West Pharmaceutical Services
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

2 0 2 3 A N N U A L R E P O R T T H E Y E A R 2 0 2 3 M A R K E D W E S T ’ S C E N T E N N I A L and was a year for celebrating the legacy of our business and the leading role we have played in 100 years of commitment to delivering for our customers and driving innovation focused on patient needs. Importantly, it also provided us the opportunity to look toward the future and our game-changing innovations that will have a greater and more positive impact on the world. 2023 was a year of continued growth for West. With expansions taking place at many of our sites worldwide, several product launches, and a continued dedication to the growing needs of our customers, West honored where we have been while positioning us for where we are going next. Our legacy affords us the industry-leading expertise required to meet increased global demand, new and emerging markets, and advancements in technology. We have a longstanding record of optimizing operations to meet rapid industry change, environmental sustainability goals, and critical patient needs. Throughout the year, our 10,000+ team members remained committed to giving back to the communities in which we live and work. We are proud that, in our centennial year, between team member and West giving, we provided over $4.3 million to nonprofits and charities worldwide, and our team members volunteered more than 4,700 hours of community service. West is a leader for the next generation of advanced pharmaceutical packaging and delivery solutions for life-saving medicines. Delivering for our customers and driving innovation is at the forefront of all that we do. Year 101 marks our first step into the future of West, and while we will continue to grow, our purpose — to improve patients’ lives — will steadfastly remain. 2 0 2 3 A N N UA L R E P O R T 2 W E S T P H A R M AC E U T I C A L S E R V I C E S , I N C . YEAR 100 B Y T H E N U M B E R S 100 YE ARS OF BEING BY YOUR SIDE FOR A HE ALTHIER WORLD® 10,000 + TE AM MEMBERS COMMIT TED TO OUR PURPOSE 48+ BILLION COMPONENTS SHIPPED EXPANSIONS AT OUR MANUFAC TURING SITES WILL RESULT IN 450,000 ADDITIONAL SQUARE FEET OF SPACE 2023 1-YE AR TOTAL SHAREHOLDER RETURN (TSR) OF 50% 50+ GLOBAL LOC ATIONS WITH 25 MANUFAC TURING SITES 31 CONSECUTIVE YE ARS OF ANNUAL INCRE ASE IN THE COMPANY'S DIVIDEND $4.3 MILLION IN CORPOR ATE, FOUNDATION AND EMPLOYEE GIVING 200+ CHARITABLE ORGANIZ ATIONS PARTNERED WITH ACROSS THE GLOBE In 2023, our core offerings were expanded with the introduction of several key products, including: FluroTec® 5-10mL cartridge plunger and West Ready Pack™ with Corning® Valor® RTU Vials. G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 3 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 3 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 2-3G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 2-33/1/24 5:16 PM3/1/24 5:16 PM ANNUAL COMPARISON SUS TA INED, CONSIS T EN T GROW T H CONSTANT CURRENCY CAGR 13.3% REPORTED CAGR 12.5% $2.95 BILLION ADJUSTED DILUTED EPS CAGR 25.7% 600% $8.08 19% 500% NYSE: WST S&P 500 S&P 500 Health Care Index $1.84 BILLION $3.24 37% 400% 300% 200% 100% 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 NET SALES ADJUSTED-DILUTED EPS1 (NON-U.S. GAAP) COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE FIVE-YEAR TOTAL RETURN2 (DEC. 31, 2018 – DEC. 31, 2023) A STRONG FOUNDATION WELL- POSI T IONED FOR FU T UR E GROW T H NET SALES BY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION NET SALES BY PRODUCT CATEGORY NET SALES BY MARKET GROUP 45% Americas 50% High-Value Components 46% Europe, Middle East, Africa 21% Standard Packaging 9% Asia Pacific 10% High-Value Delivery Devices 37% Biologics 20% Generics 24% Pharma 19% Contract-Manufactured Products3 19% Contract-Manufactured Products3 1 Please refer to our 2023 Form 10-K, February 15, 2024 Earnings Release on Form 8-K and prior year earnings releases for the reconciliation of Non-U.S. GAAP financial measures. 2 Source: IR Insight 3 Non-proprietary products G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 4 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 4 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM 2 0 2 3 A N N UA L R E P O R T 4 W E S T P H A R M AC E U T I C A L S E R V I C E S , I N C . WEST PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES FIN A NCI A L SUMM A RY Net Sales Organic Net Sales Growth Gross Profit Gross Profit Margin Operating Profit Operating Profit Margin Net Income Diluted Earnings Per Share As reported (U.S. GAAP) As adjusted (Non-U.S. GAAP)1 Operating Cash Flow Capital Expenditures Financial Condition Cash Debt Equity Working Capital 2023 $2,949.8 1.6% $1,129.2 38.3% $676.0 22.9% $593.4 $7.88 $8.08 $776.5 $362.0 $853.9 $206.8 $2,881.0 $1,264.6 2022 $2,886.9 7.7% $1,136.2 39.4% $734.0 25.4% $585.9 $7.73 $8.58 $724.0 $284.6 $894.3 $208.9 $2,684.9 $1,400.5 1 Please refer to our 2023 Form 10-K, February 15, 2024 Earnings Release on Form 8-K and prior year earnings releases for the reconciliation of Non-U.S. GAAP financial measures. SmartDose® and Vial2Bag Advanced® information available at https://www.westpharma.com/ products/self-injection-platforms/smartdose/10-large-volume-wearable-injector-device and https://www.westpharma.com/products/vial-adapter-systems/vial2bag-advanced-admixture- adapter-drug-transfer-system. VIAL2BAG ADVANCED® ADMIXTURE DEVICE are single use, fluid transfer devices that make it possible at the point of care to reconstitute and/or admix drugs from drug vials into the IV bag containing infusion solution, through the IV bag administration port. G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 5 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 5 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM A LETTER FROM OUR PR E SIDEN T, CHIEF E XECU T I V E OFFICER & CH A IR OF T HE BOA R D Dear Shareholders, In 2023, West celebrated its 100th year in business and commemorated a journey that has taken us from the production of rubber stoppers and Flip-Off® seals to the development of the latest advances in high-quality closures for vials and pre-filled syringes and integrated, wearable devices. As we reflected on the major moments in our history, including our role in delivering penicillin to our troops during World War II, to the more the shareholders and increased our dividend for the 31st year in a row. EXECUTE, INNOVATE AND GROW Our ongoing success can be attributed to our well- established long-term business strategy, centered on our ability to execute our market-led strategy, innovate with new products and services and invest in our growth. recent support of vaccines and treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic, we took the time to recognize our EXECUTE team. The more than 10,000 individuals who come to work each day focused on delivering for the patients we serve are the reason we have been able to sustain our success for the last century, and why we stand ready to continue this success well into the future. BUSINESS HIGHLIGHTS In 2023, we reported net sales of $2.950 billion and 1.6% organic net sales growth over the prior year. Excluding COVID-19, the Proprietary Products segment organic sales would have shown mid-teens digit growth, with all three market segments having double- digit organic sales growth. Driving this growth was demand for our high-value product (HVP) offerings for both legacy drugs and recently launched therapies. Additionally, organic net sales grew 13.8% within our Contract Manufacturing Products segment. Along with this sales growth, we used our operating cash flow to fund capital expenditures, return cash to Our market-led strategy reflects our customers’ needs within the dynamic biopharmaceutical and medical device markets in which we operate. Injectable drugs are a fast-growing segment of this market and biologic products make up an even faster- growing sub-segment. West’s products are uniquely positioned to serve customers in this space, as our Company provides the scale, quality and technology that is required of these complex and highly sensitive products. In 2023, HVP components and devices represented approximately 74% of our Proprietary Product segment sales, accounting for a substantial portion of the approximate 48 billion components we produced that also went to pharmaceutical, generic and medical device customers. To bolster these products, West also provides services, including insight and counsel from our team of scientific thought leaders and technical experts. The support our team provides for customers from development to commercialization across all market segments continues to set West apart, and is the reason we are a market leader. G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-7G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-73/1/24 5:51 PM3/1/24 5:51 PMG56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-7G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-73/1/24 5:51 PM3/1/24 5:51 PM2 0 2 3 A N N UA L R E P O R T 6 W E S T P H A R M AC E U T I C A L S E R V I C E S , I N C . INNOVATE ONE WEST TEAM West remains committed to the pursuit of scientific innovation and partnerships to address the changing needs of the health care industry. Earlier this year, we opened a state-of-the-art R&D Lab in Radnor, Pennsylvania supporting enhancements in chemistry, materials sciences and biology. This facility will allow us to bring our scientific and technical expertise together, so we can continue to define what is possible in improving patients’ health. We also had several important product approvals and milestones in 2023. In December, we received FDA clearance for our Vial2Bag Advanced® 13mm admixture device, a key addition to our administration system portfolio, and we received the Best Technologies Award at INTERPHEX, for West's Ready PackTM offering, which includes Corning® Valor® RTU Vials. GROW To enable our future growth and success, West made significant capital investments in 2023 to grow our already strong manufacturing and operations network and deepen our team’s capabilities—all of which will allow us to better serve customers. These investments, which totaled more than $360 million, included technical upgrades and capacity builds across our global manufacturing network. Together with a strong and growing portfolio of products and services, these investments will fuel organic sales growth and margin expansion, allowing West to reach more patients with its products and services, and deliver value back to shareholders. SUSTAINABILITY Through our newly established Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) priorities, which are linked to our mission, vision and values, West remains committed to pursuing sustainable business practices that include giving back to the community; providing a safe, healthy and diverse work environment for team members; setting fair and equitable pay practices; and adopting science-based, rigorous and quantitative environmental targets. The Board hears from the ESG team at regular intervals and monitors the Company’s progress against the five-year goals we have established in these areas. I am proud to report that West’s efforts have been recognized by both USA Today and Newsweek as industry-leading — a testament to the high standards to which we aspire. Developing our team and bringing together the brightest minds in our industry is a focus of our leadership team at West. With more than 10,000 team members across the 50+ sites in which we operate, West is also dedicated to fostering an environment that celebrates differences and promotes collaboration, ensuring every employee feels supported and has equal opportunities to thrive. Emphasizing diversity is a key aspect of West’s recruitment strategy, and today at West, 40% of our Executive Team are women with 60% being women and/or people of color. We were pleased to recently be named as one of America's Greatest Workplaces for Diversity 2024 by Newsweek in recognition of our efforts. Sadly, 2023 also marked a tumultuous year for our colleagues in Israel and the region, as the war there continues. We have continued to monitor the situation very closely and our top priority and focus remains on the safety and wellbeing of our team members and their families. Our production and R&D activities in Israel are active and we have taken proactive measures to ensure the continuity of critical health care components to our customers. LOOKING AHEAD Our financial performance in 2023 is a testament to the foundation and legacy that West has built over the last century. The past few years have been a reminder that the world does not stand still, and the needs of the health care industry are evolving and growing in complexity. Our 100th year in service was a time to reflect on our heritage, celebrate everything we have achieved and look forward to our future with a renewed sense of determination. We are proud to serve as a valuable, trusted partner for customers to support patient health, and look forward to continuing to play a critical role in delivering health care in the century ahead. Thank you to you, our shareholders, for your continued investment and support of West and our shared purpose to improve patients‘ lives. Sincerely, Eric M. Green G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 7 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 7 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-7G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-73/1/24 5:51 PM3/1/24 5:51 PMG56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-7G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 6-73/1/24 5:51 PM3/1/24 5:51 PM O U R C O M M I T M E N T W E S T W A S F O U N D E D W I T H T H E V I S I O N O F O N E P E R S O N , H E R M A N O . W E S T . We are proud to continue his vision and purpose of helping to improve patients’ lives around the world and drive forward our essential role in health care. We believe the future innovations we will advance across the next 100 years will provide a greater and more positive impact, as we firmly stand by the side of our customers and patients in new and exciting ways. Since 1923, this strong sense of purpose, along with clearly defined Core Values, have guided West every step of the way. These values have guided us to make a difference for our team members, customers, communities, and millions of patients across the world. We are proud that West has remained committed to product quality and safety for both patients and our team members. As the world continues to rapidly change in many ways, West’s Core Values, along with our dedication to ESG, will not waver. HEALTH AND SAFET Y In 2023, we remained steadfast in our relentless approach to safety, and that resulted in positive success in almost every measurable aspect of safety. Throughout the year, we further enhanced our proactive safety focus, especially around the prevention of serious incidents and injuries. With a cross-functional and coordinated group effort, we focused on the proactive elimination of hazards by finding safer alternatives. By leveraging engineering controls, improving processes, and implementing positive changes in behaviors/choices, we were able to minimize the probability and severity of incidents. This concerted safety effort resulted in West achieving a 21% decrease (i.e., improvement) in our 2023 Serious Incident Rate as compared to our baseline year in 2022. Our team members continued to be fully engaged in the safety process, and in 2023, more than 35,000 See-Do-Say submissions were entered by our team members across our global network of sites. The See-Do-Say hazard identification program promotes team members’ ability to recognize workplace hazards and take ownership with immediate action to mitigate the risk. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC T As we celebrated our 100-year history, we recognized that for a century West has been committed to sustainable business practices — giving back to our communities, providing a safe, healthy and diverse work environment for our team members, and focusing on areas where we could have the most positive impact on our environment. In 2019 we set our most recent five-year environmental goals, which concluded in 2023. We will be reporting our progress against these goals in our 2023 ESG Report. We are proud of our achievements against all goals, including a noteworthy improvement in renewable electricity, which realized a 13% improvement over the previous year. G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-9G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-93/1/24 6:00 PM3/1/24 6:00 PMG56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-9G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-93/1/24 6:00 PM3/1/24 6:00 PM2 0 2 3 A N N UA L R E P O R T 8 W E S T P H A R M AC E U T I C A L S E R V I C E S , I N C . With emphasis on science-based targets, we have a more clearly defined pathway for West to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are in line with the Paris Agreement goals. West has committed to joining other organizations worldwide by setting emissions reduction targets grounded in science through the Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi). In 2023, larger strategic programs were introduced in Europe, with major grants focused on Diabetes and Obesity research and care. In Asia Pacific, specifically in Singapore, we focused on waste reduction in waterways. We also expanded our giving for education — with the first-ever Chairman’s Scholarship of $10,000 to the top-ranking scholarship applicant , in honor of our former Chair of the Board Patrick Zenner. Our next set of goals, to be achieved by 2030, are based on six priorities of focus that directly link to our Mission, Vision, and Values. These priorities are Climate Strategy; Waste in Operational Processes; Research and Development (R&D) for the Environment; Responsible Supply Chain; Talent Diversity and Attraction; and Talent Engagement and Retention. Many more details on our ESG commitment will be provided in our upcoming ESG Report. Some charitable highlights from 2023 include: ▹ Provided over 30 grants focused on people with disabilities ▹ Provided over 65 grants focused on access to health care ▹ The Herman O. West Foundation awarded 21 scholarships ▹ Over 4,700 team member volunteer hours ▹ $4.3 million in corporate, foundation and employee charitable giving PHIL ANTHROPY With the philanthropic ethos of our founder, we are committed to further expansion of our strategic programs that deliver on our promise of being By Your Side for a Healthier World®. Our One West Team is a unified force that continues to make a difference in local communities through fundraising, volunteering, and community grants. We continued to support initiatives and organizations that align with our mission in the focus areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, children, people with disabilities, and health care. Our charitable giving framework is organized into three distinct pillars: West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. corporate giving; the Herman O. West Foundation, an independently managed 501(c)(3) entity that awards scholarships and matches gifts; and West without Borders, our team-member-led giving program. RECOGNITION In 2023, we were proud to have once again been listed in Newsweek’s Americas Most Responsible Companies. In addition, we were named one of America’s Climate Leaders 2023 by USA TODAY. At a local level, our R&D Lab, located in Radnor, Pennsylvania, was recognized with a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certification. And, our Dublin, Ireland manufacturing site was awarded the Commitment to Sustainability Award at the 2023 Invest in Ireland Awards. West was also honored to receive regional corporate responsibility recognition from the Philadelphia Business Journal, including the Faces of Philanthropy Award. In the Asia Pacific region, we received the Qingpu Top 100 Enterprises of Excellence, which recognizes companies that have made great contributions to Qingpu development. G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 9 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 9 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-9G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-93/1/24 6:00 PM3/1/24 6:00 PMG56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-9G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 8-93/1/24 6:00 PM3/1/24 6:00 PM2024 BOA R D OF DIR EC TORS MARK A. BUTHMAN Retired Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Kimberly-Clark Corporation Director since 2011 Board committees: Finance; Innovation and Technology WILLIAM F. FEEHERY, PH.D. Chief Executive Officer Certara Director since 2012 Board committees: Audit; Compensation; Finance ROBERT F. FRIEL Retired Chair, President & Chief Executive Officer PerkinElmer, Inc. Director since 2020 Board committees: Compensation; Innovation and Technology; Nominating and Corporate Governance ERIC M. GREEN President & Chief Executive Officer Director since 2015 Chair of the Board THOMAS W. HOFMANN Retired Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Sunoco, Inc. Director since 2007 Board committees: Audit; Compensation STEPHEN H. LOCKHART, M.D., PH.D. Retired Chief Medical Officer Sutter Health Director since 2022 Board committees: Finance; Innovation and Technology H O N O R A RY D I R EC TO R Morihiro Sudo President Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. DOUGLAS A. MICHELS Retired President & Chief Executive Officer OraSure Technologies, Inc. Director since 2011 Board committees: Audit; Nominating and Corporate Governance PAOLO PUCCI Retired Chief Executive Officer ArQule, Inc. Director since 2016 Lead Independent Director Board committees: Audit; Nominating and Corporate Governance MOLLY E. JOSEPH Founder & Managing Director Cypress Pass Ventures Director since 2021 Board committees: Compensation, Finance; Innovation and Technology DEBORAH L.V. KELLER Principal Black Frame Advisors LLC Director since 2017 Board committees: Audit; Compensation; Nominating and Corporate Governance MYLA P. LAI-GOLDMAN, M.D. Chair & Former Chief Executive Officer & President GeneCentric Therapeutics, Inc. Director since 2014 Board committees: Finance; Innovation and Technology E XECU T I V E M A N AGEM EN T T E A M SILJI ABRAHAM Senior Vice President & Chief Technology Officer BERNARD J. BIRKETT Senior Vice President & Chief Financial and Operations Officer KATHY DEPADUA Vice President & Chief Quality Officer ANNETTE F. FAVORITE Senior Vice President & Chief Human Resources Officer ERIC M. GREEN President & Chief Executive Officer, Chair of the Board CHRIS RYAN Senior Vice President, Containment and Glass Systems CHAD R. WINTERS Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer & Corporate Controller CHARLES WITHERSPOON Vice President & Treasurer QUINTIN J. LAI, PH.D. Vice President, Investor Relations KIMBERLY BANKS MACKAY Senior Vice President, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary RUDY POUSSOT Senior Vice President, Strategy & Corporate Development CINDY REISS-CLARK Senior Vice President & Chief Commercial Officer BOA R D CO M M I T T EE S AUDIT COMMITTEE Thomas W. Hofmann, Chair COMPENSATION COMMITTEE Robert F. Friel, Chair FINANCE COMMITTEE Mark A. Buthman, Chair INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE Myla P. Lai-Goldman, M.D., Chair NOMINATING AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE Deborah L.V. Keller, Chair G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 10 G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 10 3/5/24 4:28 PM 3/5/24 4:28 PM G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 10-11G56972 West-Next-Annual-Report.indd 10-113/1/24 5:41 PM3/1/24 5:41 PMUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 or For the transition period from to Commission File Number 1-8036 WEST PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Pennsylvania (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 23-1210010 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, PA (Address of principal executive offices) 19341-1147 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 610-594-2900 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $.25 per share WST New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☑ No ☐ Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☑ ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any such corrections are restatements that triggered a compensation recovery analysis during the fiscal year. ☐ The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023 was approximately $28.2 billion based on the closing price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. As of January 25, 2024, there were 73,299,296 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding. Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K. Part III DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Document Parts Into Which Incorporated TABLE OF CONTENTS BUSINESS PART I ITEM 1. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PROPERTIES LEGAL PROCEEDINGS INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES RESERVED ITEM 6. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET ITEM 8. ITEM 9. RISK FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND ITEM 14. DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY SIGNATURES Page 4 11 22 23 24 25 25 25 27 28 29 42 44 89 89 90 90 90 90 91 92 92 92 97 98 PART I Unless otherwise indicated, or the context otherwise requires, references in this report to “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “West” refer to West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and its majority-owned subsidiaries. All trademarks and registered trademarks used in this report are our property, either directly or indirectly through our subsidiaries, unless noted otherwise. Daikyo Crystal Zenith® (“Crystal Zenith”) is a registered trademark of Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. (“Daikyo”). Throughout this report, references to “Notes” refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”), unless otherwise indicated. Information in this Form 10-K is current as of February 20, 2024, unless otherwise specified. 3 ITEM 1. BUSINESS General We are a leading global manufacturer in the design and production of technologically advanced, high-quality, integrated containment and delivery systems for injectable drugs and healthcare products. Our products include a variety of primary proprietary packaging, containment solutions, reconstitution and transfer systems, and drug delivery systems, as well as contract manufacturing, analytical lab services and integrated solutions. Our customers include leading biologic, generic, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device companies in the world. Our top priority is delivering quality products that meet the exact product specifications and quality standards customers require and expect. This focus on quality includes a commitment to excellence in manufacturing, scientific and technical expertise and management, which enables us to partner with our customers in order to deliver safe, effective drug products to patients quickly and efficiently. Business Segments Our business operations are organized into two global business segments, Proprietary Products and Contract- Manufactured Products. Proprietary Products Segment Our Proprietary Products reportable segment offers proprietary packaging, containment solutions and drug delivery systems, along with analytical lab services and other integrated services and solutions, primarily to biologic, generic and pharmaceutical drug customers. Our packaging products include stoppers and seals for injectable packaging systems, which are designed to help ensure drug compatibility and stability with active drug products, while also supporting operational efficiency for customers. These packaging products also includes syringe and cartridge components, including custom solutions for the specific needs of injectable drug applications, as well as administration systems that can enhance the safe delivery of drugs through advanced reconstitution, mixing and transfer technologies. We also provide films, coatings, washing, vision inspection and sterilization processes and services to enhance the quality of our packaging products and mitigate the risk of contamination and compatibility issues. This segment’s product portfolio also includes drug containment solutions, including Crystal Zenith, a cyclic olefin polymer, in the form of vials, syringes and cartridges. These products can provide a high-quality solution to glass incompatibility issues and can stand up to cold storage environments, while reducing the risk of breakage that exists with glass. In addition, we offer a variety of self-injection devices, designed to address the need to provide at-home delivery of injectable therapies. These devices are patient-centric technologies that are easy-to-use and can be combined with connected health technologies that have the potential to increase adherence. In addition to our Proprietary Products product portfolio, we provide our customers with a range of integrated solutions, including analytical lab services, pre-approval primary packaging support and engineering development, regulatory expertise, and after-sales technical support. Offering the combination of primary proprietary packaging components, containment solutions, and drug delivery devices, as well as a broad range of integrated services, helps to position us as a leader in the integrated containment and delivery of injectable medicines. This reportable segment has manufacturing facilities in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, with affiliated companies in Mexico and Japan. Please refer to Item 2, Properties, for additional information on our manufacturing and other sites. 4 Contract-Manufactured Products Segment Our Contract-Manufactured Products reportable segment serves as a fully integrated business, focused on the design, manufacture, and automated assembly of complex devices, primarily for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device customers. These products include a variety of custom contract-manufacturing and assembly solutions, which use technologies such as multi-component molding, in-mold labeling, ultrasonic welding, clean room molding and device assembly. We manufacture customer-owned components and devices used in surgical, diagnostic, ophthalmic, injectable, and other drug delivery systems, as well as consumer products. We have vast expertise in product design and development, including in-house mold design, process design and validation and high-speed automated assemblies. This reportable segment has manufacturing operations in North America and Europe. Please refer to Item 2, Properties, for additional information on our manufacturing and other sites. International We have significant operations outside of the United States (“U.S.”), which are managed through the same business segments as our U.S. operations – Proprietary Products and Contract-Manufactured Products. Sales outside of the U.S. accounted for 58.0% of our net sales in 2023. Although the general business processes are similar to the domestic business, international operations are exposed to additional risks. These risks include currency fluctuations relative to the U.S. Dollar (“USD”), multiple tax jurisdictions and, particularly in South America, Eastern Europe, Israel, China and the Middle East, uncertain or changing regulatory regimes, or political and social issues, which could destabilize local markets and affect the demand for our products. See further discussion of our international operations, the risks associated with our international operations, and our attempt to minimize some of these risks in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors; Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the caption Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources; Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk; Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies under the captions Financial Instruments and Foreign Currency Translation; and Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments. Raw Materials We use three basic raw materials in the manufacture of our products: elastomers, aluminum and plastic. Elastomers include both synthetic and natural materials. We currently have access to adequate supplies of these raw materials to meet our production needs through agreements with suppliers. We are required to carry significant amounts of inventory to meet customer requirements. In addition, some of our supply agreements require us to purchase inventory in bulk orders, which increases inventory levels but decreases the risk of supply interruption. We employ a supply chain management strategy in our business segments, which involves purchasing from integrated suppliers that control their own sources of supply. Due to regulatory control over our production processes, sole source availability, and the cost and time involved in qualifying suppliers, we rely on single-source suppliers for many critical raw materials. We generally purchase certain raw materials in the open market and therefore the results of our operations may be affected by price fluctuations. This strategy increases the risk that our supply chain may be interrupted in the event of a supplier production or distribution problem. These risks are managed, when and where possible, by selecting suppliers with multiple manufacturing sites, rigorous quality control systems, surplus inventory levels and other methods of maintaining supply in case of an interruption in production or distribution. Heightened inflation may result in unfavorable conditions, inclusive of an increase in raw material cost. To date, we have been able to manage these conditions without significant disruption to our business. 5 While we work closely with our suppliers, no assurance can be given that these efforts will be successful, and there may be events that cause supply interruption, reduction or termination that adversely impact our ability to manufacture and sell certain products. See further discussion of the risks related to the supply chain and raw materials in Item 1A. Risk Factors. Intellectual Property Our intellectual property, including patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, know-how and trade secrets, is important to our business. We own or license intellectual property rights, including know-how and issued patents and pending patent applications in the U.S. and in other countries, that relate to various aspects of our business. In 2023, more than 190 patents were issued to West across the globe. Certain key value-added and proprietary products and processes are exclusively licensed from Daikyo. We believe, however, that neither our business nor any business segment is wholly dependent on a single intellectual property asset, license, or technology, by itself. Government Regulation Our business activities are global and are subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws, rules, and regulations to healthcare, environmental protection, occupational health and safety, anti-corruption, export control, product safety and efficacy, employment, privacy and other areas. The design, development, manufacturing, marketing and labeling of certain of our products and our customers’ products that incorporate our products are subject to regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S., Europe and other countries, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the European Medicines Agency and the National Medical Products Administration (China). Regulatory authorities, including regulatory review and oversight, can impact the time and cost associated with the development and continued availability of our products, and they have the authority to take various administrative and legal actions against West. Compliance with existing and forthcoming laws and regulations can be costly and time consuming, and may require changes to our information technologies, systems and practices. Changes in tax policy or trade regulations, or the imposition of new tariffs on imported products, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations did not require material capital expenditures in 2023 and is not expected to have a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations and competitive position in 2024 as compared to prior periods. For more information on the potential impacts of government regulations affecting our business, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors". There were no required material capital expenditures for adherence to our government-led regulatory standards in our facilities in 2023 outside the normal course of business, and there are currently no needed or planned material expenditures for 2024. West is also subject to various federal and state laws, and laws outside the United States, concerning fraud and abuse, global anti-corruption, and export control. Many of the agencies enforcing these laws have increased their enforcement actions with respect to healthcare manufacturers in recent years. We remain committed as a company to comply with all laws and regulations applicable to our business. Environmental Regulations We are subject to various national, state and local provisions regulating the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment. Our compliance with these laws and regulations has not had a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. There were no required material capital expenditures for environmental controls in our facilities in 2023 and there are currently no needed or planned material expenditures for 2024. 