Almaden Minerals Ltd.
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F ( ) REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR (X) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 OR ( ) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ( ) SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report For the transition period from _____________________ to ____________________ Commission file number 001-32702 ALMADEN MINERALS LTD. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) British Columbia, Canada (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1333 Johnston Street, #210, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3R9 (Address of principal executive offices) Korm Trieu, ktrieu@almadenminerals.com, 1333 Johnston Street, #210, Vancouver, BC V6H 3R9 (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act. Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock without Par Value NYSE American Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None (Title of Class) Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. 111,726,719 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ( ) Yes ( X ) No If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ( ) Yes ( X ) No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ( X ) Yes ( ) No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). ( X) Yes ( ) No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ( ) Accelerated filer (X) Non-accelerated filer ( ) Emerging Growth Company (X) If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ( ) Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ( ) International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (X) Other ( ) 2 If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ( ) Item 17 ( ) Item 18 (APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) Yes ( X ) No 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Glossary of Geologic and Mining Terms Notes Concerning Terminology Related to Resources and Reserves Cautionary Note to U.S. Investors Regarding Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 8 Item 9 Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 PART I Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable Key Information Information on the Company Operating and Financial Review and Prospects Directors, Senior Management and Employees Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions Financial Information The Offer and Listing Additional Information Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities PART II Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds Item 15 Controls and Procedures Item 16A Item 16B Item 16C Item 16D Item 16E Item 16F Item 16G Item 16H Item 17 Item 18 Item 19 Signatures Audit Committee Financial Expert Code of Ethics Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accounts Corporate Governance Mine Safety Disclosure PART III Financial Statements Financial Statements Exhibits 5 12 15 16 17 17 17 24 44 49 74 75 75 78 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 94 4 Glossary of Geologic and Mining Terms Adularia: A colourless, moderate to low-temperature variety of orthoclase feldspar typically with a relatively high barium content. It is a prominent constituent of low sulphidation epithermal veins. Alkalic Intrusive: An igneous rock emplaced below ground level in which the feldspar is dominantly sodic and or potassic. Alkalinity: The chemical nature of solutions characterized by a high concentration of hydroxyl ions. Alteration: Usually referring to chemical reactions in a rock mass resulting from the passage of hydrothermal fluids. Andesite: A dark-coloured, fine-grained extrusive rock that, when porphyritic, contains phenocrysts composed primarily of zoned sodic plagioclase (esp. andesine) and one or more of the mafic minerals (eg. Biotite, horn-blende, pyroxene), with a ground-mass composed generally of the same minerals as the phenocrysts; the extrusive equivalent of diorite. Andesite grades into latite with increasing alkali feldspar content, and into dacite with more alkali feldspar and quartz. It was named by Buch in 1826 from the Andes Mountains, South America. Anomalous: A geological feature, often subsurface, distinguished by geological, geochemical or geophysical means, which is detectably different than the general surroundings and is often of potential economic value. Anomaly: Any concentration of metal noticeably above or below the average background concentration. Argillic: A form of alteration characterized by the alteration of original minerals to clays. Arsenopyrite: A sulphide of arsenic and iron with the chemical composition FeAsS. Assay: An analysis to determine the presence, absence or quantity of one or more components. Axis: An imaginary hinge line about which the fold limbs are bent. The axis of a fold can be at the top or bottom of the fold, can be tilted or horizontal. Batholith: An intrusion, usually granitic, which has a large exposed surface area and no observable bottom. Usually associated with orogenic belts. Breccia: Rock consisting of more or less angular fragments in a matrix of finer-grained material or cementing material. Brecciated: Rock broken up by geological forces. Bulk sample: A very large sample, the kind of sample to take from broken rock or of gravels and sands when testing placer deposits. Calc-silicate: Calcium-bearing silicate minerals. These minerals are commonly formed as a result of the interaction of molten rock and its derived, hot hydrothermal fluids with very chemically reactive calcium carbonate (limestone). Calc-silicate minerals include garnet, pyroxene, amphibole and epidote. These minerals are commonly described as skarn and are genetically and spatially associated with a wide range of metals Chert: A very fine grained siliceous rock. Many limestones contain nodules and thin lenses of chert. Chip sample: A sample composed of discontinuous chips taken along a surface across a given line. Claim: That portion of public mineral lands, which a party has staked or marked out in accordance with provincial or state mining laws, to acquire the right to explore for the minerals under the surface. Clastic: Consisting of rock material that has been mechanically derived, transported, and deposited. Such material is also called detrital. 5 Cleavage: The tendency of a crystal to split, or break, along planes of structural weakness. Concordant Bodies: Intrusive igneous bodies whose contacts are parallel to the bedding of the intruded rock. Conglomerate: Rock composed of mostly rounded fragments which are of gravel size or larger in a finer grained matrix. Craton: A central stable region common to nearly all continents and composed chiefly of highly metamorphosed Precambrian rocks. Cretaceous: Geological time period between 136 and 64 million years ago. Crystalline: Means the specimen is made up of one or more groups of crystals. Cut-off grade: The minimum grade of mineralization used to establish quantitative and qualitative estimates of total mineralization. Dacite: A fine grained acid volcanic rock, similar to rhyolite in which the feldspar is predominantly plagioclase. Degradation: The ongoing process of erosion in a stream. Diagenesis: The changes that occur in a sediment during and after lithification. These changes include compaction, cementation, replacement, and recrystallization. Diamond drill: A type of rotary drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion using diamonds embedded in a matrix rather than by percussion. The drill cuts a core of rock which is recovered in long cylindrical sections. Dilution: Results from the mixing in of unwanted gangue or waste rock with the ore during mining. Dip: Geological measurement of the angle of maximum slope of planar elements in rocks. Can be applied to beddings, jointing, fault planes, etc. Discordant Bodies: Intrusive igneous bodies whose contacts cut across the bedding, or other pre-existing structures, to the intruded rock. Disseminated deposit: Deposit in which the mineralization is scattered through a large volume of host rock, sometimes as separate mineral grains, or sometimes along joint or fault surfaces. Dyke: A tabular, discordant, intrusive igneous body. Earn in: The right to acquire an interest in a property pursuant to an Option Agreement. Ejecta: Pyroclastic material thrown out or ejected by a volcano. It includes ash, volcanic bombs, and lapilli. Epithermal: Epithermal deposits are a class of ore deposits that form generally less than 1 km from surface. These deposits, which can host economic quantities of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc are formed as a result of the precipitation of ore minerals from up-welling hydrothermal fluids. There are several classes of epithermal deposits that are defined on the basis of fluid chemistry and resulting alteration and ore mineralogy. Fluid chemistry is largely controlled by the proximity to igneous intrusive rocks and as a result igneous fluid content. Extrusive Rock: Igneous rock that has solidified on the earth’s surface from volcanic action. Fault: A fracture in a rock where there had been displacement of the two sides. Faults: Breaks in rocks with noticeable movement or displacement of the rocks on either side of the break. 