Zillow
Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

Recently Sold: $370K For Sale: $365K For Rent: $900/mo Annual Report 2016 This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that involve risks and uncertainties, including the statements regarding our belief about our plans, objectives, expectations, strategies, intentions or other characterizations of future events or circumstances. Statements containing words such as “may,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “projections,” “business outlook,” “estimate,” or similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. Differences in our actual results from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements may result from actions taken by us as well as from risks and uncertainties beyond our control. Factors that may contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and in our other filings with the SEC. Except as may be required by law, we do not intend, and undertake no duty, to update this information to reflect future events or circumstances. April 26, 2017 Dear Fellow Shareholders, Our annual shareholder letter is a great opportunity for me to review my thoughts on our accomplishments from the past year and my vision for Zillow Group’s future. I begin this year’s letter the same way that I start our company all-hands meetings – by reciting our mission: To build the largest, most trusted and vibrant home-related marketplace in the world. Along with being mission-centric, we act according to our six core values: • Own It • Act with Integrity • Move Fast, Think Big • ZG is a Team Sport • Turn on the Lights • Winning is Fun Our mission and our core values provide the supporting framework for our extraordinary company culture, which attracts and retains incredible people, and motivates them to do their best work. Our culture sets the stage for our employees to execute effectively and continue to grow Zillow Group into its full potential. 2016 was an outstanding year of acceleration for Zillow Group. * * * We are a consumer-obsessed company that builds mobile and desktop products that help buyers, sellers, renters and homeowners navigate many of the most important transactions of their lives. Consumer-focused product innovation drove strong traffic performance across our consumer brand portfolio of Zillow, Trulia, HotPads, StreetEasy and Naked Apartments. Our annual seasonal peak of monthly unique users grew from 148 million in 2015 to 171 million in 2016. Our flagship Zillow brand continues to reach new heights in consumer usage and awareness. According to Google Trends, the term “Zillow” is now searched more frequently than “real estate” in the U.S.1, demonstrating that we are well on our way to becoming the household name for all things home. In 2016, total revenue grew 31% year-over-year to $847 million. We reported $604 million in Premier Agent revenue, up 35% year-over-year, compared to $447 million in 2015. We are seeing the nation’s best real estate agents – those who convert leads at high rates – gain transaction share in their respective markets as a result of advertising with Zillow Group. In 2015, we delivered nearly 12 million leads to our Premier Agent advertisers, which we believe enabled around 3.9% of transactions in the United States2 and $3.2 billion in commissions3. By comparison, in 2016, we delivered nearly 17 million leads to our Premier Agent advertisers, which we believe enabled approximately 5% of transaction sides4, and roughly $4.4 billion in commissions5. We also continued to grow and evolve our company with acquisitions and divestitures as a strategy. Since our inception in 2004, we have acquired 13 companies and sold three. In 2016, we bought two companies and sold one. We sold the website development business of Diverse Solutions, but retained its engineering team, because agent websites were no longer strategic to us. We acquired Bridge Interactive, whose technology provides brokers and Multiple Listing Services (MLSs) with robust listing data management capabilities. In early 2017, we also added another strategic acquisition in New York by acquiring Hamptons Real Estate Online, or HREO.com, a Hamptons-focused real estate portal that perfectly complements StreetEasy. Last year, we continued to focus on cementing lasting partnerships with the real estate industry. Industry partnerships improve our data quality, which benefits both consumers and Premier Agent advertisers. Leading real estate brokerages and the largest MLSs across the country now provide us their active for-sale listings directly in real time. Nationally, we are closing in on coverage of almost all active agent listings, with the majority of these listings posting to our websites and mobile apps within 15 minutes. For context, just two years ago, we had only a handful of direct MLS relationships and were dependent on a third party aggregator for most listings. We are thankful for the many industry partnerships we are forming, and strengthening those relationships will lead to mutual success over the long term. 2016 was also a year of unprecedented business innovation. We launched our fifth marketplace – New Construction – which was positively received by homebuilders. We also launched two new agent advertising products: Premier Agent Direct, which expands our agent branding product to include Facebook, and Seller Boost, which allows agents to purchase impressions targeting home-sellers. One of our most notable innovations in 2016 was the nationwide launch of our auction-based pricing and self- service ad purchasing interface for our Premier Agent business. This accomplishment illustrates one of our most distinctive features as a company: our ability to rapidly iterate on business models. When most other category leaders find a winning business model, they do everything in their power to play it safe. The internet sector is strewn with the remnants of companies whose success fostered apathy, complacency and an inability to innovate. We are very mindful of this and guard against it vigilantly. To do this, Zillow Group’s culture encourages and supports thoughtful dissent and diversity. We constantly look for ways to deconstruct our marketplaces and rebuild them bigger and better. The shift to auction-based pricing was the fourth time in our history that we completely changed the monetization model of our Premier Agent business. Our newest iteration includes account management tools that enable all of our advertisers to independently control their budgets and ad impressions through a bidding system. This system benefits Premier Agent advertisers by providing transparency of critical market data to them. Our new platform enables us to find and support elite agents – those who excel at lead conversion, provide great service to home shoppers, and who will increasingly gain market share in their respective markets over the near and long term. Our results and accomplishments in 2016 were 10 years in the making, and link directly to our long-term strategy. Some critical milestones on our journey include: • Pivoting the company to be “mobile-first,” which led to significant product differentiation, technical superiority, and leading audience share in our category. (7 years ago) • Launching impression-based advertising for Premier Agents. (5 years ago) • Investing in advertising for the Zillow brand, which massively accelerated our audience growth. (4 years ago) • Consolidating leadership of the online real estate media category by acquiring Trulia, which significantly increased our audience and volume of leads delivered to agents. (2 years ago) • Completing the integration of Trulia, unifying our agent advertising platform, and releasing the most advanced business management platform in the real estate industry. (1.5 years ago) Each of those accomplishments helped to lay the strategic foundation for the strong position we are in today. In 2017, we plan to build upon the momentum from the past 10 years and press our advantage. Key areas of planned investment for 2017 include: • Product innovation to drive audience growth across our brands • Efforts to enhance our Premier Agent business over time by improving agents’ lead conversion through software and training • Innovating on data management and electronic transaction management in real estate • Growing our emerging marketplaces, including New York – where we launched Premier Agent in March 2017 – New Construction, Mortgages and Rentals While we are proud of our results to date, we are focused on the long runway for growth in front of us. We spend much more time working to grow our business than celebrating how far we have come. One reason I am so confident in our potential is that consumers are increasingly using the web to select their real estate agent. One of the key findings from our landmark consumer survey that we conducted in 2016, The Zillow Group Report on Consumer Housing Trends, was that 1 out of 4 home shoppers found their real estate agent online6. Amongst millennial home shoppers, who make up more than half of first time homebuyers, nearly 1 in 3 found their real estate agent online7. Our Premier Agent business has huge growth potential, given that the U.S. residential real estate market generated $1.7 trillion in aggregate transaction value8 in 2016, leading to $85 billion in industry commissions9, and nearly $7 billion in advertising spend10. Each of our emerging marketplaces also has enormous addressable markets in the billions of dollars, along with unique consumer and industry needs for which we can solve in compelling ways. *** I am proud of many things about Zillow Group, especially how our leadership is relentlessly dedicated to creating an inclusive environment where our nearly 3,000 employees can thrive. For the fourth year in a row, Zillow Group was named one of Glassdoor’s Best Places to Work in the U.S. Fortune ranked Zillow Group #4 on its Best Workplaces in Technology list, and we were included on its list of Best Workplaces for Parents as well. These accolades result from the high level of engagement and passion of our employees, their devotion to our mission, and their commitment to our core values. They have my heartfelt gratitude for their incredible efforts. Our people and culture are key competitive advantages that have made our company exceptional. Great people build great products, which in turn attract audience, and then, advertisers seek that audience. While it sounds simple, it’s actually very difficult. This challenge motivates and unites us. We are determined to remain as innovative as ever, to develop new home-related consumer product and services, to create new ways for real estate professionals to market themselves, and to build new software that can help agents succeed and grow their business. Thank you very much for supporting Zillow Group on our mission to build the largest, most trusted and vibrant home-related marketplace in the world. We are still very early on in this mission, and our future is more exciting than our past. Thank you for investing alongside us. We appreciate your partnership and will work hard every day to grow Zillow Group’s value over the long term. Sincerely, Spencer Rascoff, CEO Email: spencer@zillowgroup.com Twitter: @SpencerRascoff 1 2 3 4 Google Trends, March 2017 Internal estimate (total transactions attributable to Zillow Group divided by total industry transactions, National Association of REALTORS® 2015) Internal estimate (2015 total industry commissions, REAL Trends multiplied by estimated 3.9% share of sales) Internal estimate (total transactions attributable to Zillow Group divided by total industry transactions, National Association of REALTORS® 2016) 5 6 7 8 9 10 Internal estimate (2016 total industry commissions, REAL Trends multiplied by estimated 5.0% share of sales) Zillow Group Consumer Housing Trends Report 2016 Zillow Group Consumer Housing Trends Report 2016 US Census Bureau and National Association of REALTORS® 2016; Zillow Group internal estimate Zillow Group internal estimate (total new and existing homes sold, National Association of REALTORS® 2016 multiplied by average agent commissions, REAL Trends) Borrell Associates 2016 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 001-36853 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Washington (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1301 Second Avenue, Floor 31, Seattle, Washington (Address of principal executive offices) 47-1645716 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 98101 (Zip code) (206) 470-7000 @ZillowGroup (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share Class C Capital Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (Title of each class) The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market (Name of each exchange on which registered) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act: Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) ‘ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act): Yes ‘ No È As of June 30, 2016, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the Registrant’s Class A common stock and Class C capital stock held by non-affiliates based upon the closing price of such shares on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on such date was $5,870,516,058. As of January 30, 2017, 54,467,247 shares of the Registrant’s Class A common stock, 6,217,447 shares of Class B common stock and 122,042,763 shares of Class C capital stock were outstanding. The information required by Part III of this Report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated in this Report by reference to the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the 2016 fiscal year. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE ZILLOW GROUP, INC. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Item 12. Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Page 5 19 35 36 36 39 40 43 45 79 81 128 128 130 131 131 131 131 131 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 PART IV As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “Zillow Group,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Zillow Group, Inc., unless the context indicates otherwise. NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Risk Factors” and “Business,” contains forward-looking statements based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and generally may be identified by terms such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, except as required by law, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations. 4 Item 1. Business Mission PART I Our mission is to build the largest, most trusted and vibrant home-related marketplace in the world. Overview Zillow Group, Inc. operates the leading real estate and home-related information marketplaces on mobile and the web, with a complementary portfolio of brands and products to help people find vital information about homes and connect with local professionals. Zillow Group’s brands focus on all stages of the home lifecycle: renting, buying, selling and financing. The Zillow Group portfolio of consumer brands includes real estate and rental marketplaces Zillow, Trulia, StreetEasy, HotPads and Naked Apartments. In addition, Zillow Group works with tens of thousands of real estate agents, lenders and rental professionals, helping maximize business opportunities and connect to millions of consumers. We also own and operate a number of brands for real estate, rental and mortgage professionals, including Mortech, dotloop, Bridge Interactive and Retsly. Zillow, Inc. was incorporated as a Washington corporation in December 2004, and we launched the initial version of our website, Zillow.com, in February 2006. Zillow Group, Inc. was incorporated as a Washington corporation in July 2014 in connection with our acquisition of Trulia. Upon the closing of the Trulia acquisition in February 2015, each of Zillow and Trulia became wholly owned subsidiaries of Zillow Group. Our living database of more than 110 million U.S. homes—homes for sale, homes for rent and homes not currently on the market—attracts an active and vibrant community of users. Individuals and businesses that use Zillow’s mobile applications and websites have updated information on more than 68 million homes and added more than 456 million home photos, creating exclusive home profiles not available anywhere else. These profiles include detailed information about homes, including property facts, listing information and purchase and sale data. We provide this information to our users where, when and how they want it, through our industry-leading mobile applications that enable consumers to access our information when they are curbside, viewing homes, and through our websites. Using complex, proprietary automated valuation models, we provide current home value estimates, or Zestimates, and current rental price estimates, or Rent Zestimates, on more than 100 million U.S. homes. Consumers increasingly are turning to the internet and mobile devices for real estate information. For the three months ended December 31, 2016, 140.1 million average monthly unique users visited Zillow Group’s mobile applications and websites, representing year-over-year growth of 13%. Traffic to Zillow Group brands’ mobile applications and websites reached a seasonal peak of more than 171 million monthly unique users in May 2016. For additional information regarding unique users, see “Unique Users” in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” More than two thirds of our flagship brand Zillow’s usage occurs on a mobile device; on weekends it’s more than 75%. We operate the most popular suite of mobile real estate applications across all major mobile platforms. For example, on our flagship Zillow brand, during December 2016, nearly 550 million homes were viewed on a mobile device, or 205 homes per second. We monetize our marketplace business on mobile in the same way we do on our web platform. Real estate, rental and mortgage professionals are a critical part of home-related marketplaces. We have created a trusted and transparent marketplace where consumers can search and read reviews on local real estate, rental and mortgage professionals and contact those professionals on their own terms. Our home-related marketplaces benefit from network effects. As more consumers come to our mobile applications and websites to use our products and services, more real estate, rental and mortgage professionals contribute content to distinguish themselves, thereby making our marketplaces more useful and attracting additional consumers. As of December 31, 2016, we had published more than 2.6 million reviews, including 5 more than 2.3 million reviews of local real estate agents and approximately 336,000 reviews of mortgage professionals submitted by our users on Zillow. Our revenue has grown significantly since our initial website launch in 2006. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated revenue of $846.6 million, as compared to $644.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of 31%. We generate revenue from the sale of advertising services and our suite of tools to businesses and professionals primarily associated with the real estate, rental and mortgage industries. These professionals include local real estate and rental professionals, mortgage professionals and brand advertisers. Our two revenue categories are marketplace revenue and display revenue. Marketplace revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of Premier Agent revenue, other real estate revenue and mortgages revenue. Premier Agent revenue is generated by the sale of advertising under our Premier Agent program, which offers a suite of marketing and business technology products and services to help real estate agents achieve their advertising needs, while growing their businesses and personal brands. Other real estate revenue primarily includes revenue generated by Zillow Group Rentals, which includes our rentals marketplace and suite of tools for rental professionals, as well as revenue from the sale of various other advertising services and a suite of tools to real estate professionals. Mortgages revenue primarily includes advertising sold to mortgage lenders and other mortgage professionals, as well as revenue generated by Mortech, which provides subscription-based mortgage software solutions, including a product and pricing engine and lead management platform. Display revenue primarily consists of graphical mobile and web advertising sold on a cost per thousand impressions or cost-per-click basis to advertisers promoting their brands on our mobile applications and websites and our partner websites. Impressions are delivered when a sold advertisement appears on pages viewed by users of our mobile applications and websites. On February 17, 2015, Zillow Group acquired Trulia, and Trulia and Zillow became wholly owned subsidiaries of Zillow Group. We have included Trulia in Zillow Group’s results of operations prospectively after February 17, 2015, the date of acquisition. Because the Trulia acquisition occurred during the year ended December 31, 2015, the information presented in this report with respect to the year ended December 31, 2015 relates to Zillow on a standalone basis prior to February 17, 2015 and to Zillow Group after February 17, 2015, whereas the information presented in this report with respect to the year ended December 31, 2016 relates to Zillow Group. Results of operations, including Marketplace revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2015 also include the Market Leader business from February 17, 2015 through the date of divestiture of September 30, 2015. As a result, comparisons to the prior-year period may not be indicative of future results or future rates of growth. Industry Dynamics The Importance of Homes Homes are the center of peoples’ lives, the focus of some of their most important decisions and often their most valuable assets. In addition to whether to buy, sell or rent, consumers frequently make many other important home-related decisions, including decisions relating to home financing and home equity loans. Residential real estate is one of the largest sectors of the U.S. economy and supports millions of professionals that provide services related to home purchases and sales, rentals and home financings. Large Market Opportunities Based on external and internal assessments, we believe our current addressable markets include the following: Purchase and Sale—Sales of approximately 5.6 million existing and 592 thousand new homes in the United States in 2016 had an aggregate transaction value of approximately $1.8 trillion, according to data published in 6 2016 by the U.S. Census Bureau and in 2016 by the National Association of REALTORS®. In an effort to acquire new client relationships and sell homes, U.S. real estate agents and brokers spent an estimated $5.9 billion on residential advertising in 2016, according to a forecast from Borrell Associates released in 2016. In addition, U.S. real estate developers spent an estimated $1.0 billion on residential advertising in 2016, also according to a forecast from Borrell Associates released in 2016. In the United States, there are 206.8 million people residing in owner-occupied housing, according to data published by the U.S. Census Bureau in November 2016. Approximately 29% of movers in 2016, or 10.3 million people, were homeowners, according to the U.S. Census Bureau migration data published in November 2016. Rentals—In the third quarter of 2016, there were approximately 46.5 million rental housing units in the United States, with a national vacancy rate of 6.8%, according to data published by the U.S. Census Bureau in October 2016. According to data published by the U.S. Census Bureau from the American Housing Survey and the Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, approximately: • • • • • • 9.0% of rental units (4.1 million) are located in buildings with 50 or more units; 8.5% of rental units (3.9 million) are located in buildings with 20 to 49 units; 12.0% of rental units (5.5 million) are located in buildings with 10 to 19 units; 12.6% of rental units (5.8 million) are located in buildings with 5 to 9 units; 19.1% of rental units (8.8 million) are located in small multi-family structures of 2-4 units; 38.8% of rental units (17.8 million) are 1-unit structures. According to a forecast from Borrell Associates released in 2016, U.S. rental property managers spent an estimated $1.9 billion on advertising in 2016, which excludes lease concessions. In the United States, there are 108.2 million people residing in rental housing units, according to data published by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2016. Approximately 71% of movers in 2016, or 24.8 million people, were renters, according to the U.S. Census Bureau migration data published in November 2016. Home Financing—According to a forecast from the Mortgage Bankers Association published in January 2017, approximately $1.9 trillion in U.S. residential mortgage originations occurred in 2016. U.S. residential mortgage providers spent approximately $6.2 billion in 2016 marketing their services and loan products to mortgage borrowers, according to a forecast from Borrell Associates released in 2016. Highly Fragmented, Local and Complex Market The market for residential real estate transactions and home-related services is highly fragmented, local and complex. Each home has unique characteristics, including location, value, size, style, age and condition. Each consumer approaches home-related transactions with a personal set of objectives, priorities and values. Real estate agents generally operate in local markets as independent contractors with different experiences and skills. These conditions create challenges for consumers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals alike. Consumers are challenged to find information about homes and to find real estate, rental and mortgage professionals who fit their individual needs. Real estate, rental and mortgage professionals are challenged to efficiently advertise their services and identify new clients, and to measure the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. Absence of Consumer Orientation Historically, consumers had minimal access to comprehensive and objective residential real estate data, even though many home-related decisions are extraordinarily information-intensive. While real estate, rental and mortgage professionals had some data, consumers did not have free, independent and easy access to data. Even when accessible, the data was difficult to interpret and analyze. 7 Increasing Role of Mobile Technologies and the Internet Consumers are increasingly turning to mobile devices and the internet to access real estate information. With the widespread adoption of mobile and location-based technologies, consumers increasingly expect home- related information to be available on their mobile devices where, when and how they want it. According to comScore, Zillow Group brands represent nearly three quarters of market share of all mobile exclusive visitors to the real estate category. More than two thirds of our flagship brand Zillow’s usage occurs on a mobile device; on weekends it’s more than 75%. We believe that the technological platform shift from desktop computers to mobile devices benefits technology leaders like Zillow Group that are quick to innovate. Competitive Advantages We believe we have the following competitive advantages: • Powerful Brand and Scale. We have established a powerful brand identity that includes a portfolio of the largest and most vibrant brands, and we have built a large user community. The majority of our traffic comes direct, not dependent on search engines, with demonstrated consumer intent to visit Zillow Group’s brands. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, traffic to our consumer brands Zillow, Trulia, StreetEasy, HotPads and Naked Apartments grew to 140.1 million average monthly unique users, an increase of 13% compared to the three months ended December 31, 2015. Traffic to Zillow Group brands’ mobile applications and websites reached a seasonal peak of more than 171 million monthly unique users in May 2016. For additional information regarding unique users, see “Unique Users” in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” • Inimitable Database of Homes. Our living database of homes is the result of years of substantial investment, sophisticated economic and statistical analysis, complex data aggregation and millions of user contributions. Our dynamic and comprehensive living database includes detailed information on more than 110 million U.S. homes, and includes homes for sale, for rent and recently sold, as well as properties not currently on the market. This database is central to the value we provide to consumers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals. It contains extensive information that users can search, through an easy-to-use interface, to identify, analyze and compare homes. Our database is relevant to a broad range of users, including buyers, sellers, renters, homeowners, real estate agents and other real estate professionals. It includes information such as: • Property facts: Zestimate and its corresponding value range, number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, square footage, lot size, assessed tax value and property type such as single-family, condominium, apartment, multifamily, manufactured home or land. • Listing information: price, price history and reductions, dollars per square foot, days on the market, listing type (such as for sale by agent, for sale by owner, pre-market inventory, which includes foreclosure, pre-foreclosure, Coming Soon and Make Me Move listings, new construction and rental homes), open houses, property photos and estimated monthly mortgage payment. • Purchase and sale data: prior sales information and recent sales nearby. We synthesize data from hundreds of automated feeds, representing information from tens of thousands of public and private sources. Applying extensive computer analytics to the data, we transform it into information that is accessible, understandable and useful. We refer to the database as “living” because the information is continually updated by the combination of our proprietary algorithms, synthesis of third-party data from hundreds of sources, and through improvements by us and, importantly, by our community of users. User-generated content from owners, agents and others enriches our database with photos and additional property information. 8 Individuals and businesses that use Zillow’s mobile applications and websites have updated information on more than 68 million homes in our database and added more than 456 million home photos, creating exclusive home profiles not available anywhere else. Our inimitable database enables us to create content, products and services not available anywhere else, and attracts an active, vibrant community of users. As of December 31, 2016, we had published more than 2.6 million reviews, including more than 2.3 million reviews of local real estate agents and approximately 336,000 reviews of mortgage professionals submitted by our users on Zillow. • Zestimates and Rent Zestimates. We have developed industry-leading automated home valuation models that use advanced statistical methods and complex, proprietary algorithms. We use these models to provide current home value estimates, or Zestimates, and current rental price estimates, or Rent Zestimates, on more than 100 million U.S. homes. Based on our Zestimates, we produce Zillow Home Value Indexes at the neighborhood, zip code, city, metropolitan statistical area, county and national levels. Our Zillow Home Value Indexes have been cited by government entities such as the Federal Reserve Bank and the Congressional Oversight Panel, university studies and respected national publications. For historical comparisons, we provide up to 15 years of Zestimate history on each home and valuable information about property and real estate market trends. Our Zestimates, Rent Zestimates and Zillow Home Value Indexes allow consumers to evaluate homes and neighborhoods, and to easily evaluate historical trends, as they contemplate critical home-related decisions. • Mobile Leadership and Monetization. Shopping for a home is a far more meaningful consumer experience when it occurs curbside, untethered and on location, so we have developed and operate the most popular suite of mobile real estate applications across all major platforms. For example, on our flagship Zillow brand, during December 2016, nearly 550 million homes, or 205 homes per second, were viewed on a mobile device. More than two thirds of our flagship brand Zillow’s usage occurs on a mobile device; on weekends it’s more than 75%. We monetize our marketplace business on our mobile platform in the same way we do on our web platform. • Independent Market Positions and Consumer Focus. Zillow Group has been built independent of any real estate industry group. We maintain an unwavering commitment to giving consumers free access to as much useful information as possible. We provide unbiased information, products and services, empowering consumers to make informed decisions about homes and the residential real estate market. We believe our independence enables us to create compelling products and services with broad consumer appeal. • Multiple Robust Home-Related Marketplaces. We have created trusted and transparent marketplaces in real estate, rentals and mortgages where consumers can identify and connect with local professionals that are best suited to meet their needs. Our living database of homes provides a foundation on which we can build new consumer and professional marketplaces in other home-related categories. • Technology Solutions for Professionals. We offer a suite of marketing and technology solutions to help real estate, rental and mortgage professionals grow their businesses and personal brands including our Premier Agent app that allows real estate professionals to manage their business from wherever they are, dotloop that has digitized the real estate transaction, and Bridge Interactive which has streamlined listing data management. • Consumer-Oriented Mortgage Marketplace. Unlike other sources of mortgage rate quotes, consumers can anonymously submit mortgage loan information requests and receive an unlimited number of personalized mortgage quotes directly from hundreds of consumer-rated lenders. Because we operate this marketplace as part of our real estate home shopping experience, we can efficiently attract motivated users to the marketplace and prioritize the consumer’s experience. For the year ended December 31, 2016, there were approximately 29.9 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers. • Personalized Experience. We present homebuyers and sellers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals with many opportunities to personalize their Zillow Group experience, leading to more 9 informed home shopping and financing decisions. As immediacy is paramount in the home search experience, all Zillow Group mobile applications and websites empower users by allowing them to set the criteria that matters most to them, while we take on the action of alerting them when a home or rental that matches their criteria hits the market. Whether it is through an email, desktop notification, Apple Watch® alert or Facebook® chatbot, we keep users updated on the most current home information available in our marketplace. • Proven Management Team. We believe the broad experience and depth of our management team are distinct competitive advantages in the complex and evolving industry in which we compete. The Zillow Group management team has an extensive history building successful consumer internet companies. In particular, we believe that the shared experience of our executives, many of whom have worked together at Zillow Group for the better part of a decade, provides our management team with unique cohesion and insight. Growth Strategies Our growth strategies are: • Focus on Consumers. Maintain our unwavering focus on consumers and leverage our industry independence to enhance existing products and services and develop new offerings with broad consumer appeal. • Enhance Our Living Database. Enhance the information in our database of homes, and use it as the foundation for new analyses, insights and tools to inform consumers throughout the home ownership lifecycle. • Leverage Our Mobile Leadership. Innovate and expand our offerings for mobile devices, continue to optimize for mobile web and launch more applications to extend our brand and products across additional mobile platforms. • Deepen and Strengthen and Expand Our Marketplaces. Deepen and strengthen our marketplaces by creating new opportunities for high-quality consumer-initiated connections with real estate, rental and mortgage professionals when consumers want their services. Our living database of homes provides a foundation on which we can build new consumer and professional marketplaces in other home-related categories. • Efficiently Increase Brand Awareness. Expand targeted advertising programs, public relations, social media and content distribution to efficiently increase brand awareness. • Expand Our Platform. Expand our platform beyond advertising services for real estate, rental and mortgage professionals by developing additional marketing and business technology solutions to help those professionals manage and grow their businesses and personal brands. • Optimize Growth Opportunities for Premier Agents. Optimize growth opportunities for Premier Agents participating in our marketplaces through development of a broad variety of marketing and business technology solutions and other enhanced services. • Leverage Our Sales Force. Leverage our sales force’s expertise with new advertising and technology offerings. • Pursue Strategic Opportunities. Pursue strategic opportunities, including commercial relationships and acquisitions, to strengthen our market position, enhance our capabilities and accelerate our growth. Our growth strategies support our strategic priorities for the year ended December 31, 2016, which include growing the size of our audience, growing our Premier Agent revenue, growing our emerging marketplaces, and attracting and retaining the best talent in the technology, media and real estate industries. 10 Advertising Products and Services We provide advertising products and services for real estate, rental and mortgage professionals that enable them to create and promote useful content for consumers. Marketplace Advertising Premier Agent Program Our Premier Agent program offers a suite of marketing and business technology products and services to help real estate agents achieve their advertising needs, while growing their businesses and personal brands. All Premier Agents receive access to a dashboard portal on our website that provides individualized program performance analytics and our free customer relationship management, or CRM, tool that captures detailed information about each contact made with a Premier Agent through our mobile and web platforms. From 2012 through the end of the third quarter of 2016, we had primarily charged customers for our Premier Agent product based on the number of impressions delivered on our buyer’s agent list in zip codes purchased and a contracted maximum cost per impression. In 2016, we began testing and implementation of a new auction- based pricing method for our Premier Agent product by which we determine the cost per impression delivered in each zip code based upon the total amount spent by Premier Agents to purchase impressions in the zip code during the month. The cost per impression that we charge is dynamic – as demand for impressions in a zip code increases or decreases, the cost per impression in that zip code may be increased or decreased. This new pricing method complements our self-serve account interface, which we introduced to Premier Agents over the course of 2016. The interface includes account management tools that allow agent advertisers to independently control their budgets, impression buys, and the duration of their advertising commitment. We began testing this auction- based pricing method for our Premier Agent product to better align our revenue opportunities with increasing traffic levels to our mobile and web platforms and leveraging increasing demand by real estate agents for access to home shoppers who use our mobile applications and websites. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we applied this method broadly to our existing agent advertisers. We are unable to predict whether this change to our pricing method will have a material impact on net sales, revenue, or other results of operations. In our history of building our real estate and other information marketplaces and product offerings, we have continually evaluated and utilized various pricing and value delivery strategies in order to better align our revenue opportunities with the growth in usage of our mobile and web platforms. We continue to support some legacy Trulia Premier Agent products, which are primarily sold on a fixed fee subscription basis for periods that generally range from six months to 12 months, and include Trulia Seller Ads, which enable real estate professionals to generate leads from consumers interested in selling their homes. In October 2015 we announced our new Premier Agent App that gives agents the freedom to work anywhere by allowing them to manage their contacts, reviews and listings from their mobile device. The Premier Agent App is designed to make agents more efficient by giving them a fast, streamlined way to manage their incoming contacts from Zillow and Trulia, as well as the ability to manage their listings, reviews and their profile on Zillow and Trulia. Beginning in December 2016, a new feature was added to the app to provide the ability to automatically add and manage leads from third party sources. Mortgages Through our flagship mortgage advertising platform, Long Form, consumers answer a series of questions to find a local lender, and mortgage professionals receive contacts based on data such as location and customer reviews. We also offer our Custom Quotes mortgage marketing platform for lending institutions to display their mortgage rates directly to consumers who are shopping for purchase and refinance rates. In Custom Quotes, consumers request free, personalized quotes in response to their submission of limited anonymous data, such as specific loan amount, zip code, purchase price or estimated home value, and credit score. Consumers decide if 11 and when to contact the mortgage professionals who provide quotes. For the year ended December 31, 2016, there were approximately 29.9 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers through Long Form and Custom Quotes. User-generated ratings and reviews of mortgage professionals are provided as a powerful tool to help consumers shop for their loans. Our Long Form and Custom Quote services are operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, Zillow Group Mortgages, Inc., a licensed mortgage broker, pursuant to a support services agreement. Zillow Group Rentals Zillow Group continues to develop its rental marketplace on mobile and web. Zillow Group Rentals is a marketplace for consumers and suite of tools for rental professionals, and is the largest rental network on the web. Zillow Group Rentals includes listing distribution across Zillow, Trulia and HotPads, reaching millions of rental shoppers each month. Zillow Rent Connect advertisers gain access to the leading technology and marketing platform that connects rental properties with consumer contacts. Display Advertising Our display advertising primarily consists of graphical mobile and web advertising sold on a cost per thousand impressions or cost-per-click basis. We offer customers display advertising opportunities on our mobile applications through display ads that are optimized for the mobile experience, on our home page, and on individual web pages, through graphical displays and text links. Information Products and Services We provide consumers with information products and services to enable them to make intelligent decisions about homes. Zestimates and Rent Zestimates Our Zestimate and Rent Zestimate valuations are computed using complex, proprietary algorithms we have developed and refined through years of statistical analysis and technological development. A Zestimate is our estimated current market value of a home. We generate Zestimates using a variety of information, including: • Physical attributes: location, lot size, square footage, number of bedrooms and bathrooms and many other details. • Tax assessments: property tax information, actual property taxes paid, exceptions to tax assessments and other information provided in the tax assessors’ records. • Prior and current transactions: actual sale prices over time of the home itself and comparable recent sales of nearby homes. • User data: data provided directly by millions of users of our mobile applications and websites. We use proprietary automated valuation models that apply advanced algorithms to analyze our data to identify relationships within a specific geographic area between home-related data and actual sales prices. Home characteristics, such as square footage, location or the number of bathrooms, are given different weights according to their influence on home sale prices in each specific geographic area over a specific period of time, resulting in a set of valuation rules, or models, that are applied to generate each home’s Zestimate. To improve the accuracy of our Zestimates, our algorithms automatically remove or reconcile data that would otherwise inappropriately skew the valuation rules. In addition, our algorithms will automatically generate 12 a new set of valuation rules based on the constantly changing universe of data included in our database. This allows us to provide timely home value information on a massive scale, updated daily. We publicly disclose the accuracy of our Zestimates to further empower consumers in assessing a home’s value. The accuracy may be impacted by a variety of factors, including the amount of data about homes we have for a particular geographic area. A Rent Zestimate is our estimated current monthly rental price of a home, computed using similar automated valuation models we have designed to address the unique attributes of a rental home. We estimate rental prices on more than 100 million homes, including apartments, single-family homes, condominiums and townhomes. Our Rent Zestimates are updated daily. Rich, Searchable Home-Related Data and Analysis We provide consumers and real estate professionals with a rich set of home-related information. Through our mobile applications and websites, users can access detailed information about homes, including: Value Information Home Details Zestimate Zestimate Forecasts Rent Zestimate For sale price Estimated mortgage payment Rental price Make Me Move price Easy links to county assessor records Regional 12 month home value forecast Regional foreclosure statistics Prior sale prices Historical Zestimate values Historical Rent Zestimate values Zillow Home Value Index Zillow Home Value Index Forecasts Tax-assessed value Property taxes paid Price per square foot Bedrooms Bathrooms Square footage Lot size Year built Property type County Parcel number Legal description Construction quality Location Neighborhood Information School district For Sale Listing Details Elementary school Middle school High school Price Listing agent information Listing brokerage information Link to listing source Property type and property features Open house dates and times Virtual tour Video walkthroughs Home photos Price reductions 13 Number of stories Number of units in building Finished basement Cooling system Heating system Heat source Fireplace Exterior material Parking type Garage size School ratings Crime data Transit access Days on Zillow or Trulia MLS number Foreclosure stage and type Home overview description Neighborhood name and description Coming Soon on market date Community information for newly constructed homes in developments Building name and information Rental Listing Details Building name and number of stories Rent amount and lease terms Application and deposit fees Historical rental listings Property manager Parking availability Utilities and amenities Consumers and real estate professionals can update property information by, for example, adding home photos and personalized information regarding the neighborhood or school district, creating exclusive home profiles not available anywhere else. Our map-based user interface enables our users to search, navigate and zoom to areas of interest and find and compare home information quickly and efficiently from a variety of different perspectives across homes, neighborhoods, cities, counties and other geographical regions. Our consumer search experience supports complex search queries and filters across our data set of homes, allowing consumers to customize their searches and gain actionable insights. Our team of economists and statisticians generates unbiased local and national real estate data and analysis on 916 metropolitan areas and approximately 16,800 individual neighborhoods that we provide to consumers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals at no cost. This gives our users access to local market trends and data, such as home price cuts, list to sale price ratio and foreclosure data that was historically not easily obtained, if available at all. Users can compare these metrics across neighborhoods and different time periods using our real-time charting and filtering. For Sale and Rental Listings We provide comprehensive for sale and rental listings through relationships with real estate brokerages, real estate listings aggregators, multiple listing services, apartment management companies, home builders and other third parties. In addition, we provide consumers with access to exclusive home listings, such as our Make Me Move listings, which are a homeowner’s posted price at which they would be willing to move. We also show listings that may not be available on other sources, including for sale by owner, pre-market inventory, including our Coming Soon listings, and rental listings. Real estate agents and landlords may feature and gain more exposure for their listings through our advertising products. Marketplace of Real Estate Agents We present consumers with ratings and contact information for the listing agent and local buyer’s agents alongside home profiles and listings for homes to assist them in evaluating and selecting the real estate agent best suited for them. We enhance this offering by providing an online professional directory for consumers to search and contact real estate professionals that they might wish to engage. Our directory includes rich profiles of real estate professionals, including more than 2.3 million ratings and reviews provided by our users, allowing consumers to evaluate these agents based on a number of criteria, including neighborhood specialization and number of listings. Marketplace of Mortgage Professionals In our mortgages marketplace, consumers can answer a series of questions to find a local lender, and mortgage professionals receive contacts based on data such as location and customer reviews, or consumers can anonymously request free, personalized mortgage quotes from consumer-rated-and-reviewed mortgage professionals. Consumers can then choose to contact those mortgage professionals at their discretion. For the year ended December 31, 2016, there were approximately 29.9 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers. More than half of consumers who submit a loan information request do so on a mobile device. As of December 31, 2016, we had published approximately 336,000 reviews of mortgage professionals submitted by our users. 14 Mobile Access We operate the most popular suite of mobile real estate applications across all major mobile platforms. Our mobile real estate applications provide consumers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals with location-based access to many of our products and services, including Zestimates, Rent Zestimates, for sale and rental listings and extensive home-related data. Through our mobile applications, for example, a consumer standing curbside at a home for sale can learn about the home’s for-sale price, Zestimate, number of bedrooms, square footage and past sales, as well as similar information about surrounding homes. The consumer can call a real estate professional through our mobile applications to get more information or schedule a showing. For example, on our flagship Zillow brand, during December 2016, nearly 550 million homes were viewed on a mobile device, which equates to 205 homes per second. Marketing We believe Zillow Group has considerable opportunity to increase brand awareness and grow traffic through product development, targeted advertising programs and strategic partnerships. As such, we selectively advertise to consumers and professionals in various online and offline channels that have tested well for us and pursue strategic partnerships that drive traffic and brand awareness for Zillow Group. At Zillow Group, marketing begins with product development, which then becomes amplified by effective brand advertising and marketing communications. We create immersive consumer products that people want to use frequently, talk about and share. The engaging nature of our products enables us to execute compelling advertising campaigns integrated with our robust and viral communications program, which together comprise the primary drivers of our brand awareness and traffic acquisition efforts. For example, for our flagship Zillow brand, we launched our consumer brand with communications at the core of our marketing strategy. Next, after years of vigorous field testing, we began large-scale national advertising in early 2013 on television and across other complementary channels, which has continued through the year ended December 31, 2016. In part as a result of these advertising efforts, our traffic has grown to 140.1 million average monthly unique users for the three months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 13% compared to the three months ended December 31, 2015. The majority of our traffic and brand awareness comes direct, not dependent on search engines, with demonstrated consumer intent to visit the Zillow Group brands. The communications team for our flagship Zillow brand includes former print and broadcast journalists who have established Zillow Group as an authoritative source for information on a broad range of home and real estate-related subjects. A typical week includes commentary from our real estate experts across dozens of national print and broadcast media outlets, guest opinion pieces or blog posts by our chief economist, and wide- ranging national and local media coverage of Zillow Group products, listings, data and consumer tips. We also produce considerable home and real estate-related content on Zillow Porchlight and Trulia’s Blog that is syndicated across dozens of prominent media sites. Zillow Porchlight and Trulia’s Blog content ranges from real estate market trends, to home financing tips, to celebrity real estate listings. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we released the first-ever Zillow Group Report on Consumer Housing Trends, which highlights our latest consumer research. The report has garnered the attention of media outlets such as the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Fox Business, Associated Press and Money Magazine and serves to establish Zillow Group as the authority on residential real estate consumers and their needs, aspirations and challenges. We focus substantial public relations effort around the marketing of our Zillow Real Estate Market Reports, which are in-depth reports produced by our economics and analytics bureau for 825 U.S. markets. Data is released on a monthly and quarterly basis, and the data is widely used by government entities such as the Federal Reserve and Congressional Oversight Panel, as well as regularly featured in respected media outlets such as the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Bloomberg, Reuters and across numerous national network and cable news shows including CNBC, CNN, Fox News and Bloomberg. We believe the considerable effort we have spent on public relations and social media has allowed us to build large and credible brands. 15 Our living database of homes creates significant opportunities for home-ownership lifecycle marketing. A typical person will at various times in life be a renter, buyer, homeowner, remodeler, mortgage refinancer or seller, and this presents opportunities to communicate with consumers over many years before, during and after a transaction. We actively communicate with our users through email and social media channels. Sales, Consumer Care and Customer Support Our sales teams are responsible for generating advertising customers across our mobile applications and websites. Our largest sales teams sell our Premier Agent products to real estate agents, and are located in Seattle, Washington, Denver, Colorado, and Irvine, California. We also have sales teams in Seattle, Washington and Denver, Colorado that sell our rental products to rental professionals. In addition, we have sales teams in Seattle, Washington, New York, New York and Lincoln, Nebraska that support sales in our mortgage marketplaces and display advertising. We attract customers through a combination of outbound calling and inbound customer requests generated from our websites and event marketing activities. We also maintain a field sales team in San Francisco, California and New York, New York to specifically target larger advertising customers in the real estate and related content categories, such as real estate brokerages, home builders, lenders and home service providers, as well as advertisers in the telecommunications, automotive, insurance and other industries. We believe that consumer care and customer support are important to our success. Our consumer care and customer support teams are located in Seattle, Washington, and Denver, Colorado. Our customer support team responds to commercial and technical issues from our advertisers, and our consumer care team responds to consumer issues from our user community. Technology and Infrastructure Zillow Group is a data- and technology-driven company. Our technical infrastructure, mobile applications and websites are built to provide consumers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals with access to rich real estate data and powerful online tools to help them accomplish their home-related goals. Many of our services are available through real-time web-based application programming interfaces that allow our information to be easily integrated into third-party websites. We provide HTML and JavaScript-based widgets to allow easy integration of Zillow Group information onto other websites, with little custom programming. Our technology platform is built using industry-leading third-party and internally developed software as well as open source technologies. This combination allows for rapid development and release of high-performance software in a cost- effective and scalable manner. Our mobile applications and websites are designed to have high availability, from the internet connectivity providers we choose, to the servers, databases and networking hardware that we deploy. We design our systems so that the failure of any individual component is not expected to affect the overall availability of our platform. We also leverage content delivery networks and use other third-party cloud computing services, including map-related and ad serving services, to ensure fast and local access to content. We employ a host of encryption, antivirus, firewall, monitoring, and patch-management technology to protect and maintain our systems. Our Zillow technical infrastructure, mobile applications and websites are hosted at a third-party facility located in the Seattle area. Additionally, we utilize third-party web services for cloud computing and storage to assist in service growth and redundancy. Content delivery network solutions have been put in place to ensure fast and local access to content. Development and test environments are located either in a data center we manage at our corporate headquarters or are hosted by third-party cloud computing infrastructure. We currently manage our Trulia mobile applications and website from three locations. The primary location where we host our production environment is within a shared data center in Santa Clara, California. We also have a second hosted facility located in Denver, Colorado where we support our production environment and provide redundancy, backup and load balancing. 16 For information about our research and development costs, see Note 2 of the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements included within this annual report. Intellectual Property We protect our intellectual property through a combination of trademarks, trade dress, domain names, copyrights, trade secrets and patents, as well as contractual provisions and restrictions on access to our proprietary technology. Our trademarks registered in the United States and several other jurisdictions include, but are not limited to, “Zillow,” “Trulia,” “Zestimate,” “Premier Agent,” “Make Me Move,” “Mortech,” “Marksman,” “Hotpads,” “StreetEasy,” “Retsly,” “dotloop,” “Find Your Way Home,” “Naked Apartments,” the Z in a house logo, the Trulia marker logo, as well as logos that correspond with several of our other trademarks. We also have filed other trademark applications in the United States and certain other jurisdictions and will pursue additional trademark registrations to the extent we believe it will be beneficial and cost-effective. We have 23 patents issued in the United States and internationally. These patents cover proprietary techniques that relate to determining a current value for a real estate property, performing summarization of geographic data points in response to zoom selection, the incorporation of individual aerial images and incorporating visual information into a master planar image, the collection, storage and display of home attribute values, providing for a multi-faceted search, and other proprietary techniques relevant to our products and services. We have 46 patent applications pending in the United States and internationally, which seek to cover proprietary techniques relevant to our products and services. We intend to pursue additional patent protection to the extent we believe it will be beneficial and cost-effective. We are the registered holder of a variety of domestic and international domain names that include “Zillowgroup.com,” “Zillow.com,” “Trulia.com,” “RealEstate.com,” “Mortech.com,” “HotPads.com,” “Streeteasy.com,” “DotLoop.com,” “Retsly.com,” “NakedApartments.com,” “BridgeInteractive.com” and other similar variations. In addition to the protection provided by our intellectual property rights, we enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with our employees, consultants, contractors and business partners. Our employees and contractors are also subject to invention assignment provisions. We further control the use of our proprietary technology and intellectual property through provisions in both our general and product-specific terms of use on our mobile applications and websites. Competition We face competition to attract consumers to our mobile applications and websites and to attract advertisers to purchase our advertising products and services. Competition for Consumers We compete for the attention of consumers with companies that operate, or could develop, national and local real estate, rental and mortgage mobile applications and websites. We compete for consumers primarily on the basis of the quality of the consumer experience, the utility of the data and services we provide, the breadth, depth and accuracy of information, and brand awareness and reputation. We believe we compete favorably on these factors. Competition for Advertisers We compete for advertising customers, such as real estate professionals, with media companies, including companies dedicated to providing mobile and web-based real estate, rental and mortgage information and 17 services to real estate professionals and consumers, local brokerage sites and major internet portals, general search engines and social media sites, as well as other online companies. We also compete for a share of advertisers’ overall marketing budgets with traditional media such as newspapers, television, magazines, and home/apartment guide publications, particularly with respect to advertising dollars spent at the local level by real estate agents, mortgage professionals, property managers or rental agents to advertise their qualifications or listings. We compete for advertising revenue based on perceived return on investment and perceived transaction readiness and overall quality of consumer leads, the effectiveness and relevance of our advertising products, pricing structure and our ability to effectively deliver types of ads to targeted demographics. We believe we compete favorably on these factors. Government Regulation We are affected by laws and regulations that apply to businesses in general, as well as to businesses operating on the internet and through mobile applications. This includes a continually expanding and evolving range of laws, regulations and standards that address information security, data protection, privacy, consent and advertising, among other things. We are also subject to laws governing marketing and advertising activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet, including the Telephone Consumer Protect Act, the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the CAN-SPAM Act, and similar state laws. In addition, some of our mortgage advertising products are operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, Zillow Group Mortgages, Inc., a licensed mortgage broker, pursuant to a support services agreement. Though we do not take mortgage applications or make loans or credit decisions in connection with loans, Zillow Group Mortgages, Inc. is subject to stringent state and federal laws and regulations and to the scrutiny of state and federal government agencies as a licensed mortgage broker. By providing a medium through which users can post content and communicate with one another, we may also be subject to laws governing intellectual property ownership, obscenity, libel, and privacy, among other issues. In addition, the real estate agents, mortgage professionals, banks, property managers, rental agents and some of our other customers and advertisers on our mobile applications and websites are subject to various state and federal laws and regulations relating to real estate, rentals and mortgages. We endeavor to ensure that any content created by Zillow Group is consistent with such laws and regulations by obtaining assurances of compliance from our advertisers and consumers for their activities through, and the content they provide on, our mobile applications and websites. The real estate, mortgages, and rentals industries are subject to significant state and federal regulation; though we provide advertising services and technology solutions to real estate, mortgages, and rentals professionals, certain of our activities may be deemed to be covered by these industry regulations. Since the laws and regulations governing real estate, rentals and mortgages are constantly evolving, it is possible that we may have to materially alter the way we conduct some parts of our business activities or be prohibited from conducting such activities altogether at some point in the future. Employees As of December 31, 2016, we had 2,776 full-time employees. Where You Can Find More Information Our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, are available on our website at www.zillowgroup.com, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after the electronic filing of these reports with the SEC. The information contained on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other document we file with the SEC. Investors and others should note that Zillow Group announces material financial information to its investors using its press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. Zillow Group intends to also use 18 the following channels as a means of disclosing information about Zillow Group, its services and other matters and for complying with its disclosure obligations under Regulation FD: • Zillow Group Investor Relations Webpage (http://investors.zillowgroup.com) • Zillow Group Investor Relations Blog (http://www.zillowgroup.com/ir-blog) • Zillow Group Twitter Account (https://twitter.com/zillowgroup) The information Zillow Group posts through these channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following Zillow Group’s press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. This list may be updated from time to time. The information we post through these channels is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other document we file with the SEC, and the inclusion of our website addresses and Twitter account are as inactive textual references only. Item 1A. Risk Factors Our business is subject to numerous risks. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as any of these risks could harm our business, results of operations, and future financial performance. In addition, risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Risks Related to Our Business and Industry If Real Estate, Rental and Mortgage Professionals or Other Advertisers Reduce or End Their Advertising Spending With Us or if We Are Unable to Effectively Manage Advertising Inventory or Pricing, Our Business Would Be Harmed. Our current financial model depends on revenue generated primarily through sales of advertising products and services to real estate agents and brokerages, rental professionals, mortgage professionals and other advertisers in categories relevant to real estate. Our ability to attract and retain advertisers, and ultimately to generate advertising revenue, depends on a number of factors, including how successfully we can: • • • • • increase the number of consumers who use our products and services, provide them with tools to promote engagement between real estate market participants, and enhance their user experience so we can retain them; offer an attractive return on investment to our advertisers for their advertising spending with us; continue to develop our advertising products and services, including the expansion of those products and services to new advertising customers; keep pace with and anticipate changes in technology to provide industry-leading products and services to advertisers and consumers; and compete effectively for advertising dollars with other online media companies. In 2016, we began testing and implementation of a new auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product by which we determine the cost per impression delivered in each zip code based upon the total amount spent by Premier Agents to purchase impressions in the zip code during the month. The cost per impression that we charge is dynamic—as demand for impressions in a zip code increases or decreases, the cost per impression in that zip code may be increased or decreased. In 2016, we also introduced a new self-serve account interface for our Premier Agents. The interface includes account management tools that allow agent advertisers to independently control their advertising budgets and the duration of their advertising commitments. We are unable to predict whether this change to our pricing method will have a material impact on net sales, revenue, or other results of operations. 19 We do not have long-term contracts with most of our advertisers. Our advertisers could choose to modify or discontinue their relationships with us with little or no advance notice. We may not succeed in retaining existing advertisers’ spending or capturing a greater share of such spending if we are unable to convince advertisers of the effectiveness or superiority of our products as compared to alternatives, including traditional offline advertising media such as television and newspapers. In addition, future changes to our pricing methodology for advertising services may cause advertisers to reduce or end their advertising with us or negatively impact our ability to manage revenue opportunities. If advertisers reduce or end their advertising spending with us, or if we are unable to effectively manage inventory and pricing, our advertising revenue and business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. If We Do Not Innovate or Provide High-Quality Products and Services That Are Attractive to Our Users and to Our Advertisers, Our Business Could Be Harmed. Our success depends on our continued innovation to provide new, and improve upon existing, products and services that make our mobile applications, websites and other tools useful for consumers and real estate, rental and mortgage professionals, and attractive to our advertisers. As a result, we must continually invest significant resources in research and development to improve the attractiveness and comprehensiveness of our products and services and effectively incorporate new mobile, internet and other technologies into them. If we are unable to provide products and services that users, including real estate professionals, want to use, then users may become dissatisfied and use competitors’ mobile applications, websites and tools. If we are unable to continue offering high-quality, innovative products and services, we may be unable to attract additional users and advertisers or retain our current users and advertisers, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. If Use of Mobile Technology and the Internet in the Real Estate Category Does Not Grow as We Anticipate, Our Business Could Be Harmed. Our future success substantially depends on the continued use of mobile technology and the internet as effective media for consumer and professional participants in the real estate marketplace. These media may not be accepted as viable long-term outlets for information for a number of reasons, including actual or perceived lack of security of information and possible disruptions of service or connectivity. For these or other reasons, mobile technology and internet use may not continue to develop as we anticipate. If consumers begin to access real estate information through other media and we fail to innovate, our business may be negatively impacted. We Face Competition for Consumers in the Real Estate Category, Which Could Impair Our Ability to Attract Users of Our Mobile Applications and Websites, Which Would Harm Our Business, Results of Operations and Financial Condition. Our success depends on our ability to continue to attract consumers to our mobile applications and websites and enhance their engagement with our products and services. Our existing and potential competitors include companies that operate, or could develop, national and local real estate, rental and mortgage mobile applications and websites. These companies could devote greater technical and other resources than we have available, have a more accelerated time frame for deployment and leverage their existing user bases and proprietary technologies to provide products and services that consumers might view as superior to our offerings. Any of our future or existing competitors may introduce different solutions that attract consumers or provide solutions similar to our own but with better branding or marketing resources. If we are not able to continue to attract consumers to our mobile applications and websites, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. We May Not Be Able to Compete Successfully Against Our Existing or Future Competitors in Attracting Advertisers, Which Could Harm Our Business, Results of Operations and Financial Condition. We compete to attract advertisers with media sites, including websites dedicated to providing real estate, rental and mortgage information and services to real estate professionals and consumers, and major internet 20 portals, general search engines and social media sites, as well as other online companies. We also compete for a share of advertisers’ overall marketing budgets with traditional media such as television, magazines, newspapers and home/apartment guide publications, particularly with respect to advertising dollars spent at the local level by real estate professionals to advertise their qualifications and listings. Large companies with significant brand recognition have large numbers of direct sales personnel and substantial proprietary advertising inventory and web traffic, which may provide a competitive advantage. To compete successfully for advertisers against future and existing competitors, we must continue to invest resources in developing our advertising platform and proving the effectiveness and relevance of our advertising products and services. Pressure from competitors seeking to acquire a greater share of our advertisers’ overall marketing budget could adversely affect our pricing and margins, lower our revenue, and increase our research and development and marketing expenses. If we are unable to compete successfully against our existing or future competitors, our business, results of operations or financial condition would be harmed. We Compete in a Dynamic and Nascent Industry, and We May Invest Significant Resources to Pursue Strategies That Do Not Prove Effective. The industry for residential real estate information marketplaces and related advertising services on mobile and Web is in early stages of development, and significant shifts in consumer and professional behaviors occur constantly and rapidly. We continue to learn a great deal about the behaviors and objectives of residential real estate market participants as the industry evolves. We may not successfully anticipate or keep pace with industry changes, and we may invest considerable financial, personnel, and other resources to pursue strategies that do not, ultimately, prove effective such that our results of operations and financial condition may be harmed. In addition, if we do not realize the benefits we expect from strategic relationships we enter into, including for example, the generation of additional advertising revenue opportunities, our business could be harmed. We Depend on the Real Estate Industry, and Changes to That Industry, Including to Supply and Demand in the Real Estate Market or Mortgage Lending Regulation, Could Reduce the Demand for, or Restrict Our Ability to Provide, Our Products and Services. Our financial results significantly depend on real estate market participants using our products and services. Real estate shopping patterns depend on the overall health of the real estate market. Changes to the regulation of the real estate industry, including mortgage lending, may negatively impact the prevalence of home ownership and the ability of market participants to close transactions. Real estate markets also may be negatively impacted by a significant natural disaster, such as earthquake, fire, flood or other disruption. Changes to the real estate industry, including to supply and demand in the real estate market or mortgage interest rates, could reduce demand for our services. In addition, real estate, rental, and mortgage professionals are subject to comprehensive federal, state, and local laws and regulations which may cause them to significantly alter, decrease, or terminate their purchase of our products and services. Seasonality, micro- and macroeconomic factors, government regulation, and other factors may decrease consumer usage as well as sales to our advertisers and other customers, which could harm our results of operations and financial condition. Certain of our mortgage advertising products are operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, Zillow Group Mortgages, Inc., a licensed mortgage broker, pursuant to a support services agreement. Though we do not take mortgage applications or make loans or credit decisions in connection with loans, Zillow Group Mortgages, Inc. is subject to stringent state and federal laws and regulations and to the scrutiny of state and federal government agencies as a licensed mortgage broker. Further, due to the geographic scope of our operations and the nature of the services we provide, we may be required to obtain and maintain additional real estate brokerage and mortgage broker licenses in certain states in which we operate. In connection with such licenses, we are required to designate individual licensed brokers of record. We cannot assure you that we are, and will remain at all times, in full compliance with state real estate and mortgage broker licensing laws and regulations and we may be subject to fines or penalties in the event of any non-compliance. If in the future a state agency were to determine that we are required to obtain a real estate or mortgage brokerage license in that state in order to receive 21 payments or commissions from real estate professionals, or if we lose an existing license or are otherwise found to be in violation of a law or regulation, we may be subject to fines or legal penalties or our business operations in that state may be suspended until we obtain the license or otherwise remedy the compliance issue. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may limit our ability to expand into new markets, offer new products or continue to operate in one or more of our current markets. We May Not Be Able to Maintain or Establish Relationships With Real Estate Brokerages, Real Estate Listing Aggregators, Multiple Listing Services, Property Management Companies, Home Builders and Other Third- Party Listing Providers, Which Could Limit the Information We Are Able to Provide to Our Users. Our ability to attract users to our mobile applications, websites and other tools depends to some degree on providing a robust number of current, high-quality for-sale and rental listings. To provide these listings, we maintain relationships with real estate brokerages, real estate listing aggregators, multiple listing services, property management companies, home builders, other third-party listing providers, and homeowners and their real estate agents to include listing data in our services. Many of our agreements with real estate listing providers are short-term agreements that may be terminated with limited notice. The loss of existing relationships with listing providers, whether due to termination of agreements or otherwise, changes to our rights to use or timely access listing data, or an inability to continue to add new listing providers, may negatively impact our listing data quality. This could reduce user confidence in the sale and rental data we provide and make us less popular with consumers, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We May Not Be Able to Maintain or Establish Relationships With Data Providers, Which Could Limit the Information We Are Able to Provide to Our Users and Impair Our Ability to Attract or Retain Users. We obtain real estate data, such as sale transactions, property descriptions, tax-assessed value and property taxes paid, under licenses from third-party data providers. We use this data to enable the development, maintenance and improvement of our information services, including Zestimates, Rent Zestimates and our living database of homes. We have invested significant time and resources to develop proprietary algorithms, valuation models, software and practices to use and improve on this specific data. We may be unable to renew our licenses with these data providers, or we may be able to do so only on terms that are less favorable to us, which could harm our ability to continue to develop, maintain and improve these information services and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our Dedication to Making Decisions Based Primarily on the Best Interests of Consumers May Cause Us to Forgo Short-Term Gains. Our guiding principle is to build our business by making decisions based primarily on the best interests of consumers, which we believe has been essential to our success in increasing our user growth rate and engagement and has served the long-term interests of our company and our shareholders. In the past, we have forgone, and we will in the future forgo, certain expansion or short-term revenue opportunities that we do not believe are in the best interests of consumers, even if such decisions negatively impact our short-term results of operations. In addition, our philosophy of putting consumers first may negatively impact our relationships with our existing or prospective advertisers. This could result in a loss of advertisers, which could harm our revenue and results of operations. For example, we believe that some real estate agents have chosen not to purchase our Premier Agent advertising product because we display a Zestimate on their for-sale listings. We believe, however, that it is valuable to consumers to have access to a valuation starting point on all homes and so we display a Zestimate on every home in the Zillow database for which we have sufficient data to produce the Zestimate. Similarly, we gather and make available to our consumers reviews on real estate, rental and mortgage professionals, even if those reviews are unfavorable. Although real estate, rental and mortgage professionals who receive unfavorable reviews may be less likely to purchase our advertising products and services, we continue to post favorable and unfavorable reviews because we believe the reviews are useful to consumers in finding the right professional. Our principle of making decisions based primarily on the best interests of consumers may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our user traffic and engagement, business and results of operations could be harmed. 22 We May in the Future Be Subject to Disputes Regarding the Accuracy of Our Zestimates and Rent Zestimates. We provide our users with Zestimate and Rent Zestimate home and rental valuations. Zestimates are our estimated current market values of a home based on our proprietary automated valuation models that apply advanced algorithms to analyze our data; they are not appraisals. A Rent Zestimate is our estimated current monthly rental price of a home, using similar automated valuation models that we have designed to address the unique attributes of rental homes. Revisions to our automated valuation models, or the algorithms that underlie them, may cause certain Zestimates or Rent Zestimates to vary from our expectations for those Zestimates or Rent Zestimates. In addition, from time to time, users disagree with our Zestimates and Rent Zestimates. Any such variation in Zestimates or Rent Zestimates or disagreements could result in distraction from our business or potentially harm our reputation and could result in legal disputes. We May Be Unable to Increase Awareness of the Zillow Group Brands Cost-effectively, Which Could Harm Our Business. We rely heavily on the Zillow Group brands, including Zillow and Trulia, which we believe are key assets of our company. Awareness and perceived quality and differentiation of the Zillow Group brands are important aspects of our efforts to attract and expand the number of consumers who use our mobile applications and websites. Should the competition for awareness and brand preference increase among providers of mobile or online real estate information, we may not be able to successfully maintain or enhance the strength of our brand. We expect to continue to invest in our paid advertising to increase brand awareness and grow traffic. Paid advertising may not continue to be successful or cost-effective. If we are unable to maintain or enhance user and advertiser awareness of our brand cost-effectively, or if we are unable to recover our additional marketing and advertising costs through increased usage of our products and services, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. If We Fail to Manage Our Growth Effectively, Our Brands, Results of Operations and Business Could Be Harmed. We have experienced rapid and significant growth in our headcount and operations, including as a result of the February 2015 Trulia acquisition, which places substantial demand on management and our operational infrastructure. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new employees, while maintaining the beneficial aspects of our company culture. If we do not manage the growth of our business and operations effectively, the quality of our services and efficiency of our operations could suffer, which could harm our brand, results of operations and overall business. We Rely on the Performance of Highly Skilled Personnel, and if We Are Unable to Attract, Retain and Motivate Well-Qualified Employees, Our Business Could Be Harmed. We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our management and our highly skilled team of employees, including our software engineers, statisticians, marketing professionals and advertising sales staff. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. The loss of any of our senior management or key employees could materially adversely affect our ability to build on the efforts they have undertaken and to execute our business plan, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements. The market for highly skilled personnel is very competitive. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees, our business could be harmed. We May Make Acquisitions and Investments, Which Could Result in Operating Difficulties, Dilution and Other Harmful Consequences. We continue to evaluate a wide array of potential strategic opportunities, including acquisitions. For example, we acquired Naked Apartments and Bridge Interactive in the year ended December 31, 2016. Any 23 transactions that we enter into could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. The acquisitions may not result in the intended benefits to our business, and we may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired products, technology, or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction. The process of integrating an acquired company, business or technology could create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. The areas where we face risks include: • • • • • • • • diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to acquisition integration challenges; consumer and industry acceptance of products and services offered by the acquired company; implementation or remediation of controls, procedures and policies at the acquired company; coordination of product, engineering and sales and marketing functions; retention of employees from the acquired company; liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition; litigation or other claims arising in connection with the acquired company; and impairment charges associated with goodwill and other acquired intangible assets. Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or investments, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our Fraud Detection Processes and Information Security Systems May Not Successfully Detect All Fraudulent Activity by Third Parties Aimed at Users of Our Mobile Applications and Websites, Which Could Adversely Affect Our Reputation and Business Results. Third-party actors have attempted in the past, and may attempt in the future, to conduct fraudulent activity by engaging with users of our mobile applications and websites by, for example, posting fake real estate listings on our sites and attempting to solicit personal information or money from users. Though we have sophisticated fraud detection processes and have taken other measures to identify fraudulent activity on our mobile applications and websites, we may not be able to detect and prevent all such activity. Persistent or pervasive fraudulent activity may cause users and advertisers to lose trust in us and decrease or terminate their usage of our products and services, thereby harming our business and results of operations. We Are Subject to a Number of Risks Related to the Credit Card and Debit Card Payments We Accept. We accept payments through credit and debit card transactions. For credit and debit card payments, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time. An increase in those fees may require us to increase the prices we charge and would increase our operating expenses, either of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We depend on processing vendors to complete credit and debit card transactions. If we or our processing vendors fail to maintain adequate systems for the authorization and processing of credit card transactions, it could cause one or more of the major credit card companies to disallow our continued use of their payment products. In addition, if these systems fail to work properly and, as a result, we do not charge our customers’ credit cards on a timely basis or at all, our business, revenue, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it more difficult for us to comply. We are required to comply with payment card industry security standards. Failing to comply with those 24 standards may violate payment card association operating rules, federal and state laws and regulations, and the terms of our contracts with payment processors. Any failure to comply fully also may subject us to fines, penalties, damages and civil liability, and may result in the loss of our ability to accept credit and debit card payments. Further, there is no guarantee that such compliance will prevent illegal or improper use of our payment systems or the theft, loss, or misuse of data pertaining to credit and debit cards, card holders and transactions. If we fail to adequately control fraudulent credit card transactions, we may face civil liability, diminished public perception of our security measures, and significantly higher credit card-related costs, each of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to maintain our chargeback rate or refund rates at acceptable levels, our processing vendors may increase our transaction fees or terminate their relationships with us. Any increases in our credit and debit card fees could harm our results of operations, particularly if we elect not to raise our rates for our service to offset the increase. The termination of our ability to process payments on any major credit or debit card would significantly impair our ability to operate our business. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Technology If Our Security Measures Are Compromised, We May Be Subject to Legal Claims and Suffer Significant Losses, and Consumers May Curtail Use of Our Products and Services and Advertisers May Reduce Their Advertising on Our Mobile Applications and Websites. Our products and services involve the transmission and/or storage of users’ information, some of which may be private or include personally identifiable information such as social security numbers and credit card information. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or exposure of this information, which could result in potential liability and litigation. Like all mobile application and website providers, our mobile applications and websites are vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, phishing attacks, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service or other attacks, and similar disruptions from unauthorized use of our computer systems, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays, or website shutdowns, causing loss of critical data or the unauthorized disclosure or use of personal or other confidential information. Further, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, users or advertisers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our information or our users’ or advertisers’ information, and our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. If we experience compromises to our security that result in mobile application or website performance or availability problems, the complete shutdown of our mobile applications or websites, or the loss or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, our users and advertisers may lose trust and confidence in us, we may be subject to legal claims, government investigation and additional state and federal statutory requirements, users may decrease the use of our mobile applications or websites or stop using our mobile applications or websites in their entirety, and advertisers may decrease or stop advertising on our mobile applications or websites. In May 2015, for example, we detected a distributed denial of service attack against our website, zillow.com. Upon detection, standard response protocols were immediately initiated, filtering malicious traffic and restoring network performance. This incident did not have a material adverse effect on our business, and there is no indication that our internal controls were compromised. Despite the additional network detection tools we implemented, we cannot ensure that we will not experience future incidents. We depend on data storage vendors to store certain user information, some of which may be private or include personally identifiable information. If our data storage vendors fail to maintain adequate information security systems and our users’ information is compromised, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. Further, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, often are not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less 25 regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to proactively address all these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any or all of these issues could negatively impact our ability to attract new users and increase engagement by existing users, cause existing users to curtail or stop use of our products or services or close their accounts, cause existing advertisers to cancel their contracts, or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability, thereby harming our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any Significant Disruption in Service on Our Mobile Applications or Websites or in Our Network Could Damage Our Reputation and Brands, and Result in a Loss of Users of Our Products and Services and of Advertisers, Which Could Harm Our Business, Results of Operations and Financial Condition. Our brand, reputation and ability to attract users and advertisers depend on the reliable performance of our network infrastructure and content delivery processes. We have experienced minor interruptions in these systems in the past, including server failures that temporarily slowed the performance of our mobile applications and websites, and we may experience interruptions in the future. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, software errors or physical or electronic break-ins, could affect the security or availability of our products and services on our mobile applications and websites and prevent or inhibit the ability of users to access our services. Since our users may rely on our products and services, including our free customer relationship management tools, for important aspects of their businesses, problems with the reliability, availability or security of our systems could damage our users’ businesses, harm our reputation, result in a loss of users of our products and services and of advertisers and result in additional costs, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In October 2016, for example, traffic to our websites zillow.com and trulia.com was impacted by a distributed denial of service attack against one of our domain name system providers. This incident did not have a material adverse effect on our business, and there is no indication that our internal controls were compromised. Despite the additional network detection tools and other processes we implemented, we cannot ensure that we will not experience similar incidents in the future. Our Zillow technical infrastructure, mobile applications and websites are hosted at a third-party facility located in the Seattle area. We currently manage our Trulia mobile applications and website from three locations. The primary location where we host our production environment is within a shared data center in Santa Clara, California. We also have a second hosted facility located in Denver, Colorado where we support our production environment and provide redundancy, backup and load balancing. Additionally, we utilize third-party web services for cloud computing and storage to assist in service growth and redundancy. We do not own or control the operation of certain of these facilities. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes and similar events. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could result in damage to our systems and hardware or could cause them to fail completely, and our insurance may not cover such events or may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. A failure of our systems at one site could result in reduced functionality for our users, and a total failure of our systems could cause our mobile applications or websites to be inaccessible. Problems faced by our third- party web-hosting providers with the telecommunications network providers with which they contract or with the systems by which they allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our users. Our third-party web-hosting providers could decide to close their facilities without adequate notice. Any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy reorganization, faced by our third-party web- hosting providers or any of the service providers with whom they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. If our third-party web-hosting providers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, our business could be harmed. In addition, if distribution channels for our mobile applications experience disruptions, such disruptions could adversely affect the ability of users and potential users to access or update our mobile applications, which could harm our business. 26 We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the future growth of our business, which may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures. Any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our services could harm our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. We May Be Unable to Adequately Protect Our Intellectual Property, Which Could Harm the Value of Our Brands and Our Business. We regard our intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark, copyright and patent law, trade secret protection and contracts to protect our proprietary rights. If we are not successful in protecting our intellectual property, the value of our brands and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. While we believe that our issued patents and pending patent applications help to protect our business, we cannot ensure that our operations do not, or will not, infringe valid, enforceable patents of third parties or that competitors will not devise new methods of competing with us that are not covered by our patents or patent applications. We cannot ensure that our patent applications will be approved, that any patents issued will adequately protect our intellectual property, that such patents will not be challenged by third parties or found to be invalid or unenforceable, or that our patents will be effective in preventing third parties from utilizing a “copycat” business model to offer the same products or services. Moreover, we rely on intellectual property and technology developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all. Effective trademark, service mark, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our products and services may be provided. The laws of certain countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and, therefore, in certain jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect intellectual property and our proprietary technology adequately against unauthorized third-party copying or use, which could harm our competitive position. We have licensed in the past, and expect to license in the future, certain of our proprietary rights, such as trademarks or copyrighted material, to third parties. These licensees may take actions that might diminish the value of our proprietary rights or harm our reputation, even if we have agreements prohibiting such activity. To the extent third parties are obligated to indemnify us for breaches of our intellectual property rights, these third parties may be unable to meet these obligations. Any of these events could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, we may actively pursue entities that infringe our intellectual property, including through legal action. Taking such action may be costly, and we cannot ensure that such actions will be successful. Any increase in the unauthorized use of our intellectual property could make it more expensive for us to do business and harm our results of operations or financial condition. Intellectual Property Disputes Are Costly to Defend and Could Harm Our Business, Results of Operations, Financial Condition and Reputation. From time to time, we face allegations that we have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties. We are currently subject to intellectual property infringement claims. These claims allege, among other things, that aspects of our technology infringe upon the plaintiffs’ intellectual property. If we are not successful in defending ourselves against these claims, we may be required to pay damages and may be subject to injunctions, each of which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. We may be subject to future claims or allegations relating to our intellectual property rights. As we grow our business and expand our operations, we expect that we will continue to be subject to intellectual property claims and allegations. Patent and other intellectual property disputes or litigation may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict and may require us to stop offering certain products, services or features, purchase licenses that may be expensive to procure, or modify our products 27 or services. In addition, patent or other intellectual property disputes or litigation may result in significant settlement costs. Any of these events could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. In addition, we use open source software in our services and will continue to use open source software in the future. From time to time, we may be subject to claims brought against companies that incorporate open source software into their products or services, claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the source code, the open source software and/or derivative works that were developed using such software, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to changing our products or services, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, the time and resources necessary to resolve them could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. We May Be Unable to Continue to Use the Domain Names That We Use in Our Business, or Prevent Third Parties From Acquiring and Using Domain Names That Infringe on, Are Similar to, or Otherwise Decrease the Value of Our Brand or Our Trademarks or Service Marks. We have registered domain names for our websites that we use in our business. If we lose the ability to use a domain name, we may incur significant expenses to market our products and services under a new domain name, which could harm our business. In addition, our competitors could attempt to capitalize on our brand recognition by using domain names similar to ours. Domain names similar to ours have been registered in the United States and elsewhere. We may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that infringe on, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of our brand or our trademarks or service marks. Protecting and enforcing our rights in our domain names and determining the rights of others may require litigation, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention. Confidentiality Agreements With Employees and Others May Not Adequately Prevent Disclosure of Trade Secrets and Other Proprietary Information. In order to protect our technologies and processes, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, licensees, independent contractors and other advisors. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information, including trade secrets, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties. To the extent that our employees, contractors or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our business, results of operations, reputation and competitive position. We May Not Be Able to Halt the Operations of Websites That Aggregate or Misappropriate Our Data. From time to time, third parties have misappropriated our data through website scraping, robots or other means, and aggregated this data on their websites with data from other companies. In addition, copycat websites have misappropriated data on our network and attempted to imitate our brand or the functionality of our websites. When we have become aware of such websites, we have employed technological or legal measures in an attempt 28 to halt their operations. We may not be able, however, to detect all such websites in a timely manner and, even if we could, technological and legal measures may be insufficient to halt their operations. In some cases, particularly in the case of websites operating outside of the United States, our available remedies may not be adequate to protect us against the impact of the operation of such websites. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against the operators of these websites, any measures that we may take could require us to expend significant financial or other resources, which could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, to the extent that such activity creates confusion among consumers or advertisers, our brands and business could be harmed. Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance and Legal Matters We Are, and May in the Future Become, Subject to a Variety of Federal and State Laws, Many of Which Are Unsettled and Still Developing and Which Could Subject Us to Claims or Otherwise Harm Our Business. We are currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to additional, federal, state, and local laws that are continuously evolving and developing, including laws regarding the real estate, rental and mortgage industries, mobile- and internet-based businesses and other businesses that rely on advertising, as well as privacy and consumer protection laws, including the Telephone Consumer Protect Act, the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the CAN-SPAM Act, and similar state laws. These laws can be costly to comply with, require significant management time and effort, and subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability or other remedies, including suspension of business operations. These laws may conflict with each other, and if we comply with the laws of one jurisdiction, we may find that we are violating laws of another jurisdiction. Additionally, our ability to provide a specific target audience to advertisers is a significant competitive advantage. Any legislation reducing this ability would have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. If we are unable to comply with these laws or regulations, if we become liable under these laws or regulations, or if unfavorable regulations or unfavorable interpretations of existing regulations by courts or regulatory bodies are implemented, we could be directly harmed and forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability and it could cause the development of product or service offerings in affected markets to become impractical. This may require us to expend substantial resources or to discontinue certain products or services, limit our ability to expand our product and services offerings, or expand into new markets or otherwise harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the increased attention focused on liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business and results of operations. We assist with the processing of customer credit card transactions and consumer credit report requests, which results in us receiving personally identifiable information. This information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation in the United States. This legislation and regulation is generally intended to protect the privacy and security of personal information, including credit card information that is collected, processed and transmitted. We could be adversely affected if government regulations require us to significantly change our business practices with respect to this type of information. We are From Time to Time Involved In, or May In the Future be Subject to, Claims, Suits, Government Investigations, and Other Proceedings That May Result In Adverse Outcomes. We are from time to time involved in, or may in the future be subject to, claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings arising from our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property claims, privacy, consumer protection, information security, data protection or law enforcement matters, tax matters, labor and employment claims, commercial claims, as well as actions involving content generated by our users, shareholder derivative actions, purported class action lawsuits, and other matters, including for example, 29 the compliance review by the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor described below in Part I, Item 3. Such claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty. Regardless of the outcome, any such legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management and other personnel, and other factors. For instance, our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2016 include the impact of the settlement of a lawsuit with Move, Inc. in June 2016 whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims, as well as approximately $28.9 million in related legal costs, described below in Part I, Item 3. In addition, it is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in reputational harm, liability, penalties, or sanctions, as well as judgments, consent decrees, or orders preventing us from offering certain features, functionalities, products, or services, or requiring a change in our business practices, products or technologies, which could in the future materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. The Requirements of Being a Public Company May Strain Our Resources and Distract Our Management, Which Could Make It Difficult to Manage Our Business. We are required to comply with various regulatory and reporting requirements, including those required by the SEC. Complying with these reporting and other regulatory requirements can be time-consuming and results in increased costs to us and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These requirements could strain our systems and resources. The Exchange Act also requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Exchange Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. To maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have committed significant resources, hired additional staff and provided additional management oversight. We have implemented additional procedures and processes for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. Sustaining our growth will require us to commit additional management, operational and financial resources to identify new professionals to join us and to maintain appropriate operational and financial systems to adequately support expansion. These activities may divert management’s attention from other business concerns and could make it difficult to manage our business, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, if we identify any material weaknesses in our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which would cause the market price of our capital stock to decline. Risks Related to Our Financial Statements We Incurred Significant Operating Losses in the Past and We May Not Be Able to Generate Sufficient Revenue to Be Profitable Over the Long Term. We have incurred significant net operating losses in the past and, as of December 31, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $497.0 million. Although we have experienced significant growth in revenue, our revenue growth rate may decline in the future as the result of a variety of factors, including the maturation of our business. At the same time, we also expect our costs to increase in future periods as we continue to expend substantial financial resources to develop and expand our business, including on: • • • • • product development; sales and marketing; technology infrastructure; strategic opportunities, including commercial relationships and acquisitions; and general administration, including legal and accounting expenses related to being a public company. 30 These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we fail to continue to grow our revenue and overall business and to manage our expenses, we may incur significant losses in the future and not be able to maintain profitability. Servicing Our Debt Requires a Significant Amount of Cash, and We May Not Have Sufficient Cash Flow From Our Business to Pay Our Substantial Debt. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the remaining outstanding $10.1 million aggregate principal under Trulia’s Convertible Senior Notes due in 2020 (the “2020 Notes”) and our Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021 (the “2021 Notes”), depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, industry, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. We Rely on Assumptions and Estimates to Calculate our Unique Users, and Real or Perceived Inaccuracies in This Metric May Harm our Reputation and Negatively Affect our Business. Our key metric of unique users is calculated using internal company data that has not been independently verified. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring such information. For example, our measurement of unique users may be affected by applications that automatically contact our servers to access our mobile applications and websites with no user action involved, and this activity can cause our system to count the user associated with such a device as a unique user on the day such contact occurs. We regularly review and may adjust our processes for calculating our unique users to improve accuracy. Our measure of unique users may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly-titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology. If real estate professionals, advertisers or investors do not perceive our unique users to be an accurate representation of our user engagement, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our unique users, our reputation may be harmed, and real estate professionals and advertisers may be less willing to allocate their resources to our products and services, which could negatively affect our business and operating results. We Expect Our Results of Operations to Fluctuate on a Quarterly and Annual Basis. Our revenue and results of operations could vary significantly from period to period and may fail to match expectations as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are outside our control. The other risk factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section may contribute to the variability of our quarterly and annual results. In addition, our results may fluctuate as a result of fluctuations in the quantity of, and the price at which we are able to sell, our remnant advertising, seasonal variances of home sales, which historically peak in the spring and summer seasons, and the size and seasonal variability of our advertisers’ marketing budgets. As a result of the potential variations in our revenue and results of operations, period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. In addition, our results of operations may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts who follow us, which may adversely affect our stock price. Our Ability to Use Our Net Operating Loss Carryforwards and Certain Other Tax Attributes May Be Limited. As of December 31, 2016, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $893.3 million, state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $13.5 million (tax effected), and net tax credit 31 carryforwards of approximately $24.3 million. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre- change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income or income tax liability may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by certain “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. In connection with Zillow’s August 2013 public offering of Zillow Class A Common stock, Zillow experienced an ownership change that triggered Section 382 and 383, which may limit our ability to utilize net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. In connection with Zillow Group’s February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, Trulia experienced an ownership change that triggered Section 382 and 383, which may limit Zillow Group’s ability to utilize Trulia’s net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. If we experience one or more ownership changes in the future as a result of future transactions in our stock, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards could be limited. Furthermore, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards of any companies that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may be limited. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, other pre-change tax attributes, or net operating loss carryforwards of any acquired companies to offset our federal taxable income or reduce our federal income tax liability may be subject to limitation. Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common and Capital Stock and Debt Instruments Our Class A Common Stock and Class C Capital Stock Prices May Be Volatile, and the Value of an Investment in Our Class A Common Stock and Class C Capital Stock May Decline. An active, liquid and orderly market for our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock may not be sustained, which could depress the trading price of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock. The trading price of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock has at times experienced price volatility and may continue to be volatile. For example, since shares of our Class A common stock began trading in February 2015, the closing price of our Class A common stock has ranged from $17.06 per share to $39.94 per share (adjusted for the Class C Stock Split (as defined below)) through December 31, 2016. Since shares of our Class C capital stock began trading in August 2015, the closing price of our Class C capital stock has ranged from $16.01 per share to $39.84 per share through December 31, 2016. The market price of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many of the risk factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and others beyond our control, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and results of operations; changes in projected operational and financial results; addition or loss of significant customers; actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to that of our competitors; announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital-raising activities or commitments; announcements of technological innovations or new offerings by us or our competitors; additions or departures of key personnel; changes in laws or regulations applicable to our services; fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts; sales of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock by us or our shareholders; issuances of our Class A common stock upon conversion of the 2020 Notes and issuances of our Class C capital stock upon conversion of our 2021 Notes; 32 • • stock price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; and general economic and market conditions. Furthermore, the stock markets in recent years have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of the equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We have in the past been the target of this type of litigation, and we may continue to be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Past and future securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition. The Structure of Our Capital Stock as Contained in Our Charter Documents Has the Effect of Concentrating Voting Control With Our Founders, and Limits Your Ability to Influence Corporate Matters. Since Zillow Group’s inception, our capital structure has included authorized Class A common stock and authorized Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock entitles its holder to one vote per share, and our Class B common stock entitles its holder to 10 votes per share. All shares of Class B common stock have been and are held or controlled by our founders, Richard Barton and Lloyd Frink. As of December 31, 2016, Mr. Barton’s holdings and Mr. Frink’s holdings represented approximately 32.3% and 21.1%, respectively, of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. For the foreseeable future, Mr. Barton and Mr. Frink will therefore have significant control over our management and affairs and will be able to control most matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election or removal (with or without cause) of directors and the approval of any significant corporate transaction, such as a merger or other sale of us or our assets. In addition, because our Class C capital stock carries no voting rights (except as required by applicable law or as expressly provided in our amended and restated articles of incorporation), the issuance of Class C capital stock (instead of Class A common stock) could prolong the duration of Mr. Barton’s and Mr. Frink’s relative ownership of our voting power. This concentrated control could delay, defer or prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving us that you, as a shareholder, may otherwise support. This concentrated control could also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our Class A common stock or Class C capital stock due to the limited voting power of such stock relative to the Class B common stock and might harm the market price of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock. Future Sales of Our Stock in the Public Market Could Cause Our Stock Price to Decline. Our Class A common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on February 18, 2015, and our Class C capital stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on August 17, 2015. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that market sales of shares or the availability of shares for sale will have on the prevailing trading price of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock from time to time. There is currently no contractual restriction on our ability to issue additional shares, and all of our outstanding shares are generally freely tradable, except for shares held by our “affiliates” as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act, which may be sold in compliance with the volume restrictions of Rule 144. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock could cause our stock price to decline. In addition, we may in the future issue shares of Class C capital stock for financings, acquisitions or equity incentives. If we issue shares of Class C capital stock in the future, such issuances would have a dilutive effect on the economic interest of our Class A common stock. 33 If Securities or Industry Analysts Do Not Publish Research or Publish Inaccurate or Unfavorable Research About Our Business, Our Class A Common Stock and Class C Capital Stock Price and Trading Volume Could Decline. The trading market for our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about our company. If few or no securities or industry analysts cover our company, the market price of our publicly-traded stock could be negatively impacted. If securities or industry analysts cover us and if one or more of such analysts downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of the analysts covering us fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decline, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. If We Issue Additional Equity Securities or Issue Additional Convertible Debt to Raise Capital, It May Have a Dilutive Effect on Shareholders’ Investment. If we raise additional capital through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of us. Moreover, any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The Capped Call Transactions May Affect the Value of Our 2021 Notes and Our Class C Capital Stock. In connection with the pricing of the 2021 Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and certain other financial institutions (the “option counterparties”). The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the 2021 Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be. In addition, the capped call transactions provide for us to elect, subject to certain conditions, for the capped call transactions to remain outstanding (with certain modifications) following our election to redeem the 2021 Notes, notwithstanding any conversions of notes in connection with such redemption. In addition, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions with respect to our Class C capital stock and/or purchasing or selling our Class C capital stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2021 Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of 2021 Notes or in connection with any repurchase of 2021 Notes by us). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our Class C capital stock or the 2021 Notes. Anti-Takeover Provisions in Our Charter Documents and Under Washington Law Could Make an Acquisition of Us More Difficult, Limit Attempts by Shareholders to Replace or Remove Our Management and Affect the Market Price of Our Stock. Provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws, as amended and restated, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws include provisions, some of which will become effective only after the date, which we refer to as the threshold date, on which the Class B common stock controlled by our founders represents less than 7% of the aggregate number of shares of our outstanding Class A common stock and Class B common stock, that: • • set forth the structure of our capital stock, which concentrates voting control of matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders with the holders of our Class B common stock, which is held or controlled by our founders; authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by our shareholders, up to 30,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, subject, prior to the threshold date, to the approval rights of the holders of our Class B common stock; 34 • • • • • • • • • establish that our board of directors will be divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving three-year staggered terms; prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors; provide that, after the threshold date, our directors may be removed only for cause; provide that, after the threshold date, vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office or by the sole remaining director; provide that only our board of directors may change the board’s size; specify that special meetings of our shareholders can be called only by the chair of our board of directors, our board of directors, our chief executive officer, our president or, prior to the threshold date, holders of at least 25% of all the votes entitled to be cast on any issue proposed to be considered at any such special meeting; establish an advance notice procedure for shareholder proposals to be brought before a meeting of shareholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors; require the approval of our board of directors or the holders of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast by shareholders generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single group, to amend or repeal our bylaws; and require the approval of not less than two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on a proposed amendment, voting together as a single group, to amend certain provisions of our articles of incorporation. Prior to the threshold date, our directors can be removed with or without cause by holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, voting together as a single group, and vacancies on the board of directors may be filled by such shareholders, voting together as a single group. Given the structure of our capital stock, our founders, Richard Barton and Lloyd Frink, who hold or control our Class B common stock, will have the ability for the foreseeable future to control these shareholder actions. See the risk factor above titled “The Structure of Our Capital Stock as Contained in Our Charter Documents Has the Effect of Concentrating Voting Control With our Founders, and Limits Your Ability to Influence Corporate Matters.” The provisions described above, after the threshold date, may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our board of directors, which board is responsible for appointing our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in the State of Washington, we are governed by the provisions of Chapter 23B.19 of the Washington Business Corporation Act, which prohibits certain business combinations between us and certain significant shareholders unless specified conditions are met. These provisions may also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company, even if this change of control would benefit our shareholders. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. 35 Item 2. Properties We have various operating leases for office space, which are summarized as of December 31, 2016 in the table below. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs. Location Purpose Approximate Square Feet Principal Lease Expiration Dates Corporate headquarters for Zillow Group Seattle, Washington San Francisco, California Corporate headquarters for Trulia Denver, Colorado Irvine, California New York, New York San Francisco, California Subleased office space General office space General office space General office space, partial subleased office space 200,426 105,897 64,908 60,074 39,900 26,664 2024 2023 2021 2022 2024 2018 We lease additional office space in Chicago, Illinois, Cincinnati, Ohio, Lincoln, Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia and Vancouver, British Columbia. See Note 16 of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about our lease commitments. Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are involved in a number of legal proceedings concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our business activities, some of which are at preliminary stages and some of which seek an indeterminate amount of damages. We regularly evaluate the status of legal proceedings in which we are involved to assess whether a loss is probable or there is a reasonable possibility that a loss or additional loss may have been incurred to determine if accruals are appropriate. We further evaluate each legal proceeding to assess whether an estimate of possible loss or range of loss can be made if accruals are not appropriate. For certain cases described below, management is unable to provide a meaningful estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss because, among other reasons, (i) the proceedings are in preliminary stages; (ii) specific damages have not been sought; (iii) damages sought are, in our view, unsupported and/or exaggerated; (iv) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending appeals or motions; (v) there are significant factual issues to be resolved; and/or (vi) there are novel legal issues or unsettled legal theories presented. For these cases, however, management does not believe, based on currently available information, that the outcomes of these proceedings will have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flow. In September 2010, LendingTree, LLC (“LendingTree”) filed a complaint against us for patent infringement in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. The complaint alleged, among other things, that our website technology infringes two patents purporting to cover a “Method and computer network for coordinating a loan over the internet.” The complaint sought, among other things, a judgment that we infringed certain patents held by LendingTree, an injunction against the alleged infringing activities and an award for damages. We denied the allegations and asserted defenses and counterclaims seeking declarations that we are not infringing the patents and that the patents are invalid. In March 2014, a federal jury found that Zillow does not infringe the patents and that the patents asserted by LendingTree are invalid. In April, 2014, LendingTree filed two motions for judgment as a matter of law and for a new trial, all of which we opposed. In October 2014, the Court issued an order upholding the jury verdict and denying LendingTree’s motions. In November 2014, LendingTree filed a notice of appeal and, in September 2015, LendingTree filed its opening brief. In December 2015, we filed a response brief to LendingTree’s opening brief. A hearing regarding LendingTree’s appeal occurred in June 2016. In July 2016, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued an order in which it found all claims asserted against us invalid under Section 101. In September 2016, LendingTree filed notice that they would be filing to appeal for a rehearing, but failed to file by the deadline. There are no further avenues for appeal or rehearing; the order issued by the Court of Appeals will stand. In March 2014, Move, Inc., the National Association of Realtors and three related entities (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), filed a complaint against us and Errol Samuelson, our Chief Industry Development Officer, in the 36 Superior Court of the State of Washington in King County, alleging, among other things, that Zillow and Mr. Samuelson misappropriated plaintiffs’ trade secrets in connection with Mr. Samuelson joining Zillow in March 2014. The Plaintiffs sought, among other things, an injunction against the alleged misappropriations and Mr. Samuelson working for us, as well as significant monetary damages. In February 2015, Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint that, among other things, added Curt Beardsley, our Vice President of MLS Partnerships, as a defendant in the matter. In August 2015, Zillow filed an amended answer and counterclaim against Plaintiffs that alleged, among other things, that Plaintiffs violated the Washington Trade Secrets Act and aided and abetted a breach of the duty of confidentiality through the public filing of a document that included Zillow’s confidential information and trade secrets. On January 8, 2016, Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking sanctions against defendants for alleged evidence spoliation. The court held a spoliation hearing in April and on May 17, 2016 denied Plaintiffs motion for sanctions as to Zillow and Mr. Samuelson. With respect to Mr. Beardsley, the Court denied the motion as to terminating sanctions but granted the motion ordering a permissive adverse inference instruction with respect to five devices. Defendants each filed multiple motions for partial summary judgment against Plaintiffs regarding, among other things, certain of their claims of alleged misappropriation of trade secrets. Defendants also filed various motions seeking to exclude or limit damages. The court entered various rulings granting and denying these motions in 2016. On June 6, 2016, the Company reached an amicable resolution by way of a settlement agreement and release (the “Settlement Agreement”) with Plaintiffs pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Plaintiffs $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. On June 16, 2016, pursuant to the terms agreed to between the parties, the court dismissed all claims and counterclaims asserted in this matter with prejudice. The Settlement Agreement does not contain any admission of liability, wrongdoing, or responsibility by any of the parties. The settlement was paid in June 2016 and was recorded in general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. In August 2014, four purported class action lawsuits were filed by plaintiffs against Trulia and its directors, Zillow, and Zebra Holdco, Inc. in connection with Zillow’s proposed acquisition of Trulia. One of those purported class actions, captioned Collier et al. v. Trulia, Inc., et al., was brought in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of San Francisco, however on October 7, 2014, plaintiff in the Collier action filed a new complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging substantially the same claims and seeking substantially the same relief as the original complaint filed in California. On October 8, 2014, plaintiff in the Collier action filed a request for dismissal of the California case without prejudice. The other three of the purported class action lawsuits, captioned Shue et al. v. Trulia, Inc., et al., Sciabacucci et al. v. Trulia, Inc., et al., and Steinberg et al. v. Trulia, Inc. et al., were brought in the Delaware Court of Chancery. All four lawsuits allege that Trulia’s directors breached their fiduciary duties to Trulia stockholders, and that the other defendants aided and abetted such breaches, by seeking to sell Trulia through an allegedly unfair process and for an unfair price and on unfair terms. All lawsuits sought, among other things, equitable relief that would have enjoined the consummation of Zillow’s proposed acquisition of Trulia and attorneys’ fees and costs. The Delaware actions also sought rescission of the Merger Agreement or rescissory damages and orders directing the defendants to account for alleged damages suffered by the plaintiffs and the purported class as a result of the defendants’ alleged wrongdoing. On September 24, 2014, plaintiff in the Sciabacucci action filed (1) a motion for expedited proceedings, (2) a motion for a preliminary injunction, (3) a request for production of documents from defendants, and (4) notice of depositions. On October 13, 2014, the Delaware Court of Chancery issued an order consolidating all of the Delaware actions into one matter captioned In re Trulia, Inc. Stockholder Litigation. On October 13 and 14, 2014, the above-referenced motions were refiled under the consolidated case number. On November 14, 2014, plaintiffs again refiled their motion for a preliminary injunction challenging the proposed acquisition. On November 19, 2014, the parties entered into a Memorandum of Understanding, documenting an agreement-in-principle for the settlement of the consolidated litigation, pursuant to which Trulia agreed to make certain supplemental disclosures in a Form 8-K. The Memorandum of Understanding was filed with the Court of Chancery that same day. Thereafter, the parties negotiated and agreed to a stipulation of settlement, and after notice to the class, the Court of Chancery held a settlement hearing on September 16, 2015 where the Court requested the parties to make further submission in connection with the settlement. By an opinion dated January 22, 2016, the Court denied approval of the settlement, and on April 6, 2016, the Court dismissed the claims brought in the consolidated lawsuit with prejudice. 37 In July 2015, two purported class action lawsuits were filed against us and each of our directors in the Superior Court of the State of Washington in King County, alleging, among other things, that the directors breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the approval of the issuance of non-voting Class C capital stock as a dividend. The complaints sought, among other things, injunctive relief and unspecified monetary damages. A hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion seeking a preliminary injunction to enjoin the August 2015 distribution of shares of our Class C capital stock as a dividend to our Class A and Class B common shareholders was held on August 5, 2015, and the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs filed a consolidated class action complaint on September 18, 2015 naming and seeking relief from only our co-founders as defendants. On December 4, 2015, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated class action complaint, and on March 28, 2016, the consolidated class action complaint was dismissed with prejudice. In March 2015, the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) notified the Company that it was initiating a compliance review to determine the Company’s compliance with one or more federal labor laws enforced by the DOL. The Company understands that the scope of this review is limited to the review of the Company’s compliance with certain wage and hour laws with respect to Zillow, Inc. inside sales consultants during a two-year period between 2013 and 2015. In October 2015, the DOL orally informed us that the compliance review was ongoing but that, based on its preliminary findings, it believed the Company may have failed to pay overtime to such inside sales consultants. As discussed below, on May 5, 2016, Zillow, Inc. agreed to settle a class action lawsuit which alleged, among other things, claims that we failed to provide meal and rest breaks, failed to pay overtime, and failed to keep accurate records of employees’ hours worked. The settlement of the class action lawsuit was contingent on Zillow, Inc.’s complete resolution of the DOL compliance review. On November 28, 2016, Zillow, Inc. entered into a settlement agreement with the DOL that resolved the DOL’s compliance review. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Zillow, Inc. agreed that it will make the voluntary payments contemplated by the class action lawsuit settlement and establish and maintain certain procedures to promote future compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act. We expect to make the voluntary payments contemplated by the settlement agreement during 2017. The settlement agreement with the DOL does not require Zillow, Inc. to make any payments which are in addition to those contemplated by the class action lawsuit settlement. Zillow has not admitted liability with respect to either the DOL settlement or the class action lawsuit settlement. In November 2014, a former employee filed a putative class action lawsuit against us in the United States District Court, Central District of California, with the caption Ian Freeman v. Zillow, Inc. The complaint alleged, among other things, claims that we failed to provide meal and rest breaks, failed to pay overtime, and failed to keep accurate records of employees’ hours worked. After the court granted our two motions to dismiss certain claims, plaintiff filed a second amended complaint that includes claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act. On November 20, 2015, plaintiff filed a motion for class certification. On February 26, 2016, the court granted the plaintiff’s motion for class certification. On May 5, 2016, the parties agreed to settle the lawsuit with payment by Zillow, Inc. of up to $6.0 million. The settlement does not contain any admission of liability, wrongdoing, or responsibility by any of the parties. The settlement class includes all current and former inside sales consultants employed by Zillow, Inc. in any office from January 1, 2010 through the present. The settlement is subject to court approval and was contingent upon Zillow, Inc.’s resolution of the DOL compliance review. As described above, on November 28, 2016, Zillow, Inc. entered into a settlement agreement with the DOL that resolved the DOL’s compliance review. On June 9, 2016, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted our petition for permission to appeal the order granting class certification. We have recorded an accrual for $6.0 million as of December 31, 2016, and we recorded an accrual for an immaterial amount as of December 31, 2015. We do not believe there is a reasonable possibility that a material loss in excess of amounts accrued may be incurred. In July 2015, VHT, Inc. (“VHT”) filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington alleging copyright infringement of VHT’s images on the Zillow Digs site. In January 2016, VHT filed an amended complaint alleging copyright infringement of VHT’s images on the Zillow Digs site as well as the Zillow listing site. In December 2016, the court granted a motion for partial summary judgment that dismissed VHT’s claims with respect to the Zillow listing site. A federal jury trial began on January 23, 2017 38 that is expected to conclude in February 2017. We have not recorded an accrual related to this complaint as of December 31, 2016, as we do not believe a loss is probable. There is a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred; however, the possible loss or range of loss is not estimable. In addition to the matters discussed above, from time to time, we are involved in litigation and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although we cannot be certain of the outcome of any such litigation or claims, nor the amount of damages and exposure that we could incur, we currently believe that the final disposition of such matters will not have a material effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flow. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 39 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information and Holders Our Class A common stock has traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ZG” since August 17, 2015 and under the symbol “Z” from July 20, 2011 through August 14, 2015. The following table sets forth, for each quarterly period indicated, the high and low sales prices per share for our Class A common stock as quoted on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, adjusted for the Class C Stock Split (see Note 13 of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to the Class C Stock Split): Year Ended December 31, 2016: First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2015: First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Low $25.96 36.65 39.99 39.19 $16.45 20.87 32.55 31.17 High Low $44.40 34.69 29.84 35.47 $29.76 26.73 22.58 24.76 Our Class B common stock is not listed and there is no established public trading market. Our Class C capital stock has traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “Z” since August 17, 2015. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our Class C capital stock. The following table sets forth, for each quarterly period indicated, the high and low sales prices per share for our Class C capital stock as quoted on The Nasdaq Global Select Market: Year Ended December 31, 2016: First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2015: First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Low $24.64 36.28 39.88 39.05 $15.36 19.63 32.65 31.22 High Low $ — — 28.54 33.62 $ — — 23.00 22.80 Holders of Record As of January 30, 2017, there were 117, three, and 117 holders of record of our Class A common stock, our Class B common stock, and our Class C capital stock, respectively. 40 Dividends We have never declared or paid a cash dividend on our common or capital stock and we intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. We therefore do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common or capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determinations to pay dividends on our common or capital stock would depend on our results of operations, our financial condition and liquidity requirements, restrictions that may be imposed by applicable law or our contracts, and any other factors that our board of directors may consider relevant. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities On December 12, 2016, we issued $460.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”), which amount includes the exercise in full of the $60.0 million over- allotment option, to Citigroup Global Markets Inc. as the initial purchaser of the 2021 Notes in a private offering to the initial purchaser in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) for resale to qualified institutional buyers as defined in, and pursuant to, Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The 2021 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.00% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2017. The 2021 Notes are convertible into cash, shares of the Company’s Class C capital stock or a combination thereof and may be settled as described below. The 2021 Notes will mature on December 1, 2021, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed, or converted in accordance with their terms. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2021, the 2021 Notes are convertible at the option of the holders of the notes only under certain conditions. On or after September 1, 2021, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders of the 2021 Notes may convert their notes at their option at the conversion rate then in effect, irrespective of these conditions. The Company will settle conversions of the 2021 Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of Class C capital stock, or a combination of cash and shares of Class C capital stock, at its election. The conversion rate will initially be 19.0985 shares of Class C capital stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2021 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $52.36 per share of Class C capital stock). The conversion rate is subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. The Company may redeem for cash all or part of the 2021 Notes, at its option, on or after December 6, 2019, under certain circumstances at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date (as defined in the indenture pursuant to which the 2021 Notes were issued). The net proceeds from the note offering were approximately $447.8 million, after deducting fees and expenses payable by the Company. We incurred approximately $11.5 million in fees to the initial purchaser, which amount was paid out of the gross proceeds from the note offering. The Company used approximately $36.6 million of the net proceeds from the note offering to pay the cost of the capped call confirmations the Company entered into in connection with the offering, and approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the note offering to repurchase a portion of the outstanding 2.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Trulia, LLC, in privately negotiated transactions. The Company intends to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes. There were no other sales of unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2016. 41 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer None. Performance Graph The following graph compares our cumulative total shareholder return on Zillow Group’s common stock with the NASDAQ Composite Index and the RDG Internet Composite Index. For our Class A common stock, this graph covers the period from December 31, 2011 through December 31, 2016 (adjusted to give effect to the Class C Stock Split). This graph assumes that the value of the investment in Zillow Group’s Class A common stock and each index (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2011. For our Class C capital stock, this graph covers the period from August 3, 2015, using the closing price for the first day of trading during the when-issued trading period prior to the Class C Stock Split, through December 31, 2016. This graph assumes that the value of the investment in Zillow Group’s Class C capital stock (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on August 3, 2015. The information contained in the graph is based on historical data and is not intended to forecast possible future performance. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among Zillow Group, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index and the RDG Internet Composite Index $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 12/11 12/12 12/13 12/14 8/15 12/15 12/16 Zillow Group, Inc. Class A Zillow Group, Inc. Class C NASDAQ Composite RDG Internet Composite *$100 invested on 12/31/11 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends, except Class C capital stock, which date is August 3, 2015. Fiscal year ending December 31. 42 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our previously audited financial statements that are not included herein. We have included Trulia, Inc. in Zillow Group’s results of operations prospectively after February 17, 2015, the date of acquisition. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results to be expected in any future period. We have given retroactive effect to prior period share and per share amounts in our consolidated statements of operations for the August 2015 Class C Stock Split so that prior periods are comparable to current period presentation (see Note 13 of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to the Class C Stock Split). Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 (in thousands, except per share data) Statement of Operations Data: Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 846,589 $ 644,677 $325,893 $197,545 $116,850 Costs and expenses: Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization) (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development (1) General and administrative (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . 71,591 380,919 273,066 313,695 1,423 — (1,251) 61,614 307,089 198,565 170,445 16,576 35,551 4,368 29,461 169,462 84,669 65,503 21,493 — — 18,810 108,891 48,498 37,919 376 — — 14,043 49,105 26,614 20,024 1,267 — — Total costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039,443 794,208 370,588 214,494 111,053 Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (192,854) (22,757) 2,711 (7,408) (149,531) — 1,501 (5,489) Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (220,308) (130) (153,519) 4,645 (44,695) — 1,085 — (43,610) — (16,949) — 385 — (16,564) 4,111 5,797 — 142 — 5,939 — Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (220,438) $(148,874) $ (43,610) $ (12,453) $ 5,939 Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (220,438) $(148,874) $ (43,610) $ (12,453) $ 5,939 Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.22) $ (0.88) $ (0.36) $ (0.12) $ 0.07 Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.22) $ (0.88) $ (0.36) $ (0.12) $ Weighted average shares outstanding—basic . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares outstanding—diluted . . . . . . . 180,149 180,149 169,767 169,767 120,027 120,027 108,087 108,087 0.06 90,582 98,127 (1) Includes share-based compensation as follows: Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,923 $ 23,320 31,466 46,209 — 4,694 $ 25,391 26,849 48,280 14,859 1,844 $ 7,320 11,681 13,240 — 737 $ 10,969 4,660 7,070 — 380 2,433 1,886 1,912 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 106,918 $ 120,073 $ 34,085 $ 23,436 $ 6,611 (2) Amortization of website development costs and intangible assets included in technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 84,951 $ 63,189 $ 29,487 $ 19,791 $ 11,179 43 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 At December 31, (in thousands) Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 506,462 $ 520,289 $455,920 $437,726 $203,483 184,661 Working capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,948 Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307,549 Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities and other long-term 493,672 85,523 3,135,700 230,000 484,564 98,288 3,149,677 367,404 352,141 41,600 649,730 282,903 27,408 608,063 — — — liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,146 2,533,587 132,482 2,679,053 — — — 588,779 567,796 280,317 44 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward- looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors”. Overview of our Business Zillow Group, Inc. operates the leading real estate and home-related information marketplaces on mobile and the web, with a complementary portfolio of brands and products to help people find vital information about homes and connect with local professionals. Zillow Group’s brands focus on all stages of the home lifecycle: renting, buying, selling and financing. The Zillow Group portfolio of consumer brands includes real estate and rental marketplaces Zillow, Trulia, StreetEasy, HotPads and Naked Apartments. In addition, Zillow Group works with tens of thousands of real estate agents, rental and mortgage professionals, helping maximize business opportunities and connect to millions of consumers. We also own and operate a number of brands for real estate, rental and mortgage professionals, including Mortech, dotloop, Bridge Interactive and Retsly. Our living database of more than 110 million U.S. homes—homes for sale, homes for rent and homes not currently on the market—attracts an active and vibrant community of users. Individuals and businesses that use Zillow’s mobile applications and websites have updated information on more than 68 million homes and added more than 456 million home photos, creating exclusive home profiles not available anywhere else. These profiles include detailed information about homes, including property facts, listing information and purchase and sale data. We provide this information to our users where, when and how they want it, through our industry-leading mobile applications that enable consumers to access our information when they are curbside, viewing homes, and through our websites. Using complex, proprietary automated valuation models, we provide current home value estimates, or Zestimates, and current rental price estimates, or Rent Zestimates, on more than 100 million U.S. homes. We generate revenue from the sale of advertising services and our suite of tools to businesses and professionals primarily associated with the residential real estate, rental and mortgage industries. These professionals include local real estate and rental professionals, mortgage professionals and brand advertisers. Our two revenue categories are marketplace revenue and display revenue. Marketplace revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of Premier Agent revenue, other real estate revenue and mortgages revenue. Premier Agent revenue is generated by the sale of advertising under our Premier Agent program, which offers a suite of marketing and business technology products and services to help real estate agents achieve their advertising needs, while growing their businesses and personal brands. Other real estate revenue primarily includes revenue generated by Zillow Group Rentals, which includes our rentals marketplace and suite of tools for rental professionals, as well as revenue from the sale of various other advertising services and a suite of tools to real estate professionals. Mortgages revenue primarily includes advertising sold to mortgage lenders and other mortgage professionals, as well as revenue generated by Mortech, which provides subscription-based mortgage software solutions, including a product and pricing engine and lead management platform. Display revenue primarily consists of graphical mobile and web advertising sold on a cost per thousand impressions or cost-per-click basis to advertisers promoting their brands on our mobile applications and websites and our partner websites. Impressions are delivered when a sold advertisement appears on pages viewed by users of our mobile applications and websites. Effective February 17, 2015, Zillow Group acquired Trulia, Inc. (“Trulia”), and each of Zillow and Trulia became wholly owned subsidiaries of Zillow Group. The total purchase price of Trulia was approximately 45 $2.0 billion. We have included Trulia in Zillow Group’s results of operations prospectively after February 17, 2015, the date of acquisition. Because the Trulia acquisition occurred during the year ended December 31, 2015, the information presented in this report with respect to the year ended December 31, 2015 relates to Zillow on a standalone basis prior to February 17, 2015 and to Zillow Group after February 17, 2015, whereas the information presented in this section with respect to the year ended December 31, 2016 relates to Zillow Group. Results of operations, including marketplace revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2015 include Market Leader revenue from February 17, 2015 through September 30, 2015, the date we divested the Market Leader business, whereas the information presented in this report with respect to the year ended December 31, 2016 does not include Market Leader revenue. As a result, comparisons to the prior-year period may not be indicative of future results or future rates of growth. For additional information regarding the transaction with Trulia, see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. Overview of Significant Milestones and Results The following is a summary of our significant milestones for the year ended December 31, 2016: • • • • • • • • • • In February, we completed the acquisition of Naked Apartments, Inc. (“Naked Apartments”), New York City’s largest rentals-only platform. The total purchase price for the acquisition of Naked Apartments was approximately $13.2 million. Based on the allocation of the purchase price in connection with our acquisition of Naked Apartments, a substantial majority of the purchase price has been allocated to goodwill and intangible assets. For additional information regarding the transaction with Naked Apartments, see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. In February, we launched a new national advertising campaign, “Home.” The campaign featured real people sharing their own personal stories of what makes home special to them. Each spot showcases a different person’s story, and each of their stories illustrates how home is uniquely individual to everyone, yet universally core to our lives. In February, we launched video walkthroughs on for-sale listings, providing home buyers with a new and more immersive way to envision themselves in a home. Video walkthroughs are short videos that give buyers more information about a home’s key features and special attributes than photos alone can provide. In April, we launched Owner Dashboard, a new feature which gives home sellers a detailed view of how home buyers are interacting with their listing on Zillow. Sellers can see, in real time, the number of times their listing has been viewed or saved by potential home buyers, and how that activity compares to similar homes on the market. In June, we launched an update to the Zestimate algorithm, improving accuracy across the country. The updated algorithm is expected to improve the national median error rate from 8% to 4.5% and improve accuracy in 96 of the 100 largest counties in the U.S. In June, we announced the addition of a new feature called Renter Profile, whereby renters searching Zillow can get all of their pertinent information in front of a landlord or property manager faster and easier than ever before. In August, we completed the acquisition of Bridge Interactive Group, LLC (“Bridge Interactive”). Bridge Interactive is a creator of broker and multiple listing service (MLS) back-office software that streamlines the listing management process. For additional information about the acquisition of Bridge Interactive, see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements. In August, we completed the sale of the Diverse Solutions business. In October, we announced the launch of Premier Broker, a new platform designed to streamline the lead acquisition and management process with new tools and services. In November, we launched video walkthroughs on rental listings, providing renters with a new and more immersive way to envision themselves in a rental home. 46 • In December, we announced the closing of our private offering of $460.