2018 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) December 31, 2018 2017 % Change FOR THE YEAR $ Earnings per common share—diluted $ Earnings per common share—diluted, excluding certain items (1)(2) $ Dividends declared per common share $ Net income available to common shareholders Net income available to common shareholders, excluding certain items (1)(2) $ Average common shares outstanding—diluted Period end common shares outstanding 2.92 $ 3.21 $ 1.16 $ 143,112 $ 157,221 $ 2.14 2.45 1.04 94,482 107,876 49,022,990 44,075,293 54,598,134 44,043,244 AT YEAR END Securities Net portfolio loans Total assets Deposits Total FHLB and other borrowings Subordinated and junior subordinated debt Shareholders’ equity $ 3,146,800 $ 2,284,822 6,296,157 9,816,178 7,043,588 1,133,008 164,327 1,395,321 7,607,333 12,458,632 8,831,633 1,344,696 189,842 1,978,827 36.4 31.0 11.5 51.5 45.7 11.2 24.0 37.7 20.8 26.9 25.4 18.7 15.5 41.8 TRUST ASSETS AT MARKET VALUE (3) $ 4,269,961 $ 3,943,519 8.3 KEY RATIOS Return on average assets Return on average assets, excluding certain items (1)(2) Return on average tangible assets (1) Return on average tangible assets, excluding certain items (1)(2) Return on average equity Return on average equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) Return on average tangible equity (1) Return on average tangible equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) Average loans to average deposits Allowance for loan losses to total loans Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans Non-performing assets to total assets Net loan charge-offs to average loans Dividend payout ratio Non-interest income as a percentage of total revenues Efficiency ratio (1)(4) Net interest margin (4) CAPITAL RATIOS AT YEAR END Shareholders’ equity to total assets Tangible equity to tangible assets (1) Tier 1 leverage ratio Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Total capital to risk-weighted assets Common equity tier 1 capital ratio PER COMMON SHARE Closing common stock price Book value at year end Tangible book value at year-end (1) 1.26% 1.39 1.40 1.76 8.68 9.54 16.24 17.78 87.60 0.64 134.31 0.35 0.06 39.59 22.41 54.60 3.52 15.88% 9.28 10.74 15.09 15.99 13.14 0.96% 31.3 27.5 1.09 33.3 1.05 46.7 1.20 27.1 6.83 22.5 7.79 32.8 12.23 27.9 13.90 (2.5) 89.86 (9.9) 0.71 28.7 104.35 (30.0) 0.50 (53.9) 0.13 (18.2) 48.37 (4.4) 23.43 (3.3) 56.44 2.3 3.44 14.21% 11.8 5.6 3.4 6.9 5.5 8.2 8.79 10.39 14.12 15.16 12.14 $ 36.69 $ 36.24 19.63 40.65 31.68 18.42 (9.7) 14.4 6.6 (1) See non-GAAP financial measures for additional information relating to the calculation of this ratio. (2) Certain items excluded from the calculation consist of after-tax merger-related expenses and the net deferred tax asset revaluation. (3) These assets are held by WesBanco in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. (4) Taxable-equivalent basis. TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS, WesBanco had another successful year during 2018, as well as a year full of milestones. Solid execution and strong fundamentals drove record earnings of $143 million, with earnings per diluted share of $2.92. When excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and the 2017 net deferred tax asset revaluation, which resulted from last year’s Federal tax reform legislation, net income increased 46% year-over-year to $157 million, with earnings per diluted share increasing 31% to $3.21 [1]. We strengthened the franchise by expanding into new and diversified markets with strong demographics, while ensuring top market share across our major markets. We remained focused on credit quality, profitability, and positive operating leverage. In addition, we generated returns on average assets and average tangible equity of 1.39% and 17.78%, respectively, when excluding merger-related costs [1]. Our strong underlying fundamentals, including our core deposit funding advantage, will be a benefit to us during 2019 as we remain well-positioned for success in a variety of operating environments. Our approach is not to sacrifice long-term shareholder value for near-term gains as we remain focused on long-term, sustainable, and profitable growth. During 2018, we continued to see strength in our underlying credit fundamentals as our key credit quality metrics remained at, or near, historic lows, and we maintained strong regulatory capital ratios. At December 31, 2018, Tier I Leverage Capital was 10.74%, Tier I Risk-Based Capital was 15.09%, Total Risk-Based Capital was 15.99%, and the Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio (“CET 1”) was 13.14%. Both consolidated and bank-level regulatory capital ratios were well above the applicable “well-capitalized” standards promulgated by bank regulators and the BASEL III capital standards. We remain focused on appropriate capital allocation to provide financial flexibility while continuing to enhance shareholder value through dividend and earnings growth. We again demonstrated this commitment by the recently announced increase in the quarterly dividend rate. Strong earnings and improved capital have resulted in our declaration of a $0.02 quarterly dividend rate increase to $0.31 per share on February 28, 2019. This increase represents a 6.9% increase in the quarterly dividend compared to the fourth quarter of 2018, an annualized cash dividend of $1.24, and the twelfth increase in the last nine years for a cumulative increase of 121%. WesBanco offers a current dividend yield of approximately 2.9% based upon the market price of WesBanco common stock on February 27, 2019. On February 28, 2019, the Board of Directors selected current Director, Christopher V. Criss, to succeed James C. Gardill as Chairman of the Board. Mr. Gardill did not stand for re-election due to the Company’s mandatory retirement age provision for directors. While transitioning off the Board of Directors, effective as of the 2019 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting, Mr. Gardill will remain general counsel for the bank holding company. Mr. Criss has served on the Board of Directors of the Corporation since July 17, 1992, and was promoted to Vice Chairman during the spring of 2018. In addition, he has served as a member and Chairman of the Audit Committee for 20 years and as a member of the Executive Committee, and other Committees of the Board. Mr. Criss has an accounting background and extensive business management experience as President and Chief Executive Officer of Atlas Towing Company since 1984. We wish to extend our profound gratitude to Mr. Gardill for his 46 years of service to WesBanco as counsel, Director and Chairman of the Board. He was first elected to the Board in 1980, began serving as Chairman of the Annual meeting of shareholders in 1984, and was formally appointed as Chairman of the Board in 1990. During his tenure as counsel, he has assisted in the negotiation and closing of 52 acquisitions or mergers. During his tenure on the Board and as Chairman, WesBanco has grown in significant ways: • • Total assets increased from $178 million to $12.5 billion Branch locations have grown from 1 to 203 • WesBanco became a listed company on Nasdaq, and the market cap of the corporation has increased from approximately $60 million to $2.2 billion (as of February 27, 2019) • • The number of shares outstanding has grown from 330,804 to 54,598,634, and the number of shareholders has grown from 928 to 7,617 The number of states in which it operates has grown from one state to five states, including West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Indiana • WesBanco has become one of the largest publicly-traded companies headquartered in the State of West Virginia 2018 was a year of accomplishments and milestones that contributed to our strong performance, and positions us for long-term success. • In February, WesBanco Bank Community Development Corporation (“WesBanco CDC”) was awarded multi-state New Markets Tax Credits from the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Community Development Financial Institutions Fund totaling $40 million of investments, which will provide a federal tax credit of $15.6 million over seven years. WesBanco CDC serves the urban and rural areas across the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia with the goal of promoting meaningful, community-driven investments and funding for a wide variety of businesses providing critical social and commercial services to low-to-moderate income residents. • On April 5th, we consummated our previously announced acquisition of First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., headquartered in Huntington, West Virginia, which solidified our position in the attractive Huntington-Charleston, West Virginia corridor and bridged our existing market gap between Charleston, West Virginia and Southeast Ohio. In addition, Robert H. Beymer, former Chairman of the Board of First Sentry, was appointed Chairman of the Huntington market advisory board for WesBanco; and, Geoffrey Sheils, former President and Chief Executive Officer of First Sentry, was appointed WesBanco’s new Market President for a restructured Charleston/Huntington West Virginia and Southeast Ohio market. • On April 19th, we announced a merger with Farmers Capital Bank Corporation, headquartered in Frankfort, Kentucky. This strategic acquisition enhanced our wealth management and trust capabilities, and bridged the gap between our Louisville and Southern Indiana market and restructured Charleston/Huntington West Virginia and Southeast Ohio market. We consummated the merger on August 20th, and appointed Michael J. Crawford, a former Farmers’ director, to the WesBanco Board of Directors and Lloyd C. Hillard, Jr., former President and Chief Executive Officer of Farmers, as Chairman of the Central and Southern Kentucky Market Advisory Board for WesBanco, comprised of the former Farmers’ board members. This acquisition, along with First Sentry, successfully completed our previously announced strategy for efficiently crossing the $10 billion asset threshold, and the associated higher costs of operation resulting from the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act. • We continued to receive top rankings during 2018 that recognized WesBanco for its performance, strength, quality, and strong community focus. These recognitions are a testament to WesBanco and our employees working hard every day to maintain our community banking roots and customer-focused philosophy. O Bauer Financial, Inc., a financial analysis and reporting company, has again awarded WesBanco their highest rating as a “five-star” bank. O During May, WesBanco Bank’s Central Ohio market was awarded a 2018 Top Workplaces honor by Columbus C.E.O. Magazine for the third consecutive year. Furthermore, during August, the Western Pennsylvania market of WesBanco Bank was awarded a 2018 Top Workplaces honor by The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. The Top Workplaces lists are based completely on employee feedback gathered through an anonymous third-party survey. O The Western Pennsylvania market and staff of WesBanco Bank were recognized for their community banking and Community Reinvestment Act efforts. Pittsburgh Community Reinvestment Group (“PCRG”) bestowed upon WesBanco three of their six awards for mortgage loan origination efforts across Western Pennsylvania, based upon the percentage of total mortgage loan originations given to the categories of low- and moderate-income borrowers and African-American borrowers. O In June, WesBanco Bank was recognized, for the third consecutive year, with the America Saves Designation of Savings Excellence for its extraordinary efforts during America Saves Week and Military Saves Week to encourage customers to save money. The award is presented annually to financial institutions and military-affiliated organizations that succeed in getting people to open and add to wealth-building accounts. O Recently, WesBanco Bank was once again named to Forbes magazine’s list of the Best Banks in America. The 2019 ranking is WesBanco’s ninth year making the list since its inception during 2010. Forbes magazine ranked the 100 largest publicly traded banks and thrifts by assets based on ten metrics related to growth, credit quality, and profitability from regulatory filings. WesBanco’s strong performance during 2018 could not have been accomplished without the continued support of our customers and shareholders, as well as the hard work and dedication of our board of directors and nearly 2,400 employees. We successfully executed all aspects of the strategy we developed and disclosed in 2017 to appropriately cross the $10 billion asset threshold as we filled-in the southern edge of our franchise with the acquisition of First Sentry, and expanded into additional high-growth markets within Kentucky to become one of the state’s strongest banks, with the acquisition of Farmers Capital. Reflecting the benefits of these acquisitions, total assets as of December 31, 2018 increased 26.9% year-over-year to $12.5 billion, with total portfolio loans increasing 20.7% to $7.7 billion. Total deposits increased 25.4% year- over-year to $8.8 billion at December 31, 2018, reflecting the acquisitions, as well as the continued strength of our core deposit funding advantage. During 2018, bank stocks, as measured by various indices including the KBW Nasdaq Regional Bank Index, the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index, and the ABA Nasdaq Community Bank Index, performed relatively consistent with the S&P 500 until September when bank stocks began to lag the S&P 500 due to general industry loan growth and credit quality concerns. Consistent with the industry, our stock price also dipped beginning in September to end the year at $36.69. However, for most of 2018, including through year-end, WesBanco’s stock price significantly outperformed those bank indices and our peer group. Furthermore, on both one- and three-year bases, our total shareholder return outperformed our peer group, those bank indices, and the S&P 500. WesBanco remains well positioned for success in any type of operating environment. We are excited about our opportunities for the upcoming year, and look forward to providing additional value to our customers and shareholders. We remain focused on long-term profitability and success, as we continue to effectively execute upon our well-defined growth strategies, and maintain a strong financial institution for our shareholders – one that is well-positioned for the future. We wish to acknowledge Richard G. Spencer, who will retire from the WesBanco Board as his term expires at the 2019 Annual Stockholders Meeting. Mr. Spencer has served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Corporation since November 30, 2012 as a result of our merger with Fidelity Bancorp, Inc. He has served as a member of the Insurance Committee and the Personnel and Post Retirement Committee of the Corporation. We thank Mr. Spencer for his many years of counsel and dedicated service to WesBanco. We would like to invite you to the Annual Meeting of the Shareholders, which will be held on Wednesday, April 17, 2019 at 12:00 noon at Oglebay Park, Wheeling, West Virginia. A reservation card is included with the proxy material. Please respond promptly to your invitation to assist us in our planning for the meeting. James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer WesBanco, Inc. March 1, 2019 [1] Please review the financial statements and non-GAAP financial measures included in this Annual Report and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10-K for complete details of WesBanco’s financial performance during 2018. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 000-08467 WESBANCO, INC. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) WEST VIRGINIA (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV (Address of principal executive offices) 55-0571723 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 26003 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 304-234-9000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each Exchange on which registered Common Stock $2.0833 Par Value NASDAQ Global Select Market Indicate by check mark if Act. Yes Í No ‘ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large accelerated filer Í Non-accelerated filer ‘ Accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Emerging growth company ‘ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes ‘ No Í The aggregate market value of the registrant’s outstanding voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2018, determined using a per share closing price on that date of $45.04, was $1,977,764,728. As of February 22, 2019, there were 54,598,634 shares of WesBanco, Inc. common stock $2.0833 par value per share, outstanding. Certain specifically designated portions of WesBanco, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement which will be filed by April 30, 2019 for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be held in 2019 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE WESBANCO, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM # ITEM 1 1A 1B 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A 8 9 9A 9B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Part I Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part II Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page No. 3 - 14 15 - 26 26 26 26 26 27 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 81 82 - 87 88 - 160 161 161 161 162 162 162 163 163 Part IV Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 164 - 170 Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2 ITEM 1. BUSINESS GENERAL PART I WesBanco, Inc. (“WesBanco”), a bank holding company incorporated in 1968 and headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia, offers a full range of financial services including retail banking, corporate banking, personal and corporate trust services, brokerage services, mortgage banking and insurance. WesBanco offers these services through two reportable segments, community banking and trust and investment services. For additional information regarding WesBanco’s business segments, please refer to Note 24, “Business Segments” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2018, WesBanco operated one commercial bank, WesBanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco Bank” or the “Bank”), through 209 branches and 202 ATM machines located in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky and southern Indiana. Total assets of WesBanco Bank as of December 31, 2018 approximated $12.5 billion. WesBanco Bank also offers trust and investment services and various alternative investment products including mutual funds and annuities. The market value of assets under management of the trust and investment services segment was approximately $4.3 billion as of December 31, 2018. These assets are held by WesBanco Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. On April 5, 2018, WesBanco completed the acquisition of First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. (“FTSB”), a bank holding company headquartered in Huntington, West Virginia with approximately $704.8 million in assets excluding goodwill, $590.1 million in total deposits and $447.3 million in total loans, and five branches in West Virginia. The transaction enhanced WesBanco’s overall market share in the state of West Virginia and added a new metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”) in the Huntington, WV area, which is west of our existing Charleston, WV MSA. On August 20, 2018, WesBanco completed the acquisition of Farmers Capital Bank Corp. (“FFKT”), a bank holding company headquartered in Frankfort, Kentucky with approximately $1.6 billion in assets excluding goodwill, $1.3 billion in total deposits and $1.0 billion in total loans, and 34 branches in Kentucky. The transaction expanded WesBanco’s existing franchise in Kentucky by adding a new MSA in the state capital of Frankfort, while enhancing our present market position in the Louisville, Lexington and Elizabethtown MSA’s. We also added locations in northern Kentucky to our Cincinnati, OH MSA. WesBanco offers additional services through its non-banking subsidiaries, WesBanco Insurance Services, Inc. (“WesBanco Insurance”), a multi-line insurance agency specializing in property, casualty, life and title insurance, with benefit plan sales and administration for personal and commercial clients; and WesBanco Securities, Inc. (“WesBanco Securities”), a full service broker-dealer, which also offers discount brokerage services. WesBanco Asset Management, Inc., which was incorporated in 2002, holds certain investment securities and loans in a Delaware-based subsidiary. WesBanco Properties, Inc. holds certain commercial real estate properties. The commercial property is leased to WesBanco Bank and to certain non-related third parties. Kentuckiana Real Estate Holdings, LLC, and Southern Indiana Real Estate Holdings, LLC, are Indiana and Kentucky limited liability corporations, and they hold certain real estate properties in those markets. CBIN Insurance Inc. is a captive insurance company, which issues policies to WesBanco’s banking subsidiaries for certain risks that are not covered by the Company’s commercial insurances purchased from third- party carriers. FFKT Insurance Services, Inc. is a captive insurance company, which was acquired from FFKT. It is in the process of winding up its business activities and will be dissolved. 3 WesBanco has thirteen capital trusts, which are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. For more information regarding WesBanco’s issuance of trust preferred securities, please refer to Note 11, “Subordinated Debt and Junior Subordinated Debt” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. AMSCO, Inc. (“AMSCO”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of WesBanco Bank, which formerly engaged in the management of certain real estate development and construction of 1-4 family residential units. It is in the process of winding up its business activities and will be dissolved. WesBanco Bank’s Investment Department also serves as investment adviser to a family of mutual funds, namely the “WesMark Funds”. The fund family is comprised of the WesMark Growth Fund, the WesMark Balanced Fund, the WesMark Small Company Growth Fund, the WesMark Government Bond Fund, the WesMark West Virginia Municipal Bond Fund, and the WesMark Tactical Opportunity Fund. As of December 31, 2018, none of WesBanco’s subsidiaries were engaged in any operations in foreign countries, and only one had any transactions with customers in foreign countries. The Bank provides letters of credit internationally for certain domestic customers and provides international wire services through a third- party correspondent bank. EMPLOYEES There were 2,388 full-time equivalent employees employed by WesBanco and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2018. None of the employees was represented by collective bargaining agreements. WesBanco believes its employee relations to be satisfactory. WEB SITE ACCESS TO WESBANCO’S FILINGS WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION All of WesBanco’s electronic filings for 2018 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are made available at no cost on WesBanco’s website, www.wesbanco.com, in the “About Us” section through the “Investor Relations” link as soon as reasonably practicable after WesBanco files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. WesBanco’s SEC filings are also available through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Upon written request of any shareholder of record on December 31, 2018, WesBanco will provide, without charge, a printed copy of this 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, as required to be filed with the SEC. To obtain a copy of this report, contact: John Iannone, WesBanco, Inc., 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003 (304) 905-7021. COMPETITION Competition in the form of price and service from other banks, including local, regional and national banks and financial companies such as savings and loan companies, internet banks, payday lenders, money services businesses, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage firms and other non-banking companies providing various regulated and non-regulated financial services and products, is intense in most of the markets served by WesBanco and its subsidiaries. WesBanco’s trust and investment services segment receives competition from commercial banks, trust companies, mutual fund companies, investment advisory firms, law firms, brokerage firms and other financial services companies. As a result of consolidation within the financial services industry, mergers between, and the expansion of, financial institutions both within and outside of WesBanco’s major markets have provided significant competitive pressure in those markets. Many of WesBanco’s competitors have 4 greater resources and, as such, may have higher lending limits and may offer other products and services that are not provided by WesBanco. WesBanco generally competes on the basis of superior customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, available loan and deposit products, rates of interest charged on loans, rates of interest paid for deposits, and the availability and pricing of trust, brokerage and insurance services. As a result of WesBanco’s expansion into certain larger metropolitan markets, it has faced entrenched larger bank competitors with an already existing customer base that may far exceed WesBanco’s initial entry position into those markets. As a result, WesBanco may be forced to compete more aggressively for loans, deposits, trust and insurance products in order to grow its market share, potentially reducing its current and future profit potential from such markets. SUPERVISION AND REGULATION As a bank holding company and a financial holding company under federal law, WesBanco is subject to supervision and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”) under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), and is required to file with the Federal Reserve Board reports and other information regarding its business operations and the business operations of its subsidiaries. WesBanco also is required to obtain Federal Reserve Board approval prior to acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of certain voting shares of other banks, as described below, and for certain capital actions. Since WesBanco is both a bank holding company and a financial holding company, WesBanco can offer customers virtually any type of service that is financial in nature or incidental thereto, including banking and activities closely related to banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both underwriting and agency) and merchant banking. As a result of the completed acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT in 2018, WesBanco is now subject to enhanced supervision from the Federal Reserve Board due to its exceeding the $10 billion asset threshold, and it intends to ensure that sufficient resources are allocated to compliance, risk management and internal audit, among other functions, so that the enhanced demands of the Federal Reserve Board are met. As indicated above, WesBanco presently operates one bank subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, which is a West Virginia banking corporation and is not a member bank of the Federal Reserve System. It is subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and the West Virginia Division of Financial Institutions (“WVDIF”). The deposits of WesBanco Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) of the FDIC. WesBanco’s non-bank subsidiaries are subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board and specifically, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Ohio (“Federal Reserve”) and examination by other federal and state agencies, including, in the case of certain securities activities, regulation by the SEC, the Financial Institution Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board and the Securities Investors Protection Corporation. WesBanco Bank maintains one designated financial subsidiary, WesBanco Insurance, which, as indicated above, is a multi-line insurance agency specializing in property, casualty, life and title insurance, with benefit plan sales and administration for personal and commercial clients. As a result of the aforementioned acquisitions in 2018, and exceeding the $10 billion asset threshold, WesBanco is now subject to enhanced prudential supervision from both the FDIC and WVDIF as part of their large bank supervision program. WesBanco is also under the jurisdiction of the SEC and certain state securities commissions for matters to the disclosure and regulatory relating to the offering and sale of its securities. WesBanco is subject requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. WesBanco is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (the “NASDAQ”) under the trading symbol “WSBC” and is subject to the rules of the NASDAQ for listed companies. Under the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, as amended (the “Riegle- Neal Act”), a bank holding company may acquire banks in states other than its home state, subject to certain limitations. The Riegle-Neal Act also authorizes banks to merge across state lines, thereby creating interstate banking. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), banks are also permitted to establish de novo branches across state lines to the same extent that a state-chartered bank in each host state would be permitted to open branches. 5 Under the BHCA, prior Federal Reserve Board approval is required for WesBanco to acquire more than 5% of the voting stock of any bank. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition, federal banking regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the public benefits expected to be received from the acquisition, the projected capital ratios and levels on a post-acquisition basis, and the acquiring institution’s record of addressing the credit needs of the communities it serves, including the needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operation of the bank under the Community Reinvestment Act, as amended (the “CRA”). HOLDING COMPANY REGULATIONS As indicated above, WesBanco has one state bank subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, as well as non-bank subsidiaries, which are described further in “Item 1. Business—General” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The subsidiary bank is subject to affiliate transaction restrictions under federal law, which limit “covered transactions” by the subsidiary bank with the parent and any non-bank subsidiaries of the parent, which are referred to in the aggregate in this paragraph as “affiliates” of the subsidiary bank. “Covered transactions” include loans or extensions of credit to an affiliate (including repurchase agreements), purchases of or investments in securities issued by an affiliate, purchases of assets from an affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit, the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate, certain transactions that involve borrowing or lending securities, and certain derivative transactions with an affiliate. Such covered transactions between the subsidiary bank and any single affiliate are limited in amount to 10% of the subsidiary bank’s capital and surplus, and, with respect to covered transactions with all affiliates in the aggregate, are limited in amount to 20% of the subsidiary bank’s capital and surplus. Furthermore, such loans or extensions of credit, guarantees, acceptances and letters of credit, and any credit exposure resulting from securities borrowing or lending transactions or derivatives transactions, are required to be secured by collateral at all times in amounts specified by law. In addition, all covered transactions must be conducted on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices. The Dodd-Frank Act requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary bank. Under this source of strength requirement, the Federal Reserve Board may require a bank holding company to make capital infusions into a troubled subsidiary bank, and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. A capital infusion conceivably could be required at a time when WesBanco may not have the resources to provide it. PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS Dividends from the subsidiary bank are a significant source of funds for payment of dividends to WesBanco’s shareholders. For the year ended December 31, 2018, WesBanco declared cash dividends to its common shareholders of approximately $58.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco Bank was “well capitalized” under the definition in Section 325.103 of the FDIC Regulations. Therefore, as long as the Bank remains “well capitalized” or even becomes “adequately capitalized,” there would be no basis under Section 325.105 to limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends because it had not become undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. As of January 1, 2016, WesBanco Bank and WesBanco are subject to “capital conservation buffer” rules, phased in over a four year period ending in 2019, which require WesBanco and WesBanco Bank to have capital levels above the regulatory minimums in order to pay dividends (discussed below in connection with the Basel III initiative under “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements”). 6 All financial institutions are subject to the prompt corrective action provisions set forth in Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDI Act”) and the provisions set forth in Section 325.105 of the FDIC Regulations. Immediately upon a state non-member bank receiving notice, or being deemed to have notice, that the bank is undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, or critically undercapitalized, as defined in Section 325.103 of the FDIC Regulations, the bank is precluded from being able to pay dividends to its shareholders based upon the requirements in Section 38(d) of the FDI Act, 12. U.S.C. § 1831o(d). In addition, with respect to possible dividends by the Bank, under Section 31A-4-25 of the West Virginia Code, the prior approval of the West Virginia Commissioner of Banking would be required if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year would exceed the total of the Bank’s net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years. Further, Section 31A-4-25 limits the ability of a West Virginia banking institution to pay dividends until the surplus fund of the banking institution equals the common stock of the banking institution and if certain specified amounts of recent profits of the banking institution have not been carried to the surplus fund. If, in the opinion of the applicable regulatory authority, a bank under its jurisdiction is engaged in or is about to engage in an unsafe or unsound practice which, depending on the financial condition of the bank, could include the payment of dividends, such authority may require, after notice and hearing, that such bank cease and desist from such practice. The Federal Reserve Board has issued policy statements, which provide that insured banks and bank holding companies should generally only pay dividends out of current operating earnings. Under applicable law, bank regulatory agency approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year exceeds the available retained earnings or exceeds the aggregate of the bank’s net profits (as defined by regulatory agencies) for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two years. As of December 31, 2018, under FDIC regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, a dividend of up to $105.4 million from WesBanco Bank. Additional information regarding dividend restrictions is set forth in Note 22, “Regulatory Matters,” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. On February 24, 2009, the Federal Reserve Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation issued a letter providing direction to bank holding companies on the payment of dividends, capital repurchases and capital redemptions. Although the letter largely reiterates longstanding Federal Reserve supervisory policies, it emphasizes the need for a bank holding company to review various factors when considering the declaration of a dividend or taking action that would reduce regulatory capital provided by outstanding financial instruments. These factors include the potential need to increase loan loss reserves, write down assets and reflect declines in asset values in equity. In addition, the bank holding company should consider its past and anticipated future earnings, the dividend payout ratio in relation to earnings, and adequacy of regulatory capital before any action is taken. The consideration of capital adequacy should include a review of all known factors that may affect capital in the future. In certain circumstances, defined by regulation relating to levels of earnings and capital, advance notification to, and in some circumstances, approval by the regulator could be required to declare a dividend or repurchase or redeem capital instruments. FDIC INSURANCE FDIC insurance premiums are assessed by the FDIC using a risk-based approach that places insured institutions into categories based on capital and risk profiles. In 2018, WesBanco Bank paid deposit insurance premiums of $3.0 million, compared to $3.2 million and $3.6 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease from 2016 to 2017 was due to the FDIC reducing its assessment rate for banks with less than $10 billion in assets as of July 1, 2016. Certain risk factors as well as capital, net income and loan quality-related financial ratios also influenced the decreases year-over-year and particularly from 2017 to 2018, despite adding assets from the two acquisitions to the calculation. However, as a large bank with assets above $10 billion beginning March 31, 2018 and after four consecutive quarters with assets above $10 billion, the Bank expects to pay a higher assessment rate for quarters after March 31, 2019 utilizing a more complex calculation with additional loan and other risk factors. 7 Effective July 1, 2016, the FDIC issued a final rule in order to implement section 334 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which requires the FDIC to (1) raise the minimum reserve ratio for the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund to 1.35 percent, from 1.15 percent, (2) assess premiums on banks to reach the 1.35 percent goal by September 30, 2020, and (3) offset the effect of the increase in the minimum reserve ratio on insured depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. The final rule imposes a quarterly surcharge on insured depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets of 4.5 basis points applied to their assessment base (after making certain adjustments), to be assessed over a period of eight quarters. Since the required reserve ratio was achieved in mid-2018, no additional surcharges will be assessed to banks with total consolidated assets greater than $10 billion beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018, and WesBanco will not experience such surcharge as it didn’t exceed $10 billion in assets for four consecutive quarters prior to the surcharge’s elimination. Since WesBanco was a small bank during the initial surcharge, the Bank will receive an assessment credit for the portion of WesBanco’s assessment that contributed to the growth in the reserve ratio from 1.15 to 1.35 percent. The assessed credit will be applied when the reserve ratio reaches 1.38 percent. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS The Federal Reserve Board had historically issued risk-based capital ratio and leverage ratio guidelines for bank holding companies. The risk-based capital ratio guidelines establish a systematic analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, takes off-balance sheet exposures into explicit account in assessing capital adequacy, and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. Under the guidelines and related policies, bank holding companies must maintain capital sufficient to meet both a risk-based asset ratio test and a leverage ratio test on a consolidated basis. The risk-based ratio is determined by allocating assets and specified off-balance sheet commitments into several weighted categories, with higher weightings being assigned to categories perceived as representing greater risk. A bank holding company’s capital is then divided by total risk-weighted assets to yield the risk-based ratio. The leverage ratio is determined by relating core capital to total assets adjusted as specified in the guidelines. The Bank is subject to substantially similar capital requirements. The federal regulatory authorities’ risk-based capital guidelines are currently based upon agreements reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”). The Basel Committee is a committee of central banks and bank supervisors and regulators from the major industrialized countries that develops broad policy guidelines for use by each country’s supervisors in determining the supervisory policies they apply. In December 2010, the Basel Committee issued a strengthened set of international capital and liquidity standards for banks and bank holding companies, known as “Basel III.” In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule that implements the Basel III capital standards and establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act. The rule was effective January 1, 2015 subject to a transition period providing for full implementation on January 1, 2019. The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection (EGRRCPA) Act, enacted into law in May 2018, exempts banks with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion that exceed the community bank leverage ratio from the capital requirements under Basel III. WesBanco’s assets are in excess of $10 billion, however, so the exemption is inapplicable. Generally, under the applicable guidelines, a financial institution’s capital is divided into common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”), total Tier 1 and Tier 2. CET1 includes common shares and retained earnings less goodwill, intangible assets subject to limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to limitation. In addition, under the final capital rule, an institution may make a one-time, permanent election to continue to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. If an institution does not make this election, unrealized gains and losses will be included in the calculation of its CET1. Total Tier 1 is comprised of CET1 and certain restricted capital instruments, including qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock and qualifying trust preferred securities, in their Tier 1 capital, up to a limit of 25% of Tier 1 capital. (See below within this section for more information regarding the capital treatment of trust preferred securities.) 8 Tier 2, or supplementary capital, includes, among other things, portions of trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock not otherwise counted in Tier 1 capital, as well as perpetual preferred stock, intermediate-term preferred stock, hybrid capital instruments, perpetual debt, mandatory convertible debt securities, term subordinated debt, unrealized holding gains on equity securities, and the allowance for loan and lease losses, all subject to certain limitations. “Total capital” is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The amount of Tier 2 capital that exceeds the amount of Tier 1 capital must be excluded from the total capital calculation. The Federal Reserve Board has established the following minimum capital levels banks and bank holding companies are required to maintain as a percentage of risk-weighted assets (including various off-balance sheet items): (i) CET1 of at least 4.5%, (ii) Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6%, (iii) total capital ratio (Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital) of at least 8%; and (iv) a non-risk-based leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets) of 4%. The risk-based capital standards are designed to make regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in credit and market risk profiles among banks and financial holding companies, to account for off-balance sheet exposure, and to minimize disincentives for holding liquid assets. Balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures are assigned to one of several risk-weights primarily based on relative credit risk. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by the regulators about components, risk-weightings, and other factors. Additionally, when the final capital rule is fully implemented, it will require an institution to maintain a 2.5% common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer over the minimum risk-based capital requirements to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, discretionary bonuses to executive officers, and engage in share repurchases. The capital conservation buffer was 1.25% for 2017, increasing to 1.875% effective January 1, 2018, and finally increasing to the full 2.5% effective January 1, 2019. Failure to meet applicable capital guidelines could subject a financial institution to a variety of enforcement remedies available to the federal regulatory authorities, including limitations on the ability to pay dividends, the issuance by the regulatory authority of a capital directive to increase capital, and the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, as well as to the measures described below under “Prompt Corrective Action” as applicable to undercapitalized institutions. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco’s CET1, Tier 1 and total capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios were 13.14%, 15.09% and 15.99%, respectively. WesBanco made a timely permanent election to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from regulatory capital. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco Bank also had capital in excess of the minimum requirements. Neither WesBanco nor the Bank had been advised by the appropriate federal banking regulator of any specific leverage ratio applicable to it. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco’s leverage ratio was 10.74%. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco had $189.8 million in subordinated and junior subordinated debt on its Consolidated Balance Sheets, which includes $164.4 million of junior subordinated debt. For regulatory purposes, Trust Preferred Securities totaling $162.5 million underlying such junior subordinated debt were included in Tier 1 capital as of December 31, 2018, in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. In 2013, the federal banking agencies amended capital requirements to generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital. A grandfather provision, however, permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. The final Basel III capital rule permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010 for institutions of less than $15 billion in size, subject to a 25% limit of Tier 1 capital. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the 25% limit may be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions; however, all such securities would no longer be counted as Tier 1 capital (and would instead be counted as Tier 2 capital subject to limits) if, generally speaking, WesBanco’s total assets increase above $15 billion at some point in the future. For more information regarding trust preferred securities, please refer to Note 11, “Subordinated and Junior Subordinated Debt” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. 9 The risk-based capital standards of the Federal Reserve and the FDIC specify that evaluations by the banking agencies of a bank’s capital adequacy will include an assessment of the exposure to declines in the economic value of the bank’s capital due to changes in interest rates. These banking agencies issued a joint policy statement on interest rate risk describing prudent methods for monitoring such risk that rely principally on internal measures of exposure and active oversight of risk management activities by senior management. PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTION The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) requires federal banking regulatory authorities to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, FDICIA establishes five capital tiers: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. An institution is deemed to be “well-capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5% or greater, and a new common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater, and is not subject to a regulatory order, agreement, or directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. An institution is deemed to be “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% or greater, generally a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater, and the institution does not meet the definition of a “well-capitalized” institution. An institution that does not meet one or more of the “adequately capitalized” tests is deemed to be “undercapitalized.” If the institution has a total risk- based capital ratio that is less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 4%, or a Tier 1 leverage ratio that is less than 3%, it is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized.” Finally, an institution is deemed to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%. At December 31, 2018, WesBanco Bank had capital levels that met the “well- capitalized” standards under FDICIA and its implementing regulations. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution, including payment of a cash dividend, or paying any management fee to its holding company, if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. Undercapitalized institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. If any depository institution subsidiary of a holding company is required to submit a capital restoration plan, the holding company would be required to provide a limited guarantee regarding compliance with the plan as a condition of approval of such plan by the appropriate federal banking agency. If an undercapitalized institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized. Significantly undercapitalized institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized institutions may not, beginning 60 days after becoming critically undercapitalized, make any payment of principal or interest on their subordinated debt and/or trust preferred securities. In addition, critically undercapitalized institutions are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator within 90 days of becoming critically undercapitalized. GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLB Act”), banks are no longer prohibited from associating with, or having management interlocks with, a business organization engaged principally in securities activities. By qualifying as a “financial holding company,” as authorized under the GLB Act, a bank holding company acquires new powers not otherwise available to it. WesBanco has elected to become a financial holding company under the GLB Act. It also has qualified a subsidiary of the Bank as a financial subsidiary under the GLB Act. Financial holding company powers relate to “financial activities” that are determined by the Federal Reserve Board, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, to be financial in nature, incidental to an activity that is 10 financial in nature, or complementary to a financial activity, provided that the complementary activity does not pose a safety and soundness risk. The GLB Act itself defines certain activities as financial in nature, including but not limited to: underwriting insurance or annuities; providing financial or investment advice; underwriting, dealing in, or making markets in securities; merchant banking, subject to significant limitations; insurance company portfolio investing, subject to significant limitations; and any activities previously found by the Federal Reserve Board to be closely related to banking. National and state banks are permitted under the GLB Act, subject to capital, management, size, debt rating, and CRA qualification factors, to have “financial subsidiaries” that are permitted to engage in financial activities not otherwise permissible. However, unlike financial holding companies, financial subsidiaries may not engage in insurance or annuity underwriting; developing or investing in real estate; merchant banking (for at least five years); or insurance company portfolio investing. DODD-FRANK ACT The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted on July 21, 2010, and the rules implementing its provisions have resulted in numerous and wide-ranging reforms to the structure of the U.S. financial system and the enhanced regulation and supervision of WesBanco. This includes, among other things, rules to promote financial stability and prevent or mitigate the risks that may arise from the material distress or failure of a large bank holding company; enhance consumer protections; prohibit proprietary trading; and implement enhanced prudential requirements for large bank holding companies regarding risk-based capital and leverage, risk and liquidity management, stress testing, and recovery and resolution planning. The Dodd-Frank Act, including current and future rules implementing its provisions and the interpretation of those rules, have affected, and management expects will continue to affect, most of WesBanco’s businesses in some way, either directly through regulation of specific activities or indirectly through regulation of concentration risks, capital or liquidity. Certain bank holding companies are subjected to increased capital requirements (discussed above under “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements”). The Volcker Rule and the final rules jointly issued by federal banking agencies implementing the rule’s provisions limit WesBanco’s ability to engage in proprietary trading, as well as its ability to sponsor or invest in hedge funds or private equity funds. The Volcker Rule includes certain compliance program requirements that apply to banking entities that engage in permissible proprietary trading or permitted covered fund activities. The type of compliance program required is determined based on the level of total consolidated assets held by the banking entity. Banking entities who, together with their affiliates and subsidiaries, have trading assets and liabilities (excluding obligations of or guaranteed by the United States or an agency of the United States) of, or greater than, $10 billion for four (4) consecutive quarters are subject to the “standard compliance program.” WesBanco is not subject to the “standard compliance program,” which imposes additional compliance program requirements, including a requirement to maintain additional documentation specific to covered fund activities. Regardless, WesBanco’s activities and investments are currently in full compliance with the Volcker Rule and its regulations and WesBanco has ensured that its compliance program meets the requirements of the “standard compliance program.” Additionally, an interim final rule was issued in January 2014 that exempts investments in certain collateralized debt obligations backed primarily by trust preferred securities from the provisions of the Volcker Rule. This interim final rule was effective April 1, 2014 and did not have a material impact on WesBanco for the year ended December 31, 2018. Passed in 2011, the Durbin Amendment requires the Federal Reserve to limit fee charges to retailers for debit card processing. The Federal Reserve Board promulgated Regulation II (Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing) that limits the interchange fees paid by merchants to issuers when their debit cards are used as payment. An issuer is defined as “any person that authorizes the use of the debit card to perform an electronic debit 11 transaction.” The application of the Durbin Amendment is determined by whether the issuer, together with its affiliates, has $10 billion in assets as of the end of the calendar year preceding the date of the electronic debit transaction. An affiliate is defined as “any company that controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with another company.” Therefore, if an insured institution issues a debit card and it, together with its affiliates, has assets exceeding $10 billion, it is subject to this rule. The rule caps debit card interchange fees (also known as swipe fees) at $0.21 plus an additional 0.05% of the value of the transaction. Previously, the average interchange fee generated $0.44 per transaction for an insured institution. Financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets by the year-end assessment deadline are subject to the cap on interchange income in July of the following year. As a result of the FTSB acquisition WesBanco and the Bank will be subject to the requirements imposed by the Durbin Amendment because, for purposes of determining whether an issuer has $10 billion in assets, the assets of the institution and its affiliates are combined, beginning in July of 2019. Additionally, section 165(i)(2) of the Dodd-Frank Act—as amended by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection (EGRRCPA) Act—, requires annual company-run stress tests for bank holding companies with total consolidated assets greater than $100 billion. Section 165(1)(2) also requires savings and loan holding companies and state member banks with $10 billion or more in total consolidated assets to conduct company-run stress tests until November 29, 2019, but the Federal Reserve Board, OCC, and FDIC have exempted savings and loan holding companies and state member banks with less than $100 billion in total consolidated assets from that requirement. After November 25, 2019, only savings and loan holding companies and state member banks with $250 billion or more in total consolidated assets will be subject to company-run stress tests. Total consolidated assets are reported on the insured institution’s Call Report or the holding company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for Holding Companies reporting form (FR Y-9C) and calculated over the four most recent consecutive quarters. The Federal Reserve Board and FDIC promulgated rules requiring these company-run stress tests. These rules establish the testing criteria, reporting requirements, and publication deadlines for all covered institutions, and are meant to be consistent across the federal banking agencies’ respective annual stress testing rules. The Federal Reserve Board regulates bank holding companies, and therefore, if a bank holding company has total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, it will be required to conduct the Federal Reserve Board stress- tests. WesBanco Bank, a subsidiary state nonmember bank, is governed by the FDIC. Under the FDIC rule, a covered bank includes “any state nonmember bank . . . with average total consolidated assets . . . that are greater than $10 billion but less than $50 billion.” However, the FDIC proposed a rule in December 2018 to conform this definition to Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act, as amended by the EGRRCPA, to state that a “covered bank” is a nonmember bank or state savings association with average total consolidated assets that are greater than $250 billion. WesBanco Bank has less than $100 billion in average total consolidated assets, and therefore, is not subject to the Federal Reserve Board’s or the FDIC’s stress-test rules. If the Dodd-Frank Act stress test rules were to apply at some point in the future, WesBanco must assess the potential impact of a minimum of three macroeconomic scenarios—baseline, adverse, and severely adverse—on its consolidated losses, revenues, balance sheets (including risk-weighted assets) and capital. Each scenario includes economic variables, including macroeconomic activity, unemployment, exchange rates, prices, incomes and interest rates. The adverse and severely adverse scenarios are not forecasts, but rather hypothetical scenarios designed to assess the strength and resilience of financial institutions. Additionally, WesBanco must publicly disclose these test results on an annual basis. The required summary of results may be published on WesBanco’s web site or in any other forum that is reasonably accessible to the public. As required by Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve issued a rule that strengthens the supervision and regulation of large U.S. bank holding companies and foreign banking organizations by establishing a number of enhanced prudential standards. These standards include liquidity, risk management, and capital. Under the rule, a publicly traded bank holding company with $10 billion or more in consolidated assets is required to establish an enterprise-wide risk committee. However, the EGRRCPA raised the threshold to $50 billion. To conform the rule to the EGRRCPA, the Federal Reserve Board proposed a rule in November 2018 to increase the threshold to $50 billion. WesBanco is therefore, currently not subject to the Federal Reserve Enhanced Prudential Standards. 12 The Dodd-Frank Act made several changes affecting the securitization markets, which may affect a bank’s ability or desire to use those markets to meet funding or liquidity needs. One of these changes calls for federal regulators to adopt regulations requiring the sponsor of a securitization to retain at least 5% of the credit risk, with exceptions for “qualified residential mortgages.” Publicly traded companies are required by the Dodd-Frank Act to give shareholders an advisory vote on executive compensation, and, in some cases, golden parachute arrangements. Further, SEC and NASDAQ rulemaking under the Dodd-Frank Act requires NASDAQ-listed companies to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. WesBanco’s Compensation Committee members currently satisfy the independence criteria. The Dodd-Frank Act also called for regulators to issue new rules relating to incentive- based compensation arrangements deemed excessive, and proxy access by shareholders. The SEC has not issued rules relating to excessive compensation arrangements. All banks and other insured depository institutions will have increased authority to open new branches across state lines (discussed above under “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation”). A provision authorizing insured depository institutions to pay interest on checking accounts will likely increase WesBanco’s interest expenses. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), a federal agency created by the Dodd-Frank Act, has the authority to write rules implementing numerous consumer protection laws applicable to all banks (discussed below under “Item 1. Business—Consumer Protection Laws”). CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS In connection with its lending and leasing activities, all banks are subject to a number of federal and state laws designed to protect consumers and promote lending and other financial services to various sectors of the economy and population. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), the Truth in Savings Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, and, in some cases, their respective state law counterparts. The CFPB has consolidated the authority to write regulations implementing these and other laws. WesBanco’s other subsidiaries that provide services relating to consumer financial products and services will also be subject to the CFPB’s regulations. As an institution with assets of less than $10 billion, WesBanco Bank has historically been examined by the FDIC for compliance with these rules. Through its recently completed acquisitions, the Bank’s assets have exceeded $10 billion for four consecutive quarters, and it has come under CFPB supervision and examination. Relating to mortgage lending, the Dodd-Frank Act authorized the CFPB to issue new regulations governing the ability to repay, qualified mortgages, mortgage servicing, appraisals and compensation of mortgage lenders, all of which have been issued and have taken effect. They limit the mortgage products offered by the Bank and have an impact on timely enforcement of delinquent mortgage loans. The Dodd-Frank Act also directed the CFPB to integrate the mortgage loan disclosures under TILA and RESPA. The CFPB issued new integrated disclosures rules (“TRID”), which became effective October 3, 2015 and have combined the prior good faith estimate and truth in lending disclosure form into a new form, the loan estimate. They have also combined the HUD-1 and final truth in lending disclosure forms into a new form, the closing disclosure. The rule is extremely complex, contains significant uncertainties as to penalties, some of which can be quite material, contains prohibitions against correcting even technical mistakes, creates uncertainty regarding last minute changes in the transaction and has triggered significant ambiguity in compliance. Thus for covered transactions and most closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property, the TRID rules have presented significant and ongoing challenges to real estate lenders. Federal law currently contains extensive customer privacy protection provisions. Under these provisions, a financial institution must provide to its customers, at the inception of the customer relationship and annually thereafter, the institution’s policies and procedures regarding the handling of customers’ nonpublic personal financial information. These provisions also provide that, except for certain limited exceptions, an institution 13 may not provide such personal information to unaffiliated third parties unless the institution discloses to the customer that such information may be so provided and the customer is given the opportunity to opt out of such disclosure. Federal law makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means. the FDIC, The CRA requires WesBanco Bank’s primary federal bank regulatory agency, to assess WesBanco Bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the bank, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods and persons. Institutions are assigned one of four ratings: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” This assessment is reviewed when a bank applies to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of an insured depository institution, or to open or relocate a branch office. The Bank’s ongoing community development efforts recently culminated with the FDIC assigning the Bank an “Outstanding” rating for the Bank’s community development performance under the CRA received on February 21, 2017. The FDIC assigned this rating based on its examination of our performance from 2013 through June 30, 2016. It is the highest rating awarded by federal regulators. The Bank also received the “America Saves Designation of Savings Excellence for Banks,” a designation from America Saves that recognizes banks that went above and beyond to encourage people to save money during America Saves Week 2016. WesBanco has worked with America Saves for more than ten years, and has been an active participant in America Saves Week since its inception in 2007. SECURITIES REGULATION WesBanco’s full service broker-dealer subsidiary, WesBanco Securities, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and in the states in which it does business. WesBanco Securities also is a member of FINRA. WesBanco Securities is subject to regulation by the SEC, FINRA and the securities administrators of the states in which it is registered. WesBanco Securities is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, which in the event of the liquidation of a broker-dealer, provides protection for customers’ securities accounts held by WesBanco Securities of up to $500,000 for each eligible customer, subject to a limitation of $250,000 for claims for cash balances. In addition, WesBanco Bank’s Investment Department serves as an investment adviser to a family of mutual funds and is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC and in some states. On March 15, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated the Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) regulation revising the definition of a “fiduciary” with respect to the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Act of 1986 (the “Fiduciary Rule”) in a panel decision. On June 1, 2018, the full Court affirmed the panel court’s decision. The DOL issued the Fiduciary Rule on April 8, 2016. The regulation categorized persons who provide investment advice or recommendations for a fee or other compensation to ERISA retirement plans and individual retirement accounts (hereinafter “IRAs”) as fiduciaries. After a brief delay of the compliance date issued by the DOL in April 2017 (the “Delaying Rule”), the Fiduciary Rule’s mandatory compliance date was set for June 9, 2017. Therefore, a firm whose activities were subject to the Fiduciary Rule was required to comply with ERISA’s fiduciary requirements, prohibited transaction restrictions and conditions for reliance on any applicable exemptions, such as the “best interest contract exemption” (“BIC Exemption”). The Delaying Rule simplified the conditions required for compliance with the BIC Exemption during a “Transition Period,” which was originally scheduled to expire on January 1, 2018. On August 31, 2017, the DOL proposed a new rule to extend the Transition Period until July 1, 2019. The DOL published the final rule on November 29, 2017. On May 7, 2018, the DOL issued Field Assistance Bulletin No. 2018-02, announcing a temporary enforcement policy to not pursue claims against fiduciaries working in good faith to comply with the Fiduciary Rule and to allow institutions relying on the BIC Exemption to continue to do so. 14 ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING INITIATIVES AND THE USA PATRIOT ACT A major focus of governmental policy on financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “USA Patriot Act”) substantially broadened the scope of United States anti-money laundering laws and regulations by imposing significant new compliance and due diligence obligations, creating new crimes and penalties and expanding the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued various implementing regulations, which apply certain requirements of the USA Patriot Act to financial institutions, such as WesBanco Bank and WesBanco’s broker-dealer subsidiary. These regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Failure of WesBanco and its subsidiaries to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for WesBanco and its subsidiaries. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The risks described below are not the only ones we face in our business. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially harmed. DUE TO INCREASED COMPETITION, WESBANCO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN BANKING CUSTOMERS AT CURRENT LEVELS. WesBanco operates in a highly competitive banking and financial industry that could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes. WesBanco faces banking competition in all the markets it serves from the following: • • • • • • • • • local, regional and national banks; savings and loans; internet banks; credit unions; payday lenders and money services businesses; finance companies; online trading and robo-advisors; financial technology companies and other non-bank lenders; and brokerage firms serving WesBanco’s market areas. In particular, WesBanco’s competitors include several major national financial companies whose greater resources may afford them a marketplace advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous banking locations and mount extensive promotional and advertising campaigns. Additionally, banks and other financial institutions may have products and services not offered by WesBanco such as new payment system technologies and cryptocurrency, which may cause current and potential customers to choose those institutions. Areas of competition include interest rates for loans and deposits, efforts to obtain deposits and range and quality of services provided. Competitively priced deposits from other banks may cause a loss of deposits to be replaced by more expensive wholesale funding. WesBanco also faces competition from financial technology (“FinTech”) companies, who may more efficiently underwrite and close small business and consumer loans as well as more quickly and efficiently open deposit accounts. In addition to providing products and services traditionally offered 15 by banks, some FinTech companies allow customers to complete financial transactions without the need for bank intermediaries. This could result in the loss of revenue from transaction fees and fewer customer accounts. If WesBanco is unable to attract new and retain current customers, loan and deposit growth could decrease, causing WesBanco’s results of operations and financial condition to be negatively impacted. WESBANCO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO EXPAND ITS TRUST AND INVESTMENT SERVICES SEGMENT AND RETAIN ITS CURRENT CUSTOMERS. WesBanco may not be able to attract new and retain current investment management clients due to competition from the following: • commercial banks and trust companies; • mutual fund companies; • • • • investment advisory firms; law firms; brokerage firms; and other financial services companies. Its ability to successfully attract and retain investment management clients is dependent upon its ability to compete with competitors’ investment products, level of investment performance, client services and marketing and distribution capabilities. Due to changes in economic conditions, the performance of the trust and investment services segment may be negatively impacted by the financial markets in which investment clients’ assets are invested, causing clients to seek other alternative investment options. In addition, the acquisition of FFKT’s trust department may result in more rapid decline in their trust assets due to the loss of key employees, integration risks and changes in managed custodial account policies and fees. If WesBanco is not successful, its results from operations and financial position may be negatively impacted. CUSTOMERS MAY DEFAULT ON THE REPAYMENT OF LOANS, WHICH COULD SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS THROUGH INCREASES IN THE PROVISION AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES. The Bank’s customers may default on the repayment of loans, which may negatively impact WesBanco’s earnings due to loss of principal and interest income. Increased operating expenses may result from the allocation of management time and resources to the collection and work-out of the loan. Collection efforts may or may not be successful causing WesBanco to write off the loan or repossess the collateral securing the loan, which may or may not exceed the balance of the loan. WesBanco maintains an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, to provide for probable incurred losses in our loan portfolio. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses at least quarterly, which includes testing certain individual loans as well as collective pools of loans for impairment. This evaluation includes an assessment of actual loss experience within each category of the portfolio, individual commercial and commercial real estate loans that exhibit credit weakness; current economic events, trends in bankruptcy filings, and other pertinent factors; industry or geographic concentrations; and regulatory guidance. including employment statistics, WesBanco’s regulatory agencies (FDIC for WesBanco Bank, Inc. and the Federal Reserve for WesBanco, Inc.) periodically review the allowance for loan losses. The regulatory agencies’ interpretations may differ from WesBanco’s interpretations. These differences could negatively impact WesBanco’s results of operations or financial position. 16 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN WESBANCO’S MARKET AREAS COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT EARNINGS. WesBanco Bank serves both individuals and business customers throughout West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky and southern Indiana. The substantial majority of WesBanco’s loan portfolio is to individuals and businesses in these markets. As a result, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of WesBanco are affected by local and regional economic conditions, as well as national economic conditions. A downturn in these economies could have a negative impact on WesBanco and the ability of the Bank’s customers to repay their loans. The value of the collateral securing loans to borrowers may also decline as the economy declines. As a result, deteriorating economic conditions in these markets could cause a decline in the overall quality of WesBanco’s loan portfolio requiring WesBanco to charge-off a higher percentage of loans and/or increase its allowance for loan losses. A decline in economic conditions in these markets may also force customers to utilize deposits held by WesBanco Bank in order to pay current expenses causing the Bank’s deposit base to shrink. As a result, the Bank may have to borrow funds at higher rates in order to meet liquidity needs. Lower oil and gas prices in prior years have reduced shale gas activity in the region, which somewhat negatively impacted local and regional economic conditions, affecting both commercial and retail customers, resulting in lower deposits and credit deterioration in the loan portfolio. While current prices for oil and gas have increased somewhat in the last two years, and shale gas activity has increased, these markets are volatile, and lower oil prices have returned in the latter half of 2018, potentially causing a negative impact on WesBanco’s earnings and financial condition. WESBANCO COULD BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY CHANGES TO THE FISCAL, POLITICAL AND OTHER FEDERAL POLICIES. Changes in general economic or political policies in the United States or other regions could adversely impact WesBanco’s business as well as the Bank’s customers. The current United States administration has indicated that it may propose significant changes with respect to a variety of issues, including international trade agreements, import and export regulations, tariffs and customs duties, foreign relations, tax laws, corporate governance laws and corporate fuel economy standards, that could have a positive or negative impact on WesBanco’s business and the Bank’s customers including those in the wholesale and distribution, manufacturing and retail industries. CURRENT MARKET INTEREST RATES AND COST OF FUNDS MAY NEGATIVELY IMPACT WESBANCO’S BANKING BUSINESS. Fluctuations in interest rates may negatively impact the business of the Bank. The Bank’s main source of income from operations is net interest income, which is equal to the difference between the interest income received on interest-bearing assets (usually loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (usually deposits and borrowings). These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond WesBanco’s control, including general economic conditions, both domestic and foreign, and the monetary and fiscal policies of various governmental and regulatory authorities. WesBanco Bank’s net interest income can be affected significantly by changes in market interest rates and the shape of the yield curve. Changes in relative interest rates may reduce the Bank’s net interest income as the difference between interest income and interest expense decreases. As a result, the Bank has adopted asset and liability management policies to minimize the potential adverse effects of changes in interest rates on net interest income, primarily by altering the mix and maturity of loans, investments and funding sources. However, even with these policies in place, WesBanco cannot be certain that changes in interest rates or the shape of the interest rate yield curve will not negatively impact its results of operations or financial position. The higher interest rates in 2018 caused a decrease in fair value of certain lower-rate securities within our investment portfolio of which the unrealized losses were recorded in other comprehensive income. 17 In the current rising rate and a relatively flat yield curve environment, WesBanco’s cost of funds for banking operations may increase at a faster pace than loan and investment yields. Cost of funds also may increase as a result of future general economic conditions, interest rates and competitive pressures. The Bank has traditionally obtained funds principally through deposits and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), correspondent banks, and other wholesale borrowing sources. As a general matter, deposits are a cheaper source of funds than borrowings because interest rates paid for deposits are typically less than interest rates charged for borrowings. If, as a result of general economic conditions, market interest rates, competitive pressures or higher deposit betas in relation to increases in federal funds rate increases, the value of deposits at the Bank decreases relative to its overall banking operations, the Bank may have to rely more heavily on borrowings as a source of funds in the future. INTEREST RATES ON WESBANCO’S OUTSTANDING FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS MIGHT BE SUBJECT TO CHANGE BASED ON REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS. LIBOR and certain other “benchmarks” are the subject of recent national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. These reforms may cause such benchmarks to perform differently than in the past or have other consequences, which cannot be predicted. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, publicly announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. The Federal Reserve Board has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as the preferred reference rate alternative to LIBOR for hedge accounting purposes. If LIBOR ceases to exist or if the methods of calculating LIBOR change from current methods for any reason, interest rates on our floating rate obligations, loans, deposits, derivatives, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, as well as the revenue and expenses associated with those financial instruments, may be adversely affected. Further, any uncertainty regarding the continued use and reliability of LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate could adversely affect the value of our floating rate obligations, loans, deposits, derivatives, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates. SIGNIFICANT DECLINES IN U.S. AND GLOBAL MARKETS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WESBANCO’S EARNINGS. The capital and credit markets could experience extreme disruption. These conditions result in less liquidity, greater volatility, widening of credit spreads and a lack of price transparency in certain asset types. In many cases as has occurred in the fourth quarter of 2018, markets could exert downward pressure on stock prices, security regard to those issuers’ underlying financial prices and credit capacity for certain issuers without strength. Sustained weakness in business and economic conditions in any or all of the domestic or foreign financial markets could result in credit deterioration in investment securities held by us, rating agency downgrades for such securities or other market factors that (such as lack of liquidity for re-sales, absence of reliable pricing information or unanticipated changes in the competitive market) could result in us having to recognize other-than-temporary impairment in the value of such investment securities, with a corresponding charge against earnings. Furthermore, our pension assets are primarily invested in equity and debt securities, and weakness in capital and credit markets could result in deterioration of these assets, and changes in certain key pension assumptions based on current interest rates, long-term rates of return and other economic or actuarial assumptions may increase minimum funding contributions and future pension expense. If these markets were to deteriorate further, these conditions may be material to WesBanco’s ability to access capital and may adversely impact results of operations. Further, WesBanco’s trust and investment services income could be impacted by fluctuations in the securities market. A portion of this revenue is based on the value of the underlying investment portfolios. If the values of those investment portfolios decline, the Bank’s revenue could be negatively impacted. 18 RISKS INHERENT IN MUNICIPAL BONDS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WESBANCO’S EARNINGS. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 32% of WesBanco’s total securities portfolio was invested in municipal bonds. Although WesBanco’s municipal portfolio is broadly spread across the U.S., any downturn in the economy of a state or municipality in which WesBanco holds municipal obligations could increase the default risk of the respective debt. In addition, a portion of WesBanco’s municipal portfolio is comprised of Build America bonds. Due to the current government sequester reducing the interest subsidy that the government provides to the issuing municipalities, extraordinary redemption provisions (ERP) may be executed by the municipality if it is in their favor to do so. There is a risk that when an ERP is executed, WesBanco may not recover its amortized cost in the bond if it was purchased at a premium. Credit risks are also prevalent when downgrades of credit ratings are issued by major credit rating agencies, which are caused by creditworthiness issues of both bond insurers and the municipality itself. Credit rating downgrades to a non-investment grade level may force WesBanco to sell a municipal bond at a price where amortized cost may not be recovered. Rising interest rates could also cause the current market values of our municipal bond portfolio to decline as they all have a fixed interest component. Any of the above default risks, early redemption risks and credit risks could cause WesBanco to take impairment charges, which could be significant, that would negatively impact earnings. WESBANCO MAY BE REQUIRED TO WRITE DOWN GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, CAUSING ITS FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS TO BE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED. When WesBanco acquires a business, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The amount of the purchase price which is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets is determined by the excess of the purchase price over the net identifiable assets acquired. WesBanco’s goodwill is $861.9 million or 44% and $573.9 million or 41% of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Under current accounting standards, if WesBanco determines that goodwill or intangible assets are impaired, it is required to write down the carrying value of these assets. WesBanco conducts an annual review to determine whether goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets are impaired. WesBanco completed such an impairment analysis in late 2018 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary for the year ended December 31, 2018. WesBanco cannot provide assurance that it will not be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have a negative effect on its shareholders’ equity and financial results and may cause a decline in our stock price. WESBANCO IS SUBJECT TO EXTENSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND SUPERVISION. WesBanco is subject to extensive federal and state regulation, supervision and examination. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, rather than corporate shareholders. These regulations affect WesBanco’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, operations and growth, among other things. These regulations also impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedure and controls. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect WesBanco in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject WesBanco to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products that could be offered, and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s business, financial condition and result of operations. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco had $189.8 million in subordinated and junior subordinated debt presented as a separate category of long-term debt on its Consolidated Balance Sheets, which includes 19 $164.4 million in junior subordinated debt. For regulatory purposes, Trust Preferred Securities totaling $162.5 million underlying such junior subordinated debt are included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. On March 1, 2005, the Federal Reserve Board adopted a rule that retains trust preferred securities in Tier 1 capital, but with stricter quantitative limits and clearer qualitative standards. Under the rule, the aggregate amount of trust preferred securities and certain other capital elements is limited to 25% of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit can be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies to develop new consolidated capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and banks. Rules issued in 2013 generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital beginning in 2015. However, a grandfather provision will permit bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. However, if WesBanco’s consolidated assets were to increase to greater than $15 billion, the existing trust preferred securities would be included as Tier 2 capital until the instruments are redeemed or mature. In addition, new international capital standards known as Basel III, which were implemented by a U.S. federal banking agencies’ joint final rule issued in July 2013, and effective January 1, 2015, further increases the minimum capital requirements applicable to WesBanco and the Bank, which may negatively impact both entities. The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection (EGRRCPA) Act, enacted into law in May 2018, exempts banks with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion that exceed the community bank leverage ratio from the capital requirements under Basel III. WesBanco’s assets are in excess of $10 billion, however, so the exemption is inapplicable. Additional information about these changes in capital requirements are described above in “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements.” Regulation of WesBanco and its subsidiaries is expected to continue to expand in scope and complexity in the future. These laws are expected to have the effect of increasing WesBanco’s costs of doing business and reducing its revenues, and may limit its ability to pursue business opportunities or otherwise adversely affect its business and financial condition. The Dodd-Frank Act and other laws, as well as rules implementing or related to them, may adversely affect WesBanco. Specifically, any governmental or regulatory action having the effect of requiring WesBanco to obtain additional capital or increase short-term liquidity could reduce earnings and have a material dilutive effect on current shareholders, including the Dodd-Frank Act source of strength requirement that bank holding companies make capital infusions into a troubled subsidiary bank. Legislation and regulation of debit card fees, credit cards and other bank services, as well as changes in WesBanco’s practices relating to those and other bank services, may affect WesBanco’s revenue and other financial results. Additional information about increased regulation is provided in “Item 1. Business” under the headings “Supervision and Regulation,” “Holding Company Regulations,” “Capital Requirements,” “Dodd-Frank Act,” and “Consumer Protection Laws.” LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS AND LIQUIDITY FROM THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK SYSTEM AND OTHER SOURCES COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT EARNINGS. WesBanco Bank is currently a member bank of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Pittsburgh, and while it retains certain short-term borrowings and for capital stock from the FHLB of Cincinnati and the FHLB of Indianapolis from prior bank acquisitions, it is no longer considered a member bank of such FHLBs. Membership in this system of quasi-governmental, regional home-loan oriented agency banks allows us to participate in various programs offered by the FHLB. We borrow funds from the FHLB, which are secured by a blanket lien on certain residential and commercial mortgage loans, and if applicable, investment securities with collateral values in excess of the outstanding balances. Future earnings shortfalls and minimum capital requirements of the FHLB may impact the collateral necessary to secure borrowings and limit the borrowings extended to their member banks, as well as require additional capital contributions by member banks. The FHLB’s rating assigned to WesBanco Bank may also negatively impact the amount of term collateral and other conditions imposed by the FHLB upon WesBanco Bank. Should these situations occur, WesBanco’s short-term liquidity needs could be negatively impacted. If WesBanco was restricted from using FHLB advances due to weakness in the system or with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, WesBanco may be forced to find alternative funding 20 sources. If WesBanco is required to rely more heavily on higher cost funding sources, revenues may not increase proportionately to cover these costs, which would adversely affect WesBanco’s results of operations and financial position. THE SOUNDNESS OF OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS COULD ADVERSELY IMPACT WESBANCO. Financial service institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. WesBanco has exposure to various industries and counterparties, and WesBanco routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds and other institutions. As a result, a default by, or potential default by, a financial institution could result in market-wide liquidity problems, losses or other financial institution defaults. Many of these transactions could expose WesBanco to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. These losses or defaults could adversely effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. WESBANCO’S FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS DEPEND ON THE SUCCESSFUL GROWTH OF ITS SUBSIDIARIES. WesBanco’s primary business activity for the foreseeable future will be to act as the holding company of its banking and other subsidiaries. Therefore, WesBanco’s future profitability will depend on the success and growth of these subsidiaries. In the future, part of WesBanco’s growth may come from buying other banks and buying or establishing other companies. Such entities may not be profitable after they are purchased or established, and they may lose money or be dilutive to earnings per share, particularly for the first few years. A new bank or company may bring with it unexpected liabilities, bad loans, or poor employee relations, or the new bank or company may lose customers and the associated revenue. Dilution of book and tangible book value may occur as a result of an acquisition that may not be earned back for several years, if at all. WESBANCO’S ABILITY TO PAY DIVIDENDS IS LIMITED, AND COMMON STOCK DIVIDENDS MAY HAVE TO BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED. Holders of shares of WesBanco’s common stock are entitled to dividends if, when, and as declared by WesBanco’s Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. Although the Board of Directors has declared cash dividends in the past, the current ability to pay dividends is largely dependent upon the receipt of dividends from the Bank. Federal and state laws impose restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, which restrictions are more fully described in “Item 1. Business—Payment of Dividends.” In general, future dividend policy is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including WesBanco’s and the Bank’s future earnings, liquidity and capital requirements, regulatory constraints and financial condition. FUTURE EXPANSION BY WESBANCO MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AS WELL AS DILUTE THE INTERESTS OF OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE PRICE OF OUR COMMON STOCK. WesBanco may acquire other financial institutions, or branches or assets of other financial institutions, in the future. WesBanco may also open new branches and enter into new lines of business or offer new products or services. Any such expansion of our business will involve a number of expenses and risks, which may include: • • the time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential expansions; the potential inaccuracy of estimates and judgments used to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risk with respect to target institutions; 21 • • • • • • • • • the time and costs of evaluating new markets, hiring local management and opening new offices, and the delay between commencing these activities and the generation of profits from the expansion; the risk we could discover undisclosed liabilities resulting from any acquisitions for which we may become responsible; our financing of the expansion; the diversion of management’s attention to the negotiation of a transaction and the integration of the operations and personnel of the combining businesses; entry into unfamiliar markets; the introduction of new products and services into our existing business; the incurrence and possible impairment of goodwill associated with an acquisition and possible adverse short-term effects on our results of operations; the risk that benefits such as enhanced earnings that we anticipate from any new acquisitions may not develop and future results of the combined companies may be materially lower from those estimated; and the risk of loss of key employees and customers. We can give no assurance that integration efforts for any future acquisitions will be successful. We may issue equity securities in connection with acquisitions, which could dilute the economic and voting interests of our existing shareholders. WesBanco acquired FFKT on August 20, 2018 and plan to fully integrate FFKT’s branches and core system during the first quarter of 2019. SUITABLE ACQUISITION OPPORTUNITIES MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE TO WESBANCO IN THE FUTURE. WesBanco continually evaluates opportunities to acquire other businesses. However, WesBanco may not have the opportunity to make suitable acquisitions on favorable terms in the future, which could negatively impact the growth of its business. WesBanco expects that other banking and financial companies, many of which have significantly greater resources, will compete to acquire compatible businesses. This competition could increase prices for acquisitions that WesBanco would likely pursue, and its competitors may have greater resources than it does. Also, acquisitions of regulated businesses such as banks are subject to various regulatory approvals. If WesBanco fails to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, it will not be able to consummate an acquisition that it believes is in its best interests. HIGHER FDIC DEPOSIT INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND ASSESSMENTS COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT WESBANCO’S FINANCIAL CONDITION. Since 2008, the economic environment caused higher levels of bank failures, which dramatically increased FDIC resolution costs and led to a significant reduction in the deposit insurance fund. In order to restore reserve ratios of the deposit insurance fund, the FDIC has in the past significantly increased the assessment rates paid by financial institutions for deposit insurance. In 2016, the FDIC achieved their targeted reserve fund ratio of 1.15 percent, which allowed banks with total assets of less than $10 billion to have a reduction in costs. In September 2018, the FDIC achieved their targeted fund reserve ratio of 1.35 percent, which allowed banks with total assets greater than $10 billion in total assets to no longer pay a 4.5 basis point surcharge. Since WesBanco’s total assets exceed $10 billion, under the Dodd Frank Act, to the extent the FDIC increases reserves against future losses, any increased assessments are to be borne primarily by institutions with assets of greater than $10 billion. Per the enacted Federal tax reform legislation, FDIC insurance premiums are no longer fully deductible for federal income tax purposes for banks above $10 billion in size. Additional increases in FDIC insurance premiums and future special assessments may adversely affect WesBanco’s results of operations and financial condition. 22 A NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARD WILL RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN HOW WE RECOGNIZE CREDIT LOSSES AND MAY HAVE A MATERIAL IMPACT ON OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION OR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standard update, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which replaces the current “incurred loss” model for recognizing credit losses with an “expected loss” model referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. Under the CECL model, we will be required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment and held-to-maturity debt securities, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the balance sheet and periodically thereafter. This differs significantly from the “incurred loss” model required under current generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), which delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. Accordingly, we expect that the adoption of the CECL model will materially affect how we determine our allowance for loan losses and could require us to significantly increase our allowance. Moreover, the CECL model may create more volatility in the level of our allowance for loan losses. Any material increase in our level of allowance for loan losses or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The new CECL standard will become effective for WesBanco for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020. WesBanco formed a cross-functional team to oversee the implementation of this ASU, and has completed an initial data gap assessment, finalized the loan segmentation procedures, and is currently evaluating the various forecasting and modeling assumptions, including qualitative factors, that will be used to estimate the initial current expected credit loss allowance. Substantial progress has been made on the identification and staging of data, development of models, refinement of economic forecasting processes, and documentation of accounting policy decisions. In conjunction with this implementation, WesBanco is reviewing business processes and evaluating potential changes to the control environment. WesBanco plans to perform several parallel runs of the new methodology in 2019 prior to adoption of the ASU. WesBanco currently anticipates that an increase to the allowance for credit losses will be recognized upon adoption to provide for the expected credit losses over the estimated life of the financial assets. The magnitude of the increase will depend on economic conditions and trends in the loan portfolio at the time of adoption. INTERRUPTION TO OUR INFORMATION SYSTEMS OR BREACHES IN SECURITY COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT WESBANCO’S OPERATIONS. WesBanco relies on information systems and communications for operating and monitoring all major aspects of business, as well as internal management functions. Any failure, interruption, intrusion or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in the WesBanco customer relationship, management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. While WesBanco has policies, procedures and technical safeguards designed to prevent or limit the effect of any failure, interruption, intrusion or security breach of its information systems, and also performs testing of business continuity and disaster recovery plans, there can be no absolute assurance that the above-noted issues will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. There have been efforts on the part of third parties to breach data security at financial institutions. The ability of our customers to bank remotely, including online and through mobile devices, requires secure transmission of confidential information and increases the risk of data security breaches. Because the techniques used to attack financial services company communications and information systems change frequently (and generally increase in sophistication), often attacks are not recognized until launched against a target, may be supported by foreign governments or other well-financed entities, and may originate from less regulated and 23 remote areas around the world, we may be unable to address these techniques in advance of attacks, including by implementing adequate preventative measures. Certain financial institutions in the United States have also experienced attacks from technically sophisticated and well-resourced third parties that were intended to disrupt normal business activities by making internet banking systems inaccessible to customers for extended periods. These “denial-of-service” attacks, if attempted, would require substantial resources to defend, and may affect customer satisfaction and behavior. Moreover, the development and maintenance of preventative and detective measures is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. Despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated. Cyber-attacks on third party retailers or other business establishments that widely accept debit card or check payments could compromise sensitive bank customer information, such as debit card and account numbers. Such an attack could result in significant costs to the bank, such as costs to reimburse customers, reissue debit cards and open new customer accounts. The occurrence of any such failure, disruption or security breach of WesBanco’s information systems, particularly if widespread or resulting in financial losses to our customers, could damage WesBanco’s reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject WesBanco to additional regulatory scrutiny, and expose WesBanco to civil litigation and possible financial liability. In addition, the prevalence of cyber-attacks and other efforts to breach or disrupt our systems has led, and will continue to lead, to costs to WesBanco with respect to prevention and mitigation of these risks, as well as costs reimbursing customers for losses suffered as a result of these actions. Successful attacks or systems failures at other large financial institutions, whether or not WesBanco is included, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in financial institutions with a potential negative impact on WesBanco’s business, additional demands on the part of our regulators, and increased costs to deal with risks identified as a result of the problems affecting others. The risks described above could have a material effect on WesBanco’s business, results of operations and financial condition. WESBANCO DEPENDS ON THIRD PARTIES FOR PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF COMPANY RECORDS AND DATA. WesBanco relies on software developed by third party vendors to process various transactions. These transactions include, but are not limited to, general ledger, payroll, employee benefits, trust record keeping, loan and deposit processing, merchant processing, and securities portfolio management. While WesBanco performs a review of controls instituted by the vendors over these programs in accordance with industry standards and performs its own testing of user controls, WesBanco must rely on the continued maintenance and improvement of these controls by the third party, including safeguards over the security of customer data. In addition, WesBanco maintains backups of key processing output daily in the event of a failure on the part of any of these systems. Nonetheless, WesBanco may incur a temporary disruption in its ability to conduct its business or process its transactions or incur damage to its reputation if the third party vendor, or the third party vendor’s subcontractor, fails to adequately maintain internal controls or institute necessary changes to systems. Such disruption or breach of security may have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. WESBANCO IS EXPOSED TO OPERATIONAL RISK THAT COULD ADVERSELY IMPACT THE COMPANY. WesBanco is exposed to multiple types of operational risk, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, clerical or record-keeping errors and computer or telecommunications systems malfunctions. WesBanco’s business is dependent on the processing of the ability to process a large number of increasingly complex transactions. WesBanco could be materially and adversely affected if employees, clients, counterparties or other third parties caused an operational breakdown or failure, as a result of either human error, fraudulent manipulation or purposeful damage to any of our operations or systems. 24 LOSS OF KEY EMPLOYEES COULD IMPACT GROWTH AND EARNINGS AND MAY HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON BUSINESS. Our operating results and ability to adequately manage our growth are highly dependent on the services, managerial abilities and performance of our key employees, including executive officers and senior management. Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of this management and personnel. The loss of services, or the inability to successfully complete planned or unplanned transitions of key personnel approaching normal retirement age, could have an adverse impact on WesBanco’s business, operating results and financial condition because of their skills, knowledge of the local markets, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF WESBANCO’S LOAN PORTFOLIO IS IN WEST VIRGINIA, OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, KENTUCKY, AND INDIANA AND IN COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE. DETERIORATIONS IN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THIS AREA OR IN THE REAL ESTATE MARKET GENERALLY COULD BE MORE HARMFUL TO THE COMPANY COMPARED TO MORE DIVERSIFIED INSTITUTIONS. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 21% of WesBanco’s loan portfolio was comprised of residential real estate loans, and 50% was comprised of commercial real estate loans. Inherent risks of commercial real estate (“CRE”) lending include the cyclical nature of the real estate market, construction risk and interest rate risk. The cyclical nature of real estate markets can cause CRE loans to suffer considerable distress. During these times of distress, a property’s performance can be negatively affected by tenants’ deteriorating credit strength and lease expirations in times of softening demand caused by economic deterioration or over-supply conditions. Even if borrowers are able to meet their payment obligations, they may find it difficult to refinance their full loan amounts at maturity due to declines in property value. Other risks associated with CRE lending include regulatory changes and environmental liability. Regulatory changes in tax legislation, zoning or similar external conditions including environmental liability may affect property values and the economic feasibility of existing and proposed real estate projects. The company’s CRE loan portfolio is concentrated in West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Indiana. There is a wide variety of economic conditions within the local markets of the three states in which most of the company’s CRE loan portfolio is situated. Rates of employment, consumer loan demand, household formation, and the level of economic activity can vary widely from state to state and among metropolitan areas, cities and towns. Metropolitan markets comprise various submarkets where property values and demand can be affected by many factors, such as demographic makeup, geographic features, transportation, recreation, local government, school systems, utility infrastructure, tax burden, building-stock age, zoning and building codes, and available land for development. As a result of the high concentration of the company’s loan portfolio, it may be more sensitive, as compared to more diversified institutions, to future disruptions in and deterioration of this market, which could lead to losses, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the company. WESBANCO MAY NEED TO RAISE CAPITAL IN THE FUTURE, BUT CAPITAL MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED OR AT ACCEPTABLE TERMS. Federal and state banking regulators require WesBanco and its banking subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, to maintain adequate levels of capital to support its operations. In addition, in the future WesBanco may need to raise additional capital to support its business or to finance acquisitions, if any, or WesBanco may otherwise elect to raise additional capital in anticipation of future growth opportunities. If WesBanco’s total assets were to increase to $15 billion due to acquisitions, certain trust preferred securities would no longer be included in the Tier 1 capital of the risk-based capital guidelines, although it is expected it should count as Tier 2 capital. 25 WesBanco has $164.4 million and $138.6 million in junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. WesBanco received approval from the Federal Reserve Bank to early redeem $17.0 million of trust preferred securities in 2018 with available cash and without raising replacement capital, but there is no guarantee we will not be required to raise additional Tier 1 capital when all remaining trust preferred securities become Tier 2 capital after crossing $15 billion in total assets in the future. WesBanco’s ability to raise additional capital for parent company or banking subsidiary needs will depend on conditions at that time in the capital markets, overall economic conditions, WesBanco’s financial performance and condition, and other factors, many of which are outside our control. There is no assurance that, if needed, WesBanco will be able to raise additional capital or unsecured debt that may count as tier 2 capital on favorable terms or at all. An inability to raise additional capital may have a material adverse effect on our ability to expand operations, and on our financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES WesBanco’s subsidiaries generally own their respective offices, related facilities and any unimproved real property held for future expansion. At December 31, 2018, WesBanco operated 209 banking offices in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southern Indiana, of which 161 were owned and 48 were leased. WesBanco also operated four loan production offices leased in West Virginia, Ohio and western Pennsylvania. These leases expire at various dates through November 2040 and generally include options to renew. The Bank also owns several regional headquarters buildings in various markets, most of which also house a banking office and/or certain back office functions. The main office of WesBanco is located at 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, West Virginia, in a building owned by the Bank. The building contains approximately 100,000 square feet and serves as the main office for both WesBanco’s community banking segment and its trust and investment services segment, as well as its executive offices. The Bank’s major back office operations currently occupy approximately 90% of the space available in an office building connected via sky-bridge to the main office. This adjacent back office building is owned by WesBanco Properties, Inc., a subsidiary of WesBanco, with the remainder of the building leased to unrelated businesses. At various building locations, WesBanco rents or makes available commercial office space to unrelated businesses. Rental income totaled $1.0 million, $1.3 million and $0.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For additional disclosures related to WesBanco’s properties, other fixed assets and leases, please refer to Note 6, “Premises and Equipment” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS WesBanco is also involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of business. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, WesBanco does not believe that a material loss related to such proceedings or claims pending or known to be threatened is reasonably possible. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not Applicable. 26 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES WesBanco’s common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Stock Market under the symbol WSBC. The approximate number of record holders of WesBanco’s $2.0833 par value common stock as of February 15, 2019 was 7,617. The number of holders does not include WesBanco employees who have purchased stock or had stock allocated to them through WesBanco’s Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) plan (the “KSOP”). All WesBanco employees who meet the eligibility requirements of the KSOP are included in this retirement plan. At December 31, 2018, the closing stock price of WesBanco’s stock was $36.69. For 2018, the stock price high and low was $51.12 and $34.14, respectively, with a quarterly dividend of $0.29 per share. The dividend was increased again in February 2019 to $0.31 per share, a $0.02 per share or 6.9% increase to be paid April 1, 2019. In April 2015, WesBanco shareholders approved an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock from 50,000,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares. At December 31, 2018, WesBanco had thirteen capital trusts, which are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries of WesBanco formed for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. The debentures and trust preferred securities issued by the trusts provide that WesBanco has the right to elect to defer the payment of interest on the debentures and trust preferred securities for up to an aggregate of 20 quarterly periods. However, if WesBanco should defer the payment of interest or default on the payment of interest, it may not declare or pay any dividends on its common stock during any such period. For additional disclosure relating to WesBanco Trust Preferred Securities, refer to Note 11, “Subordinated Debt and Junior Subordinated Debt” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Federal and state laws impose restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, which restrictions are more fully described in “Item 1. Business—Payment of Dividends.” As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco had two active one million share stock repurchase plans. The first plan was originally approved by the Board of Directors on March 21, 2007 and the second, which is incremental to the first, was approved October 22, 2015. Each provides for shares to be repurchased for general corporate purposes, which may include a subsequent resource for potential acquisitions, shareholder dividend reinvestment and employee benefit plans. The timing, price and quantity of purchases are at the discretion of WesBanco, and the plan may be discontinued or suspended at any time. As per the below table, the first plan has 92,535 shares remaining to repurchase, and the second plan has 1,000,000 shares remaining to repurchase. Repurchases in the fourth quarter include those for the KSOP and dividend reinvestment plans and repurchases to facilitate stock compensation transactions and related income tax withholdings. Certain information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Part III, “Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” 27 The following table shows the activity in WesBanco’s stock repurchase plan and other purchases for the quarter ended December 31, 2018: Period Balance at September 30, 2018 . . . . . . . . . October 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 2018 to November 30, 2018 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2018 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans — 17,358 — $ 44.18 — 1,402 — 21 2,754 — 21 21,514 21,535 — 41.64 — 40.10 39.26 — 40.10 43.38 $ 43.38 — N/A — N/A — 21 N/A — 21 N/A 21 1,092,556 1,092,556 N/A 1,092,556 N/A 1,092,556 1,092,535 N/A 1,092,556 1,092,535 N/A 1,092,535 (1) Consists of open market purchases transacted for employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans. (2) Consists of shares purchased from employees for the payment of withholding taxes to facilitate stock compensation transactions. 28 The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total shareholder returns for WesBanco, the Russell 2000 Index, the SNL Small Cap Bank Index and the SNL Mid Cap Bank Index. The total shareholder return assumes a $100 investment in the common stock of WesBanco and each index since December 31, 2013 with reinvestment of dividends. Total Return Performance WesBanco, Inc. Russell 2000 Index SNL Small Cap Bank Index SNL Mid Cap Bank Index 200 l e u a V x e d n I 150 100 50 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 12/31/18 Index 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 12/31/18 WesBanco, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russell 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SNL Small Cap Bank Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SNL Mid Cap Bank Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 111.82 104.89 105.40 101.86 99.29 100.26 115.43 109.65 146.57 121.63 163.66 152.25 142.15 139.44 171.65 152.87 131.69 124.09 153.83 125.02 Period Ending The SNL Small Cap Bank Index, used in prior years as a specific industry index to compare to WesBanco’s is no longer comparable, as WesBanco’s market capitalization has increased to over stock performance, $2 billion. WesBanco has replaced the index with the SNL Mid Cap Bank Index as it represents banks more similar in size to WesBanco, as this index is comprised of banks with market capitalization between $1 and $5 billion. 29 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following consolidated selected financial data is derived from WesBanco’s audited financial statements as of and for the five years ended December 31, 2018. The following consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. WesBanco’s acquisitions during the five years ended December 31, 2018 include FFKT on August 20, 2018, FTSB on April 5, 2018, YCB on September 9, 2016 and ESB on February 10, 2015 and include the results of operations since the date of acquisition. (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, PER COMMON SHARE INFORMATION Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted, excluding certain 2.93 $ 2.92 2.15 $ 2.14 2.16 $ 2.16 2.15 $ 2.15 2.39 2.39 3.21 1.16 36.24 19.63 2.34 0.92 29.18 16.51 2.45 1.04 31.68 18.42 2.37 0.96 30.53 17.19 2.42 items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88 Dividends declared per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.90 Book value at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tangible book value at year end (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.09 Average common shares outstanding—basic . . . . . . . . . . . 48,889,041 44,003,208 40,100,320 37,488,331 29,249,499 Average common shares outstanding—diluted . . . . . . . . . 49,022,990 44,075,293 40,127,076 37,547,127 29,333,876 SELECTED BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,146,800 $ 2,284,822 $ 2,316,214 $ 2,422,450 $ 1,511,094 8,994 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,865 7,607,333 4,042,112 Net portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,458,632 6,296,565 8,831,633 5,048,983 Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,344,696 303,816 Total FHLB and other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,842 106,176 Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . 1,978,827 Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,190 SELECTED RATIOS Return on average assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average assets, excluding certain 20,320 6,296,157 9,816,178 7,043,588 1,133,008 164,327 1,395,321 7,899 5,024,132 8,470,298 6,066,299 1,123,106 106,196 1,122,132 17,315 6,205,762 9,790,877 7,040,879 1,168,322 163,598 1,341,408 1.26% 0.97% 0.96% 0.99% 1.12% items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible assets, excluding certain items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity (1) Return on average tangible equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Efficiency ratio (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average loans to average deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-performing assets to total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loan charge-offs to average loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average shareholders’ equity to average assets . . . . . . . . . Tangible equity to tangible assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tier 1 leverage ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39 1.40 1.53 8.68 9.54 16.24 17.78 3.52 54.60 87.60 0.64 134.31 0.35 0.06 14.54 9.28 10.74 15.09 30 1.09 1.05 1.20 6.83 7.79 12.23 13.90 3.44 56.44 89.86 0.71 104.35 0.50 0.13 14.04 8.79 10.39 14.12 1.07 1.06 1.16 7.13 7.83 12.73 13.96 3.32 56.69 85.79 0.70 110.76 0.49 0.12 13.60 8.20 9.81 13.16 1.08 1.08 1.17 7.62 8.30 13.41 14.58 3.41 57.05 78.53 0.82 92.84 0.60 0.23 13.04 7.95 9.38 13.35 1.13 1.20 1.21 8.97 9.08 15.39 15.57 3.61 59.59 76.89 1.09 87.76 0.89 0.23 12.48 7.88 9.88 13.76 (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, Total capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (CET 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend payout ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trust assets at market value (4) 14.81% N/A 36.82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,269,961 $3,943,519 $3,723,142 $3,625,411 $3,840,540 15.99% 15.16% 13.14 39.59 14.11% 11.66 42.79 14.18% 11.28 44.44 12.14 48.37 (1) See non-GAAP Measures with this “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” for additional information relating to the calculation of this item. (2) Certain items excluded from the calculation consist of after-tax merger-related expenses and the net deferred tax asset revaluation. (3) Presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% for 2018 and 35% for each prior period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. (4) Trust assets are held by the Bank, in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. N/A—not applicable For the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 SUMMARY STATEMENTS OF INCOME Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $414,957 67,721 $332,424 42,129 $286,097 32,767 $261,712 24,725 $215,991 22,763 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347,236 7,764 339,472 100,276 265,224 174,524 31,412 290,295 9,986 280,309 88,840 220,860 148,289 53,807 253,330 8,478 244,852 81,499 208,680 117,671 31,036 236,987 8,353 228,634 74,466 193,923 109,177 28,415 193,228 6,405 186,823 68,504 161,633 93,694 23,720 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $143,112 $ 94,482 $ 86,635 $ 80,762 $ 69,974 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2.93 2.92 $ $ 2.15 2.14 $ $ 2.16 2.16 $ $ 2.15 2.15 $ $ 2.39 2.39 Non-GAAP Measures The following non-GAAP financial measures used by WesBanco provide information that WesBanco believes is useful to investors in understanding WesBanco’s operating performance and trends, and facilitates comparisons with the performance of WesBanco’s peers. The following tables summarize the non-GAAP financial measures derived from amounts reported in WesBanco’s financial statements. (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, Tangible equity to tangible assets: Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of $ 1,978,827 $1,395,321 $1,341,408 $1,122,132 $ 788,190 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (906,887) (583,903) (586,403) (487,270) (316,914) Tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of 1,071,940 12,458,632 811,418 9,816,178 755,005 9,790,877 634,862 8,470,298 471,276 6,296,565 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (906,887) (583,903) (586,403) (487,270) (316,914) Tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,551,745 $9,232,275 $9,204,474 $7,983,028 $5,979,651 Tangible equity to tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.28% 8.79% 8.20% 7.95% 7.88% 31 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, Tangible book value per share: Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of $ 1,978,827 $ 1,395,321 $ 1,341,408 $ 1,122,132 $ 788,190 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (906,887) (583,903) (586,403) (487,270) (316,914) Tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,071,940 54,598,134 811,418 44,043,244 755,005 43,931,715 634,862 38,459,635 471,276 29,298,188 Tangible book value per share at year end . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 19.63 143,112 5,514 148,626 1,648,425 $ $ 18.42 94,482 3,211 $ $ 17.19 86,635 2,339 $ $ 16.51 80,762 2,038 $ $ 97,693 1,383,935 88,974 1,215,888 82,800 1,059,490 16.09 69,974 1,248 71,222 780,423 (732,978) (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) Average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 915,447 $ 799,050 $ 699,048 $ 617,275 $ 462,900 Return on average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.24% 12.23% 12.73% 13.41% 15.39% Return on average tangible assets: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 143,112 5,514 $ 94,482 3,211 $ 86,635 2,339 $ 80,762 2,038 $ 69,974 1,248 148,626 11,337,379 97,693 9,854,312 88,974 8,939,886 82,800 8,123,981 71,222 6,253,253 (732,978) (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) Average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,604,401 $ 9,269,427 $ 8,423,046 $ 7,681,766 $ 5,935,730 Return on average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40% 1.05% 1.06% 1.08% 1.20% Efficiency Ratio Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: restructuring and merger-related expense . . Non-interest expense excluding restructuring and merger-related expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent $ 265,224 (17,860) $ 220,860 (945) $ 208,680 (13,261) $ 193,923 (11,082) $ 161,633 (1,309) 247,364 219,915 195,419 182,841 160,324 352,760 100,276 300,789 88,840 263,232 81,499 246,014 74,466 200,545 68,504 basis plus non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 453,036 $ 389,629 $ 344,731 $ 320,480 $ 269,049 Efficiency Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.60% 56.44% 56.69% 57.05% 59.59% Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . $ $ 143,112 — 14,109 $ 94,482 12,780 614 $ 86,635 — 8,619 $ 80,762 — 7,203 69,974 — 851 Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 157,221 $ 107,876 $ 95,254 $ 87,965 $ 70,825 32 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share: Net income per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related $ 2.92 $ 2.14 $ 2.16 $ 2.15 $ 2.39 — 0.29 0.29 0.02 — 0.21 — 0.19 — 0.03 $ $ 3.21 $ 2.45 $ 2.37 $ 2.34 $ 2.42 $ 143,112 14,109 — $ 94,482 614 12,780 $ 86,635 8,619 — 80,762 7,203 — $ 69,974 851 — expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . 157,221 107,876 95,254 87,965 70,825 Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,648,425 $1,383,935 $1,215,888 $1,059,490 $ 780,423 Return on average equity, excluding after-tax merger- related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: 9.54% 7.79% 7.83% 8.30% 9.08% Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 143,112 14,109 — 5,514 94,482 614 12,780 3,211 $ $ 86,635 8,619 — 2,339 80,762 7,203 — 2,038 69,974 851 — 1,248 Net income before amortization of intangibles and excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,735 1,648,425 111,087 1,383,935 97,593 1,215,888 90,003 1,059,490 72,073 780,423 (732,978) (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) Average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 915,447 $ 799,050 $ 699,048 $ 617,275 $ 462,900 Return on average tangible equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: 17.78% 13.90% 13.96% 14.58% 15.57% Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 143,112 14,109 — $ 94,482 614 12,780 $ 86,635 8,619 — 80,762 7,203 — $ 69,974 851 — Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . 157,221 107,876 95,254 87,965 70,825 Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,337,379 $9,854,312 $8,939,886 $8,123,981 $6,253,253 Return on average tangible assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39% 1.09% 1.07% 1.08% 1.13% 33 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, Return on average tangible assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 143,112 5,514 14,109 — $ 94,482 3,211 614 12,780 $ 86,635 2,339 8,619 — 80,762 2,038 7,203 — $ 69,974 1,248 851 — Net income, before amortization of intangibles and excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of 162,735 11,337,379 111,087 9,854,312 97,593 8,939,886 90,003 8,123,981 72,073 6,253,253 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (732,978) (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) Average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,604,401 $9,269,427 $8,423,046 $7,681,766 $5,935,730 Return on average tangible assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.53% 1.20% 1.16% 1.17% 1.21% (1) Tax effected at 21% for the periods in 2018 and 35% for all prior periods. 34 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Management’s Discussion and Analysis represents an overview of the results of operations and financial condition of WesBanco. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Forward-looking statements in this report relating to WesBanco’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions and adequacy of resources, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The information contained in this report should be read in conjunction with WesBanco’s Form 10-Qs for the prior quarters ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2018, respectively, and documents subsequently filed by WesBanco which are available at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov or at WesBanco’s website, www.wesbanco.com. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements, which are not historical fact, involve risks and uncertainties, including those detailed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such statements are subject to important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such statements, including, without limitation, that the businesses of WesBanco and FFKT may not be integrated successfully or such integration may take longer to accomplish than excepted; the expected cost savings and any revenue synergies from the merger of WesBanco and FFKT may not be fully realized within the expected timeframes; disruption from the merger of WesBanco and FFKT may make it more difficult to maintain relationships with clients, associates, or suppliers; the effects of changing regional and national economic conditions; changes in interest rates, spreads on earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and associated interest rate sensitivity; sources of liquidity available to WesBanco and its related subsidiary operations; potential future credit losses and the credit risk of commercial, real estate, and consumer loan customers and their borrowing activities; actions of the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, the SEC, FINRA, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the Securities Investors Protection Corporation, and other regulatory bodies; potential legislative and federal and state regulatory actions and reform, including, without limitation, the impact of the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act; adverse decisions of federal and state courts; fraud, scams and schemes of third parties; cyber security breaches; competitive conditions in the financial services industry; rapidly changing technology affecting financial services; marketability of debt instruments and corresponding impact on fair value adjustments; and/or other external developments materially impacting WesBanco’s operational and financial performance. WesBanco does not assume any duty to update forward- looking statements. APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and follow general practices within the industries in which it operates. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments and as such have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. The most significant accounting policies followed by WesBanco are included in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These policies, along with other Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and this MD&A, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management has identified the allowance for loan losses and the evaluation of goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment to be the accounting estimates that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available. 35 Allowance for Credit Losses—The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in future advances against loan commitments. Determining the amount of the allowance requires significant judgment about the collectability of loans and the factors that deserve consideration in estimating probable credit losses. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The evaluation includes an assessment of quantitative factors such as actual loss experience within each category of loans and testing of certain commercial loans for impairment. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates, the velocity of changes in historical loss rates, and regulatory guidance pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the actual historical loss rates to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual or as a troubled debt restructuring are tested individually for impairment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. General reserves are established for loans that are not individually tested for impairment based on historical loss rates adjusted for the impact of the qualitative factors discussed above. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are determined for each internal risk grade or group of pass grades using a migration analysis. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate land and construction, residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans that are not risk graded are determined for the total of each category of loans. Historical loss rates for deposit account overdrafts are based on actual losses in relation to average overdrafts for the period. Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between estimated and actual incurred losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced; however, there have been no material substantive changes compared to prior periods. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—WesBanco accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest of an acquired business are recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition with any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value recorded as goodwill. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of goodwill and other respectively, which represents approximately 43.6% and 2.9% of total shareholders’ equity, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco’s Community Banking segment had two reporting units with goodwill. intangibles was $861.9 million and $57.0 million, Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment annually, or more often if events or circumstances indicate it may be impaired. Finite-lived intangible assets, which consist primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles (long-term customer-relationship intangible assets) are amortized using straight-line 36 and accelerated methods over their weighted-average estimated useful lives, ranging from ten to sixteen years in total, and are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective agreements, ranging from one to four years. WesBanco evaluated goodwill for impairment by determining if the fair value is greater than the carrying value of its reporting units. WesBanco uses market capitalization, multiples of tangible book value, a discounted cash flow model, and various other market-based methods to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units. In particular, the discounted cash flow model includes various assumptions regarding an investor’s required rate of return on WesBanco common stock, future loan loss provisions, future net interest margins, along with various growth and economic recovery and stabilization assumptions of the economy as a whole. The resulting fair values of each method are then weighted based on the relevance and reliability of each respective method in light of the current economic environment to arrive at a weighted average fair value. The evaluation also considered macroeconomic conditions such as the general economic outlook, regional and national unemployment rates, and recent trends in equity and credit markets. Additionally, industry and market considerations, such as market- dependent multiples and metrics relative to peers, were evaluated. WesBanco also considered recent trends in credit quality, overall financial performance, stock price appreciation, internal forecasts and various other market-based methods to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units. Since adopting Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)”, the impairment charge is based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. WesBanco concluded that goodwill at the reporting units was not impaired as of November 30, 2018, and also determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2018 as there were no significant changes in market conditions, consolidated operating results, or forecasted future results from November 30, 2018, the date of the most recent goodwill impairment evaluation. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. WesBanco does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets. Intangible assets with finite useful lives as of December 31, 2018 are comprised of $54.5 million in core deposit intangibles held at the community banking segment and $2.5 million in trust customer relationship intangibles held at the trust and investment services segment. As of December 31, 2018, there were no indicators of impairment related to intangible assets with finite useful lives. 37 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW On April 5, 2018, WesBanco completed the acquisition of First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. (“FTSB”), a bank holding company headquartered in Huntington, WV with approximately $0.7 billion in assets, excluding goodwill, and five branches in West Virginia. On August 20, 2018, WesBanco completed the acquisition of Farmers Capital Bank Corporation (“FFKT”), a bank holding company headquartered in Frankfort, KY with approximately $1.6 billion in assets, excluding goodwill, and 34 branches in Kentucky. Net income increased $48.6 million or 51.5% to $143.1 million in 2018 compared to 2017. Net income excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation (non-GAAP measure) increased $49.3 million or 45.7% to $157.2 million. Net interest income improved $56.9 million or 19.6%, primarily through a 14.8% increase in average earning assets from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, larger investment portfolio and a higher net interest margin of 3.52% as compared to 3.44% in 2017. The net interest margin benefited from increases in the Federal Reserve Board’s target federal fund rates through 2018, purchase accounting-related accretion for both acquisitions and the higher margin on the acquired FFKT net assets, partially offset by higher funding costs and a flattening yield curve. Non-interest income increased $11.4 million or 12.9% in 2018 compared to 2017. Growth was achieved in certain categories of non-interest income: electronic banking fees increased $4.1 million, service charges on deposits increased $3.1 million, trust fees increased $1.9 million, bank-owned life insurance increased $1.6 million and payment processing fees increased $1.0 million. Excluding merger-related costs, non-interest expense increased $27.4 million or 12.5% reflecting three quarters of the FTSB acquisition and one and half quarters of the FFKT acquisition. Overall, WesBanco’s costs continued to be well controlled in 2018 as WesBanco achieved the best efficiency ratio in the last five years of 54.60% (non-GAAP measure), a 184 basis point improvement from 2017. Total assets as of December 31, 2018 increased $2.6 billion or 26.9% compared to December 31, 2017, primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. In addition, WesBanco crossed the $10 billion asset threshold during the first quarter of 2018. Portfolio loans of $7.7 billion increased 20.7% over the last twelve months, reflecting the acquired loan portfolios of FTSB and FFKT. Secondary market loan sales in the residential real estate portfolio continued to increase, which reduced the amount of new mortgage loans that would otherwise be held on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018, despite the addition of approximately $1.4 billion of portfolio loans from the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT, non-performing loans and non-performing assets decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 both on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of the portfolio. Criticized and classified loan balances decreased as a percentage of total loans in 2018 compared to the prior period. Total deposits, excluding CDs, increased 27.9%, which includes 5.8% organic growth in interest bearing and non-interest bearing demand deposits, which now represent 51.9% of total deposits as of December 31, 2018. WesBanco continues to maintain strong regulatory capital ratios as both consolidated and bank-level regulatory capital ratios are above the applicable “well-capitalized” standards promulgated by bank regulators and the BASEL III capital standards. As of December 31, 2018, Tier I leverage was 10.74%, Tier I risk-based capital was 15.09%, and total risk-based capital was 15.99% and the Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio, was 13.14%. Total tangible equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP measure) was 9.28% at December 31, 2018, increasing from 8.79% at December 31, 2017, as a result of increases in tangible shareholders’ equity at a faster pace than the increase in tangible assets. Strong earnings and improved total capital have enabled WesBanco to increase the quarterly dividend rate 11.5% to $0.29 per share in the first quarter of 2018, the eleventh increase over the last eight years, cumulatively representing a 107% increase. The dividend was increased again in February 2019 to $0.31 per share, a $0.02 per share or 6.9% increase, to be paid April 1, 2019. 38 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS EARNINGS SUMMARY For the twelve months ending December 31, 2018, net income was $143.1 million, or $2.92 per diluted share, compared to $94.5 million, or $2.14 per diluted share, for 2017. Per share earnings increased to $2.92 per diluted share for 2018 compared to $2.14 per diluted share for 2017, an increase of 36.4%. Excluding the 2017 net deferred tax asset revaluation, as a result of the late 2017 enacted Federal tax reform legislation, and after-tax merger-related expenses in both years (non-GAAP measure), net income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, increased 45.7% to $157.2 million compared to $107.9 million for 2017. On the same basis, per share earnings increased to $3.21 per diluted share for 2018 compared to $2.45 per diluted share for 2017, an increase of 31.0%. For the twelve months ending December 31, 2018, net interest income increased $56.9 million, or 19.6%, primarily due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, which closed on April 5, 2018 and August 20, 2018, respectively. The net interest margin increased eight basis points to 3.52%. The increase in the net interest margin reflects the benefit from the increases in the Federal Reserve Board’s target federal funds rate over the past year. Average loan total balances increased 10.3% and average total taxable securities increased 32.6% from 2017, primarily due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions as well as additional investment securities purchased in the first quarter of 2018. The increase in the cost of interest bearing liabilities is primarily due to higher rates for interest bearing demand deposits, which include public funds, higher tier money market accounts and Federal Home Loan Bank and other borrowings. The average interest bearing deposit balances increased 10.9% from 2017 primarily due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. For 2018, non-interest income increased $11.4 million or 12.9% compared to 2017. Electronic banking fees increased $4.1 million or 21.5%, service charges on deposits increased $3.1 million or 15.3%, trust fees increased $1.9 million or 8.3%, bank-owned life insurance increased $1.6 million or 34.1% and payment processing fees increased $1.0 million or 100.0% through the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Payment processing fees are from a business acquired from FFKT, which provides bill payment and electronic funds transfer services for its customers. Net securities gains decreased $1.5 million or 258.7% due primarily to a $0.9 million decrease related to the market adjustment on the deferred compensation plan. The following comments on non-interest expense exclude merger-related expenses in both years. Non-interest expense in 2018 increased $27.4 million or 12.5% compared to 2017. With net revenue growth of 18.0% in 2018, this positive operating leverage helped to improve the efficiency ratio in 2018 to 54.6% from 56.4% in 2017. For 2018, salaries and wages increased $17.2 million or 17.7% due to increased compensation expense related to a 23.1% increase in full-time equivalent employees, primarily due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, key revenue-producing positions throughout the markets and certain risk management additions as a result of the increase in total assets above the $10 billion level. Increases in net occupancy and equipment were also primarily from costs related to the additional branches from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions and routine maintenance costs. ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses increased $1.2 million or 26.8% compared to 2017 due to the expanded customer based from the acquisitions combined with WesBanco’s legacy customers increased usage of electronic banking. The provision for federal and state income taxes decreased to $31.4 million in 2018 compared to $53.8 million in 2017, which includes $12.8 million from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets resulting from the enacted Federal tax reform legislation in 2017. In 2018, the federal statutory rate was 21% compared to 35% in 2017. The effective tax rate was 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017, the effective tax rate was 36.3%, of which 8.6% relates to the late 2017 tax reform remeasurement. 39 TABLE 1. NET INTEREST INCOME (dollars in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent adjustments to net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $347,236 5,524 $290,295 10,494 $253,330 9,902 Net interest income, fully taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $352,760 $300,789 $263,232 Net interest spread, non-taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit of net non-interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent adjustment Net interest margin, fully taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.21% 0.25% 3.46% 0.06% 3.52% 3.17% 0.15% 3.32% 0.12% 3.44% 3.08% 0.12% 3.20% 0.12% 3.32% Net interest income, which is WesBanco’s largest source of revenue, is the difference between interest income on earning assets, primarily loans and securities, and interest expense on liabilities, primarily deposits and short and long-term borrowings. Net interest income is affected by the general level of, and changes in interest rates, the steepness and shape of the yield curve, changes in the amount and composition of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, as well as the frequency of repricing of existing assets and liabilities. Net interest income increased $56.9 million or 19.6% in 2018 compared to 2017, due to a 14.8% increase in average earning asset balances, primarily driven by the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT and related net asset accretion from purchase accounting. Average loan balances increased by 10.3% in 2018 from the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT compared to 2017, as organic loan growth was slightly down from targeted reductions in the consumer portfolio to reduce its risk profile, lower home equity loan balances due to a lower demand as a result of higher interest rates and tax changes, elevated levels of commercial real estate loans moving to an aggressive secondary market and continued deleveraging by commercial customers reflective of the current operating environment and higher cash levels from tax reform. Total average deposits increased in 2018 by $930.4 million or 13.1% compared to 2017, while certificates of deposit, which have the highest overall interest cost among deposits, increased by only $12.6 million or 0.9% over the same time period due to runoff in higher certificates of deposit approximately equal to those certificates of deposit acquired from FTSB and FFKT. The effect of four increases in the Federal Reserve’s target federal funds rate during 2018 and higher margins on the acquired FTSB and FFKT assets on the net interest margin were offset somewhat by lower tax equivalent yields on tax-exempt securities resulting from the decrease in the corporate tax rate to 21% for 2018. This adjustment in tax-equivalency resulted in a six basis point decrease in the taxable-equivalent adjustment to the net interest margin, causing the net interest margin to increase by only eight basis points to 3.52% for 2018 compared to 3.44% in 2017. Yields increased for all earning asset categories in 2018 except for tax-exempt securities. The cost of interest bearing liabilities increased by 28 basis points from 2017 to 2018. The increase in the cost is primarily due to rate increases for larger balance customers in interest bearing demand deposits, which include public funds, and higher rates for short and medium-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings. Approximately 14 basis points of accretion from the FTSB, FFKT and other prior acquisitions was included in the 2018 net interest margin compared to 8 basis points in the 2017 net interest margin. Interest income increased $82.5 million or 24.8% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to higher overall earning assets, particularly from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, and higher yields in almost every earning asset category. Earning asset yields were influenced positively in 2018 compared to 2017 due to four federal funds rate increases occurring in the year. Average loan balances increased by $655.0 million or 13.0% in 2018 compared to 2017, due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Loan yields increased by 45 basis points during this same period to 4.73% from the previously mentioned federal funds rate increases and accretion from purchase accounting from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. Loans provide the greatest impact on interest income and the yield on earning assets as they have the largest balance and the highest yield within major earning asset categories. In 2018, average loans represented 69.9% of average earning assets, a decrease from 72.8% in 2017, primarily due to purchases of taxable 40 securities in 2018 and assumed from the acquisitions exceeding average total loan growth on a percentage basis. Average taxable securities balances increased by $518.0 million or 32.6% from 2017, consistent with management’s strategy of growing total assets above $10 billion, which occurred during the first quarter of 2018 to improve profitability. Total securities yields decreased by seven basis points in 2018 from 2017 due to the lower tax-equivalency benefit on tax-exempt securities, resulting from the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”, which decreased the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. This lower benefit was offset somewhat by higher market rates on all securities acquired and purchased in 2018. Tax-exempt securities yields decreased 73 basis points in 2018 from 2017 from the lower tax-equivalency benefit; however, this yield decrease only affected the net interest margin and not net interest income, as the tax effect is included in the provision for income taxes. The average balance of tax-exempt securities, which have the highest yields within securities, also decreased to 26.7% of total average securities in 2018 compared to 31.2% in 2017. Taxable securities yields increased by 27 basis points in 2018 as compared to 2017 due to the previously mentioned purchases at higher current rates. Total portfolio loans increased $1.3 billion or 20.7% over the last twelve months, while total commercial loans increased $1.0 billion or 24.3%. Loan growth was achieved through $2.2 billion in total loan originations, led by $1.4 billion in business loan originations for the past twelve months. Loan growth was driven by the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT, expanded market areas and additional commercial personnel in our core markets, partially offset by significant loan paydowns or payoffs as some loans moved into the secondary lending market by customers who refinanced their mortgages, and targeted reductions of the consumer portfolio to reduce the risk profile of the loan portfolio. Interest expense increased $25.6 million or 60.7% in 2018 compared to 2017, due primarily to increases in the balances of interest bearing liabilities from the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT and increases in the rates paid on all interest bearing liability categories. The cost of interest bearing liabilities increased by 28 basis points from 2017 to 0.92% in 2018. Average interest bearing deposits increased by $571.0 million or 10.9% from 2017, due primarily to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT as well as organic deposit growth, which offset a $249.7 million or 18.0% decrease in average certificates of deposit, excluding those acquired from FTSB and FFKT. The rate on interest bearing deposits increased by 17 basis points from 2017, primarily from increases in rates on interest bearing public funds and for certain larger balance customers. Average non-interest bearing demand deposits increased from 2017 to 2018 by $359.4 million or 19.8% and were 27.2% of total average deposits at December 31, 2018, compared to 25.7% at December 31, 2017, reflecting the acquisitions’ non-interest bearing demand deposits and marketing strategies. Organic average non-interest bearing demand deposits increased $145.0 million or 8.0% during this same time period. The increase in non-interest bearing deposits reflects positively on the net interest margin, as the benefit of non-interest bearing liabilities increased by 10 basis points from 2017 to 2018. Average other borrowings and junior subordinated debt balances increased by $85.8 million or 24.4% from 2017 to 2018, due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT, and their average rates paid increased by 66 and 54 basis points, respectively, over this same time period due to increases in LIBOR, the index upon which most of this variable-rate type of borrowing is priced. The average balance of FHLB borrowings increased by $155.3 million from 2018 to 2017, and their average rate paid increased by 70 basis points to 2.08% over this same time period due to higher interest rates and the replacement of some maturing shorter-term borrowings with those of a medium-term length throughout 2018 to improve asset sensitivity and liquidity measures. 41 TABLE 2. AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS AND NET INTEREST MARGIN ANALYSIS For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Average Balance Interest Average Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate 80,535 $ 1,801 2.24% $ 13,811 $ 118 0.85% $ 27,193 $ 145 0.53% (dollars in thousands) ASSETS Due from banks-interest bearing . . $ Loans, net of unearned income (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,013,877 331,961 4.73% 6,358,845 272,007 4.28% 5,513,277 226,993 4.12% Securities: (2) Taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt (3) Total securities . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,109,191 768,304 2,877,495 55,302 56,898 26,301 83,199 3,519 2.70% 1,591,149 3.42% 723,019 2.89% 2,314,168 6.37% 47,548 38,630 29,983 68,613 2,179 2.43% 1,677,128 667,066 4.15% 2.96% 2,344,194 45,704 4.58% 38,490 28,292 66,782 2,079 2.29% 4.24% 2.85% 4.55% Total earning assets (3) . . . . . . . . . . 10,027,209 420,480 4.19% 8,734,372 342,917 3.93% 7,930,368 295,999 3.73% Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,310,170 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,337,379 1,119,940 $9,854,312 1,009,518 $8,939,886 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,929,876 $ 13,144 5,016 1,225 12,450 Money market accounts . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit 1,049,059 1,454,525 1,396,446 0.68% $1,613,451 $ 0.48% 1,012,660 0.08% 1,248,985 0.89% 1,383,807 6,453 2,775 745 10,108 0.40% $1,340,001 0.27% 961,847 0.06% 1,134,755 0.73% 1,514,767 $ 2,817 1,860 696 10,419 0.21% 0.19% 0.06% 0.69% Total interest bearing deposits . . . . . . . . . . . 5,829,906 31,835 0.55% 5,258,903 20,081 0.38% 4,951,370 15,792 0.32% Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior 1,121,108 260,388 23,333 3,717 2.08% 965,795 1.43% 187,298 13,290 1,442 1.38% 0.77% 995,644 105,735 11,985 478 1.20% 0.45% subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,866 8,836 5.00% 164,156 7,317 4.46% 124,318 4,512 3.63% Total interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . 7,388,268 67,721 0.92% 6,576,152 42,130 0.64% 6,177,067 32,767 0.53% Non-interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . 2,177,142 123,544 1,648,425 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ 1,817,782 76,443 1,383,935 1,474,883 72,048 1,215,888 Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,337,379 $9,854,312 $8,939,886 Net interest spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent net interest margin (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.27% 3.29% 3.20% $352,759 3.52% $300,787 3.44% $263,232 3.32% (1) Gross of allowance for loan losses and net of unearned income. Includes non-accrual and loans held for sale. Loan fees included in interest income on loans were $3.4 million, $3.6 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additionally, loan accretion included in interest income on loans acquired from prior acquisitions was $11.7 million, $5.7 million and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, while accretion on interest bearing liabilities acquired from prior acquisitions was $2.0 million, $1.4 million, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (2) Average yields on securities available-for-sale have been calculated based on amortized cost. (3) Taxable equivalent basis is calculated on tax-exempt securities using a rate of 21% for 2018 and 35% for each prior period presented. 42 TABLE 3. RATE/VOLUME ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME AND INTEREST EXPENSE (1) (in thousands) Increase (decrease) in interest income: 2018 Compared to 2017 2017 Compared to 2016 Volume Rate Net Increase (Decrease) Volume Rate Net Increase (Decrease) Due from banks—interest bearing . . . . . . . . . $ 1,261 $ Loans, net of unearned income . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt securities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,486 13,619 1,791 396 422 30,468 4,648 (5,473) 944 $ 1,683 59,954 18,267 (3,682) 1,340 $ (91) $ 36,354 (2,027) 2,331 88 64 8,660 2,168 (640) 16 $ (27) 45,014 141 1,691 104 Total interest income change (2) . . . . . . 46,553 31,009 77,562 36,655 10,268 46,923 Increase (decrease) in interest expense: Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated 1,462 103 137 93 2,399 713 5,219 2,138 343 2,249 7,644 1,562 6,692 2,241 480 2,342 10,043 2,275 debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 926 1,519 Total interest expense change . . . . . . . . . 5,500 20,081 25,592 670 103 69 (933) (368) 504 2,965 812 (20) 622 1,673 460 1,647 1,692 1,158 7,670 3,635 915 49 (311) 1,305 964 2,805 9,362 Net interest income increase (decrease) (2) . . . . . . $41,053 $10,928 $51,970 $34,963 $ 2,598 $37,561 (1) Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis. (2) The yield on earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% for 2018 and 35% for each prior period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES The provision for credit losses is the amount to be added to the allowance for loan losses after net charge- offs have been deducted to bring the allowance to a level considered appropriate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for credit losses also includes the amount to be added to the reserve for loan commitments to bring that reserve to a level considered appropriate to absorb probable losses on unfunded commitments. The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $2.2 million or 22.3% to $7.8 million. This decrease is primarily the result of continued improvement in credit quality indicators and decreased organic loan growth most notably in the consumer portfolio, along with higher recoveries as a percentage of charge-offs. The provision for credit losses was higher than net charge-offs by $3.8 million and $1.6 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. (Please see the “Credit Quality” and “Allowance for Credit Losses” sections of this MD&A for additional discussion). 43 TABLE 4. NON-INTEREST INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 $ Change % Change Trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities (losses) gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on other real estate owned and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net insurance services revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment processing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swap fee and valuation income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $ 24,623 23,670 23,300 7,186 6,427 5,840 (900) 524 3,207 1,028 1,677 3,694 $22,740 20,532 19,183 6,672 4,794 5,053 567 658 2,967 — 1,958 3,716 $ 1,883 3,138 4,117 514 1,633 787 (1,467) (134) 240 1,028 (281) (22) 8.3 15.3 21.5 7.7 34.1 15.6 (258.7) (20.4) 8.1 100.0 (14.4) (0.6) Total non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100,276 $88,840 $11,436 12.9 Non-interest income, a significant source of revenue and an important part of WesBanco’s results of operations, was 22.4% and 23.4% of net revenues for 2018 and 2017, respectively. WesBanco offers its customers a wide range of retail, commercial, investment and electronic banking services, which are viewed as a vital component of WesBanco’s ability to attract and maintain customers, as well as providing additional fee income beyond normal spread-related income to WesBanco. Non-interest income increased $11.4 million or 12.9% compared to 2017. Trust fees increased $1.9 million compared to 2017 as average trust assets in 2018 were higher than in 2017 due to market improvements along with customer and revenue development initiatives. As of December 31, 2018, total trust assets of $4.3 billion increased 8.3% from $3.9 billion at December 31, 2017, including $0.6 billion of trust assets acquired from FFKT. As of December 31, 2018, trust assets include managed assets of $3.7 billion and non-managed (custodial) assets of $0.6 billion. Assets managed for the WesMark Funds, a proprietary group of mutual funds for which WesBanco Investment Department serves as investment advisor, were $840.7 million as of December 31, 2018 and $959.4 million as of December 31, 2017, and are included in trust managed assets. Service charges on deposits increased $3.1 million or 15.3% compared to the prior year due to the larger customer deposit base from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions during 2018. As of December 31, 2018, deposits, excluding CDs, of $7.4 billion increased $1.6 billion from $5.8 billion as of December 31, 2017. Electronic banking fees, which include debit card interchange fees, continued to grow, increasing $4.1 million or 21.5% compared to 2017, due to a higher volume of debit card transactions from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions and WesBanco’s legacy customers. The volume increase in our legacy markets is due to marketing and process initiatives as well as a higher percentage of customers using these products. Debit card interchange fees will decrease in 2019, starting on July 1, by about $2.5 million per quarter due to the impact of the Durbin amendment from the 2010 passage of the Dodd-Frank Act on banks with total assets $10 billion or greater. Bank-owned life insurance increased $1.6 million or 34.1% compared to 2017 due to death benefits received in the first quarter of 2018 and the FFKT acquired bank-owned life insurance. As of December 31, 2018, bank- owned life insurance cash surrender value of $225.3 million increased 17.0% from $192.6 million as of December 31, 2017. 44 Mortgage banking income increased $0.8 million or 15.6% compared to 2017 due to increased volume and higher gain on sale margins. In the fourth quarter of 2017, WesBanco began selling mortgages on a mandatory basis as opposed to best efforts on most loans sold in the secondary market. Loans sold on a mandatory delivery basis are sold at a higher margin because the interest rate risk remains with the seller prior to the sale of the loan. To offset this risk, WesBanco enters into to be announced (“TBA”) forward securities contracts to counteract the movement rates. Total mortgage production was $477.5 million in 2018, up 21.3% from 2017. Mortgages sold into the secondary market represented $192.2 million or 40.3% of overall mortgage loan production in 2018 compared to $208.7 million or 53.0% in 2017. in interest Net securities gains decreased $1.5 million or 258.7% compared to 2017 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, which requires companies to record the changes in fair value of equity securities through net securities gains rather than other comprehensive income. In 2018, WesBanco recorded $1.0 million in net securities losses because of this new standard, which was adopted on a prospective basis. In 2017, changes in fair value of equity securities were recorded in other comprehensive income. Of the $1.0 million decrease in fair value of equity securities, $0.9 million relates to the market adjustment on the deferred compensation plan. In 2018, WesBanco recorded a $0.1 million net gain on sales and calls of debt securities. In 2017, WesBanco recorded a $0.6 million net gain on sale of debt securities. Payment processing fees are earned from the bill payment and electronic funds transfer (“EFT”) services provided under the name FirstNet, which was acquired with FFKT. Payment processing fee income was $1.0 million since the FFKT acquisition as of August 20, 2018. There was no prior period income. Swap fee and valuation income decreased $0.3 million or 14.4% from 2017 primarily due to fewer new commercial swap agreements as well as negative valuation adjustments for the interest rate swaps. 45 TABLE 5. NON-INTEREST EXPENSE For the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 $ Change % Change Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDIC insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Franchise and other miscellaneous taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting, regulatory, accounting and advisory fees . . . . . . . . . . . . ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postage and courier expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $114,602 30,079 19,165 17,207 5,368 3,242 6,980 17,860 9,847 6,975 5,719 4,143 3,181 2,778 2,569 831 14,678 $ 97,361 29,933 17,101 16,026 5,720 3,504 4,940 945 8,423 6,857 4,510 3,879 3,033 2,781 2,487 1,097 12,263 $17,241 146 2,064 1,181 (352) (262) 2,040 16,915 1,424 118 1,209 264 148 (3) 82 (266) 2,415 17.7 0.5 12.1 7.4 (6.2) (7.5) 41.3 1,789.9 16.9 1.7 26.8 6.8 4.9 (0.1) 3.3 (24.2) 19.7 Total non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $265,224 $220,860 $44,364 20.1 Non-interest expense in 2018 increased $44.4 million or 20.1% compared to 2017, principally from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, which increased assets by $2.3 billion, excluding goodwill, and added 39 offices to our branch network. In 2018, there was $17.9 million of merger-related expenses for the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions and $0.9 million in 2017 for the YCB and FTSB acquisitions. Non-interest expense, excluding merger-related expenses, increased $27.4 million or 12.5% in 2018 as compared to 2017. Salaries and wages increased $17.2 million or 17.7% compared to 2017, due to increased compensation expense related to a 23.1% increase in full-time equivalent employees primarily related to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. In addition, due to the adoption of a new accounting standard (ASU 2017-07), salaries and wages included $2.9 million related to pension service expense for 2018, which was classified as employee benefits expense in 2017. The remaining increase was due to routine annual compensation adjustments and stock-based compensation increases. Employee benefits expense increased $0.1 million or 0.5% compared to 2017. The minimal increase included $3.3 million increase in health care costs and $1.0 million increase in payroll tax expense, offset by a $2.9 million decrease in pension services costs, $1.1 million decrease in other pension costs and $1.4 million decrease in deferred compensation expense due to market adjustments of the underlying investments of the deferred compensation plan. Net occupancy increased $2.1 million in 2018 or 12.1% compared to 2017, principally due to increased building-related costs including utilities, lease expense, depreciation, repairs and other seasonal maintenance costs, mostly from the five acquired FTSB branches and 34 acquired FFKT branches acquired, as well as normal building maintenance and repair costs of the legacy branch network and other infrastructure needs. Equipment costs increased $1.2 million or 7.4% compared to 2017 due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions and continuous improvements in technology and communication infrastructure, software costs and loan and deposit origination and customer support platforms. 46 FDIC insurance decreased $0.3 million or 7.5% compared to 2017, despite a larger balance sheet from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, as well as a full year of a lower assessment base for community banks with total assets lower than $10 billion, and certain improved financial and capital ratios resulting in lower FDIC insurance premium assessments. FDIC insurance premiums will increase an estimated $1.0 to $1.5 million annually, beginning in the second quarter of 2019 due to WesBanco’s total assets increasing above $10 billion for four consecutive quarters. Amortization of intangible assets increased $2.0 million or 41.3% in 2018 compared to 2017. The FTSB intangibles. The FFKT acquisition added intangibles and $2.6 million in trust customer relationship acquisition added approximately $8.1 million in core deposit approximately $37.4 million in core deposit intangibles. Restructuring and merger-related expenses in 2018 were comprised of $5.5 million expenses related to the FTSB acquisition and $12.4 million related to the FFKT acquisition. The FTSB merger-related expenses include $2.2 million from contract termination and conversion costs, $0.8 million in investment banking services, $0.7 million in change-in-control payments and $0.5 million in employee severance costs. The FFKT merger- related expenses include $7.7 million from contract termination and conversion costs, $2.3 million in investment banking services, $1.1 million in change-in-control payments and employee severance costs, $0.6 million in legal expense and $0.4 million in audit and valuation services. In 2017, $0.5 million in expenses related to the YCB acquisition and $0.4 million expenses related to the FTSB merger for legal and other professional fees. Franchise and real property taxes increased $1.4 million or 16.9% in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase is primarily driven by a $1.0 million increase in Kentucky corporate franchise tax due to the FFKT acquisition, which was headquartered in Kentucky. Real and personal property taxes increased $0.4 million primarily due to the addition of 39 branches from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. ATM and electronic banking interchange expense increased $1.2 million or 26.8% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to the increased customer base from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions and a higher volume of debit card transactions from WesBanco’s legacy customers. INCOME TAXES The provision for federal and state income taxes decreased to $31.4 million in 2018 compared to $53.8 million in 2017, which includes $12.8 million from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets resulting from the enacted Federal tax reform legislation in 2017. Upon final analysis of available information and refinement of the calculation during 2018, WesBanco increased the provisional amount by $0.1 million, which was included in income tax expense. In 2018, the federal statutory rate was 21% compared to 35% in 2017. The effective tax rate was 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017, the effective tax rate was 36.3%, of which 8.6% relates to the tax reform revaluation. 47 FINANCIAL CONDITION Total assets increased 26.9%, while deposits and shareholders’ equity increased 25.4% and 41.8%, respectively, compared to December 31, 2017, primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Total securities increased by $862.0 million or 37.7% from December 31, 2017 and was driven by management’s strategy to exceed the $10 billion threshold in total assets during the first quarter of 2018 by purchasing taxable securities in anticipation of the scheduled closing of FTSB. These purchases had an average yield of approximately 3.06%. In addition, the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions provided $142.9 million and $239.3 million of additional securities, respectively. Total portfolio loans increased $1.3 billion or 20.7%, with $447.3 million and $1.0 billion from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, respectively. Total organic loans decreased 2.5% resulting from continued targeted reductions in the consumer loan portfolio, pay downs of commercial loans outpacing growth and certain loans sold from the two acquisitions in the second and fourth quarters. Deposits increased $1.8 billion from December 31, 2017, primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Organic deposits decreased 1.9% as increases of 5.8% and 2.7% in demand deposits and savings, respectively, were more than offset by decreases of 8.8% and 21.7% in money market deposits and certificates of deposit, respectively. The decrease in certificates of deposit is a result of periodically offering lower than median competitive rates for maturing certificates of deposit, primarily for single service customers, and customer preferences for other deposit types, coupled with a $55.7 million decrease in CDARS® balances. The increase in demand deposits and savings deposits were attributable to marketing, incentives paid to customers, focused retail and business strategies to obtain more account relationships, and customers’ preference for short-term maturities, coupled with deposits from bonus and royalty payments for Marcellus and Utica shale gas payments from energy companies in WesBanco’s southwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia markets. Total borrowings increased 18.3% during 2018 as short-term borrowings increased $105.7 million, new FHLB borrowings exceeded maturities by $50.5 million, with the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions providing an additional $52.3 million and $3.0 million in FHLB borrowings, respectively, and junior subordinated debt increased $25.8 million. The FTSB and FFKT acquisitions provided $9.3 million and $33.5 million in junior subordinated debentures, respectively, which was partially offset by the redemption of $17.5 million in junior subordinated debentures during in 2018. Proceeds from new borrowings were also utilized to purchase investment securities early in 2018. Total shareholders’ equity increased by approximately $583.5 million or 41.8%, compared to December 31, 2017, primarily due to $107.3 million and $391.3 million of common stock issued in the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, respectively, and net income exceeding dividends for the period by $85.2 million, which was partially offset by $5.3 million in additional other comprehensive loss. The other comprehensive loss resulted from a $7.2 million increase in unrealized loss in the securities portfolio, which was partially offset by a $2.1 million increase in unrealized gain in the defined benefit pension plan and other postretirement benefits during 2018. The tangible equity to tangible assets ratio (non-GAAP measure) increased to 9.28% at December 31, 2018 from 8.79% at December 31, 2017 as tangible shareholders’ equity increased at a faster pace than tangible assets, primarily as a result of the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. 48 SECURITIES TABLE 6. COMPOSITION OF SECURITIES (1) (dollars in thousands) Equity securities (at fair value) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Available-for-sale debt securities (at fair value) U.S. Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Government sponsored entities and December 31, 2018-2017 December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change 2016 11,737 $ 13,457 $ (1,720) (12.8) $ 12,141 19,878 — 19,878 100.0 — agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,652 71,843 69,809 97.2 54,043 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . 1,561,255 934,922 626,333 67.0 938,289 Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,972 185,114 37,258 114,867 104,830 35,403 54,105 80,284 1,855 Total available-for-sale debt securities . . . . . . $2,114,129 $1,261,865 $852,264 47.1 76.6 5.2 67.5 96,810 111,663 35,301 $1,236,106 Held-to-maturity debt securities (at amortized cost) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,823 $ 11,465 $ (642) (5.6) $ 13,394 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,300 828,520 33,291 170,025 794,655 33,355 (21,725) 33,865 (64) (12.8) 4.3 (0.2) 215,141 805,019 34,413 Total held-to-maturity debt securities . . . . . . . $1,020,934 $1,009,500 $ 11,434 1.1 $1,067,967 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,146,800 $2,284,822 $861,978 37.7 $2,316,214 Available-for-sale and equity securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held-to-maturity securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.78% 67.6% 5.0 3.47% 32.4% 4.6 2.35% 55.8% 4.2 3.85% 44.2% 4.2 3.00% 3.01% 100.0% 100.0% 4.8 4.2 2.22% 53.9% 4.3 3.76% 46.1% 5.0 2.93% 100.0% 4.6 (1) At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and certain federal or federally-related agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of WesBanco’s shareholders’ equity. (2) Weighted average yields have been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in all prior periods. 49 Total investment securities, which are a source of liquidity for WesBanco as well as a contributor to interest income, increased by $862.0 million or 37.7% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Throughout the year, the available-for-sale portfolio increased by $852.3 million or 67.5%, while the held-to-maturity portfolio increased by $11.4 million or 1.1%. The increase in the overall portfolio from December 31, 2017 was driven partially by the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT, and more significantly by management’s strategy to exceed the $10 billion threshold in total assets during the first quarter of 2018 by purchasing mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, with an average yield of approximately 3.06%. The weighted average yield of the portfolio decreased by 1 basis point from 3.01% at December 31, 2017 to 3.00% at December 31, 2018. Though market rates increased during 2018 on all securities purchased, the decrease in the corporate federal tax rate from 35% to 21% reduced the tax-equivalent yield by approximately 73 basis points on the tax-exempt municipal bond portfolio, as the tax benefit was reduced. This decrease in the tax-equivalent yield on tax-exempt municipals more than offset the general market rate increases, as tax-exempt municipals comprise approximately 26% of WesBanco’s investment portfolio. The higher-yielding 2018 purchases helped to mitigate the impact of the tax-equivalent yield reduction on the municipal bonds, while yields on the taxable portion of the portfolio increased 27 basis points. Total gross unrealized securities losses increased $16.3 million, from $26.7 million at December 31, 2017 to $43.0 million at December 31, 2018. WesBanco had $466.9 million in investment securities in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months at December 31, 2018, which decreased from $664.5 million in the same category at December 31, 2017; however, the balance of investment securities in an unrealized loss position for more than twelve months increased from $787.1 million at December 31, 2017 to $1.4 billion at December 31, 2018. The overall shift of securities to the over 12 months category was due to continued increases in federal funds rates during 2018 causing market prices to decrease on certain lower-rate securities purchased or acquired in prior years. WesBanco believes that all of the unrealized securities losses at December 31, 2018 were temporary impairment losses. Please refer to Note 4, “Securities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. WesBanco does not have any investments in private mortgage-backed securities or those that are collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, nor does WesBanco have any exposure to collateralized debt obligations or government-sponsored enterprise preferred stocks. Net unrealized pre-tax losses on available-for-sale securities were $27.9 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $18.7 million at December 31, 2017. These net unrealized pre-tax losses represent temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields in the available-for-sale portfolio, and on an after-tax basis are accounted for as an adjustment to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Net unrealized pre-tax (losses) gains in the held-to-maturity portfolio, which are not accounted for in other comprehensive income, were ($0.2) million at December 31, 2018, compared to $14.3 million at December 31, 2017. With approximately 32% of the investment portfolio in the held-to-maturity category, the increase in interest rates in 2018 does not have as much impact on other comprehensive income as if the entire portfolio were included in the category available-for-sale. Equity securities, of which a portion consist of investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with a key officer and director deferred compensation plan, are recorded at fair value. Gains and losses due to fair value fluctuations on equity securities are included in net securities gains or losses. For those equity securities relating to the key officer and director deferred compensation plan, the corresponding change in the obligation to the employee is recognized in employee benefits expense. 50 TABLE 7. MATURITY DISTRIBUTION AND YIELD ANALYSIS OF SECURITIES The following table presents the amortized cost and tax-equivalent yields of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2018. In some instances, the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalty prior to the contractual maturity date. One Year or less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years Over Ten Years Mortgage- backed securities Total (dollars in thousands) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Available-for-sale U.S. Treasuries . . . . . . . . $19,882 2.37% $ — U.S. Government — $ — — $ — — $ — — $ 19,882 2.37% sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (2) . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (2) . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions (3) . . . . . . Corporate debt 496 2.31% 5,969 1.95% 18,273 2.34% 15,786 2.82% 102,328 2.93% 142,852 2.80% — — — — — — — — 1,585,864 2.68% 1,585,864 2.68% — — — — — — — — 171,671 2.64% 171,671 2.64% 9,746 3.72% 48,401 3.06% 81,081 3.98% 44,829 3.51% — — 184,057 3.61% securities . . . . . . . . . . . 2,683 1.41% 33,058 2.76% 1,989 5.58% — — — — 37,730 2.81% Total available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . $32,807 2.69% $ 87,428 2.87% $101,343 3.71% $ 60,615 3.33% $1,859,863 2.66% $2,142,056 2.78% Held-to-maturity U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — $ — — $ — — $ — — $ 10,823 2.19% $ 10,823 2.19% Residential mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (2) . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions (3) . . . . . . Corporate debt — — — — — — — — 148,300 2.52% 148,300 2.52% 6,914 3.36% 144,201 3.27% 393,707 3.78% 283,698 3.59% — — 828,520 3.62% securities . . . . . . . . . . . — — 7,638 3.09% 25,653 3.62% — — — — 33,291 3.50% Total held-to-maturity securities . . . . . . . $ 6,914 3.36% $151,839 3.26% $419,360 3.77% $283,698 3.59% $ 159,123 2.50% $1,020,934 3.47% Total (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $39,721 2.81% $239,267 3.12% $520,703 3.76% $344,313 3.54% $2,018,986 2.64% $3,162,990 3.00% (1) Yields are determined based on the lower of the yield-to-call or yield-to-maturity. (2) Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. Projected maturities based on current speeds within one year, between one and five years, between five and ten years and over ten years are expected to be approximately $10.6 million, $1.1 billion, $839.5 million and $67.7 million, respectively. (3) Average yields on obligations of states and political subdivisions have been calculated on a taxable- equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%. (4) This table does not include equity securities, of which $7.7 million consists of investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with a deferred compensation plan, which are recorded at fair value and totaled $11.7 million at December 31, 2018. 51 Cost-method investments consist primarily of FHLB of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Indianapolis stock totaling $50.8 and $46.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in Other Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. WesBanco’s municipal portfolio comprises 32.5% of the overall securities portfolio as of December 31, 2018, which is down from 39.4% as of December 31, 2017 due to the first quarter mortgage-backed and CMO purchases. Municipal bonds carry different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types contained in the portfolio. The following table presents the allocation of the municipal bond portfolio based on the combined S&P and Moody’s ratings of the individual bonds (at fair value): TABLE 8. MUNICIPAL BOND RATINGS (dollars in thousands) Municipal bonds (at fair value) (1): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Moody’s: Aaa / S&P: AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 101,557 654,787 Moody’s: Aa1 ; Aa2 ; Aa3 / S&P: AA+ ; AA ; AA- . . . . . . . . . . 237,847 Moody’s: A1 ; A2 ; A3 / S&P: A+ ; A ; A- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moody’s: Baa1 ; Baa2 ; Baa3 / S&P: BBB+ ; BBB ; BBB- (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not rated by either agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,607 16,595 10.0 64.3 23.4 0.7 1.6 $ 96,253 685,446 125,032 745 7,764 10.5 74.9 13.7 0.1 0.8 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,018,393 100.0 $915,240 100.0 (1) The lowest available rating was used when placing the bond into a category in the table. (2) As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there are no securities in the municipal portfolio rated below investment grade. WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio at December 31, 2018, consists of $194.7 million of taxable (primarily Build America) and $823.7 million of tax-exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table presents additional information regarding the municipal bond type and issuer (at fair value): TABLE 9. COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES (dollars in thousands) Municipal bond type: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total General Obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 690,463 327,930 67.8 32.2 $630,824 284,416 68.9 31.1 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,018,393 100.0 $915,240 100.0 Municipal bond issuer: State Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 98,468 919,925 9.7 90.3 $ 95,160 820,080 10.4 89.6 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,018,393 100.0 $915,240 100.0 52 WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio is broadly spread across the United States. The following table presents the top five states of municipal bond concentration based on total fair value at December 31, 2018: TABLE 10. CONCENTRATION OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2018 Fair Value % of Total Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other states (1) $ 201,493 113,254 105,850 60,422 51,421 485,953 19.8 11.1 10.4 5.9 5.1 47.7 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,018,393 100.0 (1) WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio contains obligations in the state of West Virginia totaling $39.3 million or 3.9% of the total municipal portfolio. WesBanco uses prices from independent pricing services and, to a lesser extent, indicative (non-binding) quotes from independent brokers, to measure the fair value of its securities. WesBanco validates prices received from pricing services or brokers using a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, comparison to secondary pricing services, corroboration of pricing by reference to other independent market data such as secondary broker quotes and relevant benchmark indices, review of pricing by personnel familiar with market liquidity and other market-related conditions, review of pricing service methodologies, review of independent auditor reports received from the pricing service regarding its internal controls, and through review of inputs and assumptions used in pricing certain securities thinly traded or with limited observable data points. The procedures in place provide management with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of WesBanco’s securities. For additional disclosure relating to fair value measurement, refer to Note 17, “Fair Value Measurement” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. 53 LOANS AND LOAN COMMITMENTS Loans represent WesBanco’s largest balance sheet asset classification and the largest source of interest income. Commercial loans include commercial real estate (“CRE”), which is further differentiated between land and construction, and improved property loans; as well as other commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loans that are not secured by real estate. Retail loans include residential real estate mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”), and loans for other consumer purposes. Loan commitments, which are not reported on the balance sheet, represent available balances on commercial and consumer lines of credit, commercial letters of credit, deposit account overdraft protection limits, certain loan guarantee contracts, and approved commitments to extend credit. Approved commitments, which have been accepted by the customer, are included net of any WesBanco loan balances that are to be refinanced by the new commitment. However, typically not all approved commitments will ultimately be funded. Loans and loan commitments are summarized in Table 11. TABLE 11. LOANS AND COMMITMENTS (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total LOANS Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . $ 528,072 3,325,623 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 $ 392,597 43.4 2,601,851 6.2 $ 496,539 2,376,972 40.9 7.9 $ 344,748 1,911,633 37.9 6.8 $ 262,643 1,682,817 37.7 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,853,695 1,265,460 Total commercial loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,119,155 Residential real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . Other mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit Total residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,336 1,551,271 599,331 2,210,938 326,188 Total retail loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,537,126 50.3 16.5 66.8 0.8 20.2 7.8 28.8 4.3 33.1 2,994,448 1,125,327 4,119,775 56,369 1,296,932 529,196 1,882,497 339,169 2,221,666 47.1 17.7 64.8 0.9 20.4 8.3 29.6 5.3 34.9 2,873,511 1,088,118 3,961,629 46,226 1,337,164 508,359 1,891,749 396,058 2,287,807 45.8 17.4 63.2 0.7 21.4 8.1 30.2 6.3 36.5 2,256,381 737,878 2,994,259 40,261 1,207,539 416,889 1,664,689 406,894 2,071,583 44.5 14.5 59.0 0.8 23.8 8.2 32.8 8.0 40.8 1,945,460 638,410 2,583,870 19,681 909,089 330,031 1,258,801 244,095 1,502,896 6.4 41.1 47.5 15.6 63.1 0.5 22.2 8.1 30.8 6.0 36.8 99.9 6,341,441 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 20,320 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,665,275 100.0 $6,361,761 100.0 $6,266,751 100.0 $5,073,741 100.0 $4,092,631 100.0 4,086,766 5,865 6,249,436 17,315 5,065,842 7,899 7,656,281 8,994 99.8 0.2 99.7 0.3 99.9 0.1 99.7 0.3 LOAN COMMITMENTS Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . $ 489,991 252,216 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 $ 419,082 10.7 158,565 22.5 $ 392,355 151,797 8.5 22.0 $ 380,704 130,415 8.6 24.6 $ 276,075 81,715 8.5 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . 742,207 721,988 Total commercial commitments . . . . . . . . 1,464,195 Residential real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . Other mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit Total residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total retail commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,285 38,188 605,559 690,032 41,037 731,069 31.6 30.7 62.3 2.0 1.6 25.8 29.4 1.7 31.1 577,647 571,692 1,149,339 29,454 31,555 486,516 547,525 36,282 583,807 31.0 30.7 61.7 1.6 1.7 26.1 29.4 1.9 31.3 544,152 540,647 1,084,799 25,468 37,418 447,993 510,879 36,811 547,690 30.6 30.4 61.1 1.4 2.1 25.2 28.8 2.1 30.8 511,119 482,799 993,918 17,369 17,191 369,152 403,712 35,360 439,072 33.1 31.2 64.3 1.1 1.1 23.9 26.1 2.3 28.4 357,790 420,577 778,367 17,402 9,227 297,888 324,517 26,115 350,632 22.5 6.7 29.2 34.2 63.4 1.4 0.8 24.2 26.4 2.1 28.5 91.9 1,733,146 Total portfolio commitments . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 126,671 Deposit overdraft limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 3,846 Total loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,351,143 100.0 $1,863,663 100.0 $1,776,043 100.0 $1,546,107 100.0 $1,228,748 100.0 1,432,990 106,252 6,865 1,128,999 95,965 3,784 1,632,489 126,517 17,037 2,195,264 153,572 2,307 93.4 6.5 0.1 93.0 6.8 0.2 91.9 7.1 1.0 92.7 6.9 0.4 Letters of credit included above . . . . . . . . $ 42,841 1.8 $ 31,951 1.7 $ 32,907 1.9 $ 27,408 1.8 $ 23,362 1.9 54 Total portfolio loans increased $1,314.8 million or 20.7% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018, primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Total organic loans were down 1.3% year-over-year, when excluding the consumer loan portfolio de-emphasis strategy, or down 1.7% in total. The year-over-year decline in total organic loan growth resulted from targeted reductions in the consumer portfolio to reduce its risk profile, lower home equity loan balances due to lower demand as a result of higher interest rates and tax law changes, elevated levels of commercial real estate loans moving to an aggressive secondary financing market, and continued deleveraging by commercial customers reflective of the current operating environment and higher cash levels from tax reform. Portfolio loans are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of deferred loan fees and costs, and discounts on purchased loans. The net deferred loan costs were $3.2 million and $1.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. WesBanco conducts a deferred loan cost study to determine the allowable costs to be deferred over the life of the loan. In the most recent study, WesBanco’s deferred costs have increased at a faster rate than the related customer deferred fee income causing the balance of the deferred loan costs to outweigh the deferred loan fees primarily from home equity lines of credit, which have little fee income. Purchased loan discounts included in the portfolio loan balances were $49.3 million and $21.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Loan accretion included in interest income on loans acquired from prior acquisitions was $11.7 million and $5.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. CRE loans represents a significant component of the loan portfolio at 50.3%, which was a 28.7% increase for the year. CRE—land and construction loan balances increased $135.5 million or 34.5% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018, while CRE—improved property loans increased $723.8 million or 27.8% during the same period. Both increased primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. During the third quarter of 2018, approximately $107 million of acquired loans were reclassified from C&I to CRE due to the classification of the underlying collateral. C&I loans increased $140.1 million or 12.5% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018, primarily from the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Organic loans decreased 1.4% net of the $107 million reclassification noted above compared to 2017 due to continued deleveraging by commercial customers reflective of the current operating environment, higher cash levels from tax reform and the reclassification noted above. The available lines of credit within C&I loans increased 6% to 57% comparing the available lines of credit to the loan balance as of December 31, 2018. The acquisition of FTSB and FFKT resulted in obtaining new customer relationships and provides new opportunities in the Huntington, WV market and an expanded presence in the greater Lexington, Frankfort, Elizabethtown and Louisville, KY and Cincinnati, OH MSAs. Residential real estate mortgage loans increased $328.4 million or 17.4% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018, due primarily to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. WesBanco retained approximately 59.7% of mortgages originated in 2018 for the portfolio compared to 47.0% in 2017. Management’s focus was to rebalance the loan originations between portfolio loans and secondary market loans, which are sold into the secondary market. As interest rates rise, WesBanco aims to keep the loan originations balanced; however, if rates decrease, the Company will focus more on secondary market loans. HELOC loans increased $70.1 million or 13.3% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Organically, HELOC loans were down 2.8% as compared to 2017 primarily due to the rising interest rate environment and lower customer demand. Consumer loans decreased $13.0 million or 3.8% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. The decline in consumer portfolio balances was primarily in the indirect loan portfolio for new and used auto and truck financing, and reflects our strategy to reduce the risk profile in this portfolio. Total loan commitments increased $487.5 million or 26.2% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Commitments in the total CRE portfolio increased approximately $164.6 million or 28.5%, C&I commitments increased $150.3 million or 26.3% and HELOC commitments increased $119.0 million or 24.5%. Geographic Distribution—WesBanco extends credit primarily within the market areas where it has branch offices or markets adjacent thereto. Loans outside of these markets are generally only made to established customers that have other business relationships with WesBanco in its markets. Loans outside of WesBanco’s markets represented less than 3% of total loans at December 31, 2018 and less than 2% at December 31, 2017. These loans consist primarily of CRE-improved property loans, residential real estate loans for second residences or vacation homes, consumer purpose lines of credit to wealth management customers and automobile loans to family members of local customers. Management does not plan to significantly increase out-of-market loans. 55 The geographic distribution of the loan portfolio, excluding deposit overdraft limits and loans held for sale, is summarized in Table 12. TABLE 12. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LOANS (percentage of exposure, rounded to nearest whole percent) Land and Construction Improved Property Commercial Real Estate December 31, 2018 (1) Commercial and Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Lines Consumer Total Upper Ohio Valley MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morgantown, WV MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parkersburg, WV-Marietta, OH MSA . . . . . Huntington, WV-Ashland, KY MSA . . . . . . Other West Virginia Locations . . . . . . . . . . Pittsburgh, PA MSA & Other Pennsylvania Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Columbus, OH MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Western Ohio MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Ohio Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisville, KY—Jefferson County MSA . . . Lexington, KY—Fayette County MSA . . . . Other Indiana Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Kentucky Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent States & Outside-of-Market . . . . . 1% 5 2 2 2 8 37 8 4 11 15 0 4 1 6% 4 4 5 5 15 11 11 8 11 8 1 7 4 18% 5 2 7 5 16 8 7 10 12 3 1 5 1 8% 14% 22% 9% 4 2 3 9 5 6 3 19 5 5 2 10 4 3 4 7 23 11 14 9 5 3 0 7 2 17 6 12 11 6 4 0 8 0 21 3 3 9 2 1 0 3 3 17 12 11 9 9 6 0 6 3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% (1) Real estate secured loans are categorized based on the address of the collateral. All other loans are categorized based on the borrower’s address. The Upper Ohio Valley MSAs include the Wheeling, West Virginia and Weirton, West Virginia- Steubenville, Ohio MSAs. Other West Virginia locations include the Fairmont-Clarksburg and Charleston MSAs as well as communities that are not located within an MSA primarily in the northern, central and eastern parts of the state. The western Ohio MSAs include the Dayton-Springfield and the Cincinnati-Middletown MSAs. Other Ohio locations include communities in Ohio that are not located within an MSA, the majority of which are located in southeastern Ohio. Other Indiana locations include communities in Indiana that are not located within an MSA, the majority of which are located in southern Indiana. Other Kentucky locations include the Elizabethtown KY MSA along with other Kentucky locations that are not located within an MSA. Adjacent states include parts of Maryland and Tennessee that are within close proximity to WesBanco’s markets. Outside-of-market loans consist of loans in all other locations not included in any of the other defined areas and have remained relatively unchanged over the past few years. CREDIT RISK The risk that borrowers will be unable or unwilling to repay their obligations is inherent in all lending activities. Repayment risk can be impacted by external events such as adverse economic conditions, social and political influences that impact entire industries or major employers, individual loss of employment or other personal calamities and changes in interest rates. This inherent risk may be further exacerbated by the terms and structure of each loan as well as potential concentrations of risk. The primary goal of managing credit risk is to minimize the impact of all of these factors on the quality of the loan portfolio. 56 Credit risk is managed through the initial underwriting process as well as through ongoing monitoring and administration of the portfolio. Credit policies establish standard underwriting guidelines for each type of loan and require an appropriate evaluation of the credit characteristics of each borrower. This evaluation focuses on the sufficiency and sustainability of the primary source of repayment, the adequacy of collateral, if any, as a secondary source of repayment, potential for guarantor support, as a tertiary source of repayment and other factors unique to each type of loan that may increase or mitigate their risk. The manner and degree of monitoring and administration of the portfolio varies by type and size of loan. Credit risk is also managed by closely monitoring delinquency levels and trends and initiating collection efforts at the earliest stage of delinquency. WesBanco also monitors general economic conditions, including unemployment, housing activity and real estate values in its markets. Underwriting standards are modified when appropriate based on market conditions, the performance of one or more loan categories, and other external factors. An independent loan review function also performs periodic reviews of the portfolio to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of underwriting, loan documentation and portfolio administration. Each category of loans contains distinct elements of risk that impact the manner in which those loans are underwritten, structured, documented, administered and monitored. Customary terms and underwriting practices, together with specific risks associated with each category of loans and WesBanco’s processes for managing those risks are discussed in the remainder of this section. Commercial Loans—The commercial portfolio consists of loans to a wide range of business enterprises of varying size. Many commercial loans often involve multiple loans to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, therefore the potential for loss on any single transaction can be significantly greater for commercial loans than for retail loans. Commercial loan risk is mitigated by limiting total credit exposure to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers, industries and geographic markets and by requiring appropriate collateral or guarantors. Commercial loans are monitored for potential concentrations of loans to any one borrower or group of related borrowers. At December 31, 2018, WesBanco’s legal lending limit to any single borrower or their related relationships combined ranged from interests approximated $171 million. The ten largest commercial $500 million to $550 million throughout 2018, but only six relationships exceeded $50 million at December 31, 2018. These large relationships generally consist of more than one loan to a borrower or their related entities. The single largest relationship exposure approximated $75 million at December 31, 2018 and consists of multiple loans to a customer in the multi-family housing sector. The largest CRE loan exposure by property type and industry are set forth in tables 14 and 15. Commercial loans, including renewals and extensions of maturity, are approved within a framework of individual lending authorities based on the total credit exposure of the borrower. Loans with credit exposure up to $750,000 are approved by underwriters that are not responsible for loan origination. Loans with credit exposure greater than $750,000 minimally require the approval of a commercial banking executive, and credit exposures greater than $1.5 million require approval of a credit officer that is not responsible for loan origination. Credit exposures greater than $10 million require approval of a credit committee comprised of executive management, directors, and other qualified persons that are not responsible for loan origination. Underwriters and credit officers do not receive incentive compensation based on loan origination volume. Commercial banking executives receive incentive compensation based on multiple factors that include loan origination, net growth in outstanding loan balances, fees, credit quality, and portfolio administration requirements. CRE – land and construction consists of loans to finance land for development, investment, use in a commercial business enterprise, agricultural or minerals extraction; construction of residential dwellings for resale, multi-family apartments and other commercial buildings that may be owner-occupied or income generating investments for the owner. Construction loans generally are made only when WesBanco also commits to the permanent financing of the project, has a takeout commitment from another lender for the permanent loan, or the 57 loan is expected to be repaid from the sale of subdivided property. However, even if WesBanco has a takeout commitment, construction loans are underwritten as if WesBanco will retain the loan upon completion of construction. In recent years, due to the low interest rate environment and low property capitalization rates, many construction loans that did not have a takeout commitment when the loan originated have been sold or refinanced in the secondary market immediately upon completion of construction, at times, resulting in significant unscheduled payoffs of loans. CRE – improved property loans consist of loans to purchase or refinance owner-occupied and investment properties. Owner-occupied CRE consists of loans to borrowers in a diverse range of industries and property types. Investment properties include multi-family apartment buildings, 1-to-4 family rental units, and various types of commercial buildings that are rented or leased to unrelated parties of the owner. C&I loans consist of revolving lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory and other general business purposes; term loans to finance fixed assets other than real estate, and letters of credit to support trade, insurance or governmental requirements for a variety of businesses. Most C&I borrowers are privately-held companies with annual sales up to $100 million. CRE – land and construction loans require payment of interest only during the construction period, with initial terms ranging from six months up to three years for larger, multiple-phase projects, such as residential housing developments and large scale commercial projects. Interest rates are often fully floating based on an appropriate index, but may be structured in the same manner as the interest rate that will apply to the permanent loan upon completion of construction. Interest during the construction period is typically included in the project costs and therefore is often funded by loan advances. Advances are monitored to ensure that the project is at the interest reserves are not exhausted prior to appropriate stage of completion with each advance and that completion of the project. In the event a project the loan is re-underwritten at maturity but interest beyond the initial term must be paid by the borrower and in some instances an additional interest reserve is required as a condition of extending the maturity. Upon completion of construction, the loan is converted to permanent financing and reclassified to CRE—improved property. is not completed within the initial term, CRE – improved property loans generally require monthly principal and interest payments based on amortization periods ranging from ten to twenty-five years depending on the type, age and condition of the property. Loans with amortization periods exceeding twenty years typically also have a maturity date or call option of ten years or less. Interest rates are generally adjustable after a fixed period ranging from one to five years based on an appropriate index of comparable duration. Interest rates may also be fixed for longer than five years but, for certain larger loans, the borrower may be required to enter into an interest rate derivative contract that converts WesBanco’s rate to an adjustable rate. C&I term loans secured by equipment and other types of collateral generally require monthly principal and interest payments based on amortization periods up to ten years depending on the estimated useful life of the collateral, with interest rates that may be fixed for the term of the loan (potentially via an interest rate derivative contract) or adjustable after a fixed period ranging from one to seven years based on an appropriate index. Commercial lines and letters of credit are generally categorized as C&I but may also be categorized as CRE—improved property loans or CRE—land and construction, if they are secured primarily by real estate. Lines of credit typically require payment of interest only with principal due on demand or at maturity. Interest rates on lines of credit are generally fully adjustable based on an appropriate short-term index. Letters of credit typically require a periodic fee with principal and interest due on demand in the event the beneficiary of the letter requests an advance on the commitment. Lines of credit may also include a fee based on the amount of the line that is not advanced. Lines and letters of credit are generally renewable or may be cancelled annually by WesBanco but may also be committed for up to three years when appropriate. Letters of credit may also require WesBanco to notify the beneficiary within a specified time in the event WesBanco does not intend to renew or extend the commitment. 58 Table 13 summarizes the distribution of maturities by rate type for all commercial loans. TABLE 13. MATURITIES OF COMMERCIAL LOANS December 31, 2018 Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total (in thousands) Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . $ 37,064 Improved property . . . . . 109,585 41,439 Commercial and industrial . . . Total commercial loans . . . . . $188,088 $ 73,961 595,923 295,784 $965,668 $ 16,646 $ 127,671 $ 62,837 988,023 194,443 282,515 166,135 503,358 316,967 $465,296 $1,619,052 $574,247 $193,442 384,751 173,865 $752,058 $ 144,122 $ 400,401 1,758,406 2,337,600 762,102 $2,173,798 $3,500,103 271,270 The primary factors considered in underwriting CRE—land and construction loans are the overall viability of each project, the experience and financial capacity of the developer or builder to successfully complete the project, market absorption rates and property values. These loans also have the unique risk that the developer or builder may not complete the project, or not complete it on time or within budget. Risk is generally mitigated by extending credit to developers and builders with established reputations who operate in WesBanco’s markets and have the liquidity or other resources to absorb unanticipated increases in the cost of a project or longer than anticipated absorption, periodically inspecting construction in progress, and disbursing the loan at specified stages of completion. Certification of completed construction by a licensed architect or engineer and performance and payment bonds may also be required for certain types of projects. Since speculative projects are inherently riskier, WesBanco may require a specified percentage of pre-sales for land and residential development or pre-lease commitments for investment property before construction can begin. The primary factors that are considered in underwriting investment real estate are the net rental income generated by the property, the composition of the tenants occupying the property, and the terms of leases, all of which may vary depending on the specific type of property. Other factors that are considered include the overall financial capacity of the investors and their experience owning and managing investment property. Repayment of owner-occupied loans must come from the cash flow generated by the occupant’s commercial business. Therefore, the primary factors that are considered in underwriting owner-occupied CRE and C&I loans are the historical and projected earnings, cash flow, capital resources, liquidity and leverage of the business. Other factors that are considered for their potential impact on repayment capacity include the borrower’s industry, competitive advantages and disadvantages, demand for the business’s products and services, business model viability, quality, experience and depth of management, and external influences that may impact the business such as general economic conditions and social or political changes. The type, age, condition and location of real estate as well as any environmental risks associated with the property are considered for both owner-occupied and investment CRE. Environmental risk is mitigated by requiring assessments performed by qualified inspectors whenever the current or previous uses of the property or any adjacent properties are likely to have resulted in contamination of the property financed. Risk is further mitigated by requiring borrowers to have adequate down payments or cash equity, thereby limiting the loan amount in relation to the lower of the cost or the market value of the property, unless there are sufficient mitigating factors that would reduce the risk of a higher loan-to-value. Market values are determined by obtaining current appraisals or evaluations, whichever is appropriate or required by banking regulations based on the amount financed prior to the loan being made. New appraisals or evaluations may be obtained throughout the life of each loan to more accurately assess current market value when the initial term of a loan is being extended, market conditions indicate that the property value may have declined, and/or the primary source of repayment is no longer adequate to repay the loan under its original terms. 59 CRE loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios are generally limited to the maximum percentages prescribed by WesBanco credit policy or banking regulations, which range from 65% for unimproved land to 85% for improved commercial property. Regulatory guidelines also limit the aggregate of CRE loans that exceed prescribed LTV ratios to 30% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital. The aggregate of all CRE loans and loan commitments that exceeded the regulatory guidelines approximated $105 million or 11% of the Bank’s total risk- based capital at December 31, 2018 compared to $101 million or 11% at December 31, 2017. Regardless of credit policy or regulatory guidelines, lower LTV ratios may be required for certain types of properties or when other factors exist that increase the risk of volatility in market values such as single or special use properties that cannot be easily converted to other uses or may have limited marketability. Conversely, higher LTV ratios may be acceptable when there are other factors to adequately mitigate the risk. The type and amount of collateral for C&I loans varies depending on the overall financial strength of the borrower, the amount and terms of the loan, and available collateral or guarantors. Loans secured by bank deposit accounts and marketable securities represent the lowest risk. Marketable securities are subject to changes in market value and are monitored regularly to ensure they remain appropriately margined. The total of C&I exposure secured by bank deposit accounts and marketable securities approximated $243 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $260 million at December 31, 2017. Unsecured C&I loans, which represent the highest risk, approximated $197 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $127 million at December 31, 2017. Unsecured credit is only extended to those borrowers that exhibit consistently strong repayment capacity and the financial condition to withstand a temporary decline in their operating cash flows. The single largest unsecured exposure is $6.4 million. Collateral other than real estate that fluctuates with business activity, such as accounts receivable and inventory, may also be subject to regular reporting and certification by the borrower and, in some instances, independent inspection or verification by WesBanco. Approximately $187 million or 9.4% of C&I exposure at December 31, 2018 is secured solely by accounts receivable and inventory, compared to $108 million or 6.4% at December 31, 2017. Another $202 million or 10.2% of C&I exposure is secured by equipment or motorized vehicles at December 31, 2018, compared to $142 million or 8.4% at December 31, 2017. The remainder of the C&I portfolio is secured by multiple types of collateral, which at times includes real estate that is taken as collateral for reasons other than its value. Most commercial loans are originated directly by WesBanco. Participation in loans originated by other financial institutions represents $389 million or 5.9% of total commercial loan exposure at December 31, 2018 compared to $309 million or 5.6% at December 31, 2017. Included in this total are Shared National Credits of $42 million at December 31, 2018 and $45 million at December 31, 2017. Shared National Credits are defined as loans in excess of $100 million that are financed by three or more lending institutions. WesBanco performs its own customary credit evaluation and underwriting before purchasing loan participations. The credit risk associated with these loans is similar to that of loans originated by WesBanco, but additional risk may arise from the limited ability to control the actions of the lead, agent or servicing institution. The commercial portfolio is monitored for potential concentrations of credit risk by market, type of lending, CRE property type, C&I and owner-occupied CRE by industry, investment CRE dependence on common tenants and industries or property types that are similarly impacted by external factors. Total credit exposure by real estate property type and industry sectors is summarized in Tables 14 and 15. Due to fluctuations in energy prices, the bank closely monitors its energy portfolio. At December 31, 2018, total exposure to core energy industries such as drilling, extraction, pipeline construction, mining equipment, investment real estate with energy-related tenants and other related support activities approximated $52 million or 0.5% of the total loan portfolio, as compared to $55 million or 0.7% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2017. Exposure to ancillary industries such as utility distribution and transportation, engineering services, manufacturers and retailers of other heavy equipment used in core energy industries, approximates an additional $70 million in exposure or 0.7% of the total loan portfolio, as compared to $65 million or 0.8% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2017. Lodging properties located in the shale gas areas that may be impacted by a reduction in shale gas activities represent an additional $126 million of exposure at December 31, 2018, as compared to $131 million at December 31, 2017. 60 TABLE 14. CRE EXPOSURE BY PROPERTY TYPE CRE Land and Construction CRE Improved Investment CRE Improved Owner Occupied December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands) Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Total Exposure Largest Loan (1) % of Capital (2) Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 92,805 $ 49,784 $ 46,690 1-to-4 family . . . . . . . . Multi-family . . . . . . . . . 145,106 4,821 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail 45,421 Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,020 Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . 49,504 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,987 Senior living . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . Hospital 3,397 Self-storage . . . . . . . . . — Eating place . . . . . . . . . 278 Gas station . . . . . . . . . . 3,752 Recreational . . . . . . . . . 26,652 Dormitory . . . . . . . . . . . 117 House of worship . . . . . 13,970 Other special use . . . . . 33,105 Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . 34,447 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . 44,291 158,923 26,000 12,968 4,851 22,136 12,137 38,120 8,137 — 2,505 7,641 3,342 — — 24,230 74,926 53,341 $ 424,362 485,187 292,149 261,961 71,783 329,924 44,735 2,141 21,552 30,065 17,430 4,515 39,310 3,076 30,242 234,535 80,701 2,138 $ 11,848 $ 19,967 12,736 11,636 36,061 3,343 4,318 956 — 427 1,730 — 920 33 — 1,552 4,957 27,213 3,653 114 59,769 150,720 87,404 7 80,683 44,364 655 26,923 55,180 22,501 — 62,185 51,480 141,845 99,283 357 $ 210,273 $ 5,000 539,678 715 7,425 802,194 33,400 128 397,308 14,427 2,933 510,566 16,639 3,435 190,036 14,635 9,973 405,889 19,787 — 159,786 31,395 1,288 84,739 15,817 114 4,500 34,169 1 4,650 58,866 148 5,100 87,851 12,458 39,427 98 5,249 69,337 23,150 — 67,282 1,904 3,835 116,333 13,970 19,089 456,751 25,578 18,079 365,417 47,560 48,847 17.8 45.6 67.8 33.5 43.1 16.1 34.3 13.5 7.2 2.9 5.0 7.4 3.3 5.9 5.7 9.8 38.5 30.9 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $528,072 $489,991 $2,427,009 $127,987 $898,614 $124,229 $4,595,902 $47,560 388.3 (1) Largest loan represents the largest contractual obligation of WesBanco, which may not be fully funded. (2) Bank total risk-based capital. Multi-family apartments represent the single largest category of CRE. Including construction loans, multi- family apartment exposure increased 5.9% from $757 million at December 31, 2017 to $802 million at December 31, 2018. This exposure represents 67.8% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2018, down from 80.6% at December 31, 2017. Approximately 60% of the total multi-family exposure is for new construction projects, many of which are expected to be refinanced in the secondary market over the next 24 months. During 2018, a number of properties refinanced in the secondary market shortly after completion and prior to stabilization. These early payoffs enabled WesBanco to continue to finance new multi-family projects throughout our market. The central Ohio market represents approximately 31% of the total multi-family apartment exposure as of December 31, 2018, compared to 37% at December 31, 2017, and the Pittsburgh/Western PA market represents approximately 14% of the total exposure as of December 31, 2018, down from 15% in 2017. 1-to-4 family represents the second largest category of CRE at $540 million. The category increased $291 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. The category represents 45.6% of risk-based capital at December 31, 2018 compared to 26.4% at December 31, 2017. The significant increase is primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. The FFKT acquisition represented $170 million or 58% of the increase from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Office buildings represent the third largest category of CRE with total exposure of $511 million. Office exposure increased 17.1% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. This represents 43.1% of total risk- based capital at December 31, 2018, compared to 46.4% at December 31, 2017. Approximately 21% of the office building exposure is in the central Kentucky market and 17% is located in the Central Ohio market. Lodging represents the fifth largest category of CRE with total exposure of $406 million. Lodging exposure increased 45.4% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. This category represents 34.3% of risk-based capital, compared to 29.7% at December 31, 2017. The large increase is due to the acquisition of FFKT. Approximately 31% of lodging exposure is held in central Kentucky and 19% is held in southwest Ohio. 61 Retail represents the sixth largest category of CRE with total exposure of $397 million. Retail exposure decreased 6.8% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. This category represents 33.5% of risk-based capital, compared to 45.3% at December 31, 2017. Approximately 25% of retail exposure is held in central Ohio and 17% is held in the Louisville, Kentucky and southern Indiana market. Mixed use properties’ exposure of $457 million is the fourth largest category of CRE and represents 38.6% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2018, compared to 44.3% at December 31, 2017. This category of loans includes various combinations of other property types such as retail, office or housing in one facility. Approximately 26% is in the Louisville, Kentucky and southern Indiana market, with 24% of the total exposure is in the Western PA market. Approximately $108 million of mixed use properties also include multi-family apartments in addition to the multi-family exposure summarized above. Other special use properties consist of facilities that have a unique purpose other than those identified in Table 14, and includes properties such as funeral homes, carwashes, other auto care facilities, fire stations, parking garages, other municipal service facilities and school buildings. Unclassified properties are generally smaller, general purpose buildings and store fronts that can typically be adapted to any number of potential commercial uses. In addition to the methods in which WesBanco monitors the CRE portfolio for possible concentrations of risk, to determine whether a bank has an overall the regulatory agencies use a two-tiered assessment concentration of CRE lending as a percentage of bank total risk-based capital. Loan balances used to determine compliance are based upon Call Report instructions and therefore do not necessarily match the balances displayed in Table 14. The first tier measures loans for land, land development, residential and commercial construction. This tier totals $574 million or 48.5% of risk-based capital at December 31, 2018 compared to $433 million or 46.3%, respectively, at December 31, 2017. The regulatory guidance for the first tier is 100% of total risk-based capital. The second tier measures loans included in the first tier plus multi-family apartments and other commercial investment property. This tier totals $2,625 million or 221.8% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2018 compared to $2,174 million or 232.5% at December 31, 2017. The regulatory guidance for the second tier is 300% of total risk-based capital. The regulatory agencies also consider whether a bank’s CRE portfolio has increased by 50% or more within the prior thirty-six months of the assessment date. Total CRE exposure increased $975 million or 59.1% for the thirty-six month period ended December 31, 2018, primarily from acquisition-related growth. Management believes that although the bank is slightly above the 50% threshold, portfolio credit quality and our sound risk management practices mitigate the risk of continued CRE lending. Basel III requires banks to identify High Volatility Commercial Real Estate (“HVCRE”) loans in their portfolios. These loans are subject to 150% weighting in the risk-based capital calculation effective January 1, 2015. These regulations require, among other things, that investment CRE loans for acquisition, development or construction that are not in permanent amortizing loan status, meet the statutory LTV guidelines, have a minimum contributed equity of 15% in cash, marketable securities or contributed land, at appraised value and the loan documentation must contain a requirement that the initial capital injection remain in the project until the loan has converted to permanent financing or is paid in full. Changes to the law in May 2018, eliminated certain CRE loan categories from being subject to the regulation, such as owner occupied, changed contributed land value from cost to appraised value for the equity component, and required only the initial capital to meet the 15% threshold remain in the project. The bank has approximately $334 million in HVCRE exposure representing 7.3% of total CRE exposure and 28% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2018. This compares to $196 million in HVCRE exposure representing 5.5% of total CRE exposure and 21% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017. These loans are classified as HVCRE primarily for legal documentation reasons rather than contributed equity being less than 15%. The increase over the prior year is the result of the FFKT acquisition, which added $135 million in HVCRE exposure at December 31, 2018. 62 TABLE 15. C&I AND OWNER-OCCUPIED CRE EXPOSURE BY INDUSTRY C&I December 31, 2018 CRE Improved Owner Occupied Property (dollars in thousands) Agriculture and farming . . . . . . . . . . $ Energy—oil and gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy—mining and utilities . . . . . . Construction—general . . . . . . . . . . . Construction—trades . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing—primary metals . . . Manufacturing—other . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and distribution . . . . . . . Retail—automobile dealers . . . . . . . Retail—other sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing . . . Information and communications . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—business and professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—personal and other . . . . . Schools and education services . . . . Healthcare—medical practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare—hospitals and other . . . Entertainment and recreation . . . . . . Restaurants and lodging . . . . . . . . . . Religious organizations . . . . . . . . . . Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Total Exposure Largest Loan (1) % of Capital (2) 6,235 $ 4,313 36,228 56,306 62,049 17,931 131,232 94,046 34,050 49,550 31,216 6,325 60,595 56,638 63,793 4,401 $ 2,253 13,769 66,923 47,989 26,169 72,377 43,177 19,459 47,597 12,426 1,436 58,992 32,098 23,725 73,097 43,502 74,575 24,935 51,676 5,870 61,380 41,048 92,977 85,893 54,793 7,399 9,713 10,222 38,207 4,651 20,841 13,626 24,273 65,472 879 $ 3 $ 8,412 3,541 14,846 25,043 5,790 40,415 23,421 10,671 96,891 26,334 1,279 5,282 133,488 44,281 26,791 38,522 9,827 56,474 138,667 19,224 38,942 63,102 10,003 56,489 111 — 18,129 1,924 175 3,717 836 14,213 3,262 1,458 — 1,292 4,469 279 905 12,167 161 1,219 5,718 1,190 386 2,034 45,994 4,587 11,518 $ 2,500 15,089 2,420 53,538 12,381 156,204 9,973 137,005 17,500 50,065 27,500 247,741 23,750 161,480 25,000 78,393 6,500 197,300 15,920 4,021 71,434 2,227 9,040 126,161 15,000 226,693 10,000 132,078 12,000 155,586 12,500 101,590 16,240 94,276 12,159 92,850 16,639 234,268 31,395 5,249 30,935 121,549 11,765 119,810 15,000 173,247 40,371 3,891 212,441 1.0 1.3 4.5 13.2 11.6 4.2 20.9 13.6 6.6 16.7 6.0 0.8 10.7 19.2 11.2 13.1 8.6 8.0 7.8 19.8 2.6 10.3 10.1 14.6 18.0 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,265,460 $721,988 $898,614 $124,229 $3,010,291 $40,371 254.4 (1) Largest loan represents the largest contractual obligation of WesBanco, which may not be fully funded. (2) Bank total risk-based capital. All of the services sectors combined represent the largest industry exposure at $389 million or 32.9% of risk-based capital; however, these sectors include a variety of service-providing businesses. Combined exposure to the services sectors decreased $46 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Lessors of non-residential buildings is the single largest industry group exposure in the services sector. The healthcare sector including medical practitioners represents the second largest industry at $327 million or 27.6% of risk-based capital at December 31, 2018 compared to 28.6% at December 31, 2017. Total exposure to healthcare increased $58 million or 21.8% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Nursing and residential care comprise the largest segment of the category. The manufacturing sectors represent the third largest industry exposure at 25.1% of risk-based capital, decreasing from 29.3% at December 31, 2017. Total exposure to manufacturing increased 8.1% from $275 million at December 31, 2017 to $298 million at December 31, 2018. Machinery and equipment, and metal fabrication and forging, represent the largest segment of the manufacturing sector. 63 The construction sectors represent the fourth largest industry exposure at $293 million or 24.8% of risk- based capital at December 31, 2018 compared to 23.9% at December 31, 2017. Total exposure increased $68 million or 30.0% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Specialty trade represents the largest segment of the construction segment. Retail Loans—Retail loans are a homogenous group, generally consisting of standardized products that are smaller in amount and distributed over a larger number of individual borrowers. This group is comprised of residential real estate loans, home equity lines of credit and consumer loans. Residential real estate consists of loans to purchase, construct or refinance the borrower’s primary dwelling, second residence or vacation home. Residential real estate also includes approximately $13 million of 1-to-4 family rental properties at December 31, 2018, down from approximately $16 million at December 31, 2017. WesBanco originates residential real estate loans for its portfolio as well as for sale in the secondary market. Portfolio loans also include loans to finance vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date. Except for construction loans that require interest-only payments during the construction period, portfolio loans require monthly principal and interest payments to amortize the loan within terms up to thirty years. Construction periods range from six to twelve months but may be longer for larger residences. Loans for vacant land generally begin amortizing immediately and are refinanced when the owner begins construction of a dwelling. Interest rates on portfolio loans may be fixed for up to thirty years. Adjustable rate loans are based primarily on the Treasury Constant Maturity index and can adjust annually or in increments up to fifteen years. HELOC loans are secured by first or second liens on a borrower’s primary residence. HELOCs are generally limited to an amount which when combined with the first mortgage on the property, if any, does not exceed 90% of the market value. Maximum LTV ratios are also tiered based on the amount of the line and the borrower’s credit history. Most HELOCs originated prior to 2005 are available for draws by the borrower for up to fifteen years, at which time the outstanding balance is converted to a term loan requiring monthly principal and interest payments sufficient to repay the loan in not more than seven years. Most HELOCs originated from 2005 through 2013 are available to the borrower for an indefinite period as long as the borrower’s credit characteristics do not materially change, but may be cancelled by WesBanco under certain circumstances. Generally, lines originated since 2013 have a 15 year draw period, a ten year repayment period and also give borrowers the option to convert portions of the balance of their line into an installment loan requiring monthly principal and interest payments, with availability to draw on the line restored as the installment portions are repaid. HELOCs that originated prior to 2000 began reaching the end of their availability period starting in 2015 and years thereafter. These lines have the additional risk that the borrower will not have the capacity to make higher payments of interest and principal or may not qualify for a new line of credit. The amount of such lines that will reach the end of their availability period in 2019 represents less than 4% of the total HELOC exposure. Consumer loans consist of installment loans originated directly by WesBanco and indirectly through dealers to finance purchases of automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and other recreational vehicles; home equity installment loans, unsecured home improvement loans, and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured. The maximum term for installment loans is generally eighty-four months for automobiles, trucks, motorcycles and boats; one hundred eighty months for travel trailers; one hundred twenty months for home equity/improvement loans; and sixty months if the loan is unsecured. Maximum terms may be less depending on age of collateral. In January 2018, the bank decided to no longer underwrite indirect loans for motorcycles, recreational vehicles, trailers, boats or off-road vehicles to reduce the overall risk profile of the portfolio. Revolving lines of credit are generally available for an indefinite period of time as long as the borrower’s credit characteristics do not materially change, but may be cancelled by WesBanco under certain circumstances. Interest rates on installment obligations are generally fixed for the term of the loan, while lines of credit are adjustable daily based on the Prime Rate. 64 TABLE 16. MATURITIES OF RETAIL LOANS December 31, 2018 Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total (in thousands) Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,207 $110,424 $595,300 $ 724,931 $ 150 $ 7,176 $ 879,350 $ 886,676 Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . 831 6,628 13,079 213,422 20,652 56,566 34,562 11,061 3,589 276,616 75,061 16,894 478,647 29,089 564,769 49,572 Total retail loans . . . . . $26,666 $336,925 $672,518 $1,036,109 $14,800 $99,131 $1,387,086 $1,501,017 The primary factors that are considered in underwriting retail loans are the borrower’s credit history and their current and reasonably anticipated ability to repay their obligations as measured by their total debt-to-income ratio. Portfolio residential real estate loans are generally underwritten to secondary market lending standards using automated underwriting systems developed for the secondary market that rely on empirical data to evaluate each loan application and assess credit risk. The amount of the borrower’s down payment is an important consideration for residential real estate, as is the borrower’s equity in the property for HELOCs. It is common practice to finance the total amount of the purchase price of motor vehicles and other consumer products plus certain allowable additions for tax, title, service contracts and credit insurance. Effective January 2014, underwriting of residential real estate loans also became subject to new regulations promulgated by the CFPB, which among other things defined the characteristics of a “qualified mortgage” and imposed new standards for determining and documenting a borrower’s ability to repay. One impact of these regulations is the risk of liability to a borrower at a future date if the borrower claims the institution had knowledge when the loan was made that the borrower did not have the ability to repay. In October 2015, the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule, also known as TRID, became effective for all residential mortgage originations. The lender prepared Closing Disclosure (CD) replaced the traditional HUD-1 and is presented to the consumer three days prior to the loan closing date. The TRID rule requires that the full monthly payment as well as the full amount of funds needed to close including down payment, closing costs and prepaid costs be disclosed. Risk is further mitigated by requiring residential real estate borrowers to have adequate down payments or cash equity, thereby limiting the loan amount in relation to the lower of the cost or the market value of the property, unless there are sufficient mitigating factors that would reduce the risk of a higher loan-to-value. Market values are determined by obtaining current appraisals or evaluations, whichever is appropriate or required by banking regulations based on the amount financed prior to the loan being made. New appraisals or evaluations are not obtained unless the borrower requests a modification or refinance of the loan or there is increased dependence on the value of the collateral because the borrower is in default. WesBanco does not maintain current information about the industry in which retail borrowers are employed. While such information is obtained when each loan is underwritten, it often becomes inaccurate with the passage of time as borrowers change employment. Instead, WesBanco estimates potential exposure based on consumer demographics, market share, and other available information when there is a significant risk of loss of employment within an industry or a significant employer in WesBanco’s markets. To management’s knowledge, there are no concentrations of employment that would have a material adverse impact on the retail portfolio. 65 Most retail loans are originated directly by WesBanco except for indirect consumer loans originated by automobile dealers and other sellers of consumer goods. WesBanco performs its own customary credit evaluation and underwriting before purchasing indirect loans. The credit risk associated with these loans is similar to that of loans originated by WesBanco, but additional risk may arise from WesBanco’s limited ability to control a dealer’s compliance with applicable consumer lending laws. Indirect consumer loans represented $167 million or 52% of consumer loans at December 31, 2018 compared to $192 million or 57% at December 31, 2017, reflecting management’s intent to reduce the overall portfolio risk profile. Loans Held For Sale—Loans held for sale consist of residential real estate loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Credit risk associated with such loans is mitigated by entering into sales commitments with third party investors to purchase the loans when they are originated. This practice has the effect of minimizing the amount of such loans that are unsold and the interest rate risk at any point in time. WesBanco generally does not service these loans after they are sold. While most loans are sold without recourse, WesBanco may be required to repurchase loans under certain circumstances for contractual periods of generally up to one year or less. The number and principal balance of loans that WesBanco has been required to repurchase has not been material and therefore reserves established for this exposure are not material. Banks that have been acquired by WesBanco serviced many of the residential real estate loans that were sold to the secondary market prior to being acquired. Although these loans are not carried as an asset on the balance sheet, WesBanco continues to service these loans. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco serviced loans for others aggregating approximately $207 million and $32 million, respectively. The increase is a result of the FFKT acquisition. The unamortized balance of mortgage servicing rights related to these loans is approximately $1.7 million at December 31, 2018 compared to less than $0.5 million at December 31, 2017. CREDIT QUALITY The quality of the loan portfolio is measured by various factors, including the amount of loans that are past due, required to be reported as non-performing, or are adversely graded in accordance with internal risk classifications that are consistent with regulatory adverse risk classifications. Non-performing loans consist of non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Non-performing assets also include real estate owned (“REO”) and repossessed assets. Net charge-offs are also an important measure of credit quality. WesBanco seeks to develop individual strategies for all assets that have adverse risk characteristics in order to minimize potential loss. However, there is no assurance such strategies will be successful and loans may ultimately proceed to foreclosure or other course of liquidation that does not fully repay the amount of the loan. Past Due Loans—Loans that are past due but not reported as non-performing generally consist of loans that are between 30 and 89 days contractually past due. Certain loans that are 90 days or more past due also continue to accrue interest because they are deemed to be well-secured and in the process of collection. Earlier stage delinquency requires routine collection efforts to prevent them from becoming more seriously delinquent. Early stage delinquency represents potential future non-performing loans if routine collection efforts are unsuccessful. Table 17 summarizes loans that are contractually past due 30 days or more, excluding non-accrual and TDR loans. 66 TABLE 17. PAST DUE AND ACCRUING LOANS EXCLUDING NON-ACCRUAL AND TDR LOANS December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount (dollars in thousands) 90 days or more: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — $ — — $ — — $ — — $ 71 0.03 Commercial real estate— improved property . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 0.01 13 0.00 2,820 0.17 705 0.12 364 0.11 243 0.01 20 0.00 1,113 0.08 742 0.14 608 0.18 318 0.01 229 0.02 1,922 0.14 626 0.12 644 0.16 — — 33 — 2,159 0.17 407 0.10 527 0.13 — — 22 — 1,306 0.14 570 0.17 319 0.13 Total 90 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,077 0.05 2,726 0.04 3,739 0.06 3,126 0.06 2,288 0.06 30 to 89 days: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial real 1,412 0.27 172 0.04 — — — — — — estate—improved property . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,439 0.13 878 0.07 6,542 0.41 3,344 0.56 2,954 0.91 316 0.01 721 0.06 4,392 0.32 2,281 0.43 3,290 0.97 747 0.03 1,522 0.14 6,080 0.44 2,949 0.58 4,731 1.19 318 0.02 275 0.04 3,216 0.26 2,470 0.59 4,726 1.16 480 0.03 216 0.03 3,105 0.33 2,524 0.76 3,022 1.24 Total 30 to 89 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,569 0.26 11,172 0.18 16,029 0.26 11,005 0.22 9,347 0.23 Total 30 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23,646 0.31 $13,898 0.22 $19,768 0.32 $14,131 0.28 $11,635 0.29 Loans past due 30 days or more and accruing interest and not reported as TDRs increased $9.7 million, representing 0.31% of total loans at December 31, 2018 as compared to 0.22% at December 31, 2017. The modest increase in the 30-89 day category was in the legacy commercial real estate portfolio and the acquired FFKT residential portfolio. This overall low level of delinquency is the result of management’s continued focus on sound initial underwriting, lower unemployment and generally improved economic conditions. their earliest stage of delinquency, timely collection of loans at Non-Performing Assets—Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, TDRs, REO and repossessed assets. Loans are categorized as TDRs when WesBanco, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider unless the modification results in only an insignificant delay in the payments to be received. Concessions may include a reduction of either the interest rate, the amount of accrued interest, or the principal balance of the loan. Other possible concessions are an interest rate that is less than the market rate for loans with comparable risk characteristics, an extension of the maturity date or an extension of the amortization schedule. Loans reported in this category continue to accrue interest so long as the borrower is able to continue repayment in accordance with the restructured terms. TDRs that are placed on non-accrual are reported in the non-accrual category and not included with accruing TDRs. 67 Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they become past due 90 days or more unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection. Non-accrual loans include certain loans that are also TDRs as set forth in Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Non-accrual loans also include consumer loans that were recently discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy but for which the borrower has continued to make payments for less than six consecutive months after the discharge. REO consists primarily of property acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure but may also include bank premises held for sale and residences of bank employees purchased to facilitate the relocation of those employees with WesBanco. Repossessed assets primarily consist of automobiles and other types of collateral acquired to satisfy defaulted consumer loans. Table 18 summarizes non-performing assets. TABLE 18. NON-PERFORMING ASSETS (dollars in thousands) TDRs accruing interest: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 $ — $ — $ — $ 1,650 128 4,321 407 65 880 168 4,185 426 85 1,618 152 5,311 473 92 967 2,064 205 7,227 642 443 $ — 2,437 329 8,215 740 345 Total TDRs accruing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,744 6,571 7,646 11,548 12,066 Non-accrual loans: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-performing loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 8,413 3,260 13,831 4,610 586 30,700 36,444 7,265 239 13,318 2,958 14,661 4,762 887 766 9,535 4,299 12,994 3,538 652 1,023 11,507 8,148 9,461 2,391 851 1,488 20,227 4,110 10,329 1,923 741 36,825 31,784 33,381 38,818 43,396 5,297 39,430 8,346 44,929 5,825 50,884 5,082 Total non-performing assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $43,709 $48,693 $47,776 $50,754 $55,966 Non-performing loans as a percentage of total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets . . . . . . Non-performing assets as a percentage of total portfolio 0.48% 0.68% 0.35 0.50 0.63% 0.49 0.89% 0.60 1.25% 0.89 loans, real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . 0.57 0.77 0.76 1.00 1.37 Accruing TDRs decreased $0.8 million or 12.6% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. There were no TDRs greater than $1 million or more at December 31, 2017 or 2018. Accruing TDRs are not concentrated in any industry, property or type of loan; however, retail loans represent 81.8% at December 31, 2018, compared to 72.9% December 31, 2017. This includes loans that were discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the current or prior year but for which the borrower has continued to make payments for at least six consecutive months after the discharge. 68 Non-accrual loans decreased $6.1 million or 16.6% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Approximately $2.9 million or 9.3% of total non-accrual loans at December 31, 2018 also have restructured terms that would require them to be reported as a TDR if they were accruing interest, compared to $2.9 million or 7.8% of the total at December 31, 2017. These non-accrual loans are not concentrated in any industry, property or type of loan. REO and repossessed assets increased $2.0 million or 37.2% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. WesBanco seeks to minimize the period for which it holds REO and repossessed assets while also attempting to obtain a fair value from their disposition. Therefore, the sales price of these assets is dependent on current market conditions that affect the value of real estate, used automobiles, and other collateral. The average holding period of REO approximated eight months at December 31, 2018, compared to 15 months at December 31, 2017. Repossessed assets are generally sold at auction within 60 days after repossession. Expenses associated with owning REO and repossessed assets charged to other expenses were $0.9 million for 2018 compared to $1.1 million for 2017. Net gains or losses on the disposition of REO and repossessed assets are credited or charged to non-interest income and approximated $25 thousand of net losses in 2018 and $1.0 million of net gains in 2017, which is primarily from an REO property acquired from YCB. Criticized and Classified Loans—Please refer to Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the consolidated Financial Statements for a description of internally assigned risk grades for commercial loans and a summary of loans by grade. WesBanco’s criticized loans are currently protected, but have weaknesses, which if not corrected, may be inadequately protected at some future date. Classified loan grades are equivalent to the classifications used by banking regulators to identify those loans that have significant adverse characteristics. A classified loan grade is assigned to all non-accrual commercial loans and most commercial TDRs; however, TDRs may be upgraded after the borrower has repaid the loan in accordance with the restructured terms for a period of time, but such loans would generally continue to be reported as TDRs regardless of their grade. Criticized and classified loans totaled $83.0 million or 1.6% of total commercial loans at December 31, 2018, compared to $74.0 million or 1.8% at December 31, 2017. During the second and fourth quarters of 2018, WesBanco sold $15.7 million and $32.9 million of FTSB and FFKT underperforming loans, respectively. The sold loans for FTSB and FFKT had book values of $21.7 million and $45.2 million, respectively. The acquisition date fair value of these loans was adjusted to the sale price resulting in no recognized gain or loss. Charge-offs and Recoveries—Total charge-offs decreased $2.1 million or 16.7% to $10.6 million, while total recoveries increased $2.3 million to $6.6 million, resulting in a decrease of $4.4 million in net charge-offs for 2018 compared to 2017. In 2018, recoveries included a $0.4 million recovery on an acquired YCB HELOC. The total net loan charge-off rate of 0.06% of average loans at December 31, 2018, compared to 0.13% at December 31, 2017 is consistent with the overall low levels of criticized and classified loans, non-performing loans, an improved economy and a return of commercial and residential real estate values to pre-recession levels. Table 19 summarizes charge-offs and recoveries as well as net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for each category of the loan portfolio. 69 TABLE 19. CHARGE-OFFS AND RECOVERIES (dollars in thousands) Charge-offs: December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loan charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 137 1,090 1,830 1,435 1,193 3,508 9,193 1,374 $ 72 2,381 2,669 1,064 1,221 3,989 11,396 1,293 $ 73 1,886 3,070 937 397 3,606 9,969 884 $ — $ — 2,426 3,485 2,437 652 3,120 4,915 2,785 1,803 1,502 2,892 13,897 846 12,120 779 Total charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,567 12,689 10,853 14,743 12,899 Recoveries: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loan recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 1,293 1,100 439 914 2,100 6,255 379 6,634 100 533 938 339 230 1,823 3,963 353 4,316 5 1,543 320 445 274 1,485 4,072 225 4,297 1 840 435 604 262 1,240 3,382 222 3,604 — 603 1,194 454 115 1,034 3,400 233 3,633 Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,933 $ 8,373 $ 6,556 $11,139 $ 9,266 Net (recoveries) charge-offs as a percentage of average loans: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (0.06)% — % (0.01) 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.43 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.19 0.60 0.02% — % — % 0.22 0.02 0.33 0.31 0.10 0.04 0.33 0.03 0.45 0.53 0.11 0.39 0.22 0.18 0.88 Total net loan charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 0.13 0.12 0.23 0.22 ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The provision for credit losses decreased $2.2 million in 2018 compared to 2017, and the total allowance for loan losses (“allowance”) increased $3.8 million or 8.4% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. The increase in the dollar amount of the allowance is attributable to management’s decision to increase certain qualitative factors that determine the adequacy of the allowance, offset by lower historical loss rates, improved credit quality, and charge-offs of loans that were specifically reserved in prior years, with replacement of such specific reserves not being warranted. The allowance represented 0.64% of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2018, compared to 0.71% at December 31, 2017. However, the allowance does not include the credit portion of the fair market value adjustment for acquired loans, thus the decrease in the allowance percentage of 0.07% is primarily related to the mark-to-market accounting applied to the acquired FTSB and FFKT loans in 2018. 70 Table 20 summarizes the allowance together with selected relationships of the allowance and provision for credit losses to total loans and certain categories of loans. TABLE 20. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 December 31, Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45,284 574 $ 43,674 571 $ 41,710 613 $ 44,654 455 $ 47,368 602 Total beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,858 44,245 42,323 45,109 47,970 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,597 167 7,764 9,983 3 9,986 8,520 (42) 8,478 8,195 158 8,353 6,552 (147) 6,405 Net charge-offs: Total charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10,567) 6,634 (12,689) 4,316 (10,853) 4,297 (14,743) 3,604 (12,899) 3,633 Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,933) (8,373) (6,556) (11,139) (9,266) Balance at end of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,948 741 45,284 574 43,674 571 41,710 613 44,654 455 Total ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 49,689 $ 45,858 $ 44,245 $ 42,323 $ 45,109 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to non-accrual loans . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans and loans past due 90 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64% 0.71% 1.59x 1.23x 0.70% 1.37x 0.82% 1.25x 1.09% 1.15x 1.34x 1.04x 1.11x 0.93x 0.88x 1.21x 0.98x 1.01x 0.87x 0.84x The allowance consists of specific reserves for certain impaired loans, if any, and a general reserve for all other loans. WesBanco uses historical loss rates by risk grade for CRE—improved property and C&I loans, and the historical loss rates for the total of CRE—land and construction loans, retail loans and deposit overdrafts as a base loss rate for the general allowance. The base loss rate is adjusted for the impact of qualitative factors, which in management’s judgment are appropriate to accurately reflect the probable loss in each loan category. Qualitative factors include the impact of historical loss rates for the most recent 120 months, the volatility and velocity with which historical loss rates have changed during the economic cycle, economic conditions, delinquency levels and trends, non-performing and classified loan levels and trends, changes in credit policies and lending standards, concentrations of credit exposure if any, the results of regulatory examinations and internal loan reviews, and other external factors when appropriate. 71 Table 21 summarizes the components of the allowance. TABLE 21. COMPONENTS OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 General allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $48,948 — $44,896 388 $42,797 877 $40,189 1,521 $40,856 3,798 Total allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,948 741 45,284 574 43,674 571 41,710 613 44,654 455 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $49,689 $45,858 $44,245 $42,323 $45,109 December 31, The general allowance is comprised of factors based on both historical loss experience and other qualitative factors. The general allowance increased $4.1 million or 9.0% from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 due to other qualitative factors. Specific reserves were $0 at December 31, 2018, representing a decrease of $0.4 million from December 31, 2017, and the allowance for loan commitments increased $0.2 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Table 22 summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses to each category of loans. TABLE 22. ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (in thousands) Allowance for loan losses: December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,039 20,848 12,114 3,822 4,356 2,797 972 $ 3,117 21,166 9,414 3,206 4,497 3,063 821 $ 4,348 18,628 8,412 4,106 3,422 3,998 760 $ 4,390 14,748 10,002 4,582 2,883 4,763 342 $ 5,654 17,573 9,063 5,382 2,329 4,078 575 Total allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,948 45,284 43,674 41,710 44,654 Allowance for loan commitments: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 33 262 12 226 39 741 119 26 173 7 212 37 574 151 17 188 9 162 44 571 157 26 260 7 117 46 613 194 10 112 9 90 40 455 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $49,689 $45,858 $44,245 $42,323 $45,109 72 Please refer to Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses applicable to each category of loans. Changes in the allowance for all categories of loans also reflect the net effect of changes in historical loss rates, loan balances, specific reserves and management’s judgment with respect to the impact of qualitative factors on each category of loans. Decreases in the allowances for all loan categories generally reflect either lower loan balances, historical loss rates or reductions in non-performing and classified commercial loans. Although the allowance for credit losses is allocated as described in Table 22, the total allowance is available to absorb losses in any category of loans. However, differences between management’s estimation of probable losses and actual incurred losses in subsequent periods may necessitate future adjustments to the provision for credit losses. Management believes the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to absorb probable losses at December 31, 2018. 73 DEPOSITS TABLE 23. DEPOSITS (dollars in thousands) Deposits December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change Non-interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,441,041 2,146,508 1,142,925 1,645,549 1,455,610 $1,846,748 1,625,015 1,024,856 1,269,912 1,277,057 $ 594,293 521,493 118,069 375,637 178,553 Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,831,633 $7,043,588 $1,788,045 32.2 32.1 11.5 29.6 14.0 25.4 Deposits, which represent WesBanco’s primary source of funds, are offered in various account forms at various rates through WesBanco’s 209 branches in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southern Indiana. The FDIC insures all deposits up to $250,000 per account. Total deposits increased by $1.8 billion or 25.4% in 2018 primarily due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, which provided $1.9 billion of additional deposits, while organic deposits decreased $132.0 million or 1.9% from December 31, 2017. Interest bearing demand deposits and non-interest bearing demand deposits increased 32.2% and 32.1%, respectively, while savings and money market deposits increased 29.6% and 11.5%, respectively, due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. Organic growth of $145.2 million for categories of deposits excluding certificates of deposit were the results of marketing, customer and employee incentives, focused retail and business strategies to obtain more account relationships and customers’ overall preference for shorter-term maturities. Deposit balances were also impacted by bonus and royalty payments from Marcellus and Utica shale energy companies in WesBanco’s southwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia markets totaling $174.6 million and $243.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Money market deposits were influenced through WesBanco’s participation in the Insured Cash Sweep (ICS®) money market deposits program. ICS® reciprocal balances totaled $61.4 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $65.9 million at December 31, 2017. Certificates of deposit increased $178.6 million primarily due to the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, which provided $456.1 million in additional certificates of deposit, while organic certificates of deposit decreased by 21.7%. The organic deposits decrease in certificates of deposit was affected by an overall corporate strategy designed to increase and remix retail deposit relationships and reducing single-service customers with a focus on overall products that can be offered at a lower cost to WesBanco. The decrease is also impacted by lower offered rates on certain maturing certificates of deposit in a rising rate environment and customer preferences for other non-maturity deposit types. WesBanco does not generally solicit brokered or other deposits out-of-market or over the internet, but does participate in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Services (CDARS®) program. CDARS® balances totaled $49.4 million in outstanding balances at December 31, 2018, of which $22.0 million represented one-way buys, compared to $105.0 million in total outstanding balances at December 31, 2017, of which $72.7 million represented one-way buys. Certificates of deposit greater than $250,000 were approximately $323.2 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $216.4 million at December 31, 2017. Certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more were approximately $684.6 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $581.6 million at December 31, 2017. The increases year-over-year were primarily due to the acquisitions of FTSB and FFKT. Certificates of deposit totaling approximately $821.9 million at December 31, 2018 with a cost of 1.04% are scheduled to mature within the next year. The average rate on certificates of deposit increased 16 basis points to 0.89% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 0.73% in 2017 with a similar increase experienced for jumbo certificates of deposit. WesBanco will continue to focus on its core deposit strategies and improving its overall mix of transaction accounts to total deposits, which includes offering special promotions on certain certificates of deposit maturities and savings products based on competition, sales strategies, liquidity needs and wholesale borrowing costs. 74 TABLE 24. MATURITY DISTRIBUTION OF CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT OF $100,000 OR MORE (dollars in thousands) Maturity: December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change Within three months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over three to six months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over six to twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $157,134 102,061 144,295 281,122 $169,063 96,083 105,289 211,144 $ (11,929) 5,978 39,006 69,978 Total certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $684,612 $581,579 $103,033 (7.1) 6.2 37.0 33.1 17.7 Interest expense on certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more totaled approximately $8.3 million, $4.4 million and $5.0 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 75 BORROWINGS TABLE 25. BORROWINGS (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 $ Change % Change Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,054,174 290,522 189,842 $ 948,203 184,805 164,327 $105,971 105,717 25,515 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,534,538 $1,297,335 $237,203 11.2 57.2 15.5 18.3 December 31, Borrowings are a significant source of funding for WesBanco in addition to deposits. During 2018, FHLB borrowings increased $106.0 million from December 31, 2017, as $640.0 million in advances, coupled with $52.3 million and $3.0 million in advances from the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, respectively, were offset by $589.5 million in maturities and other principal pay downs. In addition, WesBanco extended the maturities of approximately $575.0 million of FHLB borrowings during the year at an average maturing cost of 1.44%, at a current average rate of 2.57% and an average term of 2.2 years. Rates have generally increased over the past year on all borrowing types due to four federal funds rate increases of 25 basis points each and associated LIBOR rate increases, upon which such borrowings are typically priced. WesBanco is a member of the FHLB system. The FHLB system functions as a borrowing source for regulated financial institutions that are engaged in residential and commercial real estate lending along with securities investing. WesBanco uses term FHLB borrowings as a general funding source and to more appropriately match interest maturities for certain assets. FHLB borrowings are secured by blanket liens on certain residential and other mortgage loans with a market value in excess of the outstanding borrowing balances. The terms of the security agreement with the FHLB include a specific assignment of collateral that requires the maintenance of qualifying mortgage and other types of loans as pledged collateral with unpaid principal amounts in excess of the FHLB advances, when discounted at certain pre-established percentages of the loans’ unpaid balances. FHLB stock, which is recorded at cost of $50.8 million at December 31, 2018, is also pledged as collateral for these advances. WesBanco’s remaining maximum borrowing capacity, subject to the collateral requirements noted, with the FHLB at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was estimated to be approximately $2.3 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. Other short-term borrowings, which may consist of funds purchased, callable repurchase agreements, overnight sweep checking accounts and borrowings on a revolving line of credit increased $105.8 million to $290.5 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $184.8 million at December 31, 2017. The increase in these borrowings is primarily due to a $130.7 million increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase, including $9.2 million and $35.3 million acquired from FTSB and FFKT, respectively, which was partially offset by the $25.0 million decrease in federal funds purchased. At December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding federal funds purchased. federal In September 2018, WesBanco renewed a revolving line of credit, which is a senior obligation of the parent company, with another financial institution. The revolving line of credit, which accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate, provides for aggregate unsecured borrowings of up to $25.0 million. The new revolving line of credit also requires WesBanco to maintain at all times a consolidated four quarter average return on average assets of > 0.70%, a Texas ratio of less than 25% (broadly defined as the ratio of non-performing assets to tangible common equity and the allowance for loan losses), unencumbered cash and marketable securities of at least $12.0 million, and to maintain at all times on a consolidated basis and for the Bank a total risk-based capital ratio of > 12.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of > 10.0% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of > 7.0%. WesBanco was in compliance with all terms and conditions at December 31, 2018. There was no outstanding balance as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. 76 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS TABLE 26. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS (in thousands) Deposits without a stated maturity . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . Other short term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future benefit payments under benefit plans (2)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Director and executive officer retirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leases (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software licenses and maintenance plans (2) agreements (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naming rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited partnership funding Footnote Reference Less than One Year December 31, 2018 (1) One to Three Years Three to Five Years More Than Five Years Total N/A 9 10 10 11 13 N/A 6 N/A N/A $7,376,023 $ 821,939 488,561 290,522 — $ — $ — $ 7,376,023 1,455,610 1,054,174 290,522 132,531 17,830 — 43,709 1,763 — 457,431 546,020 — — — — 189,842 189,842 4,891 12,479 13,968 261,880 293,218 1,313 4,822 2,873 250 2,206 8,305 5,961 500 2,136 6,408 6,249 500 3,106 15,891 — — 8,761 35,426 15,083 1,250 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7,061 4,714 881 1,859 14,515 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,998,255 $1,037,616 $180,503 $518,050 $10,734,424 (1) Represents maturities of principal and excludes interest payments. (2) These payments are recognized as expense in the income statement when incurred and not necessarily at the time of payment. (3) Pension plan assets of $141.1 million were available at December 31, 2018 to absorb the undiscounted future estimated payments to plan participants in the WesBanco Defined Benefit Pension Plan of which the discounted benefit obligation is $128.8 million at December 31, 2018. In addition to the WesBanco Defined Benefit Pension Plan, this includes the FFKT Postretirement Medical Benefit Plan, which has no plan assets. Significant fixed and determinable contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 are presented in the table above by due date. The amounts shown do not include future interest payments, accrued interest or other similar carrying value adjustments. Additional information related to each obligation is included in the referenced footnote to the Consolidated Financial Statements. WesBanco’s future benefit payments under pension plans are estimated based on actuarial assumptions and do not necessarily represent the actual contractual cash flows that may be required by WesBanco in the future. Please refer to Note 13, “Employee Benefit Plans,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on employee benefit plans. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS WesBanco enters into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, letters of credit, loans approved but not closed, overdraft limits and contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities. Since many of these commitments expire unused or partially used, these commitments may not reflect future cash requirements. Please refer to Note 19, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Loans and Loan Commitments” section of this MD&A for additional information. 77 CAPITAL RESOURCES Shareholders’ equity increased to $2.0 billion at December 31, 2018 from $1.4 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase was due primarily to $107.3 million and $391.3 million of common stock issued in the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions, respectively, coupled with net income of $143.1 million, which was partially offset by a $5.3 million other comprehensive loss and the declaration of dividends to common shareholders of $58.0 million. Other comprehensive losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 were due to a $7.4 million unrealized loss in the securities portfolio, which was partially offset by a $2.1 million unrealized gain in the defined benefit pension plan and other postretirement benefits. For 2018, common dividends increased to $1.16 per share, or 11.5% on an annualized basis, compared to $1.04 per share in 2017. The common dividend per share payout ratio decreased from 48.4% in 2017 to 39.6% in 2018, which is primarily attributable to earnings increasing more rapidly than common dividends year-over-year. A board-approved policy generally targets dividends as a percent of net income in a range of 35% to 55%, subject to capital levels, earnings history and prospects, regulatory concerns, and other factors. The quarterly dividend was increased again in February 2019 to $0.31 per share, or 6.9%. The percentage of dividends paid on adjusted net income in 2018, defined as net income excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses was 36.9% as compared to 42.2% in 2017. Under the current share repurchase plan, WesBanco purchased 14,755 shares during the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2018 from employees for the payment of withholding taxes to facilitate the vesting of restricted stock. At December 31, 2018, the remaining shares authorized to be purchased under the current repurchase plans totaled 1,092,542 shares. WesBanco is subject to risk-based capital guidelines that measure capital relative to risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet instruments. WesBanco and its banking subsidiary WesBanco Bank maintain Tier 1 risk- based, total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios significantly above minimum regulatory levels. WesBanco Bank paid $86.0 million in dividends to WesBanco during 2018, or 57.0% of the Bank’s net income. There are various legal limitations under federal and state laws that limit the payment of dividends from the Bank to the parent company. As of December 31, 2018, under FDIC and State of West Virginia regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, dividends of approximately $105.4 million from the Bank. WesBanco currently has $189.8 million in subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheet, $164.4 million of which is junior subordinated debt. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $162.5 million, issued by unconsolidated trust subsidiaries of WesBanco underlying such junior subordinated debt, is included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements. A grandfather provision of the Dodd-Frank Act permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule that implements the Basel III capital standards effective January 1, 2015 with a phase-in period ending January 1, 2019. The final capital rule establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010, and increases the capital required for certain categories of assets. Should WesBanco exceed $15 billion in total assets at some point in the future due to acquisition, it would be required to account for remaining trust preferred securities as Tier II capital as opposed to Tier I capital currently. On February 4, 2019, WesBanco received required Federal Reserve Bank regulatory approval for the redemption of Farmers Bank Capital Trust I and Farmers Capital Bank Trust III, acquired from FFKT, on their next interest payment dates of March 30, 2019 and May 1, 2019 (“Redemption Dates”), respectively. The aggregate redemption price will total approximately $33.5 million. Interest will no longer accrue on or after the respective redemption dates. 78 Please refer to Note 22, “Regulatory Matters,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on capital amounts, ratios and minimum regulatory requirements. Also refer to “Item 1. Business” within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Basel III Capital Standards. LIQUIDITY RISK Liquidity is defined as a financial institution’s capacity to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. Liquidity risk is the risk that an institution’s financial condition or overall safety and soundness is adversely affected by an inability, or perceived inability, to meet its obligations. An institution’s obligations, and the funding sources to meet them, depend significantly on its business mix, balance sheet structure, and the cash flows of its on- and off-balance sheet obligations. Institutions confront various internal and external situations that can give rise to increased liquidity risk including funding mismatches, market constraints on funding sources, contingent liquidity events, changes in economic conditions, and exposure to credit, market, operation, legal and reputation risk. WesBanco actively manages liquidity risk through its ability to provide adequate funds to meet changes in loan demand, unexpected outflows in deposits and other borrowings as well as to take advantage of market opportunities and meet operating cash needs. This is accomplished by maintaining liquid assets in the form of securities, sufficient borrowing capacity and a stable core deposit base. Liquidity is centrally monitored by WesBanco’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”). WesBanco determines the degree of required liquidity by the relationship of total holdings of liquid assets to the possible need for funds to meet unexpected deposit losses and/or loan demands. The ability to quickly convert assets to cash at a minimal loss is a primary function of WesBanco’s investment portfolio management. WesBanco believes its cash flow from the loan portfolio, the investment portfolio, and other sources, adequately meet its liquidity requirements. WesBanco’s net loans to assets ratio was 61.1% at December 31, 2018 and deposit balances funded 70.9% of assets. The following table lists the sources of liquidity from assets at December 31, 2018 expected within the next year: (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities with a maturity date within the next year and callable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected payments and prepayments on mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage $ 169,186 295,298 obligations (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruing loans scheduled to mature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal loan repayments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,143 8,994 1,030,084 1,634,900 Total sources of liquidity expected within the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,394,605 (1) Projected prepayments are based on current prepayment speeds. Deposit flows are another principal factor affecting overall WesBanco liquidity. Deposits totaled $8.8 billion at December 31, 2018. Deposit flows are impacted by current interest rates, products and rates offered by WesBanco versus various forms of competition, as well as customer behavior. Certificates of deposit scheduled to mature within one year totaled $821.9 million at December 31, 2018, which includes jumbo regular certificates of deposit totaling $376.8 million with a weighted-average cost of 1.54%, and jumbo CDARS® deposits of $26.7 million with a weighted-average cost of 1.45%. WesBanco maintains a line of credit with the FHLB as an additional funding source. Available credit with the FHLB at December 31, 2018 approximated $2.3 billion, compared to $1.8 billion at December 31, 2017. The 79 FHLB requires securities to be specifically pledged to the FHLB and maintained in a FHLB-approved custodial arrangement if the member wishes to include such securities in the maximum borrowing capacity calculation. WesBanco has elected not to specifically pledge to the FHLB otherwise unpledged securities. At December 31, 2018, the Bank had unpledged available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost of $446.6 million. A portion of these securities could be sold for additional liquidity, or such securities could be pledged to secure additional FHLB borrowings. Available liquidity through the sale of investment securities is currently limited, as only approximately 21.3% of the available-for-sale portfolio is unpledged, due to the pledging agreements that WesBanco has with their public deposit customers. Public deposit balances have increased significantly through the ESB, YCB, FTSB and FFKT acquisitions over the past three years. WesBanco’s held-to-maturity portfolio currently contains $680.5 million of unpledged securities. Most of these securities are tax-exempt municipal securities, which can only be pledged in limited circumstances. Except for certain limited, special circumstances, these securities cannot be sold without tainting the remainder of the held-to-maturity portfolio. If tainting occurs, remaining securities with the held-to-maturity designation would be required to be reclassified as all available-for-sale, and the held-to-maturity designation would no longer be available to WesBanco for some time. WesBanco participates in the Federal Reserve Bank’s Borrower-in-Custody Program (“BIC”) whereby WesBanco pledges certain consumer loans as collateral for borrowings. At December 31, 2018, WesBanco had a BIC line of credit totaling $166.8 million, none of which was outstanding. Alternative funding sources may include the utilization of existing overnight lines of credit with third party banks totaling $275.0 million, none of which was outstanding at December 31, 2018, along with seeking other lines of credit, borrowings under repurchase agreement lines, increasing deposit rates to attract additional funds, accessing brokered deposits, or selling securities available-for-sale or certain types of loans. Other short-term borrowings of $290.5 million at December 31, 2018 consisted of callable repurchase agreements and overnight sweep checking accounts for large commercial customers. There has been an increase of $95.6 million in the average deposit balances of the overnight sweep checking accounts during 2018 from commercial customers seeking higher rates for cash management balances along with balances from FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. The overnight sweep checking accounts require U.S. Government securities to be pledged equal to or greater than the average deposit balance in the related customer accounts. The principal sources of parent company liquidity are dividends from the Bank, $123.1 million in cash and investments on hand, and a $25.0 million revolving line of credit with another bank, which did not have an outstanding balance at December 31, 2018. WesBanco is in compliance with all loan covenants. There are various legal limitations under federal and state laws that limit the payment of dividends from the Bank to the parent company. As of December 31, 2018, under FDIC and State of West Virginia regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, dividends of approximately $105.4 million from the Bank. Management believes these are appropriate levels of cash for WesBanco given the current environment. Management continuously monitors the adequacy of parent company cash levels and sources of liquidity through the use of metrics that relate current cash levels to historical and forecasted cash inflows and outflows. WesBanco had outstanding commitments to extend credit in the ordinary course of business approximating $2.4 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. On a historical basis, only a small portion of these commitments will result in an outflow of funds. Please refer to Note 19, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Loans and Loan Commitments” section of this MD&A for additional information. Federal financial regulatory agencies previously have issued guidance to provide for sound practices for managing funding and liquidity risk and strengthening liquidity risk management practices. WesBanco maintains a comprehensive management process for identifying, measuring, monitoring, and controlling liquidity risk, which is fully integrated into its risk management process. Management believes WesBanco has sufficient current liquidity to meet current obligations to borrowers, depositors and others as of December 31, 2018 and that WesBanco’s current liquidity risk management policies and procedures adequately address this guidance. 80 COMPARISON OF 2017 VERSUS 2016 For the twelve months ending December 31, 2017, net income was $94.5 million or $2.14 per diluted share, compared to $86.6 million or $2.16 per diluted share, for 2016. Excluding the net deferred tax asset revaluation, as a result of the late 2017 enacted Federal tax reform legislation, and after-tax merger-related expenses (non-GAAP measure), net income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, increased 13.3% to $107.9 million compared to $95.3 million for 2016. On the same basis, per share earnings increased to $2.45 per diluted share for 2017, as compared to $2.37 per diluted share for 2016, an increase of 3.4%. For the twelve months ending December 31, 2017, net interest income increased $37.0 million or 14.6%, as average loan balances increased 15.3%, primarily due to the YCB acquisition, which closed on September 9, 2016, and the net interest margin increased 12 basis points to 3.44%. The increase in the net interest margin reflects the benefit from the increases in the Federal Reserve Board’s target federal funds rate over the past year. The increase in the cost of interest bearing liabilities is primarily due to higher rates for interest bearing demand deposits, which include public funds, and certain Federal Home Loan Bank and other borrowings. The average interest bearing deposit balances increased 20.4% from 2016 primarily due to the YCB acquisition. For 2017, non-interest income increased $7.3 million or 9.0% compared to 2016. Service charges on deposits increased $2.2 million or 12.0% and electronic banking fees increased $3.6 million or 23.0% through a larger customer deposit base from the addition of YCB. Mortgage banking income increased $2.5 million or 99.8% due to increased secondary market sales of residential mortgage originations. The majority of these loans are being sold at a higher margin as they are now sold on a mandatory delivery basis as opposed to best efforts delivery basis. Net securities gains decreased $1.8 million or 75.9% due to agency calls in 2016. The following comments on non-interest expense exclude merger-related expenses in both years. Non-interest expense in 2017 increased $24.5 million or 12.5%, compared to 2016. With net revenue growth of 13.2% in 2017, this positive operating leverage helped to improve the efficiency ratio in 2017 to 56.4% from 56.7% in 2016. For 2017, salaries and wages increased $13.1 million or 15.5% due to increased compensation expense related to a 12.2% increase in full-time equivalent employees, primarily late in the third quarter of 2016 from the YCB acquisition, and routine annual adjustments to compensation. Employee benefits expense increased $2.0 million or 7.1%, primarily from increased health insurance, social security contributions and other benefit plan costs resulting from a larger employee base. Increases in net occupancy and equipment were also primarily from costs related to the additional branches from the YCB acquisition and routine maintenance costs. Merger-related expense decreased $12.4 million from $13.3 million in 2016 to $0.9 million in 2017 primarily due to the acquisition of YCB on September 9, 2016. The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $53.8 million in 2017 compared to $31.0 million in 2016. The increase in income tax expense was due to a $12.8 million impact from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets resulting from the late 2017 enacted Federal tax reform legislation; a 26.0% increase in pre-tax income, and the adoption earlier this year of a new accounting standard related to low income housing tax credit investment amortization, which moved $1.2 million from other operating expense to the provision for income taxes. 81 ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements” included in Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report. MARKET RISK The primary objective of WesBanco’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) is to maximize net interest income within established policy parameters. This objective is accomplished through the management of balance sheet composition, market risk exposures arising from changing economic conditions and liquidity risk. Market risk is defined as the risk of loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments resulting from fluctuations in interest rates and bond prices. Management considers interest rate risk to be WesBanco’s most significant market risk. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates. The relative consistency of WesBanco’s net interest income is largely dependent on effective management of interest rate risk. As interest rates change in the market, rates earned on interest rate-sensitive assets and rates paid on interest rate-sensitive liabilities do not necessarily move concurrently. Differing rate sensitivities may arise because fixed rate assets and liabilities may not have the same maturities, or because variable rate assets and liabilities differ in the timing and/or the percentage of rate changes. WesBanco’s ALCO is a Board-level committee with Board and executive management representation, including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Risk Management Officer and Senior Treasury Officer. It is responsible for monitoring and managing interest rate risk within Board-approved policy limits. Interest rate risk is monitored through the use of an earnings sensitivity simulation model and an economic value-at-risk model, measuring the fair value of net shareholders’ equity. These models are highly dependent on various assumptions, which change regularly as the balance sheet and market interest rates change. The key assumptions and strategies employed are analyzed and reviewed at least quarterly by the ALCO, while appropriate documentation is maintained. The earnings sensitivity simulation model projects changes in net interest income resulting from the effect of changes in interest rates. Forecasting changes in net interest income requires management to make certain assumptions regarding loan and security prepayment rates, call dates, changes to deposit product betas, and non-maturity deposit decay rates, which may not necessarily reflect the manner in which actual cash flows, yields, and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. Assumptions are based on historical experience, current market rates and economic forecasts, and are periodically back-tested and reviewed by a third-party consultant. The net interest income sensitivity results presented in Table 1, “Net Interest Income Sensitivity,” assumes that the balance sheet composition of interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the end of the period remains constant over the period being measured, and also assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve, regardless of the duration of the maturity or re-pricing of specific assets and liabilities. Since the assumptions used in the model relative to changes in interest rates are uncertain, the simulation analysis may not be indicative of actual results. In addition, this analysis does not consider actions that management might employ in response to changes in interest rates as well as changes in earning asset and costing liability balances. Management is aware of the significant effect inflation or deflation has upon interest rates and ultimately upon financial performance. WesBanco’s ability to cope with inflation or deflation is best determined by analyzing its capability to respond to changing market interest rates, as well as its ability to manage the various elements of non-interest income and expense during periods of increasing or decreasing inflation or deflation. WesBanco monitors the level and mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through ALCO in order to reduce the impact of inflation or deflation on net interest income. Management also controls the effects of inflation or deflation by conducting periodic reviews of the prices and terms of its various products and services, both in terms of the 82 costs to offer the services as well as outside market influences upon such pricing, by introducing new products and services or reducing the availability of existing products and services, and by controlling overhead expenses. Interest rate risk policy limits are determined by measuring the anticipated change in net interest income over a twelve-month period, assuming immediate and sustained market interest rate increases and decreases of 100—400 basis points across the entire yield curve, compared to a stable rate environment or base model. WesBanco’s current policy limits this exposure for the noted interest rate changes to a reduction of between 10%—20% or less of net interest income from the stable rate base model over a twelve-month period. The table below shows WesBanco’s interest rate sensitivity at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, assuming the above-noted interest rate increases as compared to a base model. In the current interest rate environment, particularly for short-term rates, the 300—400 basis point decreasing changes for both years, and the 200 basis point decreasing change for 2017, are not shown due to the unrealistic nature of results associated with short- term negative rates. TABLE 1. NET INTEREST INCOME SENSITIVITY Immediate Change in Interest Rates (basis points) Percentage Change in Net Interest Income from Base over One Year December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 +400 +300 +200 +100 -100 -200 7.6% 6.4% 3.9% 2.1% (2.1%) (5.8%) 8.3% 6.2% 4.0% 2.4% (3.0%) N/A ALCO Guidelines (20.0%) (15.0%) (12.5%) (10.0%) (10.0%) (12.5%) As per the table above, the earnings sensitivity simulation model at December 31, 2018 currently projects that net interest income for the next twelve-month period would decrease by 2.1%—5.8% if interest rates were to fall immediately by 100—200 basis points, compared to a decrease of 3.0% for the 100 basis point falling rate scenario as of December 31, 2017. For rising rate scenarios, net interest income would increase by between 2.1%—7.6% if rates were to increase by between 100—400 basis points as of December 31, 2018, compared to increases of between 2.4%— 8.3% in a 100—400 basis point increasing rate environment as of December 31, 2017. In addition to the aforementioned earnings sensitivity simulation model, which utilizes a parallel rate shock scenario, in 2018 ALCO also reviewed a “most likely” forecast scenario to project net interest income over a rolling two-year time period. This forecast was typically updated at least quarterly, incorporating revisions and updated assumptions into the model for estimated loan and deposit growth, expected balance sheet re-mixing strategies, changes in forecasted rates for various maturities, competitive market spreads for various products and other assumptions. Such modeling assists in predicting changes in forecasted outcomes and necessary adjustments to the plan to assist in achieving stated earnings goals. The balance sheet shows somewhat lower asset sensitivity as of December 31, 2018, as compared to December 31, 2017, with differences resulting from changes in the mix of, and growth in various earning assets and costing liabilities, as well as adjustments for various modeling assumptions such as deposit beta rates, decay rates for non-maturity deposits and loan prepayment speeds. Generally, deposit betas utilized in the parallel rate shock and “most likely” models are estimated to be higher for future rate increases than the Bank’s experience to date through nine federal funds rate increases since December 2015, four of which occurred in 2018, as management seeks to control the overall rate of increase in deposit costs to improve the net interest margin over time. In 2018, the total deposit beta for interest-bearing transaction accounts other than certificates of deposit was 83 17% for the entire year. Deposit decay rates and loan prepayment speeds have also been adjusted in the models to reflect more recent experience with various loan and non-maturity deposit products. Management believes that overall asset sensitivity in non-parallel rising rate scenarios may be somewhat neutralized due to slower prepayment speeds, rate floors, lower than forecasted increases to loan yields for competitive and other reasons, spread compression between new asset yields and funding costs, extension risk associated with residential mortgages and mortgage-related securities, and other earning asset and costing liability differences. Commercial loans with floors currently average 4.27% on approximately $1.5 billion or 29% of total commercial loans at December 31, 2018, as compared to $1.2 billion averaging 4.10% or 30% of commercial loans at December 31, 2017. Approximately 38% or $570.5 million of these loans are currently priced at their floor, as compared to 45% or $552.6 million at December 31, 2017. The higher amount of loans with floors at December 31, 2018 compared to last year is due to the loans acquired from FTSB and FFKT in 2018. These loans typically do not adjust as rapidly from their current floor level as compared to loans without floors, due to the amount of the rate change as compared to the floor rate or for reasons related to loan repricing dates. The net interest margin increased 8 basis points year-over-year and 29 basis points for the fourth quarter of 2018 vs. last year’s fourth quarter. The tax-exempt securities portfolio tax-equivalent rate adjustment from 35% to 21% caused a reduction in the overall net interest margin by 6 basis points. However, with increased short- term rates, higher non-interest bearing deposits, low deposit betas and the contribution from FFKT’s higher margin assets post-acquisition, plus higher purchase accounting from both 2018 acquisitions, the margin has recovered that adjustment and improved overall from last year. The core net interest margin, net of purchase accounting-related accretion, for 2018 was 3.38% vs. 3.36% for 2017, adjusted by 14 and 8 basis points of accretion, respectively, and for the fourth quarter it was 3.49% vs. 3.37% last year, adjusted by 23 and 6 basis points of accretion, respectively, which reflected the higher margin net assets from the FFKT acquisition and associated purchase accounting. It is currently expected that the net interest margin in 2019 will remain relatively flat on a core basis, and on a total basis including purchase accounting accretion, will decline slowly throughout the year from an expected level of mid-teen basis points in purchase accounting accretion in the first quarter, and declining over the second thru fourth quarters by 1 – 2 basis points per quarter. Management currently anticipates that one federal funds rate increase may occur in mid-year 2019, relatively consistent with market, Federal Reserve Board and consensus economist expectations. A delay in implementing further rate increases, as well as the shape of the yield curve, increases to deposit betas beyond our current modeling assumptions, or adjustments to the mix of earning assets and costing liabilities, may have a negative impact on management’s estimates of the future direction and level of the net interest margin. While many Bank customers over the past few years have moved their maturing certificates of deposit balances to lower-costing transaction accounts as well as into non-deposit products, as rates continue to rise, a portion of these lower-cost transaction account balances may migrate to higher-costing certificates of deposit, short-term repos or higher-priced tiers of money market (“MMDA”) and interest-bearing checking (“NOW”) accounts. Continuing runoff of certificate of deposit balances, both organically and from prior acquisitions, which includes certain single-service deposit customers, has been replaced with FHLB and other short-term borrowings. Certificates of deposit totaling approximately $821.9 million mature within the next year at an average cost of 1.04%; replacement borrowings are currently more expensive than the average runoff rate of these CDs. Also, maturing borrowings’ replacement rates are generally higher than the cost of the maturing borrowings’ average rate, and management may elect to lengthen the maturing borrowings’ terms at a higher cost for liquidity and asset/liability management purposes. The Bank has significant additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, and various correspondent banks, and may utilize these funding sources or interest rate swap strategies as necessary to lengthen liabilities, offset mismatches in various asset maturities, and manage liquidity. CDARS® and ICS® deposits also may be utilized for similar purposes for certain customers seeking higher- yielding instruments or maintaining deposit levels below FDIC insurance limits. Significant balance sheet strategies to assist in managing the net interest margin in the current environment include: • increasing total adjustable features; loans, particularly commercial and home equity loans that have variable or 84 • • • • • • selling a percentage of longer-term residential mortgage loan production into the secondary market; growing demand deposit account types to increase the relative portion of these account types to total deposits; employing back-to-back loan swaps for certain commercial loan customers desiring a term fixed rate loan equivalent with the Bank receiving a variable rate; extending FHLB short-term maturing borrowings to balance asset/liability mismatches; using the CDARS® and ICS® deposit programs to manage funding needs and overall liability mix, and adjusting the size, mix or duration of the investment portfolio as part of liquidity and balance sheet management strategies. WesBanco also periodically measures the economic value of equity, which is defined as the market value of tangible equity in various rate scenarios. At December 31, 2018, the market value of tangible equity as a percent of base in a 200 basis point rising rate environment indicates a decrease of 10.8%, compared to a decrease of 1.8% at December 31, 2017. In a 200 basis point falling rate environment at December 31, 2018, the model indicates an increase of 2.3%, compared to a decrease of 9.9% as of December 31, 2017. The 100 basis point falling rate environment is more applicable to this analysis as of December 31, 2017 due to the level of interest rates at that time, and it was a decrease of 3.1% at such date, as compared to an increase of 2.7% as of December 31, 2018. WesBanco’s policy is to limit such change to minus 10% increments for each 100 basis point change in interest rates. Generally, changes in the economic value of equity relate to changes in various assets and liabilities, as well as changes in loan prepayment speeds and deposit decay rates, with changes in 2018 also related to the assets and liabilities acquired in the FTSB and FFKT acquisitions. 85 MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of WesBanco is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of WesBanco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of WesBanco’s financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. WesBanco’s management assessed the effectiveness of WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Based on the assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2018, WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective, based on the COSO criteria. The effectiveness of WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, WesBanco’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report appearing below. /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ Robert H. Young Robert H. Young Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 86 Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of WesBanco, Inc. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited WesBanco, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, WesBanco, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of WesBanco, Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated March 1, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania March 1, 2019 87 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of WesBanco, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of WesBanco, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. the financial position of in all material respects, fairly, We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosure in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1996. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania March 1, 2019 88 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except shares) ASSETS Cash and due from banks, including interest bearing amounts of $44,536 and $19,826, December 31, 2018 2017 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 169,186 $ 117,572 Securities: Equity securities, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held-to-maturity (fair values of $1,020,743 and $1,023,784, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,737 2,114,129 1,020,934 13,457 1,261,865 1,009,500 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,146,800 2,284,822 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,994 20,320 Portfolio loans, net of unearned income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,656,281 (48,948) 6,341,441 (45,284) Net portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,607,333 6,296,157 Premises and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166,925 38,853 918,850 225,317 176,374 130,722 29,728 589,264 192,589 155,004 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,458,632 $9,816,178 LIABILITIES Deposits: Non-interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,441,041 2,146,508 1,142,925 1,645,549 1,455,610 $1,846,748 1,625,015 1,024,856 1,269,912 1,277,057 Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,831,633 7,043,588 Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt 1,054,174 290,522 189,842 948,203 184,805 164,327 Total borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534,538 1,297,335 Accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,627 109,007 3,178 76,756 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,479,805 8,420,857 SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock, no par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock, $2.0833 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 54,604,294 and 44,043,244 shares issued in 2018 and 2017, respectively; 54,598,134 and 43,931,715 shares outstanding in 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital surplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock (6,160 and 0 shares in 2018 and 2017, respectively, at cost) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 113,758 1,166,701 737,581 (274) (37,871) (1,068) 91,756 684,730 651,357 — (31,495) (1,027) Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,978,827 1,395,321 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,458,632 $9,816,178 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 89 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Loans, including fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and dividends on securities: Taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt Total interest and dividends on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 331,961 $ 272,007 $ 226,993 56,898 20,778 77,676 5,320 38,631 19,489 58,120 2,297 38,490 18,390 56,880 2,224 Total interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414,957 332,424 286,097 INTEREST EXPENSE Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit Total interest expense on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INTEREST INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NON-INTEREST INCOME Trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities (losses) gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on other real estate owned and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,144 5,016 1,225 12,450 31,835 23,333 3,717 8,836 67,721 347,236 7,764 339,472 24,623 23,670 23,300 7,186 6,427 5,840 (900) 524 9,606 Total non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,276 NON-INTEREST EXPENSE Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDIC insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and merger-related expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 114,602 30,079 19,165 17,207 5,368 3,242 6,980 17,860 50,721 265,224 174,524 31,412 143,112 2.93 2.92 $ $ 6,452 2,775 745 10,108 20,080 13,290 1,442 7,317 42,129 290,295 9,986 280,309 22,740 20,532 19,183 6,672 4,794 5,053 567 658 8,641 88,840 97,361 29,933 17,101 16,026 5,720 3,504 4,940 945 45,330 220,860 148,289 53,807 94,482 2.15 2.14 $ $ 2,817 1,860 696 10,419 15,792 11,985 478 4,512 32,767 253,330 8,478 244,852 21,630 18,333 15,596 6,449 4,064 2,529 2,357 790 9,751 81,499 84,281 27,952 14,664 14,543 5,391 3,990 3,598 13,261 41,000 208,680 117,671 31,036 86,635 2.16 2.16 AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,889,041 49,022,990 44,003,208 44,075,293 40,100,320 40,127,076 DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.16 $ 1.04 $ 0.96 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 90 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale: For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $143,112 $94,482 $86,635 Net change in unrealized (losses) on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities losses (gains) reclassified into earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax (benefit) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9,228) 2,008 15 (4) (1,702) 717 (42) 15 (6,761) 2,461 (2,251) 823 Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7,209) (1,012) (5,728) Securities held-to-maturity: Amortization of unrealized gain transferred from available-for-sale . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit plans: Amortization of net loss and prior service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognition of unrealized (loss) gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit (expense) Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (244) 56 (188) 2,948 (822) (54) 12 2,084 Total other comprehensive (loss) gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5,313) (326) 117 (209) (357) 132 (225) 3,247 (1,053) 380 (141) 2,433 1,212 3,046 (1,153) (3,329) 1,217 (219) (6,172) Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $137,799 $95,694 $80,463 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 91 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) Shares Outstanding Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Common Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Deferred Benefits for Directors Total January 1, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,459,635 $ 80,304 $ 516,294 $549,921 $(2,640) $(20,954) $ (793) $1,122,132 For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . . Common dividends declared ($0.96 per share) . . . . . . . . . . Shares issued for acquisition . . Stock options exercised . . . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 86,635 — — — — — (6,172) — 5,423,348 101,190 81,220 (133,678) — — — 11,071 139 10 — — — (39,485) — — 3,144 — 1,074 — 2,271 — (3,849) — 162,934 1,707 (2,281) 56 2,022 — — (225) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 86,635 (6,172) 80,463 (39,485) 177,149 2,920 — (3,793) 2,022 225 — December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . 43,931,715 $ 91,524 $ 680,507 $597,071 $ — $(27,126) $ (568) $1,341,408 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive gain . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . . Common dividends declared ($1.04 per share) . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of accounting standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — 54,584 74,023 (17,078) — — — — — 78 154 — — — — 94,482 — — — — — 1,212 — (45,777) — — 794 (154) 168 2,956 5,581 — — — — 657 — (657) — (5,581) — — — — — — — — — — — 94,482 1,212 95,694 (45,777) — 1,529 — (489) 2,956 459 — — — (459) — December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . 44,043,244 $ 91,756 $ 684,730 $651,357 $ — $(31,495) $(1,027) $1,395,321 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income . . Common dividends declared ($1.16 per share) . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of accounting standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares issued for FTSB — — — — — — — — — 143,112 — — — — — (5,313) — (57,951) — — — 1,063 acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,498,761 5,206 102,141 Shares issued for FFKT acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,920,387 (21,322) 58,763 98,301 — 16,487 — 104 205 — 374,464 292 1,346 (205) 4,361 — — (428) — — — — — — — — — 316 (989) 399 — — — (1,063) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 143,112 (5,313) 137,799 (57,951) — 107,347 391,267 (697) 1,849 — 4,361 (41) (469) December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . 54,598,134 $113,758 $1,166,701 $737,581 $ (274) $(37,871) $(1,068) $1,978,827 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 92 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other net amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities losses (gains) Net gains on sales of mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in deferred income tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contribution to pension plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans originated for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from the sale of loans originated for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in: accrued interest receivable and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in: accrued interest payable and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INVESTING ACTIVITIES Net decrease (increase) in loans held for investment Securities available-for-sale: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 143,112 $ 94,482 $ 86,635 10,451 3,932 7,764 900 (5,840) 4,361 7,163 (6,427) (2,700) (215,540) 227,100 (700) 19,895 (1,681) (233) 191,557 10,441 8,871 9,986 (567) (5,053) 2,956 27,112 (4,794) (5,000) (216,744) 213,610 (773) 4,593 2,944 (438) 141,626 9,242 8,768 8,478 (2,357) (2,529) 2,022 10,824 (4,064) (5,750) (167,370) 159,831 (620) 13,137 7,404 (574) 123,077 121,504 (90,225) (174,952) Proceeds from sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,134 267,936 (841,696) 7,760 211,383 (252,114) 277,225 285,318 (213,894) Securities held-to-maturity: Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,938 (89,933) 118,180 (66,473) 110,954 (93,444) Equity securities: Proceeds from sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash received from business acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of premises and equipment—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sale of portfolio loans—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINANCING ACTIVITIES (Decrease) increase in deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Decrease) increase in federal funds purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of junior subordinated debt Dividends paid to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares purchased—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511 — 278,654 4,772 (4,669) 48,990 (51,859) — (200) — 349 (6,035) — (77,375) — — 4,863 19 (2,061) 560 194,588 (129,878) 640,000 (589,546) 86,284 (25,000) (17,519) (53,577) 1,578 (426) (88,084) 51,614 117,572 $ 169,186 4,262 680,000 (700,716) 18,429 (33,000) — (44,864) 1,040 — (74,849) (10,598) 128,170 $ 117,572 (216,785) 140,000 (233,988) 15,711 58,000 — (37,805) 1,713 (3,026) (276,180) 41,485 86,685 $ 128,170 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES Interest paid on deposits and other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers of loans to other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers of portfolio loans to loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash transactions related to FFKT, FTSB and YCB acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 68,618 18,700 1,275 48,990 498,614 $ 42,534 22,875 635 — — $ 34,028 22,075 4,757 560 177,149 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 93 NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations—WesBanco, Inc. (“WesBanco”) is a bank holding company offering a full range of financial services, including trust and investment services, mortgage banking, insurance and brokerage services. WesBanco’s defined business segments are community banking and trust and investment services. WesBanco’s banking subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco Bank” or the “Bank”), headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia, operates through 209 branches and 202 ATM machines in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southern Indiana. In addition, WesBanco operates an insurance brokerage company, WesBanco Insurance Services, Inc., and a full service broker/dealer, WesBanco Securities, Inc. Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Principles of Consolidation—The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of WesBanco and those entities in which WesBanco has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. WesBanco determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity. A voting interest entity is an entity in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and provides the equity holders with the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make financial and operating decisions. WesBanco consolidates voting interest entities in which it owns all, or at least a majority (generally, greater than 50%) of the voting interest. Business Combinations—Business combinations are accounted for by applying the acquisition method. As of acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at fair value and recognized separately from goodwill. Results of operations of the acquired entities are included in the consolidated statement of income from the date of acquisition. Variable Interest Entities—Variable interest entities (“VIE”) are entities that in general either do not have equity investors with voting rights or that have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. WesBanco uses VIEs in various legal forms to conduct normal business activities. WesBanco reviews the structure and activities of VIEs for possible consolidation. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. A VIE often holds financial assets, including loans or receivables, real estate or other property. The company with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE. WesBanco has thirteen wholly-owned trust subsidiaries (collectively, the “Trusts”), for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of the expected residual returns. Accordingly, the Trusts and their net assets are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures issued by WesBanco to the Trusts (refer to Note 11, “Subordinated Debt and Junior Subordinated Debt”) and the common stock issued by the Trusts is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. WesBanco also owns non-controlling variable interests in certain limited partnerships for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of expected residual returns. These VIEs are not consolidated into WesBanco’s financial statements because WesBanco is not considered the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 8, “Investments in Limited Partnerships” for further detail. 94 Revenue Recognition—Interest and dividend income, loan fees, trust fees, fees and charges on deposit accounts, insurance commissions and other ancillary income related to the Bank’s deposits and lending activities, as well as income at WesBanco’s other subsidiary companies, are accrued as contractually earned. Refer to Note 14, “Revenue Recognition” for further detail. Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, due from banks – interest bearing and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. Securities—Equity securities: Equity securities, which include investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with the Company’s deferred compensation plan, are reported at fair value with the gains and losses included in non-interest income. Available-for-sale securities: Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. These securities may be sold at any time based upon management’s assessment of changes in economic or financial market conditions, interest rate or prepayment risks, liquidity considerations and other factors. These securities are stated at fair value, with the fair value adjustment, net of tax, reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Held-to-maturity securities: Securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are stated at cost and adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities into the held-to-maturity category from the available-for-sale category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer is retained in other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held-to-maturity securities. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security. Certain securities with less than 15% of their original purchase price remaining or that have experienced measurable credit deterioration may be sold. Cost method investments: Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which WesBanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Securities acquired in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with the premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining life of the security. Gains and losses: Net realized gains and losses on sales of securities are included in non-interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The gain or loss is determined as of the trade date. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recorded through other comprehensive income. Amortization and accretion: Generally, premiums are amortized to call date and discounts are accreted to maturity, on a level yield basis. Other-than-temporary impairment losses: A debt security is considered impaired if its fair value is less than its cost or amortized cost basis. If WesBanco intends to sell or will be required to sell the investment prior to recovery of cost, the entire impairment will be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. If WesBanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, impaired securities prior to the recovery of their cost, a review is conducted each quarter to determine if the impairment is other- than-temporary due to credit impairment. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, WesBanco considers the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, evaluating any credit downgrades or other indicators of a potential credit problem, the extent and duration of the decline in fair value, the type of security, 95 either fixed or equity, and the receipt of principal and interest according to the contractual terms. If the impairment is to be considered temporary, the impairment for available-for-sale securities is recognized in other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. If the impairment is to be considered other-than- temporary based on management’s review of the various factors that indicate credit impairment, the impairment must be separated into credit and non-credit portions. The credit portion is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For available-for-sale securities, the non-credit portion is calculated as the difference between the present value of the future cash flows at the contract rate and the fair value of the security and is recognized in other comprehensive income. Loans and Loans Held for Sale—Loans originated by WesBanco are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income, credit valuation adjustments, and unamortized deferred loan fee income and loan origination costs. Interest is accrued as earned on loans except where doubt exists as to collectability, in which case accrual of income is discontinued. Loans originated and intended for sale are carried, in aggregate, at their estimated market value as WesBanco elected the fair value option on October 1, 2017. Performing loans that are not purchase credit impaired loan acquired in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. The premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment is recognized into interest income using a level yield method over the remaining expected life of the loan. Refer to the “Acquired Loans” policy below for additional detail. Loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income, as an adjustment to the yield, over the life of the loan using the level yield method. When a loan is paid off, whether originated or acquired, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs, as well as remaining purchased loans premium or discount, are immediately recognized into income. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they are 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans may be returned to accrual status when a borrower has resumed paying principal and interest for a sustained period of at least six months and the Bank is reasonably assured of collecting the remaining contractual principal and interest. Loans are returned to accrual status at an amount equal to the principal balance of the loan at the time of non-accrual status less any payments applied to principal during the non-accrual period. Loans are reported as a troubled debt restructuring when WesBanco for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Refer to the “Troubled Debt Restructuring” policy below for additional detail. A loan is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that WesBanco will be unable to collect the payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans include all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. WesBanco recognizes interest income on non-accrual loans on the cash basis only if recovery of principal is reasonably assured. Consumer loans are charged down to the net realizable value at 120 days past due for closed-end loans and 180 days past due for open-end revolving lines of credit. Residential real estate loans are charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral at 180 days past due. Commercial loans are charged down to the net realizable value when it is determined that WesBanco will be unable to collect the principal amount in full. Loans are reclassified to other assets at the net realizable value when foreclosure or repossession of the collateral occurs. Refer to the “Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets” policy below for additional detail. Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”)—A restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The determination of whether a concession has been granted includes an evaluation of the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and among other things, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal or collateral value of the 96 debt, and/or the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the frequency of payments, original maturity date, or the expected duration of the loan. The most common concessions granted generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt such as a reduction in the interest rate for the remaining life of the debt, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or reduction of the unpaid principal or interest. Additionally, all consumer bankruptcies are considered TDR; all TDRs are considered impaired loans. When determining whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties, consideration is given to any known default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the debtor would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the debtor’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the debtor’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal & interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the current value of that collateral is considered in determining whether the principal will be paid. The restructuring of a loan does not have a material effect on the allowance or provision for credit losses as the internal risk grade of a loan has more influence on the allowance than the classification of a loan as a TDR. The internal risk rating is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for commercial loans, including commercial real estate except for loans that are individually evaluated for impairment, in which case a specific reserve is established pursuant to GAAP. Portfolio segment loss history is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans. Non-accrual loans that are restructured remain on non-accrual, but may move to accrual status after they have performed according to the restructured terms for a period of time. TDRs on accrual status generally remain on accrual as long as they continue to perform in accordance with their modified terms. TDRs may also be placed on non-accrual if they do not perform in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from TDR status after they have performed according to the renegotiated terms for a period of time if the interest rate under the modified terms is at or above market, or if the loan returns to its original terms. Acquired Loans—Loans acquired in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their acquisition-date fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. Any allowance for loan loss on these pools reflect only losses incurred after the acquisition (meaning the present value of all cash flows expected at acquisition that ultimately are not to be received). Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. Management considers a number of factors in evaluating the acquisition-date fair value including the remaining life of the acquired loans, delinquency status, estimated prepayments, payment options and other loan features, internal risk grade, estimated value of the underlying collateral and interest rate environment. Acquired loans that meet the criteria for non-accrual of interest prior to acquisition are considered to be performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent, if WesBanco can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of expected cash flows on such loans. Accordingly, WesBanco does not consider acquired contractually delinquent loans to be non-accrual or non-performing and continues to recognize interest income on these loans using the accretion method. Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (ASC 310-30) if, at acquisition, the loans have evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination and it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected. At acquisition, WesBanco considers several factors as indicators that an acquired loan has evidence of deterioration in credit quality. These factors include loans 90 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of substandard or below, loans classified 97 as non-accrual by the acquired institution, and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Under the ASC 310-30 model, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition over recorded fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is the interest component of expected cash flow. The accretable yield is recognized into income over the remaining life of the loan if the timing and/or amount of cash flows expected to be collected can be reasonably estimated (the accretion method). If the timing or amount of cash flows expected to be collected cannot be reasonably estimated, the cost recovery method of income recognition is used. The difference between the loan’s total scheduled principal and interest payments over all cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition, considering the impact of prepayments, is referred to as the non-accretable difference. The non-accretable difference represents contractually required principal and interest payments, which WesBanco does not expect to collect. Over the life of the loan, management continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected for ASC 310-30 loans. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairments through a charge to the provision for loan losses resulting in an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent improvements in cash flows result first, in the reversal of existing valuation allowances recognized subsequent to acquisition, if any, and second, an increase in the amount of accretable yield to be subsequently recognized in interest income on a prospective basis over the loan’s remaining life. Acquired loans that were not individually determined to be purchased with deteriorated credit quality at acquisition are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (ASC 310-20), whereby the premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment, on a loan-by-loan or pooled basis, is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan or pool. Allowance for Credit Losses—The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in future advances against loan commitments. Determining the amount of the allowance requires significant judgment about the collectability of loans and the factors that deserve consideration in estimating probable credit losses. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The evaluation includes an assessment of quantitative factors such as actual loss experience within each category of loans and testing of certain commercial loans for impairment. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates and the velocity of changes in historical loss rates pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the actual historical loss rates to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual or as a troubled debt restructuring are tested individually for impairment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. General reserves are established for loans that are not individually tested for impairment based on historical loss rates adjusted for the impact of the qualitative factors discussed above. Historical loss rates for commercial 98 real estate and commercial and industrial loans are determined for each internal risk grade or group of pass grades using a migration analysis. Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are not risk graded, so historical loss rates are utilized to determine the total of each category of loans. Historical loss rates for deposit account overdrafts are based on actual losses in relation to average overdrafts for the period. Management may also qualitatively adjust its assumptions to account for differences between estimated and actual incurred losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced; however, there have been no material substantive changes compared to prior periods. Premises and Equipment—Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated economic useful lives of the leased assets or the remaining terms of the underlying leases. Useful lives range from 3 to 10 years for furniture and equipment, 15 to 39 years for buildings and building improvements, and 15 years for land improvements. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while major improvements that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life of the asset. Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets—Other real estate owned and repossessed assets, which are considered available-for-sale and are reported in other assets, are carried at the lower of cost or their estimated current fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Other real estate owned consists primarily of properties acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure. Repossessed collateral primarily consists of automobiles and other types of collateral acquired to satisfy defaulted consumer loans. Subsequent declines in fair value, if any, income and expense associated with the management of the collateral, and gains or losses on the disposition of these assets are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income in non-interest income. Refer to Note 14, “Revenue Recognition” for further detail. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—WesBanco accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest of an acquired business are recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition with any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value recorded as goodwill. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment annually, or more often if events or circumstances indicate it may be impaired. Finite-lived intangible assets, which consist primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles (long-term customer-relationship intangible assets) are amortized using straight-line and accelerated methods over their weighted-average estimated useful lives, ranging from ten to sixteen years in total, and are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective agreements, ranging from one to four years. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by either assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test, or WesBanco may elect to perform the goodwill impairment test. Under the qualitative assessment, WesBanco assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units are less than their carrying amounts, including goodwill. If it is more likely than not, the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of a goodwill impairment loss to be recognized, if any. The estimated fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit 99 exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. WesBanco does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets. Bank-Owned Life Insurance—WesBanco has purchased life insurance policies on certain executive and other officers. WesBanco receives the cash surrender value of each policy upon its termination or benefits are payable upon the death of the insured. These policies are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their net income in the cash surrender value. Changes in net cash surrender value are recognized in non-interest Consolidated Statements of Income. Adjustments to cash surrender value and death benefits received are currently tax-exempt. Interest Rate Lock Commitments—In order to attract potential home borrowers, WesBanco offers interest rate lock commitments (“IRLC”) to such potential borrowers. IRLC are generally for sixty days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some IRLC expire prior to the funding of the related loan. For IRLC issued in connection with potential loans intended for sale, which consist primarily of originated longer-term fixed rate residential home mortgage loans that qualify for secondary market sale, the Bank enters into positions of forward month mortgage-backed securities to be announced (“TBA”) contracts on a mandatory basis or on a one-to-one forward sales contract on a best efforts basis. A mortgage loan sold on a mandatory basis is sold to the secondary market when the mortgage loan is funded. WesBanco enters into TBA contracts in order to control interest rate risk during the period between the IRLC and the sale of the mortgage loan. The IRLC is executed between the mortgagee and WesBanco, and the forward TBA contract is executed between WesBanco and a counterparty. Both the IRLC and the forward TBA contract is considered a derivative. Both types of derivatives are recorded at fair value and are not designated in a qualified hedged accounting program. The changes in fair value are recorded in current earnings within mortgage banking income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of IRLC is the gain or loss that would be realized on the underlying loans assuming exercise of the commitments under current market rates versus the rate incorporated in the commitments, taking into consideration loans cancelled prior to completion. The fair value of forward TBA contracts is based on quoted market prices. Since loans typically close before receipt of funding from an investor, they are accounted for at fair value as “Loans Held for Sale” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A mortgage loan sold on a best efforts basis is locked into a forward sales contract on the same day as the IRLC to control interest rate risk during the period between the IRLC and the sale of the mortgage loan. The IRLC is executed between the mortgagee and WesBanco, and the forward sales contract is executed between WesBanco and a counterparty. Both the IRLC and the forward sales contract are considered a derivative. Both types of derivatives are recorded at fair value and are not designated in a qualified hedged accounting program. The changes in fair value are recorded in current earnings within mortgage banking income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of IRLC is the gain or loss that would be realized on the underlying loans assuming exercise of the commitments under current market rates versus the rate incorporated in the commitments, taking into consideration loans cancelled prior to closing. The fair value of forward sales contracts is based on quoted market prices. Since loans typically close before receipt of funding from an investor, they are accounted for at fair value as “Loans Held for Sale” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities—WesBanco records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the 100 derivative, whether WesBanco has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. WesBanco enters into back-to-back interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers and then with counter parties for the offsetting interest rate swap. Currently, none of WesBanco’s derivatives are designated in qualifying hedging relationships, as the derivatives are not used to manage risks within WesBanco’s assets or liabilities. As such, all changes in fair value of WesBanco’s derivatives are recognized directly in earnings. Income Taxes—The provision for income taxes included in the Consolidated Statements of Income includes both federal and state income taxes and is based on income in the financial statements, rather than amounts reported on WesBanco’s income tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases at which rates they are expected to turnaround. A test of the anticipated realizability of deferred tax assets is performed at least annually. Fair Value—Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. The ASC also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-based valuation techniques where all significant assumptions are observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market; Level 3—Valuation is generated from model-based techniques where one or more significant assumptions are not observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques may include use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Earnings Per Common Share—Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. For diluted EPS, the weighted-average number of shares for the period is increased by the number of shares, which would be issued assuming the exercise of in-the-money common stock options and any outstanding warrants. Time-based restricted stock shares are recorded as issued and outstanding upon their grant, rather than upon vesting, and therefore are included in the weighted-average shares outstanding due to voting rights granted at the time restricted stock is granted. Performance and market-based restricted stock shares are recorded as issued and outstanding upon their achieving the required performance or market factors. These restricted shares are included in the number of shares outstanding for diluted EPS if their performance or market factors are expected to be achieved as of the reporting date. Trust Assets—Assets held by the Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers are not included as assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain money market trust assets are held on deposit at the Bank and are accounted for as such. Stock-Based Compensation—Stock-based compensation awards granted, comprised of stock options, restricted stock, and total shareholder return (“TSR”) awards are valued at fair value and compensation cost is 101 recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service or performance period of each award. For service- based awards with graded vesting schedules, compensation expense is divided among the vesting periods with each separately vested portion of the award recognized in compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards and TSR awards, compensation expense is recognized evenly over the performance period, based on the probability of the achievements of the performance or market conditions set forth in the plan. Upon adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718)”, WesBanco recognizes forfeitures as they occur rather than estimate them over the life of the award. Defined Benefit Pension Plan—WesBanco recognizes in the statement of financial position an asset for the plan’s overfunded status or a liability for the plan’s underfunded status. WesBanco recognizes fluctuations in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive income. Plan assets are determined based on fair value generally representing observable market prices. The projected benefit obligation is determined based on the present value of projected benefit distributions at an assumed discount rate. The discount rate utilized is based on a fitted yield curve approach whereby the yield curve compares the expected stream of future benefit payments for the plan to high quality corporate bonds available in the marketplace to determine an equivalent discount rate. Periodic pension expense includes service costs, interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, an expected return on plan assets based on an actuarially-derived market-related value, an assumed rate of annual compensation increase, and amortization or accretion of actuarial gains and losses as well as other actuarial assumptions. WesBanco utilizes a full yield curve approach in the estimation of service and interest components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. The plan has been closed to new entrants since August 2007; however, benefits are still earned for those plan participants with continuing employment after August 2007. Refer to Note 13, “Employee Benefit Plans” for further detail. Post-retirement Medical Benefit Plan—WesBanco acquired a non-qualified supplemental retirement plan for certain key employees from FFKT. The Plan provides lifetime medical and dental benefits upon retirement for certain employees meeting the eligibility requirement, which were amended by WesBanco upon acquisition. WesBanco recognizes a liability for the projected benefit obligation in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in other liabilities. WesBanco recognizes fluctuations in the projected benefit obligation through other comprehensive income. The projected benefit obligation is based on the present value of projected medical and dental obligations at an assumed discount rate. Periodic benefit expense includes service cost, interest cost based on an assumed discount rate, and amortization or accretion of actuarial gains and losses, as well as other actuarial assumptions. Refer to Note 13, “Employee Benefit Plans” for further detail. Recent accounting pronouncements—In October 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-16, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes.” This ASU modifies ASC 815 for eligible benchmark interest rates. Due to concerns about the sustainability of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), the Federal Reserve initiated an effort to introduce an alternative reference rate in the United States. The Overnight Index Swap (OIS) rate, which is based on SOFR is permitted as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted if in conjunction with ASU 2017-12, including adoption in an interim period. WesBanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-16 on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Arrangement is a Service Contract.” This ASU specifically aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software and hosting arrangements that 102 that include an internal-use software license. The ASU does not affect the accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. WesBanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-15 on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” This ASU modifies ASC 715-20 to improve disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. WesBanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-14 on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This ASU modifies the disclosure objective paragraphs of ASC 820 to eliminate (1) “at a minimum” from the phrase “an entity shall disclose at a minimum” and (2) other similar “open ended” disclosure requirements to promote the appropriate exercise of discretion of entities. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. WesBanco is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-13 on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” The new guidance will make more financial and nonfinancial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. It also amends the presentation and disclosure requirements and changes how companies assess effectiveness. It is intended to more closely align hedge accounting with companies’ risk management strategies, simplify the application of hedge accounting, and increase transparency as to the scope and results of hedging programs. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. Due to the adoption of this standard, WesBanco will reclassify $67.3 million of callable held-to-maturity municipal debt securities as of January 1, 2019 to available-for-sale debt securities. in the income statement In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07 that changes how an employer presents the net periodic benefit cost for an employer-sponsored defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. Employers will present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. Employers will present the other components of the net periodic benefit cost separately from the line items that includes the service cost outside of any subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. These components will not be eligible for capitalization in assets. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. For WesBanco, this update was effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. Upon adoption, WesBanco reclassified the service cost component from employee benefits to salaries and wages, which are both components of non-interest expense. The service cost component for the year ended December 31, 2018 was a $2.9 million expense and the non-service component was a $1.5 million benefit. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. ASU 2017-01 was effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017, which for WesBanco was effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. 103 In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16 that provides for the recognition of income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Current guidance prohibits the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. This prohibition on recognition is an exception to the principle of comprehensive recognition of current and deferred income taxes in generally accepted accounting principles. The exception has led to diversity in practice and is a source of complexity in financial reporting. FASB decided that an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Consequently, the amendments in this update eliminate the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. The amendments in this update do not include new disclosure requirements; however, existing disclosure requirements might be applicable when accounting for the current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, which for WesBanco was effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The amendments in this update were to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 that provides guidance for the classification of cash flows related to (1) debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate on the borrowing, (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, (6) distributions received from equity method investees, (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for WesBanco was effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. result in the earlier recognition of allowances for credit In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 that will require entities to use a new forward-looking loans and other “expected loss” model on trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, instruments that generally will losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to what they do today, except that the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. Entities will have to disclose significantly more information, including information they use to track credit quality by year of origination for most financing receivables. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. WesBanco formed a cross- functional team to oversee the implementation of this ASU, and has completed an initial data gap assessment, finalized the loan segmentation procedures, and is currently evaluating the various forecasting and modeling assumptions, including qualitative factors, that will be used to estimate the initial current expected credit loss allowance. Substantial progress has been made on the identification and staging of data, development of models, refinement of economic forecasting processes, and documentation of accounting policy decisions. In conjunction with this implementation, WesBanco is reviewing business processes and evaluating potential changes to the control environment. WesBanco plans to perform several parallel runs of the new methodology in 2019 prior to adoption of the ASU. WesBanco currently anticipates that an increase to the allowance for credit losses will be recognized upon adoption to provide for the expected credit losses over the estimated life of the financial assets. The magnitude of the increase will depend on economic conditions and trends in the loan portfolio at the time of adoption. 104 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 that will require entities to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. The principal difference from previous guidance is that the lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases were not previously recognized in the balance sheet. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01, which allows entities the option to apply the provisions of the new lease guidance at the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods presented. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, which provides narrow-scope improvements to the lease standard and ASU 2018-11, which allows entities to choose an additional transition method, under which an entity initially applies the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognizes a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. Under this transitional method, the entity shall recognize and measure the leases that exist at the adoption date and the prior comparative periods are not adjusted. WesBanco has chosen to use this transitional method. Upon adoption of this ASU as of January 1, 2019, WesBanco will capitalize $20 million for right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, net of existing straight- line lease liabilities and unfavorable acquired lease liabilities. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 that will require entities to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicability exception. The standard does not change the guidance for classifying and measuring investments in debt securities and loans. Entities will have to record changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured under the fair value option in other comprehensive income. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, which clarifies certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01. WesBanco adopted these pronouncements as of January 1, 2018 and recognized a $1.1 million adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption of this pronouncement. In addition, WesBanco reclassified investment securities on the Consolidated Financial Statements into the following – equity securities, available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 related to the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The new revenue pronouncement creates a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries and is more principles-based than current revenue guidance. The pronouncement provides a five-step model for a company to recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The five steps are, (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the separate performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. On July 9, 2015, the FASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date of the update. The update was effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, which amends the principle versus agent guidance in the revenue standard. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, which clarifies when promised goods or services are separately identifiable in the revenue standard. In May 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-12, which provides narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients to the revenue standard. WesBanco adopted these pronouncements as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. WesBanco noted no material change to the timing of revenue recognition and there was no material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 14, “Revenue Recognition” for further discussion on revenue within the scope of ASC 606. 105 NOTE 2. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. (“FTSB”) On April 5, 2018, WesBanco completed its acquisition of FTSB, a bank holding company headquartered in Huntington, WV. On the acquisition date, FTSB had approximately $704.8 million in assets, excluding goodwill, which included approximately $447.3 million in loans and $142.9 million in securities. The FTSB acquisition was valued at $108.3 million, based on WesBanco’s closing stock price on April 5, 2018, of $42.96, and resulted in WesBanco issuing 2,498,761 shares of its common stock and $1.0 million in cash in exchange for all of the outstanding shares of FTSB common stock including stock options. The assets and liabilities of FTSB were recorded on WesBanco’s Balance Sheet at their fair values as of April 5, 2018, the acquisition date, and FTSB’s results of operations have been included in WesBanco’s Consolidated Statements of Income since that date. Based on the final purchase price allocation, WesBanco recorded $67.7 million in goodwill and $8.1 million in core deposit intangibles in its Community Banking segment. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes, as the acquisition is accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes. As a result of the full integration of the operations of FTSB, it is not practicable to determine revenue or net income included in WesBanco’s operating results relating to FTSB since the date of acquisition, as FTSB’s results cannot be separately identified. For the year ended December 31, 2018, WesBanco recorded merger-related expenses of $5.5 million associated with the FTSB acquisition. The final purchase price of the FTSB acquisition and resulting goodwill is summarized as follows: (in thousands) Purchase Price: Fair value of WesBanco shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash consideration for outstanding FTSB shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 5, 2018 $ 107,347 975 Total purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 108,322 Fair value of: Tangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core deposit and other intangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash received in the acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 609,593 8,078 (664,172) 87,124 Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,623 Goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 67,699 106 The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. (in thousands) Assets acquired April 5, 2018 Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 87,124 142,903 447,279 75,777 19,411 Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $772,494 Liabilities assumed Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $590,065 70,710 3,397 Total liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $664,172 Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $108,322 The following table presents the changes in the allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition previously reported as of September 30, 2018: (in thousands) Goodwill recognized as of September 30, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of net assets acquired: April 5, 2018 $66,849 Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (796) (54) Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (850) Increase in goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Goodwill recognized as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $67,699 Farmers Capital Bank Corporation (“FFKT”) On August 20, 2018, WesBanco completed its acquisition of FFKT, a bank holding company headquartered in Frankfort, KY. On the acquisition date, FFKT had approximately $1.6 billion in assets, excluding goodwill, which included approximately $1.0 billion in loans and $239.3 million in securities. The FFKT acquisition was valued at $428.9 million, based on WesBanco’s closing stock price on August 20, 2018, of $49.40, and resulted in WesBanco issuing 7,920,387 shares of its common stock and $37.6 million in cash in exchange for all of the outstanding shares of FFKT common stock. The assets and liabilities of FFKT were recorded on WesBanco’s Balance Sheet at their preliminary estimated fair values as of August 20, 2018, the acquisition date, and FFKT’s results of operations have been included in WesBanco’s Consolidated Statements of Income since that date. The fair values for certain assets and liabilities acquired from FFKT on August 20, 2018 represent preliminary estimates. Based on a preliminary purchase price allocation, WesBanco recorded $220.2 million in goodwill and $37.4 million in core deposit intangibles in its community banking segment and $2.6 million in trust customer relationship intangibles in its trust and investment services segment. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes, as the acquisition is accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes. As a result of the full integration of the operations of FFKT, it is not practicable to determine revenue or net income included in WesBanco’s operating results relating to FFKT since the date of acquisition, as FFKT’s results cannot be separately identified. 107 For the year ended December 31, 2018, WesBanco recorded merger-related expenses of $12.4 million associated with the FFKT acquisition. The preliminary purchase price of the FFKT acquisition and resulting goodwill is summarized as follows: (in thousands) Purchase Price: Fair value of WesBanco shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash consideration for outstanding FFKT shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of: August 20, 2018 $ $ 391,267 37,634 428,901 Tangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core deposit and other intangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash received in the acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,368,314 39,992 (1,429,784) 230,139 Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,661 Goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 220,240 The following table presents the preliminary allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition, as WesBanco intends to finalize its accounting for the acquisition of FFKT within one year from the date of acquisition: (in thousands) Assets acquired August 20, 2018 Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 230,139 239,321 1,025,776 260,232 103,217 Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,858,685 Liabilities assumed Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,330,328 71,780 27,676 Total liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,429,784 Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 428,901 108 The following table presents the changes in the allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition previously reported as of September 30, 2018: (in thousands) Goodwill recognized as of September 30, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of net assets acquired: Assets August 20, 2018 $225,092 Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,344) (2,601) 9,707 Liabilities Accrued expenses and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,852 Decrease in goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4,852) Goodwill recognized as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $220,240 The fair value estimates for loans, premises and equipment, deferred taxes and other assets/liabilities have continued to fluctuate as the final valuations and/or appraisals are completed. The Company expects to finalize the purchase price accounts of FFKT within one year of the date of acquisition. NOTE 3. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE Earnings per common share are calculated as follows: (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) Numerator for both basic and diluted earnings per common share: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denominator: Total average basic common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of dilutive stock options and other stock compensation . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 143,112 $ 94,482 $ 86,635 48,889,041 133,949 44,003,208 72,085 40,100,320 26,756 Total diluted average common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,022,990 44,075,293 40,127,076 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2.93 2.92 $ 2.15 2.14 2.16 2.16 As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, 117,600, 0 and 95,700 options to purchase shares were excluded in the diluted shares computation because the exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares and, therefore, the effect would be antidilutive. As of December 31, 2018, contingently issuable shares totaling 42,864, were estimated to be awarded under the 2018 and 2017 total shareholder return plans as stock performance targets have been met to date and are included in the diluted calculation. The shares related to the 2016 total shareholder return plan were not included in the calculation because the effect would be antidilutive. Performance-based restricted stock compensation totaling 17,081 shares were estimated to be awarded as of December 31, 2018 and are included in the diluted calculation. As of December 31, 2017, the shares related to the 2017 and 2016 total shareholder return plan were not included in the calculation because the effect would be antidilutive. Performance-based restricted stock compensation totaling 8,325 shares were estimated to be awarded as of December 31, 2017, and are included in the diluted calculation. As of December 31, 2016, the shares related to the 2016 total shareholder return plan were not included in the calculation because the effect would be antidilutive. 109 On August 20, 2018, WesBanco issued 7,920,387 shares of common stock, 6,690 of which were from treasury stock, to complete its acquisition of FFKT and granted 18,685 shares of restricted stock to certain FFKT employees. These shares are included in average shares outstanding beginning on that date. For additional information relating to the FFKT acquisition, refer to Note 2, “Mergers and Acquisitions.” On April 5, 2018, WesBanco issued 2,498,761 shares of common stock to complete its acquisition of FTSB and granted 9,465 shares of restricted stock to certain FTSB employees. These shares are included in average shares outstanding beginning on that date. For additional information relating to the FTSB acquisition, refer to Note 2, “Mergers and Acquisitions.” On September 9, 2016, WesBanco issued 5,423,348 shares of common stock, 109,257 of which were from treasury stock, to complete its acquisition of YCB. These shares are included in average shares outstanding beginning on that date. NOTE 4. SECURITIES The following table presents the fair value and amortized cost of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Available-for-sale debt securities U.S. Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ U.S. Government sponsored 19,882 $ 3 $ (7) $ 19,878 $ — $ — $ — $ — entities and agencies . . . . . . 142,852 556 (1,756) 141,652 72,425 24 (606) 71,843 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . 1,585,864 2,912 (27,521) 1,561,255 954,115 214 (19,407) 934,922 Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . Obligations of states and 171,671 264 (2,963) 168,972 116,448 4 (1,585) 114,867 political subdivisions . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . 184,057 37,730 2,039 87 (982) (559) 185,114 37,258 102,363 35,234 2,927 228 (460) (59) 104,830 35,403 Total available-for-sale debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,142,056 $ 5,861 $(33,788) $2,114,129 $1,280,585 $ 3,397 $(22,117) $1,261,865 Held-to-maturity debt securities U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . $ 10,823 $ 6 $ (329) $ 10,500 $ 11,465 $ — $ (325) $ 11,140 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . Obligations of states and 148,300 204 (4,170) 144,334 170,025 544 (2,609) 167,960 political subdivisions . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . 828,520 33,291 8,771 12 (4,012) (673) 833,279 32,630 794,655 33,355 17,364 919 (1,609) — 810,410 34,274 Total held-to-maturity debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,020,934 $ 8,993 $ (9,184) $1,020,743 $1,009,500 $18,827 $ (4,543) $1,023,784 Total debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,162,990 $14,854 $(42,972) $3,134,872 $2,290,085 $22,224 $(26,660) $2,285,649 110 At December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than U.S. government sponsored entities and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of WesBanco’s shareholders’ equity. Equity securities, of which $7.7 million consist of investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with the Company’s deferred compensation plan, are recorded at fair value and totaled $11.7 million and $13.5 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The following table presents the fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2018. In some instances, the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalty prior to the contractual maturity date. (in thousands) Available-for-sale debt securities One Year or less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years After Ten Years Mortgage-backed securities Total December 31, 2018 U.S. Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,878 $ — $ — $ — $ U.S. Government sponsored — $ 19,878 entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . Total available-for-sale debt 493 5,878 18,159 15,756 101,366 141,652 — — — — 1,561,255 1,561,255 — — — — 168,972 168,972 9,784 2,680 48,457 32,674 82,395 1,904 44,478 — — — 185,114 37,258 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,835 $ 87,009 $102,458 $ 60,234 $1,831,593 $2,114,129 Held-to-maturity debt securities (2) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 10,500 $ 10,500 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . Total held-to-maturity debt — — — — 144,334 144,334 6,913 — 145,238 7,455 397,974 25,175 283,154 — — — 833,279 32,630 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,913 $152,693 $423,149 $283,154 Total debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $39,748 $239,702 $525,607 $343,388 $ 154,834 $1,020,743 $1,986,427 $3,134,872 (1) Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. (2) The held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio is carried at an amortized cost of $1.0 billion. Securities with aggregate fair values of $2.0 billion and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were pledged as security for public and trust funds, and securities sold under agreements to 111 repurchase. Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities were $82.1 million, $7.8 million and $277.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income net of tax, as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $21.5 million, $13.3 million and $9.9 million, respectively. The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, as well as gains and losses on equity securities from both sales and market adjustments resulting from the adoption of ASU 2016-01 effective January 1, 2018 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (in thousands) Debt securities: For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 128 (46) $ 675 (108) $2,638 (281) Net gains on debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82 $ 567 $2,357 Equity securities: Unrealized losses recognized on securities still held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized gains recognized on securities sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(986) $ — $ — — 4 — Net losses on equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(982) $ — $ — Net securities (losses) gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(900) $ 567 $2,357 The following tables provide information on unrealized losses on debt securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and twelve months or more as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: Less than 12 months December 31, 2018 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities 9,972 $ (7) 18,926 (148) 1 8 $ — $ — — $ 9,972 $ (7) 76,385 (1,937) 14 95,311 (2,085) 1 22 (dollars in thousands) U.S. Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . $ U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . Residential mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . 285,534 (1,862) 44 922,698 (29,829) 291 1,208,232 (31,691) 335 Commercial mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . Obligations of states and 9,186 (18) 6 111,068 (2,945) 14 120,254 (2,963) 20 political subdivisions . . . 104,469 38,791 Corporate debt securities . . (439) (898) 207 18 303,681 11,452 (4,555) (334) 513 5 408,150 50,243 (4,994) (1,232) 720 23 Total temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . $466,878 $(3,372) 284 $1,425,284 $(39,600) 837 $1,892,162 $(42,972) 1,121 112 Less than 12 months December 31, 2017 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities (dollars in thousands) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . $ 24,776 $ (160) 4 $ 42,248 $ (771) 8 $ 67,024 $ (931) 12 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . 423,794 (5,039) 87 637,461 (16,977) 193 1,061,255 (22,016) 280 Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . Obligations of states and 79,061 (1,089) 10 27,852 (496) 6 106,913 (1,585) 16 political subdivisions . . . . . 132,831 4,015 Corporate debt securities . . . . (852) (19) 210 1 77,554 1,948 (1,217) (40) 160 1 210,385 5,963 (2,069) (59) 370 2 Total temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $664,477 $(7,159) 312 $787,063 $(19,501) 368 $1,451,540 $(26,660) 680 Unrealized losses on debt securities in the tables represent temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields. Unrealized losses in the available-for-sale portfolio are accounted for as an adjustment, net of taxes, to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. WesBanco does not believe the securities presented above are impaired due to reasons of credit quality, as substantially all debt securities are rated above investment grade and all are paying principal and interest according to their contractual terms. WesBanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, loss position securities prior to recovery of their cost, and therefore, management believes the unrealized losses detailed above are temporary and no impairment loss relating to these securities has been recognized. Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which WesBanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of FHLB of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Indianapolis stock totaling $50.8 million and $45.9 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable. 113 NOTE 5. LOANS AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The recorded investment in loans is presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of deferred loan fees and costs, and discounts on purchased loans. Net deferred loan costs were $3.2 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The unamortized discount on purchased loans from acquisitions was $49.3 million at December 31, 2018, including $9.7 million related to FTSB and $23.4 million related to FFKT, and $21.9 million at December 31, 2017. (in thousands) Commercial real estate: December 31, December 31, 2018 2017 Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 528,072 3,325,623 $ 392,597 2,601,851 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,853,695 2,994,448 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,265,460 1,611,607 599,331 326,188 1,125,327 1,353,301 529,196 339,169 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,656,281 6,341,441 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,994 20,320 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,665,275 $6,361,761 The following tables summarize changes in the allowance for credit losses applicable to each category of the loan portfolio: For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $3,117 $21,166 $ 9,414 $ 3,206 $ 4,497 $ 3,063 $ 821 $ 45,284 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . 119 26 173 7 212 37 — 574 Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,236 21,192 9,587 3,213 4,709 3,100 821 45,858 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net recoveries 650 50 700 (137) 409 (521) 3,430 1,612 138 1,142 1,146 7,597 7 (514) (1,090) 1,293 89 3,519 (1,830) 1,100 5 1,617 14 152 2 — 1,144 1,146 167 7,764 (1,435) 439 (1,193) 914 (3,508) 2,100 (1,374) 379 (10,567) 6,634 (charge-offs) . . . . . . . . . . . 272 203 (730) (996) (279) (1,408) (995) (3,933) Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . Allowance for loan 4,039 20,848 12,114 3,822 4,356 2,797 972 48,948 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . 169 33 262 12 226 39 — 741 Total ending allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,208 $20,881 $12,376 $ 3,834 $ 4,582 $ 2,836 $ 972 $ 49,689 114 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $ 4,348 $18,628 $ 8,412 $ 4,106 $ 3,422 $ 3,998 $ 760 $ 43,674 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . 151 17 188 9 162 44 — 571 Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,499 18,645 8,600 4,115 3,584 4,042 760 44,245 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . (32) Total provision for credit losses . . (1,291) Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (72) 100 Net recoveries (1,259) 4,386 2,733 (175) 2,066 1,231 1,001 9,983 9 4,395 (2,381) 533 (15) 2,718 (2,669) 938 (2) 50 (7) — 3 (177) 2,116 1,224 1,001 9,986 (1,064) 339 (1,221) 230 (3,989) 1,823 (1,293) 353 (12,689) 4,316 (charge-offs) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 (1,848) (1,731) (725) (991) (2,166) (940) (8,373) Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . Allowance for loan 3,117 21,166 9,414 3,206 4,497 3,063 821 45,284 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . 119 26 173 7 212 37 — 574 Total ending allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,236 $21,192 $ 9,587 $ 3,213 $ 4,709 $ 3,100 $ 821 $ 45,858 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $4,390 $14,748 $10,002 $4,582 $2,883 $ 4,763 $ 342 $ 41,710 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . 157 26 260 7 117 46 — 613 Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,547 14,774 10,262 4,589 3,000 4,809 342 42,323 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . . Allowance for loan 26 (6) 20 (73) 5 (68) 4,223 1,160 (9) 4,214 (1,886) 1,543 (343) (72) 1,088 (3,070) 320 (2,750) 16 2 18 662 1,356 1,077 8,520 45 707 (2) — 1,354 1,077 (937) 445 (492) (397) 274 (3,606) 1,485 (123) (2,121) (884) 225 (659) (42) 8,478 (10,853) 4,297 (6,556) 4,348 18,628 8,412 4,106 3,422 3,998 760 43,674 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . 151 17 188 9 162 44 — 571 Total ending allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,499 $18,645 $ 8,600 $4,115 $3,584 $ 4,042 $ 760 $ 44,245 115 The following tables present the allowance for credit losses and recorded investments in loans by category: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 Allowance for credit losses: Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investment in Loans Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial and Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $— $ — 4,039 169 20,848 33 12,114 262 3,822 12 4,356 226 2,797 39 972 — 48,948 741 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . $ 4,208 $ 20,881 $ 12,376 $ 3,834 $ 4,582 $ 2,836 $972 $ 49,689 Portfolio loans: Individually evaluated for impairment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $— $ — Collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527,737 3,319,672 1,264,560 1,609,177 599,331 326,063 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 5,951 900 2,430 — 125 — — 7,646,540 9,741 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $528,072 $3,325,623 $1,265,460 $1,611,607 $599,331 $326,188 $— $7,656,281 December 31, 2017 Allowance for credit losses: Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 388 $ — $ — $ — $ — $— $ 388 3,117 119 20,778 26 9,414 173 3,206 7 4,497 212 3,063 37 821 — 44,896 574 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . $ 3,236 $ 21,192 $ 9,587 $ 3,213 $ 4,709 $ 3,100 $821 $ 45,858 Portfolio loans: Individually evaluated for impairment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 3,344 $ — $ — $ — $ — $— $ 3,344 Collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391,140 2,593,393 1,124,544 1,352,587 529,196 339,163 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,457 5,114 783 714 — 6 — — 6,330,023 8,074 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $392,597 $2,601,851 $1,125,327 $1,353,301 $529,196 $339,169 $— $6,341,441 (1) Commercial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual or as a TDR are individually evaluated for impairment. WesBanco maintains an internal loan grading system to reflect the credit quality of commercial loans. Commercial loan risk grades are determined based on an evaluation of the relevant characteristics of each loan, assigned at the inception of each loan and adjusted thereafter at any time to reflect changes in the risk profile throughout the life of each loan. The primary factors used to determine the risk grade are the reliability and sustainability of the primary source of repayment and overall financial strength of the borrower. This includes an analysis of cash flow available to repay debt, profitability, liquidity, leverage, and overall financial trends. Other factors include management, industry or property type risks, an assessment of secondary sources of repayment such as collateral or guarantees, other terms and conditions of the loan that may increase or reduce its risk, and economic conditions and other external factors that may influence repayment capacity and financial condition. Commercial real estate—land and construction consists of loans to finance investments in vacant land, land development, construction of residential housing, and construction of commercial buildings. Commercial real estate—improved property consists of loans for the purchase or refinance of all types of improved owner- 116 occupied and investment properties. Factors that are considered in assigning the risk grade vary depending on the type of property financed. The risk grade assigned to construction and development loans is based on the overall viability of the project, the experience and financial capacity of the developer or builder to successfully complete the project, project specific and market absorption rates and comparable property values, and the amount of pre-sales for residential housing construction or pre-leases for commercial investment property. The risk grade assigned to commercial investment property loans is based primarily on the adequacy of net rental income generated by the property to service the debt, the type, quality, industry and mix of tenants, and the terms of leases, but also considers the overall financial capacity of the investors and their experience in owning and managing investment property. The risk grade assigned to owner-occupied commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans is based primarily on historical and projected earnings, the adequacy of operating cash flow to service all of the business’ debt, and the capital resources, liquidity and leverage of the business, but also considers the industry in which the business operates, the business’ specific competitive advantages or disadvantages, the quality and experience of management, and external influences on the business such as economic conditions. The type, age, condition, location and any environmental risks associated with a property are also considered for all types of commercial real estate. Commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loans consist of revolving lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory and other general business purposes; term loans to finance fixed assets other than real estate, and letters of credit to support trade, insurance or governmental requirements for a variety of businesses. Most C&I borrowers are privately-held companies with annual sales up to $100 million. Factors that are considered for C&I loans include the type, quality and marketability of non-real estate collateral and whether the structure of the loan increases or reduces its risk. The overall financial condition and repayment capacity of any guarantors is also evaluated to determine the extent to which they mitigate other risks of the loan. The following paragraphs provide descriptions of risk grades that are applicable to commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Pass loans are those that exhibit a history of positive financial results that are at least comparable to the average for their industry or type of real estate. The primary source of repayment is acceptable and these loans are expected to perform satisfactorily during most economic cycles. Pass loans typically have no significant external factors that are expected to adversely affect these borrowers more than others in the same industry or property type. Any minor unfavorable characteristics of these loans are outweighed or mitigated by other positive factors including but not limited to adequate secondary or tertiary sources of repayment. Criticized or compromised loans are currently protected but have weaknesses, which, if not corrected, may be inadequately protected at some future date. These loans represent an unwarranted credit risk and would generally not be extended in the normal course of lending. Specific issues which may warrant this grade include declining financial results, increased reliance on secondary sources of repayment or guarantor support and adverse external influences that may negatively impact the business or property. Substandard and doubtful loans are equivalent to the classifications used by banking regulators. Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current repayment capacity and equity of the borrower or collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have one or more well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize their repayment or collection in full. These loans may or may not be reported as non-accrual. Doubtful loans have all the weaknesses inherent to a substandard loan with the added characteristic that full repayment is highly questionable or improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and collateral values, and are considered non-accrual. However, recognition of loss may be deferred if there are reasonably specific pending factors that will reduce the risk if they occur. 117 The following tables summarize commercial loans by their assigned risk grade: (in thousands) As of December 31, 2018 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criticized—compromised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Loans by Internally Assigned Risk Grade Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Total Commercial Loans $523,707 2,297 2,068 — $3,267,304 35,566 22,753 — $1,245,190 13,847 6,423 — $5,036,201 51,710 31,244 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $528,072 $3,325,623 $1,265,460 $5,119,155 As of December 31, 2017 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criticized—compromised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $386,753 2,984 2,860 — $2,548,805 25,673 27,373 — $1,110,267 7,435 7,625 — $4,045,825 36,092 37,858 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $392,597 $2,601,851 $1,125,327 $4,119,775 Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are not assigned internal risk grades other than as required by regulatory guidelines that are based primarily on the age of past due loans. WesBanco primarily evaluates the credit quality of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans based on repayment performance and historical loss rates. The aggregate amount of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans classified as substandard in accordance with regulatory guidelines were $22.9 million at December 31, 2018 and $22.8 million at December 31, 2017, of which $3.9 and $2.5 million were accruing, for each period, respectively. The aggregate amount of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans classified as substandard are not included in the tables above. Acquired FTSB Loans—In conjunction with the FTSB acquisition, WesBanco acquired loans with a book value of $465.9 million as of April 5, 2018. These loans were recorded at the fair value of $447.3 million, with $429.3 million categorized as ASC 310-20 loans. The fair market value adjustment on these loans of $9.7 million at acquisition date is expected to be recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loans. Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality with a book value of $5.1 million were recorded at the preliminary fair value of $2.3 million, of which $0.7 million were accounted for under the cost recovery method in accordance with ASC 310-30 as cash flows cannot be reasonably estimated, and categorized as non-accrual. The carrying amount of loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2018 was $1.8 million, while the outstanding customer balance was $4.7 million. At December 31, 2018, no allowance for loan losses has been recognized related to the FTSB-acquired impaired loans. Certain acquired underperforming loans with an acquired book value of $21.7 million were sold during the second and fourth quarters of 2018 for $15.7 million. The acquisition date fair value of the acquired loans was adjusted to the sale price resulting in no recognized gain or loss. Acquired FFKT Loans—In conjunction with the FFKT acquisition, WesBanco acquired loans with a book value of $1,064.8 million as of August 20, 2018. These loans were recorded at the preliminary fair value of $1,025.8 million, with $990.5 million categorized as ASC 310-20 loans. The fair market value adjustment on these loans of $26.4 million at the acquisition date is expected to be recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loans. 118 Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality with a book value of $2.7 million were recorded at the preliminary fair value of $2.4 million, of which all were accounted for under the cost recovery method in accordance with ASC 310-30 as cash flows cannot be reasonably estimated, and categorized as non-accrual. The carrying amount of loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2018 was $1.7 million, while the outstanding customer balance was $2.0 million. At December 31, 2018, no allowance for loan losses has been recognized related to the FFKT-acquired impaired loans. Certain acquired underperforming loans with an acquired book value of $45.2 million were sold during the fourth quarter of 2018 for $32.9 million. The acquisition date fair value of the acquired loans was adjusted to the sale price resulting in no recognized gain or loss. The following table provides changes in accretable yield for all loans acquired from prior acquisitions with deteriorated credit quality: (in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction due to change in projected cash flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclass from non-accretable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,724 885 (776) 7,052 — (2,682) $ 6,203 $ 1,717 — — 1,719 (216) (1,496) $ 1,724 119 The following tables summarize the age analysis of all categories of loans. Age Analysis of Loans Current 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Total Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing (1) (in thousands) As of December 31, 2018 Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 526,660 $ Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,314,765 62 2,266 $ 1,350 $ — $ 1,412 $ 528,072 3,325,623 10,858 6,342 2,250 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . 3,841,425 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,261,536 Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,593,519 591,623 Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322,584 Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,610,687 8,994 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 323 2,717 2,500 2,084 9,952 — 3,600 594 5,001 1,273 1,007 11,475 — 6,342 3,007 10,370 3,935 513 24,167 — 12,270 3,924 18,088 7,708 3,604 45,594 — 3,853,695 1,265,460 1,611,607 599,331 326,188 7,656,281 8,994 $ — 175 175 13 2,820 705 364 4,077 — Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,619,681 $ 9,952 $11,475 $24,167 $45,594 $7,665,275 $4,077 Impaired loans included above are as follows: Non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ TDRs accruing interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,910 $ 5,586 Total impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,496 $ 337 59 396 $ 1,370 $20,083 7 92 21,790 $ 158 30,700 5,744 $ 1,462 $20,090 $21,948 $ 36,444 As of December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 392,189 $ — $ Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,589,704 374 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . 2,981,893 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,121,957 Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,338,240 522,584 Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,723 Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 572 4,487 2,135 2,466 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,299,397 20,320 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,034 — 172 $ 236 $ 1,200 1,372 196 2,376 683 842 5,469 — 10,573 10,809 2,602 8,198 3,794 1,138 26,541 — 408 $ 392,597 2,601,851 12,147 $ — 243 12,555 3,370 15,061 6,612 4,446 42,044 — 2,994,448 1,125,327 1,353,301 529,196 339,169 6,341,441 20,320 243 20 1,113 742 608 2,726 — Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,319,717 $10,034 $ 5,469 $26,541 $42,044 $6,361,761 $2,726 Impaired loans included above are as follows: Non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ TDRs accruing interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,195 $ 1,782 348 6,055 $ 2,033 $23,815 — 168 27,630 $ 516 36,825 6,571 Total impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15,250 $ 2,130 $ 2,201 $23,815 $28,146 $ 43,396 (1) Loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest exclude TDRs 90 days or more past due and accruing interest. 120 The following tables summarize impaired loans: (in thousands) With no related specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Impaired Loans December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Unpaid Principal Balance (1) Recorded Investment Related Allowance Unpaid Principal Balance (1) Recorded Investment Related Allowance Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — 9,293 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,428 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,016 Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,036 Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer 14,038 4,610 20,270 5,924 846 $— — — — — — $ 412 18,229 3,745 20,821 5,833 1,084 $ 239 12,863 3,086 18,982 5,169 952 $— — — — — — Total impaired loans without a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,688 36,444 — 50,124 41,291 — With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial Total impaired loans with a specific — — — — — — allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Total impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $45,688 — $36,444 — — — — $— — 2,105 — — 2,105 — — 388 — 2,105 $52,229 2,105 $43,396 388 $388 (1) The difference between the unpaid principal balance and the recorded investment generally reflects amounts that have been previously charged-off and fair market value adjustments on acquired impaired loans. Impaired Loans For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (in thousands) With no related specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 10,658 3,076 19,026 5,005 808 $— 381 12 240 25 7 $ 460 10,790 3,577 17,991 4,599 787 $— 436 8 252 19 7 $ 993 9,128 3,188 17,021 3,502 909 $— 115 9 308 20 8 Total impaired loans without a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,781 665 38,204 722 34,741 460 With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Commercial and industrial — Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 Total impaired loans with a specific allowance . . Total impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $39,623 — — — — $665 — 4,446 254 4,700 $42,904 — — — — $722 — 3,012 3,214 6,226 $40,967 — — — — $460 121 The following tables present the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and TDRs: (in thousands) Commercial real estate: Non-accrual Loans (1) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — 8,413 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,413 3,260 13,831 4,610 586 $ 239 13,318 13,557 2,958 14,661 4,762 887 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30,700 $36,825 (1) At December 31, 2018, there was one borrower with a loan greater than $1.0 million totaling $3.4 million, as compared to three borrowers with loans greater than $1.0 million totaling $6.8 million at December 31, 2017. Total non-accrual loans include loans that are also restructured. Such loans are also set forth in the following table as non-accrual TDRs. (in thousands) Commercial real estate: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Accruing Non-Accrual Total Accruing Non-Accrual Total TDRs Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — 880 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 168 4,185 426 85 $ — 1,529 1,529 169 921 198 38 $ — $ — 2,409 1,650 2,409 337 5,106 624 123 1,650 128 4,321 407 65 $ 3 428 431 97 1,880 337 120 $ 3 2,078 2,081 225 6,201 744 185 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,744 $2,855 $8,599 $6,571 $2,865 $9,436 As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no TDRs greater than $1.0 million. The concessions granted in the majority of loans reported as accruing and non-accrual TDRs are extensions of the maturity date or the amortization period, reductions in the interest rate below the prevailing market rate for loans with comparable characteristics, and/or permitting interest-only payments for longer than three months. WesBanco had unfunded commitments to debtors whose loans were classified as impaired of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. 122 The following table presents details related to loans identified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017: New TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 New TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Modifications Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Modifications — 2 2 4 4 2 5 $ — 837 $ — 805 837 240 218 91 69 805 188 190 84 49 — 2 2 1 3 2 5 $— 345 345 64 144 68 43 $— 331 331 58 137 61 30 (dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . Improved property . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 $1,455 $1,316 13 $664 $617 (1) Excludes loans that were either paid off or charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding at the beginning of the period. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end. The following table summarizes TDRs which defaulted (defined as past due 90 days) during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 that were restructured within the last twelve months prior to December 31, 2018 and 2017: (dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate: Defaulted TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Defaulted TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Number of Defaults Recorded Investment Number of Defaults Recorded Investment Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 2 2 $— — — — 109 — — $109 — — — — — 2 1 3 $— — — — 128 7 — $135 (1) Excludes loans that were either charged-off or cured by period end. The recorded investment is as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. TDRs that default are placed on non-accrual status unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection. The loans in the table above were not accruing interest. 123 The following table summarizes the recognition of interest income on impaired loans: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Average impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of contractual interest income on impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $39,623 2,631 665 $42,904 3,089 722 $40,967 2,747 460 The following table summarizes other real estate owned and repossessed assets included in other assets: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 2017 Other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,173 92 $5,195 102 Total other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,265 $5,297 Residential real estate included in other real estate owned at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $1.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, formal foreclosure proceedings were in process on residential real estate loans totaling $6.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively. NOTE 6. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT Premises and equipment include: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 2017 Land and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 55,986 167,044 76,870 $ 41,209 141,960 75,816 Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,900 (132,975) 258,985 (128,263) Total premises and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 166,925 $ 130,722 Depreciation and amortization expense of premises and equipment charged to operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $10.5 million, $10.4 million and $9.2 million, respectively. WesBanco leases certain premises and equipment under non-cancellable operating leases. Certain leases contain renewal options and rent escalation clauses calling for rent increases over the term of the lease. All leases which contain a rent escalation clause are accounted for on a straight-line basis. Rent expense under leases was $4.5 million, $4.2 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands): Year 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 4,822 4,329 3,976 3,177 3,231 15,891 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,426 124 NOTE 7. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets include goodwill of $861.9 million and $573.9 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, all of which relates to the Community Banking segment. WesBanco’s other intangible assets of $57.0 million and $15.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily consist of core deposit and other customer list intangibles, which have finite lives and are amortized using straight line and accelerated methods. WesBanco recognized $67.7 million in goodwill and $8.1 million in core deposit intangibles in connection with the FTSB acquisition, and $220.2 million in goodwill and $40.0 million in core deposit and customer list intangibles in connection with the FFKT acquisition. Other intangible assets are being amortized over estimated useful lives ranging from ten to sixteen years. Amortization of core deposit and customer list intangible assets totaled $6.4 million, $4.1 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. WesBanco completed its annual goodwill impairment evaluation as of November 30, 2018 and determined that goodwill was not impaired as of such date as well as December 31, 2018 as there were no significant changes in market conditions, consolidated operating results, or forecasted future results from November 30, 2018. Additionally, there were no events or changes in circumstances indicating impairment of other intangible assets as of December 31, 2018. The following table shows WesBanco’s capitalized other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization: (in thousands) Other intangible assets: December 31, 2018 2017 Gross carrying amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 85,796 (28,830) $ 37,725 (22,407) Net carrying amount of other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 56,966 $ 15,318 The following table shows the amortization on WesBanco’s other intangible assets for each of the next five years (in thousands): Year 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $9,569 8,537 7,449 6,614 5,660 As part of the YCB and ESB acquisitions, WesBanco entered into non-compete agreements with former YCB and ESB executives with terms ranging from one to four years. The non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet with the amortization expense recognized in amortization of intangible assets on the income statement. Amortization expense of non-compete agreements totaled $0.6 million, $0.9 million and $0.7 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and is expected to be $0.2 million in the next year, at which point they will be fully amortized. NOTE 8. INVESTMENTS IN LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS WesBanco is a limited partner in several tax-advantaged limited partnerships whose purpose is to invest in approved low-income housing investment tax credit projects. These investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The limited partnerships are considered to be VIEs as they generally do not have equity investors with voting rights or have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources to support their activities. The VIEs have not been consolidated because WesBanco is not considered the primary beneficiary. All of WesBanco’s investments 125 in limited partnerships are privately held, and their market values are not readily available. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco had $21.3 million and $15.6 million, respectively, invested in these partnerships. WesBanco also recognizes the unconditional unfunded equity commitments of $13.0 million and $10.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in other liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2016, WesBanco included in operations under the equity method of accounting its share of the partnerships’ losses and impairment of $0.9 million. WesBanco made an accounting policy election to adopt ASU No. 2014-01 in the first quarter of 2017. With the adoption of this pronouncement, WesBanco now classifies the amortization of the investment as a component of income tax expense (benefit) and is proportionally amortized over the tax credit period. The amount for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $2.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, which is included in income tax expense within WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Tax benefits attributed to these partnerships include low-income housing and historic tax credits which totaled $2.1 million, $1.6 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. WesBanco is also a limited partner in eight other limited partnerships, which provide seed money and capital to startup companies, and financing to low-income housing projects. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco had $6.6 million and $5.4 million, respectively, invested in these partnerships, which are recorded in other assets using the equity method. WesBanco included in operations under the equity method of accounting its share of the partnerships’ net income of $712 thousand, $47 thousand and $19 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. NOTE 9. CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT Certificates of deposit in denominations of $100 thousand or more were $684.6 million and $581.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Interest expense on certificates of deposit of $100 thousand or more was $8.3 million, $4.4 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the scheduled maturities of total certificates of deposit are as follows (in thousands): Year 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 821,939 307,282 150,149 76,360 56,171 43,709 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,455,610 NOTE 10. FHLB AND OTHER SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS WesBanco is a member of the FHLB system. WesBanco’s FHLB borrowings, which consist of borrowings from both the FHLB of Pittsburgh and the FHLB of Cincinnati, are secured by a blanket lien by the FHLB on certain residential mortgages and other loan types or securities with a market value in excess of the outstanding balances of the borrowings. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco had FHLB borrowings of $1.1 billion and $0.9 billion, respectively, with a remaining weighted-average interest rate of 2.35% and 1.57%, respectively. The terms of the security agreement with the FHLB include a specific assignment of collateral that requires the maintenance of qualifying mortgage and other types of loans as pledged collateral with unpaid principal amounts in excess of the FHLB advances, when discounted at certain pre-established percentages of the loans’ unpaid principal balances. FHLB stock owned by WesBanco totaling $50.8 million and $45.9 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, is also pledged as collateral on these advances. The remaining maximum borrowing capacity by WesBanco with the FHLB at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was estimated to be approximately $2.3 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. 126 The following table presents the aggregate annual maturities and weighted-average interest rates of FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2018 based on their contractual maturity dates and interest rates (dollars in thousands): Year Scheduled Maturity Weighted Average Rate 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 488,561 405,828 140,192 17,830 — 1,763 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,054,174 2.04% 2.54% 2.82% 2.91% — 1.41% 2.35% Other short-term borrowings of $290.5 million and $184.8 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, consist of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, federal funds purchased, and outstanding borrowings on a revolving line of credit. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $290.5 million and $159.8 million, respectively, with a weighted average interest rate during the year of 1.36% and 0.67%, respectively. There were no federal funds purchased outstanding as of December 31, 2018. There were $25.0 million in outstanding balances of federal funds purchased at December 31, 2017, with an interest rate of 1.60%. In September 2018, WesBanco renewed a revolving line of credit, which is a senior obligation of the parent company with another financial institution. This line of credit, which accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate, provides for aggregate unsecured borrowings of up to $25.0 million. There were no outstanding balances as of either December 31, 2018 or 2017. NOTE 11. SUBORDINATED DEBT AND JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBT WesBanco had $25.5 million of subordinated debt outstanding at December 31, 2018 that was issued by the former YCB, acquired by WesBanco in 2016. These notes have a fixed rate of 6.25%, mature on December 15, 2025, and are callable on December 15, 2020. The interest rate will become a variable rate equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 4.59% on the call date. The subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 regulatory capital for WesBanco and WesBanco Bank. Certain trusts, consisting of WesBanco Capital Trust II, WesBanco Capital Statutory Trust III, WesBanco Capital Trusts IV, V and VI, Oak Hill Capital Trusts 2, 3 and 4, Community Bank Shares Statutory Trusts I and II, First Federal Statutory Trust II, and Farmers Capital Bank Trusts I and III are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries of WesBanco formed for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) into a pool of other financial services entity trust preferred securities, and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. The Trust Preferred Securities were issued and sold in private placement offerings. The proceeds from the sale of the securities and the issuance of common stock by the Trusts were invested in Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (“Junior Subordinated Debt”) issued by WesBanco, the former Oak Hill Financial, Inc., acquired by WesBanco in 2007, the former YCB, acquired by WesBanco in 2016, and the former FFKT, acquired by WesBanco in 2018, which are the sole assets of the Trusts. The Trusts pay dividends on the Trust Preferred Securities at the same rate as the distributions paid by WesBanco on the Junior Subordinated Debt held by the Trusts. The Trusts provide WesBanco with the option to defer payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debt for an aggregate of 20 consecutive quarterly periods. Should any of these options be utilized, WesBanco may not declare or pay dividends on its common stock during any such period. Undertakings made by WesBanco with respect to the Trust Preferred Securities for the Trusts constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by WesBanco of the obligations of these Trust Preferred Securities. WesBanco 127 organized Trusts II and III in June 2003, Trusts IV and V in June 2004 and Trust VI in March 2005. The Oak Hill Financial Trusts 2 and 3 were organized in 2004 and Trust 4 was organized in 2005. The Community Bank Trust I was organized in 2004 and Trust II was organized in 2006, both issued by the former YCB. The First Federal Trust II was organized in 2007 as issued by a former thrift acquired by YCB. The Farmers Capital Bank Trust I was organized in 2005, and Trust III was organized in 2007. The Junior Subordinated Debt is presented as a separate category of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For regulatory purposes, the Federal Reserve Board has allowed bank holding companies to include trust preferred securities in Tier 1 capital up to a certain limit. Provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act require the Federal Reserve Board to generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital, but a grandfather provision will permit bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. All of the Trust Preferred Securities qualified under the current rules as Tier 1 instruments at December 31, 2018, but no such securities issued in the future will count as Tier 1 capital. The Trust Preferred Securities provide the issuer with a unique capital instrument that has a tax deductible interest feature not normally associated with the equity of a corporation. In connection with the YCB acquisition in 2016, WesBanco acquired First Federal Statutory Trust III, a Delaware trust established in 2008 and inherited by YCB as part of their First Financial Services acquisition. The Trust owned Junior Subordinated Debt issued by First Financial Services. The trust preferred securities and junior subordinated debt were redeemed at an aggregate redemption price, excluding accrued interest, of $8.2 million in June 2018. In connection with the FTSB acquisition in 2018, WesBanco acquired First Sentry Bancshares Capital Trust II and Guaranty Financial Statutory Trust I, Delaware trusts established in 2007 by FTSB and 2003 by Guaranty Financial and inherited by FTSB as part of their acquisition. The Trusts owned Junior Subordinated Debt issued by FTSB and Guaranty Financial. The trust preferred securities and junior subordinated debt were redeemed at an aggregate redemption price, excluding accrued interest, of $9.3 million in September 2018. The following table shows WesBanco’s trust subsidiaries with outstanding Trust Preferred Securities as of December 31, 2018: (in thousands) Trust Preferred Securities Common Securities Junior Subordinated Debt Stated Maturity Date Optional Redemption Date WesBanco Capital Trust II (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,000 $ 410 526 WesBanco Capital Statutory Trust III (2) . . . . . . . . . . 619 WesBanco Capital Trust IV (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 WesBanco Capital Trust V (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 WesBanco Capital Trust VI (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Oak Hill Capital Trust 2 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Oak Hill Capital Trust 3 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Oak Hill Capital Trust 4 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Community Bank Shares Statutory Trust I (3) . . . . . . 310 Community Bank Shares Statutory Trust II (8) . . . . . . 310 First Federal Statutory Trust II (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Farmers Capital Bank Trust I (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 Farmers Capital Bank Trust III (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 5,000 8,000 5,000 6,382 8,741 8,694 10,000 22,500 $ 13,410 17,526 20,619 20,619 15,464 5,155 8,248 5,155 6,599 9,051 9,004 10,310 23,196 6/30/2008 6/30/2033 6/26/2008 6/26/2033 6/17/2009 6/17/2034 6/17/2009 6/17/2034 3/17/2035 3/17/2010 10/18/2034 10/18/2009 10/18/2034 10/18/2009 6/30/2015 6/30/2035 6/17/2014 6/17/2034 6/15/2016 6/15/2036 3/15/2017 3/22/2037 9/30/2015 9/30/2035 11/1/2017 11/1/2037 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $159,317 $5,039 $164,356 (1) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 3.15% with a current rate of 5.95% through March 30, 2019, adjustable quarterly. 128 (2) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 3.10% with a current rate of 5.92% through March 26, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (3) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.65% with a current rate of 5.44% through March 17, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (4) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.77% with a current rate of 4.56% through March 17, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (5) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.40% with a current rate of 4.84% through January 18, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (6) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.30% with a current rate of 4.74% through January 18, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (7) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.60% with a current rate of 4.40% through March 30, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (8) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.70% with a current rate of 4.49% through March 15, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (9) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.60% with a current rate of 4.39% through March 15, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (10) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.50% with a current rate of 4.30% through March 30, 2019, adjustable quarterly. (11) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.32% with a current rate of 3.86% through February 1, 2019, adjustable quarterly. NOTE 12. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives WesBanco is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. WesBanco principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. WesBanco manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities. WesBanco’s existing interest rate derivatives result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in WesBanco’s assets or liabilities. WesBanco manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. A matched book is when the Bank’s assets and liabilities are equally distributed but also have similar maturities. Loan Swaps WesBanco executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously economically hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that WesBanco executes with a third party, such that WesBanco minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements of ASC 815, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting third-party swaps are recognized directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco had 43 and 39, respectively, interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $229.8 million and $298.2 million, respectively, related to this program. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco recognized net (losses) gains of $(0.4) million, $(0.4) million and $0.5 million, respectively, related to the changes in fair value of these swaps. Additionally, WesBanco recognized $2.1 million, $2.3 million and $2.5 million of income for the related swap fees for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale and Loan Commitments Certain residential mortgage loans are originated for sale in the secondary mortgage loan market. These loans are classified as held for sale and carried at fair value as WesBanco has elected the fair value option. Fair 129 value is determined based on rates obtained from the secondary market for loans with similar characteristics. WesBanco sells loans to the secondary market on a mandatory or best efforts basis. The loans sold on a mandatory basis are not committed to an investor until the loan is closed with the borrower. WesBanco enters into forward TBA contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the loan commitment and the closing of the loan. The loans sold on a best efforts basis are committed to an investor simultaneous to the interest rate commitment with the borrower. Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet All derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Derivative assets are classified in the consolidated balance sheet under other assets, and derivative liabilities are classified in the consolidated balance sheet under other liabilities. Changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. None of WesBanco’s derivatives is designated in qualifying hedging relationships under ASC 815. The table below presents the fair value of WesBanco’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017: (in thousands) Derivatives Loan Swaps: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Notional or Contractual Amount Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Notional or Contractual Amount Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $229,778 $4,650 $5,081 $298,223 $7,351 $7,345 Other contracts: Interest rate loan commitments . . . . . . . . Forward TBA contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,113 20,000 125 — — 234 20,319 31,750 49 — — 23 Total derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,775 $5,315 $7,400 $7,368 Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement The table below presents the change in the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments reflected within the other non-interest income line item of the consolidated income statement for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (in thousands) Location of Gain/(Loss) Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income Interest rate loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income Forward TBA contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $(437) $(391) $ 495 (138) 172 23 — 125 443 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 131 $(196) $ 357 Credit-risk-related Contingent Features WesBanco has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if WesBanco defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then WesBanco could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations. WesBanco also has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if WesBanco fails to maintain its status as either a well or adequately capitalized institution, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and WesBanco would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements. 130 WesBanco has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and has posted collateral with a market value of $3.9 million as of December 31, 2018. If WesBanco had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2018, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at the termination value and would have been required to pay any additional amounts due in excess of amounts previously posted as collateral with the respective counterparty. NOTE 13. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Defined Benefit Pension Plan—The WesBanco, Inc. Defined Benefit Pension Plan (“the Plan”) established on January 1, 1985, is a non-contributory, defined benefit pension plan. The Plan covers all employees of WesBanco and its subsidiaries who were hired on or before August 1, 2007 who satisfy minimum age and length of service requirements. Benefits of the Plan are generally based on years of service and the employee’s compensation during the last five years of employment. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. WesBanco uses a December 31 measurement date for the Plan. The benefit obligations and funded status of the Plan are as follows: (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2018 2017 Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $120,445 $119,559 Change in projected benefit obligation: Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial (gain) loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130,307 2,835 4,517 (12,458) 8,560 (5,003) $115,458 2,578 4,393 12,172 — (4,294) Projected benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $128,758 $130,307 Change in fair value of plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $142,422 (5,587) 2,500 6,776 (5,003) $121,597 20,119 5,000 — (4,294) Fair value of plan assets at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $141,108 $142,422 Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position: Funded status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,351 $ 12,115 Net amounts recognized as receivable pension costs in the consolidated balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,351 $ 12,115 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: Unrecognized prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78 24,780 $ 104 24,336 Net amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (before tax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 24,858 $ 24,440 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.48% 3.62% 6.30% 3.81% 3.70% 6.30% 131 The components of and weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs are as follows: (dollars in thousands) Components of net periodic benefit cost: For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Service cost—benefits earned during year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost on projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,835 4,517 (8,939) 26 3,053 $ 2,578 4,393 (7,647) 26 3,221 $ 2,799 5,094 (7,719) 26 3,020 Net periodic pension cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,492 $ 2,571 $ 3,220 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income: Net (gain) loss for period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized loss on merged plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,068 $ 1,429 (26) (3,053) $ (300) $ 3,329 $ — $ — (26) (3,221) (26) (3,020) Total recognized in other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 418 $(3,547) $ 283 Total recognized in net periodic pension cost and other comprehensive income . . . $ 1,910 $ (976) $ 3,503 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.81% 4.46% 4.74% 3.70% 3.74% 3.82% 6.30% 6.30% 6.79% On December 31, 2016, WesBanco changed the method used to estimate the service and interest components of net periodic benefit cost for pension benefits. This change compared to the previous method resulted in a decrease in the service and interest components for pension cost. Historically, WesBanco estimated these service and interest cost components utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. WesBanco has elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of these components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. The change has been made to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between projected benefit cash flows to the corresponding spot yield curve rates. This change does not affect the measurement of the plan’s total benefit obligations as the change in the service and interest costs is completely offset in the actuarial (gain) loss reported. The service cost and interest cost for the plan was reduced by approximately $1.0 million in 2017 as a result of this change. WesBanco accounted for this change as a change in accounting estimate that is inseparable from a change in accounting principle and accordingly accounted for it prospectively. The estimated net loss and prior service credit for the Plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into the net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year are $3.1 million and $26 thousand, respectively. Unrecognized prior service cost and unrecognized net losses are amortized on a straight-line basis. All unrecognized net losses are being amortized over the average remaining service period of approximately 8 years. The expected long-term rate of return for the Plan’s total assets is based on the expected return of each of the Plan asset categories, weighted based on the median of the target allocation for each class. 132 Pension Plan Investment Policy and Strategy—The investment policy as established by the Retirement Plans Committee, to be followed by the Trustee, which is WesBanco’s Trust and Investment Services department, is to invest assets based on the target allocations shown in the table below. Assets are reallocated periodically by the Trustee based on the ranges set forth by the Retirement Plans Committee to meet the target allocations. The investment policy is also subject to review periodically to determine if the policy should be changed. Plan assets are to be invested with the principal objective of maximizing long-term total return without exposing Plan assets to undue risk, taking into account the Plan’s funding needs and benefit obligations. Assets are to be invested in a balanced portfolio composed primarily of equities, fixed income, alternative asset funds and cash or cash equivalent money market investments. A maximum of 5% may be invested in any one stock. Foreign stocks may be included, either through direct investment or by the purchase of mutual funds, which invest in foreign stock. WesBanco common stock can represent up to 5% of the total market value. Corporate bonds selected for purchase must be rated Baa1 by Moody’s or BBB+ by Standard and Poor’s or higher. No more than 5% shall be invested in bonds or notes issued by the same corporation with a maximum term of twenty years. There is no limit on the holdings of U.S. Treasury or Federal Agency Securities. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Plan’s equity securities included 55,300 shares of WesBanco common stock with a fair market value of $2.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively. The following table sets forth the Plan’s weighted-average asset allocations by asset category: Target Allocation for 2018 December 31, 2018 2017 Asset Category: Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-75% 62% 64% 25-55% 35% 32% 0-5% 3% 4% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% The fair values of WesBanco’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, by asset category are as follows: December 31, 2018 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (in thousands) Defined benefit pension plan assets: Registered investment companies . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets at Fair Value $ 39,021 60,127 16,980 2,930 $39,021 60,127 — — 22,050 — Total defined benefit pension plan assets (1) . . . . . . . . $141,108 $99,148 $ — — 16,980 2,930 22,050 $41,960 $— — — — — $— (1) The defined benefit pension plan statement of net assets also includes cash, accrued interest and dividends, and due to/from brokers resulting in net assets available for benefits of $141.4 million. 133 December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (in thousands) Defined benefit pension plan assets: Registered investment companies . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets at Fair Value $ 39,799 64,128 16,147 3,004 $ 39,799 64,128 — — 19,322 — Total defined benefit pension plan assets (1) . . . . . . . . $142,400 $103,927 $ — — 16,147 3,004 19,322 $38,473 $— — — — — $— (1) The defined benefit pension plan statement of net assets also includes cash, accrued interest and dividends, and due to/from brokers resulting in net assets available for benefits of $142.4 million. Registered investment companies and equity securities: Valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Corporate debt securities, municipal obligations, and U.S. government agency securities: Valued at fair value based on models that consider criteria such as dealer quotes, available trade data, issuer creditworthiness, market movements, sector news, and bond and swap yield curves. Cash Flows—WesBanco has no required minimum contribution to the Plan for 2019 and as of December 31, 2018; however, WesBanco expects to make a voluntary contribution of $3.0 million in 2019. WesBanco contributed $2.5 million, $5.0 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The following table presents estimated benefits to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter (in thousands): Year 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 to 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 4,376 5,456 5,956 6,284 6,643 38,526 WesBanco assumed YCB’s obligation for a predecessor bank’s participation in the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions (“Pentegra Plan”). The participating employer plan has been frozen to new participants since 2002. WesBanco spun off the assets from the Pentegra Plan, contributing approximately $2.8 million to satisfy the estimated final costs to do so. This spin off had no impact on earnings as the liability was included in YCB’s balance sheet as of the acquisition date. The distributed assets from the Pentegra Plan were transferred to a plan providing substantially the same benefits to the participants. This plan was merged into the existing WesBanco, Inc. Defined Benefit Pension Plan effective December 31, 2018. FFKT Postretirement Medical Benefit Plan—WesBanco assumed FFKT’s postretirement medical benefit plan, which had a liability totaling $15.0 million at the acquisition date. The plan covers FFKT employees who 134 were hired before January 1, 2016 and meet certain age and length of full-time service requirements. The plan was modified in August 2018, which reduced the number of eligible employees. The modification resulted in a $5.5 million unrealized gain, which was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, and will be recognized over the life of the plan participants estimated to be approximately 17 years. Benefits provided under this plan are unfunded, and payments to the plan participants are made by WesBanco. The benefit obligation and funded status of the plan are as follows: (dollars in thousands) Change in projected benefit obligation: December 31, 2018 Projected benefit obligation at acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participant contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,518 138 2,135 (151) 73 (199) Projected benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,514 Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position: Funded status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(11,514) — — Net amounts recognized as receivable pension costs in the consolidated balance sheets . . $(11,514) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: Unrecognized net gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost $ (151) (3,240) Net amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (before tax) . . . . . . $ (3,391) Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.09% NA NA 135 The components of and weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs are as follows: (dollars in thousands) Components of net periodic benefit cost: For the year ended December 31, 2018 Interest cost on projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost Net periodic pension cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other changes in plan benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income: Prior service cost for period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost Total recognized in other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recognized in net periodic pension cost and other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 138 (121) $ 17 $ — (151) 2,135 121 $2,105 $2,122 4.05% NA NA The following table presents estimated benefits to be paid in each of the next five years and in aggregate for the five years thereafter (in thousands): Year 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 to 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 515 538 570 594 605 3,275 Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan (“KSOP”)—WesBanco sponsors a KSOP plan consisting of a non-contributory leveraged ESOP and a contributory 401(k) profit sharing plan covering substantially all of its employees. Under the provisions of the 401(k) plan, WesBanco matches a portion of eligible employee contributions based on rates established and approved by the Board of Directors. For each of the past three years, WesBanco matched 100% of the first 3% and 50% of the next 2% of eligible employee contributions. No ESOP contribution has been made for any of the past three years. As of December 31, 2018, the KSOP held 451,674 shares of WesBanco common stock of which all shares were allocated to specific employee accounts. Dividends on shares are either distributed to employee accounts or paid in cash to the participant. Total expense for the KSOP was $3.7 million, $3.3 million and $2.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. WesBanco had 384,770 and 415,052 shares registered on Form S-8 remaining for future issuance under the KSOP plan at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan—The Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), is a non-qualified plan that includes the following components: an Annual Bonus, a Long-Term Incentive, including a Total Shareholder Return Plan, a Stock Option component, and a Restricted Stock component for certain key officers of the Company. The components allow for payments of cash, a mixture of cash and stock, granting of stock options, or granting of restricted stock, depending upon the 136 component of the Incentive Plan in which the award is earned through the attainment of certain performance goals or on a time-based vesting requirement. Performance goals or service vesting requirements are established by WesBanco’s Compensation Committee. On April 20, 2017, WesBanco registered an additional 1,000,000 shares of WesBanco common stock for issuance under the Incentive Plan. WesBanco had 694,775 and 912,192 shares, registered on Form S-8, remaining for future issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Annual Bonus Compensation expense for the Annual Bonus was $2.0 million, $1.8 million and $1.6 million for 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Stock Options On May 16, 2018, WesBanco granted 117,600 stock options to selected participants, including certain named executive officers at an exercise price of $45.65 per share. The options granted in 2018 are service-based and vest in two equal installments on December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, and expire seven years from the date of grant. Compensation expense for the stock option component of the Incentive Plan was $0.9 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock option grants totaled $0.5 million with an expense recognition period of one year remaining. The maximum term of options granted under WesBanco’s stock option plan is ten years from the original grant date; however, options granted in 2018 had a term of seven years. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.9 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The cash received and related tax benefit realized from stock options exercised was $1.8 million and $0.2 million in 2018 and was $1.5 million and $0.3 million in 2017. Shares issued in connection with options exercised are issued from treasury shares acquired under WesBanco’s share repurchase plans or from issuance of authorized but unissued shares, subject to prior SEC registration. The fair value of stock options granted is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option- pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that might otherwise have a significant effect on the value of stock options granted that are not considered by the model. The following table sets forth the significant assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the grants: Weighted-average life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of the grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 5.2 years 5.2 years 5.1 years 2.95% 1.91% 2.54% 2.67% 21.27% 21.47% 8.54 6.02 $ 1.43% 2.97% 23.92% 5.09 $ The weighted-average life assumption is an estimate of the length of time that an employee might hold an option before option exercise, option expiration or employment termination. The weighted-average life assumption was developed using historical experience. WesBanco used a weighted historical volatility of its common stock price over the weighted average life prior to each issuance as the volatility factor assumption, adjusted for abnormal volatility during certain periods, and current and future dividend payment expectations for the dividend assumption. 137 The following table shows the activity for the Stock Option component of the Incentive Plan: For the year ended December 31, 2018 Outstanding at beginning of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or expired during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Options 336,688 117,600 (58,763) (1,900) Outstanding at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393,625 Exercisable at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,825 Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share $33.20 45.65 31.48 37.17 $37.15 $35.66 The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding shares and the shares exercisable at year-end was $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The following table shows the average remaining life of the stock options at December 31, 2018: Year Issued Exercisable at Year End Exercise Price Range Per Share Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Avg. Remaining Contractual Life in Years 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 20,250 32,350 48,250 61,850 107,325 58,800 $ 20.02 25.00 28.79 31.58 32.37 38.88 45.65 6,000 20,250 32,350 48,250 61,850 107,325 117,600 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,825 $20.02 to $45.65 393,625 $20.02 25.00 28.79 31.58 32.37 38.88 45.65 $37.15 0.37 1.37 2.39 3.42 4.40 5.35 6.38 4.75 Restricted Stock During 2018, WesBanco granted 98,301 shares of service-based restricted stock to certain officers. Of these shares, 79,616 cliff vest 36 months from the date of grant and 18,685 shares cliff vest 24 months from the date of grant. The weighted average fair value of the restricted stock granted was $46.10 per share. The restricted stock grant provides the recipient with voting rights from the date of issuance. Dividends paid on 70,151 restricted shares during the restriction period are converted into additional shares of restricted stock on the date the cash dividend would have otherwise been paid, but do not vest until the related grant of the restricted shares complete their vesting. The Compensation Committee has discretion to elect to pay such dividends in cash to participants. Dividends are not accrued on the other 28,150 shares until the restricted stock vests. Voting rights accrue from date of issuance on 70,151 shares granted, while voting rights do not accrue until vested on 28,150 shares granted. WesBanco also granted 8,081 shares of performance-based restricted stock to select officers. These shares have a three-year performance period, beginning January 1, 2019, based on WesBanco’s return on average assets and return on average tangible common equity measured for each year, compared to a national peer group of financial institutions with total assets between approximately $10.5 billion and $24.6 billion. Earned performance-based restricted shares are subject to additional service-based vesting with 50% vesting on May 16, 2022 after the completion of the three-year performance period and the final 50% vesting on May 16, 2023. 138 Dividends accrue on the restricted shares once the performance objective is achieved and then are converted into additional shares of restricted stock on the date the cash dividend would have otherwise been paid, but do not vest until the related grant of the restricted shares complete their vesting. The Compensation Committee has discretion to elect to pay such dividends in cash to participants. Voting rights accrue upon achievement of the performance objective. Compensation expense relating to all restricted stock was $3.0 million, $2.1 million and $1.4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock grants totaled $5.7 million with a weighted average expense recognition period of 2.13 years remaining. The following table shows the activity for the Restricted Stock component of the Incentive Plan: For the year ended December 31, 2018 Non-vested at January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or expired during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend reinvestment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted Stock 208,390 106,382 (50,301) (6,565) 5,551 Non-vested at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,457 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share $34.91 46.07 31.92 32.88 43.15 $40.21 Total Shareholder Return Plan On November 18, 2015, WesBanco’s Compensation Committee adopted Administrative Rules for a Total Shareholder Return Plan (“TSRP”). The TSRP measures the TSR on WesBanco common stock over a three-year measurement period relative to the return of an established peer group of publicly traded companies over the same performance period. The award is determined at the end of the three-year period if the TSR of WesBanco common stock is equal to or greater than the 50th percentile of the TSR of the peer group. The number of shares to be earned by the participant shall be 200% of the grant-date award if the TSR of WesBanco common stock is equal to or greater than the 75th percentile of the TSR of the peer group. Upon achieving the market-based metric, shares determined to be earned by the participant become service-based and vest in three equal annual installments. Voting rights accrue at such time as well. WesBanco granted 12,000 TSRP shares in 2018 for the performance period beginning January 1, 2018 and ending December 31, 2020 to certain executive officers. In 2017, as well, 12,000 shares were granted for the performance period beginning January 1, 2017 and ending December 31, 2019 to certain executive officers. While no TSRP shares were granted during 2016, in late 2015 WesBanco granted 12,000 TSRP shares for the performance period beginning January 1, 2016 and ending December 31, 2018 to certain executive officers. The fair value of the market-based awards is based on a Monte- Carlo Simulation valuation of our common stock and our peers’ common stock as of the grant date. Based on the calculation of shareholder return over the measurement period beginning January 1, 2016 and ending December 31, 2018, WesBanco stock performance did not equal or exceed the 50th percentile when compared to peer calculations of shareholder return. Therefore, none of the 12,000 shares granted in 2015 will vest. Compensation expense relating to the TSR plans was $0.5 million, $0.2 million, and $0.1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The grant date fair value of the 2018 TSR award was $45.47 per share. At December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested TSR awards totaled $0.5 million with a weighted average expense recognition period of 2.6 years remaining. 139 NOTE 14. REVENUE RECOGNITION WesBanco adopted ASU 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach and there was no material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial statements. Interest income, net securities (losses) gains and bank-owned life insurance are not in scope of ASC 606. For the revenue streams in scope of ASC 606, including trust fees, service charges on deposits, electronic banking fees, payment processing fees, net securities brokerage revenue, mortgage banking income and net gain or loss on sale of other real estate owned, there are no significant judgements related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition. Trust fees: Fees are earned over a period of time between monthly and annually, per the related fee schedule. The fees are earned ratably over the period for investment, safekeeping and other services performed by WesBanco. The fees are accrued when earned based on the daily asset value on the last day of the quarter. In most cases, the fees are directly debited from the customer account. Service charges on deposits: There are monthly service charges for both commercial and personal banking customers, which are earned over the month per the related fee schedule based on the customers’ deposits. There are also transaction-based fees, which are earned based on specific transactions or customer activity within the customers’ deposit accounts. These are earned at the time the transaction or customer activity occurs. The fees are debited from the customer account. Net securities brokerage revenue: Commission income is earned based on customer transactions and management of investments. The commission income from customers’ transactions is recognized when the transaction is complete. The commission income from the management of investments is earned continuously over a quarterly period. Payment processing fees: Payment processing fees are fees earned from the bill payment and electronic funds transfer (“EFT”) services provided under the name FirstNet. The fees are derived from both the individual consumer banking transactions and from businesses or service providers through monthly billing for total transactions occurring. These fees are earned at the time the transaction or customer activity occurs. The fees are debited from the customers’ and the business’s deposit accounts. Electronic banking fees: Interchange and ATM fees are earned based on customer and ATM transactions. Revenue is recognized when the transaction is settled. Mortgage banking income: Income is earned when WesBanco-originated loans are sold to an investor on the secondary market. The investor bids on the loans. If the price is accepted, WesBanco delivers the loan documents to the investor. Once received and approved by the investor, revenue is recognized and the loans are derecognized from the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Prior to the loans being sold, they are classified as loans held for sale. Additionally, the changes in the fair value of the loans held for sale, loan commitments and related derivatives are included in mortgage banking income. Net gain or loss on sale of other real estate owned: Net gain or loss is recorded when other real estate is sold to a third party and the Bank collects substantially all of the consideration to which WesBanco is entitled in exchange for the transfer of the property. 