6 Feldspar: A group of aluminum silicate minerals closely related in chemical composition and physical properties. There are two major chemical varieties of feldspar: the potassium aluminum, or potash, feldspars and the sodium- calcium-aluminum, or plagioclase, feldspars. The feldspars possess a tetrahedral framework of silicon and oxygen, with the partial substitution of aluminum for the silicon. They make up about 60 percent of the earth’s crust. Felsic: Light colored silicate minerals, mainly quartz and feldspar, or an igneous rock comprised largely of felsic minerals (granite, rhyolite). Fluid inclusion: Fluid inclusions are "bubbles" of fluid trapped within the host mineral during its deposition from its parent hydrothermal fluid. They are tiny remnants of the exact fluid from which the host mineral and its associated ore minerals deposited and they provide direct information about the fluid composition, temperature and pressure at which the hydrothermal deposit formed. Folds: Are flexures in bedded or layered rocks. They are formed when forces are applied gradually to rocks over a long period of time. Fracture: Breaks in a rock, usually due to intensive folding or faulting. Gangue: Term used to describe worthless minerals or rock waste mixed in with the valuable minerals. Geochemical Anomaly: An area of elevated values of a particular element in soil or rock samples collected during the preliminary reconnaissance search for locating favourable metal concentrations that could indicate the presence of surface or drill targets. Geochemistry: The study of the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and mineral deposits. Geophysics: The study of the physical properties of rocks, minerals, and mineral deposits. Gouge: The finely ground rock that results from the abrasion along a fault surface. Grade: The concentration of each ore metal in a rock sample, usually given as weight percent. Where extremely low concentrations are involved, the concentration may be given in grams per tonne (g/t) or ounces per ton (oz/t). The grade of an ore deposit is calculated, often using sophisticated statistical procedures, as an average of the grades of a very large number of samples collected from throughout the deposit. Granite: A coarse grained, plutonic igneous rock that is normally pale pink, pale pink-brown, or pale grey, and composed of quartz, alkali feldspar, micas and accessory minerals. Granodiorite: A course grained, plutonic igneous rock that is normally pale grey, and composed of quartz, calc- alkali feldspar, micas and accessory minerals. Grid: A network composed of two sets of uniformly spaced parallel lines, usually intersecting at right angles and forming squares, superimposed on a map, chart, or aerial photograph, to permit identification of ground locations by means of a system or coordinates and to facilitate computation of direction and distance and size of geologic, geochemical or geophysical features. Hectare: A square of 100 meters on each side. Host rock: The rock within which the ore deposit occurs. Hydrothermal: Of or pertaining to hot water, to the action of hot water, or to the products of this action, such as a mineral deposit precipitated from a hot aqueous solution; also, said of the solution itself. “Hydrothermal” is generally used for any hot water, but has been restricted by some to water of magmatic origin. Igneous: Means a rock formed by the cooling of molten silicate material. 7 Induced polarization (I.P.) method: The method used to measure various electrical responses to the passage of alternating currents of different frequencies through near-surface rocks or to the passage of pulses of electricity. Intermediate: An igneous rock made up of both felsic and mafic minerals (diorite). Intrusion: General term for a body of igneous rock formed below the surface. Intrusive Rock: Any igneous rock solidified from magma beneath the earth’s surface. Joint venture agreement: An agreement where the parties agree to the terms on which a property will be jointly explored, developed, and mined. (See also “Option agreement” and “Earn in”). Jurassic: Geological time period between 195 and 136 million years ago. Kriging: (a) A statistical technique employed in calculating grade and tonnage of ore reserves from sampling data. The data are handled by computer. (b) A technique for interpolating which honors data points exactly. An output point is calculated as a linear combination of known data points. Kriging attempts to produce the best linear unbiased estimate. Used to interpolate between drill holes. K-silicate: Potassium-bearing silicates. Potassium silicates are very common rock-forming minerals, however they are also formed by the interaction of hydrothermal fluids derived from the cooling intrusive rocks that are genetically and spatially associated with porphyry and epithermal deposits. Potassium feldspar (orthoclase) and potassium mica (biotite) are both commonly closely associated with copper-molybdenum ore in porphyry copper deposits. K-spar: Potassium feldspar. Lava: Means an igneous rock formed by the cooling of molten silicate material which escapes to the earth’s surface or pours out onto the sea floor. Limestone: Sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of carbonates, the two most common of which are calcium and magnesium carbonates. Lithosphere: The crust and upper mantle, located above the asthenosphere and composing the rigid plates. Mafic: A general term used to describe ferromagnesian minerals. Rocks composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals are correctly termed melanocratic. Magma: Naturally occurring molten rock material, generated within the earth and capable of intrusion and extrusion, from which igneous rocks have been derived through solidification and related processes. It may or may not contain suspended solids (such as crystals and rock fragments) and/or gas phases. Massive: Implies large mass. Applied in the context of hand specimens of, for example, sulphide ores, it usually means the specimen is composed essentially of sulphides with few, if any, other constituents. Metamorphic: Means any rock which is altered within the earth’s crust by the effects of heat and/or pressure and/or chemical reactions. Pertains to the process of metamorphism or to its results. Metasediment: A sediment or sedimentary rock that shows evidence of having been subjected to metamorphism. Metavolcanic: An informal term for volcanic rocks that show evidence of having been subject to metamorphism. Mineral claim: A legal entitlement to minerals in a certain defined area of ground. Mineral Deposit or Mineralized Material: A mineralized underground body which has been intersected by sufficient closely spaced drill holes and/or underground sampling to support sufficient tonnage and average grade of metal(s) to warrant further exploration-development work. This deposit does not qualify as a commercially mineable 8 ore body (Reserves), as prescribed under Commission standards, until a final and comprehensive economic, technical, and legal feasibility study based upon the test results is concluded. Mineral: A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound that possesses an orderly internal arrangement of atoms and a unique set of physical and chemical properties. Mineralization: Usually implies minerals of value occurring in rocks. National Instrument 43-101 or NI 43-101: A rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators and administered by the provincial securities commissions that govern how issuers disclose scientific and technical information about their mineral projects to the public. It covers oral statements as well as written documents and websites. It requires that all disclosure be based on advice by a “qualified person” and in some circumstances that the person be independent of the issuer and the property. Net profits interest: A contractual granted right to some portion of the profits after deduction of expenses sometimes expressed as a form of royalty. Net smelter returns: Means the amount actually paid to the mine or mill owner from the sale of ore, minerals and other materials or concentrates mined and removed from mineral properties. A royalty based on net smelter returns usually provides cash flow that is free of any operating or capital costs and environmental liabilities. Option agreement: An agreement where the optionee can exercise certain options to acquire or increase an interest in a property by making periodic payments or share issuances or both to the optionor or by exploring, developing or producing from the optionor’s property or both. Usually upon the acquisition of such interest, unless it is a 100% interest, all operations thereafter are on a joint venture basis. Ordinary kriging: The