6 Marketing Our Proprietary Products customers primarily include many of the major biologic, generic, and pharmaceutical drug companies in the world, which incorporate our components and other offerings into their injectable products for distribution to the point of care and ultimate end-user, the patient. Our Contract-Manufactured Products customers include many of the world’s largest pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device companies. Contract- Manufactured Products components generally are incorporated into our customers’ manufacturing lines for further processing or assembly. Our products and services are sold and distributed primarily through our own sales force and distribution network, with limited use of contract sales agents and regional distributors. Our ten largest customers accounted for 41.4% of our consolidated net sales in 2023, and one of these customers, individually accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, at 10.9% or $322.1 million, contributing to net sales in both the Proprietary and Contract Manufacturing reporting segments. Please refer to Note 3, Revenue, and Note 19, Segment Information, for additional information on our consolidated net sales. Competition With our range of proprietary technologies, we compete with several companies across our Proprietary Products product lines. Competition for these components is based primarily on product design and performance, quality, regulatory compliance, and scientific expertise, along with total cost. In addition, there are a number of competitors supplying medical devices and medical device components, including a number of pharmaceutical manufacturers who are also potential customers of our medical devices and components. We compete in this market on the basis of our reputation for quality and reliability in engineering and project management, as well as our knowledge of, and experience in, compliance with regulatory requirements. We have specialized knowledge of container closure components, which is integral to developing delivery systems. With our range of proprietary technologies, we compete with new and established companies in the area of drug delivery devices, including suppliers of prefillable syringes, auto-injectors, safety needles, and other proprietary systems. We seek to differentiate ourselves from our competition by serving as a global supplier of integrated drug containment and delivery systems that can provide pre-approval primary packaging support and engineering development, analytical lab services and integrated solutions, regulatory expertise, and after-sale technical support. Customers also appreciate the global scope of our manufacturing capability and our ability to produce many products at multiple sites. Our Contract-Manufactured Products business operates in very competitive markets for its products. The competition varies from smaller regional companies to large global assembly manufacturers. Given the cost pressures they face, many of our customers look to reduce costs by sourcing from low-cost locations. We seek to differentiate ourselves by leveraging our global capabilities and reputation and by employing new technologies such as high-speed automated assembly, insert-molding, multi-shot precision molding, and expertise with multiple-piece closure systems. Research and Development Activities We maintain our own research-scale production facilities and laboratories for developing new products and offer contract engineering design and development services to assist customers with new product development. Our quality control, regulatory and laboratory testing capabilities are used to ensure compliance with applicable manufacturing and regulatory standards for primary and secondary pharmaceutical packaging components and drug delivery systems. Technological advances and scientific discoveries have accelerated the pace of change in primary packaging, drug delivery and administration technologies. 7 Commercial development of our new products and services for medical and pharmaceutical applications commonly requires several years. New products that we develop may require separate approval as medical devices, and products that are intended to be used in the packaging and delivery of pharmaceutical products are subject to both customer acceptance of our products and regulatory approval of the customer’s products following our development period. We continue to pursue strategic initiatives in drug containment components, integrated drug containment systems, novel drug delivery devices, novel therapeutic experiences and administration systems. We also continue to seek new innovative opportunities for acquisition, licensing, partnering or development of products, services and technologies. Human Capital Management Our People As of December 31, 2023, we employed approximately 10,600 people, excluding contractors and temporary workers, in our operations throughout the world. During 2023, West hired approximately 2,100 new team members and experienced an attrition rate of approximately 21%. The following table presents the approximate percentage of our employees by region: North America Europe Asia Pacific South America Total 44% 40% 13% 3% 100% As of December 31, 2023, the following table presents the approximate percentage of our employees by business unit: Global Operations Corporate Sales and Marketing Digital & Technology (D&T) Research & Development Total As of December 31, 2023, we had the following global gender demographics: West Global Employees Diversity, Equity and Inclusion 84% 5% 4% 4% 3% 100% Men 64% Women 36% We actively foster an inclusive and collaborative culture and positive employee experiences for our team members where different views and perspectives are welcomed and valued at West. We are convinced that this approach brings forth innovation, learning and growth for our team members on a global basis. The Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and the executive team members review diversity, equity and inclusion objectives throughout the year to ensure continuous focus and drive improvement. As of December 31, 2023, four out of the ten members of West's Leadership Team are women, while six out of the ten members are women and/or people of color. 8 Training, Compliance and Talent Development We strongly encourage our team members to engage in continuous learning and provide development opportunities to strengthen individual skills and gain new experiences with the goal to build talent from within. We offer resources such as our tuition reimbursement program and our online learning catalog, with approximately 43,000 courses available. We centrally manage and organize on-the-job training, instructor-led trainings and online trainings in many different languages and topics through our global Learning Management System. Our team members live our values (Passion for Customer, Leadership in Quality and One West Team) as they work together to support our mission to improve patients' lives. West’s Code of Conduct, available in multiple languages on westpharma.com, provides guidance to our team members on appropriate and ethical conduct. Every team member is required to undergo Code of Conduct and mutual respect in the workplace training annually. Our focus on talent acquisition, performance management, resource planning and leadership assessment are strongly aligned with our diversity, equity and inclusion strategies. We understand that diversity leads to greater innovation, more opportunities, better access to talent and stronger business performance. Compensation and Benefits West is committed to providing fair and competitive compensation and benefits programs to attract, retain and reward high-performing team members at all levels. We offer a comprehensive total rewards program to support the health, financial and home-life needs of our team members. Total Rewards at West are defined as the value of the Compensation and Benefits programs offered to employees, which aim to reflect the value of the job and the contribution of the individual, while linking employees’ performance to business and personal results. Based on country of employment, West may provide health care and retirement savings programs as well as paid time off, flexible work schedules, a Global Employee Assistance Program and an Employee Stock Purchase Program. Health, Safety and Wellness The health and safety of our team members has always been both a top priority and a cultural value. West's commitment to the safety of our teams starts at the top and is driven throughout our business by every level of management and by every team member across the globe. West has a Health, Safety, and Environment ("HSE") Governance Council consisting of West Leadership Team members and executive operations leaders to monitor and support our HSE process. West’s global HSE team is also a critical component in leading the safety efforts at our sites. Each manufacturing location has dedicated and trained HSE professionals, responsible for general safety oversight and regulatory compliance at the site. Our Recordable Injury Rate in 2023 was 0.74 per 100 employees. Our HSE and employee well-being can also be seen in our focus on quality implementation of proactive Leading Indicator programs and metrics to drive improved Lagging Indicator performance. 9 Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) Commitment West has been committed to ESG topics for many years. During 2023, we continued to increase internal and external awareness of our ESG commitment by expanding our education and communication regarding our ESG program and initiatives and more closely integrating ESG considerations into our business processes. Our ESG program includes a senior-level cross-functional ESG team which has been working with executive leadership, our board and other stakeholders to enhance our ESG framework and ensure alignment with our corporate mission, vision and values. Our long-term strategic priorities include focus on talent attraction, retention and engagement (including efforts to increase the diversity, equity and inclusivity of our workforce to reflect the communities in which we live and work); a climate and greenhouse gas ("GHG") reduction strategy that incorporates renewable energy and reduced absolute and intensity emissions; developing a more sustainable and responsible supply chain; research and development that focuses on issues of sustainability including secondary packaging, beneficial reuse and recyclability; and, reduction of waste and water in our operational processes. These areas of focus are in addition to our commitments to safety, quality, business continuity, as well as business compliance and integrity. Additionally, our philanthropic programs are an essential element of our corporate citizenship especially as we focus on the areas of children’s health; access to healthcare; and science, technology, engineering and math education. We are also expanding our philanthropic scope to include more sustainability related initiatives. We solicit input from our employees on ways to improve in these and other ESG areas and see continued progress in these areas as critical to maintaining an engaged and responsible workforce. Available Information We maintain a website at www.westpharma.com. Our Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) are available on our website under the Investors - Financial caption as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file the material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These filings are also available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. In Part III of this Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference certain information from parts of other documents filed with the SEC and from our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“2024 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days following the end of our 2023 fiscal year. Our 2024 Proxy Statement will be available on our website under the caption Investors - Financial - Annual Reports & Proxy when complete. Information about our corporate governance, including our Corporate Governance Principles and Code of Conduct, as well as information about our Directors, Board Committees, Committee Charters, and instructions on how to contact the Board, is available on our website under the Investors - Corporate Governance heading. We intend to make any required disclosures regarding any amendments of our Code of Conduct under the caption Investors - Corporate Governance on our website. Information relating to the West Pharmaceutical Services Dividend Reinvestment Plan is also available on our website under the Investors - Transfer Agent caption. Information on our website does not constitute part of this document. We will provide any of the foregoing information without charge upon written request to our Corporate Secretary, West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc., 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, PA 19341. 10 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider and carefully read all of the risks and uncertainties described below, as well as other information included in this Annual Report and in our other public filings. The risks described below are not the only ones facing us. The occurrence of any of the following risks or additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your original investment. This Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements and estimates that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of specific factors, including the risks and uncertainties described below. Our disclosure and analysis in this Form 10-K contains some forward-looking statements that are based on management’s beliefs and assumptions, current expectations, estimates and forecasts. We also provide forward- looking statements in other materials we release to the public as well as oral forward-looking statements. Such statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. They do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. We have attempted, wherever possible, to identify forward-looking statements by using words such as “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “believe,” “plan,” “anticipate” and other words and phrases of similar meaning. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, business plans and prospects, new products, future performance or results of current or anticipated products, sales efforts, expenses, interest rates, foreign-exchange rates, economic effects, the outcome of contingencies, such as legal proceedings, and financial results. Many of the factors that will determine our future results are beyond our ability to control or predict. Achievement of future results is subject to known or unknown risks or uncertainties, including, without limitation, the risks set forth below. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from past results and those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement. You should bear this in mind as you consider forward-looking statements. Unless required by applicable securities law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. We also refer you to further disclosures we make on related subjects in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K to the SEC. Global and Economic Risks Global economic conditions, including inflation and supply chain disruptions, could continue to adversely affect our operations. General global economic downturns and macroeconomic trends, including heightened inflation, capital market volatility, interest rate and currency rate fluctuations, and economic slowdown or recession, may result in unfavorable conditions. Those conditions could negatively affect demand for our products due to customers decreasing their inventories in the near-term or long-term, reduction in sales due to raw material shortages, reduction in research and development efforts, our inability to sufficiently hedge our currency and raw material costs, insolvency of suppliers or customers, and exacerbate some of the other risks that affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Both domestic and international markets experienced inflationary pressures in fiscal year 2023 and inflation rates in the U.S., as well as in other countries in which we operate, could continue at elevated levels for the near-term. In addition, the Federal Reserve in the U.S. and other central banks in various countries have raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Interest rate increases or other government actions taken to reduce inflation could also result in recessionary pressures in many parts of the world. 11 Unauthorized access to our or our customers’ information and systems could negatively impact our business. Our systems and networks, as well as those of our customers, suppliers, service providers, and banks, have and may in the future become the target of cyberattacks or information security breaches which, in turn, could result in the unauthorized release and misuse of confidential or proprietary information about our company, our employees or our customers, as well as disrupt our operations or damage our facilities or those of third parties. Additionally, our systems are subject to regulation to preserve the privacy of certain data held on those systems. We maintain an extensive network of technical security controls, policy enforcement mechanisms and monitoring systems, in order to address these threats. While these measures are designed to prevent, detect and respond to unauthorized activity in our systems, certain types of attacks could result in financial or information losses and/or reputational harm. If we cannot comply with regulations or prevent the unauthorized access, release and/or corruption of our or our customers’ confidential, classified or personally identifiable information, our reputation could be damaged, and/or we could face financial losses. We may also be required to incur additional costs to modify or enhance our systems, or to try to prevent or remediate any such attacks. Modifying or enhancing our systems may result in unanticipated or prolonged disruption events, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or results of operations. We are a global company with significant revenues and earnings generated internationally, which exposes us to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, as well as political and economic risks. A significant portion of our net sales and earnings are generated internationally. Sales outside of the U.S. accounted for 58.0% of our consolidated net sales in 2023 and we anticipate that sales from international operations will continue to represent a significant portion of our net sales in the future. In addition, many of our manufacturing facilities and suppliers are located outside of the U.S. and we intend to continue our expansion into emerging and/or faster-growing international markets. Our foreign operations subject us to certain commercial, political and financial risks. Our business in these foreign markets is subject to general political conditions, including any political instability (such as those resulting from war, terrorism and insurrections) and general economic conditions in these markets, such as inflation, deflation, interest rate volatility and credit availability. Additionally, a number of factors, including U.S. relations with the governments of the foreign countries in which we operate, changes to international trade agreements and treaties, increases in trade protectionism, or the weakening or loss of certain intellectual property protection rights in some countries, may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Foreign regulatory requirements, including those related to the testing, authorization, and labeling of products and import or export licensing requirements, could affect the availability of our products in these markets. In addition to risks associated with general political conditions, our international operations are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The functional currency for most of our foreign operations is the applicable local currency. As a result, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the results of our operations and the value of our foreign assets and liabilities, which in turn may adversely affect results of operations and cash flows and the comparability of period-to-period results of operations. Foreign governmental policies and actions regarding currency valuation could result in actions by the United States and other countries to offset the effects of such fluctuations. Given the unpredictability and volatility of foreign currency exchange rates, ongoing or unusual volatility may adversely impact our business and financial conditions. In order to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, we have entered, and expect to continue to enter, into hedging arrangements, including the use of financial derivatives. There can be no certainty that we will be able to enter into or maintain hedges of these currency risks, or that our hedges will be effective, which could have a significant effect on our financial condition and operating results. 12 In addition, our international operations are governed by the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign anti-corruption laws. Global enforcement of anti-corruption laws has increased substantially in recent years, with more enforcement proceedings by U.S. and foreign governmental agencies and the imposition of significant fines and penalties. While we have implemented policies and procedures relating to compliance with these laws, our international operations create the risk that there may be unauthorized payments or offers of payments made by employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors. Any alleged or actual violations of these laws may subject us to government investigations and significant criminal or civil sanctions and other liabilities, and negatively affect our reputation. We are exposed to credit risk on accounts receivable and certain prepayments made in the normal course of business. This risk is heightened during periods when economic conditions worsen. A substantial majority of our outstanding trade receivables are not covered by collateral or credit insurance. In addition, we have made prepayments and other advances in the normal course of business. While we have procedures to monitor and limit exposure to credit risk on trade receivables and other current assets, there can be no assurance such procedures will effectively limit our credit risk and avoid losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. Unstable market and economic conditions and adverse developments with respect to financial institutions and associated liquidity risk may have serious adverse consequences on our business and financial condition. The recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failure could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, our business and financial condition. Even with our continued effort to mitigate counterparty risk by working with highly liquid, well capitalized counterparties, the failure of any bank in which we deposit our funds could reduce the amount of cash we have available for our operations or delay our ability to access such funds. Any such failure may increase the possibility of a sustained deterioration of financial market liquidity, or illiquidity at clearing, cash management and/or custodial financial institutions. In the event we have a commercial relationship with a bank that has failed or is otherwise distressed, we may experience delays or other issues in meeting our financial obligations. If other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents and investments may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Industry Risks Our sales and profitability are largely dependent on the sale of drug products delivered by injection and the packaging of drug products. If the drug products developed by our customers in the future use another delivery system or are reconfigured to require less frequent dosing, our sales and profitability could suffer. Our business depends to a substantial extent on customers’ continued sales and development of products that are delivered by injection. If (i) our customers fail to continue to sell, develop and deploy injectable products; (ii) our customers reconfigure their drug product or develop new drug products requiring less frequent dosing; or (iii) we are unable to develop new products that assist in the delivery of drugs by alternative methods, our sales and profitability may suffer. If we are unable to provide comparative value advantages, timely fulfill customer orders, or resist pricing pressure, we will have to reduce our prices, which may reduce our profit margins. We compete with several companies across our major product lines. Because of the special nature of these products, competition is based primarily on product design and performance, although total cost is becoming increasingly important as pharmaceutical companies continue with aggressive cost-control programs across their operations. 13 Companies often compete on the basis of price. We aim to differentiate ourselves from our competition by being a “full-service, value-added” global supplier that is able to provide pre-sale compatibility studies, engineering support, and other services and sophisticated post-sale technical support on a global basis. However, we face continued pricing pressure from our customers and competitors. If we are unable to resist or offset the effects of continued pricing pressure through our value-added services, improved operating efficiencies and reduced expenditures, or if we have to reduce our prices, our sales and profitability may suffer. Consolidation in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries could adversely affect our future revenues and operating income. The pharmaceutical and healthcare industries continue to experience a significant amount of consolidation. As a result of this consolidation, competition to provide goods and services to customers has increased. In addition, group purchasing organizations and integrated health delivery networks have served to concentrate purchasing decisions for some customers, which has placed pricing pressure on suppliers. Further consolidation within the industries we serve could exert additional pressure on the prices of our products. The medical technology industry is very competitive and customer demands and/or new products in the marketplace could cause a reduction in demand. The medical technology industry is subject to rapid technological changes, and we face significant competition across our product lines and in each market in which our products are sold. We face this competition from a wide range of companies, including large medical device companies, some of which have greater financial and marketing resources than we do. We also face competition from firms that are more specialized than we are with respect to particular markets. In some instances, competitors, including pharmaceutical companies, also offer, or are attempting to develop, alternative therapies for diseases that may be delivered via their own, or without, a medical device. The development of new or improved products, processes or technologies by other companies (such as needle-free injection technology) may reduce customer demand for our products or render some of our products or proposed products obsolete or less competitive. In addition, any failure or inability to meet increased customer quality expectations could cause a reduction in demand. Business and Operational Risks Disruption in our manufacturing facilities could have a material adverse effect on our ability to make and sell products and have a negative impact on our reputation, performance or financial condition. We have manufacturing sites throughout the world. In some instances, however, the manufacturing of certain product lines is concentrated in one or only a few of our plants. The functioning of our manufacturing and distribution assets and systems could be disrupted for reasons either within or beyond our control, including, without limitation: extreme weather, water scarcity and other longer-term climatic changes; natural or man-made disasters; pandemic; war; accidental damage; disruption to the supply of material or services; product quality and safety issues; systems failure; workforce actions; or environmental matters. There is a risk that incident management systems in place may prove inadequate and that any disruption may materially adversely affect our ability to make and sell products and therefore, materially adversely affect our reputation, performance or financial condition. 14 Our international sales and operations are subject to risks and uncertainties that vary by country and which could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or results of operations. We conduct business in most of the major pharmaceutical markets in the world. Our international operations and our ability to implement our overall business strategy (including our plan to continue expanding into emerging and/or faster-growing markets outside of the U.S.) are subject to risks and uncertainties that can vary by country, and include: transportation delays and interruptions; political and economic instability and disruptions; imposition of duties and tariffs; import and export controls; the risks of divergent business expectations or cultural incompatibility inherent in establishing and maintaining operations in foreign countries; difficulties in staffing and managing multi- national operations; labor strikes and/or disputes; and potentially adverse tax consequences. Limitations on our ability to enforce legal rights and remedies with third parties or our joint venture partners outside of the U.S. could also create exposure. In addition, we may not be able to operate in compliance with foreign laws and regulations, or comply with applicable customs, currency exchange control regulations, transfer pricing regulations or any other laws or regulations to which we may be subject, in the event that these laws or regulations change. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our international operations in the future by reducing the demand for our products or decreasing the prices at which we can sell our products, or otherwise have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Disruptions in the supply of key raw materials could adversely impact our operations. We generally purchase our raw materials and supplies required for the production of our products in the open market. For reasons of quality assurance, sole source availability or cost effectiveness, many components and raw materials are available and/or purchased only from a single supplier. Due to the stringent regulations and requirements of the FDA and other regulatory authorities regarding the manufacture of our products and the availability of such raw materials, we may not be able to quickly establish additional or replacement sources for these components or raw materials or do so without excessive cost. As a result, a reduction or interruption in supply, or an inability to secure alternative sources of raw materials or components, could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or results of operations. Raw material and energy prices have a significant impact on our profitability. If raw material and/or energy prices increase, and we cannot pass those price increases on to our customers, our profitability and financial condition may suffer. We use three basic raw materials in the manufacture of our products: elastomers (which include synthetic and natural material), aluminum and plastic. In addition, our manufacturing facilities consume a wide variety of energy products to fuel, heat and cool our operations. The price and supply of these materials and energy sources are cyclical and volatile and may be impacted or disrupted for reasons beyond our control, including supplier shutdowns, supplier capacity constraints, transportation delays, inflationary pricing pressures, work stoppages, labor shortages, geopolitical developments and governmental regulatory actions. For example, the prices of certain commodities, particularly petroleum-based raw materials, have in the recent past exhibited rapid changes, affecting the cost of synthetic elastomers and plastic. While we generally attempt to pass along increased costs to our customers in the form of sales price increases, historically there has been a time delay between raw material and/or energy price increases and our ability to increase the prices of our products. In some circumstances, we may not be able to increase the prices of our products due to competitive pressure and other factors. If we are unable to pass along increased raw material prices and energy costs to our customers, our profitability, and thus our financial condition, may be adversely affected. 