Advanced Drainage Systems
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

Fiscal Year 2017 Annual Report About Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Pipe Allied Products Advanced Drainage Systems (ADS) is the leading manufacturer of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe, providing a comprehensive suite of water management products and superior drainage solutions for use in the construction and infrastructure marketplace. Its innovative products are used across a broad range of end markets and applications, including non-residential, residential, agriculture and infrastructure applications. The Company has established a leading position in many of its domestic and international end markets by leveraging its national sales and distribution platform, its overall product breadth and scale and its manufacturing excellence. Founded in 1966, the Company operates a global network of approximately 60 manufacturing plants and over 30 distribution centers. Key Financial Highlights FY 2017 REVENUE (Figures in millions) FY 2017 ADJUSTED EBITDA1* (Figures in millions) CAGR: 5.4% CAGR: 10.0% $1,017 $1,068 $1,180 $1,291 $1,257 $132 $151 $144 $187 $193 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1 EBITDA adjustments exclude one-time transaction costs and certain non-cash items. FY 2017 SALES BY GEOGRAPHY FY 2017 DOMESTIC SALES BY END USE 88% 12% Domestic International 57% 20% 11% 12% Non-Residential Residential Infrastructure Agriculture Consolidated net sales = $1.257 billion (cid:53)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:89)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:3)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:29)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:17) (cid:58)(cid:96)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:84)(cid:20)(cid:62)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:31)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:17) Construction: 88% FY 2017 DOMESTIC REVENUE GROWTH VS. END MARKET Non-Residential Residential Infrastructure Agriculture 5% 2% 6% 3% New Residential Construction Retail -6% -6% -1% -1% Market Growth2 ADS Growth 2 Based on management estimates. -22% -22% *Non-GAAP. Please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of the accompanying Form 10-K for the definitions of non-GAAP measures and reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to GAAP measures. 1 Dear Fellow Shareholders, Fiscal 2017 was another year of successful conversion for ADS in our core construction markets, most notably in the non-residential and new-residential construction markets, where sales outpaced their respective end markets by an estimated 300 basis points. Our performance was driven by continued strong growth in our HP pipe and Allied products, underscoring market adoption of ADS’ innovation and complete package of water management solutions and products. Despite the challenging broader market environment, we were able to increase our Adjusted EBITDA margin by 90 basis points to 15.4% driven by a favorable resin cost environment and effective price management. Committed to a Balanced Capital Allocation Strategy In addition, we also continued to demonstrate our commitment to a balanced capital allocation strategy including: (cid:62)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:86)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:197)(cid:86)(cid:94)(cid:3) this year, which provided us with additional avenues of shareholder value creation including investments in growth and operational improvements as well as cash returns to shareholders. • Increasing our cash dividend to $0.06 per share in June, 2016; • Maintaining a net debt-to-EBITDA (TTM) ratio of 2.27, well within our target range of 2-3x; and, • Authorizing a stock repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $50 million in the Company’s common stock. Our investments in innovation and growth resulted in the launch of the HPXR 75 product line, the acquisition of Plastic Tubing Industries (PTI) and the completion of our new Harrisonville, Missouri plant. Collectively these strategic actions have positioned us to expand the breadth of our product offering, make further inroads into large and attractive end markets and better align our manufacturing footprint to faster growing regions of the United States. 2 Fiscal Year 2018 and Beyond (cid:40)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:196)(cid:90)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:31)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75) beyond, we are well positioned for growth. Our strong performance in our core construction markets is expected to continue, driven by solid demand and our conversion strategies, particularly in our non-residential and new residential construction end markets. Certain markets that were challenged in (cid:196)(cid:90)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:30)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:97)(cid:76)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:80)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:3) International construction markets expected to contribute to growth this year. Overall, we feel very good about our position in the markets we serve and will look to accelerate this growth through innovation as well as bolt-on acquisitions that complement our product suite and geographic footprint. However, our success remains dependent on our continued commitment to excellence. This is why I am pleased with our newly initiated Superior Performance Program (SPP). Through the SPP, we are implementing a broad spectrum of performance improvement initiatives across our three primary strategic pillars: Strategic Growth, Operational Excellence and Commercial Excellence. The intent of this program is aimed at further driving our growth and competitive advantage in the industry while enabling us to deliver a step (cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:78)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:86)(cid:196)(cid:91)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:91)(cid:96)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:84)(cid:76)(cid:21) The Next Chapter in ADS’ Evolution As I approach retirement this year after nearly four decades of serving in various roles at ADS, I look back at a very rewarding journey. ADS has grown from a small, private company with $50 million in sales when I joined to an industry leader with an exceptionally strong brand and more than $1.2 billion in sales across multiple end markets and geographies. acknowledge our employees and customers for their ongoing dedication and loyalty to ADS. Their contributions have made our Company into what it is today and I hope they share my pride and enthusiasm for the opportunities we see to continue building upon the ADS legacy. Lastly, to you, our shareholders, I want to thank you for your continued support and (cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:196)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:89)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:89) (cid:94)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:91) ownership in the Company, I look forward to sharing with you many more successful years with ADS. I am very proud of the fact that we created our industry niche having grown our position for storm sewer applications from virtually nothing in 1990 to handling more than a quarter of storm sewer applications today – 9x the size of the next largest HDPE pipe competitor. Over that same period, we have also gone from sourcing virtually 100% virgin resin to becoming one of the top (cid:196)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:96)(cid:74)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:86)(cid:89)(cid:91)(cid:79) America, converting more than 400 million pounds a year of non-virgin material that (cid:86)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:94)(cid:80)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:92)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:196)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:21) While our Company’s success to date has been impressive, I believe the best days are still ahead for us. I want to personally Sincerely, Joseph A. Chlapaty Chairman and CEO 3 Lifecycle of a Raindrop 1 Rain Waterr Water passes through an open catch basin 2 3 Non-Virgin Raw Material Sourcing • Over half of HDPE material used is recycled • Over 400 million lbs. of plastic recycled annually • Low carbon footprint • Near zero plant waste Integrated Plastic Recycling & Re-Use Water Management Design Solutions Local, Clean Manufacturing Facilities High- Performance Ecologically- Friendly Products • Broad portfolio of innovative products that help efficiently and safely manage storm and waste water • Providing products that are long- lasting and environmentally friendly • Extend life cycle Sustainable Water Management Solutions Stormwater run-off is a major source of pollution for many types of water bodies. Not only are the sediments, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, fertilizers and trash transported by stormwater detrimental, but sheer volumes and velocities of the stormwater run-off itself can be harmful to water bodies, wetlands and shorelines. Current EPA regulations require any development of one acre or larger to retain stormwater on site and gradually release it over time. This requirement is met by either using natural solutions, such as retention ponds, or structural solutions, which include systems constructed underground. Partnering For a Greener Bottom Line • We purchase and process a wide variety of reusable HDPE products through Green Line Polymers, a wholly owned subsidiary. • ADS extends life of the plastic by recycling post-consumer and post-industrial HDPE plastic scrap then grinding, cleaning, pelletizing and consuming the material directly into environmentally- friendly products rather than (cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:89)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:196)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:21) • HDPE and PP pipe scrap is re-ground and reused in the manufacturing process, resulting in virtually no waste. • 8 domestic recycling facilities. • Net positive recycler • (cid:54)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:196)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:96)(cid:74)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:90)(cid:17) To Help Protect the Environment and (cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:196)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:62)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:76) *www.plasticsnews.com/rankings/recyclers 44 Stormwater passes through to the isolator row where it filters out first flush sediment Water passes through other chamber rows and exits out through an outlet basin or infiltrates through the ground depending on the system design water 5 4 Water Sediment water Rivers & Streams As a leading water management solutions provider, we manufacture a broad portfolio of innovative products that help (cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:86)(cid:89)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:83)(cid:96)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:96)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:89)(cid:84)(cid:3) and waste water. ADS repurposes approximately 25% of all high density polyethylene (HDPE) pigmented bottles in the U.S. into an ADS product Today, our sustainable solutions are enhancing ecosystems in communities around the world. Our broad offering of pipe and engineered allied products are used in a diverse range of construction projects including non-residential and industrial projects, residential development, streets, highways and airports. Our innovative solutions are managing and controlling the (cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:197)(cid:86)(cid:94)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:84)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:92)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:77)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:84)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:78) contaminants from storm water; aiding in protecting regional water supplies, allowing for more cost-effective use of land and creating valuable green space. Effective Resource Management • Increase use of recycled resin in production process while maintaining overall quality and performance • Through our wholly owned subsidiary Green Line Polymers, we self-process 88% of the Company’s non-virgin plastic • (cid:51)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:197)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:20)(cid:93)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:78)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:3) costs • Continuous improvement initiatives using lean manufacturing and 5S to improve safety, cost and productivity performance Sustainable Product Evolution 70% 24% 57% 37% FY 2005 FY 2017 Virgin Recycled 255 + 170 million pounds post-consumer plastic million pounds post-industrial plastic high performing pipe The amount of HDPE pigmented bottles we recycled in 2016 is equivalent to over 95,000 miles of 4” corrugated pipe, which could travel around the Earth 3.8 times 55 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Ticker: WMS IPO Date: July 25, 2014 Founded: 1966 IR Contact: Michael Higgins 614-658-0050 Mike.Higgins@ads-pipe.com HDPE/PP SHARE OF STORM SEWER MARKET1 (HDPE/PP % Share) <1% 1990 <10% 2000 20% 2010 30% 20172 6 1 Based on management estimates. 2 Fiscal year 2017. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (cid:3) (cid:4) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to COMMISSION FILE NO.: 001-36557 ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 51-0105665 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 4640 Trueman Boulevard, Hilliard, Ohio 43026 (Address of principal executive offices and zip code) (614) 658-0050 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:4) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:4) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes (cid:3) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K. (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one) (cid:3) Large Accelerated Filer (cid:4) Non-Accelerated Filer Emerging Growth Company (cid:4) Accelerated Filer Smaller Reporting Company (cid:4) (cid:4) If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:4) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:4) No (cid:3) The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (treating all executive officers and directors of the registrant, for this purpose, as affiliates of the registrant) was $1,049 million as of September 30, 2016, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the reported closing price of the shares of common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on September 30, 2016. As of May 5, 2017, the registrant had 55,338,215 shares of common stock outstanding. The shares of common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “WMS”. In addition, as of May 5, 2017, 276,725 shares of unvested restricted common stock were outstanding and 24,225,130 shares of ESOP preferred stock, convertible into 18,633,970 shares of common stock, were outstanding. As of May 5, 2017, 74,248,910 shares of common stock were outstanding, inclusive of outstanding shares of unvested restricted common stock and on an as- converted basis with respect to the outstanding shares of ESOP preferred stock. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III of this report incorporates by reference specific portions of the Registrant’s Notice of Annual Meeting and Proxy Statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on July 17, 2017. TABLE OF CONTENTS Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART I PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountant on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation PART III Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV Page 1 3 13 31 32 33 34 35 37 43 64 65 65 65 69 70 70 70 70 70 71 ii Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of terms such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates” or other comparable terms. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not related to present facts or current conditions or that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth strategies, and the industries in which we operate and include, without limitation, statements relating to our future performance. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. We caution that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual consolidated results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and industry development may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, even if our actual consolidated results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and industry development are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in or implied by the forward-looking statements, including those reflected in forward-looking statements relating to our operations and business, the risks and uncertainties discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors”) and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those reflected in forward-looking statements relating to our operations and business include, among other things: • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting described in “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of this Annual Report, and discovering further weaknesses of which we are not currently aware or which have not been detected; the effect of any claims, litigation, investigations or proceedings resulting from the restatement of our previously issued financial statements, or the matters related to such restatement, including those described below under “Item 3. Legal Proceedings” of this Annual Report; fluctuations in the price and availability of resins and other raw materials and our ability to pass any increased costs of raw materials on to our customers in a timely manner; volatility in general business and economic conditions in the markets in which we operate, including without limitation factors relating to availability of credit, interest rates, fluctuations in capital and business and consumer confidence; cyclicality and seasonality of the non-residential and residential construction markets and infrastructure spending; the risks of increasing competition in our existing and future markets, including competition from both manufacturers of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and manufacturers of products using alternative materials; our ability to continue to convert current demand for concrete, steel and polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”) pipe products into demand for our high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and Allied Products; the effect of weather or seasonality; the loss of any of our significant customers; the risks of doing business internationally; the risks of conducting a portion of our operations through joint ventures; our ability to expand into new geographic or product markets; 1 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. • • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to achieve the acquisition component of our growth strategy; the risk associated with manufacturing processes; our ability to manage our assets; the risks associated with our product warranties; our ability to manage our supply purchasing and customer credit policies; the risks associated with our self-insured programs; our ability to control labor costs and to attract, train and retain highly-qualified employees and key personnel; our ability to protect our intellectual property rights; changes in laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations; our ability to project product mix; the risks associated with our current levels of indebtedness; our ability to meet future capital requirements and fund our liquidity needs; and other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Please read this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that actual future results may be materially different from expectations. All forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are qualified by these cautionary statements. All forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and we do not undertake any obligation, other than as may be required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect future events or developments. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends, or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data. 2 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 1. Business COMPANY OVERVIEW PART I Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, as used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “ADS” and the “Company” refer to Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and its directly- and indirectly-owned subsidiaries as a combined entity, except where it is clear that the terms mean only Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. exclusive of its subsidiaries. We are the leading manufacturer of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe, providing a comprehensive suite of water management products and superior drainage solutions for use in the underground construction and infrastructure marketplace. Our broad product line includes corrugated high density polyethylene (or “HDPE”) pipe, polypropylene (or “PP”) pipe and related water management products. Our products are generally lighter, more durable, more cost effective and easier to install than comparable alternatives made with traditional materials. Following our entrance into the non-residential construction market with the introduction of N- 12 corrugated polyethylene pipe in the late 1980s, our pipe has been displacing traditional materials, such as reinforced concrete, corrugated steel and PVC, across an ever expanding range of end markets, including non- residential, residential, agriculture and infrastructure applications. We have established a leading position in many of these end markets by leveraging our national sales and distribution platform, our overall product breadth and scale and our manufacturing excellence. In the United States, our national footprint combined with our strong local presence and broad product offering make us the leader in an otherwise highly fragmented sector comprised of many smaller competitors. We believe the ADS brand has long been associated with quality products and market-leading performance. Our trademarked green stripe, which is prominently displayed on many of our products, serves as clear identification of our commitment to the customers and markets we serve. We believe the markets we serve in the United States represent approximately $11 billion of annual revenue opportunity. In addition, we believe the increasing acceptance of thermoplastic pipe products in international markets represents an attractive growth opportunity. For fiscal 2017, we generated net sales of $1,257.3 million, net income of $35.9 million and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”) of $193.4 million and, as of March 31, 2017, we had $350.4 million of total outstanding debt. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), see “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data.” We believe our extensive national footprint in the United States creates a cost and service advantage versus our HDPE pipe producing competitors, the largest of which has only 11 domestic HDPE pipe manufacturing plants and, according to the July 25, 2016 ranking by Plastics News of Pipe, Profile & Tubing Extruders, recently had estimated sales of $140 million, or approximately nine times less than our net sales in fiscal 2017. 3 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. As illustrated in the charts below, we provide a broad range of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and related water management products to a highly diversified set of end markets and geographies. Fiscal Year 2017 Revenue RECENT DEVELOPMENTS In February 2017, we acquired the assets of Plastic Tubing Industries (“PTI”), a manufacturer of HDPE pipe and related accessories, in an all cash transaction for $9.5 million. At the time of acquisition, $8.5 million was paid in cash; the remaining $1.0 million will be paid on August 6, 2018. With the acquisition, we will increase our manufacturing footprint in Georgia and Texas, while adding production capacity to existing manufacturing facilities in Florida, to better serve growing demand in the region. SEGMENT INFORMATION For a discussion of segment and geographic information, see “Note 21. Business Segment Information” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K. OUR MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION PLATFORM We have a leading domestic and international manufacturing and distribution infrastructure, serving customers in all 50 U.S. states as well as approximately 80 other countries through 60 manufacturing plants and 34 distribution centers, including 7 manufacturing plants and 6 distribution centers owned or leased by our joint ventures. We manufacture our corrugated pipe products in 17 different diameters ranging from 2” to 60” using a continuous extrusion process, where molten polyethylene or polypropylene is pushed through a die into a moving series of corrugated U-shaped molds. Blown air and vacuum are used to form the corrugations of the pipe which is pulled through a corrugator and then cut to length. We utilize customized and proprietary production equipment, which we believe is faster and more cost efficient than other pipe making equipment generally available in the market. Domestically, we are capable of producing more than one billion pounds of pipe annually on a standard five- day per week schedule. Additional capacity is in place to support seasonal production needs and growth in our N-12 pipe sales volume requiring minimal additional capital for molds. Our normal production capacity utilization as a percentage of total capacity was 67%, 70% and 68% for fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our production equipment is built to accept transportable molds and die tooling over a certain range of sizes so each plant is not required to house the full range of tooling at any given time. This transportability provides us with the flexibility to optimize our capacity through centrally-coordinated production planning, which helps to adapt to shifting sales demand patterns while reducing the capital needed for tooling. With our large manufacturing footprint in place, we can support rapid seasonal growth in demand, focusing on customer service while minimizing transportation costs. 4 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The standard fittings products (tees, wyes, elbows, etc.) that we produce and sell to connect our pipe on jobsites are blow molded or injection molded at four domestic plants. In addition, customized fabricated fittings (e.g., more complex dual wall pipe reducers, bends or structures) are produced in 20 of our North American plants. In addition to the extrusion of pipe, and blow molding and injection molding of fittings, we also use a variety of other processes in our manufacturing facilities. These processes include thermoforming, compression molding, and custom plastic welding and fabrication. The wide variety of production processes and expertise allow us to provide cost-effective finished goods at competitive prices delivered in a timely fashion to our customers. Our manufacturing plants have no process-related by-products released into the atmosphere, waterways, or solid waste discharge. During pipe production start-ups and size change-overs, non-compliant scrap and any damaged finished goods pipe are recycled through a grinder for internal re-use. International Presence - We serve international markets primarily through joint ventures with local partners. This joint venture strategy has provided us with local and regional access to markets such as Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Mexico, Peru and Colombia. These international facilities produce pipe and related products to be sold in their respective regional markets. Combining a local partner’s customer relationships, brand recognition and local management talent, with our world-class manufacturing and process expertise, broad product portfolio and innovation, creates a powerful platform and exciting opportunities for continued international expansion. Quality Control - We have two internal quality control laboratory facilities equipped and staffed to evaluate and confirm incoming raw material and finished goods quality in addition to the quality testing that is done at our manufacturing facilities. We conduct annual safety, product and process quality audits at each of our facilities, using centralized internal resources in combination with external third-party services. In the quality area, various national agencies such as National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (“NTPEP”), International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (“IAPMO”), Bureau de normalisation du Québec (“BNQ”), Intertek for Canadian Standards Association (“CSA”), Entidad Mexicana de Acreditacion A.C. (“EMA”) and NSF International and numerous state Departments of Transportation (“DOT”) and municipal authorities conduct both scheduled and unscheduled inspections of our plants to verify product quality and compliance to applicable standards. Training - Core to our commitment and enablement of a safe and productive manufacturing environment are our operational and management training programs. Through our ADS Academy, we deliver targeted role-specific training to our operations team members through a blended curriculum of on-line and hands-on training experiences covering safety, quality, product knowledge and manufacturing process. Our learning management system, which hosts over 600 custom modules, serves as the foundation of our operational training programs and provides us with appropriate scale, efficiency, and governance to support our growth. We have a strong commitment to the training of our manufacturing supervisors and managers in technical, management, and leadership subjects through intense role-based assimilation plans, e-learning and classroom-based development experiences. Fleet - We also operate an in-house fleet of approximately 700 tractors. Our effective shipping radius is between approximately 300-350 miles from one of our manufacturing plants or distribution centers. The combination of a dedicated fleet and team of company drivers allows greater flexibility and responsiveness in meeting dynamic customer jobsite delivery expectations. We strive to achieve less than three-day lead-time on deliveries, and have the added benefit of redeploying fleet and driver assets to respond to short-term regional spikes in sales activity. For deliveries that are outside an economic delivery radius of our truck fleet, common carrier deliveries are tendered using a customized software platform to ensure that lowest delivered freight costs are achieved. In addition, in the United States and Canada, approximately 12% of our pipe volume is sold on a pick-up or walk-in basis at our plant and yard locations, further leveraging our footprint and lowering freight cost per pound and per revenue dollar. Our North American truck fleet incorporates approximately 1,300 trailers that are specially designed to haul our lightweight pipe and fittings products. These designs maximize payload versus conventional over the road trailers and facilitate unassisted unloading of our products at the jobsites by our drivers. The scope of fleet operations also includes backhaul of purchased raw materials providing a lower delivered cost to our plant locations. 5 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Facility Network - Our scale and extensive network of facilities provide a critical cost advantage versus our competitors, as we are able to more efficiently transport products to our customers and end users and to promote faster product shipments due to our proximity to the delivery location. OUR PRODUCTS We design, manufacture and market a complete line of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and related water management products for use in a wide range of end markets. Our product line includes: single, double and triple wall corrugated polypropylene and polyethylene pipe, or Pipe, and a variety of Allied Products including: storm retention/detention and septic chambers, or Chambers; PVC drainage structures, or Structures; fittings, or Fittings; and water quality filters and separators, or Water Quality. We also sell various complementary products distributed through resale agreements, including geotextile products and drainage grates and other, or Other Resale. The table below summarizes the percentage of Net Sales for Pipe and Allied Products. Pipe Allied Products Pipe 2017 2016 2015 72% 28% 74% 26% 76% 24% Dual Wall Corrugated Pipe - Our N-12 pipe is a dual wall HDPE pipe with a corrugated exterior for strength and a smooth interior wall for hydraulics and flow capacity. Our N-12 pipe competes in the storm sewer and drainage markets that are also served by concrete pipe. Our N-12 pipe is available in 17 different diameters ranging from 2” to 60” and in sections ranging from 10’ to 30’ in length. N-12 provides joint integrity, with integral bell and spigot joints for fast push-together installation, and is sold either with watertight or soil-tight coupling and fitting systems. Our corrugated polyethylene pipe offers many benefits including ease of installation, job-site handling and resistance to corrosion and abrasion. Corrugated pipe can easily be cut or coupled together, providing precise laying lengths while minimizing installation waste and difficulty. HP Storm Pipe and SaniTite HP Pipe - Our HP Storm pipe utilizes polypropylene resin, which provides (i) increased pipe stiffness relative to HDPE; (ii) higher Environmental Stress Crack Resistance (“ESCR”); and (iii) improved thermal properties, which improves joint performance. These improved physical characteristics result in a reduced need for select backfill, which creates installation savings for customers and expands the range of possible product applications. Our SaniTite HP pipe utilizes the same polypropylene resins as our HP Storm pipe but includes a smooth third exterior wall in 30” to 60” pipe. The highly engineered polypropylene resin along with the triple wall design enables SaniTite HP to surpass the 46 pounds per square inch (“psi”), stiffness requirement for sanitary sewer applications. SaniTite HP offers cost and performance advantages relative to reinforced concrete pipe (such as improved hydraulics and better joint integrity) and PVC pipe (such as impact resistance). Single Wall Corrugated Pipe - Our single wall corrugated HDPE pipe is ideal for drainage projects where flexibility, light weight and low cost are important. Single wall HDPE pipe products have been used for decades in agricultural drainage, highway edge drains, septic systems and other construction applications. In the agricultural market, improved technology has highlighted the favorable impact of drainage on crop yields. For homeowners, it is an economical and easily-installed solution for downspout run-off, foundation drains, driveway culverts and general lawn drainage. Single wall pipe is also used for golf courses, parks and athletic fields to keep surfaces dry by channeling away excess underground moisture. Standard single wall products are available in 2” to 24” diameters and sold in varying lengths. Pipe with 2” to 6” diameters is typically sold in coils ranging from 25’ to over 3,000’ in length, while larger diameter pipe is typically sold in 20’ lengths. Pipe can be either perforated or non-perforated depending on the particular drainage application. 6 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Triple Wall Corrugated Pipe and Smoothwall HDPE Pipe - Our ADS-3000 Triple Wall pipe, small diameter triple wall corrugated pipe, consists of a corrugated polyethylene core molded between a smooth white outer wall and a smooth black inner wall. This combination of the three wall design adds strength and stiffness, while reducing weight as compared to PVC 2729. Triple Wall is produced in two sizes, 3” and 4”, and sold through our distribution network. We also manufacture smoothwall HDPE pipe in 3”, 4”, and 6” diameters that are sold into the residential drainage and on-site septic systems markets. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Pipe (“HPXR 75”) - In fiscal 2017, we introduced a new product, a corrugated polypropylene pipe is combined with a smooth outer wall that incorporates oriented glass fiber reinforcement, creating a pipe with increased stiffness and installation performance. The product will be available in diameters ranging from 30 to 60 inches, and 13’ and 20’ lengths. Allied Products We produce a range of additional water management products that are complementary to our pipe products (“Allied Products”). Our Allied Products offer adjacent technologies to our core pipe offering, presenting a complete drainage solution for our clients and customers. This combination of pipe and Allied Products is a key strategy in our sales growth, profitability and market share penetration. The practice of selling a drainage system is attractive to both distributors and end users, by providing a broad package of products that can be sold on individual projects, and strengthens our competitive advantage in the marketplace. We aggressively seek and evaluate new products, technologies and regulatory changes that impact our customers’ needs for Allied Products. Using the strength of our overall sales and distribution platform, our Allied Product strategy allows us to more deeply penetrate our end markets and anticipate the evolving needs of our customers. The underground construction industry has historically been project (not product) driven, creating the impetus for owners, engineers and contractors to seek manufacturers that deliver solution-based product portfolios. Many of the components of underground construction are related and require linear compatibility of function, regulatory approval and technology. Storm and Septic Chambers - Our StormTech chambers are used for stormwater retention, detention and “first flush” underground water storage on non-residential site development and public projects. These highly engineered chambers are injection molded from high density polyethylene and polypropylene resins into a proprietary design which provides strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. The chambers allow for the efficient storage of stormwater volume, reducing the underground construction footprint and costs to the contractors, developers, and property owners. Our StormTech chambers offer great flexibility in design and layout of underground water storage systems. They are an attractive alternative to open ponds by reducing ongoing maintenance and liability and providing more useable land for development. Stormwater runoff is collected and stored in rows of chambers and gradually reenters the water system base, reducing erosion and protecting waterways. The chambers are open bottom, which allows for high density stacking in both storage and shipment. This freight-efficient feature drives favorable cost-competitiveness in serving long-distance export markets. These chamber systems typically incorporate our other product lines such as corrugated pipe, fabricated fittings, water quality units and geotextiles. Our ARC and BioDiffuser products are chambers that are used in on-site septic systems for residential and small volume non-residential wastewater treatment and disposal. Rural homes and communities that do not have access to central sewer lines require an on-site septic solution. Our ARC and BioDiffuser chamber products are installed and perform their septic treatment function without gravel, reducing costs to the contractor and homeowner over traditional pipe and stone systems. States and municipalities have different sizing criteria for on-site septic treatment systems based on soil and site conditions. The innovative design of our ARC chamber is generally approved for a footprint reduction, further reducing the cost of the septic system. Injection-molded from high density polyethylene, these products are strong, durable, and chemical-resistant. These interconnecting chambers are favored by septic contractors because they are lightweight, easy to install and offer articulating features which increase site-specific design flexibility. Structures - Our Nyloplast PVC drainage structures are used in non-residential, residential and municipal site development, road and highway construction, as well as landscaping, recreational, industrial and mechanical 7 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. applications. The product family includes inline drains, drain basins, curb inlets and water control structures which move surface-collected stormwater vertically down to pipe conveyance systems. These custom structures are fabricated from sections of PVC pipe using a thermo-forming process to achieve exact site-specific hydraulic design requirements. Our Nyloplast products are a preferred alternative to heavier and larger concrete structures, by offering greater design flexibility and improved ease of installation which reduces overall project costs and timelines. The structures incorporate rubber gaskets to ensure watertight connections, preventing soil infiltration which plagues competitive products. Our Inserta Tee product line consists of a PVC hub, rubber sleeve and stainless steel band. Inserta Tee is compression fit into the cored wall of a mainline pipe and can be used with all pipe material types and profiles. This product offers an easy tap-in to existing sanitary and storm sewers by limiting the excavation needed for installation compared to competitive products. Fittings - We produce fittings and couplings utilizing blow molding, injection molding and custom fabrication on our pipe products. Our innovative coupling and fitting products are highly complementary to our broader product suite, and include both soil-tight and water-tight capabilities across the full pipe diameter spectrum. Our fittings are sold in all end markets where we sell our current pipe products. Water Quality - Our BaySaver product line targets the removal of sediment, debris, oils and suspended solids throughout a stormwater rain event by separating and/or filtering unwanted pollutants. Our BaySeparators can be fabricated into multiple sizing combinations to fit a variety of applications and customer requirements. These products assist owners, developers and design engineers in remaining compliant with discharge requirements set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) as well as state and local regulatory agencies. Our BaySaver product line coupled with our pipe, StormTech chambers, fabricated fittings, Nyloplast structures, FleXstorm inlet protection systems and geotextiles make up a comprehensive stormwater management solution. Construction Fabrics & Geotextiles - We purchase and distribute construction fabrics and other geosynthetic products for soil stabilization, reinforcement, filtration, separation, erosion control, and sub-surface drainage. Constructed of woven and non-woven polypropylene, geotextile products provide permanent, cost-efficient site- development solutions. Construction fabrics and geotextiles have applications in all of our end markets. RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIERS Virgin HDPE and PP resins are derivatives of ethylene and propylene, respectively. Ethylene and propylene are derived from natural gas liquids or crude oil derivatives in the U.S. We currently purchase in excess of 850 million pounds of virgin and recycled resin annually from over 480 suppliers in North America. As a high- volume buyer of resin, we are able to achieve economies of scale to negotiate favorable terms and pricing. Our purchasing strategies differ based on the material (virgin resin v. recycled material) ordered for delivery to our production locations. The price movements of the different materials also vary, resulting in the need to use a number of strategies to reduce volatility and successfully pass on cost increases to our customer through timely selling price increases when needed. We have developed relationships with all of the North American producers of virgin high density polyethylene and impact copolymer polypropylene producers that manufacture the grades we need to produce our products, including Braskem Americas, Inc., Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP, The Dow Chemical Company, Equistar Chemicals, LP, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A., Ineos Olefins & Polyolefins, USA, Sasol USA, and Nova Chemical. The North American capacity for ethylene derivatives is being expanded primarily as a result of the new supplies of natural gas liquids being produced through sustained oil and gas exploration and production. We anticipate that the previously announced projects for ethylene derivative capacity associated with HDPE will continue coming on stream during 2017, extending through 2018. The polypropylene capacity expansion projects to utilize the increased supply of propylene are projected to begin coming on-stream in 2018. We leverage our raw material blending and processing technologies to produce an HDPE pipe that incorporates recycled resin. This product, which meets an ASTM International standard, replaces a majority of the virgin resin that is used in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials product with 8 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. optimized recycled materials. To further develop our recycled material strategies, we established Green Line Polymers, Inc. (“GLP”), as our wholly-owned recycling subsidiary in 2012. GLP procures and processes recycled raw materials that can be used in products we produce and sell. Our first production facilities were established in Ohio and Georgia and are focused on processing post-industrial HDPE recycled materials. Based on the success of this strategy, we acquired a business that could supply clean, post-consumer recycled HDPE to our upper Midwest plants and established a second post-consumer processing plant, in Pennsylvania, to support our plants in Ohio, Michigan and the eastern and southern United States. In fiscal 2017, 88% of our non-virgin HDPE raw material needs were internally processed (enhanced) through our GLP operations. We maintain relationships with several of the largest environmental companies such as Waste Management, Inc., Republic Services, Inc., and Rumpke, Inc., which provide us with post-consumer HDPE recycled materials. We also maintain relationships with several key post-industrial HDPE suppliers, including E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Silgan Plastics, Consolidated Container Company and Alpla, Inc., which provide us with materials that cannot otherwise be utilized in their respective production processes. We are one of the largest domestic recyclers of HDPE. We believe that we are well positioned for future growth as we add additional recycled material processing facilities, add capacity to existing facilities, and expand our supplier base for virgin resin. We anticipate continued growth in the availability of ethylene and propylene which are used to manufacture high density polyethylene and polypropylene, respectively. CUSTOMERS We have a large, active customer base of approximately 20,000 customers, with two customers representing 10% or more of fiscal 2017 net sales. Ferguson Enterprises (“Ferguson”) accounted for 12.4% and HD Supply Waterworks (“HD Supply”) accounted for 11.1% of fiscal 2017 net sales. Our customer base is diversified across the range of end markets that we serve. A majority of our sales are made through distributors, including many of the largest national and independent waterworks distributors, with whom we have long-standing distribution relationships. These include Ferguson, HD Supply and WinWholesale, who sell primarily to the storm sewer and sanitary sewer markets. We also utilize a network of hundreds of small to medium-sized independent distributors across the United States. We have strong relationships with major national retailers that carry drainage products, including The Home Depot, Lowe’s, Ace Hardware, Carter Lumber and Do it Best. We offer the most complete line of HDPE products in the industry and are the only national manufacturer that can service the “Big-Box” retailers from coast-to-coast. We also sell to buying groups and co-ops in the United States that serve the plumbing, hardware, irrigation and landscaping markets. Selling to buying groups and co-ops provides us a further presence on a national, regional and local basis for the distribution of our products. Our preferred vendor status with these groups allows us to reach thousands of locations in an effective manner. Members of these groups and co-ops generally are independent businesses with strong relationships and brand recognition with smaller contractors and homeowners in their local markets. The combination of our large sales force, long-standing retail and contractor customer relationships and extensive network of manufacturing and distribution facilities complements and strengthens our broad customer and market coverage. Our customer service organization of more than 130 employees is supplemented by the employees of our manufacturing plants, distribution centers and drivers of our tractor-trailers. We staff and operate four regional customer service call centers located in three time zones where orders are processed. In conjunction with our field sales and engineering team, this highly-trained and competent staff allows us to maintain more customer touch points and interaction than any of our competitors. SALES AND MARKETING We have one of the largest and most experienced sales and engineering force in the industry, with approximately 340 sales and engineering professionals. Offering the broadest product line in the industry enables our sales force to source the greatest number of new opportunities and more effectively cross-sell products than any of our competitors. We consistently maintain thousands of touch-points with customers, civil engineers and municipal authorities, continuously educating them on new product innovations and their advantages relative to traditional products. We believe we are the industry leader in these efforts and we view this work as an important 9 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. part of our marketing strategy, particularly in promoting N-12 and SaniTite HP for storm and sanitary sewer systems, as regulatory approvals are essential to the specification and acceptance of these product lines. Our sales and marketing strategy is divided into four components — comprehensive market coverage, diverse product offerings, readily-available local inventory and specification efforts. Our goal is to provide the distributor/owner with the most complete, readily-available product line in our industry. We strive to use our manufacturing footprint, product portfolio and market expertise to efficiently service our customers. Our sales and engineering objective is to influence, track and quote all selling opportunities as early in the project life cycle as possible. Conceptual project visibility allows sales and engineering professionals the ability to influence design specifications and increase the probability of inclusion of our products in bid documents. We strive to be meaningfully involved in all phases of the project cycle, including design, bidding, award and installation. In addition to direct channel customers, we also maintain and develop relationships with federal agencies, municipal agencies, national standard regulators, private consulting engineers and architects. Our consistent interaction with these market participants enables us to continue our market penetration. This ongoing dialogue has positioned us as an industry resource for design guidance and product development and as a respected expert in water management solutions. SEASONALITY Historically, sales of our products have been higher in the first and second quarters of each fiscal year due to favorable weather and longer daylight conditions accelerating construction activity during these periods. Seasonal variations in operating results may also be impacted by inclement weather conditions, such as cold or wet weather, which can delay projects. In the non-residential, residential and infrastructure markets in the northern United States and Canada, construction activity typically begins to increase in late March and is slower in December, January and February. In the southern and western United States, Mexico, Central America and South America, the construction markets are less seasonal. The agricultural drainage market is concentrated in the early spring just prior to planting and in the fall just after crops are harvested prior to freezing of the ground in winter. PRACTICES RELATED TO WORKING CAPITAL ITEMS Information about the Company’s working capital practices is incorporated herein by reference to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Results of Operations — Working Capital and Cash Flows” of this Form 10-K. COMPETITION We operate in a highly fragmented industry and hold leading positions in multiple market sectors. Competition, including our competitors and specific competitive factors, varies for each market sector. We believe the principal competitive factors for our market sectors include local selling coverage, product availability, breadth and cost of products, technical knowledge and expertise, customer and supplier relationships, reliability and accuracy of service, effective use of technology, delivery capabilities and timeliness, pricing of products, and the provision of credit. We believe that our competitive strengths and strategy allow us to compete effectively in our market sectors. The stormwater drainage industry, in particular, is highly fragmented with many smaller specialty and regional competitors providing a variety of product technologies and solutions. We compete against concrete pipe, corrugated steel pipe and PVC pipe producers on a national, regional and local basis. In addition, there are several HDPE pipe producers in the United States. In the United States, our primary competitors are concrete pipe producers, including Quikrete, Forterra and Oldcastle CRH Precast, as well as smaller, regional competitors. In the corrugated steel pipe sector, our primary national competitor is Contech Engineered Solutions, and we compete with Lane Enterprises, Pacific Corrugated and Southeast Culvert on a regional level, as well as other smaller competitors. In the PVC pipe sector, we compete 10 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. primarily with JM Eagle, Diamond Plastics and North American Pipe. We believe we are the only corrugated HDPE pipe producer with a national footprint, and our competitors operate primarily on a regional and local level. In the corrugated HDPE pipe sector in the United States, our primary competitors on a regional basis are JM Eagle, Lane Enterprises and Prinsco. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY We rely upon a combination of patents, trademarks, trade names, licensing arrangements, trade secrets, know- how and proprietary technology in order to secure and protect our intellectual property rights, both in the United States and in foreign countries. We seek to protect our new technologies with patents and trademarks and defend against patent infringement allegations. We hold a significant amount of intellectual property rights pertaining to product patents, process patents and trademarks. We continually seek to expand and improve our existing product offerings through product development and acquisitions. Although our intellectual property is important to our business operations and in the aggregate constitutes a valuable asset, we do not believe that any single patent, trademark or trade secret is critical to the success of our business as a whole. We cannot be certain that our patent applications will be issued or that any issued patents will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties. In addition to the foregoing protections, we generally control access to and use of our proprietary and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, distributors and others. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business — If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, or we infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, our ability to compete could be negatively impacted.” EMPLOYEES As of March 31, 2017, in our domestic and international operations the Company and its consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures had approximately 4,500 employees, consisting of approximately 3,100 hourly personnel and approximately 1,400 salaried employees. As of March 31, 2017, approximately 330 hourly personnel in our Mexican and South American operations were covered by collective bargaining agreements. REGULATION Our operations are affected by various statutes, regulations and laws in the markets in which we operate, which historically have not had a material effect on our business. We are subject to various laws applicable to businesses generally, including laws affecting land usage, zoning, the environment, health and safety, transportation, labor and employment practices, competition, immigration and other matters. Additionally, building codes may affect the products our customers are allowed to use, and, consequently, changes in building codes may affect the salability of our products. The transportation and disposal of many of our products are also subject to federal regulations. The U.S. Department of Transportation (“U.S. DOT”) regulates our operations in domestic interstate commerce. We are subject to safety requirements governing interstate operations prescribed by the U.S. DOT. Vehicle dimensions and driver hours of service also remain subject to both federal and state regulation. We have been able to consistently capitalize on changes in both local and federal regulatory statutes relating to storm and sanitary sewer construction, repair and replacement. Most noteworthy is the Federal Clean Water Act of 1972 and the subsequent EPA Phase I, II and sustainable infrastructure regulations relating to storm sewer construction, storm water quantity, storm water quality, and combined sewer separation. Our diversity of products offering a solution-based selling approach coupled with detailed market knowledge makes us an integral industry resource in both regulatory changes and compliance. An important element of our growth strategy has been our focus on industry education efforts to drive regulatory approvals for our core HDPE products at national, state and local levels. We employ a team of approximately 55 field-based engineers who work closely with government agencies to obtain regulatory approvals for our products, and also with civil engineering firms to specify our products on non-residential construction and road-building projects. With the introduction of our HP storm and sanitary pipe, we have refocused our efforts 11 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. calling on state departments of transportation to enhance their approval of our pipe products. Additional state and local regulatory approvals will continue to present new growth opportunities in new and existing geographic markets for us. The trend of substituting traditional materials for HDPE and PP is expected to continue as more states and municipalities recognize the benefits of our HDPE N-12 pipe and our polypropylene HP pipe by approving it for use in a broader range of applications. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY MATTERS We are subject to a broad range of foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those pertaining to air emissions, water discharges, the handling, disposal and transport of solid and hazardous materials and wastes, the investigation and remediation of contamination and otherwise relating to health and safety and the protection of the environment and natural resources. To a limited extent, our current and past operations, and those of many of the companies we have acquired, involve materials that are, or could be classified as, toxic or hazardous. There is inherent risk of contamination and environmental damage in our operations and the products we handle, transport and distribute. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business — We could incur significant costs in complying with environmental, health and safety laws or permits or as a result of satisfying any liability or obligation imposed under such laws or permits.” CORPORATE AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION We were founded in 1966 and are a Delaware corporation. Our principal executive offices are located at 4640 Trueman Boulevard, Hilliard, Ohio 43026, and our telephone number at that address is (614) 658-0050. Our corporate website is www.ads-pipe.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (“Exchange Act”) are filed with the SEC. We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and file or furnish reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information filed by the Company with the SEC are available free of charge on our website at www.ads- pipe.com when such reports are available on the SEC’s website. We use our www.ads-pipe.com website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor such portions of www.ads-pipe.com in addition to following press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. The public may read and copy any materials filed by the Company with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The contents of the websites referred to above are not incorporated into this filing. Further, our references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only. 12 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 1A. Risk Factors Please carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. Risks Relating to Restatements and Our Financial Reporting Process The restatements of our previously issued financial statements and the related claims, investigations and proceedings arising out of the Prior Restatement have been time-consuming and expensive and could expose us to additional risks that would adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. As described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 (the “Fiscal 2015 Form 10-K”), we restated our previously issued consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, as well as each of the first three quarters in fiscal 2015 and for all of the quarterly periods in fiscal 2014 (the “Prior Restatement”). We also restated our financial results for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2012 and 2011, as summarized in “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data” to our Fiscal 2015 Form 10-K. In addition, as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016 (the “Fiscal 2016 Form 10-K”), we restated our previously issued consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 as well as each of the quarters in fiscal 2016 and 2015 (the “Stock-Based Compensation Restatement”). We also restated our financial results for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, as summarized in “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data” to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 (the “Fiscal 2017 Form 10-K”). Both the Prior Restatement and the Stock- Based Compensation Restatement were time-consuming and expensive and could expose us to a number of additional risks that would adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In particular, we incurred significant expense, including audit, legal, consulting and other professional fees in connection with the Prior Restatement and the Stock-Based Compensation Restatement. Expenses incurred during fiscal 2017 and 2016 as a result of the Prior Restatement were approximately $24 million and $28 million, respectively. We have also incurred significant expense in connection with the ongoing remediation of the weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as further described below. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner, investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock. We are required to evaluate the effectiveness of our disclosure controls on a periodic basis and publicly disclose the results of these evaluations and related matters in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. As of March 31, 2017, we have identified certain material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting in the areas of (i) the Company’s control environment, (ii) accounting for leases, (iii) accounting for inventory, (iv) journal entry and account reconciliation, (v) ADS Mexicana control environment, and (vi) ADS Mexicana revenue recognition cut-off practices as described in “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of this Fiscal 2017 Form 10-K. As a result of such material weaknesses, our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2017. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We are actively engaged in remediation activities designed to address these material weaknesses, but our remediation efforts are not complete and are ongoing. Although we are working to remedy the ineffectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, there can be no assurance as to when the remediation plan will be fully implemented or the aggregate cost of implementation. Until our remediation plan is fully implemented, our management will continue to devote significant time and attention to these efforts. If we do not complete our remediation in a timely fashion, or at all, or if our remediation plan is inadequate, there will continue to be an increased risk that we will be unable to timely file future periodic reports with the SEC and that our future consolidated financial statements could contain errors that will be undetected. If we are unable to report our results in a timely and accurate manner, we may not be able to comply with the applicable covenants in our financing arrangements, and may be required to seek additional 13 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. amendments or waivers under these financing arrangements, which could adversely impact our liquidity and financial condition. Further and continued determinations that there are material weaknesses in the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting could reduce our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of any financing we obtain and require additional expenditures of both money and our management’s time to comply with applicable requirements. Any failure to implement or maintain required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in additional material weaknesses or material misstatement in our consolidated financial statements. Any new misstatement could result in a further restatement of our consolidated financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, reduce our ability to obtain financing or cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price. We cannot assure you that we will not discover additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As a result of the material weaknesses, our management concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017. This could cause investors to lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and could result in a decrease in the value of our common stock. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, NYSE, or other regulatory authorities. Further, we may be the subject of negative publicity focusing on the restatements of our previously issued financial results and related matters, and may be adversely impacted by negative reactions from our stockholders, creditors or others with which we do business. This negative publicity may impact our ability to attract and retain customers, employees and vendors. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our business and reputation and cause the price of our securities to decline. Furthermore, as we grow our business, our disclosure controls and internal controls will become more complex, and we may require significantly more resources to ensure the effectiveness of these controls. If we are unable to continue upgrading our financial and management controls, reporting systems, information technology and procedures in a timely and effective fashion, additional management and other resources may need to be devoted to assist in compliance with the disclosure and financial reporting requirements and other rules that apply to reporting companies, which could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. The ongoing remediation of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will require us to continue to incur significant cost and expense and may require additional management time and attention, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. We continue to incur significant costs and expenses related to the ongoing remediation of the weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We have taken a number of steps, including both adding internal personnel and hiring outside consultants, and intend to continue to take appropriate and reasonable steps to strengthen our accounting function and reduce the risk of any future misstatements in our financial statements. For more details about the status of our remediation plan, see “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of this Fiscal 2017 Form 10-K. To the extent these steps are not successful, we may have to incur additional time and expense, which could adversely affect our financial position and cash flows. Our management’s attention has also been, and may further be, diverted from the operation of our business in connection with the ongoing remediation of material weaknesses in our internal controls, which efforts could adversely affect our results of operations. The Prior Restatement of our previously issued financial results has resulted in private litigation as well as an ongoing investigation by the SEC, and could result in additional litigation, government investigations and enforcement actions that could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows. We have been subject to a securities class action litigation suit that was originally filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as a result of the Prior Restatement. Although the District Court has dismissed all of the plaintiff’s claims, the plaintiff has appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. It is possible that the Court of Appeals could reverse the District Court’s decision and remand for further proceedings. The ongoing remediation of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will require us to continue to incur significant cost and expense and may require additional 14 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. management time and attention, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, the Company has received document subpoenas from the SEC’s Division of Enforcement pursuant to a formal investigation. Both the securities class action litigation suit and SEC investigation are further described below under “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.” We could also become subject to additional litigation or government investigations and enforcement actions arising out of the Prior Restatement, the Stock-Based Compensation Restatement, as well as delinquent Exchange Act filings. To date our management has devoted significant time and attention related to these matters, and we may be required to devote even more time and attention to such matters in the future, and these and any additional matters that arise could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows. While we cannot estimate our potential exposure in these matters at this time, we have already incurred significant amounts investigating the claims underlying the class action litigation and SEC document production and expect to continue to need to expend significant amounts to defend such litigation and respond to the SEC investigation. Although we maintain insurance that may provide coverage for some or all of these expenses, and we have given notice to our insurers of the claims, there is risk that the insurers will rescind or otherwise not renew the policies, that some or all of the claims will not be covered by such policies, or that, even if covered, our ultimate liability will exceed the available insurance. For additional discussion of these matters, see “Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies — Litigation” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Fiscal 2017 Form 10-K. Risks Relating to Our Business Fluctuations in the price and availability of resins, our principal raw materials, and our inability to obtain adequate supplies of resins from suppliers and pass on resin price increases to customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The principal raw materials that we use in our high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and Allied Products are virgin and recycled resins. Our ability to operate profitably depends, to a large extent, on the markets for these resins. In particular, as resins are derived either directly or indirectly from crude oil derivatives and natural gas liquids, resin prices fluctuate substantially as a result of changes in crude oil and natural gas prices, changes in existing processing capabilities and the capacity of resin suppliers. The petrochemical industry historically has been cyclical and volatile. The cycles are generally characterized by periods of tight supply, followed by periods of oversupply, primarily resulting from significant capacity additions. For example, resin prices have increased since 2010 due to increased demand in the broader economy. Unanticipated changes in and disruptions to existing petrochemical capacities could also significantly increase resin prices, often within a short period of time, even if crude oil and natural gas prices remain low. Our ability to offer our core products depends on our ability to obtain adequate resins, which we purchase directly from major petrochemical and chemical suppliers. We have managed a formal resin price risk management program since early in 2010 that entails both physical fixed price and volume contracts, and in previous periods, financial hedges which are designed to apply to a significant portion of our annual virgin resin purchases. In conjunction with our resin price risk management program, we maintain supply agreements with our major resin suppliers that provide multi-year terms and volumes that are in excess of our projected consumption. For our polypropylene virgin resin price exposure, we utilize financial hedges of propylene as a proxy for polypropylene. Historically, the month to month change in market based pricing has been very similar between propylene and polypropylene. The loss of, or substantial decrease in the availability of, raw materials from our suppliers, or the failure by our suppliers to continue to provide us with raw materials on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, supply interruptions could arise from labor disputes or weather conditions affecting supplies or shipments, transportation disruptions or other factors beyond our control. An extended disruption in the timely availability of raw materials from our key suppliers would result in a decrease in our revenues and profitability. Our ability to maintain profitability heavily depends on our ability to pass through to our customers the full amount of any increase in raw material costs, which are a large portion of our overall product costs. We may be unable to do so in a timely manner, or at all, due to competition in the markets in which we operate. In addition, certain of our largest customers historically have exerted significant pressure on their outside suppliers to keep prices low because of their market share. If increases in the cost of raw materials cannot be passed on to our 15 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. customers, or the duration of time associated with a pass through becomes extended, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be adversely affected. Any disruption or volatility in general business and economic conditions in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products and services. The markets in which we operate are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States and worldwide, including availability of credit, interest rates, fluctuation in capital and business and consumer confidence. The capital and credit markets have in recent years been experiencing significant volatility and disruption. These conditions, combined with price fluctuations in crude oil derivatives and natural gas liquids, declining business and consumer confidence and increased unemployment, precipitated an economic slowdown and severe recession in recent years. The difficult conditions in these markets and the overall economy affect our business in a number of ways. For example: • • • • The slowdown and volatility of the United States economy in general is having an adverse effect on our sales that are dependent on the non-residential construction market. Continued uncertainty about current economic conditions will continue to pose a risk to our business units that serve the non-residential construction market, as participants in this industry may postpone spending in response to tighter credit, negative financial news and/or declines in income or asset values, which could have a continued material adverse effect on the demand for our products and services. The homebuilding industry underwent a significant decline from its peak in 2005. While new housing starts demonstrated an annual growth rate of 13.6% from 2010 to 2015, current levels remain substantially below the long-term average of 1.5 million starts since the U.S. Census Bureau began reporting the data in 1959. The mortgage markets continue to experience disruption and reduced availability of mortgages for potential homebuyers due to more restrictive standards to qualify for mortgages, including with respect to new home construction loans. The multi-year downturn in the homebuilding industry resulted in a substantial reduction in demand for our products and services in this market, which in turn had a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations during the period from 2008 to 2014, as compared to peak levels. Our business depends to a great extent upon general activity levels in the agriculture market. Changes in corn production, soybean production, farm income, farmland value and the level of farm output in the geographic locations in which we operate are all material factors that could adversely affect the agriculture market and result in a decrease in the amount of products that our customers purchase. The nature of the agriculture market is such that a downturn in demand can occur suddenly, resulting in excess inventories, un-utilized production capacity and reduced prices for pipe products. These downturns may be prolonged and our revenue and profitability would be harmed. Demand for our products and services depend to a significant degree on spending on infrastructure, which is inherently cyclical. Infrastructure spending is affected by a variety of factors beyond our control, including interest rates, availability and commitment of public funds for municipal spending and highway spending and general economic conditions. Our products sales may be adversely impacted by budget cuts by governments, including as a result of lower than anticipated tax revenues. All of our markets are sensitive to changes in the broader economy. Downturns or lack of substantial improvement in the economy in any region in which we operate have adversely affected and could continue to adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we operate in many markets, our business is particularly impacted by changes in the economies of the United States, Canada and Mexico, which represented approximately 87.7%, 7.4% and 3.8%, respectively, of our net sales for fiscal 2017 and collectively represented approximately 98.9% of our net sales for fiscal 2017. We cannot predict the duration of current economic conditions, or the timing or strength of any future recovery of activities in our markets. Continued weakness in the market in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may have to close under-performing facilities from time to time as warranted by general economic conditions and/or weakness in the markets in which we operate. In addition to a reduction in demand for our products, these factors may also reduce 16 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. the price we are able to charge for our products and restrict our ability to pass raw material cost increases to our customers. This, combined with an increase in excess capacity, will negatively impact our profitability, cash flows and our financial condition, generally. Demand for our products and services could decrease if we are unable to compete effectively, and our success depends largely on our ability to convert current demand for competitive products into demand for our products. We compete with both manufacturers of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and manufacturers of alternative products, such as concrete, steel and PVC pipe products, on the basis of a number of considerations, including product characteristics such as durability, design, ease of installation, price on a price-to-value basis and service. In particular, we compete on a global, national and local basis with pipe products made of traditional materials which our high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe products are designed to replace. For example, our N-12 and SaniTite HP products face competition from concrete, steel and PVC pipe products in the small- and large-diameter size segments of the market. Our ability to successfully compete and grow depends largely on our ability to continue to convert the current demand for concrete, steel and PVC pipe products into demand for our high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and Allied Products. Our thermoplastic pipe typically has an installed cost advantage of approximately 20% over concrete pipe. However, depending upon certain factors such as the size of the pipe, the geography of a particular location and then-existing raw material costs, the initial cost of our thermoplastic pipe may be higher than the initial cost of alternative products such as concrete, steel and PVC pipe products. To increase our market share, we will need to increase material conversion by educating our customers about the value of our products in comparison to existing alternatives, particularly on an installed cost basis, working with government agencies to expand approvals for our products and working with civil engineering firms which may influence the specification of our products on construction projects. No assurance can be given that our efforts to increase or maintain the current rate of material conversion will be successful, and our failure to do so would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We also expect that new competitors may develop over time. No assurance can be given that we will be able to respond effectively to such competitive pressures. Increased competition by existing and future competitors could result in reductions in sales, prices, volumes and gross margins that would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, our success will depend, in part, on our ability to maintain our market share and gain market share from competitors. Certain of our competitors have financial and other resources that are greater than ours and may be better able to withstand price competition, especially with respect to traditional products. In addition, consolidation by industry participants could result in competitors with increased market share, larger customer bases, greater diversified product offerings and greater technological and marketing expertise, which would allow them to compete more effectively against us. Moreover, our competitors may develop products that are superior to our products or may adapt more quickly to new technologies or evolving customer requirements. Technological advances by our competitors may lead to new manufacturing techniques and make it more difficult for us to compete. In many markets in which we operate there are no significant entry barriers that would prevent new competitors from entering the market, especially on the local level, or existing competitors from expanding in the market. In addition, because we do not have long-term arrangements with many of our customers, these competitive factors could cause our customers to cease purchasing our products. In addition, our contracts with municipalities are often awarded and renewed through periodic competitive bidding. We may not be successful in obtaining or renewing these contracts on financially attractive terms or at all, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by the effects of weather. Although weather patterns affect our operating results throughout the year, adverse weather historically has reduced construction activity in our third and fourth fiscal quarters. In contrast, our highest volume of net sales historically has occurred in our first and second fiscal quarters. 17 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Most of our business units experience seasonal variation as a result of the dependence of our customers on suitable weather to engage in construction projects. Generally, during the winter months, construction activity declines due to inclement weather, frozen ground and shorter daylight hours. For example, during the spring of 2013 and 2014, the extremely cold weather significantly reduced the level of construction activities in the United States, thereby impacting our revenues. In addition, to the extent that hurricanes, severe storms, floods, other natural disasters or similar events occur in the geographic regions in which we operate, our results of operations may be adversely affected. For example, Hurricane Andrew in Florida in 1992 and the extensive flooding of the Mississippi River in 2011 resulted in temporary interruption in business activity in these areas. We anticipate that fluctuations of our operations results from period to period due to seasonality will continue in the future. The loss of any of our significant customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our 10 largest customers generated approximately 37.4% of our net sales in fiscal 2017. We cannot guarantee that we will maintain or improve our relationships with these customers or that we will continue to supply these customers at historical levels. Because we do not have long-term arrangements with many of our customers, such customers may cease purchasing our products without notice or upon short notice to us. During the economic downturn, some of our customers reduced their operations. For example, some homebuilder customers exited or severely curtailed building activity in certain of our markets. There is no assurance that our customers will increase their activity level or return it to historic levels. A slow economic recovery could continue to have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, consolidation among customers could also result in a loss of some of our present customers to our competitors. The loss of one or more of our significant customers, a significant customer’s decision to purchase our products in significantly lower quantities than they have in the past, or deterioration in our relationship with any of them could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The majority of our net sales are credit sales which are made primarily to customers whose ability to pay is dependent, in part, upon the economic strength of the industry and geographic areas in which they operate, and the failure to collect monies owed from customers could adversely affect our financial condition. The majority of our net sales volume is facilitated through the extension of credit to our customers whose ability to pay is dependent, in part, upon the economic strength of the industry in the areas where they operate. Our business units offer credit to customers, either through unsecured credit that is based solely upon the creditworthiness of the customer, or secured credit for materials sold for a specific job where the security lies in lien rights associated with the material going into the job. The type of credit offered depends both on the financial strength of the customer and the nature of the business in which the customer is involved. End users, resellers and other non-contractor customers generally purchase more on unsecured credit than secured credit. The inability of our customers to pay off their credit lines in a timely manner, or at all, would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, our collections efforts with respect to non-paying or slow-paying customers could negatively impact our customer relations going forward. Because we depend on the creditworthiness of certain of our customers, if the financial condition of our customers declines, our credit risk could increase. Significant contraction in our markets, coupled with tightened credit availability and financial institution underwriting standards, could adversely affect certain of our customers. Should one or more of our larger customers declare bankruptcy, it could adversely affect the collectability of our accounts receivable, bad debt reserves and net income. Our international operations expose us to political, economic and regulatory risks not normally faced by businesses that operate only in the United States. International operations are exposed to different political, economic and regulatory risks that are not faced by businesses that operate solely in the United States. Some of our operations are outside the United States, with manufacturing and distribution facilities in Canada and several Latin American countries. Our international operations are subject to risks similar to those affecting our operations in the United States in addition to a number of other risks, including: difficulties in enforcing contractual and intellectual property rights; impositions or increases of withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by subsidiaries and affiliates; exposure 18 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. to different legal standards; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; impositions or increases of investment and other restrictions by foreign governments; the requirements of a wide variety of foreign laws; political and economic instability; war; and difficulties in staffing and managing operations, particularly in remote locations. As a result of our international operations, we could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign anti-corruption laws. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar foreign anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to wrongfully influence foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or obtaining an unfair advantage, and generally require companies to maintain accurate books and records and internal controls, including at foreign controlled subsidiaries. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the global enforcement of anti- corruption laws, with more frequent voluntary self-disclosures by companies, aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both the U.S. Department of Justice and the SEC resulting in record fines and penalties, increased enforcement activity by non-U.S. regulators, and increases in criminal and civil proceedings brought against companies and individuals. We have operations in Canada as well as existing joint ventures in Mexico and South America. Our internal policies provide for compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws for both us and for our joint venture operations. Our continued operation and expansion outside the United States, including in developing countries, could increase the risk of such violations in the future. Despite our training and compliance programs, our internal control policies and procedures may not always protect us from unauthorized, reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, agents or joint venture partners. Furthermore, as part of the Prior Restatement, management identified certain weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which weaknesses included certain control deficiencies related to the ADS Mexicana control environment, as well as the ADS Mexicana revenue recognition cut-off practices. These material weaknesses are further described in “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures,” below. Certain of the matters related to the ADS Mexicana control environment were already the subject of investigation by third party advisors to the Audit Committee as part of the restatement of our previously issued financial statements as set forth in the Fiscal 2015 Form 10-K. Although such matters have resulted in a determination of material weakness, neither the Audit Committee’s advisors in the course of their investigation nor management concluded whether the weaknesses in the ADS Mexicana control environment, the ADS Mexicana revenue recognition cut-off practices, or any other material weaknesses of the Company as described in Item 9A, would result in an ultimate determination by the SEC or any other applicable regulatory agency that the Company has not complied with the books and records and internal control provisions of the FCPA as set forth in sections 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act. In the event that we believe or have reason to believe that our employees, agents or joint venture partners have or may have violated applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA, we may be required to investigate or have outside counsel investigate the relevant facts and circumstances, which can be expensive and require significant time and attention from senior management. A finding that the Company or its affiliates have violated any of these laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, which could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Conducting a portion of our operations through joint ventures exposes us to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control, and such risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. With respect to our existing joint ventures in Mexico, North America and South America, any differences in views among the joint venture participants may result in delayed decisions or in failures to agree on major issues. We also cannot control the actions of our joint venture partners, including any nonperformance, default or bankruptcy of our joint venture partners. As a result, we may be unable to control the quality of products produced by the joint ventures or achieve consistency of product quality as compared with our other operations. In addition to net sales and market share, this may have a material negative impact on our brand and how it is perceived thereafter. Moreover, if our partners also fail to invest in the joint venture in the manner that is anticipated or otherwise fail to meet their contractual obligations, the joint ventures may be unable to adequately perform and conduct their respective operations, requiring us to make additional investments or perform additional services to ensure the 19 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. adequate performance and delivery of products and/or services to the joint ventures’ customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may not be able to successfully expand into new product or geographic markets, which could negatively impact our future sales and results of operations. We may expand into new product markets based on our existing manufacturing, design and engineering capabilities and services. Our business depends in part on our ability to identify future products and product lines that complement existing products and product lines and that respond to our customers’ needs. We may not be able to compete effectively unless our product selection keeps up with trends in the markets in which we compete or trends in new products. In addition, our ability to integrate new products and product lines into our distribution network could impact our ability to compete. Furthermore, the success of new products and new product lines will depend on market demand and there is a risk that new products and new product lines will not deliver expected results, which could negatively impact our future sales and results of operations. Our expansion into new geographic markets may present competitive, distribution and regulatory challenges that differ from current ones. We may be less familiar with the target customers and may face different or additional risks, as well as increased or unexpected costs, compared to existing operations. Expansion into new geographic markets may also bring us into direct competition with companies with whom we have little or no past experience as competitors. To the extent we rely upon expansion into new geographic markets for growth and do not meet the new challenges posed by such expansion, our future sales growth could be negatively impacted, our operating costs could increase, and our business operations and financial results could be adversely affected. We may not achieve the acquisition component of our growth strategy, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. Acquisitions may continue to be an important component of our growth strategy; however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to grow our business through acquisitions as we have done historically or that any businesses acquired will perform in accordance with expectations or that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of businesses acquired will prove to be correct. Future acquisitions may result in the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, an increase in interest expense and amortization expense and significant charges relative to integration costs. Our strategy could be impeded if we do not identify suitable acquisition candidates and our financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected if we are unable to properly evaluate acquisition targets. Acquisitions involve a number of special risks, including: problems implementing disclosure controls and procedures for the newly acquired business; unforeseen difficulties extending internal control over financial reporting and performing the required assessment at the newly acquired business; potential adverse short-term effects on operating results through increased costs or otherwise; diversion of management’s attention and failure to recruit new, and retain existing, key personnel of the acquired business; failure to successfully implement infrastructure, logistics and systems integration; our business growth could outpace the capability of our systems; and the risks inherent in the systems of the acquired business and risks associated with unanticipated events or liabilities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may not be able to obtain financing necessary to complete acquisitions on attractive terms or at all. Increased fuel and energy prices, and our inability to obtain sufficient quantities of fuel to operate our in-house delivery fleet, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Energy and petroleum prices have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Prices and availability of petroleum products are subject to political, economic and market factors that are outside our control. Political events in petroleum-producing regions as well as hurricanes and other weather-related events may cause the price of fuel to increase. We consume a large amount of energy and petroleum products in our operations, including the manufacturing process and delivering a significant volume of products to our customers by our in-house fleet. While we utilize a diesel hedging program associated with our in-house fleet to mitigate against higher fuel prices, our operating profit will be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain the energy and fuel we require or to fully offset the anticipated impact of higher energy and fuel prices through increased prices or surcharges to our customers or through other 20 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. hedging strategies. If shortages occur in the supply of energy or necessary petroleum products and we are not able to pass along the full impact of increased energy or petroleum prices to our customers, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be adversely affected. We have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our income from operations is sensitive to changes in our net sales. A significant portion of our expenses are fixed costs (including personnel). For fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, domestic fixed costs were 32.1%, 28.7% and 25.5%, respectively, as a percentage of domestic net sales. Consequently, a percentage decline in our net sales could have a greater percentage effect on our income from operations if we do not act to reduce personnel or take other cost reduction actions. Moreover, a key element of our strategy is managing our assets, including our substantial fixed assets, more effectively, including through sales or other disposals of excess assets. Our failure to rationalize our fixed assets in the time, and within the costs, we expect could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Internally manufacturing our products at our own facilities subjects our business to risks associated with manufacturing processes. We internally manufacture our own products at our facilities. While we maintain insurance covering our manufacturing and production facilities and have significant flexibility to manufacture and ship our own products from various facilities, a catastrophic loss of the use of certain of our facilities due to accident, fire, explosion, labor issues, weather conditions, other natural disaster or otherwise, whether short or long-term, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Unexpected failures of our equipment and machinery may result in production delays, revenue loss and significant repair costs, injuries to our employees, and customer claims. Any interruption in production capability may limit our ability to supply enough products to customers and may require us to make large capital expenditures to remedy the situation, which could have a negative impact on our profitability and cash flows. Our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to offset the lost revenues or increased costs that we may experience during a disruption of our operations. We provide product warranties that could expose us to claims, which could in turn damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We generally provide limited product warranties on our products against defects in materials and workmanship in normal use and service. Most of our pipe products have a warranty that is not limited in duration. The warranty period for other products such as our StormTech chambers, our Inserta Tee product line, our BaySaver product line and our FleXstorm inlet protection systems is generally one year. Estimating the required warranty reserves requires a high level of judgment. Management estimates warranty reserves, based in part upon historical warranty costs, as a proportion of sales by product line. Management also considers various relevant factors, including its stated warranty policies and procedures, as part of its evaluation of its liability. Because warranty issues may surface later in the product life cycle, management continues to review these estimates on a regular basis and considers adjustments to these estimates based on actual experience compared to historical estimates. Although management believes that our warranty reserves as of March 31, 2017 are adequate, actual results may vary from these estimates. The nature of our business exposes us to construction defect and product liability claims as well as other legal proceedings, which could damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We are exposed to construction defect and product liability claims relating to our various products if our products do not meet customer expectations. Such liabilities may arise out of the quality of raw materials we purchase from third-party suppliers, over which we do not have direct control. We also operate a large fleet of trucks and other vehicles and therefore face the risk of traffic accidents. While we currently maintain insurance coverage to address a portion of these types of liabilities, we cannot make assurances that we will be able to obtain such insurance on acceptable terms in the future, if at all, or that any such insurance will provide adequate coverage against potential claims. Further, while we intend to seek 21 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. indemnification against potential liability for products liability claims from relevant parties, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to recover under any such indemnification agreements. Product liability claims can be expensive to defend and can divert the attention of management and other personnel for significant time periods, regardless of the ultimate outcome. An unsuccessful product liability defense could be highly costly and accordingly result in a decline in revenues and profitability. In addition, even if we are successful in defending any claim relating to the products we distribute, claims of this nature could negatively impact customer confidence in us and our products. From time to time, we are also involved in government inquiries and investigations, as well as consumer, employment, tort proceedings and other litigation. We cannot predict with certainty the outcomes of these legal proceedings and other contingencies, including potential environmental remediation and other proceedings commenced by government authorities. The outcome of some of these legal proceedings and other contingencies could require us to take actions which would adversely affect our operations or could require us to pay substantial amounts of money. Additionally, defending against these lawsuits and proceedings may involve significant expense and diversion of management’s attention and resources from other matters. Because our business is working capital intensive, we rely on our ability to manage our supply purchasing and customer credit policies. Our operations are working capital intensive, and our inventories, accounts receivable and accounts payable are significant components of our net asset base. We manage our inventories and accounts payable through our purchasing policies and our accounts receivable through our customer credit policies. If we fail to adequately manage our supply purchasing or customer credit policies, our working capital and financial condition may be adversely affected. Our operations are affected by various laws and regulations in the markets in which we operate, and our failure to obtain or maintain approvals by municipalities, state departments of transportation, engineers and developers may affect our results of operations. Our operations are principally affected by various statutes, regulations and laws in the United States, Canada and Latin America. While we are not engaged in a regulated industry, we are subject to various laws applicable to businesses generally, including laws affecting land usage, zoning, the environment, health and safety, transportation, labor and employment practices (including pensions), competition, immigration and other matters. Additionally, approvals by municipalities, the U.S. and state departments of transportation, engineers and developers may affect the products our customers are allowed to use, and, consequently, failure to obtain or maintain such approvals may affect the saleability of our products. Building codes may also affect the products our customers are allowed to use, and, consequently, changes in building codes may also affect the saleability of our products. Changes in applicable regulations governing the sale of some of our products could increase our costs of doing business. In addition, changes to applicable tax laws and regulations could increase our costs of doing business. We cannot provide assurance that we will not incur material costs or liabilities in connection with regulatory requirements. We deliver products to many of our customers through our own fleet of vehicles. The U.S. DOT regulates our operations in domestic interstate commerce. We are subject to safety requirements governing interstate operations prescribed by the U.S. DOT. Vehicle dimensions and driver hours of service also remain subject to both federal and state regulation. More restrictive limitations on vehicle weight and size, trailer length and configuration, or driver hours of service could increase our costs, which, if we are unable to pass these cost increases on to our customers, would reduce our gross margins and net income (loss) and increase our selling, general and administrative expenses. We cannot predict whether future developments in law and regulations concerning our business units will affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in a negative manner. Similarly, we cannot assess whether our business units will be successful in meeting future demands of regulatory agencies in a manner which will not materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 22 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Interruptions in the proper functioning of information technology systems could disrupt operations and cause unanticipated increases in costs, decreases in revenues, or both. The implementation of our technology initiatives could disrupt our operations in the near term, and our technology initiatives might not provide the anticipated benefits or might fail. Because we use our information technology (“IT”) systems to, among other things, manage inventories and accounts receivable, make purchasing decisions and monitor our results of operations, the proper functioning of our IT systems is important to the successful operation of our business. Although our IT systems are protected through physical and software safeguards and remote processing capabilities exist, IT systems are still vulnerable to natural disasters, power losses, unauthorized access, telecommunication failures and other problems. If critical IT systems fail, or are otherwise unavailable, our ability to process orders, track credit risk, identify business opportunities, maintain proper levels of inventories, collect accounts receivable and pay expenses and otherwise manage our business units would be adversely affected. Management uses IT systems to support decision making and to monitor business performance. We may fail to generate accurate financial and operational reports essential for making decisions at various levels of management. Failure to adopt systematic procedures to maintain quality IT general controls could disrupt our business. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate controls such as reconciliations, segregation of duties and verification to prevent errors or incomplete information, our ability to operate our business could be limited. Third-party service providers are responsible for managing a significant portion of our IT systems. Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected if the third-party service provider does not perform satisfactorily. Additionally, there is no guarantee that we will continue to have access to these third-party IT systems after our current license agreements expire, and, if we do not obtain licenses to use effective replacement IT systems, our financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. We have made, and will continue to make, significant technology investments in each of our business units and in our administrative functions. Our technology initiatives are designed to streamline our operations to allow our associates to continue to provide high quality service to our customers and to provide our customers a better experience, while improving the quality of our internal control environment. The cost and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of our technology initiatives could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations in the near term. In addition, our new or upgraded technology might not provide the anticipated benefits, it might take longer than expected to realize the anticipated benefits or the technology might fail altogether. We may experience a failure in or breach of our operational or information security systems, or those of our third-party service providers, as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks. A failure in or breach of our operational or information security systems, or those of our third-party service providers, as a result of cyber- attacks or information security breaches could disrupt our business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs and/or cause losses. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of the controls and processes designed to protect our systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority for us. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional significant resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and/or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. If we become subject to material liabilities under our self-insured programs, our financial results may be adversely affected. We may see increased costs arising from health care reform. We provide workers’ compensation, automobile and product/general liability coverage through a high deductible insurance program. In addition, we provide medical coverage to some of our employees through a self- insured preferred provider organization. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected if the number and severity of insurance claims increases. In March 2010, the United States government enacted comprehensive health care reform legislation which, among other things, includes guaranteed coverage requirements, eliminates pre-existing condition exclusions and 23 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. annual and lifetime maximum limits, restricts the extent to which policies can be rescinded and imposes new and significant taxes on health insurers and health care benefits. The legislation imposes implementation effective dates which began in 2010 and extend through 2020, and many of the changes require additional guidance from government agencies or federal regulations. Therefore, due to the phased-in nature of the implementation and the lack of interpretive guidance, it is difficult to determine at this time what impact the health care reform legislation will have on our financial results. Possible adverse effects of the health care reform legislation include increased costs, exposure to expanded liability and requirements for us to revise ways in which we provide healthcare and other benefits to our employees. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Our success depends upon our ability to control labor costs and to attract, train and retain highly-qualified employees and key personnel. To be successful, we must attract, train and retain a large number of highly qualified employees while controlling related labor costs. Our ability to control labor costs is subject to numerous external factors, including prevailing wage rates and health and other insurance costs. We compete with other businesses for these employees and invest significant resources in training and motivating them. There is no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain highly-qualified employees in the future, including, in particular, those employed by companies we acquire. None of our domestic employees are currently covered by collective bargaining or other similar labor agreements. However, if a number of our employees were to unionize, including in the wake of any future legislation that makes it easier for employees to unionize, the effect on us may be negative. Any inability by us to negotiate acceptable new contracts under any collective bargaining arrangements could cause strikes or other work stoppages, and new contracts could result in increased operating costs. If any such strikes or other work stoppages occur, or if employees become represented by a union, we could experience a disruption of our operations and higher labor costs. Labor relations matters affecting our suppliers of products and services could also adversely affect our business from time to time. In addition, our business results of operations depend largely upon our chief executive officer and senior management team as well as our plant managers and sales personnel, including those of companies recently acquired, and their experience, knowledge of local market dynamics and specifications and long-standing customer relationships. We customarily sign executive responsibility agreements with certain key personnel who are granted restricted stock or stock options under our employee incentive compensation programs, which contain confidentiality and non-competition provisions. However, in certain jurisdictions, non-competition provisions may not be enforceable or may not be enforceable to their full extent. Our inability to retain or hire qualified plant managers or sales personnel at economically reasonable compensation levels would restrict our ability to grow our business, limit our ability to continue to successfully operate our business and result in lower operating results and profitability. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, or we infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, our ability to compete could be negatively impacted. Our ability to compete effectively depends, in part, upon our ability to protect and preserve proprietary aspects of our intellectual property, which we attempt to do, both in the United States and in foreign countries, through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well as licensing agreements and third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements. Because of the differences in foreign trademark, patent and other laws concerning proprietary rights, our intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Our failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products, processes and services. While we generally apply for patents in those countries where we primarily intend to make, have made, use, or sell patented products, we may not accurately predict all of the countries where patent protection will ultimately be desirable. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any such country, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Furthermore, we cannot assure that any of our patent applications will be approved. We also cannot assure that the patents issuing as a result of our foreign patent applications will have the same scope of coverage as our United States patents. The patents we own could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented by others and may not be of sufficient 24 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. scope or strength to provide us with any meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Further, we cannot assure that competitors will not infringe our patents, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our patents. We also rely on unpatented proprietary technology. It is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information, we generally require applicable employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements. We cannot assure that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information. If we are unable to maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies, we could be materially adversely affected. We rely on our trademarks, trade names and brand names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. We cannot assure that our trademark applications will be approved. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. We also license third parties to use certain of our trademarks. In an effort to preserve our trademark rights, we enter into license agreements with these third parties which govern the use of our trademarks and which require our licensees to abide by quality control standards with respect to the goods and services that they provide under our trademarks. Although we make efforts to police the use of our trademarks by our licensees, we cannot assure that these efforts will be sufficient to ensure that our licensees abide by the terms of their licenses. In the event that our licensees fail to do so, our trademark rights could be diluted. Although we rely on copyright laws to protect the works of authorship (including software) created by us, we generally do not register the copyrights in any of our copyrightable works. Copyrights of United States origin must be registered before the copyright owner may bring an infringement suit in the United States. Furthermore, if a copyright of United States origin is not registered within three months of publication of the underlying work, the copyright owner is precluded from seeking statutory damages or attorneys’ fees in any United States enforcement action and is limited to seeking actual damages and lost profits. Accordingly, if one of our unregistered copyrights of United States origin is infringed by a third party, we will need to register the copyright before we can file an infringement suit in the United States, and our remedies in any such infringement suit may be limited. The misuse of our intellectual property rights by others could adversely impact our ability to compete, cause our net sales to decrease or otherwise harm our business. If it became necessary for us to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, any proceedings could be burdensome and costly, and we may not prevail. Also, we cannot be certain that the products that we sell do not and will not infringe issued patents or other intellectual property rights of others. Further, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, including claims of alleged infringement of the patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights of third parties by us or our customers, whom we generally indemnify in connection with their use of the products that we manufacture. These claims could divert management’s attention and resources and may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of ourselves or our customers, regardless of the merits of the claims. Should we be found liable for infringement, we may be required to enter into licensing agreements (if available on acceptable terms or at all) or pay damages and cease making or selling certain products. Moreover, we may need to redesign or sell different products to avoid future infringement liability. Any of the foregoing could cause us to incur significant costs, prevent us from selling our products or negatively impact our ability to compete. We could incur significant costs in complying with environmental, health and safety laws or permits or as a result of satisfying any liability or obligation imposed under such laws or permits. Our operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Among other things, these laws regulate the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, govern the use, storage, treatment, disposal and management of hazardous substances and wastes, protect the health and safety of our employees and the end users of our products, regulate the materials used in and 25 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. the recycling of products and impose liability for the costs of investigating and remediating, and damages resulting from, present and past releases of hazardous substances. Violations of these laws and regulations, failure to obtain or maintain required environmental permits or non-compliance with any conditions contained in any environmental permit can result in substantial fines or penalties, injunctive relief, requirements to install pollution or other controls or equipment, civil and criminal sanctions, permit revocations and/or facility shutdowns. We could be held liable for the costs to address contamination of any real property we have ever owned, leased, operated or used, including as a disposal site. We could also incur fines, penalties, sanctions or be subject to third-party claims for property damage, personal injury or nuisance or otherwise as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws in connection with releases of hazardous or other materials. In addition, changes in, or new interpretations of, existing laws, regulations or enforcement policies, the discovery of previously unknown contamination, or the imposition of other environmental liabilities or obligations in the future, including additional investigation or other obligations with respect to any potential health hazards of our products or business activities or the imposition of new permit requirements, may lead to additional compliance or other costs that could have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. A change in our product mix could adversely affect our results of operations. Our results may be affected by a change in our product mix on which our gross margin depends. Changes in our product mix may result from marketing activities to existing customers and needs communicated to us from existing and prospective customers. Our outlook, budgeting and strategic planning assume a certain product mix of sales. If actual results vary from this projected product mix of sales, our financial results could be negatively impacted. We may be affected by global climate change or by legal, regulatory or market responses to such potential change. Concern over climate change, including the impact of global warming, has led to significant federal, state, and international legislative and regulatory efforts to limit greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions. For example, in the past several years, the U.S. Congress has considered various bills that would regulate GHG emissions. While these bills have not yet received sufficient Congressional support for enactment, some form of federal climate change legislation is possible in the future. Even in the absence of such legislation, the Environmental Protection Agency, spurred by judicial interpretation of the Clean Air Act, may regulate GHG emissions, especially diesel engine emissions, and this could impose substantial costs on us. These costs include an increase in the cost of the fuel and other energy we purchase and capital costs associated with updating or replacing our internal fleet of trucks and other vehicles prematurely. In addition, new laws or future regulation could directly and indirectly affect our customers and suppliers (through an increase in the cost of production or their ability to produce satisfactory products) and our business (through the impact on our inventory availability, cost of sales, operations or demands for the products we sell). Until the timing, scope and extent of any future regulation becomes known, we cannot predict its effect on our cost structure or our operating results. Notwithstanding our dedication to being a responsible corporate citizen, it is reasonably possible that such legislation or regulation could impose material costs on us. Anti-terrorism measures and other disruptions to the raw material supply network could impact our operations. Our ability to provide efficient distribution of products to our customers is an integral component of our overall business strategy. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks in the United States, federal, state and local authorities have implemented and continue to implement various security measures that affect the raw material supply network in the United States and abroad. If security measures disrupt or impede the receipt of sufficient raw materials, we may fail to meet the needs of our customers or may incur increased expenses to do so. 26 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness We have substantial debt and may incur substantial additional debt, which could adversely affect our financial health, reduce our profitability, limit our ability to obtain financing in the future and pursue certain business opportunities and reduce the value of your investment. As of March 31, 2017, we had an aggregate principal amount of $350.4 million of outstanding debt. In fiscal year 2017, we incurred $13.6 million of interest expense related to this debt. The amount of our debt or such other obligations could have important consequences for holders of our common stock, including, but not limited to: a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations must be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available to us for other purposes; our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements or general corporate purposes and other purposes may be impaired in the future; we are exposed to the risk of increased interest rates because a portion of our borrowings is at variable rates of interest; we may be at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors with less debt or with comparable debt at more favorable interest rates and that, as a result, may be better positioned to withstand economic downturns; our ability to refinance indebtedness may be limited or the associated costs may increase; our ability to engage in acquisitions without raising additional equity or obtaining additional debt financing may be impaired in the future; it may be more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations to our creditors, resulting in possible defaults on and acceleration of such indebtedness; we may be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and our flexibility to adjust to changing market conditions and our ability to withstand competitive pressures could be limited, or we may be prevented from making capital investments that are necessary or important to our operations in general, growth strategy and efforts to improve operating margins of our business units. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek to obtain additional equity capital or refinance our debt. We cannot make assurances that we will be able to refinance our debt on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In the future, our cash flow and capital resources may not be sufficient for payments of interest on and principal of our debt, and such alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. We cannot make assurances that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness, or obtain additional financing, particularly because of our high levels of debt and the debt incurrence restrictions imposed by the agreements governing our debt, as well as prevailing market conditions. We could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. Subject to certain exceptions, our Secured Bank Term Loans and our Senior Notes, which we have defined in “Note 12. Debt” to our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” restrict our ability to dispose of assets and how we use the proceeds from any such dispositions. We cannot make assurances that we will be able to consummate those dispositions, or if we do, what the timing of the dispositions will be or whether the proceeds that we realize will be adequate to meet our debt service obligations, when due. Despite our current level of indebtedness, we may still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above. We may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Although the agreements governing our indebtedness contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness, including obligations under lease arrangements that are currently recorded as operating leases. In addition, our Revolving Credit Facility provides an aggregate commitment of up to $325.0 million. As of March 31, 2017, we had an additional $120.1 million of availability under the Revolving Credit Facility. Our subsidiary ADS Mexicana had $10.5 million in availability outstanding under a separate revolving credit facility. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify. See “Note 12. Debt” to our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 27 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The agreements and instruments governing our debt contain restrictions and limitations that could significantly impact our ability to operate our business and adversely affect the holders of our common stock. The covenants contained in our Secured Bank Term Loans and our Senior Notes, which we refer to collectively as our Credit Facilities, are consistent. These covenants, among other things, restrict or limit our ability to: dispose of assets; incur additional indebtedness (including guarantees of additional indebtedness); prepay or amend our various debt instruments; pay dividends and make certain payments; redeem stock or make other distributions; create liens on assets; make certain investments; engage in certain asset sales, mergers, acquisitions, consolidations or sales of all, or substantially all, of our assets; and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in the Credit Facilities may be affected by economic, financial and industry conditions beyond our control. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default under the Credit Facilities that would permit the applicable lenders or noteholders, as the case may be, to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. If we are unable to repay indebtedness, secured parties having secured obligations, such as the lenders under the Credit Facilities, could proceed against the collateral securing the secured obligations. This could have serious consequences to our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent. We may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms. Although we believe that our current cash position and the additional committed funding available under our Credit Facilities is sufficient for our current operations, any reductions in our available borrowing capacity, or our inability to renew or replace our debt facilities, when required or when business conditions warrant, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The economic conditions, credit market conditions, and economic climate affecting our industry, as well as other factors, may constrain our financing abilities. Our ability to secure additional financing, if available, and to satisfy our financial obligations under indebtedness outstanding from time to time will depend upon our future operating performance, the availability of credit generally, economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. The market conditions and the macroeconomic conditions that affect our industry could have a material adverse effect on our ability to secure financing on favorable terms, if at all. If financing is not available when needed, or is available on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities or other securities convertible into equity, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. We may not be able to satisfy our outstanding obligations upon a change of control. Under the Secured Bank Term Loans, a change of control (as defined therein) constitutes an event of default that permits the lenders to accelerate the maturity of borrowings under the agreement and terminate their commitments to lend. Additionally, under the Senior Notes, a change of control (as defined therein) constitutes an event of default that permits the noteholders to declare all of their notes to be immediately due and payable. In order to avoid events of default under each of our Credit Facilities, we may therefore have to avoid certain change of control transactions that would otherwise be beneficial to us. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock Our ability to make future dividend payments, if any, may be restricted. We have a history of paying dividends to our stockholders when sufficient cash is available, and we currently intend to pay dividends in the future. Any determination to pay dividends on our capital stock in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (including those relating to the payment of dividends on our convertible preferred stock), and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant. In 28 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. addition, the terms of our Credit Facilities contain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. Also, Delaware law may impose requirements that may restrict our ability to pay dividends to holders of our common stock. We cannot assure our stockholders that an active market for shares of our common stock can be sustained and the market price of our common stock may be volatile and could decline in the future. We cannot assure that an active public market for our common stock will be sustained. In the absence of a public trading market, you may not be able to liquidate your investment in our common stock. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly. Among the factors that could affect our stock price are: industry or general market conditions; domestic and international economic factors unrelated to our performance; changes in our customers’ preferences; new regulatory pronouncements and changes in regulatory guidelines; actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results; changes in securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance or lack of research and reports by industry analysts; action by institutional stockholders or other large stockholders, including future sales; speculation in the press or investment community; investor perception of us and our industry; changes in market valuations or earnings of similar companies; announcements by us or our competitors of significant products, contracts, acquisitions or strategic partnerships; developments or disputes concerning patents or proprietary rights, including increases or decreases in litigation expenses associated with intellectual property lawsuits we may initiate, or in which we may be named as defendants; failure to complete significant sales; any future sales of our common stock or other securities; and additions or departures of key personnel. The stock markets have experienced extreme volatility in recent years that has been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, class action litigation has often been instituted against such company. Any litigation of this type brought against us could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Future sales of shares by existing stockholders, including our Employee Stock Ownership Plan, could cause our stock price to decline. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Based on shares outstanding as of March 31, 2017, we have 55.3 million outstanding shares of common stock, including 0.3 million outstanding shares of our restricted stock, a significant portion of which are freely tradeable without restriction under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (“Securities Act”) unless held by “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining shares of common stock outstanding are restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if their offer and sale is registered under the Securities Act or if the offer and sale of those securities qualify for an exemption from registration, including exemptions provided by Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. In connection with our initial public offering, we filed one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register the shares of common stock to be issued under our equity compensation plans and, as a result, all shares of common stock acquired upon exercise of stock options granted under our plans are also freely tradable under the Securities Act, unless purchased by our affiliates. As of March 31, 2017, there were stock options outstanding to purchase a total of approximately 2.5 million shares of our common stock. In addition, approximately 1.0 million shares of common stock are available for grant under our 2013 Stock Option Plan. Certain of our significant stockholders may distribute shares that they hold to their investors who themselves may then sell into the public market. Such sales may not be subject to the volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144 of the Securities Act (“Rule 144”). As resale restrictions end, the market price of our common stock could decline if the holders of those shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. 29 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. All of the shares of our convertible preferred stock held by our Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) may be converted into our common stock at any time by action of the ESOP trustee, and will be automatically converted into our common stock upon distributions of such shares allocated to the ESOP accounts of ESOP participants upon a distribution event such as retirement or other termination of employment. Such distributed common stock will not be subject to any lock-up agreement and will be eligible for future sale, subject to the applicable volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144. As of March 31, 2017, there were approximately 24.2 million shares of convertible preferred stock held by our ESOP, which in aggregate could be converted into approximately 18.6 million shares of our common stock. All of these shares will be eligible for future sale, either by the ESOP trustee or by ESOP participants, subject to the limitations of Rule 144. In the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into common stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, litigation settlement or employee arrangement or otherwise. Any of these issuances could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. Our directors, officers and principal stockholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders. As of May 5, 2017, our directors, officers and principal stockholders and their affiliates collectively own approximately 51.0% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Additionally, our ESOP holds convertible preferred stock that converts into a substantial number of shares of our common stock and, prior to conversion, is entitled to vote on a one-for-one basis on any matter requiring the vote or consent of our stockholders, voting together with our common stock as a single class unless otherwise required by law. Thus, the collective voting power of our directors, officers and principal stockholders and their affiliates as of May 5, 2017 is approximately 65.9%, inclusive of the outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock held by the ESOP. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, may be able to control our management and affairs and most matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders. The trustee of our ESOP has certain limited powers to vote a large block of shares on matters presented to stockholders for approval. In general, the ESOP trustee votes the shares of convertible preferred stock held by the ESOP as directed by the ESOP’s participants. Consequently, the ESOP trustee has the ability to vote a significant block of shares on certain matters presented to stockholders for approval. Each participant in the ESOP may direct the ESOP trustee on how to vote the shares of convertible preferred stock allocated to the participant’s ESOP accounts; and the ESOP trustee must vote any unallocated stock and allocated stock for which no participant instructions were received in the same proportion as the allocated stock for which participants’ voting instructions have been received is voted. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of us and may affect the trading price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include a number of provisions that may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. For example, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws: authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to thwart a takeover attempt; maintain a classified board of directors, as a result of which our board will continue to be divided into three classes, with each class serving for staggered three-year terms, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at an annual meeting; limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors; provide that vacancies on our board of directors, including newly-created directorships, may be filled only by a majority vote of directors then in office; prohibit stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders; prohibit stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all actions to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders; do not give the holders of our common stock cumulative voting rights with respect to the election of directors, which means that the holders of a majority of our outstanding shares of common stock can elect all directors standing for election; establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of 30 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings; require a super- majority stockholders vote of 75% to approve any reorganization, recapitalization, share exchange, share reclassification, consolidation, merger, conversion or sale of all or substantially all assets to which we are a party that is not approved by the affirmative vote of at least 75% of the members of our board of directors; and require the approval of holders of at least 75% of the outstanding shares of our voting common stock to amend the bylaws and certain provisions of the certificate of incorporation. Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware General Corporation Law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions may facilitate management entrenchment that may delay, deter, render more difficult or prevent a change in our control, which may not be in the best interests of our stockholders. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed to us or our stockholders by our directors, officers, employees or agents; any action asserting a claim against us arising under the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation described above. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us or our directors, officers, employees or agents. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. 31 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 2. Properties Real Property We have a network of 60 manufacturing plant locations and 34 distribution centers, summarized in the following table: United States Canada Mexico (1) South America (1)(2) Netherlands Total Manufacturing Plants 48 5 4 3 — 60 Distribution Centers 22 5 — 6 1 34 Total 70 10 4 9 1 94 (1) Manufacturing plants and distribution centers in Mexico and South America are owned or leased by our joint ventures. (2) Manufacturing plants and distribution centers owned or leased by our South America joint venture are not consolidated in ADS. We sell to customers across all 50 U.S. states and 10 Canadian provinces through 80 locations in the United States and Canada. We currently own approximately 36,000 square feet and lease approximately 9,500 square feet of office space in Hilliard, Ohio for our corporate headquarters. Our network of 60 manufacturing plants consist of 48 that are owned and 12 that are leased. We generally prefer to own our manufacturing plant locations, with a typical pipe manufacturing facility consisting of approximately 40,000 square feet and 15-20 acres of land for storage of pipe and related products. Our network of 34 distribution centers consisted of 1 owned and 33 leased. We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained and are generally in good condition. The extent to which we use our properties varies by property and from time to time but we believe the capacity of our facilities is adequate for the level of production and distribution activities necessary in our business as presently conducted. Each distribution center carries single wall and dual wall pipe and fittings and Allied Products per needs of the local market. 32 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Our manufacturing plants and distribution centers, including those operated through our joint ventures, are shown in the map below. (1) (1) Additionally, we have a distribution center in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In-house Fleet As of March 31, 2017, our in-house fleet consist of approximately 700 tractors and approximately 1,300 trailers that are specially designed to haul our lightweight pipe and fittings products. Item 3. Legal Proceedings On July 29, 2015, a putative stockholder class action, Christopher Wyche, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated v. Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., et al. (Case No. 1:15-cv-05955-KPF), was commenced in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “District Court”), naming the Company, along with Joseph A. Chlapaty, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mark B. Sturgeon, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, as defendants and alleging violations of the federal securities laws. An amended complaint was filed on April 28, 2016. The amended complaint alleges that the Company made material misrepresentations and/or omissions of material fact in its public disclosures during the period from July 25, 2014 through March 29, 2016, in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. On March 10, 2017, the District Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against all defendants in their entirety and with prejudice. Plaintiff has appealed the District Court’s order to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the appeal is pending. On August 12, 2015, the SEC Division of Enforcement (“Enforcement Division”) informed the Company that it was conducting an informal inquiry with respect to the Company. As part of this inquiry, the Enforcement Division requested the voluntary production of certain documents generally related to the Company’s accounting practices. Subsequent to the initial voluntary production request, the Company received document subpoenas from the Enforcement Division pursuant to a formal order of investigation. The Company has from the outset cooperated 33 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. with the Enforcement Division’s investigation and intends to continue to do so. While it is reasonably possible that this investigation ultimately could be resolved unfavorably to the Company, the Company is currently unable to estimate the range of possible losses, but they could be material. The Company is involved from time to time in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business, including but not limited to commercial disputes, environmental matters, employee related claims, intellectual property disputes and litigation in connection with transactions including acquisitions and divestitures. The Company does not believe that such litigation, claims, and administrative proceedings will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or our results of operations. The Company records a liability when a loss is considered probable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 34 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information for Common Stock Our common stock began trading on the NYSE under the symbol “WMS” on July 25, 2014. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NYSE and the dividends paid for each quarter of fiscal years 2017 and 2016: 2017 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year 2016 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year Stock Prices High Low Dividends Paid Per Share $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 27.74 $ 28.49 $ 24.12 $ 26.29 $ 33.28 $ 33.06 $ 32.50 $ 23.65 $ 20.98 $ 22.64 $ 18.60 $ 20.00 $ $ 26.33 $ 25.74 $ 22.00 $ 17.72 $ $ 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.24 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.20 During each quarter of 2016, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per share to all common stockholders. In addition, during each quarter of 2017, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.06 per share to all common stockholders. Any future determination relating to dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, legal requirements and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. During the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.07 per share of common stock. The dividend is payable on June 15, 2017 to stockholders of record at the close of business on June 5, 2017. Holders of Record As of May 5, 2017, we had 291 holders of record of our common stock. The number of holders of record is based upon the actual number of holders registered as of such date and does not include holders of shares in “street name” or persons, partnerships, associates, corporations or other entities in security position listings maintained by depositories. 35 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Stock Performance Graph The following graph presents a comparison from July 25, 2014 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NYSE) through March 31, 2017 of the cumulative return of our common stock, the Standard and Poor’s Index (“S&P 500”) and the Russell 2000 Index (“Russell 2000”). The graph assumes investments of $100 on July 25, 2014 in our common stock and in each of the two indices and the reinvestment of dividends. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities Since the completion of our IPO, we have not sold any securities without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities In February 2017, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50 million of our common stock. Repurchases of common stock will be made in accordance with applicable securities laws. The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and may be suspended or terminated at any time at our discretion. We did not make any repurchases of shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2017. Equity Compensation Plan Information For equity compensation plan information, refer to “Part III, Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 36 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data The following tables set forth selected historical consolidated financial data, for the periods and as of the dates 2017 2015 2016 2013 2014 8,509 8,548 76,328 17,467 362 9,754 38,661 19,368 812 9,224 94,334 18,460 (2,863) 10,145 48,327 18,807 974,960 205,113 80,481 75,855 875,232 192,548 74,042 62,897 961,451 1,005,326 285,352 295,810 88,478 91,475 92,504 110,950 $1,257,261 $1,290,678 $1,180,073 $1,067,780 $1,017,102 829,849 187,253 71,805 52,140 indicated, that should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Form 10-K. The following table presents Non-GAAP measures of Adjusted Earnings per Fully Converted Share, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow. We explain these measures below and reconcile to their most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results. (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Consolidated statement of operations data: Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling expenses General and administrative expenses Loss (gain) on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities Intangibles amortization Income from operations Interest expense Derivative (gains) losses and other (income) expense, net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Equity in net loss (income) of unconsolidated affiliates Net income (loss) Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to ADS Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest Change in fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock Dividends to redeemable convertible preferred stockholders Dividends paid to unvested restricted stockholders Net income (loss) available to common stockholders and participating securities Undistributed loss allocated to participating securities Net income (loss) available to common stockholders Weighted average common shares outstanding: (951) 10,028 54,231 18,526 (1,177) 30,697 19,637 14,370 4,923 6,284 16,575 59,299 23,498 (5,970) 64,831 24,615 103 35,602 13,339 21,401 $ (19,553) $ 5,234 30,567 5,515 25,052 4,308 35,908 2,958 32,950 2,335 (3,696) 4,131 (7,827) (266) 22,529 3,593 4,381 3,086 7,974 2,520 20,009 (10,139) (11,054) (19,553) 27,971 $ (9,762) $ 22,671 29,671 (3,979) (9,762) (1,425) (1,270) (1,646) (1,560) (1,700) 12,306 13,352 (5,869) (1,046) (661) (932) (736) (25) (24) (11) (73) — — — — — — (52) — $ Basic Diluted Fully Converted (Non-GAAP) Net income (loss) per share Basic Diluted Fully Converted (Non-GAAP) Cash dividends declared per share 54,919 55,624 73,866 53,978 55,176 73,500 51,344 51,344 71,601 47,277 47,277 67,877 46,698 47,254 67,545 $ 0.51 $ 0.50 0.58 0.24 0.40 $ 0.39 0.48 0.20 (0.38) $ (0.38) 0.06 0.08 (0.21) $ (0.21) 0.55 1.68 0.26 0.26 0.40 0.10 37 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. (Amounts in thousands) Consolidated balance sheet data: Cash Working capital (1) Total assets Long-term debt Long-term capital lease obligations Total liabilities Total mezzanine equity (2) Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) Consolidated statement of cash flows data: Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Other financial data: Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) Capital expenditures Free cash flow (Non-GAAP) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 $ 3,931 $ 3,623 $ 6,555 $ 187,378 6,450 $ 184,812 1,361 228,947 226,535 190,334 1,046,285 1,037,316 1,033,581 977,164 940,151 385,772 436,926 332,788 28,851 748,435 787,012 664,175 108,021 643,191 608,346 177,125 (453,039) (332,370) 310,849 58,710 695,850 112,825 237,610 312,214 56,809 723,080 111,747 202,489 45,503 34,366 $ 104,239 $ 135,342 $ (49,018) (61,259) 74,379 $ 72,410 $ 75,353 (44,796) (38,712) (76,093) (42,825) (82,964) 1,791 (31,109) (31,338) $ 193,371 $ 187,340 $ 143,877 $ 151,333 $ 131,591 39,835 35,518 46,676 57,563 44,942 90,400 32,080 42,299 40,933 31,477 (1) Working capital is equal to current assets less current liabilities. Working capital is an indication of liquidity (2) and potential need for short-term funding. Prior to our IPO, our mezzanine equity also included redeemable common stock held by certain stockholders who have certain rights associated with such shares, which rights are considered to be a redemption right, which is beyond our control and common stock subject to repurchase agreements. Our mezzanine equity consists of the redeemable convertible preferred stock held by our ESOP as well the Redeemable noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries related to the noncontrolling interest in the BaySaver joint venture. See “Note 17. Mezzanine Equity,” within our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Form 10-K for further information regarding the accounting treatment for certain of the amounts included in mezzanine equity, “Note 16. Stockholders’ Equity,” for further information regarding the accounting treatment of our Common stock subject to repurchase agreements, and “Note 8. Fair Value Measurement” regarding the accounting treatment for our mezzanine equity post-IPO. Non-GAAP Measures Adjusted Earnings per Fully Converted Share - Adjusted Earnings per Fully Converted Share, Adjusted Net Income and Weighted Average Fully Converted Common Shares Outstanding, which are non-GAAP measures, are supplemental measures of financial performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with GAAP. We calculate Adjusted earnings per fully converted share (Non-GAAP), Adjusted Net Income (Non-GAAP), and Weighted average fully converted common shares outstanding (Non-GAAP), by adjusting our Net income per share — Basic, Net income available to common stockholders - Basic and Weighted average common shares outstanding — Basic, the most comparable GAAP measures. To effect this adjustment with respect to Net income available to common stockholders – Basic, we have (1) removed the adjustment for the change in fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock classified as mezzanine equity, (2) added back the dividends to redeemable convertible preferred stockholders and dividends paid to unvested restricted stockholders, (3) made corresponding adjustments to the amount allocated to participating securities under the two-class earnings per share computation method, (4) added back ESOP deferred compensation attributable to the shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock allocated to employee ESOP accounts during the applicable period, which is a non-cash charge to our earnings and not deductible for income tax purposes and (5) added back compensation expense recorded as a result of the January 2014 Special Dividend. 38 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. We have also made adjustments to the Weighted average common shares outstanding — Basic to assume, (1) share conversion of the Redeemable convertible preferred stock to outstanding shares of common stock and (2) add shares of outstanding unvested restricted stock. Adjusted Earnings Per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP) is a key metric used by management and our Board of Directors to assess our financial performance on a per share basis assuming all shares held by the ESOP and all shares of redeemable common stock are converted to common stock. This information is useful to investors as the preferred shares held by the ESOP are required to be distributed to our employees over time, which is done in the form of common stock after the conversion of the preferred shares. As such, this measure is included in this report because it provides the investors with information to understand the impact on the financial statements once all preferred shares are converted and distributed. Adjusted Earnings Per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP) is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation. 39 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted Earnings Per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP), Adjusted Net Income (Non-GAAP) and Weighted Average Fully Converted Common Shares Outstanding (Non- GAAP) to Net income (loss) per share — Basic, Net income (loss) available to common stockholders - Basic and Weighted average common shares outstanding — Basic, the most comparable GAAP measures, respectively, for each of the periods indicated. (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Net income (loss) available to common stockholders - Basic Adjustments to Net income (loss) available to common stockholders - Basic: Change in fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interest in subsidiaries Dividends to redeemable convertible preferred stockholders Dividends paid to unvested restricted stockholders Undistributed income allocated to participating securities Total adjustments to net income (loss) available to common stockholders - Basic Net income (loss) attributable to ADS Adjustments to net income (loss) attributable to ADS: Fair value of ESOP compensation related to redeemable convertible preferred stock Special dividend compensation Adjusted net income (Non-GAAP) Weighted average common shares outstanding — Basic Adjustments to weighted average common shares outstanding — Basic: Unvested restricted shares Redeemable convertible preferred shares Weighted Average Fully Converted Common Shares Outstanding (Non- GAAP) Net income (loss) per share - Basic Adjusted Earnings per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 $ 27,971 $ 21,401 $ (19,553) $ (9,762) $ 12,306 — — 11,054 3,979 5,869 1,560 932 — — — 1,646 1,425 661 10,139 736 73 24 1,700 1,270 11 — 25 52 — 1,046 4,979 32,950 3,651 25,052 11,726 (7,827) 14,143 4,381 7,703 20,009 9,568 — 42,518 $ 10,250 — 35,302 $ 12,144 — 4,317 $ 7,891 25,134 37,406 $ 7,283 — 27,292 $ 54,919 53,978 51,344 47,277 46,698 90 18,857 123 19,399 228 20,029 336 20,264 292 20,555 73,866 0.51 $ 73,500 0.40 $ 71,601 (0.38) $ 67,877 (0.21) $ 67,545 0.26 0.58 $ 0.48 $ 0.06 $ 0.55 $ 0.40 $ $ Adjusted EBITDA - Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, has been presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a supplemental measure of financial performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with GAAP. We calculate adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, non-cash charges and certain other expenses. Adjusted EBITDA is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K because it is a key metric used by management and our Board of Directors to assess our financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. In addition to covenant compliance and executive performance evaluations, we use adjusted EBITDA to supplement GAAP measures of performance to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, to make budgeting decisions and to compare our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures. 40 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Adjusted EBITDA is not a GAAP measure of our financial performance and should not be considered as an alternative to net income as a measure of financial performance or cash flows from operations or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP, and it should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA contains certain other limitations, including the failure to reflect our cash expenditures, cash requirements for working capital needs and cash costs to replace assets being depreciated and amortized. In evaluating adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation, such as stock-based compensation expense, derivative fair value adjustments, and foreign currency transaction losses. Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by any such adjustments. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results in addition to using adjusted EBITDA supplementally. Our measure of adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated. (Amounts in thousands) Net income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Interest expense Income tax expense EBITDA Derivative fair value adjustments (a) Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses (b) Loss (gain) on disposal of assets or businesses Unconsolidated affiliates interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (c) Special dividend compensation (d) Contingent consideration remeasurement Stock-based compensation expense (benefit) (e) ESOP deferred stock-based compensation (f) Expense (benefit) related to executive termination payments(g) Expense related to executive stock repurchase agreements(h) Loss related to BaySaver step acquisition Inventory step up related to PTI acquisition Bargain purchase gain on PTI acquisition Restatement-related costs (i) Impairment of investment in unconsolidated affiliate (j) Transaction costs (k) Adjusted EBITDA 2017 2016 72,355 17,467 24,615 $ 35,908 $ 30,567 $ 71,009 18,460 23,498 150,345 143,534 2,163 697 (10,921) (1,629) 2014 2013 2015 (3,696) $ 65,472 19,368 6,284 7,974 $ 22,529 63,102 63,674 18,526 18,807 13,339 19,637 87,428 110,092 117,496 (4) 1,085 7,746 5,404 (53) 845 8,509 812 362 (2,863) (951) 2,751 — (265) 3,215 — 371 3,585 — 174 2,845 25,134 738 2,137 — (74) 8,307 (5,868) 24,247 4,338 3,017 9,568 10,250 12,144 7,891 7,283 1,092 (294) 328 737 832 — — 525 (609) 24,026 — 490 — — 27,970 1,011 — — — — 69 — — — — 770 — — — — 1,300 372 — — $ 193,371 $ 187,340 $ 143,877 $ 151,333 $ 131,591 — 1,560 — 1,448 4,000 — (a) Represents the non-cash gains and losses arising from changes in mark-to-market values for derivative contracts related to diesel fuel, interest rate and propylene swaps. The impact of resin physical and financial derivatives is included in cost of goods sold. (b) Represents the gains and losses incurred on purchases, sales and intercompany loans and dividends denominated in non-functional currencies. Fiscal 2015 includes a $5.6 million loss on Canadian currency derivative contract related to the Ideal Pipe acquisition. 41 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. (c) Represents our proportional share of interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization related to our South American joint venture and our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. In addition, these amounts include our proportional share of interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization related to our BaySaver joint venture prior to our acquisition of BaySaver on July 17, 2015, which was previously accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Fiscal year 2014 includes our proportionate share of an asset impairment of $1.0 million recorded by our South American joint venture. (d) Represents compensation recorded as a result of the January 2014 Special Dividend on shares of redeemable (e) (f) convertible preferred stock held by the ESOP. Represents the non-cash stock-based compensation cost related to our stock options and restricted stock awards. Represents the non-cash stock-based compensation expense attributable to the shares of convertible preferred stock allocated to employee ESOP accounts during the applicable period. (g) Represents the non-cash compensation expense recorded related to future bonus payments to certain executives upon retirement or other qualified termination events. (h) Represents the non-cash compensation expense recorded related to agreements with certain executives to (i) repurchase their company stock at the time of death or certain events of termination. These agreements were terminated upon the IPO. Represents expenses recorded related to legal, accounting and other professional fees incurred in connection with the restatement of our prior period financial statements. (j) Represents an other-than-temporary impairment of our investment in the South American Joint Venture. (k) Represents expenses recorded related to legal, accounting and other professional fees incurred in connection with our debt refinancing, the IPO and secondary public offering and asset acquisitions and dispositions. Free Cash Flow - Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that comprises cash flow from operations less capital expenditures. Free cash flow is a measure used by management and the Company’s Board of Directors to assess the Company’s ability to generate cash. Accordingly, free cash flow has been presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a supplemental measure of liquidity that is not required by, or presented in accordance with GAAP, because management believes that free cash flow provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our ability to generate cash flow from operations after capital expenditures. Free cash flow is not a GAAP measure of our liquidity and should not be considered as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of liquidity or any other liquidity measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Our measure of free cash flow is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation. The following table presents a reconciliation of free cash flow to Cash flow from operating activities, the most comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated. (Amounts in thousands) Cash flow from operating activities Capital expenditures Free cash flow 2017 2016 2015 $ 104,239 $ 135,342 $ 74,379 $ 72,410 $ 75,353 (39,835) $ 57,563 $ 90,400 $ 42,299 $ 31,477 $ 35,518 (44,942) (46,676) (32,080) (40,933) 2014 2013 42 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Our fiscal year begins on April 1 and ends on March 31. Unless otherwise noted, references to “year” pertain to our fiscal year. For example, 2017 refers to fiscal 2017, which is the period from April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the sections titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please read the following discussion together with the sections titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data” and our consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K. We consolidate all of our joint ventures for purposes of GAAP, except for our South American Joint Venture and our Tigre-ADS USA Joint Venture. Overview We are the leading manufacturer of high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe, providing a comprehensive suite of water management products and superior drainage solutions for use in the underground construction and infrastructure marketplace. Our innovative products are used across a broad range of end markets and applications, including non-residential, residential, agriculture and infrastructure applications. We have established a leading position in many of these end markets by leveraging our national sales and distribution platform, our overall product breadth and scale and our manufacturing excellence. In the United States, our national footprint combined with our strong local presence and broad product offering make us the leader in an otherwise highly fragmented sector comprised of many smaller competitors. We believe the markets we serve in the United States represent approximately $11 billion of annual revenue opportunity. In addition, we believe the increasing acceptance of thermoplastic pipe products in international markets represents an attractive growth opportunity. Our products are generally lighter, more durable, more cost effective and easier to install than comparable alternatives made with traditional materials. Following our entrance into the non-residential construction market with the introduction of N-12 corrugated polyethylene pipe in the late 1980s, our pipe has been displacing traditional materials, such as reinforced concrete, corrugated steel and PVC, across an ever expanding range of end markets. This has allowed us to consistently gain share and achieve above market growth throughout economic cycles. We expect to continue to drive conversion to our products from traditional materials as contractors, civil design engineers and municipal agencies increasingly acknowledge the superior physical attributes and compelling value proposition of our thermoplastic products. In addition, we believe that overall demand for our products will benefit as the regulatory environment continues to evolve. Our broad product line includes HDPE pipe, PP pipe and related water management products. Building on our core drainage businesses, we have aggressively pursued attractive ancillary product categories such as storm and septic chambers, PVC drainage structures, fittings and filters, and water quality filters and separators. We refer to these ancillary product categories as Allied Products. Given the scope of our overall sales and distribution platform, we have been able to drive growth within our Allied Products and believe there are significant growth opportunities going forward. Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations Product Demand- There are numerous factors that influence demand for our products. Our businesses are cyclical in nature and sensitive to general economic conditions, primarily in the United States, Canada, Mexico and South America. The non-residential, residential, agricultural and infrastructure markets we serve are affected by the availability of credit, lending practices, interest rates and unemployment rates. Demand for new homes, farm income, commercial development and highway infrastructure spending have a direct impact on 43 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. our financial condition and results of operations. Accordingly, the following factors may have a direct impact on our business in the markets in which our products are sold: • • • • • • • • • • the strength of the economy; the amount and type of non-residential and residential construction; funding for infrastructure spending; farm income and agricultural land values; inventory of improved housing lots; changes in raw material prices; the availability and cost of credit; non-residential occupancy rates; commodity prices; and demographic factors such as population growth and household formation. Product Pricing - The price of our products is impacted by competitive pricing dynamics in our industry as well as by raw material input costs. Our industry is highly competitive and the sales prices for our products may vary based on the sales policies of our competitors. Raw material costs represent a significant portion of the cost of goods sold for our pipe products, or Pipe. We aim to increase our product selling prices in order to cover raw material price increases, but the inability to do so could impact our profitability. Movements in raw material costs and resulting changes in the selling prices may also impact changes in period-to-period comparisons of net sales. Material Conversion - Our HDPE and PP pipe and related water management product lines compete with other manufacturers of corrugated polyethylene pipe as well as manufacturers of alternative products made with traditional materials, such as concrete, steel and PVC. Our net sales are driven by market trends, including the continued increase in adoption of thermoplastic corrugated pipe products as a replacement for traditional materials. Thermoplastic corrugated pipe is generally lighter, more durable, more cost effective and easier to install than comparable products made from traditional materials. We believe customers will continue to acknowledge the superior attributes and compelling value proposition of our thermoplastic products and expanded regulatory approvals allow for their use in new markets and geographies. In addition, we believe that PP pipe products will also help accelerate conversion given the additional applications for which our PP pipe products can be used. We believe the adoption of HDPE and PP pipe outside of the United States is still in its early stages and represents a significant opportunity for us to continue to increase the conversion to our products from traditional products in these markets, including Canada, Mexico and South America where we operate. Growth in Allied Products - Our Allied Products include storm and septic chambers, PVC drainage structures, fittings, stormwater filters and water separators. These products complement our pipe product lines and allow us to offer a comprehensive water management solution to our customers and drive organic growth. Our leading market position in pipe products allows us to cross-sell Allied Products effectively. Our comprehensive offering of Allied Products also helps us increase pipe sales in certain markets. Our Allied Products are less sensitive to increases in resin prices since resin prices represent a smaller percentage of the cost for Allied Products. Our leading position in the pipe market has allowed us to increase organic growth of our Allied Products. We also expect to expand our Allied Product offerings through acquisitions. Raw Material Costs - Our raw material cost and product selling prices fluctuate with changes in the price of resins utilized in production. We actively manage our resin purchases and pass fluctuations in the cost of resin through to our customers, where possible, in order to maintain our profitability. Fluctuations in the price of crude oil and natural gas prices may impact the cost of resin. In addition, changes in and disruptions to existing ethylene or polyethylene capacities could also significantly increase resin prices (such as the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in late 2015), often within a short period of time, even if crude oil and natural gas prices remain low. Our 44 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. ability to pass through raw material price increases to our customers may, in some cases, lag the increase in our costs of goods sold. Sharp rises in raw material prices over a short period of time have historically occurred with a significant supply disruption (hurricanes or fires at petrochemical facilities), which may increase prices to levels that cannot be fully passed through to customers due to pricing of competing products made from different raw materials or the anticipated length of time the raw material pricing will stay elevated. For more information regarding risks relating to our raw material costs, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business.” We currently purchase in excess of 850 million pounds of virgin and recycled resin annually from over 480 suppliers in North America. As a high-volume buyer of resin, we are able to achieve economies of scale to negotiate favorable terms and pricing. Our purchasing strategies differ based on the material (virgin resin versus recycled material) ordered for delivery to our production locations. The price movements of the different materials also vary, resulting in the need to use a number of strategies to reduce volatility. In order to reduce the volatility of raw material costs in the future, our raw material strategies for managing our costs include the following: • • • • increasing the use of less price-volatile recycled HDPE resin in our pipe products in place of virgin resin while meeting or exceeding industry standards; internally processing an increasing percentage of our recycled HDPE resin in order to closely monitor quality and minimize costs (approximately 88% of our recycled HDPE resin was internally processed in fiscal year 2017); managing a resin price risk program that entails both physical fixed price and volume contracts along with financial hedges. For our polypropylene virgin resin price exposure, we utilize financial hedges of propylene as a proxy for the polypropylene. maintaining supply agreements with our major resin suppliers that provide multi-year terms and volumes that are in excess of our projected consumption. We also consume a large amount of energy and other petroleum products in our operations, including the electricity we use in our manufacturing process as well as the diesel fuel consumed in delivering a significant volume of products to our customers through our in-house fleet. As a result, our operating profit also depends upon our ability to manage the cost of the energy and fuel we require, as well as our ability to pass through increased prices or surcharges to our customers. Seasonality - Our operating results are impacted by seasonality. Historically, sales of our products have been higher in the first and second quarters of each fiscal year due to favorable weather and longer daylight conditions accelerating construction project activity during these periods while fourth quarter results are impacted by the timing of spring in the northern United States and Canada. Seasonal variations in operating results may also be significantly impacted by inclement weather conditions, such as cold or wet weather, which can delay projects, resulting in decreased net sales for one or more quarters, but we believe that these delayed projects generally result in increased net sales during subsequent quarters. In the non-residential, residential and infrastructure markets in the northern United States and Canada, the construction season typically begins to gain momentum in late March and lasts through November, before winter sets in, significantly slowing the construction markets. In the southern and western United States, Mexico, Central America and South America, the construction markets are less seasonal. The agricultural drainage market is concentrated in the early spring just prior to planting and in the fall just after crops are harvested prior to freezing of the ground in winter. Currency Exchange Rates - Although we sell and manufacture our products in many countries, our sales and production costs are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. We have wholly-owned facilities in Canada, the Netherlands, and Puerto Rico and joint venture facilities in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru. The functional currencies in the areas in which we have wholly-owned facilities and joint venture facilities other than the U.S. dollar are the Canadian dollar, Euro, Mexican peso, Chilean peso, Brazilian real, Argentine peso and Colombian peso. From time to time, we use derivatives to reduce our exposure to currency fluctuations. During 45 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. fiscal 2015, we began to implement hedging strategies to manage exposure to the Canadian dollar and, to a lesser extent, the Mexican peso, which we continued in fiscal 2016 and 2017. Description of our Segments We operate a geographically diverse business, serving customers in approximately 80 countries. For fiscal 2017, approximately 88% ($1,102.2 million) of net sales were attributable to customers located in the United States and approximately 12% ($155.1 million) of net sales were attributable to customers outside of the United States. Our operations are organized into two reportable segments based on the markets we serve: Domestic and International. We generate a greater proportion of our net sales and gross profit in our Domestic segment, which consists of all regions of the United States. We expect the percentage of total net sales and gross profit derived from our International segment to continue to increase in future periods as we continue to expand globally. See “Note 21. Business Segment Information,” to our audited consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K. Domestic - Our operating results have been, and will continue to be, impacted by macroeconomic trends in the United States. For fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, we generated net sales attributable to our Domestic segment of $1,102.2 million, $1,113.8 million, and $1,027.9 million, respectively. Unconsolidated sales for our domestic unconsolidated joint ventures (our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture and our BaySaver joint venture prior to July 17, 2015), were $18.7 million, $20.9 million and $24.9 million in fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. International - Our International segment manufactures and markets products in regions outside of the United States, with a growth strategy focused on our owned facilities in Canada and those markets serviced through our joint ventures in Mexico and South America. Pipe manufactured in these countries is primarily sold into the same region. Our joint venture strategy has provided us with local and regional access to new markets. For fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, we generated net sales attributable to our International segment of $155.1 million, $176.9 million, and $152.1 million, respectively. Our investment in the South American Joint Venture is accounted for under the equity method and is not consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The unconsolidated sales of the South American Joint Venture were $42.2 million, $50.3 million, and $58.5 million, in fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Recent Developments Acquisition of Plastic Tubing Industries - In February 2017, we acquired the assets of Plastic Tubing Industries (“PTI”), a manufacturer of HDPE pipe and related accessories, in an all cash transaction for $9.5 million. At the time of acquisition, $8.5 million was paid in cash; the remaining $1.0 million will be paid on August 6, 2018. With the acquisition, we will increase our manufacturing footprint in Georgia and Texas, while adding production capacity to existing manufacturing facilities in Florida, to better serve growing demand in the region. Non-GAAP Financial Measures Adjusted EBITDA - Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, has been presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a supplemental measure of financial performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with GAAP. We calculate adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, non-cash charges and certain other expenses. Adjusted EBITDA is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K because it is a key metric used by management and our Board of Directors to assess our financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. In addition to covenant compliance and executive performance evaluations, we use adjusted EBITDA to supplement GAAP measures of performance to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, to make budgeting decisions and to compare our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures. Adjusted EBITDA is not a GAAP measure of our financial performance and should not be considered as an alternative to net income as a measure of financial performance, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP, and it should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by 46 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. unusual or non-recurring items. In evaluating adjusted EBITDA, be aware that in the future we will incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation, such as stock-based compensation expense, derivative fair value adjustments, and foreign currency transaction losses. Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by any such adjustments. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results in addition to using adjusted EBITDA. Our measure of adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation. For a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, see “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data”. System-Wide Net Sales - System-Wide Net Sales is a non-GAAP measure which equals the sum of the net sales of our Domestic and International segments plus all net sales from our unconsolidated joint ventures (our South American Joint Venture, our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture and our BaySaver joint venture prior to July 17, 2015). We use this metric to measure the overall performance of our business across all of our geographies and markets we serve. Our South American Joint Venture is managed as an integral part of our International segment, and our Tigre- ADS USA joint venture and our BaySaver joint venture are managed as an integral part of our Domestic segment. However, with the exception of our BaySaver joint venture which we have consolidated since we acquired it on July 17, 2015, they are not consolidated under GAAP. System-Wide Net Sales is prepared as if our South American Joint Venture, our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture, and our BaySaver joint venture were accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries for all periods. The following table presents a reconciliation of System-Wide Net Sales to Net sales, the most comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated: (Amounts in thousands) Net sales Net sales associated with our unconsolidated affiliates South American Joint Venture (a) BaySaver joint venture (b) Tigre-ADS USA joint venture (c) System-Wide Net Sales 2017 2016 $1,257,261 $1,290,678 $1,180,073 2015 42,235 — 18,691 58,454 10,623 14,264 $1,318,187 $1,361,941 $1,263,414 50,320 3,611 17,332 (a) On July 31, 2009, we entered into an arrangement to form our South American joint venture. (b) On July 15, 2013, we entered into an arrangement to form our BaySaver joint venture. As of July 17, 2015, we increased our ownership to 65%, and have consolidated BaySaver since that date. As such, net sales from our BaySaver joint venture prior to July 17, 2015 are included in this line item. (c) On April 7, 2014, we entered into an arrangement to form our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture. Adjusted Earnings per Fully Converted Share, Adjusted Net Income and Weighted Average Fully Converted Common Shares Outstanding - Adjusted Earnings Per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP) is a key metric used by management and our Board of Directors to assess our financial performance as if all shares held by the ESOP and all redeemable common shares were to be converted to common shares. This information is useful to investors as the preferred shares held by the ESOP are required to be distributed to our employees over time, which is done in the form of common stock after the conversion of the preferred shares. As such, this measure is included in this report because it provides the investors with information to understand the impact on the financial statements once all preferred shares are converted and distributed. Adjusted Earnings Per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP) is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation. 47 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. For a reconciliation and definition of Adjusted Earnings Per Fully Converted Share (Non-GAAP), Adjusted Net Income (Non-GAAP), and the Weighted Average Fully Converted Common Shares Outstanding (Non-GAAP) to our Net Income (loss) available to common stockholders - Basic, Net income (loss) per share - Basic and Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic, the most comparable GAAP measures, see “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data”. Free Cash Flow - Free Cash Flow is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management and the Company’s Board of Directors to assess the Company’s ability to generate cash. Management believes that Free Cash Flow provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our ability to generate cash flow from operations after capital expenditures. Free Cash Flow does not include property, plant and equipment purchases completed through financing arrangements. Free Cash Flow should not be considered as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of liquidity or any other liquidity measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Our measure of Free Cash Flow is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation. For a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to Cash flow from operating activities, the most comparable GAAP measure, see “Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data”. Results of Operations Results of Operations by Segment The following table presents our net sales by segment, net sales by segment as a percentage of total net sales, net income by segment, net income by segment as a percentage of total net income, Segment Adjusted EBITDA and Segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total Adjusted EBITDA by segment for the periods presented. (Amounts in thousands) Net sales by segment Domestic: Pipe Allied Products Total domestic International Pipe Allied Products Total international Total net sales Net income (loss) by segment Domestic International Total net income (loss) Segment Adjusted EBITDA Domestic International Total Adjusted EBITDA 2017 2016 2015 $ 786,546 315,690 1,102,236 62.6% $ 812,071 301,725 25.1% 87.7% 1,113,796 62.9% $ 771,214 65.4% 256,719 21.8% 23.4% 86.3% 1,027,933 87.1% 122,384 32,641 155,025 125,407 10.6% 2.3% 152,140 12.9% $1,257,261 100.0% $1,290,678 100.0% $1,180,073 100.0% 139,731 37,151 176,882 10.8% 2.9% 13.7% 9.7% 2.6% 12.3% 26,733 $ $ 35,118 790 97.8% $ 2.2% 35,908 100.0% $ 24,875 5,692 81.4% $ 18.6% 30,567 100.0% $ (9,443) 255.5% 5,747 (155.5)% (3,696) 100.0% $ 175,676 17,695 86.9% $ 128,973 89.6% 14,904 10.4% 13.1% $ 193,371 100.0% $ 187,340 100.0% $ 143,877 100.0% 90.8% $ 162,875 24,465 9.2% 48 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2017 Compared with Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 The following table summarizes certain financial information relating to our operating results that have been derived from our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. Also included is certain information relating to the operating results as a percentage of net sales. We believe this presentation is useful to investors in comparing historical results. (Amounts in thousands) Consolidated Statements of Operations data: Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling expenses General and administrative expenses Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities Intangible amortization Income from operations Interest expense Derivative (gains) losses and other (income) expense, net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates Net income Less net income (loss) attributable to the non- controlling interest Net income attributable to ADS Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2017 % of Net Sales Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 % of Net Sales % Variance $ 1,257,261 100.0% $ 1,290,678 1,005,326 76.5 285,352 23.5 88,478 7.3 92,504 8.8 961,451 295,810 91,475 110,950 100.0% 77.9 22.1 6.9 7.2 (2.6)% (4.4) 3.7 3.4 19.9 8,509 8,548 76,328 17,467 (5,970) 64,831 24,615 4,308 35,908 0.7 0.7 6.1 1.4 (0.5) 5.2 2.0 0.3 2.9 812 9,224 94,334 18,460 16,575 59,299 23,498 5,234 30,567 0.1 0.7 7.3 1.4 1.3 4.6 1.8 0.4 2.4 947.9 (7.3) (19.1) (5.4) (136.0) 9.3 4.8 (17.7) 17.5 2,958 32,950 0.2 2.6% $ 5,515 25,052 0.4 1.9% (46.4) 31.5% $ Net sales - Net sales totaled $1,257.3 million in fiscal 2017, decreasing $33.4 million or 2.6%, as compared to $1,290.7 million in fiscal 2016. Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2017 2016 $ Variance % Variance (in thousands) Domestic Pipe Allied Products Total domestic International Pipe Allied Products Total international Total net sales $ 786,546 $ 315,690 1,102,236 812,071 301,725 1,113,796 122,384 32,641 155,025 139,731 37,151 176,882 $ 1,257,261 $ 1,290,678 $ $ (25,525) 13,965 (11,560) (17,347) (4,510) (21,857) (33,417) (3.1)% 4.6 (1.0)% 12.4% (12.1) (12.4) (2.6)% Our Domestic sales decreased $11.6 million, or 1.0%, as compared to fiscal 2016. Domestic pipe sales decreased $25.5 million, or 3.1%, which was primarily a result of volume decreases of $16.6 million and net price decreases of $8.8 million. The agriculture market has experienced continued sales decreases. Allied product sales increased $14.0 million, or 4.6%, as well as increased sales volume of products sold primarily into the non- residential and infrastructure end markets. 49 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. International sales decreased $21.9 million, or 12.4%, to $155.0 million in fiscal year 2017, as compared to $176.9 million in the prior year. The decrease in pipe sales resulted from a reduction in volumes of $15.1 million and net price decreases of $2.7 million. There was also a decrease in Allied product sales of $4.5 million, or 12.1%. Cost of goods sold and Gross profit - Cost of goods sold decreased $43.9 million, or 4.4%, to $961.5 million during year 2017 as compared to $1,005.3 million during fiscal 2016. Gross profit increased $10.5 million, or 3.7%, to $295.8 million from $285.4 million during fiscal 2016. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased to 23.5% in fiscal 2017 from 22.1% in fiscal 2016. Gross Profit Domestic International Total gross profit Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2017 2016 $ Variance % Variance (in thousands) $ 267,976 $ 249,817 35,535 $ 295,810 $ 285,352 27,834 $ $ 18,159 (7,701) 10,458 7.3% (21.7) 3.7% Domestic gross profit increased $18.2 million, or 7.3%, to $268.0 million for fiscal 2017 as compared to $249.8 million during fiscal 2016. The increase was primarily the result of lower raw material costs of $38.7 million due to decreased raw material prices. The increase was offset by the decrease in net sales discussed above, a $5.2 million increase in labor and overhead costs and a $3.5 million increase in transportation expenses. International gross profit decreased $7.7 million, or 21.7%, for fiscal 2017 over fiscal 2016 primarily due to the decrease in sales discussed above and a $6.6 million increase in labor and overhead cost. The decreases were offset by a $17.2 million decrease in raw material due to decreased raw material cost and a $1.3 million decrease in transportation expenses. Selling expenses - Selling expenses for fiscal 2017 increased $3.0 million, or 3.4%, over fiscal 2016. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in bad debt expense of $2.9 million primarily resulting from the deterioration of five customer accounts, including a $0.6 million write off of a receivable from an unconsolidated affiliate. As a percentage of net sales, selling expenses increased to 7.3% for fiscal year 2017 compared to 6.9% over fiscal year 2016. General and administrative expenses - General and administrative expenses for fiscal 2017 increased $18.4 million, or 19.9%, over fiscal 2016. The increase was primarily due to stock-based compensation expense of $8.0 million for fiscal 2017 compared to a benefit of $5.1 million for fiscal 2016. Additionally, legal and professional fees increased by $6.5 million as a result of third-party consulting expenses and ongoing litigation. Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities - Loss on the disposal of assets or businesses totaled $8.5 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $0.8 million in fiscal 2016, a net increase of $7.7 million in fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. In fiscal 2017, we recorded expenses related to three manufacturing facilities that were closed during fiscal 2017 of approximately $3.5 million and accelerated depreciation of specifically identified obsolete assets of approximately $3.0 million. In addition, we recorded $2.0 million of disposals and partial disposals of fixed assets, as compared to $0.8 million in fiscal 2016. Intangible amortization - Intangible amortization remained relatively flat in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016. Interest expense - Interest expense from our debt and capital lease obligations decreased $1.0 million or 5.4% in fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. Our average overall outstanding debt was down by $46.0 million or 11.8% for fiscal 2017 compared to the average balance outstanding for fiscal 2016. The impact of lower debt outstanding on interest expense was partially offset by higher average capital lease obligations of $6.6 million or 9.1% for fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016, which resulted in a decrease in interest expense. 50 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Derivative (gains) losses and other (income) expense, net – Derivative (gains) losses and other (income) expense, net, improved to gains of $6.0 million in fiscal 2017 compared to losses of $16.6 million in fiscal 2016. The following table details the net unrealized and realized (gain) loss on derivatives. (Amounts in millions) Net unrealized (gain) loss Propylene raw material Fuel hedging Realized (gain) loss Propylene raw material Fuel hedging Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2017 2016 $ Variance $ $ (8.0) (2.6) $ 2.9 (0.2) 6.7 1.9 11.7 3.1 (10.9) (2.4) (5.0) (1.2) In addition, fiscal 2016 included a loss of $0.5 million recognized for the fair value remeasurement of our original investment in BaySaver at the time we acquired a controlling interest in July 2015, whereas there was no comparable amount in the current year. The remainder of the change is primarily related to foreign exchange gains. Income tax expense - The provision for income taxes totaled $24.6 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $23.5 million in fiscal 2016, an increase of $1.1 million. These provisions represent an effective tax rate of 38.0% in fiscal 2017 compared to 39.6% in fiscal 2016. The current year tax rate is higher than the federal statutory rate of 35% due principally to state and local income taxes and non-deductible expenses, partially offset by foreign income taxed at lower rates. The current year tax rate decreased from the prior year primarily due to the income tax impacts of the closure of the Puerto Rico manufacturing facility partially offset by the income tax impacts of stock-based compensation. For fiscal 2017, uncertain tax positions related to foreign jurisdictions were released due to the lapse of statute of limitations. Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates - Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates decreased $0.9 million over fiscal 2017 to a net loss of $4.3 million for fiscal 2017 compared to a net loss of $5.2 million during fiscal 2016. The net loss decreased due to the $4.0 million impairment charge related to our investment in the South American Joint Venture in fiscal 2016, which was partially offset by the $1.3 million impairment charge related to our investment in the South American Joint Venture in fiscal 2017 and our share of higher net losses during fiscal 2017 of $2.5 million compared to $1.4 million during fiscal 2016. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest - Income attributable to noncontrolling interest decreased $2.5 million, or 46.4%, to $3.0 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $5.5 million in fiscal year 2016. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in the net income of ADS-Mexicana. 51 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 Compared with Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2015 The following table summarizes certain financial information relating to our operating results that have been derived from our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. Also included is certain information relating to the operating results as a percentage of net sales. We believe this presentation is useful to investors in comparing historical results. (Amounts in thousands) Consolidated Statements of Operations data: Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling expenses General and administrative expenses Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities Intangible amortization Income from operations Interest expense Derivative losses and other expense, net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates Net income (loss) Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 % of Net Sales Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2015 % of Net Sales % Variance $ 1,290,678 100.0% $ 1,180,073 100.0% 1,005,326 285,352 88,478 92,504 77.9 22.1 6.9 7.2 812 9,224 94,334 18,460 16,575 59,299 23,498 5,234 30,567 0.1 0.7 7.3 1.4 1.3 4.6 1.8 0.4 2.4 974,960 205,113 80,481 75,855 362 9,754 38,661 19,368 14,370 4,923 6,284 2,335 (3,696) 82.6 17.4 6.8 6.4 — 0.8 3.3 1.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 (0.3) 9.4% 3.1 39.1 9.9 21.9 124.3 (5.4) 144.0 (4.7) 15.3 1,104.5 273.9 124.2 (927.0) Less net income (loss) attributable to the non- controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to ADS $ 5,515 25,052 0.4 1.9% $ 4,131 (7,827) 0.4 (0.7)% (420.1)% 33.5 Net sales - Net sales totaled $1,290.7 million in fiscal 2016, increasing $110.6 million or 9.4%, as compared to $1,180.1 million in fiscal 2015. Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 2015 $ Variance % Variance (in thousands) Domestic Pipe Allied Products Total domestic International Pipe Allied Products Total international Total net sales $ 812,071 $ 301,725 1,113,796 771,214 256,719 1,027,933 139,731 37,151 176,882 125,407 26,733 152,140 $ 1,290,678 $ 1,180,073 $ $ 40,857 45,006 85,863 14,324 10,418 24,742 110,605 5.3% 17.5 8.4% 11.4% 39.0 16.3 9.4% Our Domestic sales increased $85.9 million, or 8.4%, as compared to fiscal 2015. Domestic pipe sales increased $40.9 million, or 5.3%, due to continued growth in our N-12 HDPE and High Performance Polypropylene product lines and further gains from conversion to our products from traditional products, offsetting lower agricultural sales. Domestic pipe selling prices decreased 0.2% as compared to the prior year. Allied Product sales increased $45.0 million, or 17.5%, due to strong sales volume sold primarily into the non-residential, residential and infrastructure markets. In addition, approximately $10.2 million of the total Allied Product sales increase relates to the acquisition of BaySaver during the second fiscal quarter of fiscal 2016. International sales increased $24.8 million, or 16.3%, to $176.9 million in fiscal 2016, as compared to $152.1 million in the prior year. The growth was primarily due to increased sales in Canada, including in particular the contribution from the acquisition of Ideal Pipe, which increased sales by approximately $39.7 million, helping to offset decreased sales in Mexico of 52 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. $9.4 million. In addition, the Canadian dollar was approximately 13% weaker against the U.S. dollar during fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015, which had a negative impact on net sales for Canada of $15.2 million during the year ended March 31, 2016. Cost of goods sold and Gross profit - Cost of goods sold increased $30.3 million, or 3.1%, to $1,005.3 million during fiscal 2016 as compared to $975.0 million during fiscal 2015. Gross profit increased $80.3 million, or 39.1%, to $285.4 million from $205.1 million during fiscal year 2015. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased to 22.1% in fiscal 2016 from 17.4% in fiscal 2015. Gross Profit Domestic International Total gross profit Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 2015 $ Variance % Variance (in thousands) $ $ 249,817 $ 35,535 285,352 $ 179,470 25,643 205,113 $ $ 70,347 9,892 80,239 39.2% 38.6 39.1% Domestic gross profit increased $70.4 million, or 39.2%, to $249.8 million for fiscal year 2016 as compared to $179.4 million during fiscal 2015. In addition to the impact of the 8.4% increase in domestic net sales over the prior fiscal year, the increase was driven by a reduction in raw material costs of approximately 10.0%, particularly pipe resin costs. Raw material prices were flat in the first quarter and declined in the second, third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior year periods. Freight costs totaled 9.8% of domestic net sales for both fiscal 2016 and 2015. The higher freight costs relate to increased depreciation charges associated with new tractors and trailers added to the delivery fleet, which offset the benefit of lower diesel fuel. Diesel prices began to moderate towards the end of fiscal year 2015 and continued to decline throughout fiscal 2016. Diesel fuel prices during 2016 were approximately 31.0% below fiscal 2015. International gross profit increased $9.9 million, or 38.6%, for fiscal year 2016 over fiscal 2015. This was the result of the impact of a 16.3% increase in international net sales, decreased resin costs and improved gross profit performance in Mexico during fiscal 2016. Selling expenses - Selling expenses for fiscal 2016 increased $8.0 million, or 9.9% over fiscal 2015. The increase as a percentage of net sales for fiscal 2016 was primarily driven by bad debt expense and stock-based compensation. Fiscal 2016 included a benefit of $0.5 million from stock-based compensation as compared to expense of $1.5 million for the comparable period, which was primarily the result of the impact that the decrease in the Company’s stock price had on its accounting for liability-classified stock awards. The increase in bad debt expense of $1.6 million was primarily a result of a write off of a receivable from an unconsolidated affiliate. General and administrative expenses - General and administrative expenses for the fiscal 2016 increased $16.6 million, or 21.9%, over fiscal 2015. The increase was primarily the result of significant increases in professional fees for accounting, audit, tax, legal and other professional fees incurred in connection with the restatement of previously filed quarterly and annual financial statements as part of the preparation of our Fiscal 2015 Form 10-K. There were no such amounts in fiscal 2015. These fees amounted to approximately $28.0 million in fiscal year 2016. There was also an increase in salary and compensation expenses of 12%, or $3.4 million, as well as incremental general and administrative expenses related to the Ideal Pipe and BaySaver acquisitions of $1.9 million. There were additional increases related to higher corporate overhead including higher depreciation expense as well as increased legal and administrative costs associated with being a public company. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation of $26.7 million, which was primarily the result of the impact that the decrease in the Company’s stock price had on its accounting for liability-classified stock awards. Overall, general and administrative expenses amounted to 7.2% of net sales compared to 6.4% in the prior year. Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities - Loss on the disposal of assets or businesses totaled $0.8 million in fiscal 2016 compared to of $0.4 million in fiscal 2015, a net increase of $0.4 million in fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015. Businesses sold in fiscal year 2015 related to our GEO-flow product line, while 53 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. there were no businesses sold in fiscal 2016. Dispositions of machinery and equipment resulted in a loss of $0.8 million and $1.1 million in fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively, and related to the replacement of assets in the normal course of business. Intangible amortization - Intangible amortization decreased $0.6 million or 5.4% in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015. The decrease is mainly the result of intangible assets of $7.8 million becoming fully amortized during fiscal 2015, offset by the additional amortization for the Ideal Pipe intangible assets acquired in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015 and the BaySaver intangible assets acquired in the second quarter of fiscal 2016. Interest expense - Interest expense from our debt and capital lease obligations decreased $0.9 million or 4.7% in fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015. For fiscal 2015, the Company carried a higher Revolving Credit Facility balance through July 2014 until the IPO proceeds were used to reduce the Revolving Credit Facility balance. Derivative losses and other expense, net - Derivative losses and other expense, net, increased $2.2 million in fiscal 2016 to $16.6 million compared to $14.4 million in fiscal 2015. The increase in expense is predominantly a result of both realized and unrealized losses on hedging activities. The hedging losses in fiscal 2016 were $16.9 million comprised of realized losses on cash settlements of $14.7 million and unrealized losses on mark-to-market adjustments of $2.2 million. This compares to a net hedging loss of $15.4 million incurred during fiscal 2015, consisting of realized losses on cash settlements of $7.7 million and unrealized losses of $7.7 million on the unfavorable mark-to-market adjustments. In addition to the hedging losses, the Company realized a loss of $0.5 million upon completing the acquisition of BaySaver as a result of remeasuring our investment as of the July 17, 2015 step acquisition. See “Note 3. Acquisitions.” The balance of the change relates primarily to foreign currency transaction activity and other insignificant gains or losses. Income tax expense - The provision for income taxes totaled $23.5 million in fiscal 2016 compared to $6.3 million in fiscal 2015, an increase of $17.2 million. These provisions represent an effective tax rate of 39.6% in fiscal 2016 compared to 127.6% in fiscal 2015. The fiscal 2015 effective tax rate significantly exceeded the federal statutory rate due in part to the significant permanent differences associated with non-deductible ESOP stock appreciation and stock-based compensation expense, the effect of which was increased by the near break-even amount of pre-tax income, whereas the fiscal 2016 effective tax rate more closely approximates a normal effective tax rate for the Company. Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates - Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates increased $2.9 million over fiscal 2015 to a net loss of $5.2 million for fiscal 2016 compared to a net loss of $2.3 million during fiscal 2015. The increase was primarily due to a $4.0 million impairment charge related to our investment in the South American Joint Venture, which was partially offset by lower net losses generated by the South American Joint Venture which reduced our share of the losses during fiscal 2016 to $1.4 million compared to $2.6 million for the comparable prior year period. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest - Income attributable to noncontrolling interest increased $1.4 million, or 33.5%, to $5.5 million in fiscal 2016 compared to $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. As noted above, the 35.0% noncontrolling interest for BaySaver is now included in the fiscal 2016 results beginning after July 17, 2015. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our primary liquidity requirements are working capital, capital expenditures, debt service, and dividend payments for our convertible preferred stock and common stock. We have historically funded, and expect to continue to fund, our operations primarily through internally generated cash flow, debt financings, equity issuance and capital and operating leases. From time to time we may explore additional financing methods and other means to raise capital. There can be no assurance that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. As of March 31, 2017, we had $5.1 million in cash that was held by our foreign subsidiaries and undistributed earnings of approximately $28.0 million. Our intent is to indefinitely reinvest our earnings in foreign subsidiaries with the exception of cash dividends paid by our ADS Mexicana joint venture. In the event that foreign earnings are repatriated, these amounts will be subject to income tax liabilities in the appropriate tax jurisdiction. 54 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. At March 31, 2017, we had no undistributed earnings of our unconsolidated subsidiaries included in retained earnings. In February 2017, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50 million of our common stock. Repurchases of common stock will be made in accordance with applicable securities laws. The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and may be suspended or terminated at any time at our discretion. Working Capital and Cash Flows During the fiscal 2017, our net decrease in cash amounted to $0.1 million compared to a net increase of $3.0 million during fiscal 2016. Our source of funds in fiscal 2017 was primarily driven by a decrease in cash used in financing activities offset by increased cash used in investing activities and a decrease in cash used by operations. Our use of cash in fiscal year 2017 was primarily driven by increased inventories, capital expenditures, payment of capital lease obligations, and the payment of dividends. Our source of funds in fiscal 2016 was primarily driven by higher operating earnings and the impact of increased current liabilities, lower inventories and non-cash charges (depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation expense). Our use of cash in fiscal 2016 was primarily driven by capital expenditures, a reduction of our debt, payment of capital lease obligations, and the payment of dividends. Our source of funds in fiscal 2015 was primarily driven by higher operating earnings, net proceeds of $72.2 million from shares sold during our IPO after deduction of deferred offering costs, and the impact of non-cash charges (depreciation, amortization, compensation expense and share-based compensation expense). Our use of cash in fiscal 2015 was primarily driven by increased inventory balances of $10.1 million the settlement of a Canadian dollar currency hedge related to the Ideal Pipe acquisition of $5.6 million, spending for acquisitions of $36.4 million, net repayment of $54.2 million of debt and payment of $9.3 million of capital lease obligations. As of March 31, 2017, we had $151.6 million in liquidity, including $6.5 million of cash, $120.1 million in borrowings available under our Revolving Credit Facility and $25.0 million under the senior notes, described below. We believe that our cash on hand, together with the availability of borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and other financing arrangements and cash generated from operations, will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements, anticipated capital expenditures, scheduled interest payments on our indebtedness and dividend payment requirement for our convertible preferred stock for at least the next twelve months. As of March 31, 2017, we had consolidated indebtedness (excluding capital lease obligations) of approximately $350.4 million, down $1.2 million compared to March 31, 2016. The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented: (Amounts in thousands) Statement of Cash Flows data: Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities 2017 2016 2015 $ 104,239 $ (61,259) 135,342 $ (49,018) 74,379 (76,093) (42,825) (82,964) 1,791 Working Capital - Working capital is an indication of liquidity and potential need for short-term funding. We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities. Working capital decreased to $184.8 million as of March 31, 2017, from $187.4 million as of March 31, 2016, primarily due to a decrease in accounts receivable of $17.9 million and deferred income taxes and other current assets of $8.9 million. As disclosed in Note 1, the reduction of net current deferred tax assets is due to the adoption of an accounting standard update that requires all deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as non-current. These increases were largely offset by an increase in inventory of $27.9 million. 