basic technique of kriging and uses a weighted average of neighboring samples to estimate the 'unknown' value at a given location. Weights are optimized using the semi-variogram model, the location of the samples and all the relevant inter-relationships between known and unknown values. The technique also provides a "standard error" which may be used to quantify confidence levels. Ore: A natural aggregate of one or more minerals which may be mined and sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably separated. Ore reserve: The measured quantity and grade of all or part of a mineralized body in a mine or undeveloped mineral deposit for which the mineralization is sufficiently defined and measured on three sides to form the basis of at least a preliminary mine production plan for economically viable mining. Orogeny: The process of forming mountains by folding and thrusting. Outcrop: An in situ exposure of bedrock. Overburden: A general term for any material covering or obscuring rocks from view. oz/t or opt: Ounces per ton. Paleozoic: An era of geologic time, from the end of the Precambrian to the beginning of the Mesozoic, or from about 570 to about 225 million years ago. Phenocrysts: An unusually large crystal in a relatively finer grained matrix. Pluton: Term for an igneous intrusion, usually formed from magma. Porphyry: An igneous rock composed of larger crystals set within a finer ground mass. 9 Pyroclastic rock: A rock of volcanic origin consisting of highly variable mixture of rock fragments, cinders and ashes and bits of crystals and glass. Quartz monzonite: A course grained, plutonic igneous rock that is normally pale pink, and composed of quartz, alkali feldspar, micas and accessory minerals. Rare Earth: A group of rare metallic chemical elements with consecutive atomic numbers of 57 to 71. Reclamation bond: A bond usually required by governmental mining regulations when mechanized work on a property is contemplated. Proceeds of the bond are used to reclaim any workings or put right any damage if reclamation undertaken does not satisfy the requirements of the regulations. Reserve: That part of a mineral deposit which could be economically extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. Reserves: A natural aggregate of one or more minerals which, at a specified time and place, may be mined and sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably separated. Reverse circulation drill: A rotary percussion drill in which the drilling mud and cuttings return to the surface through the drill pipe. Rhyolite: The fine grained equivalent of granite. Royalty interest: A royalty, the calculation and payment of which is tied to some production unit such as ton of concentrate or ounce of gold or silver produced. A common form of royalty interest is based on the net smelter return. Sample: Small amount of material that is supposed to be absolutely typical or representative of the object being sampled. Sandstone: Composed of sand-sized fragments cemented together. As a rule the fragments contain a high percentage of quartz. Sedimentary: A rock formed from cemented or compacted sediments. Sediments: Are composed of the debris resulting from the weathering and breakup of other rocks that have been deposited by or carried to the oceans by rivers, or left over from glacial erosion or sometimes from wind action. Selvage: A marginal zone, as in a dyke or vein, having some distinctive feature of fabric or composition. Sericite: A fine-grained variety of mica occurring in small scales, especially in schists. Shale: An argillaceous rock consisting of silt or clay-sized particles cemented together. Most shales are quite soft, because they contain large amounts of clay minerals. Silicate: Most rocks are made up of a small number of silicate minerals ranging from quartz (SiO2) to more complex hornblende (Ca2Na(Mg,Fe)4(Al,Fe,Ti)Si8)22(OH)2). (KAlSi3O8) orthoclase minerals feldspar such or as Sill: Tabular intrusion which is sandwiched between layers in the host rock. Skarn: A thermally altered impure limestone in which material has been added to the original rock. Skarns are generally characterized by the presence of calcium and silica rich minerals. Many skarns contain sulphide minerals which in some cases can be of economic value. 10 Stock: An igneous intrusive body of unknown depth with a surface exposure of less than 104 square kilometres. The sides, or contacts, of a stock, like those of a batholith, are usually steep and broaden with depth. Stockwork: A mineral deposit consisting of a three-dimensional network of closely spaced planar or irregular veinlets. Strike: The bearing, or magnetic compass direction, of an imaginary line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane with any planar surface, most commonly with bedding planes or foliation planes in rocks. Sulphide minerals: A mineral compound characterized by the linkage of sulfur with a metal or semimetal; e.g., galena. Syncline: A fold in which the bed has been forced down in the middle or up on the sides to form a trough. Tailings: Material rejected from a mill after recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted. Tailings pond: A pond where tailings are disposed of. Tonne: Metric ton – 1,000 kilograms – equivalent to 1.1023 tons. Triassic: Geological time period between 225 and 195 million years ago. Tuff: A finer grained pyroclastic rock made up mostly of ash and other fine grained volcanic material. Veins: The mineral deposits that are found filling openings in rocks created by faults or replacing rocks on either side of faults. Vuggy silica: In a high sulphidation epithermal environment, the highly acidic waters have dissolved everything but silica resulting in a highly porous and pox marker rock which is a good host for gold deposition. It is an indicator mineralization typical of epithermal rocks. Waste: Rock which is not ore. Usually referred to that rock which has to be removed during the normal course of mining in order to get at the ore. Glossary of Abbreviations Ag: Silver Ag g/t: Silver grade measured in grams per metric ton Converts to ounces per ton by dividing by 34.286 Au: Gold Au g/t: Gold grade measured in grams per metric ton Converts to ounces per ton by dividing by 34.286 Cu: Copper g/t: grams per tonne IP: Induced Polarization geophysical survey masl: meters above sea level NSR: net smelter returns royalty Oz: Troy ounce QA/QC: Quality Assurance/Quality Control tpd: Tonnes per day ton: Short ton (2,000 pounds) tonne: Metric ton (1000 kilograms - 2204.62 pounds) 11 NOTES CONCERNING TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO RESOURCES AND RESERVES Please see “CAUTIONARY NOTE TO U.S. INVESTORS REGARDING MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES,” below. The terms "mineral resource", "measured mineral resource", "indicated mineral resource", "inferred mineral resource", “mineral reserve”, “probable mineral reserve” and “proven mineral reserve” used in this Annual Report are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”), Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects under the guidelines set out in the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the "CIM") Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council. On November 14, 2004, November 27, 2010 and May 10, 2014, CIM Council adopted an update to the CIM Definition Standards to reflect the more detailed guidance available and effect certain editorial changes required to maintain consistency with current regulations. This version of the CIM Definition Standards includes further editorial changes required to maintain compatibility with the new version of National Instrument 43-101 which became Canadian law in 2011. The CIM Definition Standards can be viewed on the CIM website at www.cim.org. In accordance with Industry Guide 7, Description of Property by Issuers Engaged or to be Engaged in Significant Mining Operations, issued by the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”), a reserve is termed a “mineral deposit”. Definitions Qualified Person Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates and resulting technical reports under NI 43-101 must be prepared by or under the direction of, and dated and signed by, a Qualified Person. A “Qualified Person” means an individual who is an engineer or geoscientist with a university degree, or equivalent accreditation, with at least five years of experience in mineral exploration, mine development or operation or mineral project assessment, or any combination of these; has experience relevant to the subject matter of the mineral project and the technical report; and is a member or licensee in good standing of a professional association. The Qualified Person(s) should be clearly satisfied that they could face their peers and demonstrate competence and relevant experience in the commodity, type of deposit and situation under consideration. If doubt exists, the person must either seek or obtain opinions from other colleagues or demonstrate