140 The following table summarizes the point of revenue recognition and the income recognized for each of the revenue streams for the year ended December 31, 2018: (in thousands) Revenue Streams Trust fees Point of Revenue Recognition For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Trust account fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WesMark fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over time Over time Total trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits Commercial banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal service charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At a point in time & over time Over time Total service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue Annuity commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity and debt security trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trail commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At a point in time At a point in time Over time Over time Total net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment processing fees (1) Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain or loss on sale of other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . At a point in time At a point in time At a point in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At a point in time & over time $15,833 8,790 24,623 2,125 21,545 23,670 5,178 429 647 932 7,186 1,028 23,300 5,840 524 (1) Payment processing fees are included in other non-interest income. NOTE 15. OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES Other operating expenses consist of miscellaneous taxes, consulting fees, ATM expenses, postage, supplies, legal fees, communications, other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses, and other expenses. Other operating expenses are presented below: (in thousands) Franchise and other miscellaneous taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting, regulatory and advisory fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postage and courier expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 9,847 6,976 5,718 4,143 3,180 2,778 2,569 831 14,679 $ 8,423 6,857 4,510 3,879 3,033 2,781 2,487 1,097 12,263 $ 6,825 6,270 4,297 3,306 2,919 2,406 1,800 1,210 11,967 Total other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $50,721 $45,330 $41,000 141 NOTE 16. INCOME TAXES On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was signed into law. The Act reduced WesBanco’s corporate federal rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result, WesBanco was required to remeasure deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted rate at which WesBanco expected them to be recovered or settled. The effect of this remeasurement was recorded to income tax expense in the year the tax law is enacted. WesBanco recorded a provisional amount of $12.8 million at December 31, 2017 related to the remeasurement of deferred tax balances. Upon final analysis of available information and refinement of the calculation during 2018, WesBanco increased the provisional amount by $0.1 million, which is included as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations. WesBanco considers the Act remeasurement of the deferred taxes to be complete. Reconciliation from the federal statutory income tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows: Federal statutory tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax reform remeasurement Net tax-exempt interest income on securities and loans of state and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General business credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other—net For the years ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 21.0% 35.0% 0.0% 8.6% 35.0% 0.0% (3.2%) 1.7% (0.8%) (1.6%) 0.9% (6.0%) 1.3% (1.1%) (1.7%) 0.2% (7.0%) 1.4% (1.2%) (2.1%) 0.3% Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0% 36.3% 26.4% The provision for income taxes applicable to income before taxes consists of the following: (in thousands) Current: For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,707 3,542 $24,634 2,061 $18,053 2,159 Deferred: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax reform remeasurement Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 6,864 299 12,765 13,329 1,018 — 10,519 305 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31,412 $53,807 $31,036 The following income tax amounts were recorded in shareholders’ equity as elements of other comprehensive income: (in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Securities and defined benefit pension plan unrecognized items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,250 $345 $(3,480) 142 Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following: (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security gains and losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-accrual interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value adjustments on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,207 5,851 3,707 — 1,388 — 4,854 6,345 2,125 $10,389 2,536 821 1,565 1,389 5,204 6,062 3,962 1,118 $16,198 5,444 2,854 — 2,392 12,744 12,020 5,394 5,194 Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,477 33,046 62,240 Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred fees and costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,020) (461) (1,641) (1,003) (680) (367) (1,883) (266) (2,989) — (674) (120) (3,448) (421) — (149) (1,128) (2,519) Gross deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5,172) (5,932) (7,665) Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30,305 $27,114 $54,575 At both December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco had $0.1 million valuation allowance on certain capital loss carryforwards. No valuation allowance was established for the remaining deferred tax assets since management believes that deferred tax assets are likely to be realized through future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income. As a result of the acquisition of YCB in 2016, WesBanco has federal net operating loss carryforwards of $21.3 million, which expire between 2030 and 2036; and Indiana net operating loss carryforwards of $9.2 million, which expire between 2031 and 2036. As a result of the previous acquisitions of YCB, ESB, Fidelity, Western Ohio Financial Corporation, Winton Financial Corporation and Oak Hill Financial, Inc., retained earnings at both December 31, 2018 and 2017 included $45.9 million of qualifying and non-qualifying tax bad debt reserves existing as of December 31, 1987, upon which no provision for income taxes has been recorded. The related amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability is $10.5 million for both 2018 and 2017. If this portion of retained earnings is used in the future for any purpose other than to absorb bad debts, it will be added to future taxable income. Federal and state income taxes applicable to securities transactions totaled $(0.2) million, $0.2 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At both December 31, 2018 and 2017, WesBanco had approximately $0.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits and interest. As of December 31, 2018, $0.5 million of these tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate if recognized. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was immaterial. WesBanco provides for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for federal and state income taxes. 143 WesBanco is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as to tax in various state income tax jurisdictions. WesBanco, ESB, YCB, FTSB and FFKT are no longer subject to any income tax examinations for years prior to 2015. Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and the federal income tax benefit of unrecognized state tax benefits) is as follows: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $467 Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Reductions for tax positions of prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Reductions due to the statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (70) $326 $436 110 101 — — (70) — — — Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $465 $467 $436 NOTE 17. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT Fair value estimates are based on quoted market prices, if available, quoted market prices of similar assets or liabilities, or the present value of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. These valuations are significantly affected by discount rates, cash flow assumptions, and risk assumptions used. Therefore, fair value estimates may not be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not intended to reflect the proceeds that may be realizable in an immediate settlement of the instruments. Fair value is determined at one point in time and is not representative of future value. These amounts do not reflect the total value of a going concern organization. Management does not have the intention to dispose of a significant portion of its assets and liabilities, and therefore the unrealized gains or losses should not be interpreted as a forecast of future earnings and cash flows. The following is a discussion of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and valuation techniques applied: Investment securities: The fair value of investment securities which are measured on a recurring basis are determined primarily by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other similar securities. These securities are classified within level 1 or 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Positions that are not traded in active markets for which valuations are generated using assumptions not observable in the market or management’s best estimate are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. This includes certain specific municipal debt issues for which the credit quality and discount rate must be estimated. Derivatives: WesBanco enters into interest rate swap agreements with qualifying commercial customers to meet their financing, interest rate and other risk management needs. These agreements provide the customer the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. The credit risk associated with derivatives executed with customers is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans and is subject to normal credit policies and monitoring. Those interest rate swaps are economically hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that WesBanco executes with derivative counterparties in order to offset its exposure on the fixed components of the customer interest rate swap agreements. The interest rate swap agreement with the loan customer and with the counterparty is reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period earnings as other income and other expense. 144 WesBanco enters into forward TBA contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the loan commitments to the customer and the closing of the loan for loans that will be sold on a mandatory basis to secondary market investors. The forward TBA contract is reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period’s earnings as mortgage banking income. WesBanco determines the fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. WesBanco incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements. We may be required from time to time to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets and liabilities. Impaired loans: Impaired loans are carried at the lower of cost or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. The use of independent appraisals, discounted cash flow models and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral and impaired loans are therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other real estate owned and repossessed assets: Other real estate owned and repossessed assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. The use of independent appraisals and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral, and therefore other real estate owned and repossessed assets are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale are carried, in aggregate, at fair value as WesBanco elected the fair value option as of October 1, 2017. The use of a valuation model using quoted prices of similar instruments are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value and therefore loans held for sale are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. 145 Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in the table below are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position. The following tables set forth WesBanco’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value December 31, 2018 11,737 $11,737 $ — $ — $— 19,878 141,652 — — 19,878 141,652 — — 1,561,255 — 1,561,255 — Recurring fair value measurements Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Available-for-sale debt securities U.S. Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . Obligations of state and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . 168,972 185,114 37,258 — — — $ — — 168,972 — 183,611 37,258 $2,112,626 8,994 1,503 — $1,503 — Total available-for-sale debt securities . . . . . $2,114,129 8,994 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets—interest rate derivatives agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,650 — 4,650 — Total assets recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,139,510 $11,737 $2,126,270 $1,503 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,081 $ — Total liabilities recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,081 $ — Nonrecurring fair value measurements Impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Other real estate owned and repossessed — $ — assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,265 — Total nonrecurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,265 $ — $ $ $ $ 5,081 $ — 5,081 $ — — — — $ — 7,265 $7,265 146 — — — — — — $— — — $— $— $— $— — $— (unaudited, in thousands) Recurring fair value measurements Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available-for-sale debt securities U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of state and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value December 31, 2017 $ 13,457 $11,391 $ — $ — $2,066 71,843 934,922 114,867 104,830 35,403 — — — — — 71,843 — 934,922 — 114,867 104,830 35,403 — — — — — — — — $ — — — Total available-for-sale debt securities . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets—interest rate derivatives $1,261,865 20,320 $ — — $1,261,865 20,320 $ — — agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,351 — 7,351 — Total assets recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,302,993 $11,391 $1,289,536 $ — $2,066 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonrecurring fair value measurements Impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed $ $ $ 7,345 $ — 7,345 $ — 1,717 $ — assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,297 — Total nonrecurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,014 $ — $ $ $ $ 7,345 $ — $ — 7,345 $ — $ — — — — $1,717 $ — 5,297 — $7,014 $ — WesBanco’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no significant transfers between levels 1, 2, or 3 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. 147 The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which WesBanco has utilized level 3 inputs to determine fair value: (in thousands) December 31, 2018: Impaired loans . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017: Impaired loans . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Estimate Valuation Techniques Unobservable Input Range / Weighted Average $ — Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) Liquidation expenses (2) — — 7,265 Appraisal of collateral (1)(3) $1,717 Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) Liquidation expenses (2) (4.8%) /(4.8%) (7.6%) /(7.6%) 5,297 Appraisal of collateral (1)(3) (1) Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various level 3 inputs, which are not identifiable. (2) Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted average of appraisal adjustments and liquidation expenses are presented as a percent of the appraisal. Includes estimated liquidation expenses and numerous dissimilar qualitative adjustments by management which are not identifiable. (3) The estimated fair values of WesBanco’s financial instruments are summarized below: Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Estimate (in thousands) Financial Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . $ 169,186 $ 169,186 11,737 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . Available-for-sale debt 11,737 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,114,129 2,114,129 $ 169,186 11,737 $ — $ — — — $— — Held-to-maturity debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . Other assets—interest rate derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . Financial Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior 1,020,934 7,607,333 8,994 1,020,743 7,422,825 8,994 4,650 38,853 4,650 38,853 — 38,853 2,112,626 1,503 1,020,195 548 — 7,422,825 — — — — 8,994 4,650 — 8,831,633 8,836,390 7,376,023 1,460,367 1,054,174 290,522 1,051,401 290,854 — 288,918 1,051,401 1,936 subordinated debt . . . . . . . . 189,842 174,448 — 174,448 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest payable . . . . . 5,081 4,627 — 4,627 5,081 — 5,081 4,627 148 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Estimate (in thousands) Financial Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . $ 117,572 $ 117,572 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . 13,457 Available-for-sale debt 13,457 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,261,865 1,261,865 $ 117,572 11,391 $ — $ — — $ — 2,066 — Held-to-maturity debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . Other assets—interest rate derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . Financial Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt Other liabilities—interest rate . . . . . . . . . . derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest payable . . . . . 1,009,500 6,296,157 20,320 1,023,784 6,212,823 20,320 7,351 29,728 7,351 29,728 — 29,728 1,261,865 — 1,023,191 593 — 6,212,823 — — — — 20,320 7,351 — 7,043,588 7,053,536 5,766,531 1,287,005 948,203 184,805 944,706 184,814 — 182,785 944,706 2,029 164,327 146,484 — 146,484 7,345 3,178 7,345 3,178 — 3,178 7,345 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — The following methods and assumptions were used to measure the fair value of financial instruments recorded at cost on WesBanco’s consolidated balance sheets: Cash and due from banks: The carrying amount for cash and due from banks is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Held-to-maturity debt securities: Fair values for debt securities held-to-maturity are determined in the same manner as the investment securities, which are described above. Net loans: Fair values for loans are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. The discount rates take into account interest rates currently being offered to customers for loans with similar terms, the credit risk associated with the loan and other market factors, including liquidity. WesBanco believes the discount rates are consistent with transactions occurring in the marketplace for both performing and distressed loan types. The carrying value is net of the allowance for loan losses and other associated premiums and discounts. Due to the significant judgment involved in evaluating credit quality, loans are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Accrued interest receivable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates its fair value. Deposits: The carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value for demand, savings and other variable rate deposit accounts. The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by a discounted cash flow method using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings: The fair value of FHLB borrowings is based on rates currently available to WesBanco for borrowings with similar terms and remaining maturities. 149 Other borrowings: The carrying amount of federal funds purchased and overnight sweep accounts generally approximate fair value. Other repurchase agreements are based on quoted market prices if available. If market prices are not available, for certain fixed and adjustable rate repurchase agreements, then quoted market prices of similar instruments are used. Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt: The fair value of subordinated debt is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. Due to the pooled nature of junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts, which are not actively traded, estimated fair value is based on recent similar transactions of single-issuer trust preferred securities. Accrued interest payable: The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates its fair value. Off-balance sheet financial instruments: Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit, including letters of credit. Fair values for commitments to extend credit are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, the remaining terms of the agreements and the present credit standing of the counterparties. The estimated fair value of the commitments to extend credit and letters of credit are insignificant and therefore are not presented in the above tables. taking into account 150 NOTE 18. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) The activity in accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows: (in thousands) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (1) Defined Benefit Plans Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities Available-for-Sale Unrealized Gains on Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity Total Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(18,626) $(13,250) $ 381 $(31,495) Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4,277) (7,220) Acquired FFKT post-retirement medical benefit plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,235 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of Accounting Standard ASU 2,126 2,084 — 11 (7,209) 2016-01 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (1,063) Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(16,542) $(21,522) Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,758) $ (9,890) Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 (985) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of accounting standard ASU 2,194 2,433 (27) (1,012) 2018-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,301) (2,348) Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(18,626) $(13,250) Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,539) $ (4,162) Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,112) (4,300) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,893 Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (219) (1,428) (5,728) — — (188) (188) — $ 193 $ 522 — (209) (209) 68 $ 381 $ 747 — (225) (225) (11,497) 4,235 1,949 (5,313) (1,063) $(37,871) $(27,126) (746) 1,958 1,212 (5,581) $(31,495) $(20,954) (6,412) 240 (6,172) Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,758) $ (9,890) $ 522 $(27,126) (1) All amounts are net of tax. Related income tax expense or benefit is calculated using a combined Federal and State income tax rate approximating 23% in 2018 and 37% in all prior periods. (2) See Note 1, Summary of Significant Policies for additional information about WesBanco’s adoption of ASU 2016-01. 151 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) Components (in thousands) Securities available-for-sale (1): Net securities losses (gains) Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Affected Line Item in the Statement of Net Income Net securities gains (Non-interest reclassified into earnings . . . . . . . . . $ 15 $ (42) $(2,251) income) Related income tax (benefit) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) 15 823 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities held-to-maturity (1): Amortization of unrealized gain 11 (27) (1,428) transferred from available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . (244) 56 (326) 117 Interest and dividends on securities (Interest and dividend income) (357) 132 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit plans (2): Amortization of net loss and prior (188) (209) (225) Employee benefits (Non-interest service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit 2,948 (822) 3,247 (1,053) 3,046 (1,153) Provision for income taxes expense) Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,126 2,194 1,893 Total reclassifications for the period . . . . . . $1,949 $ 1,958 $ 240 (1) For additional detail related to unrealized gains on securities and related amounts reclassified from (2) accumulated other comprehensive income see Note 4, “Securities.” Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 13, “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional detail. NOTE 19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Commitments—In the normal course of business, WesBanco offers off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable its customers to meet their financing objectives. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. WesBanco’s exposure to credit losses in the event of non-performance by the other parties to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is limited to the contractual amount of those instruments. WesBanco uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for all other lending. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The allowance for credit losses associated with commitments was $0.7 million and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 152 Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by banks to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including normal business activities, bond financing and similar transactions. Letters of credit are considered guarantees. The liability associated with letters of credit was $0.2 million as of both December 31, 2018 and 2017. Contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities include affordable housing plan guarantees, credit card guarantees, loans sold with recourse as well as obligations to the FHLB. Affordable housing plan guarantees are performance guarantees for various building project loans. The guarantee amortizes as the loan balances decrease. Credit card guarantees are credit card balances not owned by WesBanco, whereby the Bank guarantees the performance of the cardholder. The following table presents total commitments to extend credit, guarantees and various letters of credit outstanding: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 2017 Lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans approved but not closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overdraft limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letters of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent obligations and other guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,894,030 258,778 153,572 42,841 61,509 $1,452,697 245,644 126,671 31,951 6,700 Contingent Liabilities—WesBanco is a party to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, management does not believe that a material loss related to such proceedings or claims pending or known to be threatened is reasonably possible. NOTE 20. WESBANCO BANK COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION WesBanco Bank Community Development Corporation (“WBCDC”), a consolidated subsidiary of WesBanco Bank, is a Certified Development Entity (“CDE”) with $100.0 million of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”) of which $60.0 million had been invested in WBCDC at December 31, 2018. The remaining $40.0 million of NMTC, none of which had been invested as of December 31, 2018, was awarded to WBCDC in 2018. The NMTC program is administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund of the U.S. Treasury and is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The program provides federal tax credits to investors who make qualified equity investments (“QEIs”) in a CDE. The CDE is required to invest the proceeds of each QEI in low-income communities, which are generally defined as those census tracts with poverty rates greater than 20% and/or median family incomes that are less than or equal to 80% of the area median family income. The credit provided to the investor totals 39% of each QEI in a CDE and is claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. In each of the first three years, the investor receives a credit equal to 5% of the total amount the investor paid to the CDE for each QEI. For each of the remaining four years, the investor receives a credit equal to 6% of the total amount the investor paid to the CDE for each QEI. As of December 31, 2018, WesBanco has received $23.1 million in tax credits over the seven-year credit allowance periods for its $60.0 million NMTC authority invested in WBCDC. WesBanco is eligible to receive an additional $0.3 million in tax credits with respect to aggregate QEI amounts invested with a remaining seven-year credit allowance period. In addition, WesBanco will be eligible to receive $15.6 million in tax credits over a seven-year credit allowance period for the $40.0 million NMTC authority awarded in 2018 and to be invested beginning in 2019. WesBanco Bank recognized $0.7 million, $1.0 million and $1.8 million in NMTC in its income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These tax credits are subject to 153 certain general business tax credit limitations and are therefore limited in deductibility on WesBanco’s federal income tax return. As of December 31, 2018, no prior NMTC has been carried forward to future tax years. The NMTC claimed by WesBanco Bank with respect to each QEI remain subject to recapture over each QEI’s credit allowance period upon the occurrence of any of the following: • if less than substantially all (generally defined as 85%) of the QEI proceeds are not used by WBCDC to make qualified low income community investments; • WBCDC ceases to be a CDE; or • WBCDC redeems its QEI investment prior to the end of the current credit allowance periods. At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, none of the above recapture events had occurred, nor in the opinion of management are such events anticipated to occur in the foreseeable future. Most all prior credits are no longer subject to recapture. The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position of WBCDC as of December 31, 2018, and the results of its operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018: BALANCE SHEET (in thousands) December 31, 2018 Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans, net of allowance for loan losses of $261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,711 29,502 1,441 75 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $73,729 Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholder Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 206 73,523 Total Liabilities and Shareholder Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $73,729 STATEMENT OF INCOME (in thousands) Interest income For the year ended December 31, 2018 Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,103 3 1,106 7 1,099 621 276 1,444 333 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,111 154 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) For the year ended December 31, 2018 Operating Activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing Activities Decrease in loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing Activities Qualified equity investment by parent company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,111 7 (621) 120 (148) 469 5,709 5,709 — — 6,178 36,533 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,711 NOTE 21. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES Certain directors and officers (including their affiliates, families and entities in which they are principal owners) of WesBanco and its subsidiaries are customers of, or suppliers to, those subsidiaries and have had, and are expected to have, transactions with the subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business. In addition, certain directors are also directors or officers of corporations that are customers of, or suppliers to, the Bank and have had, and are expected to have, transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, such transactions are consistent with prudent banking practices and are within applicable banking regulations. Indebtedness of related parties aggregated approximately $10.6 million, $16.7 million and $18.7 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. During 2018, $4.5 million in related party loans were funded and $10.6 million were repaid or no longer related. At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, none of the outstanding related party loans were past due 90 days or more, on non-accrual, or considered to be a TDR. NOTE 22. REGULATORY MATTERS The Federal Reserve Bank is the primary regulator for the parent company, WesBanco. WesBanco Bank is a state non-member bank jointly regulated by the FDIC and the West Virginia Division of Financial Institutions. WesBanco is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries and is dependent upon dividends from its subsidiary bank, WesBanco Bank, to provide funds for the payment of dividends to shareholders, fund its current stock repurchase plan and to provide for other cash requirements. The payment of dividends by WesBanco Bank to WesBanco is subject to state and federal banking regulations. Under applicable law, bank regulatory agency approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year exceeds the available retained earnings or exceeds the aggregate of the bank’s net profits (as defined by regulatory agencies) for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two years. As of December 31, 2018, under FDIC regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, a dividend of up to $105.4 million from WesBanco Bank. WesBanco and WesBanco Bank are also required to maintain non-interest bearing reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. The average required reserve balance was $2.3 million during 2018. WesBanco did not have an average required reserve balance during 2017. 155 Additionally, WesBanco and WesBanco Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements (risk- based capital ratios) administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by the regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s financial results. All bank holding companies and banking subsidiaries are required to have common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) of at least 4.5%, core capital (“Tier 1”) of at least 6% of risk-weighted assets, total capital of at least 8% of risk- weighted assets, and a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. Tier 1 capital consists principally of shareholders’ less goodwill and other equity; excluding items recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, intangibles. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital plus the allowance for loan losses subject to limitation. The regulations also define “well-capitalized” levels of CET1, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and Tier 1 leverage capital as 6.5%, 8%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. WesBanco and WesBanco Bank were categorized as “well-capitalized” under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act at December 31, 2018 and 2017. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2018 that management believes have changed WesBanco’s “well-capitalized” category. The Basel III capital standards, effective January 1, 2015 with a phase-in period ending January 1, 2019, establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities as tier 1 capital issued before May 19, 2010 for bank holding companies under $15 billion, and increases the capital required for certain categories of assets. WesBanco currently has $164.4 million in junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheets presented as a separate category of long-term debt. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $162.5 million, issued by unconsolidated trust subsidiaries of WesBanco underlying such junior subordinated debt, and are considered Tier 1 capital in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements. The following table summarizes risk-based capital amounts and ratios for WesBanco and the Bank: (dollars in thousands) WesBanco, Inc. Tier 1 leverage . . . Common equity Minimum Value (1) Well Capitalized (2) Amount Ratio Minimum Amount (1) Amount Ratio Minimum Amount (1) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 4.00% 5.00% $1,258,605 10.74% $468,824 $ 970,425 10.39% $373,566 Tier 1 . . . . . . . . 4.50% 6.50% 1,096,105 13.14% 375,254 834,554 12.14% 309,298 Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . Total capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . WesBanco Bank, Inc. Tier 1 leverage . . . Common equity 6.00% 8.00% 1,258,605 15.09% 500,338 970,425 14.12% 412,397 8.00% 10.00% 1,333,503 15.99% 667,118 1,042,124 15.16% 549,863 4.00% 5.00% $1,108,600 9.48% $467,939 $ 869,227 9.32% $372,900 Tier 1 . . . . . . . . 4.50% 6.50% 1,108,600 13.30% 375,117 869,227 12.66% 308,900 Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . Total capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . 6.00% 8.00% 1,108,600 13.30% 500,156 869,227 12.66% 411,866 8.00% 10.00% 1,183,498 14.20% 666,874 940,303 13.70% 549,155 156 (1) Minimum requirements to remain adequately capitalized. (2) Well-capitalized under prompt corrective action regulations. NOTE 23. CONDENSED PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Presented below are the Condensed Balance Sheets, Statements of Income and Statements of Cash Flows for the parent company: BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands) December 31, 2018 2017 ASSETS Cash and short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment in subsidiaries—Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment in subsidiaries—Nonbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 121,857 1,991,452 12,322 1,212 33,159 $ 75,911 1,431,021 7,755 2,687 28,614 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,160,002 $1,545,988 LIABILITIES Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 164,356 16,819 $ 138,564 12,103 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,175 1,978,827 150,667 1,395,321 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,160,002 $1,545,988 STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Dividends from subsidiaries—Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries—Nonbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 86,000 486 24 900 Total income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,410 7,551 7,940 $72,000 2,520 73 203 74,796 6,032 4,004 $85,000 800 75 147 86,022 4,136 5,628 Total expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,491 10,036 9,764 Income before income tax benefit and undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,919 (3,739) 75,658 67,454 64,760 (4,726) 76,258 (3,149) 69,486 24,996 79,407 7,228 NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $143,112 $94,482 $86,635 The details of other comprehensive income and accumulated other comprehensive income are included in the consolidated financial statements. 157 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: For the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $143,112 $ 94,482 $ 86,635 Equity in undistributed net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) Decrease in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (67,454) (3,612) 36 4,988 (24,996) 566 — 2,848 (7,228) 14,679 — 2,094 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,070 72,900 96,180 INVESTING ACTIVITIES Proceed from sales—securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of securities—securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions and additional capitalization of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired (paid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided (used in) by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINANCING ACTIVITIES Repayment of junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares purchased—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to common and preferred shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511 — 37,309 38,820 — (200) — — — (43,199) (200) (43,199) (17,519) 1,578 (426) (53,577) — 1,040 — (44,864) — 1,713 (3,026) (37,805) Net cash used in financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (69,944) (43,824) (39,118) Net increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and short-term investments at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,946 75,911 28,876 47,035 13,863 33,172 Cash and short-term investments at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $121,857 $ 75,911 $ 47,035 NOTE 24. BUSINESS SEGMENTS WesBanco operates two reportable segments: (i) Community Banking and (ii) Trust and Investment Services. WesBanco’s community banking segment offers services traditionally offered by full-service commercial banks, including commercial demand, individual demand and time deposit accounts, as well as commercial, mortgage and individual installment loans, and certain non-traditional offerings, such as insurance and securities brokerage services. The trust and investment services segment offers trust services as well as various alternative investment products including mutual funds. The market value of assets of the trust and investment services segment was approximately $4.3 billion, $3.9 billion and $3.7 billion at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These assets are held by WesBanco, in fiduciary or agency capacities for their customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. 158 Condensed financial information by business segment is presented below: (in thousands) Community Banking Trust and Investment Services Consolidated For the year ended December 31, 2018: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $414,957 67,721 $ — — $414,957 67,721 347,236 7,764 339,472 75,653 250,338 164,787 29,367 — — — 24,623 14,886 9,737 2,045 347,236 7,764 339,472 100,276 265,224 174,524 31,412 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $135,420 $ 7,692 $143,112 For the year ended December 31, 2017: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $332,424 42,129 $ — — $332,424 42,129 290,295 9,986 280,309 66,100 207,441 138,968 50,079 — — — 22,740 13,419 9,321 3,728 290,295 9,986 280,309 88,840 220,860 148,289 53,807 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 88,889 $ 5,593 $ 94,482 For the year ended December 31, 2016: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $286,097 32,767 $ — — $286,097 32,767 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,330 8,478 244,852 59,869 196,784 107,937 27,142 — — — 21,630 11,896 9,734 3,894 253,330 8,478 244,852 81,499 208,680 117,671 31,036 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,795 $ 5,840 $ 86,635 159 Total non-fiduciary assets of the trust and investment services segment were $4.6 million (including $2.6 million of trust customer intangibles), $1.5 million, and $4.3 million at December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. All other assets, including goodwill and the remainder of other intangible assets, were allocated to the Community Banking segment. NOTE 25. CONDENSED QUARTERLY STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) The following tables set forth unaudited consolidated selected quarterly statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. 2018 Quarter ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Annual Total Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $86,417 13,125 $98,888 16,541 $108,393 18,460 $121,387 19,620 $414,957 67,721 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,292 2,168 82,347 1,708 Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities (losses) gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,124 24,019 (39) 54,571 40,533 7,004 80,639 23,050 358 63,543 40,504 7,335 89,933 1,035 88,898 26,140 84 76,120 39,002 6,516 101,767 2,854 347,236 7,764 98,913 27,864 (1,303) 70,990 54,484 10,556 339,472 101,176 (900) 265,224 174,524 31,412 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33,529 $33,169 $ 32,486 $ 43,928 $143,112 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.76 0.76 $ $ 0.71 0.71 $ $ 0.65 0.64 $ $ 0.80 0.80 $ $ 2.93 2.92 2017 Quarter ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $79,924 9,205 $82,160 10,021 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,719 2,711 72,139 2,383 Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,008 22,872 12 54,384 36,508 10,622 69,756 21,628 494 55,884 35,994 9,653 $85,489 11,235 74,254 2,516 71,738 20,893 6 55,754 36,883 10,527 $84,851 11,669 73,182 2,376 70,806 22,878 56 54,837 38,903 23,006 Annual Total $332,424 42,129 290,295 9,986 280,309 88,273 567 220,860 148,289 53,807 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,886 $26,341 $26,356 $15,897 $ 94,482 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.59 0.59 $ $ 0.60 0.60 $ $ 0.60 0.60 $ $ 0.36 0.36 $ $ 2.15 2.14 160 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES WesBanco’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of WesBanco’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, the chief executive officer along with the chief financial officer concluded that WesBanco’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018, are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to WesBanco (including its consolidated subsidiaries) required to be included in WesBanco’s periodic filings under the Exchange Act. No changes in WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting have occurred during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on internal control over financial reporting and the audit report of Ernst & Young LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, on internal control over financial reporting is included within this report immediately following “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” and is incorporated in this Item 9A by reference. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 161 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Election of Directors, Continuing Directors, Executive Officers of the Corporation, Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance and Audit Committee. CODE OF ETHICS WesBanco has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including WesBanco’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other executive officers. WesBanco’s “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” can be found posted on our website at http://www.wesbanco.com in the “About Us” section under “Investor Relations” under “Governance Documents”. WesBanco intends to disclose any changes or amendments to or waivers from this code of ethics on its website as well as the required filing of Form 8-K, under Item 5.05. WesBanco will provide a printed copy, free of charge, of WesBanco’s Code of Ethics to any shareholder requesting such information. To obtain a copy of WesBanco’s Code of Ethics, contact: John Iannone, WesBanco, Inc., 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003. (304) 905-7021 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Summary Compensation Table, Meetings of Board of Directors and Committees and Compensation of Members, Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation, Compensation Committee Report, Compensation Discussion and Analysis and certain other sections. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item 12 (other than the information provided below under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information) is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Ownership of Securities by Directors, Nominees and Officers and Beneficial Owners of More Than 5% of the Common Stock of the Corporation. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018. Equity Compensation Plan Information Plan Category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options Number of securities remaining for future issuance under equity compensation plans Equity compensation plans approved by security holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434,709 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders . . . . . . None $33.64 None 694,775 None 162 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Transactions with Directors and Officers and Election of Directors. Additional information concerning related party transactions is set forth in the Annual Report under Note 20, “Transactions with Related Parties” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the heading Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 163 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (A) CERTAIN DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THE FORM 10-K PART IV (1) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Reference is made to Part II Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES: No financial statement schedules are being filed since the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related Notes. (3) EXHIBIT LISTING Exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are filed herein or are incorporated by reference. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 164 Exhibit Number 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 EXHIBIT INDEX Document Location Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 3, 2016 by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc., Your Community Bankshares, Inc. and Your Community Bank. Agreement and Plan of Merger dated November 13, 2017 by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank Inc., First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. and First Sentry Bank, Inc. First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated January 30, 2018 and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank Inc., First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. and First Sentry Bank, Inc. Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 20, 2018 between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., Farmers Capital Bank Corporation and United Bank & Capital Trust Company. Restated Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc. Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc. Bylaws of WesBanco, Inc. (As Amended and Restated February 24, 2011). Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc., dated April 24, 2015, increasing authorized common shares from 50,000,000 to 100,000,000. Specimen Certificate of WesBanco, Inc. Common Stock. (P) Junior Subordinated Indenture dated June 19, 2003 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and The Bank of New York, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco, Inc. Capital Trust II. 165 Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 3, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2018. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 20, 2018. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 333-03905 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 16, 1996. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 1998. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2011. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Committsion on July 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 33-42157 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 1991. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Exhibit Number 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Document Location Indenture dated June 26, 2003 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco, Inc. Capital Statutory Trust III. Indenture dated June 17, 2004 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust IV dated June 17, 2004. Indenture dated June 17, 2004 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust V dated June 17, 2004. Indenture dated March 17, 2005 entered into between WesBanco, Inc. and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust VI dated March 17, 2005. WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan as adopted February 13, 1998 and as amended and restated February 25, 2010 and February 23, 2017. ** Employment Agreement, dated November 30, 2001, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., WesBanco, Inc. and Brent E. Richmond. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2004. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2004. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2005. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 20, 2017. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 333-74814 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 10, 2001. Employment Agreement dated June 30, 2001, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., Robert H. Young and WesBanco, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2002. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 8, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2005. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2005. Letter Agreement and Committed Line of Credit Note, dated September 5, 2014, between WesBanco, Inc. and PNC Bank, National Association. Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Form of Amended and Restated Salary Continuation Agreement – With Change in Control Provision by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc. and executive officers (along with their related 10 year benefit at age 65) as follows: Robert H. Young ($40,000) and Brent E. Richmond ($12,000).** 166 Exhibit Number 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 Document Location WesBanco, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan – For Directors and Eligible Employees (as amended). ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2006. Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., Brent E. Richmond, Michael L. Perkins and Jayson M. Zatta.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2006. Form of Executive Compensation Amendment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2009. Form of Executive Compensation Amendment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2009. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan – Stock Option Agreement. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2010. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan – Restricted Stock Agreement. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2010. Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc. and Jonathan D. Dargusch.** Form of Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and executive officers: Jonathan D. Dargusch and Todd F. Clossin.** Restricted Stock Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc. and Todd F. Clossin.** WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, Amended and Restated, effective January 1, 2014. ** First Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective January 1, 2014.** Second Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective January 1, 2014.** Separation Agreement and Release and Waiver of Claims, dated October 29, 2014, by and among ESB Financial Corporation, ESB Bank, Charlotte A. Zuschlag, Wesbanco, Inc. and Wesbanco Bank, Inc.** 167 Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Exhibit Number 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 Document Location Employment Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, by and between Wesbanco Bank, Inc., Charlotte A. Zuschlag, and Wesbanco, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Non-competition Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc. and Charlotte A. Zuschlag.** Form of Employment Agreement by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., WesBanco Inc., and executive officers (effective date): Jayson M. Zatta (effective March 1, 2015)** Wesbanco, Inc. Administrative Rules for the Total Shareholder Return Plan.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 24, 2015. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Total Shareholder Return Agreement.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between James D. Rickard, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 27, 2016.** Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Paul A. Chrisco, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Michael K. Bauer, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Kevin J. Cecil, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Merger Payment and Restrictive Covenant Agreement by and between Bill D. Wright, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc., and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. 10.30 Third Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective September 9, 2016. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2018. 168 Exhibit Number 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 11 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 Document Location Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Performance Restricted Stock Agreement. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Geoffrey S. Sheils, First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., First Sentry Bank Inc., WesBanco Inc., and WesBanco Bank Inc. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Toby Taylor, First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., First Sentry Bank Inc., WesBanco Inc., and WesBanco Bank Inc. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Richard D. Hardy, First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., First Sentry Bank Inc., WesBanco Inc., and WesBanco Bank Inc. Incporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant on July 31, 2017. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on December 13, 2017 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on December 13, 2017 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on December 13, 2017 Form of Change in Control Agreement by WesBanco Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc. and Ivan Burdine. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2013. Fourth Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP effective April 1, 2018. ** Fifth Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP effective August 20, 2018. ** Computation of Earnings Per Common Share. * * Computation of earnings per common share is set forth under Note 3, “Earnings Per Common Share” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP. Power of Attorney. Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e). Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e). Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. * * * * * * 169 Exhibit Number 101 Document Location *** The following materials from WesBanco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed herewith Indicates management compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement * ** *** Filed electronically (P) Paper Filed 170 Pursuant to the Requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 1, 2019. SIGNATURES WESBANCO, INC. By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated, on March 1, 2019. By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/ Robert H. Young Robert H. Young Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) By: /s/ James C. Gardill James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board The Directors of WesBanco (listed below) executed a power of attorney appointing Todd F. Clossin their attorney-in-fact, empowering him to sign this report on their behalf. Stephen J. Callen Michael J. Crawford Christopher V. Criss Abigail M. Feinknopf Robert J. Fitzsimmons Denise Knouse-Snyder D. Bruce Knox Lisa A. Knutson By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin Attorney-in-fact Gary L. Libs Jay T. McCamic Ronald W. Owen Richard G. Spencer Kerry M. Stemler Reed J. Tanner Charlotte A. Zuschlag 171 WESBANCO, INC. OFFICERS & DIRECTORS OFFICERS James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board Todd F. Clossin President & Chief Executive Officer Robert H. Young Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Jonathan D. Dargusch Executive Vice President Wealth Management Jayson M. Zatta Executive Vice President & Chief Banking Officer DIRECTORS ** Stephen J. Callen Vice President Gold Crest Properties Morgantown, WV Todd F. Clossin* President & Chief Executive Officer WesBanco, Inc. & WesBanco Bank, Inc. Wheeling, WV Michael J. Crawford Managing Director AssuredPartners of Kentucky Bellevue, KY Christopher V. Criss* President & Chief Executive Officer Atlas Towing Company Parkersburg, WV Abigail M. Feinknopf Marketing Representative Feinknopf Photography Columbus, OH Robert J. Fitzsimmons Attorney-at-Law Fitzsimmons Law Firm, PLLC Wheeling, WV Ivan L. Burdine Executive Vice President & Chief Credit Officer Stephen J. Lawrence Executive Vice President & Chief Internal Auditor Michael L. Perkins Executive Vice President & Chief Risk & Administrative Officer Anthony F. Pietranton Executive Vice President Human Resources Lisa A. Knutson Chief Financial Officer E. W. Scripps Company Cincinnati, OH Gary L. Libs* President & Chief Executive Officer Libs Paving Co., Inc. Floyds Knobs, IN Jay T. McCamic Attorney-at-Law McCamic, Sacco & McCoid PLLC Wheeling, WV F. Eric Nelson, Jr. President Nelson Enterprises, Inc. Charleston, WV Ronald W. Owen Vice President, Retired Fidelity National Title Insurance Co. Pittsburgh, PA Denise Knouse-Snyder Attorney-at-Law Phillips, Gardill, Kaiser & Altmeyer PLLC Wheeling, WV Brent E. Richmond Executive Vice President Treasury & Strategic Planning Daniel K. Weiss, Jr. Senior Vice President & Controller Linda M. Woodfin Secretary Kerry M. Stemler President & Chief Executive Officer KM Stemler Co. New Albany, IN Reed J. Tanner, CPA Member Suttle & Stalnaker PLLC Morgantown, WV Charlotte A. Zuschlag* President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired ESB Financial Corporation & ESB Bank Ellwood City, PA DIRECTORS EMERITI Ray A. Byrd John W. Fisher, II Ernest S. Fragale Paul M. Limbert Henry L. Schulhoff Joan C. Stamp Executive Committee * ** Directors of WesBanco, Inc. also serve as Directors of WesBanco Bank, Inc. James C. Gardill* Attorney-at-Law Phillips, Gardill Kaiser & Altmeyer PLLC Wheeling, WV Richard G. Spencer President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired Fidelity Bancorp, Inc. & Fidelity Savings Bank Pittsburgh, PA D. Bruce Knox Investor McArthur, OH CODE OF ETHICS WesBanco has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other executive officers. WesBanco’s “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” can be found posted on our website at www.wesbanco.com in the “Investor Relations” section under “Governance Documents”. WesBanco intends to disclose any changes or amendments to this code of ethics on its website. WESBANCO EMAIL ALERTS Readers may subscribe to WesBanco email alerts for company events, document filings, press releases, and WesBanco’s nightly closing stock price in the “Investor Relations” section of the WesBanco website at www.wesbanco.com. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER WesBanco, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity Employer. SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION 2018 High Low Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter $45.20 51.12 48.37 44.78 $34.14 44.38 41.19 39.59 2017 Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter High Low $43.09 41.42 41.77 44.19 $38.09 35.49 36.49 34.81 Dividend Declared $0.290 0.290 0.290 0.290 Dividend Declared $0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 STOCK REGISTRAR & TRANSFER AGENT First Class/Registered/Certified Mail Computershare Investor Services, LLC P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 Courier Service Computershare Investor Services, LLC 462 South 4th Street—Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 (888) 294-8217 or (781) 575-3120 (non-U.S.) www.computershare.com/investor STOCK TRADING The NASDAQ Global Select Market Symbol: WSBC CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003 Phone: (304) 234-9000 Fax: (304) 234-9450 www.wesbanco.com INVESTOR RELATIONS Contact: John Iannone Phone: 304-905-7021 MARKET MAKERS IN WESBANCO STOCK This list represents the top ten registered market makers by volume in 2018 excluding electronic trading networks: Citadel Securities LLC; Citigroup Global Markets Inc.; Deutsche Banc Alex Brown; Goldman, Sachs & Co. LLC; J.P. Morgan Securities LLC; Latour Trading LLC; Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner; Morgan Stanley & Co., LLC; UBS Securities LLC; VIRTU Americas LLC. AUTOMATIC DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN Shareholders may elect to reinvest their dividends in additional shares of WesBanco common stock through the Computershare Dividend Reinvestment Plan. To arrange automatic purchase of shares with quarterly dividend proceeds, please contact Computershare Investor Services, LLC at the address, phone or email noted previously. ANNUAL MEETING The Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held Wednesday, April 17, 2019 at 12:00 noon E.D.T. at: Glessner Auditorium Wilson Lodge Oglebay Resort and Conference Center Wheeling, WV 26003 DIRECT DEPOSIT If you have a deposit relationship with WesBanco, cash dividends can be deposited directly to your bank account. Dividends will be deposited on the date the dividend is payable, and you will receive a confirmation of payment when the dividend is deposited to your account. ANNUAL DISCLOSURE STATEMENT AND NOTICE OF FORM 10-K This Annual Report on Form 10-K serves as the annual disclosure statement as required by the FDIC. Upon written request of any shareholder, the Corporation will provide, without charge, a copy of its 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, as required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. To obtain a copy of Form 10-K, contact: John Iannone WesBanco, Inc. 1 Bank Plaza Wheeling, WV 26003 (304) 905-7021 The Form 10-K is also available electronically on WesBanco’s website at www.wesbanco.com or at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. WESBANCO, INC. 1 BANK PLAZA WHEELING, WV 26003 www.wesbanco.com