15 If we are not timely or successful in new-product innovation or the development and commercialization of proprietary multi-component systems, our future revenues and operating income could be adversely affected. Our growth partly depends on new-product innovation and the development and commercialization of proprietary multi-component systems for injectable drug administration and other healthcare applications. Product development and commercialization is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors outside of our control, including any necessary regulatory approvals and commercial acceptance for the products. The ultimate timing and successful commercialization of new products and systems requires substantial evaluations of the functional, operational, clinical, and economic viability of our products. In addition, the timely and adequate availability of filling capacity is essential to both conducting definitive stability trials and the timing of commercialization of customers’ products in Crystal Zenith vials, syringes and cartridges. Delays, interruptions or failures in developing and commercializing new-product innovations or proprietary multi-component systems could adversely affect future revenues and operating income. In addition, adverse conditions may also result in future charges to recognize impairment in the carrying value of our goodwill and other intangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. We may not succeed in finding and completing acquisitions or other strategic transactions, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We have historically engaged in acquisition activity, and we may in the future engage in acquisitions or other strategic transactions, such as joint ventures or investments in other entities. We may be unable to identify suitable targets, opportunistic or otherwise, for acquisitions or other strategic transactions in the future. If we identify a suitable candidate, our ability to successfully implement the strategic transaction would depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms and to comply with the restrictions contained in our debt agreements. Strategic transactions involve risks, including those associated with integrating the operations or maintaining the operations as separate (as applicable), financial reporting, disparate technologies, and personnel of acquired companies, joint ventures or related companies; managing geographically dispersed operations or other strategic investments; the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns; the inherent risks in entering markets or lines of business in which we have either limited or no direct experience; the potential loss of key employees, customers and strategic partners of acquired companies, joint ventures or companies in which we may make strategic investments; and potentially other unknown risks. We may not successfully integrate any businesses or technologies we may acquire or strategically develop in the future and may not achieve anticipated revenue and cost benefits relating to any such strategic transactions. Strategic transactions may be expensive, time consuming and may strain our resources. Strategic transactions may not be accretive to our earnings and may negatively impact our results of operations as a result of, among other things, the incurrence of debt, one-time write- offs of goodwill, additional carrying costs of patent or trademark portfolios, and amortization expenses of other intangible assets. In addition, strategic transactions that we may pursue could result in dilutive issuances of equity securities. Product defects could adversely affect the results of our operations. The design, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical packaging and medical devices involve certain inherent risks. Manufacturing or design defects, unanticipated use of our products, or inadequate disclosure of risks relating to the use of our products can lead to injury or other adverse events. These events could lead to recalls or safety alerts relating to our products (either voluntary or required by the FDA or similar governmental authorities in other countries), and could result, in certain cases, in the removal of a product from the market. A recall could result in significant costs, as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation that could reduce demand for our products. Personal injuries relating to the use of our products can also result in product liability claims being brought against us. In some circumstances, such adverse events could also cause delays in new product approvals. 16 A loss of key personnel or highly skilled employees could disrupt our operations. Our future success depends, in large part, on our ability to retain key employees, including our executive officers and individuals in technical, marketing, sales, and research positions. Competition for experienced employees, particularly for persons with specialized skills, can be intense. Our ability to recruit such talent will depend on a number of factors, including compensation and benefits, work location and work environment. If we cannot effectively recruit and retain qualified executives and employees, our business could be adversely affected. Although we believe that we will be able to attract and retain talented personnel and replace key personnel should the need arise, our inability to do so on a timely basis could disrupt the operations of the unit affected or our overall operations. In addition, because of the complex nature of many of our products and programs, we are generally dependent on an educated and highly skilled engineering staff and workforce. Our operations could be disrupted by a shortage of available skilled employees. We may be unable to increase capacity or efficiency at our own manufacturing facilities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We must adjust our production capacity as customer demand changes and are focused on increasing capacity at various facilities through our capital strategy. If we are unable to increase capacity levels at the rate we expect, or if unforeseen costs or other challenges associated with increasing that capacity arise, we may not be able to achieve our financial targets. Additionally, we are committed to supporting a full portfolio of our products for our customers. That commitment, along with shifts of product mix and complexity, may result in more frequent equipment change-overs and potentially increased costs because of the high fixed cost nature of our business, causing lower gross margins due to under-absorption of those fixed costs. Our results of operations and earnings may not meet guidance or expectations. We provide public guidance on our expected results of operations for future periods. This guidance is comprised of forward-looking statements subject to risks and uncertainties, including the risks and uncertainties described in this Form 10-K and in our other public filings and public statements, and is based on assumptions we make at the time we provide such guidance. Our guidance may not always be accurate. If, in the future, our results of operations for a particular period do not meet our guidance or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. No assurance can be given that we will continue to pay or declare dividends. We have historically paid dividends. However, there can be no assurance that we will pay or declare dividends in the future. The actual declaration and payment of future dividends, the amount of any such dividends, and the establishment of record and payment dates, if any, are subject to determination by our Board of Directors each quarter after its review of our then-current strategy, applicable debt covenants and financial performance and position, among other things. Our declaration and payment of future dividends is subject to risks and uncertainties, including deterioration of our financial condition or position; inability to declare a dividend in compliance with applicable laws or debt covenants; an increase in our cash needs or decrease in available cash; and the business judgment of the Board of Directors that a declaration of a dividend is not in our best interest. 17 If we fail to comply with our obligations under our distributorship or license agreements with Daikyo or the agreements are terminated early or not renewed, we could lose license rights and access to certain product and technology that are important to our business. Key value-added and proprietary products and processes are licensed from our affiliate, Daikyo, including but not limited to, Crystal Zenith, FluroTec® and B2-coating technologies. Our rights to these products and processes are licensed pursuant to agreements that expire in 2027. However, if the agreements are terminated early or not renewed, our business could be adversely impacted. Legal and Regulatory Risks We are subject to regulation by governments around the world, and if these regulations are not complied with, existing and future operations may be curtailed, and we could be subject to liability. As a multinational corporation with operations and distribution channels throughout the world, we are subject to and must comply with extensive laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions in which we have operations and distribution channels. For example, the design, development, manufacturing, marketing and labeling of certain of our products and our customers’ products that incorporate our products are subject to regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S., Europe and other countries, including the FDA, the European Medicines Agency and the National Medical Products Administration (China). Complying with governmental regulation can be costly and can result in required modification or withdrawal of existing products and a substantial delay in the introduction of new products. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or failure to obtain regulatory approval for a new product could subject us to fines, sanctions or other penalties that could negatively affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations. The global nature of our business also means legal and compliance risks, such as anti-bribery, anti-corruption, fraud, trade, environmental, competition, privacy, and other regulatory matters, will continue to exist and additional legal proceedings and other contingencies will arise from time to time, which could adversely affect us. In addition, the adoption of new laws or regulations, or changes in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations, may result in significant unanticipated legal and reputational risks. Any current or future legal or regulatory proceedings could divert management's attention from our operations and result in substantial legal fees. Products that incorporate our technologies and medical devices that we produce are subject to regulations and extensive approval or clearance processes, which make the timing and success of new-product commercialization difficult to predict. The process of obtaining and maintaining FDA and other required regulatory approvals is expensive and time- consuming. Historically, most medical devices that incorporate our technologies and medical devices that we produce have been subject to the FDA’s 510(k) marketing approval process, which typically lasts from six to nine months. Supplemental or full pre-market approval reviews require a significantly longer period, delaying commercialization. Changes in regulation on a global scale must be monitored and actions taken to ensure ongoing compliance. Pharmaceutical products that incorporate our technologies and medical devices that we produce are subject to the FDA’s New Drug Application process, which typically takes a number of years to complete. Additionally, biotechnology products that incorporate our technologies and medical devices that we produce are subject to the FDA’s Biologics License Application process, which also typically takes a number of years to complete. Outside of the U.S., sales of medical devices and pharmaceutical or biotechnology products are subject to international regulatory requirements that vary from country to country. The time required to obtain approval for sale internationally may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. There is no certainty that any regulatory approval may be obtained or maintained indefinitely, and our ability to launch products to the market and maintain market presence is not guaranteed. 18 Changes in the regulation of drug products and devices may increase competitive pressure and adversely affect our business. An effect of the governmental regulation of our medical devices and our customers’ drug products, devices, and manufacturing processes is that compliance with regulations makes it difficult to change components and devices produced by one supplier with those from another supplier, due to the large amount of data and information that customers must generate to demonstrate that the components and devices are equivalent and pose no additional risk to the patient. The regulation of our medical devices and our customers’ products that incorporate our components and devices has increased over time. If the applicable regulations were to be modified in a way that reduced the level of data and information needed to prove equivalency for a change from one supplier’s components or devices to those made by another, it is likely that the competitive pressure would increase and adversely affect our sales and profitability. If we are not successful in protecting our intellectual property rights, our ability to compete may be affected. Our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property are important to our business. We rely on patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, and other intellectual property laws, as well as nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements and other methods, to protect our proprietary products, information, technologies and processes. We also have obligations with respect to the non-use and non-disclosure of third-party intellectual property. We may need to engage in litigation or similar activities to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights of others. Any such litigation could require us to expend significant resources and divert the efforts and attention of our management and other personnel from our business operations. There can be no assurance that the steps we will take to prevent misappropriation, infringement or other violation of our intellectual property or the intellectual property of others will be successful. In addition, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited for some of our proprietary products in some countries. Failure to protect our intellectual property or successfully invalidate or defend against intellectual property protections of third parties could harm our business and results of operations. In addition, if relevant and effective patent protection is not available or has expired, we may not be able to prevent competitors from independently developing products and services similar or duplicative to ours. Significant developments in U.S. policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or results of operations. We earn a substantial portion of our income in foreign countries and, as such, we are subject to the tax laws in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Current economic and political conditions make tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application, in any jurisdiction subject to significant change. Proposals to reform U.S. and foreign tax laws could significantly impact how U.S. multinational corporations are taxed on foreign earnings and could increase the U.S. corporate tax rate. Although we cannot predict whether or in what form these proposals may pass, several of the proposals considered, if enacted into law, could have an adverse impact on our effective tax rate, income tax expense and cash flows. We utilize tax rulings and other agreements to obtain certainty in treatment of certain tax matters. These rulings and agreements expire from time to time and may be extended when certain conditions are met or terminated if certain conditions are not met. The impact of any changes in conditions would be the loss of certainty in treatment thus potentially impacting our effective income tax rate. We are also subject to the examination of our tax returns by the United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax provisions are adequate, the final determination of tax audits and any related disputes rapidly change and could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of audits or related disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial statements for the period or periods for which the applicable final determinations are made. 19 For example, we and our subsidiaries are also engaged in a number of intercompany transactions across multiple tax jurisdictions. Although we believe we have clearly reflected the economics of these transactions and the proper local transfer pricing documentation is in place, tax authorities may propose and sustain adjustments that could result in changes that may impact our mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates. We are subject to stringent and changing obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm and other adverse business consequences. In addition to our own sensitive and proprietary business information, we handle transactional and personal information worldwide. As a result, we must comply with increasingly complex and rigorous, and sometimes conflicting laws, regulatory standards, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contracts and other obligations that govern the processing of business and personal data by us and on our behalf. For example and not limited to, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “EU GDPR”), the United Kingdom’s GDPR (the “UK GDPR”) and California’s Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the "CCPA"), as expanded by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”), impose obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal data and provide certain individual privacy rights to persons whose data is stored. Furthermore, multiple states in the United States have enacted data privacy laws. Additionally, laws in certain jurisdictions require data localization and impose restrictions on the transfer of personal information across border. For example, the EU GDPR generally restricts the transfer of personal information to countries outside of the European Economic Area without appropriate safeguards or other measures. If we cannot implement a valid compliance mechanism for cross- border privacy and security transfers, we may face increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and injunctions against processing or transferring personal information from Europe or elsewhere. Compliance with existing and forthcoming laws and regulations can be costly and time consuming, and may require changes to our information technologies, systems and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal information on our behalf. If we fail, or are perceived to have failed, to address or comply with obligations related to data privacy and security, we could face significant consequences, including, but not limited to, proceedings against the Company by governmental entities (e.g. investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspections) or other entities or individuals, additional reporting requirements and/or governmental agency oversight, damage to our reputation and credibility, or inability to process data or operate in certain jurisdictions, any of which could have a negative impact on revenues and profits. Changing climate, global climate change regulations and greenhouse gas effects may adversely affect our operations and financial performance. There is continuing concern from members of the scientific community and the general public that emissions of GHG and other activities have or will cause significant changes in weather patterns and increase the frequency or severity of extreme weather events, including droughts, hurricanes, wildfires and flooding. These types of extreme weather events have and may continue to adversely impact us, raw material availability, our suppliers, our customers and their ability to purchase our products and our ability to timely manufacture and transport our products. We believe it is likely that the scientific and political attention to issues concerning the extent and causes of climate change will continue, with new and more restrictive legislation or regulations and focus on ESG initiatives that could affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Foreign, federal, state and local regulatory and legislative bodies, such as the SEC, have proposed various legislative and regulatory measures relating to increased transparency and standardization of reporting related to factors that may include climate change, regulating GHG emissions, energy policies, recycling of plastic materials, waste taxes, and other governmental charges and mandates. If additional legislation or regulations were enacted, we could incur increased energy, environmental, administrative and other costs and capital expenditures to comply with the limitations. 20 Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines and could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We could also face increased costs related to defending and resolving legal claims and other litigation related to climate change and any alleged impact of our operations on climate change. We, along with other companies in many business sectors have been implementing and expanding ESG and sustainability strategies, specifically ways to track and reduce GHG emissions. As a result, our customers may request that changes be made to our products, procedures or facilities, as well as other aspects of our business, that increase costs and may require the investment of capital or reduction in profit margins if not offset by price increases, customer investment or other cost savings. Failure to provide climate-friendly products or demonstrate GHG reductions could potentially result in loss of market share. Additionally, the costs of procuring energy, including renewable energy, or offsetting GHG emissions to meet our goals, satisfy government regulations or meet the requests of our customers may increase. Failure to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences. We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA"), the U.K. Bribery Act and other anti-bribery, anti- corruption, and anti-money laundering laws in various jurisdictions around the world. The FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar applicable laws generally prohibit companies, as well as their officers, directors, employees and third-party intermediaries, business partners and agents, from making improper payments or providing other improper things of value to government officials or other persons. We and our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state owned or affiliated entities and other third parties where we may be held liable for corrupt or other illegal activities, even if we do not explicitly authorize them. While we have policies and procedures and internal controls to address compliance with such laws, we cannot provide assurance that all of our employees and third-party intermediaries, business partners and agents will not take actions in violation of such policies and laws, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. To the extent that we learn that any of our employees or third-party intermediaries, business partners or agents do not adhere to our policies, procedures, or internal controls, we are committed to taking appropriate remedial action. In the event that we believe or have reason to believe that our directors, officers, employees or third-party intermediaries, agents or business partners have or may have violated such laws, we may be required to investigate or to have outside counsel investigate the relevant facts and circumstances. Detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations can be extensive and require a significant diversion of time, resources, and attention from senior management. Any violation of the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act or other applicable anti- bribery, anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, and criminal or civil sanctions, penalties, and fines, any of which may adversely affect our business and financial condition. Our operations must comply with environmental statutes and regulations, and any failure to comply could result in extensive costs which would harm our business. The manufacturing of some of our products has involved, and may continue to involve, the use, transportation, storage, and disposal of hazardous or toxic materials and is subject to various environmental protection and occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate. This has exposed us in the past, and could expose us in the future, to risks of accidental contamination and events of non-compliance with environmental laws. Any such occurrences could result in regulatory enforcement or personal injury and property damage claims or could lead to a shutdown of some of our operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We currently incur costs to comply with environmental laws and regulations and these costs may become more significant, especially as the laws become more stringent and our use of materials changes. 21 Changes in reimbursement practices of third-party payers or other cost containment measures, including changes to applicable laws and regulations, could affect the demand for our products and the prices at which they are sold. Our sales depend, in part, on the extent to which healthcare providers and facilities are reimbursed by government authorities (including Medicare, Medicaid and comparable foreign programs) and private insurers for the costs of our products. The coverage policies and reimbursement levels of third-party payers, which can vary among public and private sources and by country, may affect which products customers purchase and the prices they are willing to pay for those products in a particular jurisdiction. Reimbursement rates can also affect the market acceptance rate of new technologies and products. Reforms to reimbursement systems in the U.S. or abroad, changes in coverage by private payers, or adverse decisions by payers could significantly reduce reimbursement for procedures using our products, which could adversely affect customer demand or the price customers are willing to pay for such products. Initiatives to limit the growth of healthcare costs in the U.S. and other countries where we do business may also put industry-wide pressure on medical device or clinical diagnostic pricing. In the U.S., these include, among others, value-based purchasing and managed care arrangements. Governments in other countries are also using various mechanisms to control healthcare expenditures, including increased use of competitive bidding and tenders as well as price regulation. General Risk Factor Our share price has been volatile and may fluctuate, and accordingly, the value of an investment in our common stock may also fluctuate. Stock markets in general and our common stock in particular have experienced significant price and trading volume volatility over recent years. The market price and trading volume of our common stock may continue to be subject to significant fluctuations due to factors described under this Item 1A. Risk Factors, as well as economic and geopolitical conditions in general and to variability in the prevailing sentiment regarding our operations or business prospects, as well as, among other things, changing investment priorities of our shareholders. ITEM IB. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS As of the filing of this Form 10-K, there were no unresolved comments from the Staff of the SEC. 22 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY Risk Management and Strategy The Company has implemented the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) Framework, which outlines the process by which an organization can view any risk by way of governance and culture, integration into strategy, risk assessments, reviewing capabilities and practices, and monitoring and reporting. This process would apply to the cybersecurity risk as it would any of the other enterprise risks. We follow the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework (“CSF”) with layered security controls to help identify, protect against, detect, respond to, and recover from cyber-attacks. To safeguard our information assets, we have put various procedures and technologies in place. For example, our Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan clearly defines roles and responsibilities for the investigation of and response to information security incidents to minimize disruption of critical computing services and operations and prevent the loss or theft of sensitive or mission-critical information. Our plan covers various cyber incidents like ransomware attacks, cyber-intrusions, data loss, denial of service, insider threats, malware attacks, and others. In a material cybersecurity incident, our D&T team, inclusive of our Chief Information Officer and VP of Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Support, address the threat via established escalation procedures, roles, responsibilities, and communication. Any cybersecurity incident that is declared as a crisis would follow our global Incident and Crisis Response and Management Procedure, which includes escalation to the West Leadership Team and Board of Directors, as deemed necessary pending the materiality of the incident. We have not encountered cybersecurity challenges that have materially impacted our operations or financial condition. In addition, we retain an external cybersecurity consultant to assist with a cybersecurity event as needed and maintain appropriate cybersecurity liability insurance. The Company also educates and shares best practices globally with its employees to raise awareness of cybersecurity threats. As part of our onboarding process, we train all new employees on cybersecurity and conduct an annual retraining of all employees on cybersecurity standards. Training also includes how to recognize, report and properly respond to phishing and social engineering schemes. Multiple phishing simulation exercises are conducted throughout the year to increase cybersecurity awareness. Our cybersecurity defenses also utilize technologies such as next generation firewalls, Zero Trust architecture, intrusion detection and prevention measures, anti-malware software, advance threat protection, multifactor authentication, network segmentation and encryption to ensure the security of West intellectual properties, customer and vendor data. In addition, we have a dedicated 24- by-7 Security Operations Center to facilitate the monitoring of the Company's cybersecurity landscape and associated applications. Governance Our approach to cybersecurity begins with our responsibility for strong governance and controls. Security begins at the top of our organization, where Company leadership consistently communicates the requirements for vigilance and compliance throughout the organization, and then leads by example. Our diligence and assessment extends beyond West, as the Company performs a cybersecurity assessment when third-party vendors and service providers are onboarded. Throughout the year, we monitor the effectiveness of our third-party vendors' and service providers' control environment, assessing any impact to our Company. The cybersecurity program is led by our Chief Information Officer and VP of Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Support, who provide quarterly updates to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, annual updates to the Board of Directors, and regular reports to the West Leadership Team about the program, including information about cyber risk management governance and the status of ongoing efforts to strengthen cybersecurity effectiveness. Additionally, our ERM function monitors cybersecurity risk and provides regular updates to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, annual updates to the Board of Directors, and regular reporting to the West Leadership Team on risk mitigation and response efforts. Security controls and processes are developed and maintained to protect sensitive and confidential information while ensuring availability and integrity. 23 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our corporate headquarters are located at 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341. The following table summarizes our facilities by segment and geographic region. All facilities shown are owned except where otherwise noted. Type of Facility/ Country Manufacturing: North America United States of America South America Brazil Europe Denmark England France Germany Ireland Serbia Asia Pacific China India Singapore Location Segment Phoenix, AZ (2) Scottsdale, AZ (1) (2) Tempe, AZ (2) St. Petersburg, FL (1) Grand Rapids, MI Kinston, NC Kearney, NE Jersey Shore, PA Williamsport, PA Cayey, Puerto Rico Contract Manufactured Products and Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Contract Manufactured Products Proprietary Products Contract Manufactured Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Contract Manufactured Products Proprietary Products and Contract Manufactured Products Sao Paulo Proprietary Products Horsens St. Austell Le Nouvion Eschweiler (1) (2) Stolberg Waterford Dublin (2) Kovin Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Contract Manufactured Products Proprietary Products Qingpu Sri City Jurong (2) Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Mold-and-Die Tool Shop: North America United States of America Upper Darby, PA Proprietary Products 24 Type of Facility/ Country Europe England Germany Location Bodmin Stolberg Segment Proprietary Products Proprietary Products Contract Analytical Laboratory: North America United States of America Technology Center: Asia Pacific India Exton, PA Proprietary Products Bangalore (2) Proprietary Products, Contract Manufactured Products (1) This manufacturing facility is also used for research and development activities. (2) This facility is leased in whole or in part. Our Proprietary Products reportable segment leases facilities located in Scottsdale, AZ, Radnor, PA, Germany, and Israel for research and development, as well as other activities. Sales offices in various locations are leased under contractual arrangements. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS None. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS The executive officers of the Company are set forth in this table. Generally, executive officers are elected by the Board of Directors annually at the regular meeting of the Board of Directors following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Additionally, executive officers may be elected upon hire or due to a promotion. Name Silji Abraham Age 52 Bernard J. Birkett 55 Position Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer since December 2020. Senior Vice President, Chief Digital and Transformation Officer from February 2018 to December 2020. Prior to joining West, he most recently served as Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer of MilliporeSigma, a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Prior to this role, he served as Chief Information Officer at Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, a leading life science and technology company, and worked in various leadership roles at Invensys Operations Management, ArvinMeritor and Chrysler Group. Senior Vice President and Chief Financial and Operations Officer since July 2022. Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from June 2018 to July 2022. In addition, Treasurer from June 2018 to December 2019 and Principal Accounting Officer from October 2019 to April 2020. Prior to joining West, he spent more than 20 years at Merit Medical Systems, Inc., a leading manufacturer of disposable medical devices, where he served in a number of senior global leadership roles, including Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, Controller for Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and Vice President of International Finance. 