that he or she has obtained assistance from experts in areas where he or she lacked the necessary expertise. Determination of what constitutes relevant experience can be a difficult area and common sense has to be exercised. For example, in estimating Mineral Resources for vein gold mineralization, experience in a high-nugget, vein-type mineralization such as tin, uranium etc. should be relevant whereas experience in massive base metal deposits may not be. As a second example, for a person to qualify as a Qualified Person in the estimation of Mineral Reserves for alluvial gold deposits, he or she would need to have relevant experience in the evaluation and extraction of such deposits. Experience with placer deposits containing minerals other than gold, may not necessarily provide appropriate relevant experience for gold. In addition to experience in the style of mineralization, a Qualified Person preparing or taking responsibility for Mineral Resource estimates must have sufficient experience in the sampling, assaying, or other property testing techniques that are relevant to the deposit under consideration in order to be aware of problems that could affect the reliability of the data. Some appreciation of extraction and processing techniques applicable to that deposit type might also be important. Estimation of Mineral Resources is often a team effort, for example, involving one person or team collecting the data and another person or team preparing the Mineral Resource estimate. Within this team, geologists usually occupy the pivotal role. Estimation of Mineral Reserves is almost always a team effort involving a number of technical disciplines, and within this team mining engineers have an important role. Documentation for a Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimate must be compiled by, or under the supervision of, a Qualified Person(s), whether a geologist, mining engineer or member of another discipline. It is recommended that, where there is a clear division of responsibilities within a team, each Qualified Person should accept responsibility for his or her particular contribution. For example, one Qualified Person could accept responsibility for the collection of Mineral Resource data, another for the Mineral Reserve estimation process, another for the mining study, and the project leader could accept responsibility for the overall document. It is important that the Qualified Person accepting overall responsibility for a Mineral Resource and/or Mineral Reserve estimate and supporting documentation, which has been prepared in whole or in part by others, is satisfied that the other contributors are 12 Qualified Persons with respect to the work for which they are taking responsibility and that such persons are provided adequate documentation. Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) A study, other than a Pre-Feasibility or Feasibility Study, that includes an economic analysis of the potential viability of mineral resources. Preliminary Feasibility Study (Pre-Feasibility Study) The CIM Definition Standards requires the completion of a Preliminary Feasibility Study as the minimum prerequisite for the conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. A Preliminary Feasibility Study is a comprehensive study of a range of options for the technical and economic viability of a mineral project that has advanced to a stage where a preferred mining method, in the case of underground mining, or the pit configuration, in the case of an open pit, is established and an effective method of mineral processing is determined. It includes a financial analysis based on reasonable assumptions on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental considerations and the evaluation of any other relevant factors which are sufficient for a Qualified Person, acting reasonably, to determine if all or part of the Mineral Resource may be classified as a Mineral Reserve. Feasibility Study A Feasibility Study is a comprehensive technical and economic study of the selected development option for a mineral project that includes appropriately detailed assessments of realistically assumed mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental considerations together with any other relevant operational factors and detailed financial analysis, that are necessary to demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction is reasonably justified (economically mineable). The results of the study may reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a proponent or financial institution to proceed with, or finance, the development of the project. The confidence level of the study will be higher than that of a Pre-Feasibility Study. Exploration Information Exploration information means geological, geophysical, geochemical, sampling, drilling, trenching, analytical testing, assaying, mineralogical, metallurgical and other similar information concerning a particular property that is derived from activities undertaken to locate, investigate, define or delineate a mineral prospect or mineral deposit. It is recognized that in the review and compilation of data on a project or property, previous or historical estimates of tonnage and grade, not meeting the minimum requirement for classification as Mineral Resource, may be encountered. If a Qualified Person reports Exploration Information in the form of tonnage and grade, it must be clearly stated that these estimates are conceptual or order of magnitude and that they do not meet the criteria of a Mineral Resource. Mineral Resource Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into Inferred, Indicated and Measured categories. An Inferred Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applied to an Indicated Mineral Resource. An Indicated Mineral Resource has a higher level of confidence than an Inferred Mineral Resource but has a lower level of confidence than a Measured Mineral Resource. A Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material, or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious metals, coal, and industrial minerals in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. The term Mineral Resource covers mineralization and natural material of intrinsic economic interest which has been identified and estimated through exploration and sampling and within which Mineral Reserves may subsequently be defined by the consideration and application of technical, economic, legal, environmental, socio-economic and governmental factors. The phrase “reasonable prospects for economic extraction” implies a judgment by the Qualified Person in respect of the technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction. A Mineral Resource is an inventory of mineralization that under realistically assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions might become economically extractable. These assumptions must be presented explicitly in both public and technical reports. 13 Inferred Mineral Resource An “Inferred Mineral Resource” is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. Due to the uncertainty that may be attached to Inferred Mineral Resources, it cannot be assumed that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource will be upgraded to an Indicated or Measured Mineral Resource as a result of continued exploration. Confidence in the estimate is insufficient to allow the meaningful application of technical and economic parameters or to enable an evaluation of economic viability worthy of public disclosure. Inferred Mineral Resources must be excluded from estimates forming the basis of feasibility or other economic studies. Indicated Mineral Resource An “Indicated Mineral Resource” is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed. Mineralization may be classified as an Indicated Mineral Resource by the Qualified Person when the nature, quality, quantity and distribution of data are such as to allow confident interpretation of the geological framework and to reasonably assume the continuity of mineralization. The Qualified Person must recognize the importance of the Indicated Mineral Resource category to the advancement of the feasibility of the project. An Indicated Mineral Resource estimate is of sufficient quality to support a Preliminary Feasibility Study which can serve as the basis for major development decisions. Measured Mineral Resource A “Measured Mineral Resource” is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity. Mineralization or other natural material of economic interest may be classified as a Measured Mineral Resource by the Qualified Person when the nature, quality, quantity and distribution of data are such that the tonnage and grade of the mineralization can be estimated to within close limits and that variation from the estimate would not significantly affect potential economic viability. This category requires a high level of confidence in, and understanding of, the geology and controls of the mineral deposit. Mineral Reserve Mineral Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Mineral Reserves and Proven Mineral Reserves. A Probable Mineral Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proven Mineral Reserve. A Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined. Mineral Reserves are those parts of Mineral Resources which, after the application of all mining factors, result in an estimated tonnage and grade which, in the opinion of the Qualified Person(s) making the estimates, is the basis of an economically viable project after taking account of all relevant processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environment, socio-economic and government factors. Mineral Reserves are inclusive of diluting material that will be mined in conjunction with the Mineral Reserves and delivered to the treatment plant or equivalent facility. The term “Mineral Reserve” need not necessarily signify that extraction facilities are in place or operative or that all governmental approvals have been received. It does signify that there are reasonable expectations of such approvals. 