to offset future taxable income in the twenty-year carryforward period. The following table displays by contributing factor the changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets since January 1, 2011: (in thousands) Balance at the beginning of the period Net operating loss utilization R&D tax credit (decrease) increase Depreciation and amortization increase (decrease) Reserves and accruals increase Deferred tax assets decrease Balance at the end of the period Years Ended December 31, 2012 2011 2013 $ $ 21,193 $ (2,397 ) 172 204 1,558 300 21,030 $ 22,687 $ (3,505 ) 272 29 1,273 437 21,193 $ 21,588 (884 ) 383 (309 ) 1,581 328 22,687 The Company adopted the authoritative guidance for "Accounting for Uncertainty of Income Taxes" on January 1, 2009. The following table reflects changes in the unrecognized tax benefits since January 1, 2012: (in thousands) Gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the beginning of the period Increases related to prior year tax provisions Decreases related to prior year tax provisions Increases related to current year tax provisions Gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the period Years ended December 31, 2012 2013 $ $ 1,079 $ 30 (239 ) 222 1,092 $ 908 7 — 164 1,079 As a result of the Company’s historic losses and related valuation allowances, the Company has recorded the uncertain tax amounts above entirely as reductions to deferred tax assets which are subject to a full valuation allowance in its consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognizes interest and penalties relating to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 , penalties and interest were $26,000 and zero , respectively. As the Company is not currently under examination, it is reasonable to assume that the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits will likely not change in the next twelve months. The Company files income tax returns in the United States on a federal basis and in various states. The Company is not currently under any international or any United States federal, state and local income tax examinations for any taxable years. All of the Company’s net operating losses and research credit carryforwards prior to 2013 are subject to tax authority adjustment and all years after 2008 are still subject to the tax authority examinations. The Company has not provided for U.S. federal and foreign withholding taxes on $0.9 million of the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings as of December 31, 2013 , since the Company intends to reinvest this amount outside the U.S. indefinitely. The tax impact of repatriating these earnings is not practical to compute. 11. Subsequent events Business Acquisition On January 13, 2014 , the Company acquired certain assets of mVisum, Inc., an innovative provider of alarm management technology solutions for health systems, for $3.5 million cash in an asset purchase transaction. This new acquisition specifically addresses communications breakdowns caused by alarm fatigue, which has become a top patient safety concern and a regulatory priority. Alarm fatigue occurs when clinicians receive too many alarms during a given shift with too little context or data to assess the urgency or criticality of the alarms, which can negatively affect patient safety. The mVisum technology platform provides images and data, including waveforms like electrocardiograms, with the alarm notification directly to the physician, nurse or other members of the care team so that they can prioritize their response based on context and important information. 75 Table of Contents The acquisition is expected to align well with the Company's strategic vision of being the leader in integrated, intelligent communications solutions for healthcare and other mission-critical environments. The Company is currently completing the preliminary purchase price allocation and expects the majority of the purchase consideration will be allocable to intangibles and goodwill. Quarterly results of operations (unaudited) The following tables present certain unaudited consolidated quarterly financial information for each of the eight quarters ended December 31, 2013 . This quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments necessary to state fairly the information for the periods presented. (In thousands, except per share data) 2013 Total revenue Gross profit Net loss Net loss attributable to common stockholders Quarter Ended March 31, 22,413 $ 13,719 $ (3,499 ) $ (3,499 ) $ $ $ $ $ June 30, September 30, December 31, 28,722 25,296 $ 18,403 15,790 $ (1,842 ) (2,022 ) $ (1,842 ) (2,022 ) $ 26,067 $ 16,277 $ (3,102 ) $ (3,102 ) $ Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: Basic and diluted $ (0.14 ) $ (0.08 ) $ (0.13 ) $ (0.07 ) Weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders: Basic and diluted 24,282 24,555 24,747 24,893 2012 Total revenue Gross profit Net (loss) income Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per common share: Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ $ $ March 31, June 30, September 30, Quarter Ended 23,119 $ 14,121 $ (836 ) $ (836 ) $ 24,878 $ 15,584 $ 1,181 $ 103 $ December 31, 26,992 17,643 811 808 25,968 $ 16,988 $ 1,737 $ 1,728 $ (0.23 ) $ (0.23 ) $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $ 0.08 $ 0.07 $ 0.03 0.03 3,661 3,661 21,738 24,520 22,450 25,337 23,951 26,136 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent 76 Table of Contents limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. As of December 31, 2013 we have carried out an evaluation under the supervision of, and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2013 . Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in the original 1992 version of the Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on the assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013 based on these criteria. This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm on our internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for "emerging growth companies". Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Except for the ongoing implementation of a sophisticated ERP system, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting which occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2013 which has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required for this Item 10 is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required for this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed for our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required for this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed for our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required for this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed for our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required for this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed for our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules PART IV 77 Table of Contents (a)The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. Financial Statements: The financial statements filed as part of this report are listed in the “Index to Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this report. 