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”). We used approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to repurchase a portion of the outstanding 2.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 of Trulia, LLC (the “2020 Notes”) in privately negotiated transactions. In addition, we used approximately $36.6 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to pay the cost of the capped call transactions with the initial purchaser of the 2021 Notes and two additional financial institutions (“Capped Call Confirmations”). For additional information regarding the 2021 Notes and the 2020 Notes, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. We have experienced significant revenue growth over the past three years. In 2014, 2015 and 2016 we focused on growing our marketplace revenue, which accounted for the majority of our revenue growth over that period. The increase in marketplace revenue resulted primarily from growth in our Premier Agent program. Our Premier Agent program represents the primary source of our revenue and is more predictable than our other revenue sources. As a greater proportion of our revenue has shifted to marketplace revenue with a corresponding lesser proportion of revenue being display revenue, we believe we are experiencing less quarterly seasonality in our business as compared to prior periods. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, we generated revenue of $846.6 million, $644.7 million and $325.9 million, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of 31%, 98% and 65%, respectively. We believe achieving these levels of revenue growth was primarily the result of significant growth in the following areas: • Traffic to our owned and operated mobile applications and websites—indicated by the average number of monthly unique users for the three months ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 of 140.1, 123.7 and 76.7 million, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of 13%, 61% and 41%, respectively. The growth in traffic in 2015 was primarily due to the inclusion of Trulia after February 17, 2015. We continue to observe strong adoption of mobile devices and the internet by consumers seeking real estate information. As a result, we have invested, and expect to continue to invest, in innovating and expanding our offerings for mobile devices, optimizing for mobile web and launching more applications to extend our brand and products across additional mobile platforms. • Marketplace revenue—due primarily to growth in our Premier Agent program, for which we have generally experienced increases in the average monthly revenue per advertiser. Increases in the average monthly revenue per advertiser were primarily driven by an increase in impression inventory which led to an increase in sales to individual agent advertisers and agent advertiser teams looking to expand their presence on our platform, and in 2015, was also due to our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia. We are currently focused on growing revenue from high producing agent advertisers and agent advertiser teams, who we believe deliver better service to consumers. As we prioritize revenue growth from high producing agent advertisers and deemphasize increasing the overall number of agent advertisers, we expect the number of agent advertisers will decrease. As of December 31, 2016, we had 2,776 full-time employees compared to 2,204 full-time employees as of December 31, 2015. Unique Users To analyze our business performance, determine financial forecasts and help develop long-term strategic plans, we frequently review unique users as a key growth driver. Measuring unique users is important to us because our marketplace revenue depends in part on our ability to enable real estate, rental and mortgage professionals to connect with our users, and our display revenue depends in part on the number of impressions delivered. Furthermore, our community of users improves the quality of our living database of homes with their contributions. We count a unique user the first time an individual accesses one of our mobile applications using a mobile device during a calendar month and the first time an individual accesses one of our websites using a web 47 browser during a calendar month. If an individual accesses our mobile applications using different mobile devices within a given month, the first instance of access by each such mobile device is counted as a separate unique user. If an individual accesses more than one of our mobile applications within a given month, the first access to each mobile application is counted as a separate unique user. If an individual accesses our websites using different web browsers within a given month, the first access by each such web browser is counted as a separate unique user. If an individual accesses more than one of our websites in a single month, the first access to each website is counted as a separate unique user since unique users are tracked separately for each domain. Zillow measures unique users with Google Analytics and Trulia measures unique users with Omniture analytical tools. Beginning on February 17, 2015, the reported monthly unique users reflect the effect of Zillow Group’s February 17, 2015 acquisition of Trulia. Unique Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Monthly Unique Users for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 2015 to 2016 % Change 2014 to 2015 % Change 140,141 (in thousands) 123,658 76,713* 13% 61% * For December 2014, the reported monthly unique user metric was estimated by Zillow based on historical trends by calculating the percentage change in monthly unique users from November 2013 to December 2013 and multiplying that percentage change by the reported November 2014 monthly unique users. Zillow transitioned to an upgraded version of the Google Analytics measurement service, Universal Analytics, in the month of December 2014, on both its mobile application and website platforms. As a result, we are not able to provide an accurate count of the monthly unique users as reported by the service for December 2014. Basis of Presentation Revenue We generate revenue from the sale of advertising services and our suite of tools to businesses and professionals primarily associated with the residential real estate and mortgage industries. These professionals include local real estate and rental professionals, mortgage professionals and brand advertisers. Our two revenue categories are marketplace revenue and display revenue. Marketplace Revenue. Marketplace revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of Premier Agent revenue, other real estate revenue and mortgages revenue. Marketplace revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 also includes Market Leader revenue from February 17, 2015 through the date of divestiture of September 30, 2015. Premier Agent revenue is derived from our Premier Agent program. Our Premier Agent program offers a suite of marketing and business technology products and services to help real estate agents achieve their advertising needs, while growing their businesses and personal brands. All Premier Agents receive access to a dashboard portal on our website that provides individualized program performance analytics and our free customer relationship management, or CRM, tool that captures detailed information about each contact made with a Premier Agent through our mobile and web platforms. From 2012 through the end of the third quarter of 2016, we had primarily charged customers for our Premier Agent product based on the number of impressions delivered on our buyer’s agent list in zip codes purchased and a contracted maximum cost per impression. Our Premier Agent product includes multiple deliverables which are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, as the delivery or performance of the undelivered elements is based on traffic to our mobile applications and websites. With this pricing method, we recognized revenue related to our impression-based Premier Agent product based on the lesser of (i) the actual number of impressions delivered on our buyer’s agent list during the period multiplied by the contracted maximum cost per impression, or (ii) the contractual maximum spend on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered, typically over a period of six months or twelve months and then month-to-month thereafter. 48 In 2016, we began testing and implementation of a new auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product by which we determine the cost per impression delivered in each zip code based upon the total amount spent by Premier Agents to purchase impressions in the zip code during the month. The cost per impression that we charge is dynamic—as demand for impressions in a zip code increases or decreases, the cost per impression in that zip code may be increased or decreased. This new auction-based pricing method complements our self- serve account interface, which we introduced to Premier Agents over the course of 2016. The interface includes account management tools that allow agent advertisers to independently control their budgets, impression buys, and the duration of their advertising commitment. We began testing this auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product to better align our revenue opportunities with increasing traffic levels to our mobile and web platforms and leveraging increasing demand by real estate agents for access to home shoppers who use our mobile applications and websites. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we applied this method broadly to our existing agent advertisers. With this auction-based pricing method, we recognize revenue related to our dynamic impression-based Premier Agent product based on the contractual maximum spend on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. We are unable to predict whether this change to our pricing method will have a material impact on net sales, revenue, or other results of operations. In our history of building our real estate and other information marketplaces and product offerings, we have continually evaluated and utilized various pricing and value delivery strategies in order to better align our revenue opportunities with the growth in usage of our mobile and web platforms. We continue to support some legacy Trulia Premier Agent products, which are primarily sold on a fixed fee subscription basis for periods that generally range from six months to 12 months, and include Trulia Seller Ads, which enable real estate professionals to generate leads from consumers interested in selling their homes. Subscription advertising revenue for Trulia’s products included in Premier Agent revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. Other real estate revenue primarily includes revenue generated by Zillow Group Rentals, which includes our rentals marketplace and suite of tools for rental professionals, as well as revenue from the sale of various other marketing products and a suite of tools to real estate professionals. Rentals revenue primarily includes advertising sold to property managers and other rental professionals on a cost per lead and cost per lease generated basis. We recognize revenue as leads are delivered to rental professionals or as qualified leases are confirmed. Mortgages revenue primarily includes marketing products sold to mortgage professionals on a cost per lead basis, including our Long Form and Custom Quote services. Mortgages revenue also includes revenue generated by Mortech, which provides subscription-based mortgage software solutions, including a product and pricing engine and lead management platform, for which we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. For our Long Form and Custom Quote cost per lead mortgage marketing products, generally participating qualified mortgage professionals make a prepayment to gain access to consumers interested in connecting with mortgage professionals. Through Long Form, consumers answer a series of questions to find a local lender, and mortgage professionals receive consumer contact information. Consumers who request rates for mortgage loans in Custom Quotes are presented with customized quotes from participating mortgage professionals. We only charge mortgage professionals a fee when users contact mortgage professionals through Long Form or Custom Quotes. Mortgage professionals who exhaust their initial prepayment can then prepay additional funds to continue to participate in the marketplace. We recognize revenue when a user contacts a mortgage professional through Zillow Group’s mortgages platform. Market Leader revenue primarily includes revenue from the sale of a comprehensive premium software-as- a-service based marketing product typically sold to real estate professionals as a bundle of products under a fixed fee subscription. Market Leader became part of Zillow Group through Zillow Group’s February 2015 acquisition of Trulia and was divested as of September 30, 2015. Display Revenue. Display revenue primarily consists of graphical mobile and web advertising sold on a cost per thousand impressions or cost-per-click basis to advertisers promoting their brands on our mobile applications 49 and websites and our partner websites and mobile applications, primarily in the real estate industry, including real estate brokerages, multi-family rental professionals, home builders, mortgage professionals and home services providers. Our advertising customers also include telecommunications, automotive, insurance and consumer products companies. Impressions are the number of times an advertisement is loaded on a web page and clicks are the number of times users click on an advertisement. Pricing is primarily based on advertisement size and position on our mobile applications and websites or on our partner websites and mobile applications, and fees are generally billed monthly. We recognize display revenue as clicks occur or as impressions are delivered to users interacting with our mobile applications or websites. Growth in display revenue depends on continuing growth in traffic to our mobile applications and websites, continuing growth in traffic to our partner websites and mobile applications and migration of advertising spend online from traditional broadcast and print media. Costs and Expenses Cost of Revenue. Our cost of revenue consists of expenses related to operating our mobile applications and websites, including associated headcount expenses, such as salaries, benefits, share-based compensation expense and bonuses, as well as credit card fees, ad serving costs paid to third parties, revenue-sharing costs related to our commercial business relationships, multiple listing services fees and costs associated with the operation of our data center and customer websites. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist of advertising costs and other sales expenses related to promotional and marketing activities, as well as headcount expenses, including salaries, commissions, benefits, share-based compensation expense and bonuses for sales, sales support, customer support, marketing and public relations employees. Technology and Development. Technology and development expenses consist of headcount expenses, including salaries, benefits, share-based compensation expense and bonuses for salaried employees and contractors engaged in the design, development and testing of our mobile applications and websites, and equipment and maintenance costs. Technology and development expenses also include amortization costs related to capitalized website and development activities, amortization of certain intangibles and other data agreement costs related to the purchase of data used to populate our mobile applications and websites, and amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist of headcount expenses, including salaries, benefits, share-based compensation expense and bonuses for executive, finance, accounting, legal, human resources, recruiting and administrative support. General and administrative expenses also include legal settlement costs, legal, accounting and other third-party professional service fees and bad debt expense. Acquisition-related Costs. Acquisition-related costs consist of investment banking, legal, accounting, tax, and regulatory filing fees associated with acquisitions. Restructuring Costs. Restructuring costs consist of workforce reduction expenses in connection with a restructuring plan and related contract termination costs related to operating leases as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia. Loss (Gain) on Divestiture of Businesses. The gain on divestiture of business consists of the gain recognized in connection with our August 2016 sale of our Diverse Solutions business. The loss on divestiture of business consists of the loss recognized in connection with our September 2015 sale of the Market Leader business. Loss on Debt Extinguishment The loss on debt extinguishment relates to the partial repurchase of the 2020 Notes in December 2016. 50 Other Income Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Interest Expense Interest expense consists of interest on the 2020 Notes we guaranteed in connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia and interest on the 2021 Notes we issued in December 2016. Interest is payable on the 2020 Notes at the rate of 2.75% semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. Interest is payable on the 2021 Notes at the rate of 2.00% semi-annually on June 1 and December 1 of each year. Income Taxes We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States and in Canada. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we did not have a material amount of current taxable income. We have provided a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 because, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Therefore, no material related tax liability or expense has been recorded in the financial statements. We have accumulated federal tax losses of approximately $893.3 million as of December 31, 2016, which are available to reduce future taxable income. We have accumulated state tax losses of approximately $13.5 million (tax effected) as of December 31, 2016. We recorded an income tax benefit of $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to a deferred tax liability generated in connection with Zillow’s August 20, 2015 acquisition of DotLoop, Inc. that can be used to realize certain deferred tax assets for which we had previously provided a full allowance. 51 Results of Operations The following tables present our results of operations for the periods indicated and as a percentage of total revenue: Statements of Operations Data: Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and expenses: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (in thousands, except per share data) $ 846,589 $ 644,677 $325,893 Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization) (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development (1) General and administrative (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,591 380,919 273,066 313,695 1,423 — (1,251) 61,614 307,089 198,565 170,445 16,576 35,551 4,368 29,461 169,462 84,669 65,503 21,493 — — Total costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039,443 794,208 370,588 Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (192,854) (22,757) 2,711 (7,408) (220,308) (130) (149,531) — 1,501 (5,489) (153,519) 4,645 (44,695) — 1,085 — (43,610) — Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (220,438) $(148,874) $ (43,610) Net loss per share—basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.22) $ (0.88) $ 180,149 169,767 (0.36) 120,027 Other Financial Data: Adjusted EBITDA (unaudited) (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,826 $ 87,564 $ 49,766 (1) Includes share-based compensation as follows: Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,923 23,320 31,466 46,209 — $ 4,694 25,391 26,849 48,280 14,859 $ 1,844 7,320 11,681 13,240 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 106,918 $ 120,073 $ 34,085 (2) Amortization of website development costs and intangible assets included in technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 84,951 $ 63,189 $ 29,487 (3) See “Adjusted EBITDA” below for more information and for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes the impact of the settlement of a lawsuit in June 2016 whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. 52 Percentage of Revenue: Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and expenses: Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit (expense) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 100% 100% 100% 8 45 32 37 0 0 0 123 (23) (3) 0 (1) (26) 0 10 48 31 26 3 6 1 123 (23) 0 0 (1) (24) 1 9 52 26 20 7 0 0 114 (14) 0 0 0 (13) 0 Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (26)% (23)% (13)% Adjusted EBITDA To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed Adjusted EBITDA within this Annual Report on Form 10-K, a non-GAAP financial measure. We have provided a reconciliation below of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. We have included Adjusted EBITDA in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as it is a key metric used by our management and board of directors to measure operating performance and trends and to prepare and approve our annual budget. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating Adjusted EBITDA facilitates operating performance comparisons on a period-to-period basis. Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; • Adjusted EBITDA does not consider the potentially dilutive impact of share-based compensation; • Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impairment of certain acquired intangible assets; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect income taxes; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect acquisition-related costs; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect restructuring costs; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect interest expense or other income; 53 • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the loss on debt extinguishment; and • Other companies, including companies in our own industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net loss and our other GAAP results. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss for each of the periods presented: Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Loss: Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment of certain acquired intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax (benefit) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (in thousands, unaudited) $(220,438) (2,711) 100,590 106,918 1,423 — (1,251) 7,408 22,757 — 130 $(148,874) (1,501) 75,386 105,214 16,576 35,551 4,368 5,489 — — (4,645) $(43,610) (1,085) 35,624 34,085 21,493 — — — — 3,259 — Adjusted EBITDA (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,826 $ 87,564 $ 49,766 (1) Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes the impact of the settlement of a lawsuit in June 2016 whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015 Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 (in thousands) 2015 to 2016 % Change Revenue: Marketplace revenue: Premier Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $604,292 102,635 71,133 — 778,060 68,529 $446,921 35,171 44,263 29,549 555,904 88,773 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $846,589 $644,677 35% 192% 61% N/A 40% (23%) 31% 54 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Percentage of Total Revenue: Marketplace revenue: Premier Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71% 12 8 0 92 8 69% 5 7 5 86 14 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% Overall revenue increased by $201.9 million, or 31%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Marketplace revenue increased by 40%, and display revenue decreased by 23%. Marketplace revenue grew to $778.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $555.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $222.2 million. Marketplace revenue represented 92% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 86% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in marketplace revenue was primarily attributable to the $157.4 million increase in Premier Agent revenue, which was positively impacted by an increase in the number of average monthly unique users of our mobile applications and websites. There were approximately 140.1 million average monthly unique users of our mobile applications and websites for the three months ended December 31, 2016 compared to 123.7 million average monthly unique users for the three months ended December 31, 2015, representing year-over-year growth of 13%. This increase in unique users increased the number of impressions and clicks we could monetize in our Premier Agent marketplace. Premier Agent revenue was also positively impacted by a strategic shift to focus efforts by our sales team on high-performing agent advertisers and to encourage low performing agent advertisers to join more successful agent advertiser teams, which we believe will promote a superior consumer experience. This strategic shift resulted in increased sales to individual agent advertisers and agent advertiser teams looking to expand their presence on our platform and consolidation of the number of agent advertisers. Average monthly revenue per advertiser increased by 18% to $571 for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $482 for the year ended December 31, 2015. We calculate our average monthly revenue per advertiser by dividing the revenue generated by our Premier Agent program in the period by the average number of agent advertisers in the period, divided again by the number of months in the period. The average number of agent advertisers is derived by calculating the average of the beginning and ending number of agent advertisers for the period. We define an agent advertiser as an individual real estate professional or team of professionals with an active advertising contract at the end of a period. There was a decrease in agent advertisers to 84,151 as of December 31, 2016 from 92,366 as of December 31, 2015, as we continued to encourage low performing agent advertisers to join more successful agent advertiser teams. We expect this decrease in agent advertisers will lower our selling costs over time. Beginning on February 17, 2015, the reported agent advertisers reflect the effect of Zillow Group’s February 17, 2015 acquisition of Trulia. As discussed above, during the year ended December 31, 2016, we began meaningful testing and implementation of a new auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product, our flagship advertising product, by which we determine the cost per impression delivered in each zip code in a dynamic way based on demand for impressions in that zip code. We continue to evaluate this pricing method, and in the fourth quarter of 2016, we applied this method broadly to our existing agent advertisers. At this early stage, we are unable to determine how the new pricing method will impact Premier Agent revenue. 55 The increase in marketplace revenue was also attributable to growth in other real estate revenue, which increased by $67.5 million, or 192%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in other real estate revenue was primarily a result of a 124% increase in revenue generated by Zillow Group Rentals. Growth in Zillow Group Rentals revenue was primarily attributable to increases in consumer adoption of our rentals information marketplaces, which in turn increased the likelihood of a lead or lease that we monetize, and advertiser adoption of our cost per lead and cost per lease advertising products, as well as enhancements to our marketing products that improve the ways in which consumers and advertisers connect through the Zillow Group Rentals marketplace. The increase in marketplace revenue was also attributable to growth in mortgages revenue, which increased by $26.9 million, or 61%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in mortgages revenue was primarily a result of a 153% increase in our average revenue per loan information request for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in average revenue per loan information request was primarily a result of our flagship mortgage advertising platform, Long Form, which yields higher revenue than our other mortgage advertising products, and increased consumer adoption of Long Form, which was driven by product enhancements that allow us to monetize our mortgages products more efficiently. There were approximately 29.9 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 46.8 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of 36%. We believe the decrease in the number of loan information requests submitted by consumers is due to our strategic decision to improve loan information request quality by requiring consumers to provide more information before a loan information request is submitted. We believe our mortgage product feature change creates a better experience for consumers and more valuable loan information requests for our lender advertisers. During the first half of 2015 we changed the pricing model for our mortgage advertising products from cost-per- click to cost-per-lead, which also may have contributed to growth in mortgages revenue. Display revenue was $68.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $88.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $20.2 million. Display revenue represented 8% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 14% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in display revenue is primarily a result of our strategy to deemphasize display advertising in the user experience and instead focus on growth in marketplace revenue. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue was $71.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $61.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $10.0 million, or 16%. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a $6.5 million increase in data center and connectivity costs, increased headcount-related expenses of $6.1 million, including share-based compensation expense, driven by growth in headcount, and a $3.6 million increase in credit card and ad serving fees, which were partially offset by a $4.2 million decrease in printing costs and costs to generate leads for customers related to the Market Leader business that we divested on September 30, 2015, a $1.3 million decrease in revenue share costs, and a $0.7 million decrease in multiple listing services fees. We expect our cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future years as we continue to incur more expenses that are associated with growth in revenue. Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expenses were $380.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $307.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $73.8 million, or 24%. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily attributable to increased headcount-related expenses of $45.9 million, including share-based compensation expense, due primarily to significant growth in the size of our sales team. 56 In addition to the increase in headcount-related expenses, marketing and advertising expenses increased by $21.6 million, primarily related to advertising spend to acquire shoppers across online and offline channels, which supports our growth initiatives. We also incurred a $3.6 million increase in tradeshow and conferences expense, including related travel costs, a $1.0 million increase in software and connectivity costs, a $0.9 million increase in depreciation expense, and a $0.8 million increase in various miscellaneous expenses. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future years as we continue to expand our sales team and invest more resources in extending our audience through marketing and advertising initiatives. Technology and Development Technology and development expenses, which include research and development costs, were $273.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $198.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $74.5 million, or 38%. Approximately $36.1 million of the increase related to growth in headcount- related expenses, including share-based compensation expense, as we continue to grow our engineering headcount to support current and future product initiatives. Approximately $17.8 million of the increase related to an increase in amortization of website development costs and software. The increase in technology and development expenses was also attributable to a $9.2 million increase in other non-capitalizable data content expense, a $5.3 million increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets, a $2.5 million increase in loss on disposal of property and equipment, a $2.2 million increase in software, hardware and connectivity costs, a $2.0 million increase in depreciation expense, and a $0.7 million increase in various miscellaneous expenses, which were partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in amortization of purchased content. Amortization expense included in technology and development for capitalized website development costs and software was $41.7 million and $23.9 million, respectively, the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Amortization expense included in technology and development related to intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions was $38.7 million and $33.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Other data content expense was $25.5 million and $16.2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Amortization expense included in technology and development for purchased data content intangible assets was $4.6 million and $5.9 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We expect our technology and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars over time as we continue to build new mobile and website functionality. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses were $313.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $170.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $143.3 million, or 84%. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily a result of the settlement of a lawsuit with Move, Inc. and certain other parties in June 2016 whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. The increase in general and administrative expenses was also a result of a $10.3 million increase in headcount-related expenses, including share-based compensation expense, including the impact of growth in headcount as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, a $4.3 million increase in building lease-related expenses including rent, utilities and insurance, and a $0.4 million increase in various miscellaneous expenses, which were partially offset by a $1.7 million decrease in professional services fees. We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease in absolute dollars in the near term as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 because general and administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2016 reflect the impact of the $130.0 million lawsuit settlement discussed above. 57 Acquisition-Related Costs Acquisition-related costs were $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as a result of our February 2016 acquisition of Naked Apartments and our August 2016 acquisition of Bridge Interactive, including legal, accounting and tax fees. Acquisition-related costs were $16.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, including investment banking, legal, accounting, tax, and regulatory filing fees. Restructuring Costs There were no restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2016. Restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $35.6 million. On February 17, 2015, in connection with the February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, Zillow Group undertook a restructuring plan that resulted in a total workforce reduction of nearly 350 employees, primarily to eliminate overlapping positions in the sales and marketing functions related to Trulia’s workforce at its Bellevue, Denver, New York and San Francisco locations. The restructuring plan was a result of the integration of Trulia’s business and operations with and into Zillow Group’s business. Employees directly affected by the restructuring plan were provided with severance payments, stock vesting acceleration and outplacement assistance. As of December 31, 2015, the restructuring plan was complete. Loss (Gain) on Divestiture of Businesses The gain on divestiture of business was $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and relates to the August 2016 sale of our Diverse Solutions business. The loss on divestiture of business was $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and relates to the September 2015 sale of our Market Leader business. Loss on Debt Extinguishment The loss on debt extinguishment was $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and relates to the partial repurchase of the 2020 Notes in December 2016. Interest Expense Interest expense was $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The interest expense for each year primarily relates to the 2020 Notes that we guaranteed in connection with the February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, which accrue interest at 2.75% annually. On December 12, 2016, Zillow Group issued the 2021 Notes. The 2021 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.00% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2017. As a result of the issuance of the 2021 Notes, we expect that our interest expense will increase in future periods related to the contractual coupon interest and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs that will be recognized in interest expense. For additional information regarding the 2020 Notes and the 2021 Notes, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. Income Taxes During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we did not have a material amount of current taxable income. Therefore, no material tax liability or expense has been recorded in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We recorded an income tax benefit of $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to a deferred tax liability generated in connection with Zillow’s August 20, 2015 acquisition of DotLoop, Inc. that can be used to realize certain deferred tax assets for which we had previously provided a full allowance. 58 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014 Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 (in thousands) 2014 to 2015 % Change Revenue: Marketplace revenue: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premier Agent Other real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $446,921 35,171 44,263 29,549 555,904 88,773 $224,248 14,791 28,203 — 267,242 58,651 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $644,677 $325,893 99% 138% 57% N/A 108% 51% 98% Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Percentage of Total Revenue: Marketplace revenue: Premier Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69% 5 7 5 86 14 69% 5 9 0 82 18 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% Overall revenue increased by $318.8 million, or 98%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Marketplace revenue increased by 108%, and display revenue increased by 51%. Marketplace revenue grew to $555.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $267.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $288.7 million. Marketplace revenue represented 86% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 82% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in marketplace revenue was primarily attributable to the $222.7 million increase in Premier Agent revenue, which, in turn, was primarily attributable to our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia. The inclusion of Trulia agent advertisers contributed to growth in the number of agent advertisers to 92,366 as of December 31, 2015 from 62,305 as of December 31, 2014, representing growth of 48%. Premier Agent revenue was also positively impacted by a strategic shift to focus efforts by our sales team on high- performing agent advertisers. This strategic shift resulted in increased sales to agent advertisers looking to expand their presence on our platform. Average monthly revenue per advertiser increased by 43% to $482 for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $338 for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in average monthly revenue per advertiser was primarily driven by an increase in impression inventory, which led to an increase in sales to existing agent advertisers looking to expand their presence on our platform, and was also due to our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia. The increase in marketplace revenue was also attributable to growth in mortgages revenue, which increased by $16.1 million, or 57%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in mortgages revenue was primarily a result of an increase in the number of loan information 59 requests submitted by consumers, which reflects the inclusion of loan information requests submitted by consumers through Trulia after February 17, 2015. There were approximately 46.8 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 25.7 million mortgage loan information requests submitted by consumers for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of 82%. The growth in loan information requests submitted by consumers increases the likelihood that consumers’ contact information will be converted into leads, but there is not a direct correlation between the number of loan information requests and mortgages revenue because loan information requests do not always result in revenue recognition. During the first half of 2015 we changed the pricing model for our mortgage advertising products from cost-per-click to cost-per-lead, which also may have contributed to growth in mortgages revenue. The increase in marketplace revenue was also attributable to the addition of Market Leader revenue following our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia. Market Leader revenue was $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Market Leader revenue is included in our results of operations from February 17, 2015 through the date of its divestiture on September 30, 2015. Display revenue was $88.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $58.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $30.1 million. Display revenue represented 14% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 18% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in display revenue was primarily the result of an increase in the number of unique users to our mobile applications and websites, which increased to 123.7 million average monthly unique users for the three months ended December 31, 2015 from 76.7 million average monthly unique users for the three months ended December 31, 2014, representing growth of 61%. The growth in unique users was primarily due to our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, which increased the number of graphical display impressions available for sale and advertiser demand for graphical display inventory. Although there is a relationship between the number of average monthly unique users and display revenue, there is not a direct correlation, as we do not sell our entire display inventory each period and some of our inventory is sold through networks and not directly through our sales team, which impacts the cost per impression we charge to customers. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue was $61.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $32.2 million, or 109%. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to increased headcount-related expenses of $9.2 million, including share-based compensation expense, driven by growth in headcount, including the impact of growth in headcount as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, increased credit card and ad serving fees of $8.5 million, an $8.0 million increase in data center and connectivity costs, a $3.1 million increase in costs to generate leads for customers related to the Market Leader business, a $1.1 million increase in print expenses related to the Market Leader business, a $0.6 million increase in multiple listing service fees, a $0.4 million increase in revenue share costs, and a $1.3 million increase in miscellaneous cost of revenue expenses. Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expenses were $307.1 million for year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $169.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $137.6 million, or 81%. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily attributable to increased headcount-related expenses of $88.6 million, including share-based compensation expense, including the impact of growth in headcount as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, which resulted in significant growth in the size of our sales team. In addition to the increases in headcount-related expenses, marketing and advertising expenses increased by $33.3 million, primarily related to advertising spend to acquire shoppers across online and offline channels, which supports our growth initiatives. 60 We also incurred a $4.8 million increase in software and connectivity costs, a $4.7 million increase in tradeshow and conferences expense, including related travel costs, a $4.2 million increase in consulting costs, a $1.2 million increase in depreciation expense, and a $0.8 million increase in miscellaneous sales and marketing expenses. Technology and Development Technology and development expenses, which include research and development costs, were $198.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $84.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $113.9 million, or 135%. Approximately $50.0 million of the increase related to growth in headcount- related expenses, including share-based compensation expense, including the impact of growth in headcount as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, as we continue to grow our engineering headcount to support current and future product initiatives. Approximately $27.3 million of the increase was the result of increased amortization of acquired intangible assets, primarily as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia. The increase in technology and development expenses was also attributable to a $15.5 million increase in other non- capitalizable data content expense, a $6.4 million increase in amortization related to website development costs and purchased content, a $4.5 million increase in depreciation expense, a $4.3 million increase in consulting costs, a $3.2 million increase in software, hardware and connectivity costs, a $0.9 million increase in repairs and maintenance expense, a $0.8 million increase in travel and meals expense, a $0.7 million increase in dues and subscriptions, and a $0.3 million increase in various miscellaneous expenses. Amortization expense included in technology and development related to intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions was $33.4 million and $6.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Amortization expense included in technology and development for capitalized website development costs was $23.9 million and $18.3 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Other data content expense was $16.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Amortization expense included in technology and development for purchased data content intangible assets was $5.9 million and $5.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses were $170.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $65.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $104.9 million, or 160%. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily a result of a $49.2 million increase in headcount-related expenses, including share-based compensation expense, driven primarily by growth in headcount in shared corporate services to support our engineering and other teams, including the impact of growth in headcount as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, and increases in compensation, and a $35.4 million increase in professional services fees, including legal fees incurred in connection with the legal proceedings. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we incurred $27.1 million in legal costs related to our litigation with Move, Inc. In addition to the increases in headcount-related expenses and professional services fees, general and administrative expenses increased as a result of a $10.6 million increase in building lease-related expenses including rent, utilities and insurance, a $3.0 million increase in consulting costs, a $2.9 million increase in travel and meals expense, a $2.0 million increase in software, hardware, and connectivity costs, a $0.7 million increase in bad debt expense, a $0.5 million increase in city and state taxes and a $0.6 million increase in various other miscellaneous expenses. Acquisition-Related Costs Acquisition-related costs were $16.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia and our August 2015 acquisition of DotLoop, Inc., including legal, 61 accounting and tax fees. Acquisition-related costs were $21.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 as a result of our acquisition of Trulia. Restructuring Costs Restructuring costs were $35.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. On February 17, 2015, in connection with the February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, Zillow Group undertook a restructuring plan that resulted in a total workforce reduction of nearly 350 employees, primarily to eliminate overlapping positions in the sales and marketing functions related to Trulia’s workforce at its Bellevue, Denver, New York and San Francisco locations. The restructuring plan was a result of the integration of Trulia’s business and operations with and into Zillow Group’s business. Employees directly affected by the restructuring plan were provided with severance payments, stock vesting acceleration and outplacement assistance. As of December 31, 2015, the restructuring plan was substantially complete. Primarily as a result of the restructuring plan, Zillow Group recorded a restructuring charge of approximately $35.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, including approximately $12.2 million for severance and other personnel related expenses, approximately $14.9 million of non-cash expenses relating to stock vesting acceleration or a reduced remaining requisite service period, and approximately $8.2 million for contract termination costs associated with certain operating leases. Zillow Group recognized certain contract termination costs primarily associated with Trulia’s Bellevue operating lease, as well as Zillow’s San Francisco operating lease, as Zillow’s employees in San Francisco were relocated into Trulia’s San Francisco office space. The restructuring costs for contract termination costs include approximately $4.0 million primarily related to the write-off of certain leasehold improvements. Loss on Divestiture of Business The loss on divestiture of business was $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and relates to the September 2015 sale of our Market Leader business. Interest Expense Interest expense was $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The interest expense relates to the 2020 Notes that we guaranteed in connection with the February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, which accrue interest at 2.75% annually. For additional information regarding the 2020 Notes, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. Income Taxes During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we did not have a material amount of current reportable taxable income. Therefore, no tax liability or expense has been recorded in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. We recorded an income tax benefit of approximately $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily due to the deferred tax liability generated in connection with Zillow’s August 20, 2015 acquisition of DotLoop, Inc. that can be used to realize certain deferred tax assets for which we had previously provided a full valuation allowance. Quarterly Results of Operations The following tables set forth our unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for each of the periods presented below. In the opinion of management, the data has been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and reflects all necessary adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the data. The 62 results of historical periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations of any future period. You should read the data together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have included Trulia, Inc. in Zillow Group’s results of operations prospectively after February 17, 2015, the date of acquisition. We have given retroactive effect to prior period share and per share amounts in our consolidated statements of operations for the August 2015 Class C Stock Split so that prior periods are comparable to current period presentation (see Note 13 of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to the Class C Stock Split). December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 (in thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended $227,612 $224,592 $ 208,403 $185,982 $169,370 $176,765 $171,269 $127,273 19,665 90,109 18,254 92,794 17,220 99,256 16,452 98,760 15,105 77,817 16,453 82,044 17,037 87,942 13,019 59,286 Statement of Operations Data: Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and expenses: Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization) (1)(2) . . . . . Sales and marketing (1) . . . . Technology and development (1) . . . . . . . . 