14 Probable Mineral Reserve A “Probable Mineral Reserve” is the economically mineable part of an Indicated and, in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. Proven Mineral Reserve A “Proven Mineral Reserve” is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction is justified. Application of the Proven Mineral Reserve category implies that the Qualified Person has the highest degree of confidence in the estimate with the consequent expectation in the minds of the readers of the report. The term should be restricted to that part of the deposit where production planning is taking place and for which any variation in the estimate would not significantly affect potential economic viability. CAUTIONARY NOTE TO U.S. INVESTORS REGARDING MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES As used in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, the terms “Mineral Reserve,” “Proven Mineral Reserve” and “Probable Mineral Reserve” are Canadian mining terms defined in accordance with NI 43-101 and the CIM Standards. These definitions differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under the U.S. Securities Act. Under SEC Industry Guide 7, a reserve is defined as that part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time the reserve determination is made. The terms “Mineral Resource,” “Measured Mineral Resource,” “Indicated Mineral Resource” and “Inferred Mineral Resource” are defined in and required to be used by NI 43-101. However, these terms are not defined terms under SEC Industry Guide 7 and are normally not permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all, or any part, of a mineral deposit in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. “Indicated Mineral Resource” and “Inferred Mineral Resource” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all, or any part, of an Indicated Mineral Resource or an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources may not form the basis of Feasibility or Preliminary Feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all, or any part, of an Inferred Mineral Resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations. However, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. Accordingly, information contained in this Annual Report on Form 20-F and the exhibits filed herewith or incorporated by reference herein contain descriptions of mineral deposits that may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Further, the term “mineralized material” as used in this Annual Report on Form 20-F does not indicate “reserves” by SEC standards. We cannot be certain that mineralized material will ever be confirmed or converted into SEC Industry Guide 7 compliant "reserves". Investors are cautioned not to assume that mineralized material will ever be confirmed or converted into reserves or that mineralized material can be economically or legally extracted. Conversion Table Metric / Imperial 1.0 millimeter (mm) = 0.039 inches (in) 1.0 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1.0 kilometer (km) = 0.621 miles (mi) 1.0 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres (ac) 1.0 gram (g) = 0.032 troy ounces (oz) 1.0 metric tonne (t) = 1.102 short tons (ton) 1.0 g/t = 0.029 oz/ton Unless otherwise indicated, all dollar ($) amounts referred to herein are in Canadian dollars. 15 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Almaden Minerals Ltd. (“Almaden” or the “Company”), and the exhibits attached hereto that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the meaning of U.S. and Canadian securities legislation and the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to anticipated results and developments in the Company’s operations, planned exploration and development of the Company’s properties, plans related to the Company’s business and other matters that may occur in the future. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management. Statements concerning Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates may also be deemed to constitute forward-looking statements to the extent that they involve estimates of the mineralization that will be encountered if a property is developed, and in the case of Mineral Reserves, such statements reflect the conclusion based on certain assumptions that the mineral deposit can be economically exploited. Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, using words or phrases such as “expects” or “does not expect”, “is expected”, “anticipates” or “does not anticipate”, “plans”, “estimates” or “intends”, or stating that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will” (or the negative and grammatical variations of any of these terms and similar expressions) be taken, occur or be achieved) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements and forward-looking information are based, in part, on assumptions and factors that may change and are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual events or results, performance or achievements of the Company to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements and forward-looking information. Some of the important risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect forward-looking statements and forward- looking information include, but are not limited to, those described further in the sections entitled “ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION - Risk Factors”, “ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY - Business Overview”, “ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY – Principal Property Interests” and “ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS” and in the exhibits attached to this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Should one or more of these risks, uncertainties and other factors materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in the Company’s forward- looking statements or forward-looking information. There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements and information. The forward-looking statements and forward-looking information are based on beliefs, expectations and opinions of the Company’s management on the date of this Annual Report on Form 20- F and speak only as of the date hereof and the Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements or forward-looking information contained herein to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof, except as required by law. For the reasons set forth above, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements and other information contained herein concerning the mining industry and the Company’s expectations concerning the mining industry are based on estimates prepared by the Company using data from publicly available sources as well as from market research and industry analysis and on assumptions based on data and knowledge of this industry which the Company believes to be reasonable. However, this data is inherently imprecise, although generally indicative of relative market positions, market shares and performance characteristics. While the Company is not aware of any misstatements regarding any mining industry data presented herein, the industry involves risks and uncertainties and is subject to change based on various factors. Certain historical and forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 20-F has been provided by, or derived from information provided by, certain persons other than the Company. Although the Company does not have any knowledge that would indicate that any such information is untrue or incomplete, the Company assumes no responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of such information or the failure by such other persons to disclose events which may have occurred or may affect the completeness or accuracy of such information, but which is unknown to the Company. 