25 Annette F. Favorite 59 Eric M. Green 54 Quintin J. Lai 57 Kimberly Banks MacKay 58 Cindy Reiss-Clark 50 Chad R. Winters 45 Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer since October 2015. Prior to joining West, she spent more than 25 years at IBM Corporation, an information technology services company, in a number of strategic and global human resources roles, including Vice President, Global Talent Management, Vice President of Human Resources for Worldwide Software Sales, and Human Resources Leader for the company’s Southwest European Region, based out of Spain. Chair of the Board since May 2022. Chief Executive Officer since April 2015 and President since December 2015. Prior to joining West, he was Executive Vice President and President of the Research Markets business unit at Sigma- Aldrich Corporation from 2013 to 2015. From 2009 to 2013, he served as Vice President and Managing Director, International, where he was responsible for Asia Pacific and Latin America, and prior thereto, held various commercial and operational roles. Vice President, Strategy and Investor Relations since January 2016. In addition, Corporate Development responsibilities from January 2016 to September 2021. Prior to joining West, he was Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Strategy at Sigma-Aldrich Corporation from 2012 to 2015. From 2002 to 2012, he was at Robert W. Baird & Company, where he held various roles, including Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst of the Life Science Tools and Diagnostic sector and Associate Director of Equity Research. Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since December 2020. Prior to joining West, from April 2019 to November 2020, she served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary at the Segal Group in New York, a privately held firm specializing in employee benefits and investment consulting. Prior to Segal, she served for over 15 years in a variety of Legal leadership roles for Novartis, a global healthcare company, including Head of U.S. Legal for Novartis Business Service. Chief Commercial Officer since May 2022. Senior Vice President, Global Markets and Commercial Solutions since November 2019. Vice President and General Manger Biologics Market Unit from September 2018 to November 2019. Prior to joining West, she served as Senior Vice President of Global Marketing at Lonza Pharma and Biotech, a leading Contract Development and Manufacturing Business from October 2017 to July 2018. From January 2016 to September 2017, served as Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Senior Vice President of Global Sales. Prior to Lonza, she served for over 15 years in a variety of Commercial leadership roles at SAFC, a division of Sigma-Aldrich Company. Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller since May 2020. Vice President and Corporate Controller since October 2019. Prior to joining West, he served as Senior Vice President of Finance & Accounting and Controller of Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company. Prior to Amneal, he held roles of increasing responsibility at the Chemours Company, UGI Corporation, and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. 26 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “WST.” As of January 25, 2024, we had 574 shareholders of record, which excludes beneficial owners whose shares were held by brokerage firms, depositaries and other institutional firms in “street names” for their customers. Dividends We paid a quarterly dividend of $0.18 per share on our common stock in each of the first three quarters of 2022; $0.19 per share in the fourth quarter of 2022 and each of the first three quarters of 2023; and $0.20 per share in the fourth quarter of 2023. We will continue to review our ability to pay cash dividends on an ongoing basis and dividends may be declared at the discretion of our Board of Directors. When considering whether to declare a dividend, our Board of Directors will take into account: • • • • • • general economic and business conditions; our financial condition and operating results; our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs; our capital requirements; contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by us; and such other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The following table shows information with respect to purchases of our common stock made during the three months ended December 31, 2023 by us or any of our “affiliated purchasers” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act: Total number of shares purchased (1) Average price paid per share (1) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (1) Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (1) — $ 261,080 251,182 512,262 $ — 339.86 351.49 345.56 — $ 738,700,000 261,080 251,182 650,000,000 561,700,000 512,262 $ 561,700,000 Period October 1 - 31, 2023 November 1 - 30, 2023 December 1 - 31, 2023 Total (1) In February 2023, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $1.0 billion in shares of common stock. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date under which we may repurchase common stock on the open market or in privately-negotiated transactions. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of such transactions will depend on a variety of factors, including market conditions. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 512,262 shares of our common stock under the program at a cost of $177.0 million, or an average price of $345.56 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 1,265,661 shares of our common stock under the program at a cost of $438.3 million, or an average price of $346.34 per share. 27 In December 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for calendar-year 2022 authorizing the repurchase of up to 650,000 shares of our common stock from time to time on the open market or in privately- negotiated transactions. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of such transactions depended on a variety of factors, including market conditions. This share repurchase program was completed by December 31, 2022. There were no shares purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2022 under the calendar-year 2022 program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we purchased 563,334 shares of our common stock under the calendar-year 2022 program at a cost of $202.8 million, or an average price of $360.03 per share. Performance Graph The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return to holders of our common stock with the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (“S&P 500”) and the Standard & Poor's 500 Health Care Index, for the five years ended December 31, 2023. The performance graph is based on historical data and is not indicative of, or intended to forecast, future performance of our common stock. Cumulative total return to shareholders is measured by dividing total dividends (assuming dividend reinvestment) plus the per-share price change for the period by the share price at the beginning of the period. The cumulative shareholder return on our common stock is based on an investment of $100 on December 31, 2018 and is compared to the cumulative total return of the S&P indices mentioned above over the period with a like amount invested. Comparison of Cumulative Five Year Total Return $600 $550 $500 $450 $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. S&P 500 S&P 500 Health Care Index *Five year total return data obtained from NASDAQ IR Insight ITEM 6. RESERVED 28 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS OVERVIEW The following discussion is intended to further the reader’s understanding of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company. It should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying footnotes included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. These historical financial statements may not be indicative of our future performance. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains a number of forward-looking statements, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by the uncertainties and risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K. Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures For the purpose of aiding the comparison of our year-over-year results, we may refer to net sales and other financial results excluding the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Organic net sales exclude the impact from acquisitions and/or divestitures and translate the current-period reported sales of subsidiaries whose functional currency is other than USD at the applicable foreign exchange rates in effect during the comparable prior-year period. We may also refer to adjusted consolidated operating profit and adjusted consolidated operating profit margin, which exclude the effects of unallocated items. The unallocated items are not representative of ongoing operations, and generally include restructuring and related charges, certain asset impairments, and other specifically- identified income or expense items. The re-measured results excluding effects from currency translation, the impact from acquisitions and/or divestitures, and excluding the effects of unallocated items are not in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and should not be used as a substitute for the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. The non-U.S. GAAP financial measures are incorporated in our discussion and analysis as management uses them in evaluating our results of operations and believes that this information provides users with a valuable insight into our overall performance and financial position. Our Operations We are a leading global manufacturer in the design and production of technologically advanced, high-quality, integrated containment and delivery systems for injectable drugs and healthcare products. Our products include a variety of primary proprietary packaging, containment solutions, reconstitution and transfer systems, and drug delivery systems, as well as contract manufacturing, analytical lab services and integrated solutions. Our customers include leading biologic, generic, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device companies around the world. Our top priority is delivering quality products that meet the exact product specifications and quality standards customers require and expect. This focus on quality includes a commitment to excellence in manufacturing, scientific and technical expertise and management, which enables us to partner with our customers in order to deliver safe, effective drug products to patients quickly and efficiently. Our business operations are organized into two global segments, Proprietary Products and Contract-Manufactured Products. Our Proprietary Products reportable segment offers proprietary packaging, containment solutions and drug delivery systems, along with analytical lab services and other integrated services and solutions, primarily to biologic, generic and pharmaceutical drug customers. Our Contract-Manufactured Products reportable segment serves as a fully integrated business, focused on the design, manufacture, and automated assembly of complex devices, primarily for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device customers. We also maintain collaborations to share technologies and market products with affiliates in Japan and Mexico. Other Macroeconomic Factors Through the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, the war between Russia and Ukraine has not had a material impact on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations as we do not have manufacturing operations or significant commercial relationships in either country. However, the continuation of the Russia- Ukraine military conflict and/or an escalation of the conflict beyond its current scope may further weaken the global economy and could result in additional inflationary pressures and supply chain constraints, including the unavailability and cost of energy. 29 We have operations based in Israel that conduct research and development activities and manufacture certain components for our devices. Our Israel-based facilities continue to substantially operate as they had prior to the conflict in Israel and surrounding area. We continue to monitor the impact of the conflict in Israel and surrounding areas on our operations and those of our suppliers, the possible expansion of such conflict and potential geopolitical consequences, if any, on our business and operations. During 2023, we also experienced higher costs for raw materials. Due to the uncertainty that exists relative to the duration and overall impact of the macroeconomic factors discussed above, our future operating performance, particularly in the short-term, may be subject to volatility. The impacts of macroeconomic conditions on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows are dependent on certain factors, including those discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors. Components of and Key Factors Influencing Our Results of Operations In assessing the performance of our business, we consider a variety of performance and financial measures. We believe the items discussed below provide insight into the factors that affect these key measures. Net Sales Our net sales result from the sale of goods or services and reflect the net consideration which we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Several factors affect our reported net sales in any period, including product, payer and geographic sales mix, operational effectiveness, pricing realization, timing of orders and shipments, regulatory actions, competition, and business acquisitions that involve our customers or competitors. Cost of goods and services sold and gross profit Cost of goods and services sold includes personnel costs, manufacturing costs, raw materials and product costs, freight costs, depreciation, and facility costs associated with our manufacturing and warehouse facilities. Fluctuations in our cost of goods sold correspond with the fluctuations in sales units as well as inflationary and other market factors that influence our cost base. Gross profit is calculated as net sales less cost of goods and services sold. Our gross profit is affected by product and geographic sales mix, realized pricing of our products, the efficiency of our manufacturing operations and the costs of materials used to make our products. Research and development expenses Research and development expenses relate to our investments in improvements to our manufacturing processes, product enhancements, and additional investments in our elastomeric packaging components, formulation development, integrated drug containment systems, self-injection systems and drug administration consumables. We expense research and development costs as incurred. Our research and development expenses fluctuate from period to period primarily based on the ongoing improvements to our manufacturing processes and product enhancements. Selling, general and administrative expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include personnel costs, incentive compensation, insurance, professional fees, and depreciation. 30 Financial Performance Summary The following tables present a reconciliation from U.S. GAAP to non-U.S. GAAP financial measures: ($ in millions) Operating profit Income tax expense Net income Diluted EPS Year ended December 31, 2023 GAAP $ 676.0 $ 122.3 $ 593.4 $ 7.88 Unallocated items: Loss on disposal of plant (1) Cost investment activity (2) Restructuring and other charges (3) Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets (4) Legal settlement (5) Year ended December 31, 2023 adjusted amounts (non-U.S. GAAP) 11.6 4.3 (2.0) 0.7 — (0.7) — (0.9) 0.1 (0.9) 12.3 4.3 (1.1) 2.8 (2.9) 0.16 0.06 (0.02) 0.04 (0.04) $ 690.6 $ 119.9 $ 608.8 $ 8.08 During 2023, we recorded a tax benefit of $32.0 million associated with stock-based compensation. ($ in millions) Operating profit Income tax expense Net income Diluted EPS Year ended December 31, 2022 GAAP $ 734.0 $ 114.7 $ 585.9 $ 7.73 Unallocated items: Restructuring and other charges (3) Pension settlement (6) Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets (4) Cost investment activity (2) Royalty acceleration (7) Tax law changes (8) Year ended December 31, 2022 adjusted amounts (non-U.S. GAAP) 23.8 — 0.7 3.5 — — 2.0 20.6 0.1 — 1.3 (5.7) 21.8 31.6 2.8 3.5 (1.3) 5.7 0.29 0.42 0.04 0.05 (0.02) 0.07 $ 762.0 $ 133.0 $ 650.0 $ 8.58 During 2022, we recorded a tax benefit of $16.5 million associated with stock-based compensation. ($ in millions) Operating profit Income tax expense Net income Diluted EPS Year ended December 31, 2021 GAAP $ 752.3 $ 107.2 $ 661.8 $ 8.67 Unallocated items: Restructuring and other charges (3) Pension settlement (6) Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets (4) Asset impairment (1) Cost investment activity (2) Royalty acceleration (7) Tax law changes (8) Year ended December 31, 2021 adjusted amounts (non-U.S. GAAP) 2.2 — 0.8 2.8 4.3 — — 0.4 0.5 0.1 — (0.1) 18.5 1.4 1.8 1.5 2.8 2.8 4.4 (18.5) (1.4) 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 (0.25) (0.02) $ 762.4 $ 128.0 $ 655.2 $ 8.58 31 During 2021, we recorded a tax benefit of $31.5 million associated with stock-based compensation. (1) During 2023, the Company recorded expense of $11.6 million as a result of the sale of one of the Company’s manufacturing facilities within the Proprietary Products segment. The transaction closed during the second quarter of 2023. During 2021, the Company recorded a $2.8 million impairment charge for certain long-lived and intangible assets related to the Company's manufacturing facility within the Proprietary Products segment that was sold during the second quarter of 2023, as it determined the carrying value was not fully recoverable. $1.9 million of this charge was recorded within cost of goods and services sold and $0.9 million of the charge is recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense, due to the nature of the impaired assets. (2) During 2023, the Company recorded a cost investment impairment charge of $4.3 million. During 2022, the Company recorded a cost investment impairment charge of $3.5 million. During 2021, the net cost investment activity was equal to $4.3 million, inclusive of an impairment charge of $4.6 million partially offset by a $0.3 million gain on the sale of a cost investment. (3) During 2023, the Company recorded a benefit to restructuring and other charges of $2.0 million, which represents the net impact of a $2.8 million benefit within other expense (income) for revised severance estimates in connection with its 2022 restructuring plan and an inventory write down of $0.8 million within cost of goods and services sold. During 2022, the Company recorded expense to restructuring and other charges of $23.8 million, which primarily included a charge of $8.7 million in net severance and post-employment benefits primarily in connection with our plan to adjust our operating cost base and $15.3 million in asset-related charges associated with this plan. During 2021, the Company recorded expense to restructuring and other charges of $2.2 million to optimize certain organizational structures within the Company. (4) During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $0.7 million, $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of amortization expense within operating profit associated with an acquisition of an intangible asset during the second quarter of 2020. Additionally, during 2023, 2022 and 2021, the company recorded $2.1 million of amortization expense in association with an acquisition of increased ownership interest in Daikyo. (5) During 2023, the Company recorded a benefit of $3.8 million within other nonoperating (income) expense as a result of a favorable legal settlement related to a matter not included in our normal operations. (6) During 2022, we recorded a gross pension settlement charge of $52.2 million within other nonoperating (income) expense, which primarily relates to the full settlement of the U.S. qualified defined benefit plan (the "U.S. pension plan"). In 2021, we recorded a pension settlement charge within other nonoperating (income) expense, as it was determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for our U.S. pension plan exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for further discussion of these items. (7) During 2022, the Company increased its expected tax benefit related to the prepayment of future royalties from one of its subsidiaries by $1.3 million. During 2021, the Company prepaid future royalties from one of its subsidiaries, which resulted in a $18.5 million tax benefit. (8) During 2022, the Company incurred additional tax expense of $5.7 million due to the impact of a tax law change in the state of Pennsylvania enacted during the period. During 2021, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.4 million due to the impact of a United Kingdom tax law change enacted during the period. 32 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS We evaluate the performance of our segments based upon, among other things, segment net sales and operating profit. Segment operating profit excludes general corporate costs, which include executive and director compensation, stock-based compensation, certain pension and other retirement benefit costs, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. Also excluded are items that we consider not representative of ongoing operations. Such items are referred to as other unallocated items for which further information can be found above in the reconciliation from U.S. GAAP to non-U.S. GAAP financial measures. Discussion of the year-over-year changes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and the results of operations and cash flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 is included in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference. Percentages in the following tables and throughout this Results of Operations section may reflect rounding adjustments. Net Sales The following table presents net sales, consolidated and by reportable segment: ($ in millions) Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Intersegment sales elimination 552.5 — Year Ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 $ 2,397.3 $ 2,406.8 $ 2,317.3 480.4 514.7 (0.4%) 15.0% 3.9% (6.7%) (0.3) (0.4) (100.0%) (25.0%) Consolidated net sales $ 2,949.8 $ 2,886.9 $ 2,831.6 2.2% 2.0% Consolidated net sales increased by $62.9 million, or 2.2%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $27.9 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects and the impact related to the disposal of one of our plants of $11.5 million, consolidated net sales increased by $46.5 million, or 1.6%. Proprietary Products – Proprietary Products net sales decreased by $9.5 million, or 0.4%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $22.1 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects and the impact related to the disposal of one of our plants of $11.5 million, net sales decreased by $20.1 million, or 0.8%, primarily due to a decline in COVID-related sales of approximately $320 million, offset by growth in our high-value components, primarily Westar®, Daikyo® and Envision®, as well as growth in high-value devices, such as self-injection systems and administration systems, and sales price increases. Contract-Manufactured Products – Contract-Manufactured Products net sales increased by $72.1 million, or 15.0%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $5.8 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, net sales increased by $66.3 million, or 13.8%, primarily due to an increase in the volume of sales of components associated with injection-related devices and healthcare diagnostic devices, as well as sales price increases. The intersegment sales elimination, which is required for the presentation of consolidated net sales, represents the elimination of components sold between our segments. 33 Gross Profit The following table presents gross profit and related gross margins, consolidated and by reportable segment and by unallocated: ($ in millions) Proprietary Products: Gross profit Gross profit margin Contract-Manufactured Products: Gross profit Gross profit margin Unallocated items Year Ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 $ 1,034.0 $ 1,053.3 $ 1,093.9 (1.8%) (3.7%) 43.1% 43.8% 47.2% $ $ 96.0 $ 82.9 17.4% 17.3% (0.8) $ — $ $ 83.8 16.3% (1.9) 15.8% (1.1%) Consolidated gross profit $ 1,129.2 $ 1,136.2 $ 1,175.8 (0.6%) (3.4%) Consolidated gross profit margin 38.3% 39.4% 41.5% Consolidated gross profit decreased by $7.0 million, or 0.6%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $13.3 million. Consolidated gross profit margin decreased by 1.1 margin points in 2023. Proprietary Products – Proprietary Products gross profit decreased by $19.3 million, or 1.8%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $12.3 million. Proprietary Products gross profit margin decreased by 0.7 margin points in 2023. The decrease is driven by a decline in higher margin COVID-related sales, a decrease of approximately $21 million, net, in fees received from COVID-19 supply agreements, and inflationary pressures, primarily within compensation costs. These items were offset by increased sales prices. Contract-Manufactured Products – Contract-Manufactured Products gross profit increased by $13.1 million, or 15.8%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $1.0 million. Contract-Manufactured Products gross profit margin increased by 0.1 margin points in 2023, due to sales price increases and a favorable mix of products sold, offset by inflationary pressures, primarily within compensation costs. Research and Development (“R&D”) Costs The following table presents consolidated R&D costs: ($ in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 Consolidated R&D costs $ 68.4 $ 58.5 $ 52.8 16.9% 10.8% Year Ended December 31, % Change Consolidated R&D costs increased by $9.9 million, or 16.9%, in 2023, as compared to 2022, due to higher annual incentive compensation and additional research performed to identify new product opportunities. The increase in cost includes $3.5 million of incremental spend on research performed on glass systems. Efforts remain focused on the continued investment in elastomeric packaging components, formulation development, drug containment systems, self-injection systems and drug administration consumables. All of the R&D costs incurred during 2023, 2022 and 2021 related to Proprietary Products. 34 Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Costs The following table presents SG&A costs, consolidated and by reportable segment and corporate and unallocated items: ($ in millions) Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Corporate and unallocated items Year Ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 $ 240.6 $ 212.6 $ 244.8 24.4 88.4 20.9 83.4 15.9 102.1 13.2% 16.7% 6.0% 11.5% (13.2%) 31.4 % (18.3%) (12.7%) Consolidated SG&A costs $ 353.4 $ 316.9 $ 362.8 SG&A as a % of net sales 12.0% 11.0% 12.8% Consolidated SG&A costs increased by $36.5 million, or 11.5%, in 2023, primarily due to higher annual incentive compensation, increased compensation costs, an increase in fees related to professional services and an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact of $1.6 million. Proprietary Products – Proprietary Products SG&A costs increased by $28.0 million, or 13.2%, in 2023, primarily due to higher annual incentive compensation, an increase in compensation costs and an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact of $1.3 million. Contract-Manufactured Products – Contract-Manufactured Products SG&A costs increased by $3.5 million, or 16.7%, in 2023, primarily due to a higher allocation of corporate function spend and higher annual incentive compensation. Corporate and unallocated items – Corporate SG&A costs increased by $5.0 million, or 6.0%, in 2023, primarily due to an increase in fees related to professional services and higher annual incentive compensation. Other Expense (Income) The following table presents other expense and income items, consolidated and by reportable segment and corporate and unallocated items: ($ in millions) Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Corporate and unallocated items Consolidated other expense (income) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 14.9 $ (0.5) 17.0 (2.2) $ 1.6 27.4 $ 31.4 $ 26.8 $ 0.2 0.7 7.0 7.9 Other expense and income items consist of a loss on disposal of plant, asset impairments, foreign exchange transaction gains and losses, contingent consideration and miscellaneous income and charges. Consolidated other expense (income) changed by $4.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022, due to the factors described below. 35 Proprietary Products – Proprietary Products other expense (income) changed by $17.1 million in 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to a loss on foreign exchange transactions being recorded in 2023, while a gain on foreign exchange transactions was recorded during the same period in 2022. The losses on foreign exchange transactions in 2023 were primarily driven by a highly inflationary environment in Argentina. Additionally, the Company recorded a loss of $1.3 million related to oil hedges during 2023, while a gain of $1.5 million was recorded in the same period in 2022. This was offset by $2.3 million of expense related to contingent consideration being recorded during 2023, while expense of $3.0 million was recorded in the same period in 2022. Contract-Manufactured Products – Contract-Manufactured Products other expense (income) changed by $2.1 million in 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to increased losses on foreign exchange transactions recorded in 2022, as compared to 2023. Corporate and unallocated items – Corporate and unallocated items changed by $10.4 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. During 2022, we recorded $23.8 million in restructuring and other charges, while during 2023 we recorded a benefit to restructuring and other charges of $2.8 million. This was offset by the Company recording expense of $11.6 million as a result of the sale of one of the Company’s manufacturing facilities within the Proprietary Products segment in 2023 and additional cost investment impairments being recorded within Corporate in 2023, as compared to 2022. Operating Profit The following table presents operating profit and adjusted operating profit, consolidated and by reportable segment, corporate and unallocated items: ($ in millions) Proprietary Products Year Ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 $ 710.1 $ 784.4 $ 796.1 Contract-Manufactured Products 72.1 60.4 67.2 Corporate and unallocated Consolidated operating profit Consolidated operating profit margin Unallocated items (106.2) (110.8) (111.0) $ 676.0 $ 734.0 $ 752.3 22.9% 14.6 25.4% 28.0 26.6% 10.1 (9.5%) 19.4% (4.2%) (7.9%) (1.5%) (10.1%) (0.2%) (2.4%) Adjusted consolidated operating profit $ 690.6 $ 762.0 $ 762.4 (9.4%) (0.1%) Adjusted consolidated operating profit margin 23.4% 26.4% 26.9% Consolidated operating profit decreased by $58.0 million, or 7.9%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $10.9 million, due to the factors described above. Proprietary Products – Proprietary Products operating profit decreased by $74.3 million, or 9.5%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $10.1 million, due to the factors described above, most notably the decline in COVID-related sales. Contract-Manufactured Products – Contract-Manufactured Products operating profit increased by $11.7 million, or 19.4%, in 2023, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $0.8 million, due to the factors described above, most notably an increase in sales of components associated with medical devices and diagnostic products. Corporate and unallocated – Excluding the unallocated items, Corporate costs increased by $8.8 million, or 10.6%, in 2023, due to the factors described above. For unallocated items, please refer to the Financial Performance Summary section above for details. 36 Interest Expense, Net and Interest Income The following table presents interest expense, net, by significant component: ($ in millions) Interest expense Capitalized interest Interest expense, net Interest income Year Ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 14.8 $ (5.8) 9.0 $ 11.6 $ (3.7) 7.9 $ 10.2 (2.0) 8.2 27.6% 56.8% 13.9 % 13.7% 85.0% (3.7) % (28.0) $ (5.1) $ (1.0) 449.0% 410.0% $ $ $ Interest expense, net, increased by $1.1 million, or 13.9%, in 2023, primarily due to higher interest rates in 2023, as compared to 2022. Interest income increased by $22.9 million in 2023, due primarily from 2023 investments in highly liquid low-risk money market funds in the U.S., Europe, and South America yielding higher interest rates compared to 2022. Other Nonoperating (Income) Expense Other nonoperating (income) expense was $(3.0) million, $51.3 million and $(3.8) million for the years 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Other nonoperating (income) expense changed by $54.3 million in 2023, primarily due to the recording of a $52.2 million pension settlement charge in 2022, which relieved the historical balance sheet position, inclusive of accumulated other comprehensive income, of the U.S. pension plan. This charge was not repeated in 2023. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes was $122.3 million, $114.7 million, and $107.2 million for the years 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and the effective tax rate was 17.5%, 16.9%, and 14.3%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate in 2023 of 0.6%, or $7.6 million greater tax expense, is primarily due to a tax benefit of $20.3 million related to the termination of the U.S. pension plan recorded in 2022 and a $5.9 million tax benefit recorded as the result of a state tax valuation allowance reversal in 2022 that were not repeated in the same period in 2023. This was offset by an increase in the tax benefit related to stock-based compensation in 2023 of $32.0 million, as compared to the same period in 2022, which had a tax benefit related to stock-based compensation of $16.5 million. Please refer to Note 17, Income Taxes, for further discussion of our income taxes. Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies Equity in net income of affiliated companies was $17.7 million, $20.7 million, and $20.1 million for the years 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Equity in net income of affiliated companies decreased by $3.0 million, or 14.5%, in 2023, primarily due to less favorable operating results at the Mexico affiliates. 37 FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Cash Flows The following table presents cash flow data for the years ended December 31: ($ in millions) Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in financing activities Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 2023 2022 2021 $ $ $ 776.5 $ 724.0 $ 584.0 (368.7) $ (288.2) $ (459.6) $ (293.6) $ (253.1) (168.1) Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $52.5 million in 2023, primarily due to favorable working capital management in 2023, as compared to 2022. Net Cash Used in Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities increased by $80.5 million in 2023, due to an increase in capital expenditures for additional manufacturing capacity in 2023 to meet customer demand and improve manufacturing lead times. Net Cash Used in Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities increased by $166.0 million in 2023, primarily due to increases in purchases under our share repurchase program in 2023, as compared to 2022. This was partially offset by reduced debt repayments and increased proceeds from stock-based compensation awards in 2023, as compared to 2022. Liquidity and Capital Resources The table below presents selected liquidity and capital measures as of: ($ in millions) Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Inventories Accounts payable Debt Equity Working capital December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 853.9 $ 512.0 $ 434.7 $ 242.4 $ 206.8 $ 894.3 507.4 414.8 215.4 208.9 2,881.0 $ 1,264.6 $ 2,684.9 1,400.5 Cash and cash equivalents include all instruments that have maturities of ninety days or less when purchased. Working capital is defined as current assets less current liabilities. Cash and cash equivalents – Our cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2023 consisted of cash held in depository accounts with banks around the world and cash invested in high-quality, short-term investments. The cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2023 included $368.8 million of cash held by subsidiaries within the U.S. and $485.1 million of cash held by subsidiaries outside of the U.S. For further information on our position regarding permanent reinvestment of foreign subsidiary earnings and profits refer to Note 17, Income Taxes. 