72,057 69,171 67,421 64,417 55,782 53,718 51,740 37,325 General and administrative (1) . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . Restructuring costs (1) . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total costs and 42,536 533 — 37,690 93 — 179,632 204 — 53,837 593 — 45,939 432 409 42,672 1,988 3,425 43,810 1,679 6,652 38,024 12,477 25,065 — (1,251) — — 225 4,143 — — expenses . . . . . . . . . . 224,900 216,751 363,733 234,059 195,709 204,443 208,860 185,196 Income (loss) from operations . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,712 (22,757) 716 (2,668) 7,841 — 561 (1,595) (155,330) — 753 (1,572) (48,077) — 681 (1,573) (26,339) — 416 (1,589) (27,678) — 366 (1,590) (37,591) — 450 (1,580) (57,923) — 269 (730) Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit (expense) . . . . (21,997) (1,494) 6,807 — (156,149) — (48,969) 1,364 (27,512) 1,792 (28,902) 2,853 (38,721) — (58,384) — Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (23,491) $ 6,807 $(156,149) $ (47,605) $ (25,720) $ (26,049) $ (38,721) $ (58,384) Net income (loss) per share— basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.13) $ 0.04 $ (0.87) $ (0.27) $ (0.14) $ (0.15) $ (0.22) $ (0.40) Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic . . . . . . . . . . 181,852 180,583 179,451 178,686 178,020 177,098 176,142 147,390 Weighted-average shares outstanding—diluted . . . . . . . . 181,852 189,661 179,451 178,686 178,020 177,098 176,142 147,390 Other Financial Data: Adjusted EBITDA (3) . . . . . . . . . $ 54,749 $ 59,463 $(101,260) $ 1,874 $ 20,394 $ 29,477 $ 21,039 $ 16,654 63 December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 Three Months Ended (in thousands) (1) Includes share-based compensation as follows: Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . Technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . $ 1,553 5,754 $ 1,524 5,968 $ 1,627 $ 1,219 5,203 6,395 $ 1,254 4,952 $ 1,378 7,446 $ 1,110 $ 8,784 952 4,209 8,306 10,153 — 8,035 11,758 — 8,366 11,928 — 6,759 12,370 — 6,436 11,670 (204) 7,642 11,549 1,059 7,005 12,981 3,584 5,766 12,080 10,420 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,766 $27,285 $28,316 $25,551 $24,108 $29,074 $33,464 $33,427 (2) Amortization of website development costs and intangible assets included in technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,130 $21,917 $20,845 $20,059 $17,885 $16,405 $17,117 $11,782 (3) See “Adjusted EBITDA” below for more information and for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended June 30, 2016 includes the impact of the settlement of a lawsuit in June 2016 whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. The following tables present our revenue by type and as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented: December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 Three Months Ended (in thousands) Revenue: Marketplace revenue: Premier Agent . . . . . . . Other real estate . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader . . . . . . . $164,335 29,788 16,512 — $158,322 28,799 19,775 — $147,106 $134,529 17,978 16,454 — 26,070 18,392 — $124,396 12,164 11,688 5 $119,448 10,214 12,624 10,957 $115,185 $ 87,892 5,420 9,558 6,057 7,373 10,393 12,530 Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . 210,635 16,977 206,896 17,696 191,568 168,961 17,021 16,835 148,253 21,117 153,243 23,522 145,481 108,927 18,346 25,788 Total revenue . . . . $227,612 $224,592 $208,403 $185,982 $169,370 $176,765 $171,269 $127,273 December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 Three Months Ended Percentage of Revenue: Marketplace revenue: Premier Agent . . . . . . . Other real estate . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader . . . . . . . Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . 72% 13 7 0 93 7 70% 13 9 0 92 8 71% 13 9 0 92 8 72% 10 9 0 91 9 73% 7 7 0 88 12 68% 6 7 6 87 13 67% 4 6 7 85 15 69% 4 8 5 86 14 Total revenue . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 64 Total revenue increased sequentially in all quarters presented with the exception of the three months ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in revenue in the three months ended December 31, 2015 is primarily due to the impact of the divestiture of the Market Leader business in September 2015, as there is de minimis revenue recorded related to the Market Leader business during the three months ended December 31, 2015. In general, the strong increase in consumer adoption of our mobile applications and websites in the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was reflected in the significant growth in unique users, which resulted in increased impression inventory, leads, and graphical display impressions we could monetize through our advertising products. The composition of revenue continues to shift from display revenue to marketplace revenue, as we continue to dedicate more of our advertising placements on search, map and home detail pages to our information marketplace products, which provide consumers with services that are directly relevant to home- related searches. As a greater proportion of our revenue has shifted to marketplace revenue, with a corresponding lesser proportion of revenue being display revenue, we believe we are experiencing less quarterly seasonality in our business as compared to prior periods. The following table presents our average monthly revenue per advertiser for the periods presented: December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 Three Months Ended Average monthly revenue per advertiser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $632 $585 $536 $487 $438 $402 $375 $354 Average monthly revenue per advertiser increased sequentially during each of the quarterly periods presented in the table above. In each of the periods, we believe the increase in average monthly revenue per advertiser was primarily driven by a strategic shift to focus efforts by our sales team on high-performing agent advertisers, and an increase in impression inventory, which led to an increase in sales to individual agent advertisers and agent advertiser teams looking to expand their presence on our platform, as well as consolidation of the number of agent advertisers into agent advertiser teams. 65 amortization expense . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt Adjusted EBITDA The following table sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for each of the periods presented below. See “Adjusted EBITDA” under “Results of Operations” above in this Item 7 for additional information about why we have included Adjusted EBITDA in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and how we use Adjusted EBITDA. December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 Three Months Ended (in thousands) Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income (Loss): Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . $(23,491) Other income . . . . . . . . . . . (716) Depreciation and $ 6,807 (561) $(156,149) $(47,605) $(25,720) (416) (681) (753) $(26,049) $(38,721) $(58,384) (269) (450) (366) 25,738 25,495 25,550 23,807 21,355 19,584 20,419 14,028 25,766 27,285 28,316 25,551 24,312 28,015 29,880 23,007 533 — — 2,668 93 — 204 — 593 — (1,251) 1,595 — 1,572 — 1,573 432 409 225 1,589 1,988 3,425 4,143 1,590 — 1,679 6,652 — 1,580 — — 12,477 25,065 — 730 — — extinguishment . . . . . . . . 22,757 Income tax (benefit) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,494 — — — — Adjusted EBITDA — — (1,364) (1,792) (2,853) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 54,749 $59,463 $(101,260) $ 1,874 $ 20,394 $ 29,477 $ 21,039 $ 16,654 (1) Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended June 30, 2016 includes the impact of the settlement of a lawsuit in June 2016 whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. Unique Users The following tables set forth our unique users for each of the periods presented below. Refer to “Unique Users” above in this Item 7 for information about how we measure unique users. The average number of unique users has historically peaked during the three months ended June 30 or September 30, consistent with seasonal variances of home sales which generally peak in the spring and summer months. Because the number of unique users may impact impression inventory, leads to real estate professionals, and graphical display inventory which we monetize, this variance in the average number of unique users may result in seasonality of revenue. Average for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 (in thousands) December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 Unique Users . . . . . . . . . . . 140,141 164,526 168,700 156,166 123,658 142,121 140,959 109,912 66 Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments of $507.5 million and $523.3 million, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents balances consist of operating cash on deposit with financial institutions, money market funds and certificates of deposit with original maturities of three months or less. Investments as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 consisted of fixed income securities, which include U.S. government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, municipal securities, foreign government securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. Amounts on deposit with third-party financial institutions exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation insurance limits, as applicable. We believe that cash from operations and cash, cash equivalents and investment balances will be sufficient to meet our ongoing operating activities, working capital, capital expenditures and other capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. On February 17, 2015, we acquired Trulia in a stock-for-stock transaction. The total purchase price of Trulia was approximately $2.0 billion. We have included Trulia’s results of operations prospectively after February 17, 2015, the date of acquisition. Our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia had a significant impact on our liquidity, financial position and results of operations. Trulia contributes to revenue, but we also incurred significant acquisition-related and other expenses, primarily in 2014 and 2015. Further, as a result of the acquisition, Zillow Group entered into a supplemental indenture in respect of the 2020 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $230.0 million, which supplemental indenture provides, among other things, that, at the effective time of the Trulia acquisition, (i) each outstanding 2020 Note is no longer convertible into shares of Trulia common stock and is convertible solely into shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock, pursuant to, and in accordance with, the terms of the indenture governing the 2020 Notes, and (ii) Zillow Group guaranteed all of the obligations of Trulia under the 2020 Notes and related indenture. The aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes is due on December 15, 2020 if not earlier converted or redeemed. Interest is payable on the 2020 Notes at the rate of 2.75% semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. In December 2016, the Company used approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes discussed below to repurchase $219.9 million aggregate principal of the 2020 Notes in privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase of the 2020 Notes was accounted for as a debt extinguishment, and the consideration transferred was allocated between the liability and equity components by determining the intrinsic value of the conversion option immediately prior to the debt extinguishment and allocating that portion of the repurchase price to additional paid-in capital for $127.6 million with the residual repurchase price allocated to the liability component. The repurchase of $219.9 million aggregate principal of the 2020 Notes resulted in the recognition of a $22.8 million loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2016. Holders of the 2020 Notes may convert all or any portion of their notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date. In connection with the supplemental indenture in respect of the 2020 Notes, the conversion ratio immediately prior to the effective time of the Trulia Merger of 27.8303 shares of Trulia common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes was adjusted to 12.3567 shares of our Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes based on the exchange ratio of 0.444 per the Merger Agreement. This was equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $80.93 per share of our Class A common stock. In connection with the August 2015 distribution of shares of our Class C capital stock as a dividend to our Class A and Class B common shareholders, the conversion ratio has been further adjusted to 41.4550 shares of Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $24.12 per share of our Class A common stock. The conversion ratio will be adjusted for certain dilutive events and will be increased in the case of corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing the notes). The conversion option of the 2020 Notes has no cash settlement provisions. The conversion option does not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as it is indexed to our own stock. 67 The 2020 Notes are redeemable, at our option, in whole or in part on or after December 20, 2018, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class A common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period. For additional information regarding the 2020 Notes, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, we completed the acquisition of Naked Apartments. The total purchase price for the acquisition of Naked Apartments was approximately $13.2 million, which was primarily paid in cash. A substantial majority of the purchase price for Naked Apartments has been allocated to goodwill and intangible assets. In June 2016, we settled a lawsuit with Move, Inc. and certain other parties whereby the Company paid $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. For additional information about the settlement of this lawsuit, please refer to Part I, Item 3. In October 2016, we purchased a 10% equity interest in a variable interest entity within the real estate industry for $10.0 million. For additional information regarding the equity interest, see Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements. In December 2016, Zillow Group issued $460.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2021 Notes, which amount includes the exercise in full of the $60.0 million over-allotment option, to Citigroup Global Markets Inc. as the initial purchaser of the 2021 Notes in a private offering to the initial purchaser in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) for resale to qualified institutional buyers as defined in, and pursuant to, Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The 2021 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.00% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2017. The 2021 Notes are convertible into cash, shares of our Class C capital stock or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election. The 2021 Notes will mature on December 1, 2021, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed, or converted in accordance with their terms. The Company incurred transaction costs of approximately $12.2 million related to the issuance of the 2021 Notes, including approximately $11.5 million in fees to the initial purchaser, which amount was paid out of the gross proceeds from the note offering. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes were approximately $447.8 million, after deducting fees and expenses. The Company used approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to repurchase a portion of the outstanding 2020 Notes in privately negotiated transactions. In addition, the Company used approximately $36.6 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to pay the cost of Capped Call Confirmations as discussed further below. The Company intends to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2021, the 2021 Notes are convertible at the option of the holders of the 2021 Notes only under certain conditions. On or after September 1, 2021, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders of the 2021 Notes may convert their 2021 Notes at their option at the conversion rate then in effect, irrespective of these conditions. The Company will settle conversions of the 2021 Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of Class C capital stock, or a combination of cash and shares of Class C capital stock, at its election. The conversion rate will initially be 19.0985 shares of Class C capital stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2021 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $52.36 per share of Class C capital stock). The conversion rate is subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. The Company may redeem for cash all or part of the 2021 Notes, at its option, on or after December 6, 2019, under certain circumstances at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date (as defined in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes). The conversion option does not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as it is indexed to our own stock. 68 We may not redeem the 2021 Notes prior to December 6, 2019. We may redeem the 2021 Notes for cash, at our option, in whole or in part on or after December 6, 2019, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class C capital stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period. For additional information regarding the 2021 Notes, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. The following table presents selected cash flow data for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (in thousands) Cash Flow Data: Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,645 (65,719) 71,528 $22,659 64,441 16,273 $ 45,519 (145,437) 23,923 Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash received from real estate professionals, mortgage professionals, rental professionals and brand advertisers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include payments for marketing and advertising activities and employee benefits and compensation. Additionally, uses of cash from operating activities include costs associated with operating our mobile applications and websites and other general corporate expenditures. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash provided by operating activities was $8.6 million. This was driven by a net loss of $220.4 million, including the impact of the settlement of a lawsuit for $130.0 million in June 2016, adjusted by share-based compensation expense of $106.9 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $100.6 million, a loss on debt extinguishment of $22.8 million, a loss on disposal of property and equipment of $3.7 million, an increase in bad debt expense of $2.7 million, an increase in the balance of deferred rent of $1.7 million, amortization of bond premium of $1.5 million, a $1.4 million gain on the divestiture of a business, a $1.4 million non-cash change in the valuation allowance related to a deferred tax liability generated in connection with our February 2016 acquisition of Naked Apartments, and amortization of the discount and issuance costs on the 2021 Notes of $0.9 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities decreased cash provided by operating activities by $8.9 million. The decrease in operating assets and liabilities is primarily due to a $13.3 million decrease in accounts receivable driven by the timing of payments received, a $13.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets driven by the timing of payments made, and a $12.5 million increase in accrued compensation and benefits due primarily to an increase in sales commissions driven by increased sales as well as the timing of payroll. For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash provided by operating activities was $22.7 million. This was driven by a net loss of $148.9 million, adjusted by share-based compensation expense of $105.2 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $75.4 million, non-cash restructuring costs of $19.0 million, a $3.9 million non-cash loss on divestiture of businesses, net, bad debt expense of $3.2 million, a $2.9 million non- cash change in the valuation allowance related to a deferred tax liability generated in connection with our acquisition of DotLoop, Inc., an increase in the balance of deferred rent of $2.6 million, amortization of bond premium of $2.5 million, and a loss on disposal of property and equipment of $1.4 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities decreased cash provided by operating activities by $38.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2014, net cash provided by operating activities was $45.5 million. This was driven by a net loss of $43.6 million, adjusted by depreciation and amortization expense of $35.6 million, share-based compensation expense of $34.1 million, an increase in the balance of deferred rent of $4.4 million, amortization of bond premium of $3.5 million, impairment of certain acquired intangible assets of $3.3 million, 69 bad debt expense of $2.5 million and a loss on disposal of property and equipment of $0.5 million. Primarily due to the increase in accrued expenses and accounts payable since December 31, 2013, which, in turn, were primarily a result of increased legal and advertising spend and related consulting costs, changes in operating assets and liabilities increased cash provided by operating activities by $5.2 million. Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Investing Activities Our primary investing activities include the purchase and sale or maturity of investments, the purchase of property and equipment and intangible assets, the purchase of a cost method investment, net cash acquired or cash paid in connection with acquisitions, and proceeds from divestitures of businesses. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash used in investing activities was $65.7 million. This was primarily the result of $71.7 million of purchases for property and equipment and intangible assets, $16.3 million paid in connection with our February 2016 acquisition of Naked Apartments and our August 2016 acquisition of Bridge Interactive, $10.0 million related to the purchase of a cost method investment, partially offset by $27.2 million of net maturities and sales of investments, $3.2 million in proceeds from the divestiture of a business and a $2.0 million decrease in restricted cash. For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash provided by investing activities was $64.4 million. This was primarily the result of $173.4 million of net cash acquired in connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, $36.0 million of net proceeds from maturities and sales of investments, and $23.4 million in proceeds from the divestiture of businesses, partially offset by $104.2 million paid in connection with our acquisition of DotLoop, Inc., $68.1 million of purchases for property and equipment and intangible assets and a $3.9 million decrease in restricted cash. For the year ended December 31, 2014, net cash used in investing activities was $145.4 million. This was the result of $97.7 million of net purchases of investments, $44.2 million of purchases for property and equipment and intangible assets, and $3.5 million paid in connection with an acquisition. The increases in capital expenditures and intangible assets during all three periods reflect our continued investments in support of business growth. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our business to provide for the continued innovation in our products and services in 2017 and thereafter. Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities has, in the past, primarily resulted from the exercise of employee option awards and equity awards withheld for tax liabilities, and for the year ended December 31, 2016, also include proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes, premiums paid for Capped Call Confirmations, and cash paid for the partial repurchase of the 2020 Notes. The proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes, net of issuance costs, were $447.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company also paid approximately $36.6 million in premiums for certain Capped Call Confirmations in December 2016. The Company used approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to repurchase $219.9 million aggregate principal of the 2020 Notes in privately negotiated transactions. The proceeds from the exercise of option awards for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $31.2 million. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately $0.6 million of equity awards were withheld for tax liabilities. The proceeds from the exercise of option awards for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $24.4 million. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2015, approximately $8.2 million of equity awards were withheld for tax liabilities. 70 For the year ended December 31, 2014, our financing activities resulted entirely from the exercise of employee option awards. The proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of option awards for the year ended December 31, 2014 were $23.9 million. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements other than outstanding surety bonds issued for our benefit of approximately $3.6 million as of December 31, 2016 and $3.4 million as of December 31, 2015. We do not believe that the surety bonds will have a material effect on our liquidity, capital resources, market risk support or credit risk support. For additional information regarding the surety bonds, see Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements under the subsection titled “Surety Bonds”. Contractual Obligations The following table provides a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016: Payment Due By Period Total Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More Than 5 Years 2021 Notes (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest on 2021 Notes (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 Notes (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest on 2020 Notes (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease obligations (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase obligations (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $460,000 147,984 10,137 1,116 171,461 120,341 (in thousands, unaudited) $ — $ — $460,000 62,192 58,614 27,178 10,137 — — 558 279 279 45,654 45,905 22,122 19,250 66,250 34,841 $ — — — — 57,780 — Total contractual obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $911,039 $84,420 $171,327 $597,512 $57,780 (1) The aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes is due on December 1, 2021 if not earlier converted or redeemed. (2) The stated interest rate on the 2021 Notes is 2.00%. (3) The aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes is due on December 15, 2020 if not earlier converted or redeemed. (4) The stated interest rate on the 2020 Notes is 2.75%. (5) Our operating lease obligations consist of various operating leases for office space under noncancelable operating lease agreements. For additional information regarding our operating leases, see Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements. (6) We have noncancelable purchase obligations for content related to our mobile applications and websites. For additional information regarding our purchase obligations, see Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2016, we have outstanding letters of credit of approximately $5.2 million, $1.8 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, which secure our lease obligations in connection with the operating leases of our San Francisco, Seattle, New York and Denver office spaces. Certain of the letters of credit are unsecured obligations, and certain of the letters of credit are secured by certificates of deposit held as collateral in our name at a financial institution. We have excluded unrecognized tax benefits from the contractual obligations table above because we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period of payment due primarily to our significant net operating loss carryforwards. In the course of business, we are required to provide financial commitments in the form of surety bonds to third parties as a guarantee of our performance on and our compliance with certain obligations. If we were to fail 71 to perform or comply with these obligations, any draws upon surety bonds issued on our behalf would then trigger our payment obligation to the surety bond issuer. We have outstanding surety bonds issued for our benefit of approximately $3.6 million and $3.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates. We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with revenue recognition, website and software development costs, recoverability of long-lived assets and intangible assets with definite lives, share-based compensation, income taxes, business combinations and goodwill, have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates. Revenue Recognition In general, we recognize revenue when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered to the customer, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. We consider a signed agreement, a binding insertion order or other similar documentation reflecting the terms and conditions under which products or services will be provided to be persuasive evidence of an arrangement. Collectability is assessed based on a number of factors, including payment history and the creditworthiness of a customer. If it is determined that collection is not reasonably assured, revenue is not recognized until collection becomes reasonably assured, which is generally upon receipt of cash. We generate revenue from the sale of advertising services and our suite of tools to businesses and professionals primarily associated with the real estate and mortgage industries. These professionals include local real estate professionals, mortgage professionals and brand advertisers. Our two revenue categories are marketplace revenue and display revenue. Incremental direct costs incurred related to the acquisition or origination of a customer contract in a transaction that results in the deferral of revenue are expensed as incurred. Marketplace Revenue. Marketplace revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of Premier Agent revenue, other real estate revenue and mortgages revenue. Market Leader revenue is included in our results of operations from February 17, 2015 through the date of divestiture of September 30, 2015. Premier Agent revenue is derived from our Premier Agent program. Our Premier Agent program offers a suite of marketing and business technology products and services to help real estate agents achieve their advertising needs, while growing their businesses and personal brands. All Premier Agents receive access to a dashboard portal on our website that provides individualized program performance analytics and our free customer relationship management, or CRM, tool that captures detailed information about each contact made with a Premier Agent through our mobile and web platforms. From 2012 through the end of the third quarter of 2016, we had primarily charged customers for our Premier Agent product based on the number of impressions delivered on our buyer’s agent list in zip codes purchased and a contracted maximum cost per impression. Our Premier Agent product includes multiple deliverables which are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, as the delivery or performance of the undelivered elements is based on traffic to our mobile applications and websites. With this pricing method, we recognized revenue related to our impression-based Premier Agent product based on the lesser of (i) the actual number of impressions 72 delivered on our buyer’s agent list during the period multiplied by the contracted maximum cost per impression, or (ii) the contractual maximum spend on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered, typically over a period of six months or twelve months and then month-to-month thereafter. In 2016, we began testing and implementation of a new auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product by which we determine the cost per impression delivered in each zip code based upon the total amount spent by Premier Agents to purchase impressions in the zip code during the month. The cost per impression that we charge is dynamic—as demand for impressions in a zip code increases or decreases, the cost per impression in that zip code may be increased or decreased. This new auction-based pricing method complements our self- serve account interface, which we introduced to Premier Agents over the course of 2016. The interface includes account management tools that allow agent advertisers to independently control their budgets, impression buys, and the duration of their advertising commitment. We began testing this auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product to better align our revenue opportunities with increasing traffic levels to our mobile and web platforms and leveraging increasing demand by real estate agents for access to home shoppers who use our mobile applications and websites. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we applied this method broadly to our existing agent advertisers. With this auction-based pricing method, we recognize revenue related to our dynamic impression-based Premier Agent product based on the contractual maximum spend on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. We are unable to predict whether this change to our pricing method will have a material impact on net sales, revenue, or other results of operations. In our history of building our real estate and other marketplaces and product offerings, we have continually evaluated and utilized various pricing and value delivery strategies in order to better align our revenue opportunities with the growth in usage of our mobile and web platforms. We continue to support some legacy Trulia Premier Agent products, which are primarily sold on a fixed fee subscription basis for periods that generally range from six months to 12 months, and include Trulia Seller Ads, which enable real estate professionals to generate leads from consumers interested in selling their homes. Subscription advertising revenue for Trulia’s products included in Premier Agent revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. Other real estate revenue primarily includes revenue generated by Zillow Group Rentals, which includes our rentals marketplace and suite of tools for rental professionals, as well as revenue from the sale of various other marketing products and a suite of tools to real estate professionals. Rentals revenue primarily includes advertising sold to property managers and other rental professionals on a cost per lead and cost per lease generated basis. We recognize revenue as leads are delivered to rental professionals or as qualified leases are confirmed. Mortgages revenue primarily includes marketing products sold to mortgage professionals on a cost per lead basis, including our Long Form and Custom Quote services. Mortgages revenue also includes revenue generated by Mortech, which provides subscription-based mortgage related software solutions, including a product and pricing engine and lead management platform, for which we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. For our Long Form and Custom Quote cost per lead mortgage marketing products, generally participating qualified mortgage professionals make a prepayment to gain access to consumers interested in connecting with mortgage professionals. Through Long Form, consumers answer a series of questions to find a local lender, and mortgage professionals receive consumer contact information. Consumers who request rates for mortgage loans in Custom Quotes are presented with customized quotes from participating mortgage professionals. We only charge mortgage professionals a fee when users contact mortgage professionals through Long Form or when users contact mortgage professionals for more information regarding a mortgage loan quote in Custom Quotes. Mortgage professionals who exhaust their initial prepayment can then prepay additional funds to continue to participate in the marketplace. We recognize revenue when a user contacts a mortgage professional through Zillow Group’s mortgages platform. 73 Market Leader revenue primarily includes revenue from the sale of a comprehensive premium software-as- a-service based marketing product typically sold to real estate professionals as a bundle of products under a fixed fee subscription. Market Leader became part of Zillow Group through Zillow Group’s February 2015 acquisition of Trulia and was divested as of September 30, 2015. Display Revenue. Display revenue primarily consists of graphical mobile and web advertising sold on a cost per thousand impressions or cost-per-click basis to advertisers promoting their brands on our mobile applications and websites and our partner websites and mobile applications, primarily in the real estate industry, including real estate brokerages, multi-family rental professionals, home builders, mortgage professionals and home services providers. Our advertising customers also include telecommunications, automotive, insurance and consumer products companies. Impressions are the number of times an advertisement is loaded on a web page and clicks are the number of times users click on an advertisement. Pricing is primarily based on advertisement size and position on our mobile applications and websites or on our partner websites and mobile applications, and fees are generally billed monthly. We recognize display revenue as clicks occur or as impressions are delivered to users interacting with our mobile applications or websites. Growth in display revenue depends on continuing growth in traffic to our mobile applications and websites, continuing growth in traffic to our partner websites and mobile applications and migration of advertising spend online from traditional broadcast and print media. Website and Software Development Costs The costs incurred in the preliminary stages of website and software development are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental and deemed by management to be significant, are capitalized in property and equipment and amortized on a straight- line basis over their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and enhancement costs (including those costs in the post-implementation stages) are typically expensed as incurred, unless such costs relate to substantial upgrades and enhancements to the websites (or software) that result in added functionality, in which case the costs are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. Capitalized development activities placed in service are amortized over the expected useful lives of those releases, currently estimated at one year. Estimated useful lives of website and software development activities are reviewed frequently and adjusted as appropriate to reflect upcoming development activities that may include significant upgrades and/or enhancements to the existing functionality. We exercise judgment in determining the point at which various projects may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs, and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized. To the extent that we change the manner in which we develop and test new features and functionalities related to our mobile applications and websites, assess the ongoing value of capitalized assets, or determine the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, the amount of website and software development costs we capitalize and amortize could change in future periods. Recoverability of Intangible Assets with Definite Lives and Other Long-Lived Assets We evaluate intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that they may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated. We group assets for purposes of such review at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows of the asset group are largely independent of the cash flows of the other groups of assets and liabilities. If this comparison indicates impairment, the amount of impairment to be recognized is calculated as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the asset group. Unforeseen events, changes in circumstances and market conditions and material differences in estimates of future cash flows could adversely affect the fair value of our assets and could result in an impairment charge. Fair value can be estimated utilizing a number of techniques including quoted market prices, prices for comparable 74 assets, or other valuation processes involving estimates of cash flows, multiples of earnings or revenues, and we may make various assumptions and estimates when performing our impairment assessments, particularly as it relates to cash flow projections. Cash flow estimates are by their nature subjective, and include assumptions regarding factors such as recent and forecasted operating performance, revenue trends and operating margins. These estimates could also be adversely impacted by changes in federal, state, or local regulations, economic downturns or developments, or other market conditions affecting our industry. Share-Based Compensation We measure compensation expense for all share-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognize compensation expense over the service period for awards expected to vest. We use the Black-Scholes- Merton option-pricing model to determine the fair value for option awards and recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the option awards’ vesting period. For restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and restricted units, we use the market value of our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock, as applicable, on the date of grant to determine the fair value of the award, and we recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the awards’ vesting period. Determining the fair value of option awards at the grant date requires judgment. If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton model changes significantly, share-based compensation expense for future option awards may differ materially compared with the awards granted previously. In valuing our option awards, we make assumptions about risk-free interest rates, dividend yields, volatility, and weighted-average expected lives, including estimated forfeiture rates. Risk-free interest rate. Risk-free interest rates are derived from U.S. Treasury securities as of the option award’s grant date. Expected dividend yields. Expected dividend yields are based on our historical dividend payments, which have been zero to date. Volatility. The expected volatility for our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock is estimated using our historical volatility. Expected term. The weighted-average expected life of the option awards is estimated based on our historical exercise data. Forfeiture rate. We record share-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures. Forfeiture rates are estimated using historical actual forfeiture trends as well as our judgment of future forfeitures. These rates are evaluated at least quarterly and any change in share-based compensation expense is recognized in the period of the change. The estimation of option awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from our current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period in which the estimates are revised. We consider many factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including employee class and historical experience. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility and expected terms utilized for our share-based compensation expense calculations on a prospective basis. Actual results, and future changes in estimates, may differ substantially from management’s current estimates. As we continue to accumulate additional data related to our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock, we may have refinements to the estimates of our expected volatility and expected terms, which could materially impact our future share-based compensation expense. In future periods, we expect our share-based compensation expense to increase as a result of our existing, unrecognized share-based compensation that will be recognized as the awards vest, and as we grant additional share-based awards to attract and retain employees. 75 Income Taxes We use the asset and liability approach for accounting and reporting income taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the applicable enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets would be established if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that some or all of the deferred tax assets are not expected to be realized. Our assumptions, judgments, and estimates relative to the value of our deferred tax assets take into account predictions of the amount and category of future taxable income, such as income from operations or capital gains income. Actual operating results and the underlying amount and category of income in future years could render our current assumptions, judgments, and estimates of recoverable net deferred taxes inaccurate. Any of the assumptions, judgments, and estimates mentioned above could cause our actual income tax obligations to differ from our estimates, thus materially impacting our financial position and results of operations. Since inception, we have incurred annual operating losses, and accordingly, we have generally not recorded a provision for income taxes. We generally do not expect any significant changes in the amount of our income tax provision until we are no longer incurring operating losses. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation or the change of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Business Combinations We recognize identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions for the purchase price allocation process to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that we identify adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. We recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Goodwill We assess the impairment of goodwill on an annual basis, in our fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. We assess goodwill for possible impairment by first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the first and second steps of the goodwill impairment test are unnecessary. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. The first step of the goodwill impairment test identifies if there is potential goodwill impairment. If step one indicates that an impairment may exist, a second step is performed to measure the amount of the goodwill impairment, if any. 76 Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. If impairment exists, the carrying value of the goodwill is reduced to fair value through an impairment charge recorded in our statements of operations. For our most recent impairment assessment performed as of October 1, 2016, we performed a qualitative assessment and determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, and therefore, the first and second steps of the goodwill impairment test were unnecessary. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we considered macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, our overall financial performance, other relevant entity-specific events, potential events affecting our reporting unit, and changes in the market price of our common stock. The primary qualitative factors we considered in our analysis as of October 1, 2016 were our overall financial performance, including our revenue growth and positive cash flows, and a market capitalization that is well in excess of the book value of our common stock. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance simplifying the test for goodwill impairment. This standard eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, instead requiring an entity to recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the goodwill carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. This guidance is effective for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied on a prospective basis. We expect to adopt this guidance for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In December 2016, the FASB issued amendments to address various technical corrections and improvements. Most of the amendments are effective upon issuance, while six of the amendments require transition guidance. The amendments applicable to our business have been adopted for the year ended December 31, 2016. The adoption of these amendments did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In December 2016, the FASB issued guidance to narrow the definition of a business. This standard provides guidance to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied prospectively to transactions occurring within the period of adoption. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance requires a retrospective transition method to each period presented. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our statements of cash flows. In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance requires a retrospective transition method to each period presented. We adopted this guidance in the interim period ending on September 30, 2016. The adoption of this guidance did not have any impact on our statement of cash flows. In connection with the December 2016 partial repurchase of the 2020 Notes, payments related to the debt extinguishment costs have been classified as a cash outflow for financing activities. 77 In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. This standard requires the use of an expected loss impairment model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, an entity is required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than as a write-down. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this guidance requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020. We have not yet determined the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance on contingent put and call options in debt instruments. This standard clarifies that the assessment of whether an embedded contingent put or call option is clearly and closely related to the debt host only requires an analysis of the four-step decision sequence and does not require an entity to separately assess whether the contingency itself is indexed only to interest rates or the credit risk of the entity. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance requires a modified retrospective transition method. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance on several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, impact of forfeitures, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2017 using the modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning accumulated deficit, and we have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur beginning on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance on leases. This standard requires the recognition of a right-of- use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases. This standard also requires more detailed disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and should be applied through a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, and early adoption is permitted. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2019. We anticipate this standard will have a material impact on our financial position, primarily due to our office space operating leases, as we will be required to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. We continue to assess the potential impacts of this standard, including the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our results of operations or cash flows, if any. In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. This standard requires equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. This standard also requires the separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, early adoption is permitted, and the guidance must be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the adoption date. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We have not yet determined our approach to adoption or the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance related to a customer’s accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. This standard provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing 78 arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this guidance has not had a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance related to the presentation of debt issuance costs. This standard requires debt issuance costs to be presented as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this guidance impacted our presentation of the debt issuance costs associated with our Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021 issued in December 2016. For additional information regarding the Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. In February 2015, the FASB issued guidance relating to the consolidation analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. This standard affects both the variable interest entity and voting interest entity consolidation models. All legal entities are subject to reevaluation under the revised consolidation model. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this guidance has not had any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance on the disclosure of uncertainties about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. This standard provides guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance for the year ended December 31, 2016. The adoption of this guidance has not had any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance on revenue recognition. This guidance provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance also requires more detailed disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The original effective date of this guidance was for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, early adoption is not permitted, and the guidance must be applied retrospectively or modified retrospectively. In July 2015, the FASB approved an optional one-year deferral of the effective date. As a result, we expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We currently plan to adopt this guidance using the modified retrospective transition approach, which would result in an adjustment to accumulated deficit for the cumulative effect, if any, of applying this standard to contracts in process as of the adoption date. Under this approach, we would not restate the prior financial statements presented. This guidance requires us to provide additional disclosures of the amount by which each financial statement line item is affected in the current reporting period during 2018 as compared to the guidance that was in effect before the change, and an explanation of the reasons for significant changes, if any. While we continue to assess all potential impacts of this new standard, we currently expect a significant impact related to the accounting for the cost of sales commissions. Under this new guidance, the cost of sales commissions will be recorded as an asset and recognized as an operating expense over the period that we expect to recover the costs. Currently we expense the cost of sales commissions as incurred. We continue to assess the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily consist of fluctuations in interest rates. 