16 Please consult the Company’s public filings at www.sec.gov for further, more detailed information concerning these matters. PART I Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors Not applicable Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable Not applicable Item 3. Key Information The following selected financial data of the Company for Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016 ended December 31st was derived from the consolidated financial statements of the Company included elsewhere in this 20-F Annual Report. The selected financial data set forth for Fiscal 2015 and Fiscal 2014 ended December 31st are derived from the Company's audited consolidated financial statements, not included herein. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and other information included immediately following the text of this Annual Report. The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance and compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). The basis of preparation is described in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements. Table No. 1 Selected Financial Data International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) (expressed in thousands of Canadian dollars, except share and per share data) Year Ended 12/31/2018 $ - 1,190 (3,512) (0.03) (0.03) 107,584 4,357 54,678 71,365 73,928 127,022 - Year Ended 12/31/2017 $ - 468 (5,231) (0.05) (0.05) 95,873 16,065 44,804 64,730 66,803 118,054 - Year Ended 12/31/2016 $ - 444 (4,024) (0.05) (0.05) 82,323 9,293 35,985 45,221 47,514 95,290 - Year Ended 12/31/2015 $ - 2,711 (1,145) (0.02) (0.02) 73,249 5,808 30,538 35,983 38,215 83,758 - Year Ended 12/31/2014 $ - (9,496) (14,701) (0.23) (0.23) 66,331 9,172 28,645 39,637 42,019 87,084 - Revenues Other Income (loss) Net loss and comprehensive loss Basic net (loss) income per common share Diluted net (loss) income per common share Weighted average shares (000) Working capital Exploration and evaluation assets Net assets Total assets Capital stock Dividends declared per share Canadian/U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates In this Annual Report, unless otherwise specified, all dollar amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars (CDN$). 17 Table No. 2 sets forth the exchange rate for the Canadian dollars at the end of the five most recent fiscal periods ended at December 31st, the average rates for the period, the range of high and low rates and the close for the period. Table No. 3 sets forth the range of high and low rates for each month during the previous six months. For purposes of this table, the rate of exchange means the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers in foreign currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The table sets forth the number of Canadian Dollars required under that formula to buy one U.S. Dollar. The average rate means the average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the period. Table No. 2 Canadian Dollar/U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates for Five Most Recent Financial Years Fiscal Year Ended 12/31/2018 Fiscal Year Ended 12/31/2017 Fiscal Year Ended 12/31/2016 Fiscal Year Ended 12/31/2015 Fiscal Year Ended 12/31/2014 Average High Low Close $1.30 1.30 1.32 1.28 1.10 $1.36 1.37 1.46 1.40 1.16 $1.23 1.21 1.25 1.17 1.06 $1.36 1.25 1.34 1.38 1.16 Table No. 3 Canadian Dollar/U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates for Previous Six Months High Low September 2018 October 2018 November 2018 December 2018 $1.32 1.29 $1.31 1.28 $1.33 1.31 $1.36 1.32 January 2019 $1.36 1.31 February 2019 $1.33 1.31 The exchange rate was CDN$1.33/US$1.00 on March 14, 2019. Risk Factors General Risk Factors Attendant to Resource Exploration and Development Resource exploration and development is a speculative business, characterized by a number of significant risks including, among other things, unprofitable efforts resulting not only from the failure to discover mineral deposits but from finding mineral deposits which, though present, are insufficient in quantity and quality to return a profit from production. The marketability of minerals acquired or discovered by the Company may be affected by numerous factors which are beyond the control of the Company and which cannot be accurately predicted, such as market fluctuations, the proximity and capacity of milling facilities, mineral markets and processing equipment, and other factors such as government regulations, including regulations relating to royalties, allowable production, importing and exporting of minerals, and environment protection, the combination of which factors may result in the Company not receiving an adequate return on investment capital. Presently, the Company is in the exploration and development stage and there is no assurance that a commercially viable ore deposit (a reserve) exists in any of its properties or prospects until further work is done and a comprehensive economic evaluation based upon that work is concluded. In recent years the Company has financed its operations principally through the sale of equity securities. In the past, it has also financed its activities by entering into joint venture arrangements and through the sale of an inventory of gold. A commercially viable ore deposit is dependent on the establishment of economically recoverable reserves, the ability of the Company to obtain the necessary financing and permitting to complete development and ultimately upon future profitable production or the realization of proceeds from the disposition of the properties. Uncertainty in Discovering Commercially Mineable Ore Deposits There is no certainty that the expenditures to be made by the Company in the exploration of its properties as described herein will result in discoveries of mineralized material in commercial quantities. Most exploration projects do not result in the discovery of commercially mineable ore deposits and no assurance can be given that any particular level of recovery of ore reserves will in fact be realized or that any identified mineral deposit will ever qualify as a commercially mineable (or viable) ore body which can be legally and economically exploited. Estimates of reserves, mineral deposits and production costs can also be affected by such factors as environmental permitting regulations and requirements, weather, environmental factors, unforeseen technical difficulties, 18 unusual or unexpected geological formations and work interruptions. In addition, the grade of ore ultimately mined may differ from that indicated by drilling results. Short term factors relating to ore reserves, such as the need for orderly development of ore bodies or the processing of new or different grades, may also have an adverse effect on mining operations and on the results of operations. There can be no assurance that minerals recovered in small-scale tests will be duplicated in large-scale tests under on-site conditions or in production scale. Material changes in ore reserves, grades, stripping ratios or recovery rates may affect the economic viability of any project. History of Net Losses, Lack of Cash Flow and Assurance of Profitability; Need for Additional Capital The Company had net losses in a number of years since its date of incorporation. Due to the nature of the Company’s business, there can be no assurance that the Company will be profitable. The Company had net losses of $3,511,667 in Fiscal 2018, $5,231,295 in Fiscal 2017, and $4,023,504 in Fiscal 2016. The Company currently has no revenues from operations as all of its properties and prospects are in the development stage. There is no assurance that the Company will receive revenues from operations at any time in the near future. During Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company earned interest income and other income from Administrative service fees charged to Azucar Minerals Ltd. (formerly Almadex Minerals Limited) (“Azucar”) and During Fiscal 2018, the Company earned other income from Administrative service fees charged to Almadex Minerals Ltd. (formerly 1154229 B.C Ltd.) (“Almadex”). At December 31, 2018, the Company had working capital of $4,356,589 including cash and cash equivalents of $5,080,580. Management estimates that the current cash position and expected future cash flows from the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants and equity financing will be sufficient for the Company to carry out its anticipated exploration and operating plans for fiscal 2019 that includes further development of the Ixtaca Project. Although Management believes that the Company’s cash resources are sufficient to meet its working capital and mineral exploration requirements for fiscal 2019, the Company may require additional capital in order to remain operational in the near future. There is the possibility that the Company may not receive such necessary funding, particularly during a down economy. Additional funding may not be available, or even if it is available, it may be on unfavorable terms. The Company has not paid dividends on its shares since incorporation and the Company does