55 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Working capital decreased to $187.4 million as of March 31, 2016, from $228.9 million as of March 31, 2015, primarily due to a decrease in inventories of $30.1 million and an increase in accounts payable of $7.7 million and current maturities of long-term debt and capital lease obligations of $29.8 million, largely offset by an increase in receivables of $32.6 million. Operating Cash Flows - During the fiscal 2017, cash provided by operating activities was $104.2 million as compared with cash provided by operating activities of $135.3 million for fiscal 2016. Cash flow from operating activities during fiscal 2017 was primarily impacted by a $27.9 million increase in inventory and other changes in working capital. During fiscal 2016, cash provided by operating activities was $135.3 million as compared with cash provided by operating activities of $74.4 million for fiscal 2015. Cash flow from operating activities during fiscal 2016 was primarily impacted by an increase in net income of $34.3 million, a $18.1 million reduction in the use of cash related to changes in current assets and current liabilities, a $29.5 million change in the impact of deferred income taxes and a $5.5 million increase in depreciation and amortization, partially offset by a reduction in ESOP and stock-based compensation of $33.0 million and a reduction in the fair market value adjustments to derivatives of $5.5 million. Investing Cash Flows - During fiscal 2017, cash used for investing activities was $61.3 million, primarily due to $46.7 million for capital expenditures and additions to capitalized software, and $8.6 million for the acquisition of Plastic Tubing Industries (“PTI”) and $4.6 million for the purchase of equipment through financing. During fiscal 2016, cash used for investing activities was $49.0 million, primarily due to $44.9 million for capital expenditures and additions to capitalized software, and $3.2 million for the acquisition of BaySaver. During fiscal 2015, cash used for investing activities was $76.1 million, primarily due to $32.1 million for capital expenditures and additions to capitalized software, a $36.4 million investment in Ideal Pipe, a $3.6 million investment in a domestic joint venture operation created in the first quarter fiscal 2015, and a $4.0 million investment in our international joint venture operation to support growth initiatives. Financing Cash Flows - During fiscal 2017, cash used in financing activities was $42.8 million, primarily for net debt payments of $5.1 million, payments on our capital lease obligations of $21.8 million and dividend payments of $16.8 million. During fiscal 2016, cash used in financing activities was $83.0 million, primarily for net debt payments of $48.7 million, payments on our capital lease obligations of $19.8 million and dividend payments of $16.2 million. During fiscal 2015, cash provided by financing activities was $1.8 million, with net proceeds of $72.2 million from the IPO of our common stock after deducting deferred offering costs, largely offset by net debt payments, payments on our capital lease obligation, IPO offering costs and dividend payments. Capital Expenditures Capital expenditures totaled $46.7 million for fiscal 2017. Our capital expenditures were used primarily for major plant equipment replacements, new equipment to provide capacity additions, facility expansions and yard upgrades, our recycled resin initiatives and capitalized software. Our most significant capital expenditures specifically for increased capacity was $7.5 million in fiscal 2017 for the opening of our new manufacturing facility in Harrisonville, MO. Capital expenditures totaled $44.9 million for fiscal 2016. Our capital expenditures were used primarily for major plant equipment replacements, new equipment to provide capacity additions, facility expansions and yard upgrades, our recycled resin initiatives and capitalized software. Our most significant capital expenditures specifically for increased capacity was $7.9 million in fiscal 2016, primarily for tooling for the Midwest and South regions. We currently anticipate that we will make capital expenditures of approximately $55-60 million in fiscal 2018. Such capital expenditures are expected to be financed using funds generated by operations. 56 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Debt and Capitalized Lease Obligations See “Note 5. Leases” and “Note 12. Debt” to our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of the Company’s financing transactions, including the Secured Bank Term Loans, the Senior Notes and the Company’s capital lease obligations. Covenant Compliance Our outstanding debt agreements and instruments contain various restrictive covenants including, but not limited to, limitations on additional indebtedness and capital distributions, including dividend payments. The two primary debt covenants include a Leverage Ratio and a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio maintenance covenant. For any relevant period of determination, the Leverage Ratio is calculated by dividing Total Consolidated Indebtedness (funded debt plus guarantees) by Consolidated EBITDA. The current upper limit is 4.0 times. The Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of Consolidated EBITDA minus Capital Expenditures minus cash income taxes paid, by the sum of Fixed Charges. Fixed Charges include cash interest expense, scheduled principal payments on indebtedness, and ESOP capital distributions in excess of $10 million in a given fiscal year. The current minimum ratio is 1.25 times. We were in compliance with our debt covenants as of March 31, 2017. In December 2016, we determined that certain intercompany loans between ADS Mexicana and ADS, Inc. that occurred between November 2014 and November 2015 that triggered an event of default according to the terms of the ADS Mexicana Revolving Credit Facility. On December 13, 2016, ADS Mexicana obtained a covenant waiver from the lenders. Contractual Obligations as of March 31, 2017 (Amounts in thousands) Contractual obligations: Long-term debt (1) Interest payments (2) Operating leases Capital leases Contractual purchase obligations (3) Total Payments Due by Period Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years $ 350,361 $ 37,789 $ 311,080 $ 3,961 4,452 35,465 — 1,492 $ 31 2,136 21,792 — $ 483,126 $ 93,545 $ 354,958 $ 25,451 $ 14,325 12,692 87,658 18,090 10,333 3,004 24,329 18,090 — — 3,100 6,072 — 9,172 The Secured Bank Term Loans mature in June 2018. (1) (2) Based on applicable rates and pricing margins as of March 31, 2017. (3) Purchase obligations include commitments with vendors to purchase raw material. 57 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, with the exception of the guarantee of 50% of certain debt of our unconsolidated South American Joint Venture, as further discussed in “Note 11. Related Party Transactions” of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Form 10-K. Our maximum potential obligation under this guarantee totals $11 million as of March 31, 2017. The maximum borrowing permitted under the South American Joint Venture’s credit facility is $22 million. As of March 31, 2017, our South American Joint Venture had approximately $16.0 million of outstanding debt subject to our guarantee, resulting in our guarantee of 50%, or $8.0 million, of that amount. We do not believe that this guarantee will have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital resources. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Certain of our accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application, and therefore, represent the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements. If different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, the results could be materially different from our reported results. We believe the following accounting policies may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and represent the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements. For additional discussion of our significant accounting policies, see “Note 1. Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in this Form 10-K. Policy Consolidation and Investments-Our consolidated financial statements include our wholly-owned subsidiaries, our majority owned subsidiaries, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) of which we are the primary beneficiary. We use the equity method of accounting for equity investments where we exercise significant influence but do not hold a controlling financial interest, including our South American joint venture and our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts- We hold receivables from customers in various countries. Credit is extended to customers based on an evaluation of their financial condition and collateral is generally not required. Judgments and Estimates Significant judgment may be necessary to determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The non-controlling interests in our subsidiaries that are consolidated but not wholly owned by us are included in the accompanying financial statements. Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions We currently consolidate ADS Mexicana as the primary beneficiary. We do not consolidate our South American joint venture or our Tigre-ADS USA joint venture. Changes in the primary beneficiary would change our consolidation conclusion. The evaluation of the customer’s financial condition is performed to reduce the risk of loss. Accounts receivable are evaluated for collectability based on numerous factors, including the length of time individual receivables are past due, past transaction history with customers, their credit worthiness and the economic environment. This estimate is periodically adjusted when management becomes aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations (e.g., bankruptcy filing) or as a result of changes in historical collection patterns. 58 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Policy Inventories- Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined using the FIFO method, which is based on analyses that are highly complex due to the significant number of materials purchased by the company. The complexity of the FIFO analysis is further increased in periods of volatile raw material pricing. Accounting for Leases- We enter into leases for buildings, transportation and other equipment, and airplanes. Judgment is required in applying the criteria necessary to determine if a lease should be classified as a capital lease. Goodwill- Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment as of March 31 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Implied fair value of goodwill is determined by considering both the income and market approach. Judgments and Estimates Market value is based on estimated net realizable value, which is based on assumptions related to deterioration, obsolescence and other judgmental factors. The valuation of inventory also involves estimates and assumptions relate to which overhead costs qualify for capitalization and in what amounts. Specifically, judgment is required in applying the criteria to determine if a lease should be capitalized including whether to include certain lease renewal periods in the lease term, the present value of minimum lease payments, the fair value of leased assets, and the useful lives of assets. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions, and determination of appropriate market comparables. The fair value estimates are based on assumptions management believes to be reasonable, but are inherently uncertain. Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions Our lower of cost or market estimate is currently not material. Changes in which renewal periods are included would impact the asset and the related liability. We performed our annual impairment test for goodwill as of March 31, 2017. We determined for our Domestic reporting unit that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value. We determined for the remaining goodwill that the fair value exceeded the carrying value for each of our reporting units. Accordingly, we did not incur any impairment charges for goodwill in fiscal 2017, 2016 or 2015. Future events and unanticipated changes to assumptions could require a provision for impairment in a future period. 59 Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions We did not record any impairment charges for intangible assets in fiscal 2017, 2016, or 2015. Future events and unanticipated changes to assumptions could require a provision for impairment in a future period. Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Policy Judgments and Estimates Determining the fair value of these assets is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Future events and unanticipated changes to assumptions could require a provision for impairment in a future period. Definite-lived intangible assets - Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying amounts of the asset group may not be recoverable. Asset groups are established primarily by determining the lowest level of cash flows available. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amounts of such assets, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the fair value of the asset less any costs of disposition is less than the carrying amount of the asset. Indefinite lived intangible assets- Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually as of March 31 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be greater than fair value. Determining the fair value of these assets is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain. To estimate the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets, we use an income approach, which utilizes a market derived rate of return to discount anticipated performance. An impairment loss is recognized when the estimated fair value of the intangible asset is less than the carrying value. 60 Judgments and Estimates Under these circumstances, we would adjust the carrying value down to its estimated fair value, which then becomes its new carrying value. Determining the fair value of these assets is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions We recorded an impairment charge of $1.3 million and $4.0 million in fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively, on our South American Joint Venture. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based on numerous factors, including the length of time individual receivables are past due, past transaction history with customers, their credit worthiness and the economic environment. If our historical experience differs from future experience, our allowance for doubtful accounts could differ. Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Policy Other Assets- Other assets includes equity-method investments. We evaluate other assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount might not be recoverable, and recognizes an impairment loss when a decline in value below carrying value is determined to be other-than- temporary. Revenue Recognition-We sell pipe products and related water management products. We ship products to customers predominantly by internal fleet and to a lesser extent by third-party carriers. We do not provide any additional revenue generating services after product delivery. Sales, net of sales tax and allowances for returns, rebates and discounts are recognized from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. We recognize revenue when both persuasive evidence of an arrangement and the price is fixed or determinable. Title to the products and risk of loss generally passes to the customer upon delivery. We perform credit check procedures on all new customers, establishes credit limits accordingly, and monitors the creditworthiness of existing customers, which is the basis for concluding that collectability is reasonably assured. 61 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Policy Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)- When shares of convertible preferred stock are allocated to the ESOP stock accounts of ESOP participants, we reduce the amount of deferred compensation reflected in Deferred compensation — unearned ESOP shares in mezzanine equity. Stock-Based Compensation Plan- Equity-classified awards are measured based on the grant-date estimated fair value of each award, net of estimated forfeitures, and liability-classified awards are re- measured at their fair value, net of estimated forfeitures, at each relevant reporting date for accounting purposes. Liability- classified stock options are re- measured at fair value each period until they are exercised. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the grant. Judgments and Estimates Shares of convertible preferred stock are valued based on an annual valuation for the ESOP by an independent third-party appraisal firm. Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions If the valuation of shares differ from our estimate, it could result in a significant decrease or increase in ESOP compensation in the fourth quarter. If any of the assumptions used in the model change significantly, stock- based compensation recorded in future periods may differ materially from that recorded previously for liability-classified awards. The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated using the Black- Scholes option pricing model. Determining the fair value of stock options under the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires judgment, common stock volatility, expected term of the awards, dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock options represent our best estimates, based on management’s judgment and subjective future expectations. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties. We developed our assumptions as follows: Volatility. Expected term. Risk-free interest rate. Dividend yield. • • • • We estimate potential forfeitures of grants and adjust stock-based compensation expense accordingly. The estimate of forfeitures is adjusted over the requisite service period to the extent that actual forfeitures differ from the prior estimates. We estimate forfeitures based upon our historical experience and, at each period, review the estimated forfeiture rate and make changes as factors affecting the forfeiture rate calculations and assumptions change. 62 Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions If the redemption feature became applicable, there would be adjustments to the fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock. The current carrying value of redeemable convertible preferred stock are $12.50 per share in equity. Currently, the fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock is valued at $16.80. As of March 31, 2017, we had valuation allowances of $2.2 million and unrecognized tax benefits of $6.2 million. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, if these judgments are not accurate then future income tax expense or benefit could be different. Judgments and Estimates As of March 31, 2015, the Company has determined that it is not probable that the redemption feature will become applicable. Since the Redeemable convertible preferred stock is not currently redeemable and it is not probable that the instrument will become redeemable, subsequent adjustment to fair value is not required. As such, the Redeemable convertible preferred stock was recorded to fair value at the effective date of the IPO on July 25, 2014 and will remain in mezzanine equity without further adjustment to carrying value unless it becomes probable that the redemption feature will become applicable. They are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the related temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Initial recognition, derecognition and measurement is based on management’s judgment given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Policy Valuation of redeemable convertible preferred stock- Prior to the effective date of the IPO, the trustee of our ESOP had the ability to put the shares of our Redeemable convertible preferred stock to us. If our common stock, which our Redeemable convertible preferred stock may convert to, is no longer a “registration-type class of security” (e.g., in the event of a delisting), the option held by the trustee of the ESOP, which granted it the ability to put the shares of our Redeemable convertible preferred stock to us, would then become applicable. Preferred securities that become redeemable upon a contingent event that is not solely within the control of the Company should be classified outside of permanent equity. Income Taxes- Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized and represent the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Uncertain tax positions- We recognize uncertain tax positions in accordance with FASB ASC 740, “Income Taxes” which provides guidance related to the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The standard prescribes the minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. ASC 740, “Income Taxes” also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure. 63 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see “Note 1. Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are subject to various market risks, primarily related to changes in interest rates, credit risk, raw material supply prices, and, to a lesser extent, foreign currency exchange rates. Our financial position, results of operations or cash flows may be negatively impacted in the event of adverse movements in the respective market rates or prices in each of these risk categories. Our exposure in each category is limited to those risks that arise in the normal course of business, as we do not engage in speculative, non-operating transactions. Interest Rate Risk We are subject to interest rate risk associated with our bank debt. Changes in interest rates impact the fair value of our fixed-rate debt, but there is no impact to earnings and cash flow. Alternatively, changes in interest rates do not affect the fair value of our variable-rate debt, but they do affect future earnings and cash flow. The Revolving Credit Facility, the Term Note, and our industrial development revenue bond, or IDRB, notes bear variable interest rates. The Revolving Credit Facility and Term Note bear interest either at LIBOR or the Prime Rate, at our option, plus applicable pricing margins. The IDRB notes bear interest at weekly commercial paper rates, plus applicable pricing margins. A 1.0% increase in interest rates on our variable-rate debt would increase our annual forecasted interest expense by approximately $2.6 million based on our borrowings as of March 31, 2017. Assuming the Revolving Credit Facility is fully drawn, each 1.0% increase or decrease in the applicable interest rate would change our interest expense by approximately $3.9 million, as of March 31, 2017. Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable. We provide our products to customers based on an evaluation of the customers’ financial condition, generally without requiring collateral. Exposure to losses on receivables is principally dependent on each customer’s financial condition. We monitor the exposure for credit losses and maintain allowances for anticipated losses. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to our accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of customers comprising our customer base and their dispersion among many different geographies. One customer has an accounts receivable balance equal to approximately 16% of our Receivables balance as of March 31, 2017. Raw Material and Commodity Price Risk Our primary raw materials used in the production of our products are high density polyethylene and polypropylene resins. As these resins are hydrocarbon-based materials, changes in the price of feedstocks, such as crude oil derivatives and natural gas liquids, as well as changes in the market supply and demand may cause the cost of these resins to fluctuate significantly. Raw materials account for the majority of our cost of goods sold. Given the significance of these costs and the inherent volatility in supplier pricing, our ability to reflect these changes in the cost of resins in our product selling prices in an efficient manner contributes to the management of our overall risk and the potential impact on our results of operations. A 1% increase in the price of resin would increase our cost of goods sold by approximately $4 million. We have a resin price risk management program with physical fixed price contracts and financial hedge contracts which are designed to apply to a significant portion of our annual virgin resin purchases. We also maintain supply agreements with our major resin suppliers that provide multi-year terms and volumes that are in excess of our projected consumption. These supply agreements generally do not contain minimum purchase volumes or fixed prices. Accordingly, our suppliers may change their selling prices or other relevant terms on a monthly basis, exposing us to pricing risk. To manage this risk for our polypropylene virgin resin price exposure, we utilize financial hedges of propylene as a proxy for polypropylene. Historically, the month to month change in market based pricing has been very similar between propylene and polypropylene. 64 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Our use of forward fixed price contracts, financial hedges and the incorporation of vertical integration for recycled material have increased our focus on efficiency and resulted in lower overall supply costs. We began a diesel hedging program in 2008 which was executed through several financial swaps covering future months demand for diesel fuel and are designed to decrease our exposure to changing fuel costs. These hedges covered a significant portion of the diesel fuel consumed by the truck fleet that we operate to deliver products to our customers. Inflation Risk Our cost of goods sold is subject to inflationary pressures and price fluctuations of the raw materials we use, primarily high density polyethylene and polypropylene resins. Historically, we have generally been able, over time, to recover the effects of inflation and price fluctuations through sales price increases and production efficiencies related to technological enhancements and improvements. However, we cannot reasonably estimate our ability to successfully recover any price increases. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk We have operations in countries outside of the United States, all of which use the respective local foreign currency as their functional currency. Each of these operations may enter into contractual arrangements with customers or vendors that are denominated in currencies other than its respective functional currency. Consequently, our results of operations may be affected by exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and economic conditions in the regions in which we sell or distribute our products. Exposure to variability in foreign currency exchange rates from these transactions is managed, to the extent possible, by natural hedges which result from purchases and sales occurring in the same foreign currency within a similar period of time, thereby offsetting each other to varying degrees. In addition to the foreign currency transaction-related gains and losses that are reflected within the results of operations, we are subject to foreign currency translation risk, as the financial statements for our foreign subsidiaries are measured and recorded in the respective subsidiary’s functional currency and translated into U.S. dollars for consolidated financial reporting purposes. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded net of tax impact in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Consolidated Financial Statements and supplementary financial data required for this Item are set forth on pages F-1 through F-62 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountant on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of March 31, 2017. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified under Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and forms. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. 65 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2017 because of the identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as further described below. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). A material weakness in internal controls is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, even appropriate internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017, due to the fact that material weaknesses previously identified and disclosed had not been remediated. The material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017, were in the areas of (i) Company control environment, (ii) accounting for leases, (iii) accounting for inventory, (iv) journal entry and account reconciliation, (v) ADS Mexicana control environment, and (vi) ADS Mexicana revenue recognition cut-off practices. Following the identification of the material weaknesses referenced below and first noted in fiscal 2015, and with the oversight of the Audit Committee, we have commenced a process to remediate the underlying causes of these material weaknesses, enhance the control environment and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. We are still in the process of implementing our comprehensive remediation plan as further described below. Accordingly, the previously identified material weaknesses cannot be considered remediated until each control has been appropriately designed, has operated for a sufficient period of time, and until management has concluded, through testing, that the control is operating effectively. Management has determined the following six material weaknesses, as previously disclosed, remained outstanding as of March 31, 2017: • • Control Environment — Our control environment, which is the foundation for the discipline and structure necessary for effective internal control over financial reporting, was determined to be ineffective. Our ineffective control environment is evidenced by: (i) an insufficient number of personnel appropriately qualified to perform control design, execution and monitoring activities, (ii) an insufficient number of personnel with an appropriate level of GAAP knowledge and experience and ongoing training in the application of GAAP commensurate with our external financial reporting requirements, which resulted in erroneous judgments regarding the proper application of GAAP, (iii) in certain instances, insufficient documentation or basis to support account balances and accounting estimates, and (iv) certain aspects of the Company’s “tone at the top” set by senior management. The material weakness in our control environment impacts the overall effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Accounting for Leases – We did not design and maintain effective control over the accounting for leases, and whether certain leases should be classified as operating leases or capital leases. We previously determined that a significant number of such leases previously treated as operating leases should instead be classified as capital leases and included in property, plant and equipment. 66 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. • • • • Accounting for Inventory — We did not design and maintain effective control over the accounting for inventory. We previously identified errors relating to the Company’s incorrect historical calculation of inventory cost including the capitalization of raw material variances, excess capitalization of certain inter- plant freight expense and other overhead costs as well as misclassification of certain other overhead costs. Journal Entry and Account Reconciliation — We did not design and maintain effective control over access within our information technology systems to control the ability of key accounting personnel to initiate, modify and record transactions in our financial systems. It was determined that certain key accounting personnel had the ability to both prepare and post manual journal entries without appropriate independent review and approval. As these key accounting personnel are also reviewers of certain account reconciliations, we also did not maintain appropriate segregation of duties. Also, management expectations regarding the level of documentation necessary to support account balances, journal entries, accrual calculations and management estimates were not adequate. ADS Mexicana Control Environment — We did not maintain an effective control environment with respect to certain aspects of the financial reporting of our consolidated joint venture affiliate, ADS Mexicana, resulting in certain mischaracterized transactions. ADS Mexicana Revenue Recognition Cut-Off Practices — We did not design and maintain effective controls over our revenue recognition cut-off practices with respect to ADS Mexicana. We previously identified instances where ADS Mexicana would recognize revenue, prior to the date of shipment or transfer of title/ownership, which is not in accordance with GAAP. Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017. Deloitte & Touche LLP’s opinion, as stated in their report which appears on page F-2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is consistent with management’s report on internal control over financial reporting as set forth above. Ongoing Remediation Process Management is committed to achieving a strong control environment, high ethical standards and financial reporting integrity. This commitment has continued to be communicated to all of our employees and is the foundation of our remediation efforts. While certain actions have been taken to enhance our internal control over financial reporting relating to the material weaknesses, we are still in the process of implementing our comprehensive remediation plan. Accordingly, the material weaknesses noted above cannot be considered remediated until each control has been appropriately designed, has operated for a sufficient period of time, and management has concluded, through testing, that the control is operating effectively. We have categorized our remediation efforts into three separate initiatives which focus on people, process and technology. As management continues to evaluate and execute towards improving its internal control environment, it may be necessary to take on additional measures to fully remediate the existing material weaknesses. Examples of the remediation efforts that have been instituted include: PEOPLE • Hiring of Key Positions • Ongoing Training and Development • Appointment of New Chief Financial Officer and Additional Finance Personnel 67 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. • Use of Third-Party Consultants PROCESS • • • • • • Finance Organization Assessment CEO Communications to Reinforce Compliance Implementation and Enhancement of Entity Level Controls Enhanced Reporting Line Procedures Senior Executive Organizational Assessment Enhanced Employee Outreach and Training on Public Company Culture • Additional Training on Ethics, Compliance and Anti-Corruption • • • Establishment of Foreign Operations Committee Enhancement of ADS Mexicana Control Environment Establishment of a New Policy and Enhanced Internal Controls related to Cut-off / Revenue Recognition Practices TECHNOLOGY • Assessment of User Access for Oracle R12 Including Journal Entries • System Approval Enhancement for Journal Entries The status of our remediation plan is being, and will continue to be, reported by management to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on a regular basis. In addition, we have assigned executive owners to oversee the remedial changes to the overall design of our internal control environment and to address the root causes of our material weaknesses. Remediation generally requires making changes to how controls are designed and then adhering to those changes for a sufficient period of time such that the operating effectiveness of those changes can be demonstrated through testing. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies or modify our previously disclosed remediation plan. We cannot assure you, however, when we will fully remediate such weaknesses, nor can we be certain of whether additional actions will be required. See above under “Item 1A. Risk Factors — We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner, investor confidence in our Company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.” Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting As of March 31, 2017, testing of both the design and operating effectiveness of new and improved controls was completed related to Accounting for Stock-based Compensation, and management concluded that this material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting has been fully remediated. Except for the changes described above there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 68 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 9B. Other Information None. 69 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information contained under the captions “EXECUTIVE OFFICERS”, “ELECTION OF DIRECTORS” and “OTHER DIRECTOR INFORMATION, COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INFORMATION” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act (the “Proxy Statement”), is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information contained under the captions “COMPENSATION OF MANAGEMENT,” “OTHER DIRECTOR INFORMATION, COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INFORMATION”, “REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE” and “COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the information contained in the Proxy Statement under the caption “REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE” shall be deemed furnished, and not filed, in this Report on Form 10-K and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing we make under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information contained under the caption “SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT” and "EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information contained under the captions “CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS” and “OTHER DIRECTOR INFORMATION, COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INFORMATION” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information contained under the caption “AUDIT AND OTHER SERVICE FEES” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. 70 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a)1. Financial Statements. See “Table of Contents” on page F-1. PART IV (a)2. Financial Statement Schedules. Schedule II — Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts. Other schedules are omitted because they are not required or applicable, or the required information is included in our consolidated financial statements or related notes. (a)3. Exhibits. See “Index to Exhibits.” 71 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Date: May 30, 2017 SIGNATURES ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. By: Name: Title: /s/ Joseph A. Chlapaty Joseph A. Chlapaty President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Scott A. Cottrill By: Name: Scott A. Cottrill Title: Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Tim A. Makowski By: Name: Tim A. Makowski Title: Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons in their indicated capacities, on May 30, 2017. Signature /s/ Joseph A. Chlapaty Joseph A. Chlapaty /s/ Scott A. Cottrill Scott A. Cottrill /s/ Tim A. Makowski Tim A. Makowski /s/ Robert M. Eversole** Robert M. Eversole /s/ Alexander R. Fischer** Alexander R. Fischer /s/ Tanya Fratto** Tanya Fratto /s/ M.A. (Mark) Haney** M.A. (Mark) Haney /s/ C. Robert Kidder** C. Robert Kidder /s/ Richard A. Rosenthal** Richard A. Rosenthal /s/ Carl A. Nelson, Jr.** Carl A. Nelson, Jr. /s/ Abigail S. Wexner** Abigail S. Wexner Title Chairman of the Board of Directors, Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director ** The undersigned, by signing his name hereto, does hereby sign this report on behalf of each of the above- indicated directors of the registrant pursuant to powers of attorney executed by such directors. By: /s/ Scott A. Cottrill Scott A. Cottrill, Attorney-in-fact 72 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Audited Consolidated Financial Statements Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Mezzanine Equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule II, Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 Page F-2 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-15 F-63 F-1 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and subsidiaries Hilliard, Ohio We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Advanced Drainage Systems Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity (deficit) and mezzanine equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2017. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Advanced Drainage Systems Inc. and subsidiaries as of March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. As discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, on April 1, 2016, the Company adopted the new accounting guidance at ASU 2015-17 Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes on a prospective basis. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated May 30, 2017 expressed an adverse opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Columbus, Ohio May 30, 2017 F-2 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and subsidiaries Hilliard, Ohio We have audited Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the "Company's") internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on that risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company's board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management's assessment: an ineffective control environment, accounting for inventory, accounting for leases, journal entry and account reconciliation, an ineffective control environment at ADS Mexicana, and internal controls over financial reporting related to revenue recognition cut-off practices at ADS Mexicana. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended March 31, 2017, of the Company and this report does not affect our report on such consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule. In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses identified above on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting F-3 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. as of March 31, 2017, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended March 31, 2017, of the Company and our report dated May 30, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s adoption on April 1, 2016 of the new accounting guidance at ASU 2015-17 Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes on a prospective basis. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Columbus, Ohio May 30, 2017 F-4 ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in thousands, except par value) ASSETS Current assets: Cash Receivables (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $10,431 and $7,956, respectively) Inventories Deferred income taxes and other current assets $ $ $ Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Other assets: Goodwill Intangible assets, net Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Current maturities of debt obligations Current maturities of capital lease obligations Accounts payable Current portion of liability-classified stock-based awards Other accrued liabilities Accrued income taxes Total current liabilities Long-term debt obligation (less unamortized debt issuance costs of $1,723 and $3,131, respectively) Long-term capital lease obligations Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (see Note 14) Mezzanine equity: Redeemable convertible preferred stock: $0.01 par value; 47,070 shares authorized; 44,170 shares issued; 24,225 and 24,819 shares outstanding, respectively Deferred compensation — unearned ESOP shares Redeemable noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries Total mezzanine equity Stockholders’ equity: Common stock: $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; 153,560 shares issued; 55,338 and 54,437 shares outstanding, respectively Paid-in capital Common stock in treasury, at cost Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained deficit Total ADS stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity $ As of March 31, 2017 2016 6,450 $ 168,943 258,430 6,743 440,566 406,858 100,566 51,758 46,537 1,046,285 $ 37,789 $ 21,450 121,922 11,926 54,460 8,207 255,754 310,849 58,710 44,007 26,530 695,850 302,814 (198,216) 8,227 112,825 12,393 755,787 (436,984) (24,815) (83,678) 222,703 14,907 237,610 1,046,285 $ 6,555 186,883 230,466 15,658 439,562 391,744 100,885 59,869 45,256 1,037,316 35,870 19,231 119,606 10,118 65,099 2,260 252,184 312,214 56,809 63,952 37,921 723,080 310,240 (205,664) 7,171 111,747 12,393 739,097 (440,995) (21,261) (101,778) 187,456 15,033 202,489 1,037,316 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expenses: Selling General and administrative Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities Intangible amortization Income from operations Other expense: Interest expense Derivative (gains) losses and other (income) expense, net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates Net income (loss) Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to ADS Change in fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest Dividends to redeemable convertible preferred stockholders Dividends paid to unvested restricted stockholders Net income (loss) available to common stockholders and participating securities Undistributed income allocated to participating securities Net income (loss) available to common stockholders Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Net income (loss) per share available to common stockholders: $ $ $ Cash dividends declared per share Basic Diluted $ Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 1,290,678 $ 1,005,326 285,352 2017 1,257,261 $ 961,451 295,810 2015 1,180,073 974,960 205,113 91,475 110,950 88,478 92,504 8,509 8,548 76,328 17,467 (5,970) 64,831 24,615 4,308 35,908 2,958 32,950 — (1,560) (1,646) (73) 812 9,224 94,334 18,460 16,575 59,299 23,498 5,234 30,567 5,515 25,052 — (932) (1,425) (24) 29,671 (1,700) 27,971 $ 22,671 (1,270) 21,401 $ $ 80,481 75,855 362 9,754 38,661 19,368 14,370 4,923 6,284 2,335 (3,696) 4,131 (7,827) (11,054) — (661) (11) (19,553) — (19,553) 54,919 55,624 53,978 55,176 51,344 51,344 0.51 $ 0.50 $ 0.24 $ 0.40 $ 0.39 $ 0.20 $ (0.38) (0.38) 0.08 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Amounts in thousands) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive loss: Currency translation Comprehensive income (loss) Less other comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to ADS Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 2015 2017 $ 35,908 $ 30,567 $ (3,696) (5,037) 30,871 (8,594) 21,973 (1,483) 2,958 29,396 $ (2,854) 5,515 19,312 $ $ (11,928) (15,624) (3,237) 4,131 (16,518) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-7 ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in thousands) Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2016 2015 2017 $ 35,908 $ 30,567 $ (3,696) Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities ESOP, stock repurchase agreement and stock-based compensation Amortization of deferred financing charges Fair market value adjustments to derivatives Loss on purchase of non-controlling interest Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates Gain on bargain purchase of PTI acquisition Other operating activities Changes in working capital (see Note 22) Net cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Capital expenditures Proceeds from disposition of assets or businesses Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired Purchase of property, plant and equipment through financing Investment in unconsolidated affiliates Proceeds from note receivable to related party Issuance of note receivable to related party Other investing activities Net cash used in investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Proceeds from Revolving Credit Facility Payments on Revolving Credit Facility Payments on Term Loan Payments on Senior Notes Proceeds from notes, mortgages, and other debt Payments of notes, mortgages, and other debt Payments on loans against CSV life insurance policies Equipment financing loans Payments on capital lease obligations Payments for deferred initial public offering costs Proceeds from initial public offering of common stock, net of underwriter discounts and commissions Cash dividends paid Purchase of treasury stock — common Proceeds from option exercises Other financing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net change in cash Cash at beginning of year Cash at end of year $ 72,355 (8,971) 71,009 10,686 7,316 17,875 1,408 (10,921) — 4,308 (609) (5,871) (8,559) 104,239 (46,676) — (8,573) (4,620) — — — (1,390) (61,259) 412,400 (382,600) (10,000) (25,000) 1,000 (870) (6,823) 4,620 (21,760) — — (16,820) — 4,011 (983) (42,825) (260) (105) 6,555 6,450 $ 812 4,382 1,412 2,163 490 5,234 — 7,243 1,344 135,342 (44,942) — (3,188) — — 3,854 (3,854) (888) (49,018) 409,100 (448,200) (8,750) — 6,378 (7,208) — — (19,780) — — (16,240) — 1,765 (29) (82,964) (428) 2,932 3,623 6,555 $ 65,472 (18,762) 362 37,402 1,410 7,746 — 2,335 — (1,062) (16,828) 74,379 (32,080) 538 (36,385) — (7,566) — — (600) (76,093) 389,200 (432,200) (6,250) — — (4,903) (872) — (9,278) (6,479) 79,131 (7,869) (3) 1,986 (672) 1,791 (385) (308) 3,931 3,623 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-8 ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND MEZZANINE EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance April 1, 2014 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive loss Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends Common stock dividend ($ 0.08 per share) Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest holder Allocation of ESOP shares to participants for: Compensation Dividend Exercise of common stock options Redemption of common shares to exercise stock options Tax benefit resulting from exercise of certain stock- based compensation awards Restricted stock awards Initial Public Offering (IPO) Purchase of common stock ESOP distributions in common stock Adjustments to redeemable convertible preferred stock fair value measurement Adjustments to redeemable common stock fair value measurement Termination of redemption feature upon IPO Adjustments to redeemable common stock agreements Balance March 31, 2015 F - 9 Common Stock Paid-In Common Stock in Treasury Shares Amount Capital Shares Amount Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Retained (Deficit) 109,934 $ 11,957 $ — — — — — — — — — — 8,369 100,810 $ (448,439) $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (6,830) $ (36,680) $ (7,827) — (534) (4,270) — — (8,691) — — — Non- controlling Interest in Subsidiaries Total ADS Stockholders’ Equity (471,623) $ (7,827) (8,691) (534) (4,270) — Total Stockholders’ Equity (453,039) (3,696) (11,928) (534) (4,270) (3,065) 18,584 $ 4,131 (3,237) — — (3,065) — — — — — — 3,003 — 8,491 — — (235) — — 1,048 — — — — (127) — 3,003 (127) 9,539 — — — 3,003 (127) 9,539 — — 93 7 (93) — — — — — — — 5,289 — — — — 53 — — (4) 5,856 72,143 — 4,454 — (167) — — (377) — 743 — (3) 1,679 — — — — — — — — — — (4) 6,599 72,196 (3) 6,133 — — — — — (4) 6,599 72,196 (3) 6,133 — — (13,077) — — — 2,023 (11,054) — (11,054) — 38,320 — — 383 614,657 — — — — — — (65,921) — (65,921) 615,040 — — (65,921) 615,040 17 — 153,560 $ 12,393 $ 723,495 100,038 $ (445,065) $ 19,510 — — — (1,254) (15,521) $ (114,590) $ 18,256 160,712 $ — 16,413 $ 18,256 177,125 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND MEZZANINE EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance April 1, 2014 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive loss Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends Common stock dividend ($ 0.08 per share) Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest holder Allocation of ESOP shares to participants for: Compensation Dividend Exercise of common stock options Redemption of common shares to exercise stock options Tax benefit resulting from exercise of certain stock-based compensation awards Restricted stock awards Initial Public Offering (IPO) Purchase of common stock ESOP distributions in common stock Adjustments to redeemable convertible preferred stock fair value measurement Adjustments to redeemable common stock fair value measurement Termination of redemption feature upon IPO Adjustments to redeemable common stock agreements Balance March 31, 2015 F - 1 0 Redeemable Common Stock Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Deferred Compensation – Unearned ESOP Shares Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Reedemable Non- Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries Amount $ 38,337 — — — — — 549,359 — — — — — $ 26,129 — — — — — 291,720 — — — — — 17,727 — — — — — $ (197,888) — — — — — — — — — — — (38,320) (17) — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (490) — — — — — — — — (6,133) — 34,903 (731) (6) — — — — — — — — 65,921 (615,040) (240) — — — — 25,639 $ — — — 320,490 — — — 16,990 $ (212,469) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. $ Total Mezzanine Equity 643,191 — — — — — 9,141 127 — — — — — — (6,133) 11,054 65,921 (615,040) (240) 108,021 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9,141 127 — — — — — — — (23,849) — — — ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND MEZZANINE EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance April 1, 2015 Net income Other comprehensive loss Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends Common stock dividend ($ 0.20 per share) Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest holder Allocation of ESOP shares to participants for: Compensation Dividend Exercise of common stock options Restricted stock awards Tax benefit resulting from exercise of certain stock-based compensation awards ESOP distributions in common stock Acquisition of redeemable noncontrolling interest Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest Balance March 31, 2016 F - 1 1 Common Stock Paid-In Common Stock in Treasury Shares Amount Capital Shares Amount Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Retained (Deficit) Total ADS Stockholders’ Equity Non- controlling Interest in Subsidiaries Total Stockholders’ Equity 153,560 $ 12,393 $ 723,495 100,038 $ (445,065) $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (15,521) $ (114,590) $ 25,052 — (1,293) (10,815) — — (5,740) — — — 160,712 $ 25,052 (5,740) (1,293) (10,815) — 16,413 $ 5,080 (2,854) — — (3,606) 177,125 30,132 (8,594) (1,293) (10,815) (3,606) — — — — — — — — 3,577 — 4,379 582 — — (215) (69) — — 954 309 — — — — — (132) — — 3,577 (132) 5,333 891 — — — — 3,577 (132) 5,333 891 — — — — 194 7,443 — (573) 153,560 $ 12,393 $ 739,097 — — — — — (631) — — — 2,807 — — 99,123 $ (440,995) $ — — — — — — — — (21,261) $ (101,778) $ 194 10,250 — (573) 187,456 $ — — — — 15,033 $ 194 10,250 — (573) 202,489 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND MEZZANINE EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance April 1, 2015 Net income Other comprehensive loss Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends Common stock dividend ($ 0.20 per share) Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest holder Allocation of ESOP shares to participants for: Compensation Dividend Exercise of common stock options Restricted stock awards Tax benefit resulting from exercise of certain stock-based compensation awards ESOP distributions in common stock Acquisition of redeemable noncontrolling interest Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest Balance March 31, 2016 F - 1 2 Redeemable Common Stock Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Deferred Compensation – Unearned ESOP Shares Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Reedemable Non- Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries Amount — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 25,639 — — — — — 320,490 — — — — — — — — — — (820) — — 24,819 $ — — — — — (10,250) — — 310,240 $ 16,990 — — — — — (212,469) $ — — — — — $ — 435 — — — (526) (534) (8) — — 6,673 132 — — — — — — 16,448 $ — — — — (205,664) $ — — — — — — 6,330 932 7,171 $ Total Mezzanine Equity 108,021 435 — — — (526) 6,673 132 — — — (10,250) 6,330 932 111,747 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND MEZZANINE EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance April 1, 2016 Net income Other comprehensive loss Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends Common stock dividend ($ 0.24 per share) Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest holder Allocation of ESOP shares to participants for: Compensation Dividend Exercise of common stock options Restricted stock awards Equity classified stock-based compensation expense before related tax effects Tax benefit resulting from exercise of certain stock-based compensation awards Reclassification of liability-classified awards ESOP distributions in common stock Acquisition of redeemable noncontrolling interest Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest Balance March 31, 2017 F - 1 3 Common Stock Paid-In Shares Amount Capital 153,560 $ 12,393 $ 739,097 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Common Stock in Treasury Shares Amount 99,123 $ (440,995) $ — — — — — — — — — — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Retained (Deficit) Total ADS Stockholders’ Equity Non- controlling Interest in Subsidiaries Total Stockholders’ Equity (21,261) $ (101,778) $ 32,950 — (1,512) (13,204) — — (3,554) — — — 187,456 $ 32,950 (3,554) (1,512) (13,204) — 15,033 $ 2,236 (1,483) — — (879) 202,489 35,186 (5,037) (1,512) (13,204) (879) — — — — — — — — 2,254 — 6,571 2,926 — — (358) (86) — — 1,595 383 — — — — — (134) — — 2,254 (134) 8,166 3,309 — — — — 2,254 (134) 8,166 3,309 — — 139 — — — — 139 — 139 — — — — — 439 220 5,393 — (1,252) 153,560 $ 12,393 $ 755,787 — — — — — — — (457) — — — — 2,033 — — 98,222 $ (436,984) $ — — — — — — — — — — (24,815) $ (83,678) $ 439 220 7,426 — (1,252) 222,703 $ — — — — — 14,907 $ 439 220 7,426 — (1,252) 237,610 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND MEZZANINE EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance April 1, 2016 Net income Other comprehensive loss Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends Common stock dividend ($ 0.24 per share) Dividend paid to noncontrolling interest holder Allocation of ESOP shares to participants for: Compensation Dividend Exercise of common stock options Restricted stock awards Tax benefit resulting from exercise of certain stock-based compensation awards ESOP distributions in common stock Acquisition of redeemable noncontrolling interest Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest Balance March 31, 2017 F - 1 4 Redeemable Common Stock Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Deferred Compensation – Unearned ESOP Shares Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Reedemable Non- Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries Amount — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 24,819 — — — — — 310,240 — — — — — $ 16,448 — — — — — (205,664) $ — — — — — $ 7,171 722 — — — (1,226) — — — — — — — — (585) — — — 7,314 134 — — — (594) — — 24,225 $ — (7,426) — — 302,814 — — — — 15,863 $ — — — — (198,216) $ — — — — — — — 1,560 8,227 $ Total Mezzanine Equity 111,747 722 — — — (1,226) 7,314 134 — — — (7,426) — 1,560 112,825 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business - Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “ADS” and the “Company”), incorporated in Delaware, designs, manufactures and markets high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and related water management products, primarily in North and South America and Europe. ADS’s broad product line includes corrugated high density polyethylene (or “HDPE”) pipe, polypropylene (or “PP”) pipe and related water management products. The Company’s fiscal year begins on April 1 and ends on March 31. Unless otherwise noted, references to “year” pertain to our fiscal year. For example, 2017 refers to fiscal 2017, which is the period from April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017. The Company is managed based primarily on the geographies in which it operates and reports results of operations in two reportable segments. The reportable segments are Domestic and International. 