79 Interest Rate Risk Under our current investment policy, we invest our excess cash in money market funds, certificates of deposit, U.S. government agency securities, foreign government securities, municipal securities, and corporate notes and bonds. Our current investment policy seeks first to preserve principal, second to provide liquidity for our operating and capital needs and third to maximize yield without putting our principal at risk. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to the fluctuation of prevailing interest rates that may reduce the yield on our investments or their fair value. As our investment portfolio is short-term in nature, we do not believe an immediate 10% increase in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio. As of December 31, 2016, we have outstanding $460.0 million aggregate principal Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021 (the “2021 Notes”). The 2021 Notes were issued in December 2016 and carry a fixed interest rate of 2.00% per year. As of December 31, 2016, we also have outstanding $10.1 million aggregate principal Convertible Senior Notes due in 2020 (the “2020 Notes”). The 2020 Notes were guaranteed by Zillow Group in connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, Inc. The 2020 Notes carry a fixed interest rate of 2.75% per year. Since the 2020 Notes and 2021 Notes bear interest at fixed rates, we have no financial statement risk associated with changes in interest rates. However, the fair values of the 2020 Notes and 2021 Notes change primarily when the market price of our stock fluctuates or interest rates change. For these reasons, we do not expect our results of operations or cash flows would be materially affected by a sudden change in market interest rates. Inflation Risk We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We do not believe that foreign currency exchange risk has had a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. As we do not maintain a significant balance of foreign currency, we do not believe an immediate 10% increase or decrease in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar would have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. 80 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 81 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Zillow Group, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Zillow Group, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Zillow Group, Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Zillow Group, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 7, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Seattle, Washington February 7, 2017 82 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share data) December 31, 2016 2015 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 243,592 $ 229,138 Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,151 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,337 and $3,378 at 262,870 December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,527 34,817 29,789 24,016 Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581,806 1,053 98,288 1,923,480 527,464 17,586 574,094 3,015 85,523 1,909,167 558,881 5,020 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,149,677 $3,135,700 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accrued expenses and other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent, current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent, net of current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities and other long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) Shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 30,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 4,257 $ 38,427 24,057 29,154 1,347 97,242 15,298 367,404 136,146 3,361 43,047 11,392 21,450 1,172 80,422 13,743 230,000 132,482 616,090 456,647 and 2015; no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . — — Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,245,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; 54,402,809 and 53,299,111 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 15,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; 6,217,447 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class C capital stock, $0.0001 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2016 and 2015; 121,838,462 and 118,958,359 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 5 1 12 3,030,854 (242) (497,043) 12 2,956,111 (471) (276,605) Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,533,587 2,679,053 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,149,677 $3,135,700 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 83 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per share data) Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and expenses: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 $ 846,589 $ 644,677 $325,893 Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,591 380,919 273,066 313,695 1,423 — (1,251) 61,614 307,089 198,565 170,445 16,576 35,551 4,368 29,461 169,462 84,669 65,503 21,493 — — Total costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039,443 794,208 370,588 Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (192,854) (22,757) 2,711 (7,408) (220,308) (130) (149,531) — 1,501 (5,489) (153,519) 4,645 (44,695) — 1,085 — (43,610) — Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (220,438) $(148,874) $ (43,610) Net loss per share—basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.22) $ (0.88) $ 180,149 169,767 (0.36) 120,027 (1) Amortization of website development costs and intangible assets included in technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 84,951 $ 63,189 $ 29,487 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 84 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (in thousands) Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized gains (losses) on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for net gains (losses) from investments included in net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 $(220,438) $(148,874) $(43,610) 210 19 229 229 (448) (23) (471) (471) — — — — Comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(220,209) $(149,345) $(43,610) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 85 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands, except share data) Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class C Capital Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Shareholders’ Equity Balance at December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,208,898 $ 12 $ 651,905 $ (84,121) $ — $ 567,796 Issuance of common and capital stock upon exercise of stock options . . . . . . . 3,970,527 — 23,923 — Issuance of common and capital stock related to vesting of restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,095 — — — — — — 40,670 — — — (43,610) Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,387,520 12 716,498 (127,731) Issuance of common and capital stock in connection with an acquisition . . . . . . . 51,779,112 5 1,883,723 Equity award vesting acceleration in connection with restructuring . . . . . . . . Fair value of equity awards assumed in connection with acquisitions . . . . . . . . . Debt premium recorded in additional paid-in capital in connection with an acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common and capital stock upon exercise of stock options . . . . . . . Vesting of restricted stock units . . . . . . . . Shares and value of restricted stock units withheld for tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common and capital stock upon exercise of stock options . . . . . . . Vesting of restricted stock units . . . . . . . . Shares and value of restricted stock units withheld for tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . Portion of repurchase price recorded in additional paid-in capital in connection with partial repurchase of 2020 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity component of issuance of 2021 Notes, net of issuance costs of $2,494 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premiums paid for Capped Call Confirmations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 14,859 82,840 — — 126,386 2,732,767 1,899,531 — 1 24,422 — (324,013) — — — — — — — (8,150) 115,533 — (148,874) — — 2,518,172 — 1,487,263 — 31,211 — (21,634) — — — (616) 116,979 — — (127,615) — — — — — — — — 91,400 (36,616) — (220,438) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,474,917 18 2,956,111 (276,605) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (471) (471) — — — — — — — — 229 23,923 — 40,670 (43,610) 588,779 1,883,728 14,859 82,840 126,386 24,423 — (8,150) 115,533 (148,874) (471) 2,679,053 31,211 — (616) 116,979 (127,615) 91,400 (36,616) (220,438) 229 Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,458,718 $ 18 $3,030,854 $(497,043) $(242) $2,533,587 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 86 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(220,438) $ (148,874) $ (43,610) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities, net of amounts assumed in connection with acquisitions: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of discount and issuance costs on 2021 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Release of valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposal of property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on divestiture of businesses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bad debt expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of bond premium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment of certain acquired intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,590 106,918 22,757 883 — (1,370) 3,689 (1,360) 2,681 1,730 1,489 — (13,324) (13,260) 856 (5,065) 12,463 7,794 1,612 75,386 105,214 — — 19,001 (2,853) 1,384 3,899 3,235 2,553 2,487 — (1,051) (761) (11,158) (18,384) (4,020) (2,434) (965) 35,624 34,085 — — — — 505 — 2,529 4,415 3,506 3,259 (5,979) (5,084) 4,634 6,282 2,295 3,058 — Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 22,659 45,519 Investing activities Proceeds from maturities of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in restricted cash, net of amounts assumed in connection with an acquisition . . . . . . Purchases of property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of cost method investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash acquired in acquisition, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for acquisitions, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,407 (175,210) 4,963 1,962 (62,060) (9,662) (10,000) 3,200 — (16,319) 335,443 (307,658) 8,260 3,931 (52,685) (15,423) — 23,359 173,406 (104,192) 174,949 (272,644) — — (31,515) (12,727) — — — (3,500) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (65,719) 64,441 (145,437) Financing activities Proceeds from issuance of 2021 Notes, net of issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premiums paid for Capped Call Confirmations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial repurchase of 2020 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of equity awards withheld for tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents during period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447,784 (36,616) (370,235) 31,211 (616) 71,528 14,454 229,138 — — — 24,423 (8,150) — — — 23,923 — 16,273 103,373 125,765 23,923 (75,995) 201,760 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 243,592 $ 229,138 $ 125,765 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,325 $ 6,325 $ — Noncash transactions: Value of Class A common stock issued in connection with an acquisition . . . . . . . . $ Capitalized share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,061 $ Write-off of fully depreciated property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,564 $ 9,293 $ Write-off of fully amortized intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $1,883,728 $ 10,319 $ 26,242 $ — $ — 6,585 4,749 — See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 87 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Organization and Description of Business Zillow Group, Inc. operates the leading real estate and home-related information marketplaces on mobile and the web, with a complementary portfolio of brands and products to help people find vital information about homes and connect with local professionals. Zillow Group’s brands focus on all stages of the home lifecycle: renting, buying, selling and financing. The Zillow Group portfolio of consumer brands includes real estate and rental marketplaces Zillow, Trulia, StreetEasy, HotPads and Naked Apartments. In addition, Zillow Group works with tens of thousands of real estate agents, lenders and rental professionals, helping maximize business opportunities and connect to millions of consumers. We also own and operate a number of brands for real estate, rental and mortgage professionals, including Mortech, dotloop, Bridge Interactive and Retsly. Zillow, Inc. was incorporated as a Washington corporation in December 2004, and we launched the initial version of our website, Zillow.com, in February 2006. Zillow Group, Inc. was incorporated as a Washington corporation in July 2014 in connection with our acquisition of Trulia, Inc. (“Trulia”). Upon the closing of the Trulia acquisition in February 2015, each of Zillow and Trulia became wholly owned subsidiaries of Zillow Group. Certain Significant Risks and Uncertainties We operate in a dynamic industry and, accordingly, can be affected by a variety of factors. For example, we believe that changes in any of the following areas could have a significant negative effect on us in terms of our future financial position, results of operations or cash flows: our ability to successfully integrate and realize the benefits of our past or future strategic acquisitions or investments; rates of revenue growth; engagement and usage of our products; competition in our market; scaling and adaptation of existing technology and network infrastructure; management of our growth; our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel; protection of our brand and intellectual property; changes in government regulation affecting our business; intellectual property infringement and other claims; and protection of customers’ information and other privacy concerns, among other things. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include Zillow Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Effective February 17, 2015, Zillow Group acquired Trulia, and each of Zillow and Trulia became wholly owned subsidiaries of Zillow Group. For financial reporting and accounting purposes, Zillow was the acquirer of Trulia. The results presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements reflect those of Zillow prior to the completion of the acquisition of Trulia on February 17, 2015, and Trulia’s results of operations have been included prospectively after February 17, 2015. Market Leader revenue is included in our results of operations from February 17, 2015 through the date of divestiture of September 30, 2015. We have given retroactive effect to prior period share and per share amounts in our consolidated financial statements for the effect of the August 2015 distribution of shares of our Class C capital stock as a dividend to our Class A and Class B common stock shareholders so that prior periods are comparable to current period presentation. 88 Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, website development costs, recoverability of long-lived assets and intangible assets with definite lives, share-based compensation, income taxes, business combinations and goodwill, among others. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments, or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. Reclassifications Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of cash flows to conform data for prior periods to the current format. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable. We place cash and cash equivalents and investments with major financial institutions, which management assesses to be of high credit quality, in order to limit exposure of our investments. Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is dispersed due to the large number of customers. Further, our credit risk on accounts receivable is mitigated by the relatively short payment terms that we offer. Collateral is not required for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts such that receivables are stated at net realizable value. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash includes demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash, and so near their maturity that they present minimal risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Our cash equivalents include only investments with original maturities of three months or less. We regularly maintain cash in excess of federally insured limits at financial institutions. Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of certificates of deposit held as collateral in our name at a financial institution related to certain of our operating leases. Investments Our investments consist of fixed income securities, which include U.S. and foreign government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, municipal securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit, and are classified as available-for-sale securities beginning on January 1, 2015. As the investments are available to support current operations, our available-for-sale securities are classified as short-term investments. Available- for-sale securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity, while realized gains and losses and other-than- temporary impairments are reported as a component of net loss based on specific identification. An impairment charge is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations for declines in fair value below the cost of an individual investment that are deemed to be other than temporary. We assess whether a decline in value is 89 temporary based on the length of time that the fair market value has been below cost, the severity of the decline and the intent and ability to hold or sell the investment. We did not identify any investments as other-than- temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 or 2015. Prior to January 1, 2015 our investments were classified as held-to-maturity and were recorded at amortized cost (see Note 4). Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable are generally due within 30 days and are recorded net of the allowance for doubtful accounts. We consider accounts outstanding longer than the contractual terms past due. We review accounts receivable on a regular basis and estimate an amount of losses for uncollectible accounts based on our historical collections experience, age of the receivable, knowledge of the customer and the condition of the general economy and industry as a whole. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and relieve the allowance when accounts are ultimately determined to be uncollectible. Bad debt expense is included in general and administrative expenses. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The useful lives are as follows: Computer equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office equipment, furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 years 5 to 7 years Shorter of expected useful life or lease term Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. Major improvements, which extend the useful life of the related asset, are capitalized. Upon disposal of a fixed asset, we record a gain or loss based on the differences between the proceeds received and the net book value of the disposed asset. Website and Software Development Costs The costs incurred in the preliminary stages of development are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental and deemed by management to be significant, are capitalized in property and equipment and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and enhancement costs, including those costs in the post- implementation stages, are typically expensed as incurred, unless such costs relate to substantial upgrades and enhancements to the website or software that result in added functionality, in which case the costs are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. Amortization expense related to capitalized website and software development costs is included in technology and development expense. Capitalized development activities placed in service are amortized over the expected useful lives of those releases, currently estimated at one year. The estimated useful lives of website and software development activities are reviewed frequently and adjusted as appropriate to reflect upcoming development activities that may include significant upgrades and/or enhancements to the existing functionality. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the assets acquired at the date of acquisition. We assess the impairment of goodwill on an annual basis, in our fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. 90 We assess goodwill for possible impairment by first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the first and second steps of the goodwill impairment test are unnecessary. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we perform the two- step goodwill impairment test. The first step of the goodwill impairment test identifies if there is potential goodwill impairment. If step one indicates that an impairment may exist, a second step is performed to measure the amount of the goodwill impairment, if any. Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. If impairment exists, the carrying value of the goodwill is reduced to fair value through an impairment charge recorded in our statements of operations. Intangible Assets We purchase and license data content from multiple data providers. This data content consists of U.S. county data about home details (e.g., the number of bedrooms, bathrooms, square footage) and other information relating to the purchase price of homes, both current and historical, as well as imagery, mapping and parcel data that is displayed on our mobile applications and websites. Our home details data not only provides information about a home and its related transactions which is displayed on our mobile applications and websites, but is also used in our proprietary valuation algorithms to produce Zestimates, Rent Zestimates and Zillow Home Value Indexes. License agreement terms vary by vendor. In some instances, we retain perpetual rights to this information after the contract ends; in other instances, the information and data are licensed only during the fixed term of the agreement. Additionally, certain data license agreements provide for uneven payment amounts throughout the life of the contract term. We capitalize payments made to third parties for data licenses that we expect to provide future economic benefit through the recovery of the costs of these arrangements via the generation of our revenue and margins. For data license contracts that include uneven payment amounts, we capitalize the payments as they are made as an intangible asset and amortize the total contract value over the estimated useful life. For contracts in which we have perpetual rights to the data, the total contract value is amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract plus two years, which is equivalent to the estimated useful life of the asset. For contracts in which we do not have access to the data beyond the contractual term, the total contract value is amortized on a straight line basis over the term of the contract. We evaluate data content contracts for potential capitalization at the inception of the arrangement as well as each time periodic payments to third parties are made. The amortization period for the capitalized purchased content is based on our best estimate of the useful life of the asset, which ranges from approximately 4.5 to nine years. The determination of the useful life includes consideration of a variety of factors including, but not limited to, our assessment of the expected use of the asset and contractual provisions that may limit the useful life, as well as an assessment of when the data is expected to become obsolete based on our estimates of the diminishing value of the data over time. We evaluate the useful life of the capitalized purchased data content each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life. If we determine the estimate of the asset’s useful life requires modification, the carrying amount of the asset is amortized prospectively over the revised useful life. The capitalized purchased data content is amortized on a straight-line basis as the pattern of delivery of the economic benefits of the data cannot reliably be determined because we do not have the ability to reliably predict future traffic to our websites and mobile applications. Under certain other data agreements, the underlying data is obtained on a subscription basis with consistent monthly or quarterly recurring payment terms over the contractual period. Upon the expiration of such arrangements, we no longer have the right to access the related data, and therefore, the costs incurred under such contracts are not capitalized and are expensed as payments are made. We would immediately lose rights to data under these arrangements if we were to cancel the subscription and/or cease making payments under the subscription arrangements. 91 We also capitalize costs related to the license of certain internal-use software from third parties, including certain licenses of software in cloud computing arrangements. Additionally, we capitalize costs incurred during the application development stage related to the development of internal-use software and enterprise cloud computing services. We expense costs as incurred related to the planning and post-implementation phases of development. Capitalized internal-use software costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is currently three years, on a straight-line basis. We also have intangible assets for developed technology, customer relationships, trade names and trademarks, advertising relationships and MLS home data feeds which we recorded in connection with acquisitions. Purchased intangible assets with a determinable economic life are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. These intangible assets are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis. Recoverability of Intangible Assets with Definite Lives and Other Long-Lived Assets We evaluate intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that they may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated. We group assets for purposes of such review at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows of the asset group are largely independent of the cash flows of the other groups of assets and liabilities. If this comparison indicates impairment, the amount of impairment to be recognized is calculated as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the asset group. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue consists of prepaid advertising fees received or billed in advance of the delivery or completion of the services, prepaid but unrecognized subscription revenue, and for amounts received in instances when revenue recognition criteria have not been met. Deferred revenue is recognized when the services are provided and all revenue recognition criteria have been met. Deferred Rent For our operating leases, we recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases and, accordingly, we record the difference between cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. For office space under an operating lease that is subleased to a third party for which we intend to reoccupy the space at a future date, rent expense is recognized net of sublease income. Landlord-funded leasehold improvements are also recorded as deferred rent liabilities and are amortized as a reduction of rent expense over the non-cancelable term of the related operating lease. Business Combinations We recognize identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions for the purchase price allocation process to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that we identify adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. We recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. 92 Revenue Recognition In general, we recognize revenue when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered to the customer, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. We consider a signed agreement, a binding insertion order or other similar documentation reflecting the terms and conditions under which products or services will be provided to be persuasive evidence of an arrangement. Collectability is assessed based on a number of factors, including payment history and the creditworthiness of a customer. If it is determined that collection is not reasonably assured, revenue is not recognized until collection becomes reasonably assured, which is generally upon receipt of cash. We generate revenue from the sale of advertising services and our suite of tools to businesses and professionals primarily associated with the real estate and mortgage industries. These professionals include local real estate professionals, mortgage professionals and brand advertisers. Our two revenue categories are marketplace revenue and display revenue. Incremental direct costs incurred related to the acquisition or origination of a customer contract in a transaction that results in the deferral of revenue are expensed as incurred. Marketplace Revenue. Marketplace revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of Premier Agent revenue, other real estate revenue and mortgages revenue. Market Leader revenue is included in our results of operations from February 17, 2015 through the date of divestiture of September 30, 2015. Premier Agent revenue is derived from our Premier Agent program. Our Premier Agent program offers a suite of marketing and business technology products and services to help real estate achieve their advertising needs, which growing their businesses and personal brands. All Premier Agents receive access to a dashboard portal on our website that provides individualized program performance analytics and our free customer relationship management, or CRM, tool that captures detailed information about each contact made with a Premier Agent through our mobile and web platforms. From 2012 through the end of the third quarter of 2016, we had primarily charged customers for our Premier Agent product based on the number of impressions delivered on our buyer’s agent list in zip codes purchased and a contracted maximum cost per impression. Our Premier Agent product includes multiple deliverables which are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, as the delivery or performance of the undelivered elements is based on traffic to our mobile applications and websites. With this pricing method, we recognized revenue related to our impression-based Premier Agent product based on the lesser of (i) the actual number of impressions delivered on our buyer’s agent list during the period multiplied by the contracted maximum cost per impression, or (ii) the contractual maximum spend on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered, typically over a period of six months or twelve months and then month-to-month thereafter. In 2016, we began testing and implementation of a new auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product by which we determine the cost per impression delivered in each zip code based upon the total amount spent by Premier Agents to purchase impressions in the zip code during the month. The cost per impression that we charge is dynamic—as demand for impressions in a zip code increases or decreases, the cost per impression in that zip code may be increased or decreased. This new auction-based pricing method complements our self- serve account interface, which we introduced to Premier Agents over the course of 2016. The interface includes account management tools that allow agent advertisers to independently control their budgets, impression buys, and the duration of their advertising commitment. We began testing this auction-based pricing method for our Premier Agent product to better align our revenue opportunities with increasing traffic levels to our mobile and web platforms and leveraging increasing demand by real estate agents for access to home shoppers who use our mobile applications and websites. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we applied this method broadly to our existing agent advertisers. With this auction-based pricing method, we recognize revenue related to our dynamic impression-based Premier Agent product based on the contractual maximum spend on a straight-line basis during 93 the contractual period over which the services are delivered. We are unable to predict whether this change to our pricing method will have a material impact on net sales, revenue, or other results of operations. In our history of building our real estate and other marketplaces and product offerings, we have continually evaluated and utilized various pricing and value delivery strategies in order to better align our revenue opportunities with the growth in usage of our mobile and web platforms. We continue to support some legacy Trulia Premier Agent products, which are primarily sold on a fixed fee subscription basis for periods that generally range from six months to 12 months, and include Trulia Seller Ads, which enable real estate professionals to generate leads from consumers interested in selling their homes. Subscription advertising revenue for Trulia’s products included in Premier Agent revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. Other real estate revenue primarily includes revenue generated by Zillow Group Rentals, which includes our rentals marketplace and suite of tools for rental professionals, as well as revenue from the sale of various other marketing products and a suite of tools to real estate professionals. Rentals revenue primarily includes advertising sold to property managers and other rental professionals on a cost per lead and cost per lease generated basis. We recognize revenue as leads are delivered to rental professionals or as qualified leases are confirmed. Mortgages revenue primarily includes marketing products sold to mortgage professionals on a cost per lead basis, including our Long Form and Custom Quote services. Mortgages revenue also includes revenue generated by Mortech, which provides subscription-based mortgage related software solutions, including a product and pricing engine and lead management platform, for which we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis during the contractual period over which the services are delivered. For our Long Form and Custom Quote cost per lead mortgage marketing products, generally participating qualified mortgage professionals make a prepayment to gain access to consumers interested in connecting with mortgage professionals. Through Long Form, consumers answer a series of questions to find a local lender, and mortgage professionals receive consumer contact information. Consumers who request rates for mortgage loans in Custom Quotes are presented with customized quotes from participating mortgage professionals. We only charge mortgage professionals a fee when users contact mortgage professionals through Long Form or when users contact mortgage professionals for more information regarding a mortgage loan quote in Custom Quotes. Mortgage professionals who exhaust their initial prepayment can then prepay additional funds to continue to participate in the marketplace. We recognize revenue when a user contacts a mortgage professional through Zillow Group’s mortgages platform. Market Leader revenue primarily includes revenue from the sale of a comprehensive premium software-as- a-service based marketing product typically sold to real estate professionals as a bundle of products under a fixed fee subscription. Market Leader became part of Zillow Group through Zillow Group’s February 2015 acquisition of Trulia and was divested as of September 30, 2015. Display Revenue. Display revenue primarily consists of graphical mobile and web advertising sold on a cost per thousand impressions or cost-per-click basis to advertisers promoting their brands on our mobile applications and websites and our partner websites and mobile applications, primarily in the real estate industry, including real estate brokerages, multi-family rental professionals, home builders, mortgage professionals and home services providers. Our advertising customers also include telecommunications, automotive, insurance and consumer products companies. Impressions are the number of times an advertisement is loaded on a web page and clicks are the number of times users click on an advertisement. Pricing is primarily based on advertisement size and position on our mobile applications and websites or on our partner websites and mobile applications, and fees are generally billed monthly. We recognize display revenue as clicks occur or as impressions are delivered to users interacting with our mobile applications or websites. Growth in display revenue depends on continuing growth in traffic to our mobile applications and websites, continuing growth in traffic to our partner websites and mobile applications and migration of advertising spend online from traditional broadcast and print media. 94 There were no customers that generated 10% or more of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 or 2014. Cost of Revenue Our cost of revenue consists of expenses related to operating our mobile applications and websites, including associated headcount expenses, such as salaries and benefits and share-based compensation expense and bonuses, as well as credit card fees, ad serving costs paid to third parties, revenue-sharing costs related to our commercial business relationships, multiple listing services fees and costs associated with the operation of our data center and customer websites. Technology and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and are recorded in technology and development expenses. These costs consist primarily of technology and development headcount expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and share-based compensation expense for employees engaged in the design, development and testing of our mobile applications and websites. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, expenses attributable to research and development for our business totaled $224.7 million, $163.8 million and $72.9 million, respectively. Technology and development expenses also include amortization costs related to capitalized website and development activities, amortization of certain intangibles and other data agreement costs related to the purchase of data used to populate our mobile applications and websites, and amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions. Share-Based Compensation We measure compensation expense for all share-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognize compensation expense over the service period on a straight-line basis for awards expected to vest. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model to determine the fair value for option awards. In valuing our option awards, we make assumptions about risk-free interest rates, dividend yields, volatility, and weighted-average expected lives, including estimated forfeiture rates. Risk-free interest rates are derived from U.S. Treasury securities as of the option award grant date. Expected dividend yield is based on our historical cash dividend payments, which have been zero to date. The expected volatility for our Class A common stock and Class C capital stock is estimated using our historical volatility. The weighted-average expected life of the option awards is estimated based on our historical exercise data. Forfeiture rates are estimated using historical actual forfeiture trends as well as our judgment of future forfeitures. These rates are evaluated at least quarterly and any change in share-based compensation expense is recognized in the period of the change. The estimation of option awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from our current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period the estimates are revised. We consider many factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including employee class and historical experience. Actual results, and future changes in estimates, may differ substantially from management’s current estimates. For issuances of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and restricted units, we determine the fair value of the award based on the market value of our Class A common stock or Class C capital stock, as applicable, at the date of grant. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, expenses attributable to advertising totaled $120.2 million, $103.4 million, and $73.1 million, respectively. Advertising costs are recorded in sales and marketing expenses. 95 Income Taxes We use the asset and liability approach for accounting and reporting income taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the applicable enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets would be established if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that some or all of the deferred tax assets are not expected to be realized. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation or the change of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as income tax expense. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance simplifying the test for goodwill impairment. This standard eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, instead requiring an entity to recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the goodwill carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. This guidance is effective for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied on a prospective basis. We expect to adopt this guidance for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In December 2016, the FASB issued amendments to address various technical corrections and improvements. Most of the amendments are effective upon issuance, while six of the amendments require transition guidance. The amendments applicable to our business have been adopted for the year ended December 31, 2016. The adoption of these amendments did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In December 2016, the FASB issued guidance to narrow the definition of a business. This standard provides guidance to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied prospectively to transactions occurring within the period of adoption. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance requires a retrospective transition method to each period presented. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our statements of cash flows. In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance requires a retrospective transition method to each period presented. We adopted this guidance in the interim period ending on September 30, 2016. The adoption of this guidance did not have any impact on our statements of cash flows. In connection with the December 2016 partial repurchase of the 2020 Notes (see Note 11), payments related to the debt extinguishment costs have been classified as a cash outflow for financing activities. 96 In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. This standard requires the use of an expected loss impairment model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, an entity is required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than as a write-down. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this guidance requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020. We have not yet determined the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance on contingent put and call options in debt instruments. This standard clarifies that the assessment of whether an embedded contingent put or call option is clearly and closely related to the debt host only requires an analysis of the four-step decision sequence and does not require an entity to separately assess whether the contingency itself is indexed only to interest rates or the credit risk of the entity. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance requires a modified retrospective transition method. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance on several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, impact of forfeitures, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2017 using the modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning accumulated deficit, and we have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur beginning on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance on leases. This standard requires the recognition of a right-of- use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases. This standard also requires more detailed disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and should be applied through a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, and early adoption is permitted. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2019. We anticipate this standard will have a material impact on our financial position, primarily due to our office space operating leases, as we will be required to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. We continue to assess the potential impacts of this standard, including the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our results of operations or cash flows, if any. In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. This standard requires equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. This standard also requires the separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, early adoption is permitted, and the guidance must be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the adoption date. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We have not yet determined our approach to adoption or the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance related to a customer’s accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. This standard provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing 97 arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this guidance has not had a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance related to the presentation of debt issuance costs. This standard requires debt issuance costs to be presented as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this guidance impacted our presentation of the debt issuance costs associated with our Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021 issued in December 2016. For additional information regarding the Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. In February 2015, the FASB issued guidance relating to the consolidation analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. This standard affects both the variable interest entity and voting interest entity consolidation models. All legal entities are subject to reevaluation under the revised consolidation model. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this guidance has not had any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance on the disclosure of uncertainties about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. This standard provides guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance for the year ended December 31, 2016. The adoption of this guidance has not had any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance on revenue recognition. This guidance provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance also requires more detailed disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The original effective date of this guidance was for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, early adoption is not permitted, and the guidance must be applied retrospectively or modified retrospectively. In July 2015, the FASB approved an optional one-year deferral of the effective date. As a result, we expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. We currently plan to adopt this guidance using the modified retrospective transition approach, which would result in an adjustment to accumulated deficit for the cumulative effect, if any, of applying this standard to contracts in process as of the adoption date. Under this approach, we would not restate the prior financial statements presented. This guidance requires us to provide additional disclosures of the amount by which each financial statement line item is affected in the current reporting period during 2018 as compared to the guidance that was in effect before the change, and an explanation of the reasons for significant changes, if any. While we continue to assess all potential impacts of this new standard, we currently expect a significant impact related to the accounting for the cost of sales commissions. Under this new guidance, the cost of sales commissions will be recorded as an asset and recognized as an operating expense over the period that we expect to recover the costs. Currently we expense the cost of sales commissions as incurred. We continue to assess the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Note 3. Fair Value Measurements Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market 98 participants on the measurement date. The standards also establish a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: • • • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Assets and liabilities valued based on observable market data for similar instruments, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity; instruments valued based on the best available data, some of which is internally developed, and considers risk premiums that a market participant would require. We applied the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value measurements: Cash equivalents—Cash equivalents are comprised of highly liquid investments, including money market funds and certificates of deposit, with original maturities of less than three months. The fair value measurement of these assets is based on quoted market prices in active markets and these assets are recorded at fair value. Investments—Our investments consist of fixed income securities, which include U.S. and foreign government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, municipal securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. The fair value measurement of these assets is based on observable market-based inputs or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. The following tables present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by level within the fair value hierarchy, as of the dates presented (in thousands): December 31, 2016 Total Level 1 Level 2 Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit $166,527 460 $166,527 — $ — 460 Short-term investments: U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate notes and bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign government securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,312 61,483 14,952 11,912 6,226 5,985 1,053 — — — — — — — 162,312 61,483 14,952 11,912 6,226 5,985 1,053 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $430,910 $166,527 $264,383 December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit $195,870 1,622 $195,870 — $ — 1,622 Short-term investments: U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate notes and bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign government securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,168 41,314 39,853 11,837 4,979 3,015 — — — — — — 193,168 41,314 39,853 11,837 4,979 3,015 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $491,658 $195,870 $295,788 99 See Note 11 for the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021 and Trulia’s Convertible Senior Notes due in 2020. We did not have any Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2016 or 2015. There were no liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2016 or 2015. Note 4. Cash, Cash Equivalents, Investments and Restricted Cash On January 1, 2015, we transferred our cash equivalent and investment portfolio of approximately $440.8 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale, which resulted in the recognition of an immaterial loss. The transfer of the investment portfolio to available-for-sale was made to provide increased flexibility in the use of our investments to support current operations. The following tables present the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents, available-for-sale investments and restricted cash as of the dates presented (in thousands): Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash equivalents: December 31, 2016 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Market Value $ 76,605 $ — $ — $ 76,605 Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166,527 460 Short-term investments: U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . . Corporate notes and bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign government securities . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,438 61,530 14,952 11,925 6,226 5,995 1,053 — — 31 3 — — — — — — — (157) (50) — (13) — (10) — 166,527 460 162,312 61,483 14,952 11,912 6,226 5,985 1,053 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $507,711 $ 34 $(230) $507,515 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash equivalents: December 31, 2015 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Market Value $ 31,646 $ — $ — $ 31,646 Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,870 1,622 Short-term investments: U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . Corporate notes and bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign government securities . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,623 41,390 39,878 11,839 4,985 3,015 — — 1 1 11 1 — — — — (456) (77) (36) (3) (6) — 195,870 1,622 193,168 41,314 39,853 11,837 4,979 3,015 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $523,868 $ 14 $(578) $523,304 100 The following table presents available-for-sale investments by contractual maturity date as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands): Due in one year or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due after one year through two years . . . . . . . . . . . . . $206,815 56,251 $206,763 56,107 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $263,066 $262,870 Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Market Value Note 5. Accounts Receivable, Net The following table presents the detail of accounts receivable as of the dates presented (in thousands): Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unbilled accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,258 9,606 (1,337) $30,740 2,427 (3,378) Accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,527 $29,789 December 31, 2016 2015 The following table presents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the periods presented (in thousands): Allowance for doubtful accounts: Balance, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions charged to expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: write-offs, net of recoveries and other adjustments . . . . . . $ 3,378 2,681 (4,722) $ 2,811 3,235 (2,668) $ 1,850 2,529 (1,568) Balance, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,337 $ 3,378 $ 2,811 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Note 6. Property and Equipment, Net The following table presents the detail of property and equipment as of the dates presented (in thousands): December 31, 2016 2015 Website development costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction-in-progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office equipment, furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 102,130 28,175 37,923 19,470 19,254 $ 74,750 20,965 32,918 15,630 13,495 Property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: accumulated amortization and depreciation . . . . . . 206,952 (108,664) 157,758 (72,235) Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 98,288 $ 85,523 We recorded depreciation expense related to property and equipment (other than website development costs) of $15.6 million, $12.2 million and $6.1 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. 101 We capitalized $49.5 million, $46.1 million and $22.2 million, respectively, in website development costs during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Amortization expense for website development costs included in technology and development expenses was $40.0 million, $23.9 million and $18.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Construction-in-progress primarily consists of website development costs that are capitalizable, but for which the associated applications had not been placed in service. Note 7. Acquisitions Acquisition of Bridge Interactive Group In July 2016, Zillow, Inc., Bridge Interactive Group, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (“Bridge Interactive”), each of the members of Bridge Interactive, and an individual acting as the seller representative, entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which Zillow, Inc. acquired all of the outstanding ownership interests of Bridge Interactive on August 1, 2016. Bridge Interactive is a creator of broker and multiple listing service (MLS) back-office software. Our acquisition of Bridge Interactive has been accounted for as a business combination, and assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values as of August 1, 2016. Acquisition-related costs incurred, which primarily included legal and accounting fees and other external costs directly related to the acquisition, were expensed as incurred and were not material. The results of operations related to the acquisition of Bridge Interactive have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition, and are not significant. Pro forma financial information for the acquisition accounted for as a business combination has not been presented, as the effects were not material to our consolidated financial statements. Acquisition of Naked Apartments In February 2016, Zillow, Inc., Nectarine Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Zillow, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), Naked Apartments, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Naked Apartments”), and an individual acting as the stockholder representative, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Naked Apartments Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Zillow, Inc. acquired Naked Apartments on February 22, 2016 for approximately $13.2 million in cash. Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the Naked Apartments Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Naked Apartments, with Naked Apartments remaining as the surviving company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Zillow, Inc. Naked Apartments is New York City’s largest rentals-only platform. Our acquisition of Naked Apartments has been accounted for as a business combination, and assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values as of February 22, 2016. Goodwill, which represents the expected synergies from combining the acquired assets and the operations of the acquirer, as well as intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, is measured as of the acquisition date as the excess of consideration transferred, which is also measured at fair value, and the net of the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. 102 The total purchase price has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including identifiable intangible assets, based on their respective fair values at the acquisition date. Based upon the fair values determined by us, in which we considered or relied in part upon a valuation report of a third-party expert, the total purchase price was allocated as follows (in thousands): Current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifiable intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 371 3,700 10,610 (101) (1,416) Total preliminary estimated purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . $13,164 Our estimates and assumptions related to the purchase price allocation are preliminary and subject to change during the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) as we finalize the amount of deferred taxes recorded in connection with the acquisition. Acquisition-related costs incurred, which primarily included legal and accounting fees and other external costs directly related to the acquisition, were expensed as incurred and were not material. The results of operations related to the acquisition of Naked Apartments have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition, and are not significant. Pro forma financial information for the acquisition accounted for as a business combination has not been presented, as the effects were not material to our consolidated financial statements. Acquisition of Trulia Effective February 17, 2015, pursuant to the Merger Agreement dated as of July 28, 2014 by and among Zillow, Zillow Group and Trulia, following the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, each of Zillow and Trulia became wholly owned subsidiaries of Zillow Group. With the addition of Trulia, we expanded our audience and added another consumer brand that offers buyers, sellers, homeowners and renters access to information about homes and real estate for free, and provides advertising and software solutions that help real estate professionals grow their business. At the effective time of the merger, each share of Zillow Class A common stock was converted into the right to receive one share of fully paid and nonassessable Zillow Group Class A common stock, and each share of Zillow Class B common stock was converted into the right to receive one share of fully paid and nonassessable Zillow Group Class B common stock. Generally, each Zillow stock option and restricted stock unit outstanding (whether or not vested or exercisable) as of the effective time of the merger was assumed by Zillow Group and converted into a corresponding equity award to purchase or acquire shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock, subject to the same terms, conditions and restrictions as the original option or award. Any unvested shares of Zillow Class A common stock subject to a repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other condition as of the effective time of the merger were exchanged for shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock that were also unvested and subject to the same repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other condition. Each Zillow restricted unit outstanding as of the effective time of the merger was assumed by Zillow Group and converted into the right to receive Zillow Group Class A common stock, subject to the same terms, conditions and restrictions as the original restricted unit. At the effective time of the merger, each share of Trulia common stock was converted into the right to receive 0.444 of a share of fully paid and nonassessable Zillow Group Class A common stock. Generally, each Trulia stock option, restricted stock unit, and stock appreciation right outstanding (whether or not vested or exercisable) as of the effective time of the merger was assumed by Zillow Group and converted into a 103 corresponding equity award to purchase, acquire shares of, or participate in the appreciation in the price of Zillow Group Class A common stock, subject to the same terms, conditions and restrictions as the original option or award, subject to specified adjustments to reflect the effect of the Trulia exchange ratio. Each outstanding unvested Trulia stock option and restricted stock unit held by a member of the Trulia board of directors immediately prior to the effective time of the merger who was not an employee of Trulia or any subsidiary of Trulia became fully vested immediately prior to the effective time of the merger in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreements. Our acquisition of Trulia has been accounted for as a business combination, and assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values as of February 17, 2015. Goodwill, which represents the expected synergies from combining the acquired assets and the operations of the acquirer, as well as intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, is measured as of the acquisition date as the excess of consideration transferred, which is also measured at fair value, and the net of the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. In all cases in which Zillow Group’s closing stock price is a determining factor in arriving at the amount of merger consideration, the stock price assumed is the closing price of Zillow Class A common stock on NASDAQ on February 17, 2015 ($109.14 per share, unadjusted for the August 2015 stock split effected in the form of a dividend). The purchase price to effect the acquisition of Trulia of approximately $2.0 billion is summarized in the following table (in thousands): Value of Class A common stock issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Substituted stock options and stock appreciation rights assumed by Zillow Group attributable to pre- combination service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Substituted restricted stock units assumed by Zillow Group attributable to pre-combination service . . . . . . . . Cash paid in lieu of fractional outstanding shares . . . . . . . $1,883,728 54,853 27,798 41 Total purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,966,420 A total of 17,259,704 shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock were issued in connection with the acquisition of Trulia. Trulia stockholders did not receive any fractional shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock in connection with the acquisition. Instead of receiving any fractional shares, each holder of Trulia common stock was paid an amount in cash (without interest) equal to such fractional amount multiplied by the last reported sale price of Zillow Class A common stock on NASDAQ on the last complete trading day prior to the date of the effective time of the merger. A portion of the purchase price has been attributed to the substitution of Trulia’s stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights outstanding as of February 17, 2015, for corresponding stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights to purchase, vest in or participate in the appreciation in the price of shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock, all at an exchange ratio of 0.444. The fair value of Trulia’s share-based awards assumed in connection with the acquisition, including stock options, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights, which relate to post-combination service will be recorded by Zillow Group as share-based compensation expense ratably over the remaining related vesting period of the respective award. The share-based compensation expense related to stock options and stock appreciation rights assumed is estimated at the acquisition date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, assuming no dividends, expected volatility of 53%, a risk-free interest rate of 1.10%, and an expected life of three years. For restricted stock units assumed, Zillow Group used the market value of Zillow’s Class A common stock on the date of acquisition to determine the fair value of the award. The total purchase price has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including identifiable intangible assets, based on their respective fair values at the acquisition date. Based upon the fair 104 values determined by us, in which we considered or relied in part upon a valuation report of a third-party expert, the total purchase price was allocated as follows (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifiable intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt premium recorded in additional paid-in capital . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities and other long-term liabilities . . . . $ 173,447 13,093 20,833 6,946 30,189 434 549,000 1,736,362 (51,258) (8,324) (8,300) (230,000) (126,386) (139,616) Total purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,966,420 The fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired consisted of the following (in thousands): Trulia trade names and trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader trade names and trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Developed technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MLS home data feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Fair Value $351,000 2,000 92,000 91,000 9,000 4,000 Estimated Useful Life (in years) Indefinite 2 3-7 3-7 3 3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $549,000 The fair value of the intangible assets acquired was determined by Zillow Group, and Zillow Group considered or relied in part upon a valuation report of a third-party expert. Zillow Group used an income approach to measure the fair value of the trade names and trademarks and the developed technology based on the relief-from-royalty method. Zillow Group used an income approach to measure the fair value of the customer relationships based on the excess earnings method, whereby the fair value is estimated based upon the present value of cash flows that the applicable asset is expected to generate. Zillow Group used an income approach to measure the fair value of the advertising relationships based on a with and without analysis, whereby the fair value is estimated based on the present value of cash flows the combined business is expected to generate with and without the advertising relationships. Zillow Group used a cost approach to measure the fair value of the MLS home data feeds based on the estimated cost to replace the data feed library. These fair value measurements were based on Level 3 measurements under the fair value hierarchy. A portion of the total purchase price was allocated to Trulia’s 2020 Notes (see Note 11). In accordance with the accounting guidance related to business combinations, the 2020 Notes are recognized at fair value as of the effective date of the acquisition. The fair value of the 2020 Notes as of the date of acquisition was approximately $356.4 million. The fair value of the 2020 Notes as of the date of acquisition was determined by Zillow Group, and Zillow Group considered or relied in part upon a valuation report of a third-party expert. The fair value of the 2020 Notes was determined through combination of the use of a binomial lattice valuation model and 105 consideration of quoted market prices. The fair value is classified as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs such as implied volatility of Zillow Group’s Class A common stock, discount spread and the limited trading activity for the 2020 Notes. Given the fair value of the 2020 Notes as of the date of acquisition of $356.4 million was at a substantial premium to the principal amount of $230.0 million, the premium amount of $126.4 million has been recorded as additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet as of the effective date of the acquisition. Accordingly, Zillow Group has recognized the liability component of the 2020 Notes at the stated par amount in the consolidated balance sheet as of the effective date of the acquisition. The conversion feature included in the 2020 Notes is not required to be bifurcated and separately accounted for as it meets the equity scope exception given the conversion feature (i) is indexed to Zillow Group’s Class A common stock and (ii) would be classified in shareholder’s equity. Further, the 2020 Notes do not permit or require Zillow Group to settle the debt in cash (in whole or in part) upon conversion. A portion of the total purchase price was allocated to deferred tax liabilities primarily related to an indefinite-lived intangible asset generated in connection with the acquisition. Due to the recognition of a $351.0 million indefinite-lived Trulia trade name and trademark intangible asset as of the effective date of the acquisition, a deferred tax liability of $139.5 million was recognized which cannot be offset by the recognized deferred tax assets. The results of operations related to the acquisition of Trulia have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition of February 17, 2015. However, disclosure of the amounts of revenue and earnings of the acquiree since the acquisition date is impracticable because discrete financial information is not available due to the rapid integration of Zillow’s and Trulia’s operations. Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information gives effect to the acquisition of Trulia as if it were consummated on January 1, 2014 (the beginning of the comparable prior reporting period in the year of acquisition). The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is presented for informational purposes only. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not represent true historical financial information. Further, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is not intended to represent or be indicative of the results of operations that would have been reported had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2014 and should not be taken as representative of future results of operations of the combined company. The following table presents the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information for the periods presented, except for the financial information presented for the year ended December 31, 2016 which is presented on an as-reported basis (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 (1) Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 846,589 $(220,438) $679,935 $ (91,055) (1) The pro forma net loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes pro forma adjustments for $49.3 million to eliminate direct and incremental acquisition-related costs reflected in the historical financial statements, $37.3 million to eliminate share-based compensation expense attributable to substituted equity awards and to record additional share-based compensation expense attributable to substituted equity awards, $35.7 million to eliminate restructuring costs associated with the acquisition of Trulia reflected in the historical financial statements and $2.4 million to record additional amortization expense for acquired intangible assets. 106 Note 8. Goodwill The following table presents the change in goodwill from December 31, 2015 through December 31, 2016 (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisition of $1,909,167 Naked Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,610 Goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisition of Bridge Interactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,899 Reduction of goodwill in connection with the divestiture of a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,196) Balance as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,923,480 The goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisitions of Naked Apartments and Bridge Interactive, which includes intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, is not deductible for tax purposes. Note 9. Intangible Assets The following tables present the detail of intangible assets subject to amortization as of the dates presented (in thousands): Purchased content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Developed technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names and trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MLS home data feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2016 Accumulated Amortization $(15,508) (4,773) (30,952) (36,341) (2,877) (5,598) (684) Cost $ 35,205 9,712 103,200 110,080 4,900 9,000 1,100 Net $ 19,697 4,939 72,248 73,739 2,023 3,402 416 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $273,197 $(96,733) $176,464 Purchased content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Developed technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names and trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MLS home data feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2015 Accumulated Amortization $(19,649) (2,845) (16,204) (19,515) (2,212) (2,598) (318) Cost $ 37,581 6,961 103,425 108,295 4,860 9,000 1,100 Net $ 17,932 4,116 87,221 88,780 2,648 6,402 782 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $271,222 $(63,341) $207,881 Amortization expense recorded for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $44.9 million, $39.3 million and $11.1 million, respectively, and these amounts are included in technology and development expenses. 107 Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets, including amortization related to future commitments (see Note 16), as of December 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands): 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All future years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45,608 39,243 33,391 32,525 32,145 15,717 Total future amortization expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $198,629 As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we have an indefinite-lived intangible asset for $351.0 million that we recorded in connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia for Trulia’s trade names and trademarks that is not subject to amortization. See Note 7 for further details related to the acquisition. Note 10. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities The following table presents the detail of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of as of the dates presented (in thousands): Accrued marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued purchased content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Merger consideration payable to former stockholders of December 31, 2016 2015 $ 7,978 8,382 2,257 $ 9,663 8,385 7,784 certain acquired entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities . . . . . . . 5,904 13,906 5,317 11,898 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities . . . . . . . $38,427 $43,047 Note 11. Convertible Senior Notes Convertible Senior Notes due in 2021 On December 12, 2016, Zillow Group issued $460.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”), which amount includes the exercise in full of the $60.0 million over-allotment option, to Citigroup Global Markets Inc. as the initial purchaser of the 2021 Notes in a private offering to the initial purchaser in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) for resale to qualified institutional buyers as defined in, and pursuant to, Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The 2021 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.00% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2017. The 2021 Notes are convertible into cash, shares of our Class C capital stock or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election. The 2021 Notes will mature on December 1, 2021, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed, or converted in accordance with their terms. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes were approximately $447.8 million, after deducting fees and expenses. The Company used approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to repurchase a portion of the outstanding 2020 Notes (see additional information below under “Trulia’s Convertible Senior Notes due 2020”) in privately negotiated transactions. In addition, the Company used approximately $36.6 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to pay the cost of the 108 capped call transactions with the initial purchaser of the 2021 Notes and two additional financial institutions (“Capped Call Confirmations”) as discussed further below. The Company intends to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2021, the 2021 Notes are convertible at the option of the holders of the 2021 Notes only under certain conditions. On or after September 1, 2021, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders of the 2021 Notes may convert their 2021 Notes at their option at the conversion rate then in effect, irrespective of these conditions. The Company will settle conversions of the 2021 Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of Class C capital stock, or a combination of cash and shares of Class C capital stock, at its election. The conversion rate will initially be 19.0985 shares of Class C capital stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2021 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $52.36 per share of Class C capital stock). The conversion rate is subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. The Company may redeem for cash all or part of the 2021 Notes, at its option, on or after December 6, 2019, under certain circumstances at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date (as defined in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes). The conversion option does not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as it is indexed to our own stock. If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes), holders of the 2021 Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or part of their 2021 Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date (as defined in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes). In addition, if certain fundamental changes occur, the Company may be required in certain circumstances to increase the conversion rate for any 2021 Notes converted in connection with such fundamental changes by a specified number of shares of its Class C capital stock. Certain events are also considered “Events of Default,” which may result in the acceleration of the maturity of the 2021 Notes, as described in the indenture governing the notes. There are no financial covenants associated with the 2021 Notes. We may not redeem the 2021 Notes prior to December 6, 2019. We may redeem the 2021 Notes for cash, at our option, in whole or in part on or after December 6, 2019, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class C capital stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period. In accounting for the issuance of the 2021 Notes, the Company separated the 2021 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2021 Notes. The difference between the principal amount of the 2021 Notes and the liability component represents the debt discount, which is recorded as a direct deduction from the related debt liability in the consolidated balance sheet and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the 2021 Notes. The equity component of the 2021 Notes of approximately $91.4 million is included in additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The Company incurred transaction costs of approximately $12.2 million related to the issuance of the 2021 Notes, including approximately $11.5 million in fees to the initial purchaser, which amount was paid out of the gross proceeds from the note offering. In accounting for the transaction costs, the Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the 2021 Notes. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were recorded as a direct deduction from the related debt liability in the consolidated balance sheet and amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2021 Notes, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component in shareholders’ equity. 109 Interest expense related to the 2021 Notes for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $1.3 million, which is comprised of approximately $0.9 million related to the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs and $0.5 million for the contractual coupon interest. The effective interest rate on the liability component of the 2021 Notes for the year ended December 31, 2016 is 7.44%. Accrued interest related to the 2021 Notes as of December 31, 2016 was $0.5 million, and is recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The following table presents the outstanding principal amount and carrying value of the 2021 Notes as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands): Outstanding Principal Amount Unamortized Debt Discount and Debt Issuance Costs Carrying Value 2021 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $460,000 $(102,733) $357,267 As of December 31, 2016, the unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs for the 2020 Notes will be amortized to interest expense over a remaining period of approximately 59 months. The estimated fair value of the 2021 Notes was $474.2 million as of December 31, 2016. The estimated fair value of the 2021 Notes was determined through consideration of quoted market prices. The fair value is classified as Level 3 due to the limited trading activity for the 2021 Notes. The Capped Call Confirmations are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution of our Class C capital stock upon any conversion of 2021 Notes and/or offset the cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes in the event that the market price of the Class C capital stock is greater than the strike price of the Capped Call Confirmations (which initially corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2021 Notes and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call Confirmations), with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price of the Capped Call Confirmations. The Capped Call Confirmations have an initial cap price of $69.19 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 85% over the closing price of the Company’s Class C capital stock on The NASDAQ Global Select Market on December 6, 2016, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call Confirmations. The Capped Call Confirmations will cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the 2021 Notes, the number of shares of Class C capital stock that will underlie the 2021 Notes. In addition, the Capped Call Confirmations provide for the Company to elect, subject to certain conditions, for the Capped Call Confirmations to remain outstanding (with certain modifications) following its election to redeem the 2021 Notes, notwithstanding any conversions of 2021 Notes in connection with such redemption. The Capped Call Confirmations do not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as they are indexed to our own stock. The premiums paid for the Capped Call Confirmations have been included as a net reduction to additional paid-in capital within shareholders’ equity. Trulia’s Convertible Senior Notes due in 2020 In connection with the February 2015 acquisition of Trulia (see Note 7), a portion of the total purchase price was allocated to Trulia’s Convertible Senior Notes due in 2020 (the “2020 Notes”), which are unsecured senior obligations. Pursuant to and in accordance with the Merger Agreement, Zillow Group entered into a supplemental indenture in respect of the 2020 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $230.0 million, which supplemental indenture provides, among other things, that, at the effective time of the Trulia Merger, (i) each outstanding 2020 Note is no longer convertible into shares of Trulia common stock and is convertible solely into shares of Zillow Group Class A common stock, pursuant to, and in accordance with, the terms of the indenture governing the 2020 Notes, and (ii) Zillow Group guaranteed all of the obligations of Trulia under the 2020 Notes and related indenture. The aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes is due on December 15, 2020 if not earlier converted or redeemed. Interest is payable on the 2020 Notes at the rate of 2.75% semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. 110 In December 2016, the Company used approximately $370.2 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes discussed above to repurchase $219.9 million aggregate principal of the 2020 Notes in privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase of the 2020 Notes was accounted for as a debt extinguishment, and the consideration transferred was allocated between the liability and equity components by determining the intrinsic value of the conversion option immediately prior to the debt extinguishment and allocating that portion of the repurchase price to additional paid-in capital for $127.6 million with the residual repurchase price allocated to the liability component. The partial repurchase of the 2020 Notes resulted in the recognition of a $22.8 million loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2016. Holders of the 2020 Notes may convert all or any portion of their notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date. In connection with the supplemental indenture in respect of the 2020 Notes, the conversion ratio immediately prior to the effective time of the Trulia Merger of 27.8303 shares of Trulia common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes was adjusted to 12.3567 shares of our Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes based on the exchange ratio of 0.444 per the Merger Agreement. This was equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $80.93 per share of our Class A common stock. In connection with the August 2015 distribution of shares of our Class C capital stock as a dividend to our Class A and Class B common shareholders, the conversion ratio has been further adjusted to 41.4550 shares of Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $24.12 per share of our Class A common stock. The conversion ratio will be adjusted for certain dilutive events and will be increased in the case of corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing the notes). The conversion option of the 2020 Notes has no cash settlement provisions. The conversion option does not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as it is indexed to our own stock. The holders of the 2020 Notes will have the ability to require us to repurchase the notes in whole or in part upon the occurrence of an event that constitutes a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing the notes, including such events as a “change in control” or “termination of trading”, subject to certain exceptions). In such case, the repurchase price would be 100% of the principal amount of the 2020 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the Fundamental Change repurchase date. Certain events are also considered “Events of Default,” which may result in the acceleration of the maturity of the 2020 Notes, as described in the indenture governing the notes. There are no financial covenants associated with the 2020 Notes. The 2020 Notes are redeemable, at our option, in whole or in part on or after December 20, 2018, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class A common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period. Interest expense related to the 2020 Notes for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $6.1 million and $5.5 million, respectively. Accrued interest related to the 2020 Notes as of December 31, 2016 was not material. Accrued interest related to the 2020 Notes as of December 31, 2015 was $0.3 million. Accrued interest is recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The carrying value of the 2020 Notes was $10.1 million and $230.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The estimated fair value of the 2020 Notes was $17.3 million and $ 272.9 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The estimated fair value of the 2020 Notes was determined through consideration of quoted market prices. The fair value is classified as Level 3 due to the limited trading activity for the 2020 Notes. Note 12. Income Taxes We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States and in Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we did not have a material amount of current taxable income and, therefore, 111 no material related tax liability or expense has been recorded in the consolidated financial statements. We recorded income tax expense of approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. We recorded an income tax benefit of $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily due to a deferred tax liability generated in connection with Zillow Group’s August 20, 2015 acquisition of DotLoop, Inc. that can be used to realize certain deferred tax assets for which we had previously provided a full allowance. The following table summarizes the components of our income tax benefit (expense) for the periods presented (in thousands): Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,248 (1,378) $2,838 1,807 Deferred income tax benefit (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (130) $4,645 $— — $— Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 The following table presents a reconciliation of the federal statutory rate and our effective tax rate for the periods presented: Tax expense at federal statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondeductible expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Divestiture of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (35.0)% (35.0)% (34.0)% (1.5) (2.3) (1.9) 15.3 2.8 4.9 0.7 1.2 (0.2) (3.2) (4.1) (1.5) 2.3 — — (1.0) — (0.9) 22.7 33.1 34.7 Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1% (3.0)% 0.0% 112 Deferred federal, state and foreign income taxes reflect the net tax impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts for tax purposes. The following table presents the significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates presented (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Start-up and organizational costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruals and reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: Website and software development costs . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount on 2021 Notes not deductible for tax . . . Other deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax assets before valuation allowance . . . . Less: valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2016 2015 $ 208,029 67,482 — 3,123 300 24,295 1,358 1,814 5,882 14,544 $ 162,521 45,969 825 3,090 369 21,157 1,358 3,338 5,228 550 326,827 244,405 (15,851) (363) (192,830) (34,384) — 83,399 (217,351) (13,851) — (200,082) — (52) 30,420 (162,715) Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(133,952) $(132,295) Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. We have provided a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 because, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance increased by $54.6 million and $125.5 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We have accumulated federal tax losses of approximately $893.3 million and $735.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, which are available to reduce future taxable income. We have accumulated state tax losses of approximately $13.5 million and $11.6 million (tax effected), respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016, approximately $337.6 million of our net operating loss carryforwards relate to tax deductible share-based compensation in excess of amounts recognized for financial reporting purposes. To the extent that net operating loss carryforwards, if realized, relate to share-based compensation, the resulting tax benefits will be recorded to shareholders’ equity rather than to the statement of operations. Additionally, we have net research and development credit carryforwards of $24.3 million and $17.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, which are available to reduce future tax liabilities. The tax loss and research and development credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2025. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an ownership change, the corporation’s ability to use its pre- change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income or income tax liability may be limited. In connection with our August 2013 public 113 offering of our Class A Common stock, we experienced an ownership change that triggered Sections 382 and 383, which may limit our ability to utilize net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. In connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, Trulia experienced an ownership change that triggered Section 382 and 383, which may limit Zillow Group’s ability to utilize Trulia’s net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We are currently not under audit in any tax jurisdiction. Tax years from 2013 through 2016 are currently open for audit by federal and state taxing authorities. Changes for unrecognized tax benefits for the periods presented are as follows (in thousands): Balance at January 1, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross increases—current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . Gross decreases—prior period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,123 1,946 (576) Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,493 Gross increases—prior and current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,577 Gross increases—assumed in connection with February 2015 acquisition of Trulia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,910 Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,980 Gross increases—current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . Gross decreases—prior period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . 2,619 (1,204) Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,395 At December 31, 2016, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits of $15.4 million is recorded as a reduction to the deferred tax asset. We do not anticipate that the amount of existing unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as income tax expense and are zero. Note 13. Shareholders’ Equity Preferred Stock Our board of directors has the authority to fix and determine and to amend the number of shares of any series of preferred stock that is wholly unissued or to be established and to fix and determine and to amend the designation, preferences, voting powers and limitations, and the relative, participating, optional or other rights, of any series of shares of preferred stock that is wholly unissued or to be established, subject in each case to certain approval rights of holders of our outstanding Class B common stock. There was no preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015. Common and Capital Stock Our Class A common stock has no preferences or privileges and is not redeemable. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share. Our Class B common stock has no preferences or privileges and is not redeemable. At any time after the date of issuance, each share of Class B common stock, at the option of the holder, may be converted into one share of Class A common stock, or automatically converted into Class A common stock upon the affirmative vote by or written consent of holders of a majority of the shares of the Class B common stock. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, no shares of Class B common stock were converted into Class A common stock at the option of the holders. During the year ended December 31, 2014, 251,445 shares of Class B common stock were converted into Class A common stock at the option of the holders. Holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 10 votes for each share. 114 Our Class C capital stock has no preferences or privileges, is not redeemable and, except in limited circumstances, is non-voting. The following shares of common and capital stock have been reserved for future issuance as of the dates presented: Option awards outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class A common stock and Class C capital stock December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 29,628,443 3,780,577 27,126,374 2,605,514 available for grant under 2011 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,887,262 688,014 Shares issuable upon conversion of outstanding Class B common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,217,447 6,217,447 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,513,729 36,637,349 Stock Split Effected in Form of Stock Dividend In December 2014 and in connection with the Trulia acquisition, the shareholders of Zillow and the stockholders of Trulia approved amendments to Zillow Group’s amended and restated articles of incorporation to, among other things, create a new class of non-voting Class C capital stock. On July 21, 2015, we announced that our board of directors had approved a distribution of shares of our Class C capital stock as a dividend to our Class A and Class B common shareholders (the “Class C Stock Split”). Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock as of the close of business on July 31, 2015, the record date for the Class C Stock Split, received on August 14, 2015 a distribution of two shares of Class C capital stock for each share of Class A and Class B common stock held by them as of the record date. The distribution of shares had the effect of a 3-for-1 stock split. Outstanding equity awards to purchase or acquire shares of Class A common stock were proportionately adjusted to relate to one share of Class A common stock and two shares of Class C capital stock for each share of Class A common stock subject to the awards as of the record date, and the exercise prices of any such awards were also proportionately allocated between Class A common stock and Class C capital stock. The adjustment to outstanding equity awards resulted in an immaterial amount of incremental aggregate fair value associated with the awards outstanding immediately following the Class C Stock Split as compared to just prior to the Class C Stock Split, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented. The par value per share of our shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock has remained unchanged at $0.0001 per share after the Class C Stock Split. On the effective date of the Class C Stock Split, we transferred between additional paid in capital and Class C capital stock an amount equal to the $0.0001 par value of the Class C capital stock that was issued. We have given retroactive effect to prior period share and per share amounts in our consolidated financial statements for the effect of the Class C Stock Split so that prior periods are comparable to current period presentation. Note 14. Share-Based Awards In connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, we assumed the obligations of Zillow and Trulia outstanding under pre-existing stock plans. We intend that future equity grants will be made under Zillow Group’s 2011 Amended and Restated Incentive Plan (as amended and/or restated from time to time, the “2011 Plan”) only (or a successor thereto). Zillow Group, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan On July 19, 2011, the 2011 Plan became effective and serves as the successor to Zillow’s 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”). Shareholders last approved the 2011 Plan on June 15, 2016. In addition to the 115 share reserve of 18,400,000 shares, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2011 Plan automatically increases on the first day of each of our fiscal years by a number of shares equal to the least of (a) 3.5% of our outstanding Class A common stock, Class B common stock, and Class C capital stock on a fully diluted basis as of the end of our immediately preceding fiscal year, (b) 10,500,000 shares, and (c) a lesser amount determined by our board of directors; provided, however, that any shares from any increases in previous years that are not actually issued will continue to be available for issuance under the 2011 Plan. In addition, shares previously available for grant under the 2005 Plan, but not issued or subject to outstanding awards under the 2005 Plan as of July 19, 2011, and shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2005 Plan that subsequently cease to be subject to such awards (other than by reason of exercise of the awards) are available for grant under the 2011 Plan. The 2011 Plan is administered by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Under the terms of the 2011 Plan, the compensation committee may grant equity awards, including incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units or restricted units to employees, officers, directors, consultants, agents, advisors and independent contractors. The board of directors has also authorized certain senior executive officers to grant equity awards under the 2011 Plan, within limits prescribed by our board of directors. The 2011 Plan provides that in the event of a stock dividend, stock split or similar event, the maximum number and kind of securities available for issuance under the plan will be proportionally adjusted. Options under the 2011 Plan are granted with an exercise price per share not less than 100% of the fair market value of our stock on the date of grant, with the exception of substituted option awards granted in connection with acquisitions, and are exercisable at such times and under such conditions as determined by the compensation committee. Under the 2011 Plan, the maximum term of an option is ten years from the date of grant. Any portion of an option that is not vested and exercisable on the date of a participant’s termination of service expires on such date. Employees generally forfeit their rights to exercise vested options after 3 months following their termination of employment or 12 months in the event of termination by reason of death, disability or retirement. Options granted under the 2011 Plan typically expire seven or 10 years from the grant date and typically vest either 25% after 12 months and ratably thereafter over the next 36 months or quarterly over a period of four years, though certain options have been granted with longer vesting schedules. Restricted stock units granted under the 2011 Plan typically vest either 25% after 12 months and quarterly thereafter over the next three years or 12.5% after 6 months and quarterly thereafter for the next 3.5 years. Any portion of a restricted stock unit that is not vested on the date of a participant’s termination of service expires on such date. In March 2016, Zillow Group established an equity choice program pursuant to which Zillow Group grants restricted stock units and option awards to acquire shares of Class C capital stock to certain employees to retain and recognize their efforts on behalf of Zillow Group. Trulia 2005 Stock Incentive Plan Trulia granted options under its 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, “the 2005 Plan”) until September 2012 when the 2005 Plan was terminated. Stock options issued prior to the plan termination remained outstanding in accordance with their terms. Under the terms of the 2005 Plan, Trulia had the ability to grant incentive and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. Options granted under the 2005 Plan generally vest at a rate of 25% after 12 months and ratably thereafter over the next 36 months and expire 10 years from the grant date. Certain options vest monthly over two to four years. Trulia 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated On September 19, 2012, Trulia’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) became effective. The 2012 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, 116 stock appreciation rights, performance units and performance shares to employees, directors and consultants. Under the 2012 Plan, stock options are granted at a price per share not less than 100% of the fair market value per share of the underlying stock at the grant date. The plan administrator determines the vesting period for each option award on the grant date, and the options generally expire 10 years from the grant date or such shorter term as may be determined for the options. As noted above, we intend that future equity grants will be made under the 2011 Plan only. Market Leader Amended and Restated 2004 Equity Incentive Plan In connection with Trulia’s acquisition of Market Leader in 2013, Trulia assumed Market Leader’s Amended and Restated 2004 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2004 Plan”), including all outstanding shares of restricted stock, all outstanding stock appreciation rights, all outstanding options, and all shares available for future issuance under the 2004 Plan. Trulia granted equity awards, to the extent permissible by applicable law and New York Stock Exchange rules, under the 2004 Plan until it expired on December 9, 2014. The equity awards issued prior to the 2004 Plan’s expiration remained outstanding in accordance with their terms. Option Awards and Stock Appreciation Rights The following table summarizes option award and stock appreciation rights activity for the year ended December 31, 2016: Number of Shares Subject to Existing Options and Stock Appreciation Rights 27,126,374 6,235,414 (2,518,172) (1,215,173) 29,628,443 Outstanding at January 1, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,020,654 20.38 Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) $23.35 23.99 12.41 30.79 24.11 5.96 $156,025 5.97 4.36 376,004 230,819 The fair value of options granted, excluding options granted under the Stock Option Grant Program for Nonemployee Directors (“Nonemployee Director Awards”) and certain options granted to the Company’s executives in January and February 2015, is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model with the following assumptions for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average expected life . . . Weighted-average fair value of 49% – 51% — 54% – 56% — 0.89% – 1.89% 1.03% – 1.48% 1.37% – 1.55% 4.26 years 53% – 57% — 4.58 years 3.80 years options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9.42 $13.77 $14.78 The assumptions included in the table above exclude stock options and stock appreciation rights assumed in connection with the February 17, 2015 acquisition of Trulia (see Note 7) and unvested stock options substituted in connection with the August 20, 2015 acquisition of DotLoop, Inc. 117 In March 2016, option awards for an aggregate of 93,995 shares of Class C capital stock were granted as Nonemployee Director Awards, which are fully vested and exercisable on the date of grant. The fair value of options granted for the Nonemployee Director Awards, $8.91 per share, is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, assuming expected volatility of 51%, no dividends, a risk-free interest rate of 1.12%, and a weighted-average expected life of 4.25 years. During the year ended December 31, 2016, share-based compensation expense recognized in our consolidated statement of operations related to Nonemployee Director Awards was $0.8 million, and is included in general and administrative expenses. In March 2015, option awards for an aggregate of 47,175 shares of Class A common stock and Class C capital stock (as adjusted in connection with the Class C Stock Split) were granted as Nonemployee Director Awards, which are fully vested and exercisable on the date of grant. The fair value of options granted for the Nonemployee Director Awards, $15.90 per share, is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes- Merton option-pricing model, assuming expected volatility of 57%, no dividends, a risk-free interest rate of 1.01%, and a weighted-average expected life of 3.5 years. During the year ended December 31, 2015, share- based compensation expense recognized in our statement of operations related to Nonemployee Director Awards was $0.8 million, and is included in general and administrative expenses. In January and February 2015, option awards for a total of 3,450,000 shares of Class A common stock and Class C capital stock (as adjusted in connection with the Class C Stock Split) were granted to certain of the Company’s executive officers. The fair value of the option awards is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, assuming expected volatility of 52%, no dividends, a risk-free interest rate of 1.76% and a weighted-average expected life of 6.8 years. The grant date fair value of the option awards is approximately $62.8 million. One-sixteenth of the total number of shares subject to the option awards vested and became exercisable on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date. An additional 1/192nd of the total number of shares subject to the option awards will vest and become exercisable monthly thereafter over the next three years so that this portion of the award will be vested and exercisable four years from the vesting commencement date. One-sixteenth of the total number of shares subject to the option awards vested and became exercisable on the two-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date. An additional 1/192nd of the total number of shares subject to the option awards will vest and become exercisable monthly thereafter over the next three years so that this portion of the award will be vested and exercisable five years from the vesting commencement date. One-sixteenth of the total number of shares subject to the option awards will vest and become exercisable on the three-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date. An additional 1/192nd of the total number of shares subject to the option awards will vest and become exercisable monthly thereafter over the next three years so that this portion of the award will be vested and exercisable six years from the vesting commencement date. One-sixteenth of the total number of shares subject to the option awards will vest and become exercisable on the four-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date. An additional 1/192nd of the total number of shares subject to the option awards will vest and become exercisable monthly thereafter over the next three years so that this portion of the award will be vested and exercisable seven years from the vesting commencement date. The option awards have a ten-year term. As of December 31, 2016, there was a total of $172.2 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years. The total intrinsic value of options and stock appreciation rights exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $51.7 million, $67.3 million and $124.0 million, respectively. The fair value of options and stock appreciation rights vested for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $87.9 million, $59.9 million and $18.9 million, respectively. 