not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. Uncertainty of Obtaining Additional Funding Requirements If the Company’s exploration and development programs are successful, additional capital will be required for the further development of an economic ore body and to place it in commercial production. The only material sources of future funds presently available to the Company are the sale of its equity capital, the incurring of debt, or the offering by the Company of an interest in its properties and prospects to be earned by another party or parties carrying out further development thereof. Failure to obtain additional financing on a timely basis could cause the Company to forfeit its interest in such properties, dilute its interests in the properties and/or reduce or terminate its operations. Possible Dilution to Present and Prospective Shareholders The Company’s plan of operation, in part, contemplates the financing of the conduct of its business by the issuance, for cash, of equity securities of the Company or incurring debt, or a combination of the two. Any transaction involving the issuance of previously authorized but unissued shares of common stock, or securities convertible into common stock, would result in dilution, possibly substantial, to present and prospective holders of common stock. The Company could also seek joint venture partners or funding sources such as royalties or streaming transactions. These approaches would dilute the Company’s interest in properties it has acquired. Material Risk of Dilution Presented by Large Number of Outstanding Share Purchase Options and Warrants As of March 14, 2019, there were share purchase options outstanding allowing the holders of these options to purchase 9,757,000 shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants allowing the holders of these warrants to purchase 11,407,199 shares of the Company’s common stock. Directors and officers of the Company in the aggregate hold 8,012,000 of these share purchase options and 12,500 of these warrants. An additional 1,745,000 share purchase options are held by employees and consultants of the Company. Given the fact that as of March 14, 2019 there were 111,726,719 shares of common stock outstanding, the exercise of all of the existing share purchase options and warrants would result in dilution to the existing shareholders and could depress the price of 19 the Company’s shares. The exercise of all outstanding share purchase options and warrants would cause the number of issued and outstanding common shares to rise 19%. Volatility of Share Price Market prices for shares of early stage companies are often volatile. Factors such as announcements of mineral discoveries, exploration and financial results, and other factors could have a significant effect on the price of the Company’s shares. Mineral Prices May Not Support Corporate Profit The mining industry in general is intensely competitive and there is no assurance that, even if commercial quantities of mineral resources are developed, a profitable market will exist for the sale of same. Factors beyond the control of the Company may affect the marketability of any substances discovered. The price of minerals is volatile over short periods of time, and is affected by numerous factors beyond the control of the Company, including international economic and political trends, expectations of inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, interest rates and global or regional consumption patterns, speculative activities and increased production due to improved mining techniques. Material changes in mineral prices may affect the economic viability of any project. Laws and Regulations The current and anticipated future operations of the Company, including development activities and commencement of production on its properties, require permits from various federal, territorial and local governmental authorities and such operations are and will be governed by laws and regulations governing prospecting, development, mining, production, exports, taxes, labor standards, occupational health, waste disposal, toxic substances, land use, environmental protection, mine safety and other matters. Companies engaged in the development and operation of mines and related facilities generally experience increased costs, and delays in production and other schedules as a result of the need to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permits. Such operations and exploration activities are also subject to substantial regulation under these laws by governmental agencies and may require that the Company obtain permits from various governmental agencies. The Company believes it is in substantial compliance with all material laws and regulations which currently apply to its activities. There can be no assurance, however, that all permits which the Company may require for construction of mining facilities and conduct of mining operations will be obtainable on reasonable terms or that such laws and regulations, or that new legislation or modifications to existing legislation, would not have an adverse effect on any exploration or mining project which the Company might undertake. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment or remedial actions. Parties engaged in exploration and mining operations may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of the mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violation of applicable laws or regulations. The enactment of new laws or amendments to current laws, regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining companies, or more stringent implementation thereof, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and cause increases in capital expenditures or production costs or reduction in levels of production at producing properties or require abandonment or delays in development of new mining properties. Environmental The Company’s exploration and development activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing protection of the environment. The Company is also subject to various reclamation-related conditions. Reclamation requirements are designed to minimize long-term effects of mining exploitation and exploration disturbance by requiring the operating company to control possible deleterious effluents and to re-establish to some degree pre-disturbance land forms and vegetation. The Company is subject to such requirements in connection with its activities at the Ixtaca gold and silver project (“Ixtaca” or the “Ixtaca Project”). Any significant environmental issues that may arise, however, could lead to increased reclamation expenditures and could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial resources. The amounts recorded for reclamation costs are estimates unique to a property based on estimates provided by independent consulting engineers and the Company’s assessment of the anticipated timing of future reclamation and remediation work required to comply with existing laws and regulations. There can also be no assurance that 20 closure estimates prove to be accurate Actual costs incurred in future periods could differ from amounts estimated. Additionally, future changes to environmental laws and regulations could affect the extent of reclamation and remediation work required to be performed by the Company. Any such changes in future costs could materially impact the amounts charged to operations for reclamation and remediation. Although the Company closely follows and believes it is operating in compliance with all applicable environmental regulations, there can be no assurance that all future requirements will be obtainable on reasonable terms. Failure to comply may result in enforcement actions causing operations to cease or be curtailed and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures. Intense lobbying over environmental concerns by non- governmental organizations (“NGOs”) opposed to mining has caused some governments to cancel or restrict development of mining projects. Current publicized concern over climate change may lead to carbon taxes, requirements for carbon offset purchases or new regulation. The costs or likelihood of such potential issues to the Company cannot be estimated at this time. No Guarantee of Title to Mineral Properties While the Company has investigated title to all of its mineral properties and prospects, and, to the best of its knowledge, title to all of its properties and prospects in which it has the right to acquire or earn an interest are in good standing as of the date of this Annual Report, this should not be construed as a guarantee of title. The properties and prospects may be subject to prior unregistered agreements or transfers unknown to the Company and title may be affected by undetected defects, e.g. defects in staking or acquisition process. There is a risk that title to the mining concessions, the surface rights and access rights comprising Ixtaca and the necessary infrastructure, may be deficient or subject to dispute. The procurement