2014 Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) - On July 11, 2014, in anticipation of the IPO, the Company executed a 4.707-for-one split of its common and its preferred stock. The effect of the stock split on outstanding shares and earnings per share has been retroactively applied to all prior periods presented. On July 25, 2014, ADS completed the IPO of its common stock, which resulted in the sale by the Company of 5.3 million shares of common stock. ADS received total proceeds from the IPO of $79.1 million after excluding underwriter discounts and commissions of $5.5 million, based upon the price to the public of $16.00 per share. After deducting other offering expenses of $6.9 million, the Company used the net proceeds of $72.2 million to reduce the outstanding indebtedness under the revolving portion of its credit facility. The common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “WMS.” On August 22, 2014, an additional 0.6 million shares of common stock were sold by certain selling stockholders of the Company as a result of the partial exercise by the underwriters of the over-allotment option granted by the selling stockholders to the underwriters in connection with the IPO. The shares were sold at the public offering price of $16.00 per share. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of such additional shares. 2014 Secondary Public Offering (“Secondary Public Offering”) - On December 9, 2014, the Company completed a Secondary Public Offering of common stock, which resulted in the sale of 10.0 million shares of common stock by a certain selling stockholder of the Company at a public offering price of $21.25 per share. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholder. On December 15, 2014, an additional 1.5 million shares of common stock were sold by a certain selling stockholder of the Company as a result of the full exercise by the underwriters of the over-allotment option granted by the selling stockholder to the underwriters in connection with the Secondary Public Offering. The shares were sold at the public offering price of $21.25 per share. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of such additional shares. F-15 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Principles of Consolidation - The consolidated financial statements include the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, its majority owned subsidiaries, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company uses the equity method of accounting for equity investments where it exercises significant influence but does not hold a controlling financial interest. Such investments are recorded in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related equity in earnings from these investments are included in Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Estimates - The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingencies and liabilities at the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include, but are not limited to, the allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation of inventory, useful lives of property, plant and equipment and amortizing intangible assets, determination of the proper accounting for leases, valuation of equity method investments, goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment, accounting for stock-based compensation and the ESOP, valuation of the redeemable common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock, determination of allowances for sales returns, rebates and discounts, determination of the valuation allowance, if any, on deferred tax assets, and reserves for uncertain tax positions. Management’s estimates and assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis and are based on historical experience, current conditions and available information. Management believes the accounting estimates are appropriate and reasonably determined; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in making these estimates, actual results could differ from those estimates. Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts - Receivables include trade receivables, refundable income taxes and other miscellaneous receivables, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Receivables at March 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Trade receivables Refundable income taxes Other miscellaneous receivables Receivables 2017 160,655 $ 1,468 6,820 168,943 $ 2016 158,664 19,783 8,436 186,883 $ $ Credit is extended to customers based on an evaluation of their financial condition and collateral is generally not required. The evaluation of the customer’s financial condition is performed to reduce the risk of loss. Accounts receivable are evaluated for collectability based on numerous factors, including the length of time individual receivables are past due, past transaction history with customers, their credit worthiness and the economic environment. This estimate is periodically adjusted when management becomes aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations (e.g., bankruptcy filing) or as a result of changes in historical collection patterns. Inventories - Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. The Company’s inventories are maintained on the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Costs include the cost of acquiring materials, including in-bound freight from vendors and freight incurred for the transportation of raw materials, tooling or finished goods between the Company’s manufacturing plants and its distribution centers, direct and indirect labor, factory overhead and certain corporate overhead costs related to the production of inventory. The portion of fixed manufacturing overhead that relates to capacity in excess of our normal capacity is expensed in the period in which it is incurred and is not included in inventory. Market value of inventory is established based on the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value, with consideration given to deterioration, obsolescence, and other factors. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventories and adjustments are made whenever necessary to reduce the carrying value to net realizable value. F-16 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation Method - Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation, with the exception of assets acquired through acquisitions, which are initially recorded at fair value. Equipment acquired under capital lease is recorded at the lower of fair market value or the present value of the future minimum lease payments. Depreciation is computed for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets or the lease term, if shorter, as follows: Buildings Machinery and equipment Leasehold improvements Years 40 — 45 3 — 18 Shorter of useful life or life of lease Costs of additions and major improvements are capitalized, whereas maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the asset are charged to expense as incurred. When assets are retired or disposed, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the asset accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in Loss on disposal of assets and costs from exit and disposal activities in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Construction in progress is also recorded at cost and includes capitalized interest, capitalized payroll costs and related costs such as taxes and other fringe benefits. Interest capitalized was $0.6 million, $0.4 million, and $0.5 million during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Goodwill - The Company records acquisitions resulting in the consolidation of an enterprise using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, the Company records the assets acquired, including intangible assets that can be identified, and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment as of March 31 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be greater than fair value. The goodwill impairment analysis is comprised of two steps. The first step requires the comparison of the fair value of the applicable reporting unit to its respective carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and the Company is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then the Company would record an impairment loss equal to the difference. With respect to this testing, a reporting unit is a component of the Company for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by management. Implied fair value of goodwill is determined by considering both the income and market approach. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions, and determination of appropriate market comparables. The fair value estimates are based on assumptions management believes to be reasonable, but are inherently uncertain. For the fiscal 2017, ADS completed a quantitative fair value assessment of the International reporting unit and determined no impairment charge was required. GAAP allows entities testing goodwill for impairment the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of a reporting unit for the goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment is performed, an entity is no longer required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that, based on that assessment, it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. ADS completed a quantitative fair value measurement of the Domestic reporting unit in March 31, 2016. The test indicated that the fair value of the Domestic reporting unit exceeded the carrying value, indicating that no impairment existed. ADS applied the qualitative assessment to the Domestic reporting unit for the annual impairment test performed as of March 31, 2017. For the current year test, ADS F-17 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. assessed various assumptions, events and circumstances that would have affected the estimated fair value of the reporting unit as compared to its March 31, 2016 quantitative fair value measurement. The results of this assessment indicated that it is not more likely than not that the reporting unit fair value is less than the reporting unit carrying value. The Company did not incur any impairment charges for goodwill in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. Intangible Assets Intangible Assets — Definite-Lived- Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying amounts of the asset group may not be recoverable. Asset groups are established primarily by determining the lowest level of cash flows available. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amounts of such assets, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the fair value of the asset less any costs of disposition is less than the carrying amount of the asset. Determining the fair value of these assets is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Intangible Assets — Indefinite-Lived- Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually as of March 31 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be greater than fair value. Determining the fair value of these assets is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions it believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain. To estimate the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company uses an income approach, which utilizes a market derived rate of return to discount anticipated performance. An impairment loss is recognized when the estimated fair value of the intangible asset is less than the carrying value. GAAP allows entities testing indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets for the impairment test. If the qualitative assessment is performed, an entity is no longer required to calculate the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible assets unless the entity determines that, based on that assessment, it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. ADS completed a quantitative fair value measurement of indefinite-lived trademarks in March 31, 2016. The test indicated that the fair value of the indefinite-lived trademarks substantially exceeded the carrying value, indicating that no impairment existed. ADS applied the qualitative assessment to specific trademarks for the annual impairment test performed as of March 31, 2017. For the current year test, ADS assessed various assumptions, events and circumstances that would have affected the estimated fair value of the reporting unit as compared to its March 31, 2016 quantitative fair value measurement. The results of this assessment indicated that it is not more likely than not that the trademarks fair value is less than the reporting unit carrying value. The Company did not incur any impairment charges for Intangible assets in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. Other Assets - Other assets include investments in unconsolidated affiliates accounted for under the equity method, cash surrender value of officer life insurance on key senior management executives, capitalized software development costs, deposits, Central parts, and other miscellaneous assets. The Company capitalizes development costs for internal use software. Capitalization of software development costs begins in the application development stage and ends when the asset is placed into service. The Company amortizes such costs using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of 2 to 10 years, which is included in General and administrative expense, Selling expense or Cost of goods sold within the Consolidated Statements of Operations depending on the nature of the asset and its intended use. Central parts represent spare production equipment items which are used to replace worn or broken production equipment parts and help reduce the risk of prolonged equipment outages. The cost of Central parts is amortized on a straight line basis over estimated useful lives of 8 to 30 years. The Company evaluates its investments in unconsolidated affiliates for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount might not be recoverable, and recognizes an F-18 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. impairment loss when a decline in value below carrying value is determined to be other-than-temporary. Under these circumstances, the Company would adjust the investment down to its estimated fair value, which then becomes its new carrying value. For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively, related to its investment in the South American Joint Venture. The impairment charge is included in Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 10. Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliates. Other assets as of the fiscal years ended March 31 consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Investments in unconsolidated affiliates Cash surrender value of officer life insurance Capitalized software development costs, net Deposits Central parts Other Total other assets 2017 2016 $ $ 8,986 $ 12,028 7,980 1,289 1,856 14,398 46,537 $ 13,188 10,739 7,264 1,319 1,040 11,706 45,256 The following table sets forth amortization expense related to Other assets in each of the fiscal years ended March 31: (Amounts in thousands) Capitalized software development costs Central parts Other $ 2017 2016 2015 3,372 $ 54 1,689 3,872 $ 362 1,898 3,550 55 1,977 Leases - Leases are reviewed for capital or operating classification at their inception. The Company uses the lower of the rate implicit in the lease or its incremental borrowing rate in the assessment of lease classification and assumes the initial lease term includes cancellable and renewal periods that are reasonably assured. For leases classified as capital leases at lease inception, the Company records a capital lease asset and lease financing obligation equal to the lesser of the present value of the minimum lease payments or the fair market value of the leased asset. The capital lease asset is recorded in Property, plant and equipment, net and amortized to its expected residual value at the end of the lease term using the straight-line method, and the lease financing obligation is amortized using the effective interest method over the lease term with the rental payments being allocated to principal and interest. For leases classified as operating leases, the Company records rent expense over the lease term using the straight-line method. Foreign Currency Translation - Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the current rate of exchange on the last day of the reporting period. Revenues and expenses are translated at a monthly average exchange rate and equity transactions are translated using either the actual exchange rate on the day of the transaction or a monthly average historical exchange rate. For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the Company’s Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) consisted entirely of foreign currency translation gains and losses. Net Sales - The Company sells pipe products and related water management products. ADS ships products to customers predominantly by internal fleet and to a lesser extent by third-party carriers. The Company does not provide any additional revenue generating services after product delivery. Sales, net of sales tax and allowances for returns, rebates and discounts are recognized from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. ADS recognizes revenue when both persuasive evidence of an arrangement and the price is fixed or determinable. Title to the products and risk of loss generally passes to the customer upon delivery. ADS performs credit check procedures on all new F-19 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. customers, establishes credit limits accordingly, and monitors the creditworthiness of existing customers, which is the basis for concluding that collectability is reasonably assured. Shipping Costs - Shipping costs are incurred to physically move raw materials, tooling and products between manufacturing and distribution facilities and from production or distribution facilities to customers. Shipping costs for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $120.4 million, $120.5 million, and $121.0 million, respectively, and are included in Cost of goods sold. In certain instances, the Company bills shipping costs to customers. Shipping costs billed to customers were $5.5 million, $7.0 million, and $9.3 million during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and are included in Net sales. Stock-Based Compensation - See Note 18. Stock-Based Compensation for information about our stock-based compensation award programs and related accounting policies. Advertising - The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs are recorded in Selling expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The total advertising costs were $3.1 million, $3.2 million, and $2.5 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Self-Insurance - The Company is self-insured for short term disability and medical coverage it provides for substantially all eligible employees. The Company is self-insured for medical claims up to the individual and aggregate stop-loss coverage limits. The Company accrues for claims incurred but not reported based on an estimate of future claims related to events that occurred prior to the fiscal year end if it has not met the aggregate stop-loss coverage limit. Amounts expensed totaled $39.5 million, $37.5 million, and $32.0 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, of which employees contributed $5.1 million, $4.5 million, and $4.1 million, respectively. ADS is also self-insured for various other general insurance programs to the extent of the applicable deductible limits on the Company’s insurance coverage. These programs include primarily automobile, general liability and employment practices coverage with deductibles ranging from $0.3 million to $0.5 million per occurrence or claim incurred. Amounts expensed during the period, including an estimate for claims incurred but not reported at year end, were $1.8 million, $2.1 million, and $0.6 million, for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. ADS is also self-insured for workers’ compensation insurance with stop-loss coverage for claims that exceed $0.3 million per incident up to the respective state statutory limits. Amounts expensed, including an estimate for claims incurred but not reported, were $2.1 million, $3.9 million, and $1.4 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Income Taxes - Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized and represent the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. They are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the related temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The deferred income tax provision represents the change during the reporting period in the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. Penalties and interest recorded on income taxes payable are recorded as part of Income tax expense. The Company determines whether an uncertain tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process, based upon the technical merits of the position. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the tax amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant taxing authority. F-20 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Fair Values -The fair value framework requires the categorization of assets and liabilities into three levels based upon assumptions (inputs) used to price the assets or liabilities. Level 1 provides the most reliable measure of fair value, whereas Level 3 generally requires significant management judgment. The three levels are defined as follows: Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than those included in Level 1. For example, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability. ADS’s policy for determining when transfers between levels have occurred is to use the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. Concentrations of Risk - The Company has a large, active customer base of approximately twenty thousand customers with two customers, Ferguson Enterprises and HD Supply Waterworks, each representing more than 10% of annual net sales. Such customers accounted for 23.5%, 21.1%, and 20.3% of fiscal year 2017, 2016 and 2015 net sales, respectively. The Company’s customer base is diversified across the range of end markets that it serves. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of Receivables. The Company provides its products to customers based on an evaluation of the customers’ financial condition, generally without requiring collateral. Exposure to losses on Receivables is principally dependent on each customer’s financial condition. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers. The Company monitors the exposure for credit losses and maintains allowances for anticipated losses. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to Receivables are limited due to the large number of customers comprising the Company’s customer base and their dispersion across many different geographies. One customer, Ferguson Enterprises, accounted for approximately 15.7% and 14.0% of Receivables at March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Derivatives - The Company recognizes derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and measure those instruments at fair value. ADS uses interest rate swaps, commodity options in the form of collars and swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts to manage various exposures to interest rate, commodity price, and exchange rate fluctuations. These instruments do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and therefore, gains and losses from contract settlements and changes in fair value of the derivative instruments are recognized in Derivative losses (gains) and other expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s policy is to present all derivative balances on a gross basis. The Company also has forward purchase agreements in place with certain resin suppliers for virgin polyethylene resin. The agreements specify a fixed amount of virgin resin material to be purchased at a fixed price for a given period of time in quantities the Company will use in the normal course of business, and therefore, are not subject to the guidance provided in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810-15 Consolidation. The cost of such resin is recognized in Cost of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Consolidation — In February 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standards update to make changes to consolidation guidance to address concerns of stakeholders that current accounting for certain legal entities might require a reporting entity to consolidate another legal entity in situations in which the reporting entity’s contractual rights do not give it the ability to act primarily F-21 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. on its own behalf, the reporting entity does not hold a majority of the legal entity’s voting rights, or the reporting entity is not exposed to a majority of the legal entity’s economic benefits or obligations. This update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard effective April 1, 2016. The update has had no effect on the consolidated financial statements. Debt Issuance Costs — In April 2015, the FASB issued an accounting standards update that requires debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of being presented as an asset. Debt disclosures will include the face amount of the debt liability and the effective interest rate. The update requires retrospective application and represents a change in accounting principle. In August 2015, the FASB issued an additional accounting standards update that provided supplemental guidance that the SEC would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. These updates are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The Company adopted this standard effective April 1, 2016 on a retrospective basis. See Note 12. Debt for additional information about the impact of the adoption of the updates. Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities — In November 2015, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which requires entities to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities, as well as any related valuation allowance, as non-current, rather than separately record the current and non-current portions. This update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on April 1, 2016 on a prospective basis and prior periods have not been adjusted. The impact of the adoption of this standard was a reduction to the net current deferred tax assets balance included in Deferred income taxes and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets from $11.7 million as of March 31, 2016 to zero as of March 31, 2017, with all deferred tax assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2017 now being classified as non-current. The update had no effect on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Mezzanine Equity. Internal-Use Software – In April 2017 the FASB issued an accounting standards update to provide guidance to customers concerning whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. Under this new standard, 1) if a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, the software license element of the arrangement should be accounted for in a manner consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses, or 2) if the arrangement does not include a software license, the arrangement should be accounted for as a service contract. The standard will take effect for public companies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim reporting periods. The Company adopted the new standard on April 1, 2016 on a prospective basis. The update did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Revenue Recognition — In May 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which amends the guidance for revenue recognition. This amendment contains principles that will require an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for goods or services. The amendment sets forth a new revenue recognition model that requires identifying the contract, identifying the performance obligations and recognizing the revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. In August 2015, the FASB issued an additional accounting standards update that deferred the effective date of the new revenue standard for public entities to periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted but not earlier than the original effective date of periods beginning after December 15, 2016. There have also been various additional accounting standards updates issued by the FASB in 2016 that further amend this new revenue standard. The updated standard F-22 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2018. The Company has not yet selected a transition method and is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on the consolidated financial statements. Measurement of Inventory — In July 2015, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which requires entities to measure most inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, simplifying current guidance under which an entity must measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. The determination of market value, under current guidance, is considered unnecessarily complex as there are several potential outcomes based on its definition as replacement cost, net realizable value, or net realizable value less an approximate normal profit margin. Whereas net realizable value, under the update, is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. This update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of this new standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which amends the guidance for leases. This amendment contains principles that will require an entity to recognize most leases on the balance sheet by recording a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, unless the lease is a short-term lease that has an accounting lease term of twelve months or less. The amendment also contains other changes to the current lease guidance that may result in changes to how entities determine which contractual arrangements qualify as a lease, the accounting for executory costs such as property taxes and insurance, as well as which lease origination costs will be capitalizable. The new standard also requires expanded quantitative and qualitative disclosures. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted. The updated standard requires the use of the modified retrospective transition method, whereby the new guidance will be applied at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements of the period of adoption. The modified retrospective transition approach includes certain practical expedients that entities may elect to apply in transition. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2019. The Company has not yet determined whether to apply any of the available practical expedients. The Company has begun the process of reviewing contracts under the new standard to determine the impact the new standard will have on the consolidated financial statements. The Company is also in process of implementing a new software solution to improve the process of accounting for leases under the current and new standard. Stock-Based Compensation — In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which is intended to simplify certain aspects of the accounting for stock-based compensation. The Company will adopt the standard on April 1, 2017. This update contains changes to the accounting for excess tax benefits, whereby excess tax benefits will be recognized in the income statement rather than in additional paid-in capital on the balance sheet. This standard is expected to result in increased volatility to the income tax expense in future periods dependent upon the timing of employee exercises of stock options, the price of the Company's common stock and the vesting of restricted stock awards. Excess tax benefits will now be classified as operating cash flows rather than financing cash flows. The amendment also contains potential changes to the accounting for forfeitures, whereby entities can elect to either continue to apply the current GAAP requirement to estimate forfeitures when determining compensation expense, or to alternatively reverse the compensation expense of forfeited awards when they occur. The Company will account for forfeitures as they occur, which may result in expense volatility based on the timing of forfeitures. In addition, the amendment also modifies the net-share settlement liability classification exception for statutory income tax withholdings, whereby the new guidance allows an employer with a statutory income tax withholding obligation to withhold shares with a fair value up to the maximum statutory tax rate in the employee’s applicable jurisdiction. The Company included this provision in awards issued in fiscal 2017 and modified previously issued awards on April 1, 2017. See the note regarding Subsequent Events for further information on the modification. F-23 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Measurement of Credit Losses — In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which provides amended guidance on the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. This accounting standards update requires the use of an impairment model referred to as the current expected credit loss model. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements. Cash Flow Classification — In August 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which provides amended guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows, including related to debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance and distributions received from equity method investees. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted. This amended guidance must be applied retrospectively to all periods presented, but may be applied prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements. Definition of a Business – In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to clarify the definition of a business. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments provide a more robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is a business. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements. Goodwill Impairment – In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which removes the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. As a result, under the standards update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The amendments are effect for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company expects to adopt this standard effective April 1, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements. With the exception of pronouncements described above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to our consolidated financial statements. 2. LOSS ON DISPOSAL OF ASSETS AND COSTS FROM EXIT AND DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES Periodically, the Company will dispose of equipment, including equipment accounted for as capital leases. The net loss on the disposition of the equipment was $8.5 million, $0.8 million, and $1.1 million during the fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company recorded expenses related to three manufacturing facilities that were closed during fiscal 2017 of approximately $3.5 million. In addition, the Company accelerated depreciation of specifically identified obsolete assets of approximately $3.0 million, and recorded $2.0 million of disposals and partial disposals of fixed assets. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company completed the sale of product-related intellectual property rights that were not significant. The sales price was $0.8 million, consisting of a cash payment of $0.2 million F-24 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. plus other consideration in the form of a note receivable for $0.6 million. The sale did not involve any tangible assets, and the related intellectual property rights had no net book value, resulting in a net gain recognized of $0.8 million. 3. ACQUISITIONS Fiscal 2017 Acquisition of Plastic Tubing Industries On February 6, 2017, ADS acquired Plastic Tubing Industries (“PTI”), a manufacturer of HDPE pipe and related accessories. With the acquisition, ADS will increase its manufacturing footprint in Georgia and Texas, while adding production capacity to the existing ADS manufacturing facilities in Florida, to better serve growing demand in the region. The purchase price of PTI was $9.5 million, financed through the existing line of credit facility. At the time of acquisition, $8.5 million was paid in cash; the remaining $1.0 million will be paid on August 6, 2018. The results of operations of PTI are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations after February 6, 2017. The Net sales and Income before income taxes of PTI since the acquisition date included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 were immaterial. The fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase price. The difference was recognized as a gain on bargain purchase in fiscal 2017. The purchase price allocation is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Intangible assets Inventory Property, plant and equipment Fair value of net assets acquired Purchase price Gain on bargain purchase $ $ 160 2,050 7,899 10,109 9,500 609 The acquired identifiable intangible assets represent trade name of $0.2 million (seven-year useful life). The following table contains unaudited pro forma Consolidated Statements of Operations information assuming the acquisition occurred on April 1, 2015 and includes adjustments for amortization of intangibles and depreciation of fixed asset. This unaudited pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not indicative of what actual results would have been if the acquisition had taken place on April 1, 2015 or of future results. In addition, the unaudited pro forma consolidated results are not projections of future results of operations of the combined company nor do they reflect the expected realization of any cost savings or synergies associated with the acquisition. (Amounts in thousands) Net sales Net income attributable to ADS Proforma 2017 2016 $ 1,266,602 $ 1,302,120 25,100 33,634 Unaudited pro forma net income attributable to ADS for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 has been calculated after adjusting the combined results of the Company to reflect additional intangible asset amortization expense, net of related income taxes, of less than $0.1 million, and depreciation expense, net of related income taxes, of $0.6 million. Fiscal 2016 Step Acquisition of BaySaver On July 17, 2015, ADS Ventures, Inc. (“ADS/V”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired an additional 10% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in BaySaver, increasing the Company’s total ownership interest in BaySaver to 65%, for a purchase price of $3.2 million, plus contingent consideration with an initial estimated fair value of $0.8 million. Concurrent with the purchase of the additional membership investment, the BaySaver joint venture agreement was amended to modify the voting rights from an equal vote for each member to a vote based upon the ownership interest. As a result, F-25 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. the Company has accounted for this transaction as a business combination with BaySaver being consolidated into the financial statements after July 17, 2015. As the Company has accounted for the investment in BaySaver prior to the purchase of the 10% additional membership interest under the equity method of accounting, the Company accounted for this business combination as a step acquisition and recognized a loss of $0.5 million on remeasurement to fair value of the previously held investment. The loss is included in Derivative losses and other expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of our BaySaver investment immediately before the July 17, 2015 acquisition was measured based on a combination of the discounted cash flow and guideline public company valuation methods and involves significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). These inputs include projected sales, margin, required rate of return and tax rate for the discounted cash flow method, as well as implied pricing multiples, and guideline public company group for the guideline public company method. The purchase price was determined as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Acquisition-date fair value of prior equity interest Acquisition-date fair value of noncontrolling interest Cash paid at acquisition date Fair value of contingent consideration Total purchase price $ $ 4,220 6,330 3,200 750 14,500 The purchase price has been allocated to the estimated fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets, assumed liabilities and goodwill. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets has been determined primarily using the income approach, which involves significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs). These inputs include projected sales, margin, required rate of return and tax rate, as well as an estimated royalty rate in the cases of the developed technology and trade name and trademark intangibles. The developed technology and trade name and trademark intangibles are valued using a relief-from-royalty method. Redeemable noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries is classified as mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to a put option held by the joint venture partner, which may be exercised on or after April 1, 2017. The redeemable noncontrolling interest balance will be accreted to the estimated redemption value using the effective interest method until April 1, 2017. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired of $2.5 million was allocated to goodwill, assigned to the Domestic segment, and consists primarily of the acquired workforce and sales and cost synergies the two companies anticipate realizing as a combined company. None of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. The purchase price allocation is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Cash Other current assets Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Intangible assets Other assets Current liabilities Total purchase price $ $ 12 2,262 164 2,495 10,800 152 (1,385) 14,500 F-26 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The acquired identifiable intangible assets represent customer relationships of $5.4 million, developed technology of $4.0 million and trade name and trademark of $1.4 million, each of which have an estimated 10- year useful life. Transaction costs were immaterial. The net sales and income before income taxes of BaySaver since the acquisition date included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016 were $10.2 million, and $1.2 million, respectively. The following table contains unaudited pro forma Consolidated Statements of Operations information assuming the acquisition occurred on April 1, 2014 and includes adjustments for amortization of intangibles, interest expense and the prior equity method accounting for BaySaver. This unaudited pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not indicative of what actual results would have been if the acquisition had taken place on April 1, 2014 or of future results. The unaudited pro forma consolidated results are not projections of future results of operations of the combined company nor do they reflect the expected realization of any cost savings or synergies associated with the acquisition. (Amounts in thousands) Net sales Net income (loss) attributable to ADS Proforma 2016 2015 $ 1,294,277 $ 1,190,749 (7,799) 25,090 Unaudited pro forma net income attributable to ADS has been calculated after adjusting the combined results of the Company to reflect additional intangible asset amortization expense, net of related income taxes and amounts related to the noncontrolling interest, of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, additional interest expense, net of related income taxes and amounts related to the noncontrolling interest, of less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, and the impact of our prior equity method accounting of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, net of related income taxes, for the year ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Fiscal 2015 Acquisition of Ideal Pipe On January 30, 2015, Hancor of Canada, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired all issued and outstanding shares of Ideal Drain Tile Limited and Wave Plastics Inc., the sole partners of Ideal Pipe (together “Ideal Pipe”). Ideal Pipe designs, manufactures and markets high performance thermoplastic corrugated pipe and related water management products used across a broad range of Canadian end markets and applications, including nonresidential, residential, agriculture, and infrastructure applications. The acquisition further strengthens the Company’s position in Canada by increasing its size and scale in the market, as well as enhancing manufacturing, marketing and distribution capabilities. The purchase price of Ideal Pipe was $43.8 million, financed through cash acquired and the existing line of credit facility. The results of operations of Ideal Pipe are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations after January 30, 2015. The Net sales and Income before income taxes of Ideal Pipe since the acquisition date included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 were immaterial. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired of $10.7 million was allocated to goodwill, assigned to the International segment, and consists primarily of the acquired workforce and synergies the two companies anticipate realizing as a combined company. None of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. The purchase price allocation is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Cash Other current assets Property, plant and equipment Goodwill and intangible assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Total purchase price F-27 $ $ 7,443 9,036 27,258 18,890 (12,721) (6,078) 43,828 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Transaction costs were immaterial. However, the Company did incur a loss on a currency hedge related to the purchase of Ideal Pipe in the amount of $5.6 million which was recorded in Derivatives losses (gains) and other expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company used this currency hedge to fix the purchase price which was denominated in Canadian dollars from the agreement date until the transaction ultimately closed on January 30, 2015. The acquired identifiable intangible assets represent customer relationships of $4.9 million (seven-year useful life), trade name of $3.1 million (10-year useful life), and non-compete agreements of $0.3 million (three-year useful life). The following table contains unaudited pro forma Consolidated Statements of Operations information assuming the acquisition occurred on April 1, 2014 and includes adjustments for amortization of intangibles, depreciation of fixed assets and interest expense. This unaudited pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not indicative of what actual results would have been if the acquisition had taken place on April 1, 2013 or of future results. In addition, the unaudited pro forma consolidated results are not projections of future results of operations of the combined company nor do they reflect the expected realization of any cost savings or synergies associated with the acquisition. (Amounts in thousands) Net sales Net (loss) income attributable to ADS Proforma 2015 1,217,431 (6,118) $ Unaudited pro forma net income attributable to ADS for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 has been calculated after adjusting the combined results of the Company to reflect additional intangible asset amortization expense, net of related income taxes, of $0.7 million, reduced depreciation expense, net of related income taxes, of less than ($0.1) million and additional interest expense, net of related income taxes, of $0.5 million. 4. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment, net as of the fiscal years ended March 31 consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Land, buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Construction in progress Total cost Less accumulated depreciation Property, plant and equipment, net 2017 189,163 $ 771,878 14,022 975,063 (568,205) 406,858 $ 2016 178,189 730,791 14,902 923,882 (532,138) 391,744 $ $ The following table sets forth depreciation expense related to Property, plant and equipment in each of the fiscal years ended March 31: (Amounts in thousands) Depreciation expense (inclusive of leased assets depreciation) 2017 2016 2015 $ 58,692 $ 55,650 $ 50,136 F-28 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. 