118 Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes activity for restricted stock units for the year ended December 31, 2016: Unvested outstanding at January 1, 2016 . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted Stock Units 2,605,514 3,208,524 (1,506,631) (526,830) Unvested outstanding at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . 3,780,577 Weighted- Average Grant- Date Fair Value $32.36 26.37 30.94 27.35 28.54 Pursuant to the terms of the Naked Apartments Merger Agreement, Zillow Group established a retention bonus plan in March 2016 pursuant to which a total of 161,883 restricted stock units for shares of our Class C capital stock have been granted to employees of Naked Apartments who accepted employment with Zillow Group. For 139,075 of the restricted stock units, one-sixth of the restricted stock units vested on August 22, 2016, and the remaining restricted stock units vest quarterly thereafter over the next 2.5 years. For 22,808 of the restricted stock units, 25% of the restricted stock units vested on August 22, 2016, and the remaining restricted stock units vest quarterly thereafter over the next 1.5 years. The vesting of the restricted stock units is subject to the recipient’s continued full-time employment or service to Zillow Group. The total grant date fair value of the restricted stock units is approximately $3.6 million. The total fair value of vested restricted stock units was $46.5 million, $67.3 million and $5.1 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. The fair value of the outstanding restricted stock units will be recorded as share-based compensation expense over the vesting period. As of December 31, 2016, there was $98.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years. Share-Based Compensation Expense The following table presents the effects of share-based compensation in our consolidated statements of operations during the periods presented (in thousands): Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, $ 2016 5,923 23,320 31,466 46,209 — $ 2015 4,694 25,391 26,849 48,280 14,859 2014 $ 1,844 7,320 11,681 13,240 — $106,918 $120,073 $34,085 Note 15. Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares (including Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C capital stock) outstanding during the period. In the calculation of basic net loss per share, undistributed earnings are allocated assuming all earnings during the period were distributed. 119 Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares (including Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C capital stock) outstanding during the period and potentially dilutive Class A common stock and Class C capital stock equivalents, except in cases where the effect of the Class A common stock or Class C capital stock equivalent would be antidilutive. Potential Class A common stock and Class C capital stock equivalents consist of Class A common stock and Class C capital stock issuable upon exercise of stock options and stock appreciation rights and Class A common stock and Class C capital stock underlying unvested restricted stock awards and unvested restricted stock units using the treasury stock method. Potential Class A common stock equivalents also include Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the 2020 Notes using the if-converted method. For the periods presented, the following Class A common stock and Class C capital stock equivalents were excluded from the calculations of diluted net loss per share because their effect would have been antidilutive (in thousands): Weighted-average Class A common stock and Class C capital stock option awards and stock appreciation rights outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average Class A common stock and Class C capital stock unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 19,993 16,607 12,731 3,607 3,453 600 — 2020 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 9,535 Total Class A common stock and Class C capital stock equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,040 29,595 13,331 Since the Company expects to settle the principal amount of the outstanding 2021 Notes in cash, the Company uses the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted net income per share, if applicable. The conversion spread of approximately 8.8 million shares will have a dilutive impact on diluted net income per share when the market price of the Company’s Class C capital stock at the end of a period exceeds the conversion price of $52.36 per share for the 2021 Notes. In the event of liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding-up of the Company, the holders of all classes of common and capital stock have equal rights to receive all the assets of the Company after the rights of the holders of preferred stock have been satisfied. We have not presented net loss per share under the two- class method for our Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C capital stock because it would be the same for each class due to equal dividend and liquidation rights for each class. Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies Lease Commitments We have various operating leases for office space and equipment. Seattle, Washington In March 2011, we entered into a lease agreement for office space that houses our corporate headquarters in Seattle (as amended from time to time, the “Seattle Lease”). Pursuant to the terms of the Seattle Lease, we currently lease a total of 200,426 square feet, and we are obligated to make escalating monthly lease payments that began in December 2012 and continue through December 2024. We will continue to take possession of additional office space pursuant to the Seattle Lease as space becomes available through 2017 under the same terms and conditions. 120 San Francisco, California In connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, we assumed a lease agreement for office space in San Francisco (as amended from time to time, the “San Francisco Lease”), which houses Trulia’s corporate headquarters and Zillow’s personnel located in San Francisco. Pursuant to the terms of the San Francisco Lease, we lease a total of 105,897 square feet, and we are obligated to make escalating monthly lease payments through September 2023. In November 2012, we entered into an operating lease in San Francisco, California for 18,353 square feet under which we are obligated to make escalating monthly lease payments which began in December 2012 and continue through December 2018. In March 2015, we ceased use of this space in connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, and in May 2015, we sublet this office space to another occupant. Pursuant to the terms of the operating lease and since October 2015, we lease an additional 8,311 square feet of office space under the same terms and conditions, and we also sublet this office space to another occupant. New York, New York In February 2014, we entered into an operating lease in New York (as amended from time to time, the “New York Lease”). Pursuant to the terms of the New York Lease, we lease a total of approximately 39,900 square feet, and we are obligated to make escalating monthly lease payments that began in August 2014 and continue through November 2024. In July 2015, we sublet approximately 6,650 square feet of this office space to another occupant. Denver, Colorado In connection with our February 2015 acquisition of Trulia, we assumed a lease agreement for office space in Denver. Pursuant to the terms of the lease, we lease a total of 64,908 square feet, and we are obligated to make escalating monthly lease payments through October 2021. Irvine, California In April 2012, we entered into a lease agreement for office space in Irvine (as amended from time to time, the “Irvine Lease”). Pursuant to the terms of the Irvine Lease, we lease a total of 60,074 square feet under which we are obligated to make escalating monthly lease payments which began in August 2012 and continue through July 2022. We lease additional office space in Chicago, Illinois, Cincinnati, Ohio, Lincoln, Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia and Vancouver, British Columbia. Future minimum payments for all operating leases as of December 31, 2016 are as follows (in thousands): 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All future years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,122 23,623 22,282 22,712 22,942 57,780 Total future minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $171,461 Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $16.6 million, $14.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively. Total minimum rentals to be received in the future under noncancelable subleases as of December 31, 2016 is $3.3 million. 121 Purchase Commitments As of December 31, 2016, we had non-cancelable purchase commitments for content related to our mobile applications and websites totaling $120.3 million. The amounts due for this content as of December 31, 2016 are as follows (in thousands): 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 34,841 32,750 33,500 14,750 4,500 Total future purchase commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $120,341 Letters of Credit As of December 31, 2016, we have outstanding letters of credit of approximately $5.2 million, $1.8 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, which secure our lease obligations in connection with the operating leases of our San Francisco, Seattle, New York and Denver office spaces. Certain of the letters of credit are unsecured obligations, and certain of the letters of credit are secured by certificates of deposit held as collateral in our name at a financial institution. The secured letters of credit are classified as restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheet. Surety Bonds In the course of business, we are required to provide financial commitments in the form of surety bonds to third parties as a guarantee of our performance on and our compliance with certain obligations. If we were to fail to perform or comply with these obligations, any draws upon surety bonds issued on our behalf would then trigger our payment obligation to the surety bond issuer. We have outstanding surety bonds issued for our benefit of approximately $3.6 million and $3.4 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Legal Proceedings We are involved in a number of legal proceedings concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our business activities, some of which are at preliminary stages and some of which seek an indeterminate amount of damages. We regularly evaluate the status of legal proceedings in which we are involved to assess whether a loss is probable or there is a reasonable possibility that a loss or additional loss may have been incurred to determine if accruals are appropriate. We further evaluate each legal proceeding to assess whether an estimate of possible loss or range of loss can be made if accruals are not appropriate. For certain cases described below, management is unable to provide a meaningful estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss because, among other reasons, (i) the proceedings are in preliminary stages; (ii) specific damages have not been sought; (iii) damages sought are, in our view, unsupported and/or exaggerated; (iv) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending appeals or motions; (v) there are significant factual issues to be resolved; and/or (vi) there are novel legal issues or unsettled legal theories presented. For these cases, however, management does not believe, based on currently available information, that the outcomes of these proceedings will have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flow. In September 2010, LendingTree, LLC (“LendingTree”) filed a complaint against us for patent infringement in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. The complaint alleged, among other things, that our website technology infringes two patents purporting to cover a “Method and computer network for coordinating a loan over the internet.” The complaint sought, among other things, a judgment that we infringed certain patents held by LendingTree, an injunction against the alleged infringing activities and an award for 122 damages. We denied the allegations and asserted defenses and counterclaims seeking declarations that we are not infringing the patents and that the patents are invalid. In March 2014, a federal jury found that Zillow does not infringe the patents and that the patents asserted by LendingTree are invalid. In April, 2014, LendingTree filed two motions for judgment as a matter of law and for a new trial, all of which we opposed. In October 2014, the Court issued an order upholding the jury verdict and denying LendingTree’s motions. In November 2014, LendingTree filed a notice of appeal and, in September 2015, LendingTree filed its opening brief. In December 2015, we filed a response brief to LendingTree’s opening brief. A hearing regarding LendingTree’s appeal occurred in June 2016. In July 2016, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued an order in which it found all claims asserted against us invalid under Section 101. In September 2016, LendingTree filed notice that they would be filing to appeal for a rehearing, but failed to file by the deadline. There are no further avenues for appeal or rehearing; the order issued by the Court of Appeals will stand. In March 2014, Move, Inc., the National Association of Realtors and three related entities (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), filed a complaint against us and Errol Samuelson, our Chief Industry Development Officer, in the Superior Court of the State of Washington in King County, alleging, among other things, that Zillow and Mr. Samuelson misappropriated plaintiffs’ trade secrets in connection with Mr. Samuelson joining Zillow in March 2014. The Plaintiffs sought, among other things, an injunction against the alleged misappropriations and Mr. Samuelson working for us, as well as significant monetary damages. In February 2015, Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint that, among other things, added Curt Beardsley, our Vice President of MLS Partnerships, as a defendant in the matter. In August 2015, Zillow filed an amended answer and counterclaim against Plaintiffs that alleged, among other things, that Plaintiffs violated the Washington Trade Secrets Act and aided and abetted a breach of the duty of confidentiality through the public filing of a document that included Zillow’s confidential information and trade secrets. On January 8, 2016, Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking sanctions against defendants for alleged evidence spoliation. The court held a spoliation hearing in April and on May 17, 2016 denied Plaintiffs motion for sanctions as to Zillow and Mr. Samuelson. With respect to Mr. Beardsley, the Court denied the motion as to terminating sanctions but granted the motion ordering a permissive adverse inference instruction with respect to five devices. Defendants each filed multiple motions for partial summary judgment against Plaintiffs regarding, among other things, certain of their claims of alleged misappropriation of trade secrets. Defendants also filed various motions seeking to exclude or limit damages. The court entered various rulings granting and denying these motions in 2016. On June 6, 2016, the Company reached an amicable resolution by way of a settlement agreement and release (the “Settlement Agreement”) with Plaintiffs pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Plaintiffs $130.0 million in connection with a release of all claims. On June 16, 2016, pursuant to the terms agreed to between the parties, the court dismissed all claims and counterclaims asserted in this matter with prejudice. The Settlement Agreement does not contain any admission of liability, wrongdoing, or responsibility by any of the parties. The settlement was paid in June 2016 and was recorded in general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. In August 2014, four purported class action lawsuits were filed by plaintiffs against Trulia and its directors, Zillow, and Zebra Holdco, Inc. in connection with Zillow’s proposed acquisition of Trulia. One of those purported class actions, captioned Collier et al. v. Trulia, Inc., et al., was brought in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of San Francisco, however on October 7, 2014, plaintiff in the Collier action filed a new complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging substantially the same claims and seeking substantially the same relief as the original complaint filed in California. On October 8, 2014, plaintiff in the Collier action filed a request for dismissal of the California case without prejudice. The other three of the purported class action lawsuits, captioned Shue et al. v. Trulia, Inc., et al., Sciabacucci et al. v. Trulia, Inc., et al., and Steinberg et al. v. Trulia, Inc. et al., were brought in the Delaware Court of Chancery. All four lawsuits allege that Trulia’s directors breached their fiduciary duties to Trulia stockholders, and that the other defendants aided and abetted such breaches, by seeking to sell Trulia through an allegedly unfair process and for an unfair price and on unfair terms. All lawsuits sought, among other things, equitable relief that would have enjoined the consummation of Zillow’s proposed acquisition of Trulia and attorneys’ fees and costs. The Delaware actions also sought rescission of the Merger Agreement or rescissory damages and orders directing the defendants to account for alleged damages suffered by the plaintiffs and the purported class as a result of the defendants’ 123 alleged wrongdoing. On September 24, 2014, plaintiff in the Sciabacucci action filed (1) a motion for expedited proceedings, (2) a motion for a preliminary injunction, (3) a request for production of documents from defendants, and (4) notice of depositions. On October 13, 2014, the Delaware Court of Chancery issued an order consolidating all of the Delaware actions into one matter captioned In re Trulia, Inc. Stockholder Litigation. On October 13 and 14, 2014, the above-referenced motions were refiled under the consolidated case number. On November 14, 2014, plaintiffs again refiled their motion for a preliminary injunction challenging the proposed acquisition. On November 19, 2014, the parties entered into a Memorandum of Understanding, documenting an agreement-in-principle for the settlement of the consolidated litigation, pursuant to which Trulia agreed to make certain supplemental disclosures in a Form 8-K. The Memorandum of Understanding was filed with the Court of Chancery that same day. Thereafter, the parties negotiated and agreed to a stipulation of settlement, and after notice to the class, the Court of Chancery held a settlement hearing on September 16, 2015 where the Court requested the parties to make further submission in connection with the settlement. By an opinion dated January 22, 2016, the Court denied approval of the settlement, and on April 6, 2016, the Court dismissed the claims brought in the consolidated lawsuit with prejudice. In July 2015, two purported class action lawsuits were filed against us and each of our directors in the Superior Court of the State of Washington in King County, alleging, among other things, that the directors breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the approval of the issuance of non-voting Class C capital stock as a dividend. The complaints seek, among other things, injunctive relief and unspecified monetary damages. A hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion seeking a preliminary injunction to enjoin the August 2015 distribution of shares of our Class C capital stock as a dividend to our Class A and Class B common shareholders was held on August 5, 2015, and the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs filed a consolidated class action complaint on September 18, 2015 naming and seeking relief from only our co-founders as defendants. On December 4, 2015, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated class action complaint, and on March 28, 2016, the consolidated class action complaint was dismissed with prejudice. In March 2015, the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) notified the Company that it was initiating a compliance review to determine the Company’s compliance with one or more federal labor laws enforced by the DOL. The Company understands that the scope of this review is limited to the review of the Company’s compliance with certain wage and hour laws with respect to Zillow, Inc. inside sales consultants during a two-year period between 2013 and 2015. In October 2015, the DOL orally informed us that the compliance review was ongoing but that, based on its preliminary findings, it believed the Company may have failed to pay overtime to such inside sales consultants. As discussed below, on May 5, 2016, Zillow, Inc. agreed to settle a class action lawsuit which alleged, among other things, claims that we failed to provide meal and rest breaks, failed to pay overtime, and failed to keep accurate records of employees’ hours worked. The settlement of the class action lawsuit was contingent on Zillow, Inc.’s complete resolution of the DOL compliance review. On November 28, 2016, Zillow, Inc. entered into a settlement agreement with the DOL that resolved the DOL’s compliance review. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Zillow, Inc. agreed that it will make the voluntary payments contemplated by the class action lawsuit settlement and establish and maintain certain procedures to promote future compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act. We expect to make the voluntary payments contemplated by the settlement agreement during 2017. The settlement agreement with the DOL does not require Zillow, Inc. to make any payments which are in addition to those contemplated by the class action lawsuit settlement. Zillow has not admitted liability with respect to either the DOL settlement or the class action lawsuit settlement. In November 2014, a former employee filed a putative class action lawsuit against us in the United States District Court, Central District of California, with the caption Ian Freeman v. Zillow, Inc. The complaint alleged, among other things, claims that we failed to provide meal and rest breaks, failed to pay overtime, and failed to keep accurate records of employees’ hours worked. After the court granted our two motions to dismiss certain claims, plaintiff filed a second amended complaint that includes claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act. On November 20, 2015, plaintiff filed a motion for class certification. On February 26, 2016, the court granted the plaintiff’s motion for class certification. On May 5, 2016, the parties agreed to settle the lawsuit with payment by 124 Zillow, Inc. of up to $6.0 million. The settlement does not contain any admission of liability, wrongdoing, or responsibility by any of the parties. The settlement class includes all current and former inside sales consultants employed by Zillow, Inc. in any office from January 1, 2010 through the present. The settlement is subject to court approval and was contingent upon Zillow, Inc.’s resolution of the DOL compliance review. As described above, on November 28, 2016, Zillow, Inc. entered into a settlement agreement with the DOL that resolved the DOL’s compliance review. On June 9, 2016, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted our petition for permission to appeal the order granting class certification. We have recorded an accrual for $6.0 million as of December 31, 2016, and we recorded an accrual for an immaterial amount as of December 31, 2015. We do not believe there is a reasonable possibility that a material loss in excess of amounts accrued may be incurred. In July 2015, VHT, Inc. (“VHT”) filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington alleging copyright infringement of VHT’s images on the Zillow Digs site. In January 2016, VHT filed an amended complaint alleging copyright infringement of VHT’s images on the Zillow Digs site as well as the Zillow listing site. In December 2016, the court granted a motion for partial summary judgment that dismissed VHT’s claims with respect to the Zillow listing site. A federal jury trial began on January 23, 2017 that is expected to conclude in February 2017. We have not recorded an accrual related to this complaint as of December 31, 2016, as we do not believe a loss is probable. There is a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred; however, the possible loss or range of loss is not estimable. In addition to the matters discussed above, from time to time, we are involved in litigation and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although we cannot be certain of the outcome of any such litigation or claims, nor the amount of damages and exposure that we could incur, we currently believe that the final disposition of such matters will not have a material effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flow. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Indemnifications In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contractual arrangements under which we agree to provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of such agreements and out of intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, we have agreements that indemnify certain issuers of surety bonds against losses that they may incur as a result of executing surety bonds on our behalf. For our indemnification arrangements, payment may be conditional on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract. Further, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount, and in some instances, we may have recourse against third parties for certain payments. In addition, we have indemnification agreements with certain of our directors and executive officers that require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The terms of such obligations may vary. Note 17. Related Party Transactions In February 2015, we paid approximately $0.3 million in filing fees directly to the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), on behalf of and in connection with filings made by Mr. Richard Barton, our Executive Chairman, under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (“HSR Act”), which filings were required due to Mr. Barton’s ownership of Zillow, Inc.’s common stock. In April 2016, we paid approximately $0.1 million for a tax “gross-up” payment to Mr. Barton to cover the imputed income associated with one of his HSR Act filings. In February 2016, we paid a total of approximately $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, to Mr. Frink and Mr. Barton for reimbursement of costs incurred by Mr. Frink and Mr. Barton for use of private planes by certain of the Company’s employees and Mr. Frink and Mr. Barton for business travel in prior years. 125 In October 2016, we purchased a 10% equity interest in a variable interest entity within the real estate industry for $10.0 million, which is accounted for as a cost method investment and classified within other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. In October 2016, we also entered into an immaterial commercial agreement with this entity. The entity is financed through its business operations. We are not the primary beneficiary of the entity, as we do not direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. Therefore, we do not consolidate the entity. Our maximum exposure to loss is $10.0 million, the carrying amount of the investment as of December 31, 2016. As there were no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment as of December 31, 2016, and it is not practicable to estimate the fair value of the investment given the investment’s fair value is not readily determinable, an estimate of the fair value of the cost method investment was not performed. Note 18. Self-Insurance Prior to January 1, 2016, we were self-insured for a portion of our medical and dental benefits for certain employees of Trulia since the date of our acquisition of Trulia in February 2015. Beginning on January 1, 2016, we are self-insured for medical benefits for all qualifying Zillow Group employees. The medical plan carries a stop-loss policy which will protect from individual claims during the plan year exceeding $150,000 or when cumulative medical claims exceed 125% of expected claims for the plan year. We record estimates of the total costs of claims incurred based on an analysis of historical data and independent estimates. Our liability for self- insured medical claims is included within accrued compensation and benefits in our consolidated balance sheet and was $1.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and $0.5 million as of December 31, 2015. Note 19. Employee Benefit Plan Prior to January 1, 2016, we maintained separate defined contribution 401(k) retirement plans for employees of Zillow and Trulia. Effective January 1, 2016, we have a single defined contribution 401(k) retirement plan covering Zillow Group employees who have met certain eligibility requirements (“the Zillow Group 401(k) Plan”). Eligible employees may contribute pretax compensation up to a maximum amount allowable under the Internal Revenue Service limitations. Employee contributions and earnings thereon vest immediately. We currently match up to 4% of employee contributions under the Zillow Group 401(k) Plan. The total expense related to the Zillow Group 401(k) Plan was $10.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Note 20. Segment Information and Revenue We have one reportable segment. Our reportable segment has been identified based on how our chief operating decision-maker manages our business, makes operating decisions and evaluates operating performance. The chief executive officer acts as the chief operating decision-maker and reviews financial and operational information on an entity-wide basis. We have one business activity and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results or plans for levels or components. Accordingly, we have determined that we have a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. 126 The chief executive officer reviews information about revenue categories, including marketplace revenue and display revenue. The following table presents our revenue categories during the periods presented (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Marketplace revenue: Premier Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Leader Total Marketplace revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $604,292 102,635 71,133 — 778,060 68,529 $446,921 35,171 44,263 29,549 555,904 88,773 $224,248 14,791 28,203 — 267,242 58,651 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $846,589 $644,677 $325,893 Note 21. Subsequent Events On January 11, 2017, Zillow, Inc. acquired substantially all of the operating assets of RealNet Solutions, Inc., a New York corporation, RealNetDB, LLC, a New York limited liability company, Hamptons Real Estate Online, Inc., a New York corporation, HREO.com, LLC, a New York limited liability company (collectively, “HREO”), pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement entered into by Zillow, Inc., HREO, each of the equity owners of HREO, and an individual acting as representative of the HREO equity holders. HREO is a Hamptons- focused real estate portal which provides buyers and renters with a specialized search experience and access to the area’s most comprehensive for-sale, for-rent, and vacant land listings. HREO’s listing entry and distribution software, RealNet and Open RealNet Exchange, provides real estate professionals with tools to manage and market their listings. Our acquisition of HREO has been accounted for as a business combination, and assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values as of January 11, 2017. Acquisition-related costs incurred, which primarily included legal and accounting fees and other external costs directly related to the acquisition, were expensed as incurred and were not material. Pro forma financial information for the acquisition accounted for as a business combination has not been presented, as the effects were not material to our consolidated financial statements. 127 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure There were no disagreements with our independent accountants on accounting and financial disclosure matters within the three year period ended December 31, 2016, or in any period subsequent to such date, through the date of this report. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company carried out an evaluation, with the participation of our management, and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2016. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016. We intend to regularly review and evaluate the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and to improve these controls and procedures over time and to correct any deficiencies that we may discover in the future. While we believe the present design of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are effective, future events affecting our business may cause us to modify our controls and procedures. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report regarding its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 128 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Zillow Group, Inc. We have audited Zillow Group, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Zillow Group, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Zillow Group, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Zillow Group, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 of Zillow Group, Inc., and our report dated February 7, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Seattle, Washington February 7, 2017 129 Item 9B. Other Information None. 130 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the 2016 fiscal year. We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, principal accounting officer and controller and persons performing similar functions. The Code of Ethics is posted on our website at http://investors.zillowgroup.com/corporate-governance.cfm. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of the Code of Ethics by posting such information on our website at the address specified above. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the 2016 fiscal year. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the 2016 fiscal year. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the 2016 fiscal year. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the 2016 fiscal year. 131 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a)(1) Financial Statements PART IV We have filed the financial statements listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not material or the required information is presented in the financial statements or the notes thereto. (a)(3) Exhibits The list of exhibits included in the Exhibit Index to this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference. 132 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: February 7, 2017 ZILLOW GROUP, INC. By: Name: Title: /S/ KATHLEEN PHILIPS Kathleen Philips Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer, and Secretary Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated below on February 7, 2017. Signature /s/ SPENCER M. RASCOFF Spencer M. Rascoff /s/ KATHLEEN PHILIPS Kathleen Philips /s/ RICHARD BARTON Richard Barton /s/ LLOYD D. FRINK Lloyd D. Frink /s/ ERIK BLACHFORD Erik Blachford /s/ PETER FLINT Peter Flint /s/ JAY C. HOAG Jay C. Hoag /s/ GREGORY B. MAFFEI Gregory B. Maffei /s/ GORDON STEPHENSON Gordon Stephenson Title Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer, and Secretary (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Executive Chairman and Director Vice Chairman, President and Director Director Director Director Director Director 133 EXHIBIT INDEX Certain of the following exhibits have heretofore been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are incorporated by reference from the documents described in parentheses. Certain others are filed herewith. The exhibits are numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K. In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or the other parties to the agreement. The agreements may contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to the applicable agreement and (i) should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a means of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party or parties in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; (iii) may apply standards of materiality in a manner that is different from what may be viewed as material to you or other investors; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or other date or dates that may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about the Company may be found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Exhibit Number 2.1+ 2.2+ 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Description Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 16, 2013, by and among Zillow, Inc., NMD Interactive, Inc., d/b/a StreetEasy, Strawberry Acquisition, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC (Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 19, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 28, 2014, by and among Zillow, Inc., the Company (f/k/a Zebra Holdco, Inc.) and Trulia, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (File No. 001-35237) on July 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Zillow Group, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Bylaws of Zillow Group, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Specimen of Class A Common Stock Certificate (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Specimen of Class C Capital Stock Certificate (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 Registrant’s Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Indenture, dated as of December 17, 2013, between Trulia, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Trulia, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (File No. 001-35650) on December 17, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Note for Trulia, Inc.’s 2.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 hereto). Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 17, 2015, among Zillow Group, Inc., Trulia, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). 134 Exhibit Number 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.9* Description Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 30, 2015, among Zillow Group, Inc., Trulia, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 30, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Transfer Restriction Agreement and Amendment to Noncompetition Agreement, dated July 20, 2015, among Zillow Group, Inc., Zillow, Inc., Richard Barton and the other holders signatory thereto (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 21, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Transfer Restriction Agreement and Amendment to Noncompetition Agreement, dated July 20, 2015, among Zillow Group, Inc., Zillow, Inc., Lloyd Frink and the other holders signatory thereto (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 21, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2016, by and between Zillow Group, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Note for Zillow Group, Inc.’s 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.9 hereto). Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Zillow, Inc.’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333-173570) on June 20, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Zillow, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333- 173570) filed on April 18, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference). Market Leader, Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Equity Incentive Plan (Filed as Appendix A to Market Leader, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 000-51032) on April 10, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference). Trulia, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and form of Stock Option Agreement and form of Stock Option Grant Notice thereunder (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Trulia, Inc.’s Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333-183364) on August 17, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (Filed as Appendix A to Zillow, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 001-35237) on April 17, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment No. 1 to the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Appendix A to Zillow, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 001-35237) on April 16, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the Zillow, Inc. 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Zillow, Inc.’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333-173570) on June 20, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Zillow, Inc.’s Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Unit Award Notice and Restricted Unit Award Agreement under the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Zillow, Inc.’s Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). 135 Exhibit Number 10.10* 10.11* 10.12* 10.13* 10.14* 10.15* 10.16* 10.17* 10.18* 10.19* 10.20* 10.21* 10.22* 10.23* 10.24* Description Amended and Restated Stock Option Grant Program for Nonemployee Directors under the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.11 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Stock Option Grant Program for Nonemployee Directors under the Zillow Group, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Assumed by Registrant; Filed as Exhibit 10.12 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Zillow, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Assumed by Registrant; Filed as Exhibit 10.13 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Trulia, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Trulia, Inc.’s Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (File No. 001-35650) on August 12, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the Trulia, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (Assumed by Registrant; Filed as Exhibit 10.15 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Trulia, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (Assumed by Registrant; Filed as Exhibit 10.16 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Executive Employment Agreement by and between Spencer M. Rascoff and Zillow, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Zillow, Inc.’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333-173570) on May 23, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference). Executive Employment Agreement by and between Kathleen Philips and Zillow, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.16 to Zillow, Inc.’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333-173570) on May 23, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement by and between Errol Samuelson and Zillow, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 25, 2016, by and between Errol Samuelson and Zillow, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Zillow, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Letter Agreement dated June 16, 2014 by and between Zillow, Inc. and Greg M. Schwartz (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 18, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Letter Agreement dated April 23, 2015 by and between Zillow Group, Inc. and Greg M. Schwartz (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Letter Agreement dated August 3, 2015, by and between Zillow Group, Inc. and Greg M. Schwartz (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Letter Agreement dated February 24, 2016 by and between Zillow Group, Inc. and Greg M. Schwartz (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). 136 Exhibit Number 10.25* 10.26* 10.27* 10.28* 10.29* 10.30* 10.31* 10.32* 10.33* 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 Description Executive Employment Agreement, dated February 17, 2015, between Paul Levine and Zillow Group, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Transition Employment Letter Agreement, dated February 17, 2015, by and between Peter Flint and Zillow Group, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.27 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Confidential Information, Inventions, and Nonsolicitation Agreement for certain officers of Zillow, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Zillow, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Forms of Confidential Information, Inventions, Nonsolicitation and Noncompetition Agreement for the Officers of Zillow Group, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.29 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Indemnification Agreement between Zillow Group, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers (Filed as Exhibit 10.9 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Zillow Group, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the Zillow Group, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Zillow Group, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Trulia, Inc. SMT Bonus Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Trulia, Inc.’s Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. 333-183364) on August 17, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). Office Lease between The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company and Zillow, Inc. dated March 22, 2011 (Filed as Exhibit 10.10 to Zillow, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (SEC File No. 333-173570) filed on April 18, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment to Office Lease by and between FSP-RIC LLC and Zillow, Inc., dated as of June 27, 2012 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 29, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). Second Amendment to Lease by and between FSP-RIC, LLC and Zillow, Inc., dated as of April 16, 2013 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). Third Amendment to Lease by and between FSP-RIC, LLC and Zillow, Inc., dated as of January 10, 2014 (Filed as Exhibit 10.10 to Zillow, Inc.’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 18, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Fourth Amendment to Lease by and between FSP-RIC, LLC and Zillow, Inc., dated as of May 2, 2014 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 6, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Fifth Amendment to Lease by and between FSP-RIC, LLC and Zillow, Inc., dated as of November 19, 2014 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Zillow, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 24, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Sixth Amendment to Lease by and between FSP-RIC, LLC and Zillow, Inc., dated as of June 21, 2016 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). 137 Exhibit Number 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 10.49 16.1 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Description Lease, dated March 10, 2014, between Trulia and BXP Mission 535 LLC (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Trulia, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment to Office Lease, dated July 25, 2014, between Trulia and BXP Mission 535 LLC (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Trulia, Inc.’s Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). Settlement Agreement and Release, dated as of June 6, 2016, among Move, Inc., Real Select, Inc., Top Producer Systems Company, National Association of Realtors, Realtors Information Network, Inc., Zillow, Inc., Errol Samuelson, and Curt Beardsley (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Base Capped Call Confirmation, dated December 6, 2016, between Zillow Group, Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Base Capped Call Confirmation, dated December 6, 2016, between Zillow Group, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Base Capped Call Confirmation, dated December 6, 2016, between Zillow Group, Inc. and Bank of America, N.A. (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Additional Capped Call Confirmation, dated December 8, 2016, between Zillow Group, Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Additional Capped Call Confirmation, dated December 8, 2016, between Zillow Group, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. (Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Additional Capped Call Confirmation, dated December 8, 2016, between Zillow Group, Inc. and Bank of America, N.A. (Filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Letter of Ernst & Young LLP, dated August 4, 2016 (Filed as Exhibit 16.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 4, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference). Subsidiaries of Zillow Group, Inc. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm. Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 138 Exhibit Number Description 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. + Schedules omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Zillow Group agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any omitted schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. * Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. 139 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] Board of Directors Richard N. Barton Executive Chairman, Zillow Group, Inc. Lloyd D. Frink Vice Chairman and President, Zillow Group, Inc. Spencer M. Rascoff Chief Executive Officer, Zillow Group, Inc. Erik Blachford 1, 2, 3 Venture Partner, Technology Crossover Ventures Jay C. Hoag 2 General Partner, Technology Crossover Ventures Gordon Stephenson 1, 2, 3 Managing Broker, Real Property Associates Peter Flint Founder, Trulia Gregory B. Maffei 1 President and Chief Executive Officer, Liberty Media Corporation and Liberty Interactive Corporation April Underwood Vice President of Product, Slack Technologies, Inc. Executive Officers Spencer M. Rascoff Chief Executive Officer Amy C. Bohutinsky Chief Operating Officer BOARD COMMITTEES 1 Audit Committee 2 Compensation Committee 3 Nominating and Governance Committee Kathleen Philips Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Richard N. Barton Executive Chairman Stanley B. Humphries Chief Analytics Officer Errol G. Samuelson Chief Industry Development Officer Lloyd D. Frink Vice Chairman and President Paul Levine President of Trulia Greg M. Schwartz Chief Business Officer David A. Beitel Chief Technology Officer Shareholders’ Information Annual Shareholders Meeting June 14, 2017 | 8:00 a.m. Perkins Coie LLP 1201 Third Avenue, Floor 49 Seattle, Washington 98101 Corporate Headquarters 1301 Second Avenue, Floor 31 Seattle, Washington 98101 www.zillowgroup.com NASDAQ Listing Class A common stock symbol - ZG Class C capital stock symbol - Z Investor Relations ir@zillowgroup.com Independent Accountants Deloitte & Touche LLP Seattle, Washington Transfer Agent Computershare P.O. Box 30170 College Station, TX 77842-3170 (866) 411-1103 For Sale: $405K For Rent: $1400/mo Power to the people: Build the largest, most trusted and vibrant home-related marketplace in the world. 

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