38 Working capital - Working capital at December 31, 2023 decreased by $135.9 million, or 9.7%, as compared to December 31, 2022, which includes a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $25.4 million. Excluding the impact of currency exchange rates, inventories, other current assets and total current liabilities increased by $13.5 million, $30.4 million and $145.1 million, respectively, while cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable decreased by $56.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively. The increase in other current assets was driven by net investment hedge assets, which moved from long-term to short-term during the period, and an increase in short-term income tax receivables. The increase in total current liabilities was driven primarily by a portion of long- term debt moving to short-term based on the stated maturity during the period, increases in accounts payable and a higher annual incentive compensation accrual. These increases were offset by a decrease in other current liabilities due to declines in deferred income and accrued commissions, rebates and royalties. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents was due to capital expenditures and share repurchases in 2023, offset by cash collections driven by positive operating results during the period. Debt and credit facilities - The $2.1 million decrease in total debt at December 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022, resulted primarily from debt repayments under our Term Loan. Our sources of liquidity include our Credit Facility. At December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2023, the borrowing capacity available under the Credit Facility, including outstanding letters of credit of $2.4 million, was $497.6 million. We do not expect any significant limitations on our ability to access this source of funds. Please refer to Note 10, Debt, for further discussion of our Credit Facility. Pursuant to the financial covenants in our debt agreements, we are required to maintain established interest coverage ratios and to not exceed established leverage ratios. In addition, the agreements contain other customary covenants, none of which we consider restrictive to our operations. At December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants, and we expect to continue to be in compliance with the terms of these agreements throughout 2024. We believe that cash on hand and cash generated from operations, together with availability under our Credit Facility, will be adequate to address our foreseeable liquidity needs based on our current expectations of our business operations, capital expenditures and scheduled payments of debt obligations to continue to meet customer demand. Commitments and Contractual Obligations Contractual obligations associated with ongoing business activities are expected to result in cash payments in future periods, and include the following material items: • • • • Our business creates a need to enter into various commitments with suppliers, including for the purchase of raw materials and finished goods. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, these purchase obligations are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2023, our outstanding unconditional contractual commitments, including for the purchase of raw materials and finished goods, amounted to $298.3 million, of which $76.8 million is due to be paid in 2024. These purchase commitments are in the normal course of business. The Company previously entered into a material supply agreement for butyl polymers used as a principal raw material in a broad range of the Company’s polymer- based pharmaceutical packaging products. Our long-term debt obligations, net of unamortized debt issuance costs including fixed and variable-rate debt, is further discussed in Note 10, Debt. Our operating lease obligations primarily related to land, buildings, and machinery and equipment, with lease terms through 2047 further discussed in Note 6, Leases. Our various tax-qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plan obligations in the U.S. and other countries that cover employees and former employees who meet eligibility requirements is further discussed in Note 15, Benefit Plans. 39 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Management’s discussion and analysis addresses consolidated financial statements that are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The application of these principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions, some of which are subjective and complex, that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are critical to understanding and evaluating our results of operations and financial position: Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets and finance lease right-of-use assets, are tested for impairment whenever circumstances, such as a deterioration in general macroeconomic conditions or a change in company strategy, increased competition, declining product demand, plans to dispose of an asset or asset group, or recent financial or legal factors that could impact the expected cash flows, indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if the carrying value of the asset exceeds the sum of the future expected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from the asset. Impairment reviews are based on an estimated future cash flow approach that requires significant judgment with respect to future revenue and expense growth rates, selection of appropriate discount rate, asset groupings, and other assumptions and estimates. The Company uses estimates that are consistent with its business plans and a market participant view of the assets being evaluated. Once an asset is considered impaired, an impairment loss is recorded within other expense (income) for the difference between the asset’s carrying value and its fair value. For assets held and used in the business, management determines fair value using estimated future cash flows to be derived from the asset, discounted to a net present value using an appropriate discount rate. For assets held for sale or for investment purposes, management determines fair value by estimating the proceeds to be received upon sale of the asset, less disposition costs. Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, following the completion of our annual budget and long-range planning process, or whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the same as, or one level below, our operating segments. A goodwill impairment charge represents the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. Amounts and assumptions used in our goodwill impairment test, such as future sales, future cash flows and long- term growth rates, are consistent with internal projections and operating plans. Amounts and assumptions used in our goodwill impairment test are also largely dependent on the continued sale of drug products delivered by injection and the packaging of drug products, as well as our timeliness and success in new-product innovation or the development and commercialization of proprietary multi-component systems. Changes in the estimate of fair value, including the estimate of future cash flows, could have a material impact on our future results of operations and financial position. Accounting guidance also allows entities to first assess qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and overall financial performance, to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If, based upon our qualitative assessment, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting units was less than its carrying amount, then it would not be necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. We elected to follow this guidance for our annual impairment test in the prior year, however in the current year, 2023, we performed a quantitative analysis to support our historical qualitative assessments. No impairment in the carrying value of our reporting units was evident as a result of the quantitative assessment performed. 40 Valuing identifiable intangible assets requires judgment. For example, for recent identifiable customer relationship intangible asset acquisitions, we applied an excess earnings model, which is a form of the income approach. This approach includes projecting revenues and expenses attributable to the existing customers over the remaining economic life of the customer relationships and then subtracting the required return on net tangible assets and any intangible assets used in the business to estimate any residual excess earnings attributable to the customer relationships. The after-tax excess earnings are then discounted to present value using the respective discount rates. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include the following: 1) significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results; 2) significant changes in the manner or use of the acquired assets or the strategy of the overall business; 3) significant negative industry or economic trends; and 4) recognition of goodwill impairment charges. If we determine that the carrying value of identifiable intangibles may not be recoverable based on the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment, we measure recoverability of assets by comparing the respective carrying value of the assets to the current and expected future cash flows, on an undiscounted basis, to be generated from such assets. If such analysis indicates that the carrying value of these assets is not recoverable, we measure an impairment based on the amount in which the net carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair values of the assets. Income Taxes: We estimate income taxes payable based upon current domestic and international tax legislation. In addition, deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates to tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of our assets and liabilities. The enacted statutory tax rate applied is based on the rate expected to be applicable at the time of the forecasted utilization of the loss carryforward or reversal of the temporary difference. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realizability of deferred tax assets is subject to our estimates of future taxable income, generally at the respective subsidiary company and country level. Changes in tax legislation, business plans and other factors may affect the ultimate recoverability of tax assets or final tax payments, which could result in adjustments to tax expense in the period such change is determined. When accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in our financial statements, we apply a more-likely- than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Please refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on our significant accounting policies. 41 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Our ongoing business operations expose us to various risks, such as fluctuating interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and increasing commodity prices. These risk factors can impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial position. To manage these market risks, we periodically enter into derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, options and foreign exchange contracts for periods consistent with, and for notional amounts equal to or less than, the related underlying exposures. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instruments for investment or trading purposes. All derivatives are recorded in our consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk Sales outside of the U.S. accounted for 58.0% of our consolidated net sales in 2023. Virtually all of these sales and related operating costs are denominated in the currency of the local country and translated into USD for consolidated reporting purposes. Although the majority of the assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are denominated in the functional currency of the subsidiary, they may also hold assets or liabilities denominated in other currencies. These items may give rise to foreign currency transaction gains and losses. As a result, our results of operations and financial position are exposed to changing currency exchange rates. We periodically use forward exchange contracts to hedge certain transactions or to manage month-end balance sheet exposures on cross-currency intercompany balances. We have entered into forward exchange contracts, designated as fair value hedges, to manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates on cross-currency intercompany loans. As of both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the total amount of these forward exchange contracts was Singapore Dollar ("SGD") 601.5 million and $13.4 million. We have also entered into forward exchange contracts, designated as fair value hedges, to manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates on cross-currency intercompany demand notes which were executed in June 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the total amount of these forward exchange contracts was Euro ("EUR") 278.6 million and SGD 94.0 million. In addition, we have entered into several foreign currency contracts, designated as cash flow hedges, for periods of up to eighteen months, intended to hedge the currency risk associated with a portion of our forecasted transactions denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding foreign currency contracts to purchase and sell certain pairs of currencies, as follows: (in millions) Currency EUR Yen SGD Sell Purchase USD EUR 19.8 6,065.2 41.6 21.6 30.7 13.9 — 13.2 15.8 In November and December 2019, in conjunction with the repayment of the outstanding long-term borrowings under our Credit Facility denominated in Euro and Japanese Yen, we de-designated these borrowings as hedges of our net investments in certain European subsidiaries and Daikyo. The amounts recorded as a cumulative translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these borrowings (prior to de-designation) will remain in accumulated other comprehensive loss indefinitely, unless certain future events occur, such as the disposition of the operations for which the net investment hedges relate. In December 2019, we entered into a five-year floating-to-floating forward-starting cross-currency swap (the “cross- currency swap”) for $90 million, which we designated as a hedge of our net investment in Daikyo. The notional amount of the cross-currency swap is ¥8.9 billion ($81.0 million) as of December 31, 2023. Under the cross- currency swap, we receive floating interest rate payments based on USD compounded SOFR plus a margin, in return for paying floating interest rate payments based on Japanese Yen (“Yen”) Tokyo Overnight Average Rate 42 ("TONAR") plus a margin. In addition, we receive periodic fixed principal payments of USD in return for paying fixed principal payments of Yen. A sensitivity analysis of changes in fair value of these contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2023, while not predictive in nature, indicated that a 10% decrease or increase in the foreign currency exchange rates from their level would increase or decrease the fair value of these contracts by $7.0 million or $6.9 million, respectively, the majority of which relates to our hedges of the movement between the Euro and United States Dollar contracts. Interest Rate Risk As a result of our normal borrowing activities, we have long-term debt with both fixed and variable interest rates. Long-term debt consists of our Term Loan and Series B and C notes. The following table summarizes our interest rate risk-sensitive instruments: 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Carrying Value Fair Value ($ in millions) Current Debt: U.S. dollar denominated $81.0 Average interest rate - variable 6.32% $53.0 Average interest rate - variable 3.82% U.S. dollar denominated Long-Term Debt: U.S. dollar denominated Average interest rate - fixed $73.0 4.02% $81.0 $53.0 $81.0 $52.6 $73.0 $71.0 A change of 1.0% in variable interest rates would decrease or increase annual interest expense by $0.9 million based on our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2023. Commodity Price Risk Many of our proprietary products are made from synthetic elastomers, which are derived from the petroleum refining process. We purchase the majority of our elastomers via long-term supply contracts, some of which contain clauses that provide for surcharges related to fluctuations in crude oil prices. In recent years, raw material costs have fluctuated due to crude oil price fluctuations. We expect this volatility to continue and will continue to pursue pricing and hedging strategies, and ongoing cost control initiatives, to offset the effects on gross profit. From November 2017 through December 2023, we purchased several series of call options for a total of 995,426 barrels of crude oil to mitigate our exposure to such oil-based surcharges and protect operating cash flows with regards to a portion of our forecasted elastomer purchases. During 2023, the loss recorded in other expense (income) related to these options was $1.3 million. During 2022, the gain recorded in other expense (income) related to these options was $1.5 million. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding contracts to purchase 206,316 barrels of crude oil from December 2023 to June 2025, at a weighted-average strike price of $88.78 per barrel. A sensitivity analysis of changes in brent crude oil prices indicated that a 10% decrease or increase in pricing would decrease or increase the fair value of our commodity call options by $0.3 million or $0.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. 43 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except per share data) Net sales Cost of goods and services sold Gross profit Research and development Selling, general and administrative expenses Other expense (income) (Note 16) Operating profit Interest expense Interest income Other nonoperating (income) expense Income before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliated companies Income tax expense Equity in net income of affiliated companies Net income Net income per share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic Diluted 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,949.8 $ 2,886.9 $ 1,820.6 1,129.2 68.4 353.4 31.4 676.0 9.0 (28.0) (3.0) 698.0 122.3 (17.7) 593.4 $ 1,750.7 1,136.2 58.5 316.9 26.8 734.0 7.9 (5.1) 51.3 679.9 114.7 (20.7) 585.9 $ 7.98 $ 7.88 $ 7.87 $ 7.73 $ 74.3 75.3 74.4 75.8 $ $ $ 2,831.6 1,655.8 1,175.8 52.8 362.8 7.9 752.3 8.2 (1.0) (3.8) 748.9 107.2 (20.1) 661.8 8.89 8.67 74.4 76.3 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 44 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $1.0, $2.2, and $2.4 Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans: Prior service cost arising during period, net of tax of $0.0, $0.0, and $0.5 Net actuarial gain (loss) arising during period, net of tax of $0.4, $(2.4), and $2.1 Settlement effects arising during period, net of tax of $0.0, $20.3, and $0.4 Less: amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax of $(0.4), $(0.1), and $0.1 Less: amortization of prior service credit, net of tax of $0.0, $0.0, and $(0.1) Less: amortization of other, net of tax of $(0.1), $0.1, and $0.0 Net gain (loss) on equity affiliate accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax of $0.0, $0.0, and $0.0 Net (loss) gain on derivatives, net of tax of $0.0, $0.2, and $0.5 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Comprehensive income 2023 2022 2021 $ 593.4 $ 585.9 $ 661.8 39.4 (47.3) (59.3) — 0.8 0.1 — (9.3) 31.9 (1.3) (0.5) — (0.3) 0.7 (0.2) 39.2 — 0.3 0.1 1.4 1.5 5.9 1.4 0.1 (0.2) — 0.9 0.7 (23.4) (49.0) $ 632.6 $ 562.5 $ 612.8 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 45 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions, except per share data) ASSETS Current assets: 2023 2022 Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Inventories Other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Property, plant and equipment, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Investments in affiliated companies Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other noncurrent assets Total Assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities: Notes payable and other current debt Accounts payable Accrued salaries, wages and benefits Income taxes payable Operating lease liabilities Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred income taxes Pension and other postretirement benefits Operating lease liabilities Deferred compensation benefits Other long-term liabilities Total Liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) Equity: $ $ $ 853.9 $ 512.0 434.7 135.8 1,936.4 2,738.0 1,324.7 1,413.3 99.2 210.0 108.5 15.1 25.7 21.3 3,829.5 $ 134.0 $ 242.4 105.9 16.6 17.7 155.2 671.8 72.8 12.7 29.6 84.5 18.6 58.5 948.5 894.3 507.4 414.8 103.0 1,919.5 2,386.6 1,228.3 1,158.3 104.4 204.9 107.3 18.4 65.6 38.4 3,616.8 2.2 215.4 76.8 24.8 16.0 183.8 519.0 206.7 14.3 28.2 93.0 19.1 51.6 931.9 Preferred stock, 3.0 million shares authorized; 0.0 shares issued and outstanding in 2023 and 2022 — — Common stock, par value $0.25 per share; 200 million shares authorized; shares issued: 75.3 million in 2023 and 2022; shares outstanding: 73.5 million and 74.1 million in 2023 and 2022 Capital in excess of par value Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Treasury stock, at cost (1.8 million and 1.2 million shares in 2023 and 2022) Total Equity Total Liabilities and Equity 18.8 120.2 3,523.4 (143.8) (637.6) 2,881.0 18.8 232.2 2,987.8 (183.0) (370.9) 2,684.9 $ 3,829.5 $ 3,616.8 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 46 5 . 4 5 8 , 1 $ ) 6 . 0 1 1 ( $ 7 . 6 4 8 , 1 $ ) 7 . 7 6 1 ( $ l a t o T r e h t o d e t a l u m u c c A s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c d e n i a t e R s g n i n r a e y r u s a e r T k c o t s f o r e b m u N y r u s a e r t s e r a h s n i l a t i p a C f o s s e c x e e u l a v r a p n o m m o C k c o t s n o m m o C s e r a h s d e u s s i 8 . 1 6 6 0 . 7 5 ) 1 . 7 3 1 ( ) 8 . 1 5 ( ) 0 . 9 4 ( 4 . 5 3 3 , 2 9 . 5 8 5 6 . 4 4 ) 8 . 4 5 ( ) 4 . 3 2 ( ) 8 . 2 0 2 ( 9 . 4 8 6 , 2 4 . 3 9 5 6 . 9 5 ) 8 . 7 5 ( 2 . 9 3 ) 3 . 8 3 4 ( — — — — ) 0 . 9 4 ( ) 6 . 9 5 1 ( — — — — ) 4 . 3 2 ( ) 0 . 3 8 1 ( — — — — 2 . 9 3 — — 8 . 1 6 6 — ) 8 . 1 5 ( — 3 . 5 7 ) 1 . 7 3 1 ( — — 7 . 6 5 4 , 2 ) 5 . 9 2 2 ( — — 9 . 5 8 5 — ) 8 . 4 5 ( — 4 . 1 6 ) 8 . 2 0 2 ( — — 4 . 3 9 5 — 8 . 7 8 9 , 2 ) 9 . 0 7 3 ( 3 . 1 — ) 7 . 0 ( 5 . 0 — — 1 . 1 — ) 5 . 0 ( 6 . 0 — — 2 . 1 — — — — ) 8 . 7 5 ( — — ) 3 . 8 3 4 ( 3 . 1 — — 6 . 1 7 1 ) 7 . 0 ( 3 . 7 6 2 $ 8 . 8 1 $ 3 . 5 7 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B — ) 3 . 8 1 ( — — — — 0 . 9 4 2 ) 8 . 6 1 ( — — — — 2 . 2 3 2 ) 0 . 2 1 1 ( — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 . 8 1 3 . 5 7 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 . 8 1 3 . 5 7 m a r g o r p e s a h c r u p e r e r a h s r e d n u d e s a h c r u p s e r a h S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s o t d e t a l e r y t i v i t c A e m o c n I t e N m a r g o r p e s a h c r u p e r e r a h s r e d n u d e s a h c r u p s e r a h S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s o t d e t a l e r y t i v i t c A ) e r a h s r e p 0 7 . 0 $ ( d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i D x a t f o t e n , s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O 1 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B e m o c n i t e N m a r g o r p e s a h c r u p e r e r a h s r e d n u d e s a h c r u p s e r a h S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s o t d e t a l e r y t i v i t c A x a t f o t e n , e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O ) e r a h s r e p 8 7 . 0 $ ( d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i D ) e r a h s r e p 4 7 . 0 $ ( d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i D x a t f o t e n , s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B e m o c n i t e N 47 0 . 1 8 8 , 2 $ ) 8 . 3 4 1 ( $ 4 . 3 2 5 , 3 $ ) 6 . 7 3 6 ( $ 8 . 1 2 . 0 2 1 $ 8 . 8 1 $ 3 . 5 7 3 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T 1 2 0 2 d n a 2 2 0 2 , 3 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D d e d n e s r a e y e h t r o f s e i r a i d i s b u S d n a . c n I , s e c i v r e S l a c i t u e c a m r a h P t s e W Y T I U Q E F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C ) s n o i l l i m n i ( CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: 2023 2022 2021 $ 593.4 $ 585.9 $ 661.8 Depreciation Amortization Stock-based compensation Non-cash restructuring charges Pension settlement charge Loss on disposal of plant Asset impairments Deferred income taxes Pension and other retirement plans, net Equity in undistributed earnings of affiliates, net of dividends Other, net Changes in assets and liabilities: Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable Increase in inventories (Increase) decrease in other current assets Increase (decrease) in accounts payable Changes in other assets and liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures Acquisition of business Other, net Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Debt issuance cost Repayments of long-term debt Dividend payments Proceeds from stock-based compensation awards Employee stock purchase plan contributions Shares purchased under share repurchase programs Shares repurchased for employee tax withholdings Other, net Net cash used in financing activities Effect of exchange rates on cash Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash, including cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash, including cash equivalents at end of period Supplemental cash flow information: Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized Income taxes paid, net Accrued capital expenditures Dividends declared, not paid 133.7 116.9 3.6 23.3 — 0.1 11.6 9.6 37.5 (2.6) (14.3) 1.0 4.0 (13.5) (21.3) 4.4 6.0 776.5 3.7 23.7 15.3 52.2 — 6.2 (30.8) (14.0) (18.1) (2.0) (35.6) (49.8) 18.5 (2.8) 54.7 724.0 116.9 5.4 37.5 — 1.8 — 5.6 (42.9) 14.8 (17.4) (1.4) (123.5) (86.5) (7.3) 16.8 2.4 584.0 (362.0) (284.6) (253.4) — (6.7) — (3.6) (2.2) 2.5 (368.7) (288.2) (253.1) — (2.3) (57.0) 43.9 7.1 (438.3) (12.9) (0.1) (459.6) 11.4 (40.4) 894.3 (1.2) (44.3) (54.1) 20.9 7.3 (202.8) (19.4) — (293.6) (10.5) 131.7 762.6 $ $ $ $ $ 853.9 $ 894.3 $ 6.0 $ 90.8 $ 53.3 $ 14.8 $ 6.6 $ 109.7 $ 33.2 $ 14.1 $ — (2.2) (51.1) 29.4 7.7 (137.1) (14.8) — (168.1) (15.7) 147.1 615.5 762.6 8.0 171.8 41.1 13.4 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 48 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1: Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. ("West") after the elimination of intercompany transactions. We have no participation or other rights in variable interest entities. Use of Estimates: The financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. These principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingencies in the financial statements. Actual amounts realized may differ from these estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents include time deposits, certificates of deposit and all highly liquid short-term instruments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. Accounts Receivable: Our accounts receivable balance was net of an allowance for credit losses of $0.8 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Under the current expected credit loss model, we utilize a provision matrix approach, utilizing historical loss rates based on the number of days past due, adjusted to reflect current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Inventories: Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. The Company provides for cost adjustments for excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventory based on changes in customer demand, technology developments or other economic factors. The following is a summary of inventories at December 31: ($ in millions) Raw materials Work in process Finished goods 2023 2022 172.3 $ 87.3 175.1 434.7 $ 170.7 79.0 165.1 414.8 $ $ Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment assets are carried at cost. Maintenance and minor repairs and renewals are charged to expense as incurred. Costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized for application development activities and immediately expensed for preliminary project activities or post-implementation activities. Upon sale or retirement of depreciable assets, costs and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated, and gains or losses are recognized in other expense (income). Depreciation and amortization are computed principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, or the remaining term of the lease, if shorter. Leases: Operating lease right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. Operating lease right-of-use assets are subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating lease liabilities are initially measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date. We had no material finance leases as of December 31, 2023. We had no finance leases as of December 31, 2022. Please refer to Note 6, Leases, for additional information. 49 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets and finance lease right-of-use assets, are tested for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if the carrying value of the asset exceeds the sum of the future expected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from the asset. Once an asset is considered impaired, an impairment loss is recorded within other expense (income) for the difference between the asset’s carrying value and its fair value. For assets held and used in the business, management determines fair value using estimated future cash flows to be derived from the asset, discounted to a net present value using an appropriate discount rate. For assets held for sale or for investment purposes, management determines fair value by estimating the proceeds to be received upon sale of the asset, less disposition costs. Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, following the completion of our annual budget and long-range planning process, or whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the same as, or one level below, our operating segments. A goodwill impairment charge represents the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Accounting guidance also allows entities to first assess qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and overall financial performance, to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If, based upon our assessment, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting units was less than its carrying amount, then it would not be necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. We elected to follow this guidance for our annual impairment test in the prior year, however in the current year, 2023, we performed a quantitative analysis to support our historical qualitative assessments. No impairment in the carrying value of our reporting units was evident as a result of the quantitative assessment performed. Valuing identifiable intangible assets requires judgment. For example, for recent identifiable customer relationship intangible asset acquisitions, we applied an excess earnings model, which is a form of the income approach. This approach includes projecting revenues and expenses attributable to the existing customers over the remaining economic life of the customer relationships and then subtracting the required return on net tangible assets and any intangible assets used in the business to estimate any residual excess earnings attributable to the customer relationships. The after-tax excess earnings are then discounted to present value using the respective discount rates. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of 3 to 25 years, and reviewed for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include the following: 1) significant under- performance relative to historical or projected future operating results; 2) significant changes in the manner or use of the acquired assets or the strategy of the overall business; 3) significant negative industry or economic trends; and 4) recognition of goodwill impairment charges. If we determine that the carrying value of identifiable intangibles assets may not be recoverable based on the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment, we measure recoverability of assets by comparing the respective carrying value of the assets to the current and expected future cash flows, on an undiscounted basis, to be generated from such assets. If such analysis indicates that the carrying value of these assets is not recoverable, we measure an impairment based on the amount in which the net carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair values of the assets. Employee Benefits: The measurement of the obligations under our defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans are subject to a number of assumptions. These include the rate of return on plan assets (for funded plans) and the rate at which the future obligations are discounted to present value. For our funded plans, we consider the current and expected asset allocations of our plan assets, as well as historical and expected rates of return, in estimating the long-term rate of return on plan assets. U.S. GAAP requires the recognition of an asset or liability for the funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan, as measured by the difference between the fair value of plan assets, if any, and the benefit obligation. For a pension plan, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation; for any other postretirement plan, such as a retiree health plan, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for a more detailed discussion of our pension and other retirement plans. 50 Financial Instruments: All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet and recorded at their fair value. For a derivative designated as a hedge of the exposure to variable cash flows of a forecasted transaction (referred to as a cash flow hedge), the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”), net of tax, and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. For a derivative designated as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or a firm commitment (referred to as a fair value hedge), the derivative’s gain or loss is recognized in earnings in the period of change together with the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item. For a derivative designated as a hedge of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation, the gain or loss is reported in OCI, net of tax, as part of the cumulative translation adjustment. The ineffective portion of any derivative used in a hedging transaction is recognized immediately into earnings. Derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedges are also recorded at fair value, with the change in fair value recognized immediately into earnings. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instrument for investment or trading purposes. Foreign Currency Translation: Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in the determination of net income. Foreign currency translation adjustments of subsidiaries and affiliates operating outside of the U.S. are accumulated in other comprehensive loss, a separate component of equity. Revenue Recognition: Our revenue results from the sale of goods or services and reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We record revenue based on a five-step model, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606. Following the identification of a contract with a customer, we identify the performance obligations (goods or services) in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize the revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations by transferring the promised goods or services to our customers. A good or service is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that good or service. We have elected to disregard the effects of a significant financing component, as we expect, at the inception of our contracts, that the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. In addition, we have elected to omit the disclosure of the majority of our remaining performance obligations, which are satisfied within one year or less. Please refer to Note 3, Revenue, for additional information. Shipping and Handling Costs: Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of goods and services sold. Shipping and handling costs billed to customers in connection with the sale are included in net sales. Research and Development: Research and development expenditures are for the creation, engineering and application of new or improved products and processes. Expenditures include primarily salaries and outside services for those directly involved in research and development activities and are primarily expensed as incurred. Litigation: From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, investigations and claims generally incidental to our normal business activities. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we accrue for loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are based on an analysis made by internal and external legal counsel considering information known at the time. Legal costs in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. 51 Income Taxes: Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates to tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of our assets and liabilities. The enacted statutory tax rate applied is based on the rate expected to be applicable at the time of the forecasted utilization of the loss carryforward or reversal of the temporary difference. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realizability of deferred tax assets is subject to our estimates of future taxable income, generally at the respective subsidiary company and the country level. Please refer to Note 17, Income Taxes, for additional information. We recognize interest costs related to income taxes in interest expense and penalties within other expense (income). The tax law ordering approach is used for purposes of determining whether an excess tax benefit has been realized during the year. Stock-Based Compensation: Under the fair value provisions of U.S. GAAP, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the value of the award and is recognized as expense over the vesting period. In order to determine the fair value of stock options on the grant date, we use the Black-Scholes valuation model. Please refer to Note 14, Stock-Based Compensation, for a more detailed discussion of our stock-based compensation plans. Net Income Per Share: Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Net income per share assuming dilution considers the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and other stock awards based on the treasury stock method. The treasury stock method assumes the use of exercise proceeds to repurchase common stock at the average fair market value in the period. 52 Note 2: New Accounting Standards Recently Adopted Standards In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued guidance that seeks to enhance transparency around entities' use of supplier finance programs. The amendment requires the buyer in a supplier finance program to disclose information about the key terms of the program, outstanding confirmed amounts as of the end of the period, a rollforward of such amounts during each annual period, and a description of where in the financial statements outstanding amounts are presented. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements, as supplier finance programs are not material to the Company as of December 31, 2023. Standards Issued Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance that seeks to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendment enhances interim disclosure requirements, clarifies circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provides new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contains other disclosure requirements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial statements and disclosures. The Company does not expect such adoption to cause a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance that seeks to enhance income tax disclosures to provide information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax risks affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. Within the income tax rate reconciliation, the amendment requires disclosure of additional categories and greater detail about individual reconciling items over a specified threshold. It also requires information pertaining to taxes paid to be disaggregated for federal, state, and foreign taxes and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions over a specified threshold. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial statements and disclosures, but we expect adoption will cause a significant impact to our Income Taxes footnote disclosure. Note 3: Revenue Revenue Recognition We recognize the majority of our revenue, primarily relating to Proprietary Products product sales, at a point in time, following the transfer of control of our products to our customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the related agreements. We recognize revenue relating to our Contract-Manufactured Products product sales and certain Proprietary Products product sales over time, as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to us and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. We recognize revenue relating to our development and tooling agreements over time, as our performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. For revenue recognized over time, revenue is recognized by applying a method of measuring progress toward complete satisfaction of the related performance obligation. When selecting the method for measuring progress, we select the method that best depicts the transfer of control of goods or services promised to our customers. 53 Revenue for our Contract-Manufactured Products product sales, certain Proprietary Products product sales, and our development and tooling agreements is recorded under an input method, which recognizes revenue on the basis of our efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (for example, resources consumed, labor hours expended, costs incurred, time elapsed, or machine hours used) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. The input method that we use is based on costs incurred. The majority of the performance obligations within our contracts are satisfied within one year or less. Performance obligations satisfied beyond one year include those relating to a nonrefundable customer payment of $20.0 million received in June 2013 in return for the exclusive use of the SmartDose® technology platform within a specific therapeutic area. As of December 31, 2023, there was $2.2 million of deferred income related to this payment, of which $0.9 million was included in other current liabilities and $1.3 million was included in other long-term liabilities. The deferred income is being recognized as income on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the agreement. The agreement does not include a future minimum purchase commitment from the customer. Our revenue can be generated from contracts with multiple performance obligations. When a sales agreement involves multiple performance obligations, each obligation is separately identified and the transaction price is allocated based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised good or service to the customer. Some customers receive pricing rebates upon attaining established sales volumes. We record rebate costs when sales occur based on our assessment of the likelihood that the required volumes will be attained. We also maintain an allowance for product returns, as we believe that we are able to reasonably estimate the amount of returns based on our substantial historical experience and specific identification of customer claims. The following table presents the approximate percentage of our net sales by market group: Biologics Generics Pharma Contract-Manufactured Products 2023 2022 2021 37% 20% 24% 19% 100% 41% 18% 24% 17% 100% 41% 17% 24% 18% 100% The following table presents the approximate percentage of our net sales by product category: High-Value Product Components High-Value Product Delivery Devices Standard Packaging Contract-Manufactured Products 2023 2022 2021 50% 10% 21% 19% 100% 55% 5% 23% 17% 100% 54% 5% 23% 18% 100% 54 Due to the Company's reassessment of product categories, beginning in the second quarter of 2023, certain product types have been moved from High-Value Product Components to High-Value Product Delivery Devices. No adjustments were made to the product categorization prior to the second quarter of 2023. The following table presents the approximate percentage of our net sales by geographic location: Americas Europe, Middle East, Africa Asia Pacific Contract Assets and Liabilities 2023 2022 2021 45% 46% 9% 100% 48% 43% 9% 100% 45% 45% 10% 100% Contract assets and liabilities result from transactions with revenue primarily recorded over time. If the measure of remaining rights exceeds the measure of the remaining performance obligations, we record a contract asset. Contract assets are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet in accounts receivable, net, and other assets (current and noncurrent portions, respectively). Contract assets included in accounts receivable, net, relate to the unbilled amounts of our product sales for which we have recognized revenue over time. Contract assets included in other assets represent the remaining performance obligations of our development and tooling agreements. Conversely, if the measure of the remaining performance obligations exceeds the measure of the remaining rights, we record a contract liability. Contract liabilities are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet within other liabilities (current and noncurrent portions, respectively) and represent cash payments received in advance of our performance. The following table summarizes our contract assets and liabilities, excluding amounts included in accounts receivable, net: Contract assets, December 31, 2022 Contract assets, December 31, 2023 Change in contract assets - increase (decrease) Deferred income, December 31, 2022 Deferred income, December 31, 2023 Change in deferred income - decrease (increase) ($ in millions) $ $ $ $ 16.3 21.5 5.2 (68.2) (53.9) 14.3 Contract assets are included within other current assets and deferred income is included within other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities. The decrease in deferred income during 2023 was primarily due to the recognition of current year revenue of $47.2 million and the recognition of $37.4 million of revenue that was included in deferred income at the beginning of the year, partially offset by additional cash payments of $72.6 million received in advance of satisfying future performance obligations. 55 Note 4: Net Income Per Share The following table reconciles the shares used in the calculation of basic net income per share to those used for diluted net income per share: (in millions) Net income Weighted average common shares outstanding Dilutive effect of equity awards, based on the treasury stock method Weighted average shares assuming dilution 2023 2022 2021 $ 593.4 $ 585.9 $ 661.8 74.3 1.0 75.3 74.4 1.4 75.8 74.4 1.9 76.3 During 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were 0.2 million, 0.2 million, and 0.0 million shares, respectively, from stock- based compensation plans not included in the computation of diluted net income per share because their impact was antidilutive. In February 2023, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $1.0 billion in shares of common stock. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date under which we may repurchase common stock on the open market or in privately-negotiated transactions. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of such transactions will depend on a variety of factors, including market conditions. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 512,262 shares of our common stock under the program at a cost of $177.0 million, or an average price of $345.56 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 1,265,661 shares of our common stock under the program at a cost of $438.3 million, or an average price of $346.34 per share. In December 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for calendar-year 2022 authorizing the repurchase of up to 650,000 shares of our common stock from time to time on the open market or in privately- negotiated transactions. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of such transactions depended on a variety of factors, including market conditions. This share repurchase program was completed by December 31, 2022. There were no shares purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2022 under the calendar-year 2022 program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we purchased 563,334 shares of our common stock under the calendar-year 2022 program at a cost of $202.8 million, or an average price of $360.03 per share. Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment A summary of gross property, plant and equipment at December 31 is presented in the following table: ($ in millions) Land Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Molds and dies Computer hardware and software Construction in progress Expected useful lives (years) 15-35 5-12 4-7 3-10 2023 2022 $ $ 33.7 $ 771.5 1,136.5 164.5 216.6 415.2 2,738.0 $ 29.0 663.6 1,039.7 154.5 193.9 305.9 2,386.6 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $133.7 million, $116.9 million and $116.9 million, respectively. We capitalize interest on borrowings during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and is amortized over the useful lives of the assets. Capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $5.8 million, $3.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively. 56 Note 6: Leases As of December 31, 2023, we had operating leases primarily related to land, buildings, and machinery and equipment, with lease terms through 2047. Certain of our operating leases provide us with an option, exercisable at our sole discretion, to terminate the lease or extend the lease term for one year or more. At this time, the Company is not able to assert whether any of these options will be exercised. We had no material finance leases as of December 31, 2023. We had no finance leases as of December 31, 2022. Judgments used in applying ASC 842 include determining: i) whether a contract is, or contains, a lease; ii) the discount rate to be used to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value; iii) the lease term; and iv) the lease payments. We determine if a contract is, or contains, a lease at contract inception. A lease exists when a contract conveys to the customer the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The definition of a lease embodies two conditions: 1) there is an identified asset in the contract that is land or a depreciable asset (i.e., property, plant, and equipment); and 2) the customer has the right to control the use of the identified asset. ASC 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. As all of our operating leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest we would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. The lease term for all of our operating leases includes the noncancellable period of the lease plus any additional periods covered by either a lessee option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease controlled by the lessor. Lease payments included in the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are comprised of fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), variable payments that depend on an index or rate, and the exercise price of a lessee option to purchase the underlying asset if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise. The components of lease expense were as follows: ($ in millions) Operating lease cost Short-term lease cost Variable lease cost Total lease cost 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 20.3 $ 15.5 $ 6.1 5.5 1.3 6.8 31.9 $ 23.6 $ 12.7 1.3 4.8 18.8 Supplemental information related to leases was as follows: ($ in millions) 2023 2022 2021 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 19.1 $ 13.3 $ 12.1 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ 10.7 $ 47.6 $ 13.3 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 9.8 years and 9.3 years and the weighted average discount rate was 3.55% and 3.25%, respectively. 57 Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 were as follows: ($ in millions) Year 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Less: imputed lease interest Total lease liabilities Practical Expedients and Exemptions Operating Leases $ $ 20.9 18.7 15.7 11.2 9.5 42.1 118.1 (15.9) 102.2 We have elected to adopt practical expedients around the combination of lease and non-lease components and the portfolio approach relating to discount rates. These practical expedients were applied consistently to all leases. We have elected not to recognize operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities for all short-term leases (leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less). We recognize the lease payments associated with our short-term leases as an expense over the lease term. Note 7: Affiliated Companies At December 31, 2023, the following affiliated companies were accounted for under the equity method: The West Company Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Aluplast S.A. de C.V. Pharma Tap S.A. de C.V. Pharma Rubber S.A. de C.V. Daikyo Location Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Japan Ownership interest 49% 49% 49% 49% 49% Unremitted income of affiliated companies included in consolidated retained earnings amounted to $148.0 million, $133.6 million and $115.6 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Dividends received from affiliated companies were $3.4 million in 2023, $2.6 million in 2022 and $2.7 million in 2021. Our equity in net unrealized gains of Daikyo’s investment securities and derivative instruments, as well as pension adjustments, included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was $2.2 million, $1.6 million and $1.5 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our purchases from, and royalty payments made to, affiliates totaled $142.5 million, $167.6 million and $155.0 million, respectively, in 2023, 2022 and 2021, of which $25.9 million and $31.2 million was due and payable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The majority of these transactions related to a distributorship agreement with Daikyo that allows us to purchase and re-sell Daikyo products. Sales to affiliates were $11.2 million, $14.2 million and $12.0 million, respectively, in 2023, 2022 and 2021, of which $1.6 million and $2.2 million was receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 58 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate carrying amount of our investment in affiliated companies that are accounted for under the equity method was $203.2 million and $197.0 million, respectively, and the aggregate carrying amount of our investment in affiliated companies that are not accounted for under the equity method was $6.8 million and $7.9 million, respectively. We have elected to record these investments, for which fair value was not readily determinable, at cost, less impairment, adjusted for subsequent observable price changes. We test these investments for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the investments may not be recoverable. Note 8: Goodwill and Intangible Assets The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment were as follows: ($ in millions) Balance, December 31, 2021 Foreign currency translation Balance, December 31, 2022 Foreign currency translation Balance, December 31, 2023 Proprietary Products Contract- Manufactured Products Total $ $ 80.1 $ (2.2) 77.9 1.0 78.9 $ 29.8 $ (0.4) 29.4 0.2 29.6 $ 109.9 (2.6) 107.3 1.2 108.5 As of December 31, 2023, we had $0.1 million of accumulated goodwill impairment losses. Intangible assets and accumulated amortization as of December 31 were as follows: ($ in millions) Patents and licensing Technology Trademarks Customer relationships Customer contracts 2023 Accumulated amortization Cost Net Cost 2022 Accumulated amortization Net $ $ 24.8 $ 3.3 1.2 39.5 8.0 76.8 $ (21.8) $ (2.5) (1.2) (29.0) (7.2) (61.7) $ 3.0 $ 0.8 — 10.5 0.8 15.1 $ 24.5 $ 3.3 1.9 39.6 10.9 80.2 $ (20.6) $ (2.2) (1.8) (27.2) (10.0) (61.8) $ 3.9 1.1 0.1 12.4 0.9 18.4 The cost basis of intangible assets includes a foreign currency translation loss of $0.1 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $3.6 million, $3.7 million and $5.4 million, respectively. Estimated annual amortization expense for the next five years is as follows: 2024 - $3.9 million, 2025 - $3.1 million, 2026 - $2.7 million, 2027 - $2.5 million and 2028 - $2.0 million. 59 Note 9: Other Current Liabilities Other current liabilities as of December 31 included the following: ($ in millions) Deferred income Dividends payable Accrued commissions, rebates and royalties Accrued retirement plans (excluding pension) Accrued taxes other than income Accrued professional services Accrued interest Restructuring and severance related charges Short term derivative instruments International value added tax payable Other Total other current liabilities Note 10: Debt 2023 2022 $ 41.7 $ 14.8 22.4 10.9 9.2 5.1 2.6 3.8 2.1 5.2 57.3 14.1 32.1 10.6 13.7 5.4 2.5 11.3 1.3 4.7 37.4 155.2 $ 30.8 183.8 $ The following table summarizes our long-term debt obligations, net of unamortized debt issuance costs and current maturities, at December 31. ($ in millions) Term Loan, due December 31, 2024 (6.32%) Series B notes, due July 5, 2024 (3.82%) Series C notes, due July 5, 2027 (4.02%) Less: unamortized debt issuance costs for Term Loan and Series notes Total debt Less: current portion of long-term debt Long-term debt, net 2023 2022 $ 81.0 $ 53.0 73.0 207.0 0.2 206.8 134.0 $ 72.8 $ 83.2 53.0 73.0 209.2 0.3 208.9 2.2 206.7 60 Credit Facility In March 2022, we amended and extended the existing credit facility (entered into in March 2019), which was scheduled to expire in March 2024, from $300.0 million to a $500.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility by entering into a Second Amendment and Joinder and Assumption Agreement (the "Amended Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement, which expires March 2027, contains a senior unsecured, multi- currency revolving credit facility of $500.0 million, with sublimits of up to $50.0 million for swing line loans for Domestic Borrowers in U.S. dollars and a $40.0 million swing line loan for West Pharmaceuticals Services Holding GmbH and up to $50.0 million for the issuance of standby letters of credit. The credit facility may be increased from time-to-time by the greater of (a) $929.0 million or (b) EBITDA for the preceding twelve month period in the aggregate through an increase in the revolving credit facility, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. Borrowings under the credit facility bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either: (a) the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 0.10% plus an applicable margin; or (b) a base rate defined as the highest of: (i) the Bank of America “prime rate”; (ii) the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%; and (iii) Term SOFR plus 1.00%. The applicable margin is based on the ratio of the Company’s Net Consolidated Debt to its modified EBITDA, ranging from 0 to 37.5 basis points for base rate loans and 87.5 to 137.5 basis points for Term SOFR loans. The Amended Credit Agreement contains financial covenants providing that the Company shall not permit the ratio of the Company’s Net Consolidated Debt to its Modified EBITDA to be greater than 3.5 to 1; provided that, no more than three times during the term of the Amended Credit Agreement, upon the occurrence of a Qualified Acquisition for each of the four fiscal quarters of the Company immediately following such Qualified Acquisition, the ratio set forth above shall be increased to 4.0 to 1. The Amended Credit Agreement also contains customary limitations on liens securing indebtedness of the Company and its subsidiaries, fundamental changes (mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions), asset sales, distributions and acquisitions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, total unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, were recorded in other current assets and other noncurrent assets and are being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2023, the borrowing capacity available under the Credit Facility, including outstanding letters of credit of $2.4 million, was $497.6 million. Term Loan In December 2019, we entered into a First Amendment and Incremental Facility Amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the First Amendment and the Credit Agreement, we established the Term Loan in the amount of $90.0 million, which is due on December 31, 2024. Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest at the three-month Term SOFR plus 87.5 basis points. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were unamortized debt issuance costs remaining of $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which are being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the Term Loan. At December 31, 2023, we had $81.0 million in borrowings under the Term Loan, of which $81.0 million was classified as current. Please refer to Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments, for a discussion of the foreign currency hedge associated with the Term Loan. Private Placement In 2012, we concluded a private placement issuance of $168.0 million in senior unsecured notes. The total amount of the private placement issuance was divided into three tranches - $42.0 million 3.67% Series A Notes due July 5, 2022, $53.0 million 3.82% Series B Notes due July 5, 2024, and $73.0 million 4.02% Series C Notes due July 5, 2027 (the “Notes”). The Notes rank pari passu with our other senior unsecured debt. The weighted average of the coupon interest rates on the Notes outstanding as of December 31, 2023 is 3.94%. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were unamortized debt issuance costs remaining of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, which are being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the Notes. 61 Covenants Pursuant to the financial covenants in our debt agreements, we are required to maintain established interest coverage ratios and to not exceed established leverage ratios. In addition, the agreements contain other customary covenants, none of which we consider restrictive to our operations. At December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants. Interest costs incurred during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $14.8 million, $11.6 million and $10.2 million, respectively. The aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, are as follows: $134.0 million in 2024, 2025 - $0.0 million, 2026 - $0.0 million, 2027 - $73.0 million, 2028 - $0.0 million, and thereafter - $0.0 million. Note 11: Derivative Financial Instruments Our ongoing business operations expose us to various risks, such as fluctuating interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and increasing commodity prices. To manage these market risks, we periodically enter into derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, options and foreign exchange contracts for periods consistent with, and for notional amounts equal to or less than, the related underlying exposures. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instruments for investment or trading purposes. All derivatives are recorded in our consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk We have entered into forward exchange contracts, designated as fair value hedges, to manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates on cross-currency intercompany loans. As of both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the total amount of these forward exchange contracts was Singapore Dollar ("SGD") 601.5 million and $13.4 million. We have also entered into forward exchange contracts, designated as fair value hedges, to manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates on cross-currency intercompany demand notes which were executed in June 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the total amount of these forward exchange contracts was Euro ("EUR") 278.6 million and SGD 94.0 million. In addition, we have entered into several foreign currency contracts, designated as cash flow hedges, for periods of up to eighteen months, intended to hedge the currency risk associated with a portion of our forecasted transactions denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding foreign currency contracts to purchase and sell certain pairs of currencies, as follows: (in millions) Currency EUR Yen SGD Sell Purchase USD EUR 19.8 6,065.2 41.6 21.6 30.7 13.9 — 13.2 15.8 In November and December 2019, in conjunction with the repayment of the outstanding long-term borrowings under our Credit Facility denominated in Euro and Japanese Yen, we de-designated these borrowings as hedges of our net investments in certain European subsidiaries and Daikyo. The amounts recorded as cumulative translation adjustments within accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these borrowings (prior to de-designation) will remain in accumulated other comprehensive loss indefinitely, unless certain future events occur, such as the disposition of the operations for which the net investment hedges relate. 62 In December 2019, we entered into a five-year floating-to-floating forward-starting cross-currency swap (the “cross- currency swap”) for $90 million, which we designated as a hedge of our net investment in Daikyo. The notional amount of the cross-currency swap is ¥8.9 billion ($81.0 million) as of December 31, 2023. Under the cross- currency swap, we receive floating interest rate payments based on USD compounded SOFR plus a margin, in return for paying floating interest rate payments based on Japanese Yen ("Yen") Tokyo Overnight Average Rate ("TONAR") plus a margin. In addition, we receive periodic fixed payments of USD in return for paying fixed principal payments of Yen. Commodity Price Risk Many of our proprietary products are made from synthetic elastomers, which are derived from the petroleum refining process. We purchase the majority of our elastomers via long-term supply contracts, some of which contain clauses that provide for surcharges related to fluctuations in crude oil prices. The following economic hedges did not qualify for hedge accounting treatment since they did not meet the highly effective requirement at inception. From November 2017 through December 2023, we purchased several series of call options for a total of 995,426 barrels of crude oil to mitigate our exposure to such oil-based surcharges and protect operating cash flows with regard to a portion of our forecasted elastomer purchases. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding contracts to purchase 206,316 barrels of crude oil from December 2023 to June 2025, at a weighted-average strike price of $88.78 per barrel. Effects of Derivative Instruments on Financial Position and Results of Operations Please refer to Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for the balance sheet location and fair values of our derivative instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31: ($ in millions) Fair Value Hedges: Hedged item (intercompany loan) $ Derivative designated as hedging instrument Amount excluded from effectiveness testing Total $ Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income Location on Statement of Income 2023 2022 2021 (0.3) $ (28.3) $ (22.1) Other expense (income) 0.3 28.3 22.1 Other expense (income) (1.4) (1.4) $ 5.2 5.2 $ 3.0 Other expense (income) 3.0 We recognize in earnings the initial value of forward point components on a straight-line basis over the life of the fair value hedge. The expense recognized in earnings, pre-tax, for forward point components for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.2 million. The income recognized in earnings, pre-tax, for forward point components for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $4.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively. We expect to recognize a loss of $2.5 million in earnings, pre-tax, for forward point components in 2024. 63 The following tables summarize the effects of derivative instruments designated as fair value, cash flow, and net investment hedges on OCI and earnings, net of tax, for the years ended December 31: Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI 2023 2022 2021 $ $ $ $ $ $ (2.0) $ (2.0) $ 1.3 $ 1.3 $ 0.6 0.6 (0.8) $ 0.3 $ (0.2) (4.0) — (1.1) — (4.8) $ (0.8) $ 8.6 $ 8.6 $ 9.1 $ 9.1 $ (1.8) — (2.0) 7.7 7.7 ($ in millions) Fair Value Hedges: Foreign currency hedge contracts Total Cash Flow Hedges: Foreign currency hedge contracts (hedges of net sales) Foreign currency hedge contracts (hedges of cost of goods and services sold) Forward treasury locks Total Net Investment Hedges: Cross-currency swap Total ($ in millions) Fair Value Hedges: Foreign currency hedge contracts Total Cash Flow Hedges: Amount of (Gain) Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income 2023 2022 2021 Location of (Gain) Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income $ $ 2.9 $ 2.9 $ (1.6) $ (1.6) $ (0.8) Other expense (income) (0.8) Foreign currency hedge contracts $ 1.3 $ (1.2) $ 0.9 Net sales Foreign currency hedge contracts Forward treasury locks 2.2 0.2 3.5 0.2 1.7 Cost of goods and services sold 0.3 Interest expense Total Net Investment Hedges: Cross-currency swap Total $ $ 3.7 $ 2.5 $ 2.9 — — $ — — $ — Other expense (income) — 64 Refer to the above table which summarizes the effects of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges within the other expense (income) line in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31. The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments designated as cash flow and net investment hedges by line item in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31: ($ in millions) Net sales Cost of goods and services sold Interest expense 2023 2022 2021 $ 1.3 $ (1.2) $ 2.2 0.2 3.5 0.2 0.9 1.7 0.3 The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31: Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income Location on Statement of Income ($ in millions) Commodity call options Currency forwards Total 2023 2022 2021 $ $ (1.3) $ 0.1 (1.2) $ 1.5 $ 0.0 1.5 $ 1.7 Other expense (income) 0.0 Other expense (income) 1.7 During 2023, 2022 and 2021 there was no material ineffectiveness related to our hedges. 