5. LEASES Capital Leases - The Company leases certain buildings and transportation equipment including its fleet of trucks and trailers, under capital lease agreements. Leased assets included in Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Total cost Less accumulated depreciation Leased assets in Property, plant and equipment, net $ 2017 6,044 $ 199,813 205,857 (108,144) 2016 6,131 186,258 192,389 (102,572) $ 97,713 $ 89,817 The following sets forth the interest and depreciation expense related to capital leases recorded in each fiscal year ended March 31: (Amounts in thousands) Lease interest expense Depreciation of leased assets 2017 2016 2015 $ 3,864 $ 17,415 3,367 $ 15,782 2,249 13,943 The following is a schedule by year of future minimum lease payments under capital leases and the present value of the net minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2017: (Amounts in thousands) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments(a) Less: amount representing interest(b) Present value of net minimum lease payments Current maturities of capital lease obligations Long-term capital lease obligations Total lease obligation $ $ $ $ 24,329 19,784 15,681 12,521 9,271 6,072 87,658 7,498 80,160 21,450 58,710 80,160 (a) Excludes contingent rentals which may be paid. Contingent rentals amounted to $0.6 million, $0.1 million and $0.8 million for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. (b) Amount necessary to reduce minimum lease payments to present value calculated at the lower of the rate implicit in the lease or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at lease inception. Certain leases contain residual value guarantees that create a contingent obligation on the part of the Company to compensate the lessor if the leased asset cannot be sold for an amount in excess of a specified minimum value at the conclusion of the lease term. The calculation is based on the original cost of the transportation equipment, less lease payments made, compared to a percentage of the transportation equipment’s fair market value at the time of sale. All leased units covered by this guarantee have been classified as capital leases and a corresponding capital lease obligation was recorded. Therefore, no further contingent obligation is needed. F-29 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Operating leases - The Company leases certain real estate and office equipment under various cancellable and non-cancellable operating lease agreements that expire at various dates through fiscal year 2037. Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancellable operating leases as of March 31, 2017, are summarized below (amounts in thousands): Future operating lease payments $ 3,004 $ 2,531 $ 1,921 $ 1,381 $ 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter 3,100 755 $ Total rent expense was $6.6 million, $6.3 million, and $4.0 million in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. 6. INVENTORIES Inventories as of the fiscal years ended March 31 consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Raw materials Finished goods Total Inventories 2017 52,746 $ 205,684 258,430 $ 2016 46,604 183,862 230,466 $ $ The Company had no work-in-process inventories as of March 31, 2017 and 2016. During fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company incurred production-related general and administrative costs included in the cost of finished goods inventory of $21.2 million and $18.0 million, respectively, of which $6.3 million and $5.3 million remained in inventory at March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill - The carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Balance at April 1, 2015 Acquisition Currency translation Balance at March 31, 2016 Currency translation Balance at March 31, 2017 Domestic International $ 87,507 $ 2,495 — 90,002 $ — 90,002 $ 11,172 $ — (289) Total 98,679 2,495 (289) 10,883 $ 100,885 (319) 10,564 $ 100,566 (319) $ $ F-30 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Intangible Assets - Intangible assets as of March 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Definite-lived intangible assets Developed technology Customer relationships Patents Non-compete and other contractual agreements Trademarks and tradenames Total definite-lived intangible assets Indefinite-lived intangible assets Trademarks Total Intangible assets Gross Intangible 2017 Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible Gross Intangible 2016 Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible $ 27,580 $ (14,888) $ 12,692 $ 44,579 $ (29,371) $ 15,208 (22,646) 18,086 40,767 2,881 (4,167) 7,512 (26,768) 13,999 40,732 7,048 2,744 (4,768) 1,242 15,741 92,842 (1,102) 1,242 140 (5,465) 10,276 15,563 (52,991) 39,851 109,164 (842) 400 (4,195) 11,368 (61,221) 47,943 11,907 — 11,926 — 11,907 11,926 $104,749 $ (52,991) $ 51,758 $121,090 $ (61,221) $ 59,869 The gross intangible asset value of developed technology decreased due to write-offs of fully amortized intangible assets in fiscal 2017. The following table presents the weighted average amortization period for definite-lived intangible assets at March 31, 2017: Developed technology Customer relationships Patents Non-compete and other contractual agreements Trademarks and tradenames Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years) 11.0 8.5 8.3 5.1 13.5 The following table presents the future intangible asset amortization expense based on existing intangible assets at March 31, 2017: (Amounts in thousands) Amortization expense 2018 7,847 $ $ 2019 7,692 $ Fiscal Year 2020 6,006 $ 2021 5,865 $ 8. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT 2022 4,224 $ Thereafter Total 8,217 $ 39,851 When applying fair value principles in the valuation of assets and liabilities, the Company is required to maximize the use of quoted market prices and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company has not changed its valuation techniques used in measuring the fair value of any financial assets or liabilities during the fiscal years presented. The fair value estimates take into consideration the credit risk of both the Company and its counterparties. When active market quotes are not available for financial assets and liabilities, ADS uses industry standard valuation models. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including credit risk, interest rate curves, foreign currency rates and forward and spot prices for currencies. In circumstances where market-based observable inputs are not available, management judgment is used to develop assumptions to estimate fair value. Generally, the fair value of our Level 3 instruments is estimated as the net present value of expected future cash flows based on internal and external inputs. F-31 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Recurring Fair Value Measurements The assets, liabilities and mezzanine equity carried at fair value as of the fiscal years ended March 31 were as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Assets: Derivative assets — diesel fuel contracts $ Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis $ 179 $ 179 $ Liabilities: Derivative liability - diesel fuel contracts Contingent consideration for acquisitions Total liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis $ 142 $ 1,348 March 31, 2017 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 — $ — $ — $ — 179 $ 179 $ — — 142 $ — — 1,348 $ 1,490 $ — $ 142 $ 1,348 (Amounts in thousands) Assets: Derivative assets — currency forward contracts $ Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis $ Liabilities: Derivative liability — interest rate swaps Derivative liability — diesel fuel contracts Derivative liability — propylene swaps Contingent consideration for acquisitions Total liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 March 31, 2016 11 $ 11 $ 252 $ 2,615 8,027 2,858 — $ — $ — $ — — — 11 $ 11 $ — — 252 $ 2,615 8,027 — — — — 2,858 $ $ 13,752 $ — $ 10,894 $ 2,858 Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (Amounts in thousands) Liabilities & Mezzanine Equity Contingent consideration for acquisitions Liabilities & Mezzanine Equity Contingent consideration for acquisitions Fair Value at 3/31/17 $ 1,348 Fair Value at 3/31/16 $ 2,858 Valuation Technique(s) Discounted cash flow Valuation Technique(s) Discounted cash flow Unobservable Input Weighted Average Cost of Capital (“WACC”)(a) Unobservable Input Weighted Average Cost of Capital (“WACC”)(a) Quantifiable Input 9.50% Quantifiable Input 9.75%-10% (a) Represents discount rates or rates of return estimates and assumptions that the Company believes would be used by market participants when valuing these liabilities. F-32 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Changes in the fair value of recurring fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Balance at March 31, 2015 Acquisition Change in fair value Payments of contingent consideration liability Balance at March 31, 2016 Change in fair value Payments of contingent consideration liability Balance at March 31, 2017 Contingent consideration 2,444 750 371 (707) 2,858 (266) (1,244) 1,348 $ $ $ There were no transfers in or out of Levels 1, 2 and 3 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. Valuation of Contingent Consideration for Acquisitions - The fair values of the contingent consideration payables for acquisitions were calculated based on a discounted cash flow model, whereby the probability- weighted future payment value is discounted to the present value using a market discount rate. The method used to price these liabilities is considered Level 3, due to the subjective nature of the unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value. Valuation of Redeemable Common Stock and Executive Stock Repurchase Agreements Obligations - The redemption feature of our redeemable common stock allowing the holder to put its shares to ADS for cash, as discussed in the previous paragraph, became unenforceable upon effectiveness of the IPO on July 25, 2014. As a result, the redeemable common stock was recorded at fair value through the effective date of the IPO and was subsequently reclassified at that fair value to stockholders’ equity. See Note 1. Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more information on the IPO. The liability associated with the executive stock repurchase agreements was valued on the same basis as the redeemable common stock, and as such is also considered a Level 3 measurement. The executive stock repurchase agreements were terminated upon the IPO. As a result, this liability was recorded at fair value through the effective date of the IPO and was subsequently reclassified at that fair value to stockholders’ equity. See Note 16. Stockholders’ Equity for more information on the executive stock repurchase agreements. Valuation of Debt - The carrying amounts of current financial assets and liabilities approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturity of these items, or in the case of derivative instruments, because they are recorded at fair value. The carrying and fair value of the Company’s Senior Notes (discussed in Note 12. Debt) were $75.0 million and $75.9 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2017 and $100.0 million and $101.2 million, respectively, at March 31, 2016. The fair value of the Senior Notes was determined based on a comparison of the interest rate and terms of such borrowings to the rates and terms of similar debt available for the period. The Company believes the carrying amount on the remaining long-term debt, including the Secured Bank Term Loans, is not materially different from its fair value as the interest rates and terms of the borrowings are similar to currently available borrowings. The categorization of the framework used to evaluate this debt is considered Level 2. F-33 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements Valuation of Investment in the South American Joint Venture - During the fourth quarter of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to its investment in the South American Joint Venture equal to the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value. The method used to value the investment is considered Level 3 due to the subjective nature of the unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value. In the determination of fair value of its investment, the Company used a weighted income approach, based on internal forecasts of expected future cash flows, and market approach, based on comparable public companies. Significant unobservable inputs included the WACC used to discount the future cash flows, which were between 9.3% and 16.5%, based on the markets in which the South American Joint Venture conducts business. See Note 10. Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliates. 9. INVESTMENT IN CONSOLIDATED AFFILIATES ADS participates in two consolidated joint ventures, ADS Mexicana, which is 51% owned by the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary ADS Worldwide, Inc., and BaySaver, which is 65% owned by the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary ADS Ventures, Inc. In each case, the equity owned by the Company’s joint venture partner is shown as either Noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries (in the case of ADS Mexicana) or Redeemable noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries (in the case of BaySaver) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the joint venture partner’s portion of net income is shown as Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. ADS Mexicana - ADS participates in joint ventures from time to time for the purpose of expanding upon the growth of manufacturing and selling HDPE corrugated pipe in emerging markets. ADS invested in ADS Mexicana for the purpose of expanding upon our growth of manufacturing and selling ADS licensed HDPE corrugated pipe and related products in the Mexican and Central American markets via the joint venture partner’s local presence and expertise throughout the region. The Company owns a 51% equity interest in ADS Mexicana. The Company executed a Technology, Patents and Trademarks Sub-License Agreement and a Distribution Agreement with ADS Mexicana that provides ADS Mexicana with the rights to manufacture and sell ADS licensed products in Mexico and Central America. The Company has concluded that it holds a variable interest in and is the primary beneficiary of ADS Mexicana based on the power to direct the most significant activities of ADS Mexicana and the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits that could be significant to ADS Mexicana. As the primary beneficiary, the Company is required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of ADS Mexicana. The table below includes the assets and liabilities of ADS Mexicana that are consolidated as of March 31, 2017 and 2016. The balances exclude intercompany transactions that are eliminated upon consolidation. (Amounts in thousands) Assets Current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Other noncurrent assets Total assets Liabilities Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Total liabilities 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ 24,952 $ 19,262 2,269 46,483 $ 11,042 $ 2,961 14,003 $ 27,650 17,461 1,742 46,853 10,769 5,390 16,159 BaySaver - BaySaver was established in July 2013 to design, engineer, manufacture, market and sell water quality filters and separators used in the removal of sediment and pollution from storm water anywhere in the world except New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. The Company’s original investment represented a 55% equity interest and a 50% voting interest in BaySaver. On July 17, 2015, the Company acquired an additional 10% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in the BaySaver joint venture. Concurrent F-34 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. with the additional investment in July 2015, the Company also entered into an amendment to the BaySaver joint venture agreement to change the voting rights from an equal vote for each member to a vote based upon the ownership interest. As a result, the Company increased its ownership interest to 65% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in BaySaver and obtained the majority of the voting rights. As such, while the Company had previously accounted for its investment in BaySaver under the equity method of accounting, the Company has concluded that the additional investment results in a step acquisition of BaySaver that will be treated as a business combination. As a result, the consolidated financial statements include the consolidation of BaySaver’s financial statements beginning on July 17, 2015. See Note 3. Acquisitions for additional information. The table below includes the assets and liabilities of BaySaver that are consolidated as of March 31, 2017 and 2016. The balances exclude intercompany transactions that are eliminated upon consolidation. (Amounts in thousands) Assets Current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Other noncurrent assets Total assets Liabilities Current liabilities Total liabilities 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ 2,572 $ 111 11,568 14,251 $ 3,121 140 12,668 15,929 1,344 $ 1,344 $ 1,696 1,696 10. INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATES The Company participates in two unconsolidated joint ventures, South American Joint Venture, which is 50% owned by the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary ADS Chile, and Tigre-ADS USA, Inc. (“Tigre-ADS USA”), which is 49% owned by the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary ADS Ventures, Inc. In each case, the Company has concluded that it is appropriate to account for these investments using the equity method, whereby the Company’s share of the income or loss of the joint venture is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations under Equity in net loss (income) of unconsolidated affiliates and the Company’s investment in the joint venture is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. South American Joint Venture - The Company’s investment in this unconsolidated joint venture was formed for the purpose of expanding upon the growth of manufacturing and selling HDPE corrugated pipe in the South American market via the joint venture partner’s local presence and expertise throughout the region. The Company is not required to consolidate the South American Joint Venture as it is not the primary beneficiary, although the Company does hold a significant variable interest in the South American Joint Venture through the equity investment and debt guarantee. Summarized financial data as of the fiscal years ended March 31 for the South American Joint Venture is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Investment in South American Joint Venture Net Receivable from South American Joint Venture $ 2017 2016 6,559 $ 3,639 10,256 3,201 During the fourth quarter of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company determined there was an other-than-temporary decline in the fair value of its investment in the South American Joint Venture, resulting from a further decline of unfavorable regional economic conditions. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively, reducing the carrying value of the investment to its fair value. The impairment charge resulted in a basis difference between the cost of the investment and the amount of underlying equity in net assets of the South American Joint Venture of $4.9 million and $4.0 million as of March 31, 2017 and 2016 respectively. The basis difference will be amortized F-35 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. over the estimated remaining useful life of the underlying fixed assets, 9 years. The Company recognized $0.4 million and less than $0.1 million of amortization of the basis difference in fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. The impairment charge is included in Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Tigre-ADS USA - On April 7, 2014, ADS Ventures, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and Tigre S.A. — Tubos e Conexoes entered into a stock purchase agreement to form a joint venture, Tigre-ADS USA. The joint venture was established to manufacture and sell PVC fittings for waterworks, plumbing, and HVAC applications primarily in the United States and Canadian markets. The Company acquired 49% of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Tigre-ADS USA for $3.6 million. The joint venture represents a continuation of the existing activities of Tigre-ADS USA through its Janesville, Wisconsin manufacturing facility. The Company is not required to consolidate Tigre-ADS USA as it is not the primary beneficiary, although the Company does hold a significant variable interest in Tigre-ADS USA through the equity investment. Summarized financial data as of the fiscal years ended March 31 for the Tigre-ADS USA joint venture is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Investment in Tigre-ADS USA Receivable from Tigre-ADS USA $ 2017 2016 2,427 $ 9 2,932 45 11. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS ADS Mexicana - ADS conducts business in Mexico and Central America through its joint venture ADS Mexicana. ADS owns 51% of the outstanding stock of ADS Mexicana and consolidates its interest in ADS Mexicana for financial reporting purposes. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, ADS Mexicana compensated certain shareholders and former shareholders of Grupo Altima, the joint venture partner of ADS Mexicana, for consulting services related to the operations of the business and a noncompete arrangement, respectively. These cash payments totaled $0.2 million, $0.2 million, and $0.5 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Occasionally, ADS and ADS Mexicana jointly enter into agreements for pipe sales with their related parties which totaled $0, $0, and $3.8 million in the years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Outstanding receivables related to these sales were $0.2 million and $0.3 million at March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In February 2015, ADS Mexicana loaned $5.0 million to an entity owned by a Grupo Altima shareholder and such loan was repaid the same month. The applicable interest rate for the loan was 2.35%. In April 2015, ADS Mexicana borrowed $3.0 million under a revolving credit facility arrangement with Scotia Bank and loaned that amount to ADS. The loan was repaid in May 2015. In June 2015, ADS Mexicana borrowed $3.9 million under the Scotia Bank credit facility and loaned it to an entity owned by a Grupo Altima shareholder, and such loan was repaid in July 2015. The applicable interest rate for the loans was 4.81%. ADS does not guarantee the borrowings from this facility, and therefore does not anticipate any required contributions related to the balance of this credit facility. The Company is the guarantor of 100% of the ADS Mexicana Revolving Credit Facility, and the maximum potential payment under this guarantee totals $12.0 million. See Note 12. Debt. F-36 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. South American Joint Venture -The Company’s South American Joint Venture manufactures and sells HDPE corrugated pipe in the South American market. ADS is the guarantor for 50% of the South American Joint Venture’s credit facility, and the debt guarantee is shared equally with the joint venture partner. The maximum potential obligation under this guarantee totals $11.0 million as of March 31, 2017. The maximum borrowing permitted under the South American Joint Venture’s credit facility is $22.0 million. This credit facility allows borrowings in either Chilean pesos or US dollars at a fixed interest rate determined at inception of each draw on the facility. The guarantee of the South American Joint Venture’s debt expires on December 31, 2020. ADS does not anticipate any required contributions related to the balance of this credit facility. As of March 31, 2017 and 2016, the outstanding principal balance of the credit facility including letters of credit was $16.0 million and $16.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, there were no U.S. dollar denominated loans. The weighted average interest rate as of March 31, 2017 was 6.58% on Chilean peso denominated loans. ADS and the South American Joint Venture have entered into shared services arrangements in order to execute the joint venture services. Occasionally, the South American Joint Venture enters into agreements for pipe sales with ADS and its other related parties, which were $1.3 million and $1.2 million in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. ADS pipe sales to the South American Joint Venture were $0.9 million and $1.8 million in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. BaySaver - BaySaver is a joint venture that was established to produce and distribute water quality filters and separators used in the removal of sediment and pollution from storm water. ADS owns 65% of the outstanding stock of BaySaver and consolidates its interest in BaySaver. BaySaver may at times provide short-term financing to ADS to enhance liquidity. As of March 31, 2015, BaySaver held unsecured, interest-free, notes receivable from ADS of $0.5 million, which were fully paid in fiscal year 2016. ADS and BaySaver have entered into shared services arrangements in order to execute the joint venture services. Included within these arrangements are the lease of a plant and adjacent yard used to conduct business and operating expenses related to the leased facility. Occasionally, ADS and BaySaver jointly enter into agreements for sales of pipe and Allied Products with their related parties in immaterial amounts. Tigre-ADS USA - Tigre-ADS USA is a joint venture established to manufacture and sell PVC fittings for waterworks, plumbing, and HVAC applications primarily in the United States and Canadian markets. ADS owns 49% of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Tigre-ADS USA. The joint venture represents a continuation of the existing activities of Tigre-ADS USA through its Janesville, Wisconsin manufacturing facility. ADS purchased $1.6 million, $0.7 million and $0.1 million of Tigre-ADS USA manufactured products for use in the production of ADS products during fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. F-37 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. 12. DEBT The adoption on April 1, 2016 of the accounting standard updates relating to debt issuance costs required retrospective presentation, which led the Company to reduce its Other assets and its Long-term debt obligation on its Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2016 by $3.1 million. The updates had no effect on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Mezzanine Equity. Long-term debt as of the fiscal years ended March 31 consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Secured Bank Term Loans Revolving Credit Facility — ADS Revolving Credit Facility — ADS Mexicana Term Note Senior Notes payable Industrial revenue bonds Equipment financing ADS Mexicana Scotia Bank revolving credit facility Total Unamortized debt issuance costs Current maturities Long-term debt obligations 2017 2016 $ $ 194,300 $ 1,500 72,500 75,000 1,845 4,216 1,000 350,361 (1,723) (37,789) 310,849 $ 166,000 — 82,500 100,000 2,715 — — 351,215 (3,131) (35,870) 312,214 Secured Bank Term Loans - The Secured Bank Term Loans include a Revolving Credit Facility with borrowing capacity of $325.0 million for ADS, Inc., a Revolving Credit Facility for ADS Mexicana with borrowing capacity of $12.0 million (“the Revolving Credit Facilities”) and a $100.0 million term note (“Term Note”). The Revolving Credit Facilities expire and the Term Note is due in June 2018. Principal payments of $2.5 million per quarter are due on the Term Note throughout the remaining term. The Revolving Credit Facilities and the Term Note have a variable interest rate that depends upon the Company’s “pricing ratio” as defined in the agreements for the Revolving Credit Facilities. The interest rate is derived from the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or alternate base rate (“Prime Rate”) at the Company’s option. The average rates were 2.61%, 2.70%, and 2.64% at March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The Secured Bank Term Loans are secured by a lien on a significant majority of the Company’s assets. Letters of credit outstanding at March 31, 2017 amounted to $10.6 million and reduce the availability of the Revolving Credit Facilities. The amount available for borrowing for ADS, Inc. and ADS Mexicana was $120.1 million and $10.5 million, respectively at March 31, 2017. Senior Notes Payable - In December 2009, we signed an agreement with Prudential Investment Management, Inc. for the issuance of senior promissory notes (“Senior Notes”), for an aggregate amount of up to $100.0 million. During fiscal 2010, the Company issued $75.0 million of Senior Notes with interest fixed at 5.6% and payable quarterly. The rate is subject to an additional 200 basis point excess leverage fee if the calculated leverage ratio exceeds 3 to 1 at the end of a fiscal quarter. A principal payment of $25.0 million was made in fiscal 2017 and additional payments are due in both fiscal 2018 and 2019. In July 2013, ADS issued an additional $25.0 million of Senior Notes. Interest for the additional $25.0 million is payable quarterly and is fixed at 4.05%. The rate is subject to an additional 200 basis point excess leverage fee if calculated leverage ratio exceeds 3 to 1 at the end of a fiscal quarter. A principal payment of $25.0 million is due in September of fiscal year 2020. F-38 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Industrial Revenue Bonds - Between 1996 and 2007, ADS issued industrial revenue bonds for the construction of four production facilities. Two of the bonds were retired during fiscal 2011 and one of the bonds was retired in fiscal 2015. The remaining bond requires quarterly principal payments until it matures in February 2019 and has a variable interest rate based on the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) municipal swap index rate which is computed weekly. The rate on this bond at March 31, 2017, was 3.75%, including a letter of credit fee of 2.75%. Land and buildings with a net book value of approximately $9.4 million at March 31, 2017, collateralize the bonds. These bonds are not considered auction rate securities. ADS Mexicana Scotia Bank Revolving Credit Facility - On December 11, 2014, ADS’s joint venture, ADS Mexicana, entered into a credit agreement with Scotia Bank. The credit agreement provides for revolving loans up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $5.0 million. The proceeds of the revolving credit facility have primarily been used for short term investments and are available for working capital needs. The interest rates of the revolving credit facilities are determined by LIBOR rates, Tasa de Interes Interbancaria de Equilibrio (TIIE) or the Costos de Captacion rates, plus an applicable margin. The Scotia Bank revolving credit facility matures on December 11, 2017. The obligations under the revolving credit facility are not guaranteed by ADS. As of March 31, 2017, there was $1.0 million of outstanding principal drawn on the Scotia Bank revolving credit facility, which bears interest at the LIBOR, plus 1.60%. The outstanding principal drawn is due in May 2017. On May 27, 2016, ADS Mexicana obtained a waiver on a covenant from Scotia Bank relating to ADS Mexicana failing to notify Scotia Bank of changes in legal organizational structure and payment of dividends. Debt Covenants and Dividend Restrictions - The Secured Bank Term Loans and the Senior Notes require, among other provisions, that the Company (1) maintains a 1.25 to 1 minimum fixed charge coverage ratio; (2) maintains a maximum leverage ratio of 4 to 1; and (3) establishes certain limits on permitted transactions, principally related to indebtedness, capital distributions, loans and investments, and acquisitions and dispositions of assets. Capital distributions, including dividends, are prohibited if the Company is not in compliance with the debt covenants. In any fiscal year, if the Company is in compliance with all debt covenants and the pro-forma leverage ratio exceeds 3 to 1, capital distributions are permitted up to a limit of $50.0 million. In addition, according to the terms of the ADS Mexicana Revolving Credit Facility, ADS Mexicana is not permitted to make loans to ADS, Inc. Principal Maturities - Maturities of long-term debt (excluding interest and deferred financing costs) as of March 31, 2017 are summarized below: Fiscal Years Ending March 31, (Amounts in thousands) Principal maturities 2018 2020 $37,789 $285,145 $25,935 $ 960 $ 532 $ 2019 2021 2022 Thereafter Total — $350,361 F-39 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Fiscal Year 2016 Amendments and Consents Related to the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes - From July 2015 through February 2016, the Company amended the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes and also obtained various consents from those lenders. These amendments and consents had the effect of: i) extending the time for delivery of the Company’s fiscal 2015 audited financial statements and first, second and third quarter fiscal 2016 quarterly financial information to April 1, 2016, whereby an event of default was waived as long as those items were delivered by that date without regard to any grace period, ii) modified certain definitions applicable to the Company’s affirmative and negative financial covenants, including the negative covenant on indebtedness, to accommodate the Company’s treatment of its transportation and equipment leases as capital leases rather than operating leases and to accommodate the treatment of the costs related to the Company’s restatement, and iii) permitted the Company’s payment of quarterly dividends on common shares in June, August and December 2015, as well as the annual dividend of $0.0195 per share to be paid on shares of preferred stock in March 2016. Fiscal Year 2017 Amendments and Consents Related to the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes - In July 2016, the Company obtained consents from the lenders of the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes. These consents had the effect of extending the time for delivery of the Company’s fiscal 2016 audited financial statements to August 31, 2016 and first quarter fiscal 2017 quarterly financial information to October 15, 2016, whereby an event of default was waived as long as those items are delivered within a 15 day grace period after those dates. The fiscal 2016 audited financial statements were delivered within the grace period. In addition, the consents also permitted the Company’s payment of quarterly dividends of $0.06 per share on common shares in each of June and September 2016, as well as the annual dividend of $0.0195 per share to be paid on shares of preferred stock in March 2017. In October 2016, the Company obtained additional consents from the lenders of the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes. These consents had the effect of extending the time for delivery of the Company’s first quarter fiscal 2017 quarterly financial information to November 30, 2016 and the Company’s second quarter fiscal 2017 quarterly financial information to December 31, 2016, whereby an event of default was waived as long as those items are delivered within a 30 day grace period after those dates. In addition, the consents also permitted the Company’s payment of a quarterly dividend of $0.06 per share on common shares in December 2016, as well as the annual dividend of $0.0195 per share to be paid on shares of preferred stock in March 2017. In December 2016, the Company obtained additional consents from lenders of the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes. These consents had the effect of extending the time and delivery of the Company’s first quarter fiscal 2017 quarterly financial information to January 31, 2017. 13. DERIVATIVE TRANSACTIONS The Company uses interest rate swaps, commodity options in the form of collars and swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts to manage its various exposures to interest rate, commodity price, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. For interest rate swaps, gains and losses resulting from the difference between the spot rate and applicable base rate is recorded in interest expense. For collars, commodity swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts, contract settlement gains and losses are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in Derivative (gains) losses and other expense (income), net. Gains and losses related to mark-to-market adjustments for changes in fair value of the derivative contracts are also recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in Derivative (gains) losses and other expense (income), net. A summary of the fair values for the various derivatives at March 31, 2017 and 2016 is presented below: 2017 Assets Liabilities (Amounts in thousands) Diesel fuel option collars and swaps Receivables Other assets $ 149 $ 30 $ Other accrued liabilities Other liabilities (122) $ (20) F-40 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. (Amounts in thousands) Interest rate swaps Diesel fuel option collars and swaps Propylene swaps 2016 Assets Liabilities Receivables Other assets — $ $ — — — $ 11 — Other accrued liabilities Other liabilities (252) $ (2,609) (8,027) — (6) — The Company recorded net losses and net (gains) on mark-to-market adjustments for changes in the fair value of derivative contracts as well as net losses and net (gains) on the settlement of derivative contracts as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Interest rate swaps Foreign exchange forward contracts Diesel fuel option collars Propylene swaps Total net unrealized mark to market losses (gains) $ Net Unrealized Mark to Market Losses (Gains) 2016 2015 2017 $ (252) $ — (2,642) (8,027) (10,921) $ (513) $ 28 (237) 2,885 2,163 $ (236) (28) 2,841 5,169 7,746 (Amounts in thousands) Foreign exchange forward contracts Diesel fuel option collars Propylene swaps Total net realized losses (gains) Total realized and unrealized losses (gains) included in Derivative losses (gains) and other expense (income), net(1) Net Realized Losses (Gains) 2016 2015 2017 $ $ — $ 1,893 6,671 8,564 $ (150) $ 3,142 11,742 14,734 $ 5,636 736 1,333 7,705 $ (2,357) $ 16,897 $ 15,451 (1) The total balance in Derivative losses (gains) and other expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations also includes other income items of ($3.6) million, ($0.3) million, and ($1.1) million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Purchase Commitments The Company secures supplies of resin raw material by agreeing to purchase quantities during a future given period at a fixed price. These purchase contracts typically range from 1 to 12 months and occur in the ordinary course of business. Under such purchase contracts in place at March 31, 2017, the Company has agreed to purchase resin over the period April 2017 through December 2017 at a committed purchase cost of $18.1 million. Litigation On July 29, 2015, a putative stockholder class action, Christopher Wyche, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated v. Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., et al. (Case No. 1:15-cv-05955-KPF), was commenced in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “District Court”), naming the Company, along with Joseph A. Chlapaty, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mark B. Sturgeon, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, as defendants and alleging violations of the federal securities laws. An amended complaint was filed on April 28, 2016. The amended complaint alleges that the Company made material misrepresentations and/or omissions of material fact in its public disclosures during the period from July 25, 2014 through March 29, 2016, in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. On March 10, 2017, the District Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against all defendants in their entirety and with prejudice. Plaintiff has appealed the District Court’s order to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the appeal is pending. F-41 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. On August 12, 2015, the SEC Division of Enforcement (“Enforcement Division”) informed the Company that it was conducting an informal inquiry with respect to the Company. As part of this inquiry, the Enforcement Division requested the voluntary production of certain documents generally related to the Company’s accounting practices. Subsequent to the initial voluntary production request, the Company received document subpoenas from the Enforcement Division pursuant to a formal order of investigation. The Company has from the outset cooperated with the Enforcement Division’s investigation and intends to continue to do so. While it is reasonably possible that this investigation ultimately could be resolved unfavorably to the Company, the Company is currently unable to estimate the range of possible losses, but they could be material. The Company is involved from time to time in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business, including but not limited to commercial disputes, environmental matters, employee related claims, intellectual property disputes and litigation in connection with transactions including acquisitions and divestitures. The Company does not believe that such litigation, claims, and administrative proceedings will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or our results of operations. The Company records a liability when a loss is considered probable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. 15. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) - The Company established the Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. ESOP (the “ESOP” or the “Plan”) effective April 1, 1993. The Plan was funded through a transfer of assets from our tax-qualified profit-sharing retirement plan, as well as a 30-year term loan from ADS. The Plan operates as a tax-qualified leveraged ESOP and was designed to enable eligible employees to acquire stock ownership interest in ADS. Employees of ADS who have reached the age of 18 are generally eligible to participate in the Plan on March 31 after six months of service. Upon retirement, disability, death, or vested terminations, (i) a participant or designated beneficiary may elect to receive the amount in their account attributable to the 1993 transfer of assets from our tax-qualified profit sharing retirement plan in the form of cash or ADS stock with any fractional shares paid in cash; (ii) stock credited to the participants’ ESOP stock account resulting from the ESOP’s loan repayments are distributed in the form of ADS stock, and (iii) amounts credited to the participants’ ESOP cash account are distributed in the form of cash. Upon attainment of age 50 and seven years of participation in the Plan, a participant may elect to diversify specified percentages of the number of shares of ADS stock credited to the participant’s ESOP stock account in compliance with applicable law. The Company is obligated to make contributions to the Plan, which, when aggregated with the Plan’s dividends, equal the amount necessary to enable the Plan to make its regularly scheduled payments of principal and interest due on its term loan to ADS. As the Plan makes annual payments of principal and interest, an appropriate percentage of preferred stock is allocated to ESOP participants’ accounts in accordance with plan terms that are compliant with applicable Internal Revenue Code and regulatory provisions. The carrying value of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by the ESOP trust, but not yet earned by the ESOP participants or used for dividends, is reported as Deferred compensation — unearned ESOP shares within the mezzanine equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Compensation expense and related dividends paid with ESOP shares are recognized based upon the average annual fair value of the shares allocated. The shares allocated are for services rendered throughout the period and, therefore, a simple average is used to calculate the average annual fair value. Deferred compensation — unearned ESOP shares is relieved at fair value, with any difference between the annual average fair value and the carrying value of shares when allocated being added to Additional paid in capital. The fair value of the shares allocated was $16.80, $16.35, and $22.05 per share of redeemable convertible preferred stock at March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, resulting in an average annual fair value per share of $16.58, $19.20, and $16.61 per share for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the Company recognized compensation expense of $9.6 million, $10.3 million, and $12.1 million, respectively, related to allocation of ESOP shares to participants. F-42 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Required dividends on allocated shares are generally passed through and paid in cash to the participants and required dividends on unallocated shares are paid in cash to the Plan and generally used to service the Plan’s debt. In the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the ESOP committee directed the Plan trustee to retain $2.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in dividends on unallocated ADS shares rather than to service the Plan’s debt. These dividends were allocated to participants based on the total shares in their account in relation to total shares allocated at March 31, 2017 and 2016. In the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, 0.6 million and 0.5 million shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock, respectively, were allocated to the ESOP participants, including, in addition to the cash dividends, less than 0.1 million and less than 0.1 million preferred shares allocated as dividends, respectively. See Note 17. Mezzanine Equity for further details on the shares of Redeemable convertible preferred stock held by the ESOP. Executive Termination Payments - ADS has employment agreements with certain executives that include potential payments to be made to those executives upon termination. The terms of the termination payments vary by executive, but are generally based on current base salary and bonus levels at the time of termination. The contractual termination payments vest upon either (1) certain contingent occurrences terminating employment such as death, disability, layoff, the executive voluntarily quitting due to a breach of covenants by the Company or for other “good reason” or (2) the executive reaching a specified retirement age while still working for the Company, as defined in the individual employee agreement. The Company accrues a liability from the effective date of the executive’s employment agreement to the date the executive reaches the required retirement age while working for the Company, which is considered the service period for this obligation. The liability is estimated based on each executive’s current base salary and bonus levels. Because the executives vest in the termination payments equally over the relevant service period, the Company recognizes the related compensation expense based on the straight-line method over the service period. If an executive terminates their employment prior to reaching the required retirement age, no payment is required and the previously-recorded compensation expense for that executive is reversed and recorded as a benefit to compensation expense in the period the executive terminates employment. The compensation expense (benefit) recorded related to the executive termination payments for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $1.1 million, ($0.3) million and $0.3 million, respectively, and is included in General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of March 31, 2017 and 2016, the executive termination payment obligation was $5.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively, and is included in Other accrued liabilities and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Profit-Sharing Plan - The Company has a tax-qualified profit-sharing retirement plan with a 401(k) feature covering substantially all U.S. eligible employees. The Company did not make employer contributions to this plan in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. The Company has a defined contribution postretirement benefit plan covering Canadian employees. The Company recognized costs of $0.8 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. 16. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no purchases of common stock. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, the Company purchased a negligible amount of fractional shares subsequent to the IPO at a price of $17.21 per share. See Note 12. Debt for a description of restrictions on the payment of dividends imposed under the Secured Bank Term Loans and Senior Notes agreements. F-43 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Executive Stock Repurchase Agreements - In fiscal 2007, the Company entered into stock repurchase agreements with certain executives, whereby the Company was required to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock held by the executive at the current fair market value upon the executive’s death or certain events of termination, as defined. The amount of shares required to be repurchased by the Company from the executive and which the executive or the executive’s heir or estate was obligated to sell to the Company, was limited to the anticipated proceeds from life insurance policies held by the Company (referred to as a mandatorily redeemable obligation). In the case where shares were not repurchased due to the fair value of the shares exceeding the life insurance proceeds, the executive or the executive’s heir or estate had a put right up to a set dollar amount allowing the common stock to be put to the Company at the current fair market value (referred to as an executive’s put right). The stock repurchase agreements included termination clauses such that they would automatically terminate if a change in control event or an IPO occurred prior to the executive’s death. Prior to the termination of the stock repurchase agreements upon the IPO in July 2014, the Company classified all shares subject to the mandatorily redeemable obligation as liabilities and all shares subject to an executive’s put rights as mezzanine equity. For those shares classified as liabilities, changes in the fair value of the shares were recognized as compensation expense. The related compensation expense for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 was $1.0 million, and is included in General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For those shares classified as mezzanine equity, the balance was recorded in Redeemable common stock and changes in the fair value of the shares were recorded as adjustments to Retained deficit and Paid-in capital. The changes in fair value recorded as adjustments to Retained deficit was $(1.3) million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015. After the termination of the stock repurchase agreements upon the IPO in July 2014, the Company reclassified the carrying amount of the mandatorily redeemable obligation portion of the shares of $18.2 million and the executive put right portion of the shares of $1.5 million to Paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 17. MEZZANINE EQUITY Redeemable Common Stock - Prior to the July 2014 IPO, one of the Company’s minority equity owners along with other shareholders who hold ownership in ADS of at least 15% (referred to as “Major Shareholders”) entered into an agreement which provided the Major Shareholders the right to put their common stock to the Company at fair value if, following the fifth anniversary of the recapitalization that occurred during 2010, a Major Shareholder demands that the Company effect an IPO covering the registration of at least $50.0 million of securities, and either the Company advises the Major Shareholder that ADS will not begin preparations for an IPO within 180 days after delivery, or after such preparations have begun they are discontinued (the “Major Shareholders’ Put Right”). As the Major Shareholders’ Put Right was a redemption right which prior to the IPO was outside the control of ADS, the Company classified common stock held by the Major Shareholders in the mezzanine equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets at its fair value, and changes in fair value were recorded in Retained earnings. The redemption feature of the Redeemable common stock allowing the holder to put its shares to the Company for cash, as discussed in the previous paragraph, became unenforceable upon effectiveness of the IPO on July 25, 2014. As a result, the Redeemable common stock was recorded at fair value through the effective date of the IPO and was subsequently reclassified at that fair value to stockholders’ equity. See Note 1. Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more information on the IPO. As a result of the IPO, there are 10.1 million shares of common stock held by Major Shareholders, which are now classified in stockholders’ equity. In addition, stock repurchase agreements with certain executives provided the executive or the executive’s heir or estate with put rights up to a set dollar amount allowing their common stock to be put to the Company. Prior to the termination of the stock repurchase agreements upon the IPO in July 2014, the Company classified all shares subject to the executive’s put rights as Redeemable common stock. After the termination of the stock repurchase agreements upon the IPO, the Company reclassified the carrying amount of the shares subject to the executive put rights to Paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 16. Stockholders’ Equity for further discussion. F-44 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock - The Trustee of the Company’s ESOP has the ability to put shares of the redeemable convertible preferred stock to the Company. The Redeemable convertible preferred stock has a required cumulative 2.5% dividend (based on the issue price of $0.781 per share) and is convertible at a rate of 0.7692 shares of common stock for each share of Redeemable convertible preferred stock. ADS guarantees the value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock at $0.781 per share. The put option requirements of the Internal Revenue Code apply in the event that the Company’s common stock is not a registration type class of security or its trading has been restricted. Therefore, the holders of Redeemable convertible preferred stock have a put right to require the Company to repurchase such shares in the event that the common stock is not listed for trading or otherwise quoted on the NYSE, AMEX, NASDAQ, or any other market more senior than the OTC Bulletin Board. As of March 31, 2017, the applicable redemption value was $0.781 per share as there were no unpaid cumulative dividends. Given that the event that may trigger redemption of the Redeemable convertible preferred stock (the listing or quotation on a market more senior than the OTC Bulletin Board) is not solely within the Company’s control, the redeemable convertible preferred stock is presented in the mezzanine equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2017, the Company did not adjust the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock to its redemption value or recognize any changes in fair value as the Company did not consider it probable that the Redeemable convertible preferred stock would become redeemable. The Board of Directors approved the 2.5% annual dividend to be paid March 31 of each fiscal year to the stockholders of record as of March 15, 2017, 2016 and 2015. The annual dividend was paid in cash and stock on the allocated shares. During the first quarter of 2017, the Board of Directors approved the 2.5% annual dividend to be paid on March 31, 2017 to stockholders of record as of March 1, 2017. Cash and stock dividends on allocated Redeemable convertible preferred stock for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are summarized in the following table. For additional information on dividends paid to the unallocated Redeemable convertible preferred stock, please refer to Note 15. Employee Benefit Plans. (Amounts in thousands) Quarterly cash dividends Annual cash dividends Total cash dividends Annual stock dividend Annual cash dividend Total ESOP required dividends Allocated shares Required dividend per share Required dividends 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ 1,494 $ 18 1,512 $ 134 18 152 $ 7,779 0.0195 152 $ 1,272 21 1,293 132 21 153 7,831 0.0195 153 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiaries - On July 17, 2015, the Company acquired an additional 10% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in BaySaver’s issued and outstanding membership interests, increasing the Company’s total ownership to 65%. Concurrent with the Company’s purchase of the additional membership investment, the BaySaver joint venture agreement was amended to change the voting rights from an equal vote for each member to a vote based upon the ownership interest. As a result, the Company has accounted for this transaction as a business combination and BaySaver is consolidated into our financial statements after July 17, 2015. The membership interests held by the joint venture partner are presented in Redeemable noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which is classified as mezzanine equity, due to a put option held by the joint venture partner which may be exercised on or after April 1, 2017. The Redeemable F-45 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries balance will be accreted to the redemption value using the effective interest method until April 1, 2017. See Note 3. Acquisitions for further discussion of the BaySaver transaction. 18. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company has several programs for stock-based payments to employees and directors, including stock options and restricted stock. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded in General and administrative expenses, Selling expenses and Cost of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense (benefit) in the following line items on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015: (Amounts in thousands) Component of income before income taxes: Cost of goods sold Selling expenses General and administrative expenses 2017 2016 2015 $ 177 $ 177 7,953 (300) $ (500) (5,068) 1,100 1,500 21,647 Total stock-based compensation expense (benefit) $ 8,307 $ (5,868) $ 24,247 The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense (benefit) by award type for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015: (Amounts in thousands) Stock-based compensation expense (benefit): 2017 2016 2015 Liability-classified Stock Options Equity-classified Stock Options Restricted Stock Non-Employee Director Total stock-based compensation expense (benefit) $ 4,936 $ 108 1,945 1,318 (6,784) $ — 916 — 21,666 — 1,681 900 $ 8,307 $ (5,868) $ 24,247 Stock Options Liability-Classified Options – Prior to fiscal 2017, the Company permitted employees to satisfy their personal tax liability associated with the exercise of the stock options through the net settlement of shares in excess of the minimum tax withholding required by law. In addition, prior to the Company’s initial public offering in fiscal 2015, the Company had periodically repurchased shares resulting from option exercises within six months of the exercise date. As such, the Company accounts for all 2000 Plan and 2013 Plan awards issued prior to fiscal 2017 as liability-classified awards. Liability-classified stock option awards are re-measured at fair value at each relevant reporting date, and the pro-rata vested portion of the award is recognized as a liability. The stock-based compensation liability associated with stock options expected to vest within the next twelve months is recorded in Current portion of liability-classified stock- based awards, with the portion related to those expected to vest beyond twelve months recorded in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When stock options are exercised, the liability is reclassified to additional paid in capital at fair value. The proceeds from the exercise are also recorded as additional paid in capital. F-46 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Compensation expense for stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the grant. For liability-classified options, the Company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the end of each period. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of liability-classified stock options: Common stock price Expected stock price volatility Risk-free interest rate Weighted-average expected option life (years) Dividend yield 2017 2016 $18.70 - $28.17 $18.34 - $33.03 $14.33 - $29.94 29.6% - 33.0% 31.1% - 39.3% 28.2% - 51.0% 0.1% - 1.8% 0.5% - 1.5% 0.9% - 1.9% 2015 0.5 – 5.1 0.9% 0.5 – 6.2 0.9% 0.5 - 7.2 0.5% 2000 Plan - The Company’s 2000 stock option plan (“2000 Plan”) provides for the issuance of statutory and non-statutory stock options to management based upon the discretion of the Board of Directors. The plan generally provides for grants with the exercise price equal to fair value on the date of grant, which vest in three equal annual amounts beginning in year five and expire after approximately 10 years from issuance. The Company had approximately 1.1 million shares available for grant under the 2000 Plan as of March 31, 2017. The stock option activity for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 is summarized as follows: (Share amounts in thousands) Outstanding at beginning of year Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at end of year Vested at end of year Unvested at end of year Fair value of options granted during the year All outstanding options are expected to vest. Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Shares Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) 515 $ — (292) (28) 195 136 59 $ 11.82 — 10.63 12.50 13.31 12.26 15.74 — 4.2 — — — 5.4 4.7 7.0 The following table summarizes information about the unvested stock option grants as of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017: (Share amounts in thousands) Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Forfeitures Unvested at end of year Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 6.76 — — 6.76 6.76 76 $ — — (17) 59 $ As of March 31, 2017, there was a total of $0.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock option awards under the 2000 plan that will be recognized as an expense as the awards vest over the remaining weighted average service period of 1.3 years. F-47 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The total fair value of liability-classified options issued under the 2000 Plan that vested during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 was $8.1 million. No options vested during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 was $6.76. No options were granted during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. The aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding and currently exercisable as of March 31, 2017 was $1.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $3.7 million, $3.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively. 2013 Plan - The Company’s 2013 stock option plan (“2013 Plan”) provides for the issuance of non-statutory common stock options to management subject to the Board’s discretion. The plan generally provides for grants with the exercise price equal to fair value on the date of grant. The grants generally vest in five equal annual amounts beginning in year one and expire after approximately 10 years from issuance. Options issued to the Chief Executive Officer vest equally over four years and expire after approximately 10 years from issuance. In May 2014, the Board of Directors approved the increase of shares available for granting under the 2013 plan to 1.4 million shares. The Company had 1.0 million shares available for grant under the 2013 Plan as of March 31, 2017. The liability-classified stock option activity for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 is summarized as follows: (Share amounts in thousands) Outstanding at beginning of year Issued Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at end of year Vested at end of year Unvested at end of year Fair value of options granted during the year All outstanding options are expected to vest. Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Shares Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) 1,911 $ — (66) (99) 1,746 1,125 621 $ 13.64 — 13.64 13.64 13.64 13.64 13.64 — 7.4 — — — 6.0 6.0 6.0 The following table summarizes information about the unvested stock option grants as of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017: (Share amounts in thousands) Unvested at beginning of year Vested Forfeited Unvested at end of year Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 6.22 — 6.22 6.22 1,095 $ (375) (99) 621 $ As of March 31, 2017, there was a total of $3.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock option awards under the 2013 Plan that will be recognized as an expense as the awards vest over the remaining weighted average service period of 1.1 years. The aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding and currently exercisable as of March 31, 2017 was $14.4 million and $9.3 million, respectively. The total fair value of options that vested during the fiscal years F-48 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $3.4 million, $3.6 million, and $7.2 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 was $0.8 million. Equity-Classified Options - The Company accounts for awards under the 2013 Plan granted during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 as equity-classified awards as employees are no longer permitted to satisfy their personal tax liability in excess of the minimum statutory withholding. Equity-classified stock option awards are measured based on the grant-date estimated fair value of each award. Compensation expense for stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the grant. The Company determines the fair value of the options based on the Black- Scholes option pricing model at the grant date. This methodology requires significant inputs including the price of the Company’s common stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield and expiration date. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the equity-classified stock options: Common stock price Expected stock price volatility Risk-free interest rate Weighted-average expected option life (years) Dividend yield 2017 $24.20 31.5% - 35.6% 2.0% - 2.2% 4.9 – 6.1 1.0% The equity-classified stock option activity for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 is summarized as follows: (Share amounts in thousands) Outstanding at beginning of year Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at end of year Vested at end of year Unvested at end of year Fair value of options granted during the year Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Shares Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) — 514 $ — — 514 15 499 $ — 24.20 — — 24.20 24.20 24.20 7.81 — — — 9.0 9.0 9.0 All outstanding options are expected to vest except options granted to an executive with a planned retirement. The following table summarizes information about the unvested stock option grants as of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017: (Share amounts in thousands) Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at end of year Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value — 7.81 6.72 — 7.84 — 514 $ (15) — 499 $ As of March 31, 2017, there was a total of $2.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested equity-classified stock option awards that will be recognized as an expense as the awards vest over F-49 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. the remaining weighted average service period of 2.9 years. The weighted average grant fair value of stock options granted during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $7.81, $0.00, and $0.00, respectively. The total fair value of options that vested during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $0.1 million, less than $0.1 million, and less than $0.1 million, respectively. There were no options exercised during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. Restricted Stock On September 16, 2008, the Board of Directors adopted the restricted stock plan, which provides for the issuance of restricted stock awards to certain key employees. The restricted stock generally vest ratably over a five-year period from the original restricted stock grant date, contingent on the employee’s continuous employment by ADS. In certain instances, however, a portion of the grants vested immediately or for accounting purposes were deemed to have vested immediately, including the grants to the Chief Executive Officer, which do not have a substantial risk of forfeiture as a result of different vesting provisions. Under the restricted stock plan, vested shares are considered issued and outstanding. Employees with restricted stock have the right to dividends on the shares awarded (vested and unvested) in addition to voting rights on non- forfeited shares. Prior to the Company’s initial public offering in fiscal 2015, the Company periodically repurchased shares from employees within six months of the shares vesting. As such, for the periods prior to the Company’s initial public offering, the restricted stock awards were accounted for as liability-classified awards. In the periods subsequent to the initial public offering, the Company discontinued repurchasing employee held restricted shares due to the existence of a public market for the shares. Accordingly, upon the initial public offering the Company has modified the restricted stock awards from being accounted for as liability-classified to equity-classified awards and reclassified the carrying amount of the awards of $4.8 million to Paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The restricted stock has been accounted for as equity-classified awards for the periods subsequent to the initial public offering. The fair value of restricted stock is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the grant. The Company had approximately 0.2 million shares available for grant under this plan as of March 31, 2017. The information about the unvested restricted stock grants as of March 31, 2017 is as follows: (Share amounts in thousands) Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at end of year Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 112 $ 191 (49) — 254 $ 12.65 24.20 16.15 21.92 The Company expects all restricted stock grants to vest. At March 31, 2017, there was approximately $3.5 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the restricted stock that will be recognized over the weighted average remaining service period of 2.4 years. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, the weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock granted was $24.20. No restricted stock was granted during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 the total fair value of restricted stock that vested was $1.2 million, $1.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively. Non-Employee Director Compensation Plan On June 18, 2014, the Company amended its then-existing Stockholders’ Agreement to authorize 0.3 million shares of restricted stock to be granted to non-employee members of its Board of Directors. The shares F-50 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. typically will vest one year from the date of issuance. Under this stock plan, the vested shares granted are considered issued and outstanding. Non-employee directors with this stock have the right to dividends on the shares awarded (vested and unvested) in addition to voting rights. The Company has determined that the restricted stock granted to directors should be accounted for as equity- classified awards. The Company had approximately 0.2 million and 0.2 million shares available for grant under this plan as of March 31, 2017 and 2016. The following table summarizes information about the unvested Non-Employee Director Compensation stock grants as of March 31, 2017 : (Share amounts in thousands) Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Unvested at end of year 2017 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Number of Shares — 77 $ (37) 40 $ — 24.20 24.20 24.20 As of March 31, 2017, there was approximately $0.5 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to this restricted stock that will be recognized over the weighted average remaining service period of 0.6 years. 19. INCOME TAXES The components of Income before income taxes for the fiscal years ended March 31 are as follows: (Amounts in thousands) United States Foreign Total 2017 59,543 $ 5,288 64,831 $ 2016 45,159 $ 14,140 59,299 $ 2015 (4,381) 9,304 4,923 $ $ The components of Income tax expense for the fiscal years ended March 31 consisted of the following: (Amounts in thousands) Current: Federal State and local Foreign Total current tax expense Deferred: Federal State and local Foreign 2017 2016 2015 $ 24,318 $ 4,652 3,040 32,010 6,889 $ 2,126 3,791 12,806 20,592 3,655 831 25,078 (5,887) (1,297) (211) (7,395) 24,615 $ 10,019 1,431 (758) 10,692 23,498 $ (16,270) (2,626) 102 (18,794) 6,284 Total deferred tax expense (benefit) Total Income tax expense $ F-51 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. For the fiscal years ended March 31, the effective tax rate varied from the statutory Federal income tax rate as a result of the following factors: Federal statutory rate Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividend ESOP stock appreciation ESOP compensation for Special Dividend on unallocated shares Effect of tax rate of foreign subsidiaries State and local taxes—net of federal income tax benefit Stock-based compensation Uncertain tax position change Qualified production activity credit Executive repurchase agreement Closure of Puerto Rico Other Effective rate 2017 2016 2015 35.0% (0.8) 4.9 35.0% (0.8) 5.8 — 1.3 — 0.8 4.1 0.3 (1.1) (3.3) — (4.2) 1.8 38.0% 4.3 (1.8) (3.6) (0.9) — — 0.8 39.6% 35.0% (3.8) 82.3 0.2 (9.3) 19.7 64.7 (35.2) (37.1) 7.2 — 3.9 127.6% The Company’s effective tax rate will vary based on factors, including but not limited to, overall profitability, the geographical mix of income before taxes and discrete events. The fiscal 2015 effective tax rate exceeded the federal statutory rate due in part to the significant permanent differences associated with non-deductible ESOP stock appreciation and stock-based compensation expense, the effect of which was increased by the near break-even amount of pre-tax income, whereas the fiscal year 2017 and 2016 effective tax rates more closely approximate a normal effective tax rate for the Company. F-52 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at March 31 were comprised of: (Amounts in thousands) Deferred tax assets: State income taxes ESOP loan repayment Receivable and other allowances Derivatives Inventory Non-qualified stock options Executive termination payments (Note 15) Accrued Expenses Worker’s compensation Contingent consideration Foreign net operating losses Other Total deferred tax assets Less: valuation allowance Total net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Leases Capitalized software costs Goodwill Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability 2017 2016 1,474 $ 1,363 2,660 (15) 5,820 6,052 2,044 411 1,323 91 2,223 2,856 26,302 (2,223) 24,079 7,214 51,599 724 3,200 3,886 761 67,384 43,305 $ 1,927 1,390 2,150 4,397 1,433 4,309 1,852 1,378 1,390 533 1,507 2,491 24,757 (1,507) 23,250 8,882 52,115 6,059 2,935 3,643 1,867 75,501 52,251 $ $ Net deferred tax assets are included in Deferred income taxes and other current assets and Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The related balances at March 31 were as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Net current deferred tax assets Net non-current deferred tax assets Net non-current deferred tax liabilities $ 2017 2016 — $ 702 44,007 11,701 — 63,952 The Company has not provided for U.S. federal income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on approximately $28.0 million of undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries at March 31, 2017 because such earnings are intended to be reinvested indefinitely with the exception of cash dividends paid by our ADS Mexicana joint venture. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of U.S. tax that might be payable on the eventual remittance of such earnings. F-53 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Accounting for Uncertain Tax Positions As of March 31, 2017, the Company had unrecognized tax benefit of $6.2 million, which if resolved favorably, would reduce income tax expense by $6.2 million. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 is as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Balance as of March 31, 2014 Decreases in tax positions for prior years Increases in tax positions for prior years Settlements Lapse of statute of limitations Balance as of March 31, 2015 Tax positions taken in current year Decreases in tax positions for prior years Increases in tax positions for prior years Settlements Lapse of statute of limitations Balance as of March 31, 2016 Tax positions taken in current year Decreases in tax positions for prior years Increases in tax positions for prior years Settlements Lapse of statute of limitations Balance as of March 31, 2017 $ $ $ $ 12,855 (672) 336 — (2,067) 10,452 917 (599) 358 — (3,130) 7,998 — (1,786) 80 — (96) 6,196 The unrecognized tax benefits are primarily recorded in Other liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. These amounts include potential accrued interest and penalties of $1.8 million and $2.7 million at March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. It is reasonably possible that there could be a change in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months due to activities of the IRS or other taxing authorities, including proposed assessments of additional tax, possible settlement of audit issues, or the expiration of applicable statutes of limitation. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the IRS for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014 through March 31, 2017. The majority of the Company’s state income tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ended March 31, 2014 through March 31, 2017. The foreign income tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ended March 31, 2013 through March 31, 2017. 20. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the Net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the Net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. Holders of unvested restricted stock have non-forfeitable rights to dividends when declared on common stock, and holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock participate in dividends on an as-converted basis when declared on common stock. As a result, unvested restricted stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock meet the definition of participating securities, which requires us to apply the two-class method to compute both basic and diluted net income (loss) per share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that treats participating securities as having rights to earnings that would otherwise have been available to common stockholders. F-54 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The dilutive effect of stock options and unvested restricted stock is based on the more dilutive of the treasury stock method or the diluted two-class method. In computing diluted net income per share, income available to common stockholders used in the basic net income per share calculation (numerator) is adjusted, subject to sequencing rules, for certain adjustments that would result from the assumed issuance of potential common shares. Diluted net income per share assumes the redeemable convertible preferred stock would be cash settled through the effective date of the IPO on July 25, 2014, as the Company has the choice of settling in cash or shares and it has demonstrated past practice and intent of cash settlement. Therefore these shares are excluded from the calculation through the effective date of the IPO. After the effective date of the IPO, management’s intent is to share settle; therefore, these shares are included in the calculation from July 26, 2014 through March 31, 2017, if dilutive. For purposes of the calculation of diluted net income per share, stock options and unvested restricted stock are considered to be potential common stock and are only included in the calculations when their effect is dilutive. The Company’s redeemable common stock is included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for calculating basic and diluted net income per share. F-55 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The following table presents information necessary to calculate net income (loss) per share for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, as well as potentially dilutive securities excluded from the weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive: (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE — BASIC: Net income (loss) attributable to ADS $ Adjustment for: 2017 2016 2015 32,950 $ 25,052 $ (7,827) Change in fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries Dividends paid to redeemable convertible preferred stockholders Dividends paid to unvested restricted stockholders Net income (loss) available to common stockholders and participating securities Undistributed income allocated to participating securities Net income (loss) available to common stockholders — Basic Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — Basic Net income (loss) per common share — Basic NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE — DILUTED: Net income (loss) available to common stockholders — Diluted Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — Basic Assumed exercise of stock options Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — Diluted Net income (loss) per common share — Diluted Potentially dilutive securities excluded as anti- dilutive — — (11,054) (1,560) (932) — (1,646) (1,425) (661) (73) (24) (11) 29,671 22,671 (19,553) (1,700) (1,270) — 27,971 21,401 (19,553) 54,919 53,978 51,344 $ 0.51 $ 0.40 $ (0.38) 27,971 21,401 (19,553) 54,919 705 53,978 1,198 51,344 — 55,624 55,176 51,344 $ 0.50 $ 0.39 $ (0.38) 6,228 6,383 5,395 21. BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION ADS operates its business in two distinct operating and reportable segments based on the markets it serves: “Domestic” and “International.” The Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) evaluates segment reporting based on Net sales and Segment Adjusted EBITDA. The Company calculates Segment Adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, non-cash charges and certain other expenses. Domestic The Company’s Domestic segment manufactures and markets products throughout the United States. The Company maintains and serves these markets through product distribution relationships with many of the largest national and independent waterworks distributors, major national retailers as well as an extensive network of hundreds of small to medium-sized distributors across the U.S. The Company also sells through a broad variety of buying groups and co-ops in the United States. Products include single wall pipe, N-12 HDPE F-56 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. pipe sold into the Storm sewer and Infrastructure markets, High Performance PP pipe sold into the Storm sewer and sanitary sewer markets, and our broad line of Allied Products including StormTech, Nyloplast, ARC Septic Chambers, Inserta Tee, BaySaver filters and water quality structures, Fittings, and FleXstorm. The Company’s Domestic segment sales are diversified across all regions of the country. International The Company’s International segment manufactures and markets products in certain regions outside of the United States, with a growth strategy focused on Company owned facilities in Canada and through the Company’s joint-ventures with local partners in Mexico and South America. The Company’s joint venture strategy provides it with local and regional access to new markets such as Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Peru and Colombia. The Company’s Mexican joint venture (ADS Mexicana) primarily serves the Mexican and Central American markets, while its South American Joint Venture (Tigre-ADS) is the primary channel to serve the South American markets. The Company’s International product line includes single wall pipe, N-12 HDPE pipe, and High Performance PP pipe. The Canadian market also sells our broad line of Allied Products, while sales in Latin America are currently concentrated in fittings and Nyloplast. The following table sets forth reportable segment information with respect to the amount of Net sales contributed by each class of similar products in each of the fiscal years ended March 31: 2017 2016 2015 $ 786,546 $ 812,071 $ 771,214 256,719 1,102,236 1,113,796 1,027,933 301,725 315,690 122,384 32,641 155,025 125,407 26,733 152,140 $1,257,261 $1,290,678 $1,180,073 139,731 37,151 176,882 (Amounts in thousands) Domestic Pipe Allied Products Total domestic International Pipe Allied Products Total international Total net sales F-57 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. The following sets forth certain additional financial information attributable to the reportable segments for the fiscal years ended March 31. (Amounts in thousands) Segment Adjusted EBITDA 2017 2016 2015 Domestic International Total Interest expense Domestic International Total Income tax expense Domestic International Total Depreciation and amortization Domestic International Total Equity in net (loss) income of unconsolidated affiliates Domestic International Total Capital expenditures Domestic International Total $ 175,676 $ 162,875 $ 128,973 14,904 $ 193,371 $ 187,340 $ 143,877 17,695 24,465 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 17,049 $ 418 17,467 $ 17,908 $ 552 18,460 $ 19,308 60 19,368 21,786 $ 2,829 24,615 $ 20,465 $ 3,033 23,498 $ 5,351 933 6,284 63,747 $ 8,608 72,355 $ 62,625 $ 8,384 71,009 $ 59,397 6,075 65,472 (505) $ (3,803) (4,308) $ 181 $ (5,415) (5,234) $ 289 (2,624) (2,335) 39,642 $ 7,034 46,676 $ 37,242 $ 7,700 44,942 $ 29,345 2,735 32,080 The following sets forth certain additional financial information attributable to the reportable segments as of March 31: 2017 2016 $ $ 2,427 $ 6,559 8,986 $ 2,932 10,256 13,188 $ 917,006 $ 134,987 (5,708) 949,286 147,814 (59,784) $ 1,046,285 $ 1,037,316 (Amounts in thousands) Investments in unconsolidated affiliates Domestic International Total Total identifiable assets Domestic International Eliminations Total F-58 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to Net income (Amounts in thousands) Net income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Interest expense Income tax expense Segment EBITDA Derivative fair value adjustments Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses Loss (gain) on sale of business or disposal of assets Unconsolidated affiliates interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (a) Contingent consideration remeasurement Stock-based compensation expense (benefit) ESOP deferred stock-based compensation Expense (benefit) related to executive termination payments Expense related to executive stock repurchase agreements Loss related to BaySaver step acquisition Inventory step up related to PTI acquisition Bargain purchase gain on PTI acquisition Restatement-related costs (b) Impairment on investment in unconsolidated affiliate Transaction costs (c) Segment Adjusted EBITDA (d) 2015 2017 2016 Domestic International Domestic International Domestic International 5,747 $ 35,118 $ 6,075 63,747 60 17,049 21,786 933 12,815 137,700 (28) (10,921) (232) — 5,692 $ (9,443) $ 8,384 59,397 552 19,308 3,033 5,351 17,661 74,613 7,774 5,636 790 $ 24,875 $ 8,608 62,625 418 17,908 2,829 20,465 12,645 125,873 2,139 — — (1,629) 24 697 4,793 3,716 892 (80) 257 105 1,088 (265) 8,307 9,568 1,052 1,663 371 — (5,868) — — 10,250 1,341 2,163 — 174 — 24,247 — 12,144 2,244 — — — 1,092 — (294) — 328 — — 525 (609) 24,026 — — 490 — — — — — — 27,970 — — — — — 1,011 — — — — — — — — — — — 372 $175,676 $ 1,300 — — — 17,695 $162,875 $ 4,000 — — 1,448 24,465 $128,973 $ — — 14,904 (a) Includes the Company’s proportional share of interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization related to its South American Joint Venture and its Tigre-ADS USA Joint Venture, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. In addition, these amounts include the Company’s proportional share of interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization related to its BaySaver Joint Venture prior to the step acquisition of BaySaver on July 17, 2015, which was previously accounted for under the equity method of accounting. (b) Represents expenses recorded related to legal, accounting and other professional fees incurred in connection (c) with the restatement of the prior period financial statements as reflected in the fiscal year 2015 Form 10-K and fiscal year 2016 Form 10-K/A. Represents expenses recorded related to legal, accounting and other professional fees incurred in connection with the debt refinancing, the IPO and secondary public offering and asset acquisitions and dispositions. (d) A portion of the reduction in International EBITDA is related to transfer pricing. The reduction is fully offset by an increase in Domestic EBITDA. F-59 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Geographic Sales and Assets Information Net sales are attributed to the geographic location based on the location of the customer. The table below represents the Net sales and long-lived asset information by geographic location for each of the fiscal years ended March 31: (Amounts in thousands) Net Sales North America Other Total (Amounts in thousands) Long-Lived Assets (a) North America Other Total 2017 2016 2015 $1,243,074 $1,274,700 $1,161,909 18,164 $1,257,261 $1,290,678 $1,180,073 15,978 14,187 2017 2016 $ $ 411,752 $ 6,559 418,311 $ 395,716 10,256 405,972 (a) For segment reporting purposes, long-lived assets include Investments in unconsolidated affiliates, Central parts and Property, plant and equipment. 22. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION The increase (decrease) in cash due to the changes in working capital accounts for the fiscal years ended March 31, were as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Changes in working capital: 2017 2016 2015 Receivables Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Total $ 15,055 $ (37,788) $ (10,351) (7,663) 28,330 (27,917) 1,953 646 (2,548) 6,851 (8,559) $ 10,156 (767) 1,344 $ (16,828) $ F-60 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information for the fiscal years ended March 31 were as follows: (Amounts in thousands) Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information — cash paid during years: Interest Income taxes (Amounts in thousands) Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities: 2017 2016 2015 $ 17,273 $ 13,525 18,352 $ 32,175 18,709 28,503 2017 2016 2015 Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividend $ Redemption of common stock to exercise stock options Purchases of plant, property, and equipment included in accounts payable Receivable recorded for sale of businesses ESOP distributions in common stock Assets acquired and obligation incurred under capital lease Lease obligation retired upon disposition of leased assets Reclassification of liability-classified stock options and restricted stock to equity Reclassification of stock repurchase agreement liability and mezzanine equity to equity Payable recorded for business acquisition Reclassification of deferred public offering cost asset upon initial public offering 134 $ 132 $ 127 — — 93 2,549 — 7,425 1,165 150 10,250 124 600 6,133 26,276 34,207 24,047 390 134 779 4,147 3,702 12,141 — 950 — — 19,729 — — — 456 F-61 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. 23. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED) The following tables set forth certain historical unaudited consolidated condensed quarterly financial information for each of the quarters during the years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. In the Company’s opinion, the unaudited quarterly financial information reflects all normal and recurring accruals and adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of net income for interim periods. Fiscal Year 2017 For the Three Months Ended (in thousands, except per share amounts) Net sales Gross profit Net (loss) income Net (loss) income attributable to ADS Net (loss) income per share Basic (1) Diluted (1) (in thousands, except per share amounts) Net sales Gross profit Net (loss) income Net (loss) income attributable to ADS Net (loss) income per share Basic (1) Diluted (1) $ March 31, 2017 244,184 $ 39,251 (18,052) (18,110) December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 294,716 $ 69,441 10,258 9,053 360,785 $ 90,512 24,281 23,734 June 30, 2016 357,576 96,606 19,421 18,273 $ $ (0.34) $ (0.34) $ 0.14 $ 0.14 $ 0.38 $ 0.38 $ 0.29 0.29 Fiscal Year 2016 For the Three Months Ended $ March 31, 2016 245,398 $ 49,504 (11,085) (12,119) December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 312,827 $ 74,842 12,942 13,131 383,329 $ 86,529 15,928 12,346 June 30, 2015 349,124 74,477 12,782 11,694 $ $ (0.24) $ (0.24) $ 0.21 $ 0.21 $ 0.20 $ 0.19 $ 0.19 0.19 (1) The earnings per share calculations for each quarter are based upon the applicable weighted average shares outstanding for each period and may not necessarily be equal to the full year share amount. 24. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Dividends on Common Stock - During the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.07 per share of common stock. The dividend is payable on June 15, 2017 to stockholders of record at the close of business on June 5, 2017. Liability-classified stock awards – On April 1, 2017, the Company modified all outstanding awards to remove the provision that permitted employees to satisfy their personal tax liability with the net settlement of shares in excess of minimum tax withholding. Consistent with the accounting standard update in Note 1, employees can now withhold shares with a fair value up to the maximum statutory rate. Revolving Credit Facility Waiver – On May 19, 2017, the Company obtained a waiver from the lenders of the Revolving Credit Facility regarding an event of default. A material domestic subsidiary failed to join as a guarantor resulting in default. The lenders agreed to waive the default if the material domestic subsidiary joins as a guarantor by July 31, 2017. * * * * * * F-62 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. SCHEDULE II ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Fiscal Years Ended March 31, 2017, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: 2016 and 2015 (in thousands): Year ended March 31, 2017 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period Charged to costs and expenses Charged to other accounts (1) Deductions Balance at end of period $ 7,956 $ 5,423 4,490 2,940 $ 3,542 1,914 (13) $ (81) (291) (452) $ 10,431 7,956 (928) 5,423 (690) (1) Amounts represent the impact of foreign currency translation. F-63 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 10.1 10.1A 10.1B 10.1C 10.1D 10.2 INDEX TO EXHIBITS Description Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36557) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2014). Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36557) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2014). Form of Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2014). Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2014). Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2014, by and among Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and the stockholders from time to time party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36557) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2014). Form of 5.60% Senior Series A Secured Notes due September 24, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333- 194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). Form of 4.05% Senior Series B Secured Notes due September 24, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333- 194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2013, by and among Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., as borrower, the guarantors from time to time party thereto, the lenders from time to time party thereto, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for the lenders party thereto, and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1A to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed August 26, 2015). Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 28, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed December 31, 2015). Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated February 17, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed December 31, 2015). Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2013, by and among ADS Mexicana, S.A. de C.V., as borrower, the lenders party thereto, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for the lenders party thereto, and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Exhibit Number 10.2A 10.2B 10.2C 10.2D 10.2E Description First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2A to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Second Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K filed August 26, 2015) Third Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed December 4, 2015. Fourth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 28, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K filed December 31, 2015). Fifth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K filed February 17, 2016). 10.2F Sixth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2017. # 10.3 10.3A 10.3B 10.3C 10.3D 10.3E 10.3F Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of September 24, 2010, by and among Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., as seller, the guarantors from time to time party thereto, Prudential Investment Management, Inc., as a purchaser, and the other purchasers from time to time party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3A to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of March 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3B to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 3 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3C to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 4 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of April 26, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3D to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3E to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Supplement to Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of June 24, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3F to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Exhibit Number 10.3G 10.3H 10.3I 10.3J Description Amendment No. 6 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3G to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 7 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3H to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amendment No. 8 to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed August 26, 2015). Amendment No. 9 and Consent to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of December 28, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed December 31, 2015). 10.3K Amendment No. 10 and Consent to Amended and Restated Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed February 17, 2016). 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8† 10.9† Amended and Restated Security Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2013, by and among Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., as borrower, the guarantors from time to time party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as collateral agent for certain secured parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1A to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2013, by Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and certain other parties thereto, as pledgors, in favor of PNC Bank, National Association, as collateral agent for certain secured parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amended and Restated Intercompany Subordination Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2013, by and among Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., the guarantors from time to time party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for certain lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Amended and Restated Inter-creditor and Collateral Agency Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2013, by and among PNC Bank, National Association, as collateral agent for certain secured parties, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for certain lenders, and certain noteholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S- 1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 2, 2014). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Amended 2000 Incentive Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.9A† First Amendment to Amended 2000 Incentive Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36557) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 15, 2014). 10.10† Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. 2008 Restricted Stock Plan. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Exhibit Number Description 10.10A† First Amendment to the 2008 Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed February 10, 2017). 10.11† Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. 2013 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.11A† First Amendment to 2013 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36557) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 15, 2014). 10.11B† Form of Amendment to Pre-2017 Stock Option Agreements. # 10.12† Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2014, by and between Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and Joseph A. Chlapaty (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.12A† First Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, by and between the Company and Joseph A. Chlapaty (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed February 10, 2017). 10.13† Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2014, by and between Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and Thomas M. Fussner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.14† Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2014, by and between Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and Ronald R. Vitarelli (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.15† Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2014, by and between Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and Robert M. Klein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.16† 10.17† Form of Indemnification Agreement. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2000 Incentive Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.17A† Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (post-IPO) pursuant to 2000 Incentive Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18A to Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2015 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2016). 10.18† Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (other than for Joseph A. Chlapaty) pursuant to 2013 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.18A† Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (for Joseph A. Chlapaty) pursuant to 2013 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19A to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Exhibit Number 10.19† Description Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (other than for Joseph A. Chlapaty) pursuant to 2008 Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.19A† Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (for Joseph A. Chlapaty) pursuant to 2008 Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20A to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.20† 10.21 10.22 Form of Director Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 2, 2014). Participation Agreement, dated as of July 17, 2000, by and between ADS Worldwide, Inc., Grupo Altima S.A. de C.V., and ADS Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. (formerly known as Sistemas Ecologicos de Drenaje, S.A. de C.V.), as amended on April 19, 2010, May 19, 2011, May 24, 2011, April 26, 2013 and January 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). Interestholders Agreement, dated as of June 5, 2009, by and among Tubos y Plasticos ADS Chile Limitada, Tigre Chile S.A., and Tuberias T-A Limitada, joined by Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and Tigre S.A. — Tubos e Conexoes, as amended on July 31, 2009, October 2009, December 15, 2009, May 18, 2010, August 10, 2010, April 1, 2011 and January 25, 2012, with First Addendum to Interestholders Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 20, 2014). 10.22A Second Addendum to Interestholders Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2013 but entered into on September 30, 2014, by and among Tubos y Plasticos ADS Chile Limitada, Tigre Chile S.A., Tuberias Tigre-ADS Limitada, Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. and Tigre S.A. — Tubos e Conexoes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-36557) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2014). 10.23 Limited Liability Company Agreement, dated July 15, 2013, by and among ADS Ventures, Inc., BaySaver Technologies, Inc. and Mid-Atlantic Storm Water Research Center, Inc. formerly known as Sistemas Ecologicos de Drenaje, S.A. de C.V.), as amended on April 19, 2010, May 19, 2011, May 24, 2011, April 26, 2013 and January 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2014). 10.23A Amendment No. 1 to BaySaver Technologies, LLC Limited Liability Company Agreement dated as of July 17, 2015 by and among ADS Ventures, Inc., BaySaver Technologies, Inc. and Mid-Atlantic Storm Water Research Center, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed July 20, 2015) 10.23B Sale and Assignment of Ownership Interest dated as of July 17, 2015 by and among ADS Ventures, Inc., BaySaver Technologies, Inc. and Mid-Atlantic Storm Water Research Center, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed July 20, 2015) 10.24 USA Shareholders Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2014, by and among Tigre-ADS USA Inc., ADS Ventures, Inc. and Tigre S.A. — Tubos e Conexoes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194980) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 2, 2014). 10.25† Executive Employment Agreement dated November 9, 2015, by and between the Company and Scott A. Cottrill (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed November 9, 2015). Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Exhibit Number Description 10.26† Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (for Joseph A. Chlapaty) pursuant to 2008 Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed February 10, 2017). 10.27† Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (other than for Joseph A. Chlapaty) pursuant to 2008 Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K filed February 10, 2017). 10.28 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2013 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Form 8-K filed February 10, 2017). 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 List of Subsidiaries. # Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP. # Power of Attorney. # Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. # Certification of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. # Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. # Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. # 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. # 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema. # 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase. # 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase. # 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase. # 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase. # † # Management contract or compensatory plan. Filed herewith. [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] Board of Directors (cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:90) Joseph A. Chlapaty (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89) Joseph A. Chlapaty (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89) C. Robert Kidder Lead Independent Director Robert M. Eversole Principal Stonehenge Partners, Inc. Alexander R. Fischer (cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89) Columbus Partnership Scott A. Cottrill (cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:61)(cid:80)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:19) Secretary and Treasurer Thomas M. Fussner Executive Vice President and Co-Chief (cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89) Ronald R. Vitarelli Executive Vice President and Co-Chief (cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89) Tanya Fratto (cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:3) General Electric Superabrasives Robert M. Klein Executive Vice President, Sales Kevin C. Talley (cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:61)(cid:80)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:75)(cid:84)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:90)(cid:91)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89) Ewout Leeuwenburg Senior Vice President, International M.A. (Mark) Haney (cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:61)(cid:80)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:196)(cid:85)(cid:90) (cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:96)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:196)(cid:85)(cid:90) Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP Carl A. Nelson, Jr. Retired Managing Partner Arthur Andersen Richard A. Rosenthal (cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:3) St. Joseph Bancorp Abigail S. Wexner (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:89)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:95)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:91)(cid:80)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:77)(cid:196)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:3) Whitebarn Associates Why use the ticker symbol WMS? ADS is the only company capable of providing a national, comprehensive suite of water management solutions (WMS) using HDPE and PP pipe; we are proud to reflect this unique position using the ticker symbol WMS. Advanced Drainage System, Inc. 4640 Trueman Blvd. Hilliard, OH 43026 www.ads-pipe.com 

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