2. Financial Statement Schedule: All schedules are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8. 3. Exhibits: See Exhibit Index following the signature page of this report. 78 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Date: March 17, 2014 By: VOCERA COMMUNICATIONS, INC. / S / Brent D. Lang Brent D. Lang Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: March 17, 2014 By: / S / William R. Zerella William R. Zerella Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Brent D. Lang, William R. Zerella and Jay M. Spitzen, and each of them, as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Company and in the capacities and on the dates indicated: 79 Table of Contents Signature /s/ Brent D. Lang Brent D. Lang /s/ William R. Zerella William R. Zerella /s/ Brian D. Ascher Brian D. Ascher /s/ John B. Grotting John B. Grotting /s/ Jeffrey H. Hillebrand Jeffrey H. Hillebrand /s/ Howard E. Janzen Howard E. Janzen /s/ John N. McMullen John N. McMullen /s/ Hany M. Nada Hany M. Nada /s/ Sharon O'Keefe Sharon O'Keefe /s/ Robert J. Zollars Robert J. Zollars Title Date Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) March 17, 2014 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) March 17, 2014 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 80 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 March 17, 2014 Table of Contents EXHIBIT INDEX Incorporated by reference Exhibit Number Exhibit title Form File No. Date Number Filed herewith 3.01 3.02 4.01 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. S-1 333- 175932 August 24, 2012 Restated Bylaws of Vocera Communications, Inc., as amended July 25, 2013. 8-K 001- 35469 July 30, 2013 Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of October 10, 2006, by and among the Registrant and certain investors of the Registrant. S-1 333- 175932 August 1, 2011 3.01 3.01 4.02 10.01 Forms of Indemnity Agreement by and between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers. S-1 333- 175932 August 1, 2011 10.01 10.02+ 2000 Stock Option Plan, as amended, and form of stock option agreement. S-1(A2) February 24, 2012 10.02 10.03+ 2006 Stock Option Plan, as amended, and form of stock option agreement. S-1(A2) 333- 175932 February 24, 2012 10.03 10.04+ 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of equity award agreements. S-1(A3) 333- 175932 March 13, 2012 10.04 10.05+ 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. S-1(A3) 333- 175932 March 13, 2012 10.05 10.06+ 10.07+ 10.8 10.9† Form of Option Agreement dated July 31, 2007, by and between the Registrant and each of Brent Lang and Robert Zollars. S-1 333- 175932 August 1, 2011 10.06 2010 Stock Option Agreement to purchase common stock, dated as of November 3, 2010, issued by the Registrant to DS Consulting Associates, LLC and 2011 Stock Option Agreement to purchase common stock, dated as of November 3, 2010 issued by the Registrant to DS Consulting Associates, LLC. S-1 333- 175932 August 1, 2011 10.07 Lease Agreement, dated as of September 26, 2007, by and between 525 Race Street, LLC and the Registrant, as amended on February 17, 2011. S-1 333- 175932 Original Equipment Manufacturer Agreement, dated as of April 25, 2002, by and between Nuance Communications, Inc. and the Registrant, as amended through April 4, 2006. S-1 333- 175932 August 1, 2011 10.11 August 1, 2011 10.13 10.10† Contract Manufacturing Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2010, by and between SMTC Corporation and the Registrant. S-1 333- 175932 August 1, 2011 10.14 10.11+ Form of Change of Control Severance Agreement by and between the Registrant and each of its executive officers. S-1(A2) 333- 175932 February 24, 2012 10.15 10.12+ Form of non-plan Restricted Stock Purchase Agreement for non-employee directors. S-1(A2) 333- 175932 February 24, 2012 10.17 21.01 List of subsidiaries. X 81 Table of Contents 23.01 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. 24.01 Power of Attorney (included on signature page). 31.01* 31.02 32.01 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d- 14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS# XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH# XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document 101.CAL# XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF# XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB# XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document 101.PRE# XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document + Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. † Portions of have been granted confidential treatment by the SEC. X X X X X X X X X X X * # This certification shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings. In accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the information in these exhibits is furnished and deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections. 82 EXHIBIT 21.01 LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES VOCERA COMMUNICATIONS, INC. Vocera Communications UK Ltd. (United Kingdom) Vocera Communications Australia Pty Ltd. (Australia) V ocera Canada, Ltd. (Canada) Vocera Communications India Private Limited Exhibit 23.01 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-180417 and 333-186818) of Vocera Communications, Inc. of our report dated March 17, 2014 relating to the financial statements, which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, California March 17, 2014 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES- OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 31.01 I, Brent D. Lang, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Vocera Communications, Inc.: 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 17, 2014 /s/ Brent D. Lang Brent D. Lang Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES- OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, William R. Zerella, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Vocera Communications, Inc.: EXHIBIT 31.02 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 17, 2014 /s/ William R. Zerella William R. Zerella Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.01 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Brent D. Lang, Chief Executive Officer of Vocera Communications, Inc. (the “Company”), and William R. Zerella, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to his knowledge: 1. The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2013 , to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.01 (the “Periodic Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and 2. The information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. In Witness Whereof, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 17th day of March 2014 . /s/ Brent D. Lang Brent D. Lang Chief Executive Officer /s/ William R. Zerella William R. Zerella Chief Financial Officer 

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