65 Note 12: Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy classifies the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into one of three levels: • • • Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions. The following tables present the assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis: ($ in millions) Assets: Deferred compensation assets Foreign currency contracts Cross-currency swap Commodity call options Liabilities: Contingent consideration Deferred compensation liabilities Foreign currency contracts ($ in millions) Assets: Deferred compensation assets Foreign currency contracts Cross-currency swap Commodity call options Liabilities: Contingent consideration Deferred compensation liabilities Foreign currency contracts Balance at December 31, 2023 Basis of Fair Value Measurements Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 10.2 $ 10.2 $ — $ 5.0 18.4 0.6 — — — 5.0 18.4 0.6 34.2 $ 10.2 $ 24.0 $ 3.6 $ — $ — $ 10.4 2.2 10.4 — — 2.2 16.2 $ 10.4 $ 2.2 $ $ $ $ Balance at December 31, 2022 Basis of Fair Value Measurements Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 12.5 $ 12.5 $ — $ 4.5 13.9 1.2 — — — 4.5 13.9 1.2 32.1 $ 12.5 $ 19.6 $ 4.7 $ — $ — $ 12.7 1.4 12.7 — — 1.4 18.8 $ 12.7 $ 1.4 $ $ $ $ — — — — — 3.6 — — 3.6 — — — — — 4.7 — — 4.7 66 Deferred compensation assets are included within other noncurrent assets and are valued using a market approach based on quoted market prices in an active market. The fair value of our foreign currency contracts, included within other current and other noncurrent assets, as well as other current and other long-term liabilities, is valued using an income approach based on quoted forward foreign exchange rates and spot rates at the reporting date. The fair value of our commodity call options, included within other current and other noncurrent assets, is valued using a market approach. The fair value of the contingent consideration liability, within current and long-term liabilities, related to the SmartDose® technology platform (the “SmartDose® contingent consideration”) was initially determined using a probability-weighted income approach, and is revalued at each reporting date or more frequently if circumstances dictate. The fair value of deferred compensation liabilities is based on quoted prices of the underlying employees’ investment selections and is included within other long-term liabilities. The fair value of the cross-currency swap, included within other current assets as of December 31, 2023 and other non-current assets as of December 31, 2022, is valued using a market approach. Please refer to Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further discussion of our derivatives. Other Financial Instruments We believe that the carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable approximate their fair values due to their near-term maturities. The estimated fair value of long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for debt issuances with similar terms and maturities and is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of long-term debt was $70.8 million compared to a carrying amount of $72.8 million. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of long-term debt was $201.8 million and the carrying amount was $206.7 million. 67 Note 13: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table presents the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax: Derivatives Equity affiliate investment AOCI Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans Foreign currency translation Total $ (1.9) $ 0.6 $ (40.5) $ (68.8) $ (110.6) ($ in millions) Balance, December 31, 2020 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified out Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Balance, December 31, 2021 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified out Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax Balance, December 31, 2022 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified out Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Balance, December 31, 2023 $ (1.4) 2.1 0.7 (1.2) 0.5 0.9 1.4 0.2 (6.8) 6.6 (0.2) — $ 0.9 — 0.9 1.5 0.1 — 0.1 1.6 0.7 — 0.7 7.4 1.3 8.7 (59.3) (52.4) — 3.4 (59.3) (49.0) (31.8) (128.1) (159.6) (9.3) (47.3) (56.0) 31.7 — 32.6 22.4 (9.4) (47.3) (175.4) (23.4) (183.0) 0.8 (1.5) 39.4 — 34.1 5.1 (0.7) 39.4 39.2 2.3 $ (10.1) $ (136.0) $ (143.8) A summary of the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss is presented in the following table ($ in millions): Detail of components 2023 2022 2021 Location on Statement of Income Gains (losses) on derivatives: Foreign currency contracts $ (1.5) $ 1.4 $ (1.1) Net sales (4.1) (2.4) Cost of goods and services sold Foreign currency contracts Foreign currency contracts Forward treasury locks Total before tax Tax benefit (expense) (3.1) (4.2) (0.3) (9.1) 2.5 2.4 (0.3) (0.6) (0.3) Net of tax Amortization of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans: $ (6.6) $ (0.9) $ Prior service credit Actuarial gains (losses) Settlements Other Total before tax Tax (expense) benefit $ — $ — $ 1.7 0.6 (0.1) (52.2) 0.4 2.0 (0.4) (52.0) (0.5) 20.3 1.5 $ (31.7) $ Net of tax Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax $ $ (5.1) $ (32.6) $ (3.4) 1.2 Other expense (income) (0.4) Interest expense (2.7) 0.6 (2.1) 0.3 (a) (0.2) (a) (1.8) (a) — (a) (1.7) 0.4 (1.3) (a) These components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for additional details. 68 Note 14: Stock-Based Compensation The West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2016 Plan”) provides for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and performance awards to employees and non-employee directors. A committee of the Board of Directors determines the terms and conditions of awards to be granted. Vesting requirements vary by award. At December 31, 2023, there were 1,434,547 shares remaining in the 2016 Plan for future grants. Stock options and stock appreciation rights reduce the number of shares available by one share for each award granted. All other awards under the 2016 Plan will reduce the total number of shares available for grant by an amount equal to 2.5 times the number of shares awarded. If awards made under previous plans would entitle a plan participant to an amount of West stock in excess of the target amount, the additional shares (up to a maximum threshold amount) will be distributed under the 2016 Plan. The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31: ($ in millions) Stock option and appreciation rights Performance share units, stock-settled Performance share units, cash-settled Performance share units, dividend equivalents Employee stock purchase plan Deferred compensation plans and restricted share awards Total stock-based compensation expense $ $ 2023 2022 2021 11.3 $ 5.5 0.3 0.1 1.3 4.8 23.3 $ 5.6 $ 15.6 (0.1) 0.1 1.3 1.2 23.7 $ 12.5 17.6 1.0 0.2 1.4 4.8 37.5 The Company estimates expected forfeitures. The amount of unrecognized compensation expense for all non-vested awards as of December 31, 2023 was $28.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. Stock Options Stock options granted to employees vest in equal increments. All awards expire 10 years from the date of grant. Upon the exercise of stock options, shares are issued in exchange for the exercise price of the options. 69 The following table summarizes changes in outstanding options: (in millions, except per share data) Options outstanding, January 1 Granted Exercised Forfeited Options outstanding, December 31 Options vested and expected to vest, December 31 Options vested and exercisable, December 31 Weighted Average Exercise Price Options outstanding, January 1 Granted Exercised Forfeited Options outstanding, December 31 Options vested and expected to vest, December 31 Options vested and exercisable, December 31 $ $ $ $ 2023 2023 1.9 0.1 (0.6) 0.0 1.4 1.4 1.1 118.72 306.97 80.18 289.70 145.40 143.46 105.08 As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining contractual life of options outstanding and of options exercisable was 4.7 years and 3.8 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate intrinsic value of total options outstanding was $296.0 million, of which $276.9 million represented vested options. The fair value of the options was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model that used the following weighted average assumptions in 2023, 2022 and 2021: a risk-free interest rate of 4.1%, 1.8%, and 0.8%, respectively; stock volatility of 29.8%, 25.1%, and 23.9%, respectively; and dividend yields of 0.3%, 0.2%, and 0.3%, respectively. Stock volatility is estimated based on historical data and the impact from expected future trends. Expected lives, which are based on prior experience, averaged 5.7 years for 2023 and 5.6 years for 2022 and 2021. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $108.95, $96.43 and $64.51, respectively. Stock option expense is recognized over the vesting period, net of forfeitures. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the intrinsic value of options exercised was $151.0 million, $60.1 million and $147.3 million, respectively. The grant date fair value of options vested during those same periods was $8.6 million, $8.8 million and $8.3 million, respectively. Stock Appreciation Rights Stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) granted to eligible international employees vest in equal annual increments over 4 years of continuous service. All awards expire 10 years from the date of grant. The fair value of each cash-settled SAR is adjusted at the end of each reporting period, with the resulting change reflected in expense. As of December 31, 2023, SARs outstanding were 15,407, all of which were cash-settled. Upon exercise of a cash-settled SAR, the employee receives cash for the difference between the grant date price and the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of exercise. As a result of the cash settlement feature, cash-settled SARs are recorded within other long-term liabilities. 70 The following table summarizes changes in outstanding SARs: SARs outstanding, January 1 Granted Exercised Forfeited SARs outstanding, December 31 SARs vested and expected to vest, December 31 SARs vested and exercisable, December 31 Weighted Average Exercise Price SARs outstanding, January 1 Granted Exercised Forfeited SARs outstanding, December 31 SARs vested and expected to vest, December 31 SARs vested and exercisable, December 31 Performance Awards 2023 2023 20,402 228 (4,646) (577) 15,407 15,407 14,355 97.28 306.68 67.89 287.26 102.12 102.12 89.44 $ $ $ $ In addition to stock options and SAR awards, we grant performance share unit (“PSU”) awards to eligible employees. These awards are earned based on the Company’s performance against pre-established targets, including annual growth rate of revenue and return on invested capital, over a specified performance period. Depending on the achievement of the targets, recipients of stock-settled PSU awards are entitled to receive a certain number of shares of common stock, whereas recipients of cash-settled PSU awards are entitled to receive a payment in cash per unit based on the fair market value of a share of our common stock at the end of the performance period. The following table summarizes changes in our outstanding stock-settled PSU awards: Non-vested stock-settled PSU awards, January 1 Granted at target level Adjustments above/(below) target Vested and converted Forfeited Non-vested stock-settled PSU awards, December 31 Weighted Average Fair Value Non-vested stock-settled PSU awards, January 1 Granted at target level Adjustments above/(below) target Vested and converted Forfeited Non-vested stock-settled PSU awards, December 31 $ $ 71 2023 2023 112,553 37,736 47,154 (93,902) (5,100) 98,441 278.38 306.97 181.31 306.68 317.85 334.03 Shares earned under PSU awards may vary from 0% to 200% of an employee’s targeted award. The fair value of stock-settled PSU awards is based on the market price of our stock at the grant date and is recognized as expense over the performance period, adjusted for estimated target outcomes and net of forfeitures. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock-settled PSU awards granted during the years 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $306.97, $362.40 and $333.58, respectively. Including forfeiture and target achievement expectations, we expect that the stock-settled PSU awards will convert to 36,080 shares to be issued over an average remaining term of one year. The fair value of cash-settled PSU awards is also based on the market price of our stock at the grant date. These awards are revalued at the end of each quarter based on changes in our stock price. As a result of the cash settlement feature, cash-settled PSU awards are recorded within other long-term liabilities. The following table summarizes changes in our outstanding cash-settled PSU awards: Non-vested cash-settled PSU awards, January 1 Granted at target level Adjustments above/(below) target Vested and converted Forfeited Non-vested cash-settled PSU awards, December 31 Weighted Average Fair Value Non-vested cash-settled PSU awards, January 1 Granted at target level Adjustments above/(below) target Vested and converted Forfeited Non-vested cash-settled PSU awards, December 31 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 2023 2023 890 82 591 (1,181) (178) 204 242.29 306.68 191.43 306.68 310.52 355.74 $ $ We also offer an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), which provides for the sale of our common stock to eligible employees at 85% of the current market price on the last trading day of each quarterly offering period. Payroll deductions are limited to 25% of the employee’s base salary, not to exceed $25,000 in any one calendar year. In addition, employees may not buy more than 2,000 shares during any offering period (8,000 shares per year). Purchases under the ESPP were 23,955 shares, 27,894 shares and 27,016 shares for the years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023, there were 3,714,353 shares available for issuance under the ESPP. Deferred Compensation Plans and Restricted Share Awards Our deferred compensation plans include a Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, under which non-employee directors may defer all or part of their annual cash or stock retainers. The deferred fees may be credited to a stock-equivalent account. Amounts credited to this account are converted into deferred stock units based on the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the last day of the quarter. For deferred stock units ultimately paid in cash, a liability is calculated at an amount determined by multiplying the number of units by the fair market value of our common stock at the end of each reporting period. In addition, annual stock awards are granted on the date of our annual meeting and are distributed in shares of common stock at the next annual meeting, unless deferred. In 2023, we granted 6,160 deferred stock awards, with a weighted grant date fair value of $357.00. In 2022, we granted 4,827 deferred stock awards, with a grant date fair value of $300.78. 72 As of December 31, 2023, the two deferred compensation plans held a total of 352,541 deferred stock units, including 8,931 units to be paid in cash. In addition, during 2023, we granted 8,343 restricted share awards at a weighted grant-date fair value of $314.06 per share to employees under the 2016 Plan. During 2022, we granted 9,648 restricted share awards at a weighted grant- date fair value of $310.52 per share to employees under the 2016 Plan. During 2021, we granted 6,002 restricted share awards at a weighted grant-date fair value of $312.41 per share to employees under the 2016 Plan. The fair value of these awards is based on the market price of our stock at the grant date and is recognized as expense over the vesting period. Note 15: Benefit Plans Certain of our U.S. and international subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans. In addition, we pay a portion of healthcare costs for retired U.S. salaried employees and their dependents. We also sponsor a defined contribution plan for certain salaried and hourly U.S. employees. Our 401(k) plan contributions were $22.7 million for 2023, $22.8 million for 2022 and $19.5 million for 2021. Pension and Other Retirement Benefits The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in OCI were as follows: ($ in millions) Net periodic benefit cost: Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) Settlement loss Other Net periodic benefit cost Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI, pre-tax: Net (gain) loss arising during period Prior service credit arising during period Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain Settlement loss Foreign currency translation Other Total recognized in OCI Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and OCI $ $ Pension benefits 2022 2021 2023 Other retirement benefits 2021 2022 2023 $ $ 1.5 $ 4.2 (6.1) — 1.3 52.2 1.0 1.1 $ 2.4 (1.2) — 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.3 $ 54.1 $ 1.6 $ — $ — $ — 0.2 6.2 — (11.9) (0.4) 0.1 (1.6) 1.8 — 1.8 — — (1.8) (0.4) $ 0.2 — — (2.0) — 0.4 (1.4) $ 0.2 — — (1.9) — 0.4 (1.3) $ $ (1.4) $ 16.0 $ — — (0.3) (0.1) 0.7 — — (1.3) (52.2) (2.3) (6.3) $ (2.0) (0.1) (1.8) (1.8) (0.9) — 0.4 (0.7) $ (39.8) $ (12.9) $ — (0.5) $ — — 2.0 — — — 1.5 $ (2.0) $ — — 1.9 — — (0.4) (0.5) $ (0.9) — 0.4 1.6 — — — 1.1 2.6 $ 14.3 $ (13.3) $ 0.1 $ (1.8) $ (0.7) 73 Net periodic benefit cost by geographic location is as follows: ($ in millions) U.S. plans International plans Net periodic benefit cost Pension benefits Other retirement benefits 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 $ 0.8 $ 51.7 $ (2.3) $ (1.4) $ (1.3) $ (1.8) 2.5 2.4 1.9 — — — $ 3.3 $ 54.1 $ (0.4) $ (1.4) $ (1.3) $ (1.8) The service cost component included within net periodic benefit cost is considered employee compensation and is therefore presented within the selling, general, and administrative and costs of goods and services sold financial statement line items of our consolidated statements of income. The remaining components of net periodic benefit cost are reported separately and are therefore presented within the other nonoperating (income) expense financial statement line item of our consolidated statements of income. During 2021, the Company approved the termination of our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan (the "U.S. pension plan"). During 2021, a Notice of Intent to Terminate was sent to all interested parties and in 2022 a favorable determination letter was received from the Internal Revenue Service. During 2022, lump sum payments were offered to all current employees and former employees with vested benefits under the U.S. pension plan. A cash contribution of $7.1 million was made by the Company to ensure the U.S. pension plan was fully funded in preparation for the group annuity contract purchase which was executed in August of 2022 to settle the outstanding benefit obligations, as well as to cover any ancillary benefits and expenses remaining. During 2022, we recorded a $52.2 million pension settlement charge within other nonoperating (income) expense, which primarily related to the full settlement and relief of the historical balance sheet position, inclusive of accumulated other comprehensive income, of the U.S. pension plan. During 2021,we recorded a $1.8 million pension settlement charge within other nonoperating (income) expense, as we determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for the U.S. pension plan exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting under U.S. GAAP for the year. During 2023, we did not contribute to our U.S. pension plan due to the termination of the plan in 2022. During 2022, we contributed $7.1 million to our U.S. pension plan. During 2021, we did not contribute to our U.S. pension plan. 74 The following table presents the changes in the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status of the plans: ($ in millions) Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, January 1 Service cost Interest cost Participants’ contributions Actuarial gain (loss) Benefits paid Settlement loss Foreign currency translation Benefit obligation, December 31 Change in plan assets: Fair value of assets, January 1 Actual return on plan assets Employer contribution Participants’ contributions Benefits paid Settlement loss Foreign currency translation Fair value of assets, December 31 Funded status at end of year Pension benefits Other retirement benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 $ $ $ $ $ (55.5) $ (1.1) (2.4) (0.2) 0.7 2.5 0.5 (2.0) (57.5) $ 29.4 $ 2.4 1.1 0.2 (1.8) (0.5) 1.5 32.3 $ (269.8) $ (1.5) (4.2) (0.4) 33.0 6.9 174.4 6.1 (55.5) $ 249.2 $ (42.4) 8.4 0.4 (7.2) (174.4) (4.6) 29.4 $ (3.9) $ — (0.2) (0.4) 0.5 0.3 — — (3.7) $ — $ — (0.1) 0.4 (0.3) — — — $ (5.6) — (0.2) (0.4) 2.0 0.3 — — (3.9) — — (0.1) 0.4 (0.3) — — — (25.2) $ (26.1) $ (3.7) $ (3.9) International pension plan assets, at fair value, included in the preceding table were $32.3 million and $29.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amounts recognized in the balance sheet were as follows: ($ in millions) Noncurrent assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Pension benefits Other retirement benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 $ $ 2.7 $ (1.4) (26.5) (25.2) $ 0.3 $ (1.5) (24.9) (26.1) $ — $ (0.6) (3.1) (3.7) $ — (0.6) (3.3) (3.9) The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss, pre-tax, consisted of: ($ in millions) Net actuarial loss (gain) Prior service cost (credit) Total Pension benefits Other retirement benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 $ $ 15.8 $ (1.1) 14.7 $ 16.7 $ (1.1) 15.6 $ (3.6) $ — (3.6) $ (5.2) — (5.2) 75 The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $53.7 million and $52.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, including $47.7 million and $46.0 million, respectively, for international pension plans. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our United Kingdom qualified defined benefit pension plan had plan assets in excess of its obligations. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our other defined benefit pension plans had projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. Benefit payments expected to be paid under our defined benefit pension and other retirement benefit plans in the next ten years are as follows. The expected benefit payments listed correspond to regular ongoing benefit payments expected to be made by the plans during future years. ($ in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 to 2033 Domestic International Total $ $ 1.4 $ 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 3.8 9.6 $ 2.5 $ 2.5 3.2 3.8 3.2 17.4 32.6 $ 3.9 3.8 4.3 4.8 4.2 21.2 42.2 In 2024, we expect to contribute $0.6 million to pension plans, all of which is in the U.S. In addition, we expect to contribute $0.5 million for other retirement benefits in 2024. We periodically consider additional, voluntary contributions depending on the investment returns generated by pension plan assets, changes in benefit obligation projections and other factors. Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost were as follows: Discount rate Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on assets Pension benefits 2022 2023 4.35% 3.09% 2.48% 2.79% 2021 2.29% 2.41% Other retirement benefits 2022 2021 2023 5.55% — 2.75% — 2.30% — 4.22% 4.14% 4.93% — — — Weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations were as follows: Discount rate Rate of compensation increase Pension benefits 2022 2023 Other retirement benefits 2023 2022 3.95% 3.08% 4.35% 3.09% 5.20% — 5.55% — The discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations for U.S. pension plans was 5.20% and 5.55% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations for all international plans was 3.80% and 4.20% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The weighted average rate of compensation increase for all international plans was 3.08% for 2023 and 3.09% for 2022, while there was no rate increase for the U.S. plans since they are frozen. Other retirement benefits were only available to U.S. employees. The expected long-term rate of return for U.S. plans was not applicable for 2023, 3.70% for 2022 and 5.10% for 2021. The assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost was 6.75% for all participants in 2023, decreasing to 5.00% by 2030. 76 The defined pension plan benefit obligation increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in the discount rate used to calculate the obligation. The net actuarial losses will be impacted in future periods by actual asset returns, discount rate changes, currency exchange rate fluctuations, actual demographic experience, and certain other factors. The other retirement plan benefit obligation decreased due to actuarial gains and benefit payments during the period. The Company has cash balance plans and other plans with promised interest crediting rates. For these plans, the interest crediting rates are set in line with plan rules or country legislation and do not change with market conditions. The weighted average interest crediting rating used to determine net periodic benefit cost by geographic location for our pension plans, at December 31, were as follows: U.S. plans International plans 2023 2022 2021 4.00% 1.13% 3.31% 1.75% 3.31% 0.67% The weighted average asset allocations by asset category for our pension plans, at December 31, were as follows: Equity securities Debt securities Other 2023 2022 16% 80% 4% 100% 28% 68% 4% 100% Diversification across and within asset classes is the primary means by which we mitigate risk. We maintain guidelines for all asset and sub-asset categories in order to avoid excessive investment concentrations. Fund assets are monitored on a regular basis. If at any time the fund asset allocation is not within the acceptable allocation range, funds will be reallocated. We also review the fund on a regular basis to ensure that the investment returns received are consistent with the short-term and long-term goals of the fund and with comparable market returns. We are prohibited from pledging fund securities and from investing pension fund assets in our own stock, securities on margin or derivative securities. The following are the target asset allocations and acceptable allocation ranges across: Equity securities Debt securities Other Target allocation 19% 79% 2% Allocation range 15% - 20% 75% - 85% 2% - 5% 77 The following tables present the fair value of our pension plan assets, utilizing the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 12, Fair Value Measurements. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, certain pension plan assets measured at net asset value (“NAV”) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Balance at December 31, 2023 Basis of Fair Value Measurements Level 2 Level 1 Level 3 $ 0.6 $ 0.6 $ — $ 5.3 — 5.3 ($ in millions) Cash Equity securities: International mutual funds Fixed income securities: International mutual funds Other mutual funds Pension plan assets in the fair value hierarchy Pension plan assets measured at NAV Pension plan assets at fair value $ $ — — 0.6 $ 25.9 0.5 31.7 $ 25.9 0.5 32.3 $ — 32.3 ($ in millions) Cash Equity securities: International mutual funds Fixed income securities: International mutual funds Other mutual funds Pension plan assets in the fair value hierarchy Pension plan assets measured at NAV Pension plan assets at fair value $ $ Note 16: Other Expense (Income) Other expense (income) consisted of: ($ in millions) Restructuring and related charges: Severance and benefits Asset-related charges Other charges Total restructuring and related charges Loss on disposal of plant Asset impairments Foreign exchange transaction losses (gains) Contingent consideration Loss (gain) on oil hedges Other items Balance at December 31, 2022 Basis of Fair Value Measurements Level 2 Level 1 Level 3 $ 0.7 $ 0.7 $ — $ 8.2 — 8.2 — — 0.7 $ 20.4 0.1 28.7 $ 20.4 0.1 29.4 $ — 29.4 2023 2022 2021 $ $ (2.8) $ — — (2.8) $ 11.6 9.6 9.4 2.3 1.3 — 8.7 $ 15.3 (0.2) 23.8 $ — 6.2 (4.1) 3.0 (1.5) (0.6) Total other expense (income) $ 31.4 $ 26.8 $ 78 — — — — — — — — — — 0.6 — 1.6 2.2 — 5.6 (1.4) 1.5 (1.7) 1.7 7.9 Restructuring and Related Charges In December 2022, the Company approved a restructuring plan to adjust our operating cost base to better respond to the macroeconomic factors influencing our business. These changes are expected to be implemented over a period of up to twenty-four months from the date of the approval. The plan is expected to require restructuring and related charges of approximately $22 million to $24 million, with annualized savings in the range of $22 million to $24 million. The following table presents activity related to our restructuring obligations related to our 2022 restructuring plan: ($ in millions) Balance, December 31, 2022 (Credits) charges Cash payments Non-cash asset write downs Balance, December 31, 2023 Loss on Disposal of Plant Severance and benefits Other charges Total $ $ 10.1 $ (2.6) (4.5) — 3.0 $ 15.3 $ — — (15.3) — $ 25.4 (2.6) (4.5) (15.3) 3.0 During 2023, the Company recorded expense of $11.6 million, within other expense (income), as a result of the sale of one of the Company’s manufacturing facilities within the Proprietary Products segment. The transaction closed during the second quarter of 2023. Asset Impairments During 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $4.3 million specific to our cost method investments and expense of $5.3 million related to fixed assets impaired and taken out of service. During 2022, we recorded an impairment charge of $3.5 million specific to our cost method investments and expense of $2.7 million related to fixed assets impaired and taken out of service. During 2021, specific to our cost method investments, we recorded a total impairment charge of $4.6 million which was offset by a net gain of $0.3 million on the sale of a cost investment. We also recorded expense of $1.3 million related to fixed assets impaired and taken out of service. Foreign Exchange Transaction Losses (Gains) During 2023, we recorded a loss on foreign exchange transactions of $9.4 million. The loss on foreign exchange transactions in 2023 was primarily driven by a highly inflationary environment in Argentina. During 2022 and 2021, we recorded a gain on foreign exchange transactions of $4.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Contingent Consideration Contingent consideration represents changes in the fair value of the SmartDose® contingent consideration. Please refer to Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for additional details. Oil Hedges During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a loss of $1.3 million, a gain of $1.5 million, and a gain of $1.7 million, respectively, related to oil hedges. Please refer to Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further discussion of our hedging activity. 79 Note 17: Income Taxes As a global organization, we and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023, the statute of limitations for the U.S. federal tax years 2017 through 2023 remain open to examination. For U.S. state and local jurisdictions, tax years 2013 through 2023 are open to examination. We are also subject to examination in various foreign jurisdictions for tax years 2016 through 2023. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: ($ in millions) Balance at January 1 Increase due to current year position (Decrease) increase due to prior year position Reduction for expiration of statute of limitations/audits Balance at December 31 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 36.5 $ 6.4 (1.0) (3.1) 38.8 $ 24.9 $ 11.4 0.6 (0.4) 36.5 $ 10.4 16.3 (1.0) (0.8) 24.9 In addition, we had balances in accrued liabilities for interest and penalties of $3.8 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had $38.8 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits, which, if recognized, $38.8 million would favorably impact the effective income tax rate. It is reasonably possible that, due to the expiration of statutes and the closing of tax audits, the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits may be reduced by approximately $0.1 million during the next twelve months, which would favorably impact our effective tax rate. The components of income before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliated companies are: ($ in millions) U.S. operations International operations Total income before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliated companies The related provision for income taxes consists of: ($ in millions) Current: Federal State International Current income tax provision Deferred: Federal and state International Deferred income tax provision Income tax expense 2023 2022 2021 369.4 $ 328.6 394.4 $ 285.5 420.0 328.9 698.0 $ 679.9 $ 748.9 2023 2022 2021 30.2 $ (4.2) 58.8 84.8 (11.6) 49.1 37.5 122.3 $ 75.7 $ 8.4 61.4 145.5 (20.3) (10.5) (30.8) 114.7 $ 64.8 10.9 74.4 150.1 7.3 (50.2) (42.9) 107.2 $ $ $ $ Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes. 80 The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 are: ($ in millions) Deferred tax assets Net operating loss carryforwards Tax credit carryforwards Pension and deferred compensation Royalty acceleration Other Capitalized R&D expenses Leases Unrealized profit in inventory Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant, and equipment Tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries Leases Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax asset 2023 2022 10.0 $ 1.1 22.7 15.0 13.9 23.9 18.6 8.5 (15.5) 98.2 61.7 3.8 18.1 1.6 85.2 13.0 $ 10.3 1.9 31.4 46.2 18.3 8.1 20.6 7.2 (13.3) 130.7 53.7 1.5 19.7 4.5 79.4 51.3 $ $ A reconciliation of the U.S. federal corporate tax rate to our effective consolidated tax rate on income before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliated companies is as follows: 2023 2022 2021 U.S. federal corporate tax rate 21.0% Tax on international operations other than U.S. tax rate 1.9 Adjustments to reserves for unrecognized tax benefits 0.1 U.S. tax on international earnings, net of foreign tax credits 0.3 Foreign-Derived Intangible Income Deductions (FDII) (1.5) State income taxes, net of federal tax effect (0.1) U.S. research and development credits (0.4) Excess tax benefits on share-based payments (4.2) Royalty acceleration (2.5) Pension settlement — Tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries (0.6) Other 0.3 Effective tax rate 14.3% During 2023, we recorded a tax benefit of $32.0 million associated with stock-based compensation. The Company recognized a $3.0 million state tax benefit based on the outcome of a recent court case. 21.0% (1.5) 2.9 (0.3) (2.1) 1.0 (0.6) (2.4) — (1.2) — 0.1 16.9% 21.0% 1.2 0.3 0.5 (1.6) 0.1 (0.7) (4.6) 0.5 — 0.3 0.5 17.5% During 2022, we recorded tax expense of $5.7 million due to the impact of tax law changes enacted during the year, $19.8 million of tax expense due to the Company's recognition of reserves for unrecognized tax benefits, and a tax benefit of $16.5 million associated with stock-based compensation. A tax benefit of $20.6 million was recognized for the 2022 termination of our U.S. pension plan. The Company did not elect to reclassify to retained earnings the stranded tax effects on items within AOCI related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, and therefore included within the $20.6 million pension termination benefit is a deferred tax benefit of $8.0 million. 81 During 2021, we recorded a tax benefit of $1.4 million due to the impact of tax law changes enacted during 2021, a tax benefit of $18.5 million due to the Company's prepayment of future royalties from one of its subsidiaries, and a tax benefit of $31.5 million associated with stock-based compensation. State operating loss carryforwards of $118.6 million created a deferred tax asset of $6.7 million, while foreign operating loss carryforwards of $10.2 million created a deferred tax asset of $3.3 million. Management estimates that certain state and foreign operating loss carryforwards are unlikely to be utilized and the associated deferred tax assets have been appropriately reserved. State loss carryforwards expire as follows: $19.8 million in 2024 and $98.8 million thereafter. Foreign loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2029, while $0.9 million of the total $10.2 million will not expire. During 2019, we utilized all of our remaining U.S. federal research and development credit carryforwards. State research and development credit carryforwards of $1.6 million created a deferred tax asset of $1.3 million. As of December 31, 2023, $0.4 million of state research and development credits expire in 2025. Since 2018, West has reasserted indefinite reinvestment related to all post-2017 unremitted earnings in all of our foreign subsidiaries. During 2023 and consistent with the approved plan mentioned in Note 4, Net Income Per Share, the Company began repurchasing common stock on the open market. To support the funding for this program, West may repatriate earnings from its German affiliates during 2024 and has recorded a tax liability of $2.8 million. Accordingly, West will no longer assert permanent reinvestment related to all of the earnings of its wholly owned German affiliates through 2023. West will continue to assert permanent reinvestment of earnings for all other foreign jurisdictions, and intends to only repatriate earnings when the tax impact is de minimis. Accordingly, no deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes that would result upon repatriation of approximately $857 million of undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries (except our German affiliates) to the U.S., as those earnings continue to be permanently reinvested. Further, it is impracticable for us to estimate any future tax costs for any unrecognized deferred tax liabilities associated with our indefinite reinvestment assertion, because the actual tax liability, if any, would be dependent on complex analysis and calculations considering various tax laws, exchange rates, circumstances existing when there is a repatriation, sale or liquidation, or other factors. Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies At December 31, 2023, we were obligated under various operating lease agreements. Please refer to Note 6, Leases, for additional details. At December 31, 2023, we were obligated under debt agreements, net of unamortized debt issuance costs including fixed and variable-rate debt. Please refer to Note 10, Debt, for additional details. At December 31, 2023, we were obligated under various tax-qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans in the U.S. and other countries that cover employees and former employees who meet eligibility requirements. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for additional details. At December 31, 2023, our outstanding unconditional contractual commitments, including for the purchase of raw materials and finished goods, amounted to $298.3 million, the majority of which is to be paid over the next five years, with $76.8 million due to be paid in 2024. We have letters of credit totaling $2.4 million supporting the reimbursement of workers’ compensation and other claims paid on our behalf by insurance carriers. Our accrual for insurance obligations was $2.1 million at December 31, 2023, of which $0.7 million is in excess of our deductible and, therefore, is reimbursable by the insurance company. 82 Note 19: Segment Information Our business operations are organized into two reportable segments, Proprietary Products and Contract- Manufactured Products. Our Proprietary Products reportable segment offers proprietary packaging, containment solutions and drug delivery products, along with analytical lab services and other integrated services and solutions, primarily to biologic, generic and pharmaceutical drug customers. Our Contract-Manufactured Products reportable segment serves as a fully integrated business, focused on the design, manufacture, and automated assembly of complex devices, primarily for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device customers. The Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") evaluates the performance of our segments based upon, among other things, segment net sales and operating profit. Segment operating profit excludes general corporate costs, which include executive and director compensation, stock-based compensation, certain pension and other retirement benefit costs, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. Also excluded are items that the CODM considers not representative of ongoing operations. Such items are referred to as other unallocated items and generally include restructuring and related charges, certain asset impairments and other specifically-identified income or expense items. The segment operating profit metric is what the CODM uses in evaluating our results of operations and the financial measure that provides a valuable insight into our overall performance and financial position. The following table presents net sales information about our reportable segments, reconciled to consolidated totals: ($ in millions) Net sales: Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Intersegment sales elimination Consolidated net sales 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 2,397.3 $ 552.5 — 2,949.8 $ 2,406.8 $ 480.4 (0.3) 2,886.9 $ 2,317.3 514.7 (0.4) 2,831.6 The intersegment sales elimination, which is required for the presentation of consolidated net sales, represents the elimination of components sold between our segments. In 2023, one of our customers individually accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, at 10.9% or $322.1 million, contributing to net sales in both the Proprietary and Contract Manufacturing reportable segments. We did not have any customers accounting for greater than 10% of consolidated net sales in 2022 or 2021. The following table presents net sales and long-lived assets, by the country in which the legal subsidiary is domiciled and assets are located: ($ in millions) United States Germany Ireland France Other European countries Other 2023 1,238.5 $ 406.1 285.7 282.9 388.1 348.5 2,949.8 $ Net Sales 2022 1,286.5 $ 398.7 240.3 237.9 359.2 364.3 2,886.9 $ $ $ 2021 1,198.0 $ 474.3 247.6 213.0 341.3 357.4 2,831.6 $ Long-Lived Assets 2022 2023 757.1 $ 176.0 207.0 78.5 99.2 194.7 1,512.5 $ 611.5 139.0 179.5 68.8 81.8 182.1 1,262.7 83 The following tables provide summarized financial information for our segments: ($ in millions) Operating profit (loss): Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Total business segment operating profit Corporate and Unallocated Stock-based compensation expense Corporate general costs (1) Unallocated Items: Restructuring and other charges (2) Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets (3) Cost investment activity (4) Loss on disposal of plant (5) Asset impairment (5) Total Corporate and Unallocated Total consolidated operating profit $ $ $ $ 2023 2022 2021 710.1 $ 72.1 782.2 $ 784.4 $ 60.4 844.8 $ 796.1 67.2 863.3 (23.3) $ (23.7) $ (68.3) (59.1) (37.5) (63.4) 2.0 (0.7) (4.3) (11.6) — (106.2) 676.0 $ (23.8) (0.7) (3.5) — — (110.8) 734.0 $ (2.2) (0.8) (4.3) — (2.8) (111.0) 752.3 3.4 Interest (income) expense and other nonoperating (income) expense, net (22.0) 54.1 Income before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliated companies $ 698.0 $ 679.9 $ 748.9 (1) Corporate general costs includes executive and director compensation, certain pension and other retirement benefit costs, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. (2) During 2023, the Company recorded a benefit to restructuring and other charges of $2.0 million, which represents the net impact of a $2.8 million benefit within other expense (income) for revised severance estimates in connection with its 2022 restructuring plan and an inventory write down of $0.8 million within cost of goods and services sold. During 2022, the Company recorded expense to restructuring and other charges of $23.8 million, which primarily included a charge of $8.7 million in net severance and post-employment benefits primarily in connection with our plan to adjust our operating cost base and $15.3 million in asset-related charges associated with this plan. During 2021, the Company recorded expense to restructuring and other charges of $2.2 million to optimize certain organizational structures within the Company. (3) During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the company recorded $0.7 million, $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of amortization expense within operating profit associated with an acquisition of an intangible asset during the second quarter of 2020. (4) During 2023, the Company recorded a cost investment impairment charge of $4.3 million. During 2022, the Company recorded a cost investment impairment charge of $3.5 million. During 2021, the net cost investment activity was equal to $4.3 million, inclusive of an impairment charge of $4.6 million partially offset by a $0.3 million gain on the sale of a cost investment. (5) During 2023, the Company recorded expense of $11.6 million, as a result of the sale of one of the Company’s manufacturing facilities within the Proprietary Products segment. The transaction closed during the second quarter of 2023. During 2021, the Company recorded a $2.8 million impairment charge for certain long-lived and intangible assets related to the Company's manufacturing facility within the Proprietary Products segment that was sold during the second quarter of 2023, as it determined the carrying value was not fully recoverable. $1.9 million of this charge was recorded within cost of goods and services sold and $0.9 million of the charge is recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense, due to the nature of the impaired assets. 84 Please refer to Note 16, Other Expense (Income), for further discussion of unallocated items. The following tables provide summarized financial information for our two reportable segments and corporate and unallocated: ($ in millions) Assets Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Corporate and Unallocated Total consolidated ($ in millions) Depreciation and Amortization Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Corporate and Unallocated Total consolidated ($ in millions) Capital Expenditures Proprietary Products Contract-Manufactured Products Corporate and Unallocated Total consolidated 2023 2022 $ 2,629.1 $ 2,578.3 527.5 672.9 480.3 558.2 $ 3,829.5 $ 3,616.8 2023 2022 2021 $ 112.9 $ 96.9 $ 20.4 4.0 19.0 4.7 93.8 21.1 7.4 $ 137.3 $ 120.6 $ 122.3 2023 2022 2021 $ 259.1 $ 237.3 $ 218.0 90.2 12.7 34.0 13.3 26.6 8.8 $ 362.0 $ 284.6 $ 253.4 85 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. 86 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Provision for Income Taxes As described in Notes 1 and 17 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated deferred tax assets were $98.2 million, net of a valuation allowance of $15.5 million, as of December 31, 2023, and income tax expense was $122.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As a global organization, the Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As disclosed by management, management estimates income taxes payable based upon current domestic and international tax legislation. Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates to tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities. The enacted statutory tax rate applied is based on the rate expected to be applicable at the time of the forecasted utilization of the loss carryforward or reversal of the temporary difference. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realizability of deferred tax assets is subject to estimates of future taxable income, generally at the respective subsidiary company and the country level. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the provision for income taxes is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in determining the income tax provision due to the Company’s global footprint and complexity in the various tax laws applicable in determining the Company’s effective tax rate. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, effort, and subjectivity in performing procedures and in evaluating audit evidence related to the income tax provision. Also, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. 87 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to income taxes, including controls over the determination of the income tax provision. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing the income tax provision, including testing the Company’s rate reconciliation, return to provision adjustments, permanent and temporary differences, and financial data used in the income tax provision calculation, and (ii) testing the accuracy of the income tax rates utilized in the provision. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of management’s application of relevant income tax law in certain jurisdictions. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania February 20, 2024 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1963. 88 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure controls are controls and procedures designed to reasonably ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this annual report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our disclosure controls include some, but not all, components of our internal control over financial reporting. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our CEO and CFO to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the framework established in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein. Changes in Internal Controls During the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023, there have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 89 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans Eric M. Green, President and Chief Executive Officer, Chair of the Board of Directors, entered into a prearranged stock trading arrangement on May 5, 2023. Mr. Green’s plan provides for the purchase and sale of an aggregate number of 234,864 shares of the Company's common stock (of which Mr. Green will sell 204,864 shares and retain the rest immediately following the exercise) between August 8, 2023 and August 6, 2024. The trading plan was entered into during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and the Company’s policies regarding insider transactions. This plan was terminated on October 24, 2023. Mr. Green entered into a new prearranged stock trading arrangement on November 17, 2023. Mr. Green’s plan provides for the purchase and sale of an aggregate number of 184,864 shares of the Company's common stock (of which Mr. Green will sell 160,864 shares and retain the rest immediately following the exercise) between February 27, 2024 and August 6, 2024. The trading plan was entered into during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and the Company’s policies regarding insider transactions. ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS Not applicable. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Proposal 1 - Election of Directors; Corporate Governance Documents and Policies - West's Code of Conduct; Voting and Other Information - Shareholder Proposals or Nominations; and Board and Director Information and Policies - Committees - Audit Committee in our 2024 Proxy Statement. The balance of the information required by this item is contained in the discussion entitled Information About Our Executive Officers in Part I of this Form 10-K. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information about director and executive compensation is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the headings Director Compensation, Compensation Committee Report, Compensation Discussion and Analysis, and Compensation Tables in our 2024 Proxy Statement. 90 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Stock Ownership in our 2024 Proxy Statement. Equity Compensation Plan Information Table The following table sets forth information about the grants of stock options, all share units and other rights under all of the Company’s equity compensation plans as of the close of business on December 31, 2023. The table does not include information about tax-qualified plans such as the West 401(k) Plan or the West Contract Manufacturing Savings and Retirement Plan. Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a) Weighted- Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Columns (a)) (c) 1,753,588 (1) $ 145.40 (2) 5,148,900 (3) — 1,753,588 $ — 145.40 — 5,148,900 Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total (1) Includes 1,071,534 outstanding stock options, 98,441 performance share units, 16,461 restricted retention share units, and 109,909 deferred stock-equivalents units under the 2016 Plan. Includes 350,914 outstanding stock options and 89,201 deferred stock-equivalents units under the 2011 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (which was terminated in 2016). Includes 17,128 deferred stock-equivalents under the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (which was terminated in 2011). Excludes cash-settled performance share units, cash-settled restricted retention share units, cash-settled deferred stock-equivalents units and cash-settled stock appreciation rights. The average term of remaining options is 4.7 years. No future grants or awards may be made under the terminated plans. The total includes restricted performance share units at 100% of grant. The restricted performance share unit payouts were at 200.00%, 189.25%, and 154.52% in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (2) All share units, deferred stock-equivalent units and stock appreciation rights are excluded when determining the weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options. (3) Represents 3,714,353 shares reserved under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 1,434,547 shares remaining available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. The estimated number of shares that could be issued for 2023 from the Employee Stock Purchase Plan is 137,310. This number of shares is calculated by multiplying the 69 shares per offering period per participant limit by 1,990, the number of current participants in the plan. 91 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information called for by this Item is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Corporate Governance Documents and Policies - Related Person Transactions and Procedures in our 2024 Proxy Statement. Information about director independence is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Corporate Governance Documents and Policies - Director Independence in our 2024 Proxy Statement. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Independent Auditors and Fees - Fees Paid to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and Independent Auditors and Fees - Audit Committee Policy on Pre- Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services in our 2024 Proxy Statement. PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) 1. Financial Statements The following documents are included in Part II, Item 8: Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) 92 (a) 2. Financial Statement Schedules Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts ($ in millions) For the year ended December 31, 2023 Allowances deducted from assets: Deferred tax asset valuation allowance Allowance for credit losses Total allowances deducted from assets For the year ended December 31, 2022 Allowances deducted from assets: Deferred tax asset valuation allowance Allowance for credit losses Total allowances deducted from assets For the year ended December 31, 2021 Allowances deducted from assets: Deferred tax asset valuation allowance Allowance for credit losses Total allowances deducted from assets Balance at beginning of period Charged to costs and expenses Deductions (1) Balance at end of period $ $ $ $ $ $ 13.3 $ 0.2 13.5 $ 12.2 $ 0.4 12.6 $ 15.1 $ 1.1 16.2 $ 2.2 $ 2.3 4.5 $ 1.1 $ 0.3 1.4 $ (2.9) $ (0.7) (3.6) $ — $ (1.7) (1.7) $ — $ (0.5) (0.5) $ — $ — — $ 15.5 0.8 16.3 13.3 0.2 13.5 12.2 0.4 12.6 (1) Includes accounts receivable written off, the write-off or write-down of valuation allowances, and translation adjustments. All other schedules are omitted because they are either not applicable, not required or because the information required is contained in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. (a) 3. Exhibits - An index of the exhibits included in this Form 10-K is contained on pages F-1 through F-3 and is (b) (c) incorporated herein by reference See subsection (a) 3. above. Financial Statements of affiliates are omitted because they do not meet the tests of a significant subsidiary at the 20% level. 93 Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 (1) 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 (2) 10.7 (2) 10.8 (2) 10.9 (2) 10.10 (2) EXHIBIT INDEX Description Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed July 24, 2020). Our Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective October 23, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, filed October 26, 2023) Form of stock certificate for common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to the Company's 1998 Form 10-K, filed May 6, 1999) Article 5, 6, 8(c) and 9 of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed July 24, 2020). Article I and V of our Bylaws, as amended through February 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed March 1, 2021). Description of Registered Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's 2020 Form 10-K, filed February 23, 2021). Instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of West and its subsidiaries constituting less than 10% of West's total assets have been omitted. Credit Agreement, dated as of March 28, 2019, between West, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto from time to time, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and an Issuing Lender; Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, MUFG Bank, Ltd., and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, MUFG Bank, Ltd., and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Co-Syndication Agents (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed April 1, 2019). LIBOR Transition Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated as of March 28, 2019, between West, each of the lenders party thereto from time to time, and Bank of America, N.A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, filed October 28, 2021).. Credit Agreement Second Amendment and Joinder and Assumption Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2022, between West, certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto from time-to-time, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and an Issuing Lender; BOFA Securities, Inc., Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, U.S. Bank National Association, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, U.S. Bank National Association, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Co-Syndication Agents (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed April 1, 2022). First Amendment and Incremental Facility Amendment, dated as of December 30, 2019, between West, each of the lenders party thereto from time to time, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's 2019 10-K file February 24, 2020). Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 5, 2012, among the Company and the Purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed July 10, 2012). Employment Agreement, dated as of April 13, 2015, between us and Eric M. Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 15, 2015). Indemnification Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2015, between us and Eric M. Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 30, 2015). Sign-On Retention Award Notice, dated as of April 24, 2015, from us to Eric M. Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 30, 2015). Employment Agreement, dated May 29, 2018, between us and Bernard J. Birkett (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed June 21, 2018). Employment Agreement, dated August 28, 2016, between David Montecalvo and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2016, filed October 31, 2016). 94 10.11(2) 10.12 (2) 10.13 (2) 10.14 (2) 10.15 (2) 10.16 (2) 10.17 (2) 10.18 (2) 10.19 (2) 10.20 (2) 10.21 (2) 10.22 (2) 10.23 (2) 10.24 (2) 10.25 (2) 10.26 (2) 10.27 (2) 10.28 (2) 10.29 (2) 10.30 10.31 (2) Employment Agreement dated November 4, 2020, between Kimberly MacKay and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Form 10-K report for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed February 22, 2022). Employment Agreement dated February 8, 2018, between Silji Abraham and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Form 10-K report for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed February 22, 2022). Supplemental Employees’ Retirement Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's 2008 Form 10-K report, filed February 27, 2009). Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Designated Employees, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2024 Deferred Compensation Plan for Outside Directors, as amended and restated effective June 30, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company's 2013 Form 10-K report, filed February 27, 2014). 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended through May 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed May 4, 2021). 2011 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed May 6, 2011). 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan effective as of May 1, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May 4, 2007). Form of Executive 2006 Non-Qualified Stock Option Award is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2006, filed May 10, 2006). Form of Director 2006 Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Notice (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 7, 2006). Form of Director 2006 Stock Unit Award Notice (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 7, 2006). Form of Director 2007 Deferred Stock Award, issued pursuant to the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, filed August 3, 2007). Form of 2008 Non-Qualified Stock Option and Performance-Vesting Share Unit Award, issued pursuant to the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, filed May 8, 2008). Form of Director 2008 Deferred Stock Award, issued pursuant to the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Company's 2008 Form 10-K report, filed February 27, 2009). Form of 2009 Supplemental Long-Term Incentive Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2009, filed November 14, 2009). Form of 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, filed May 8, 2014). Form of 2014 Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed August 1, 2014). Form of 2019 Performance Stock Unit (PSU) Award issued under the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed May 8, 2019). Form of 2019 Stock Option Award issued under the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed May 8, 2019). Indemnification agreements between us and each of our directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K report filed January 6, 2009). Form of Change-in-Control Agreement between us and certain of our executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, filed October 31, 2017). 95 10.32 (3) 10.33 (3) 10.34 (3) 10.35 (3) 10.36 (3) 10.37 (3) 10.38 (4) 10.39 (4) 10.40 (4) 10.41 10.42 21 23 31.1 31.2 32.1* 32.2* 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.LAB 101.PRE 101.DEF 104* Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2005, between us and The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10d to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2005, filed August 9, 2005). First Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2008, to amend Agreement between us and The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2009, filed May 6, 2009). Second Agreement, dated August 16, 2016, to amend Agreement between us and The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2016, filed October 31, 2016). Distributorship Agreement, dated and effective January 18, 2017, between Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company's 2016 Form 10-K report filed February 28, 2017). Amended and Restated Technology Exchange and CrossLicense Agreement, dated and effective January 18, 2017, between Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company's 2016 Form 10-K report, filed February 28, 2017). Amended Agreement, dated and effective July 2, 2018, between Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, filed July 31, 2018). Amendment Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2019, between us and Daikyo Seiko, Ltd., (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed October 16, 2019). Global Master Supply Agreement by and between ExxonMobil Chemical Company and us, entered into on January 10, 2020, and effective January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K report filed January 16, 2020). Global Master Supply Amendment by and between ExxonMobil Product Solutions Company and us, entered into on November 27, 2023, and effective January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company's Form 8-K report filed November 30, 2023). Executive Officer Incentive-based Compensation Recovery Policy, dated and effective October 2, 2023 Securities Trading Policy, dated and effective April 15, 2021, and Section 10b5-1 Approved Trading Plan Guidelines, dated and effective February 27, 2023 Subsidiaries of the Company. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Certification by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification by the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification by the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set. 96 (1) We agree to furnish to the SEC, upon request, a copy of each instrument with respect to issuances of long-term debt of the Company and its subsidiaries. (2) Management compensatory plan. (3) Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the SEC pursuant to a confidential treatment order of the SEC. (4) Portions of this exhibit (indicated therein by asterisks) have been omitted for confidential treatment. * Furnished, not filed. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 97 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES WEST PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES, INC. (Registrant) By: /s/ Bernard J. Birkett Bernard J. Birkett Senior Vice President, Chief Financial and Operations Officer February 20, 2024 98 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature /s/ Eric M. Green Eric M. Green /s/ Bernard J. Birkett Bernard J. Birkett /s/ Chad R. Winters Chad R. Winters /s/ Mark A. Buthman Mark A. Buthman /s/ William F. Feehery, Ph.D. William F. Feehery, Ph.D. /s/ Robert F. Friel Robert F. Friel /s/ Thomas W. Hofmann Thomas W. Hofmann /s/ Molly E. Joseph Molly E. Joseph /s/ Deborah L.V. Keller Deborah L.V. Keller /s/ Myla P. Lai-Goldman, M.D. Myla P. Lai-Goldman, M.D. /s/ Douglas A. Michels Douglas A. Michels /s/ Paolo Pucci Paolo Pucci /s/ Stephen Lockhart, Ph.D. Stephen Lockhart, Ph.D. Title President, Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board Date February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 February 20, 2024 (Principal Executive Officer) Senior Vice President, Chief Financial and Operations Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 99 I N V E S TO R I N FO R M AT I O N Stock Listing NYSE symbol: WST Shareholders of Record As of December 31, 2023: 576 Average Daily Trading Volume 2023 First Quarter: 598,797 shares Second Quarter: 410,840 shares Third Quarter: 334,524 shares Fourth Quarter: 412,973 shares Global Headquarters West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. 530 Herman O. West Drive Exton, PA 19341 | USA 610-594-2900 www.westpharma.com Annual Meeting (Virtual) Tuesday, April 23, 2024, 9:30 a.m. EST Code of Business Conduct Available at http://investor.westpharma.com Investor Relations Contact Quintin J. Lai, Ph.D. Vice President, Investor Relations 610-594-3318 Quintin.Lai@westpharma.com Transfer Agent and Registrar Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. 51 Mercedes Way Edgewood, NY 11717 877-830-4936 shareholder@broadridge.com I N D EPEN D EN T D I R EC TO RS The Board of Directors has designated directors who are independent of Management as “Independent Directors.” The Independent Directors’ duties include annual evaluations of the Chief Executive Officer, his leadership succession plans and achievement of long-range strategic initiatives. Written Affirmation On May 22, 2023, Eric M. Green, West’s President, Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board, submitted to the New York Stock Exchange the Written Affirmation required by the rules of the NYSE certifying that he was not aware of any violations by the Company of NYSE Corporate Governance listing standards. Section 302 and 906 Certifications The certifications of Mr. Green and Bernard J. Birkett, West’s Chief Financial and Operations Officer, made pursuant to Section 302 and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 regarding the quality of the Company’s public disclosures, have been filed as exhibits to West’s 2023 Form 10-K. Dividends West Pharmaceutical Services has paid 213 consecutive quarterly common stock cash dividends since becoming a public company in 1970. Dividends usually are declared by the Board during the last month of each calendar quarter and, if approved, typically are paid on the first Wednesday of February, May, August and November to shareholders of record two weeks prior to the payment date. Dividend Reinvestment Plan The West Pharmaceutical Services Dividend Reinvestment Plan for all registered shareholders is a convenient and economical way for shareholders to increase their investment in West through the purchase of additional shares with dividends and voluntary cash payments. All brokerage commissions and costs of administering the plan are paid by West. For details of the plan and an enrollment form, please contact the Dividend Reinvestment Department of Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions (see Transfer Agent and Registrar). Publications To receive copies of press releases or quarterly and annual reports filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, write to Investor Relations at our global headquarters, call 888-594-3222 or send a message through West’s website: www.westpharma.com. Online Investor Site http://investor.westpharma.com Trademarks West without Borders is not affiliated with Doctors Without Borders®, which is a registered service mark of Bureau International de Médecins Sans Frontières. All other trademarks and registered trademarks used in this report are the property of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. or its subsidiaries, in the United States and other jurisdictions, unless noted otherwise. West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. 530 Herman O. West Drive Exton, PA 19341 USA 610.594.2900 www.westpharma.com @WestPharma @WestPharma West Pharmaceutical Services @westatwork Copyright © 2024 West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. 11761 – 03.24 

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