or enforcement of such rights can be costly and time consuming. In areas where there are local populations or land owners, it may be necessary, as a practical matter, to negotiate surface access. Despite having the legal right to access the surface and carry on construction and mining activities, the Company may not be able to negotiate satisfactory agreements with existing landowners/occupiers for such access, and therefore it may be unable to carry out activities as planned. In addition, in circumstances where such access is denied, or no agreement can be reached, the Company may need to rely on the assistance of local officials or the courts in such jurisdictions, which may delay or impact mining activities as planned. There is also a risk that the Company’s exploration, development and mining authorizations and surface rights may be challenged or impugned by third parties. In addition, there is a risk that the Company will not be able to renew some or all its licenses in the future. Inability to renew a license could result in the loss of any project located within that license. Finally, there is a risk that developing laws and movements respecting the acquisition of lands and other rights of indigenous communities may alter the arrangements made by prior owners of the lands where Ixtaca is located. Future laws and actions could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations at Ixtaca or on its financial position, cash flow and results of operations. If title is disputed, the Company will have to defend its ownership through the courts, which would likely be an expensive and protracted process and have a negative effect on the Company’s operations and financial condition. In the event of an adverse judgment, the Company could lose its property rights. Political, economic and social environment The Company’s mineral properties may be adversely affected by political, economic and social uncertainties which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Areas in which the Company holds or may acquire properties may experience local political unrest and disruption which could potentially affect the Company’s projects or interests. Changes in leadership, social or political disruption or unforeseen circumstances affecting political, economic and social structure could adversely affect the Company’s property interests or restrict its operations. The Company’s mineral exploration and development activities may be affected by changes in government regulations relating to the mining industry and may include regulations on production, price controls, labour, export controls, income taxes, expropriation of property, environmental legislation and safety factors. 21 Any shifts in political attitudes or changes in laws that may result in, among other things, significant changes to mining laws or any other national legal body of regulations or policies are beyond the control of the Company and may adversely affect its business. The Company faces the risk that governments may adopt substantially different policies, which might extend to the expropriation of assets or increased government participation in the mining sector. In addition, changes in resource development or investment policies, increases in taxation rates, higher mining fees and royalty payments, revocation or cancellation of mining concession rights or shifts in political attitudes in countries where the Company holds mineral properties may adversely affect the Company’s business. The Company’s relationship with communities in which it operates is critical to the development of the Ixtaca project. Local communities may be influenced by external entities, groups or organizations opposed to mining activities. In recent years, anti-mining NGO activity in Mexico has increased. These NGOs have taken such actions as road closures, work stoppages and law suits for damages. These actions relate not only to current activities but often in respect to the mining activities by prior owners of mining properties. Such actions by NGOs may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations at the Ixtaca Project and on its financial position, cash flow and results of operations. Uncertainty in Development of a Commercially Mineable Ore Deposit The properties and prospects in which the Company has an interest are not in commercial production. A commercially viable ore deposit is dependent on the establishment of economically recoverable reserves, the ability of the Company to obtain the necessary financing and permitting to complete development, and ultimately upon future profitable production or the realization of proceeds from the disposition of the properties. Uncertainty of Reserves and Mineralization Estimates There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating proven and probable reserves and mineralization, including many factors beyond the control of the Company. The estimation of reserves and mineralization is a subjective process and the accuracy of any such estimates is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Results of drilling, metallurgical testing and production and the evaluation of mine plans subsequent to the date of any estimate may justify revision of such estimates. No assurances can be given that the volume and grade of reserves recovered and rates of production will not be less than anticipated. Assumptions about prices are subject to greater uncertainty and metals prices have fluctuated widely in the past. Declines in the market price of base or precious metals also may render reserves or mineralization containing relatively lower grades of ore uneconomic to exploit. Changes in operating and capital costs and other factors including, but not limited to, short-term operating factors such as the need for sequential development of ore bodies and the processing of new or different ore grades, may materially and adversely affect reserves. Dependence on Key Personnel The Company depends highly on the business and technical expertise of its management and key personnel, in particular, Duane Poliquin and Morgan Poliquin. There is little possibility that this dependence will decrease in the near term. As the Company’s operations expand, additional general management resources may be required. The Company maintains no “Key Man” insurance coverage, and the loss or unavailability of any of its key personnel could have a negative effect on the Company’s ability to operate effectively. Conflict of Interest Some of the Company’s directors and officers are directors and officers of other natural resource or mining- related companies. Duane Poliquin, Morgan Poliquin, John McCleary, Mark Brown, William Worrall, Douglas McDonald, and Korm Trieu also serve as directors and/or officers of Azucar Minerals Ltd., (formerly Almadex Minerals Limited) and Almadex Minerals Ltd. (formerly 1154229 B.C. Ltd.). Gerald Carlson also serves a director and as the President and CEO of Pacific Ridge Exploration Ltd. and director of New Point Exploration Corp. Mark Brown also serves as the Chief Financial Officer of Adamera Minerals, Orestone Mining Corp., and Redstar Gold Corp. He also serves as Executive Chairman of Alianza Minerals Ltd., and director of Avrupa Minerals Ltd., Mountain Boy Minerals, Strategem Capital Corp., and Sutter Gold Mining Ltd. Elaine Ellingham also serves as a director of Aurania Resources Ltd. and Wallbridge Mining Company Ltd. These associations may give rise from time to time to conflicts of interest, as a result of which, the Company may miss the opportunity to participate in certain transactions. 22 Foreign Operations The Company currently has development projects located in Mexico. The Company’s foreign activities are subject to the risks normally associated with conducting business in foreign countries, including exchange controls and currency fluctuations, foreign taxation, laws or policies of particular countries, labor practices and disputes, and uncertain political and economic environments, as well as risks of war and civil disturbances, or other risks that could cause exploration or development difficulties or stoppages, restrict the movement of funds or result in the deprivation or loss of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation. Foreign operations could also be adversely impacted by laws and policies of the U.S. affecting foreign trade, investment and taxation. Changes to Mexican Mining Taxes In October 2013, the Mexican Congress approved a package of tax reforms which included significant changes to the country’s mining royalties and tax structure. These new laws had an effective date of January 1, 2014. The changes include a 7.5% special mining royalty on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and an additional 0.5% royalty on gross revenues from precious metal production. The new law also increases annual taxes on certain inactive exploration concessions by 50% to 100%. These changes may result in increased holding costs to the Company for its existing mineral concessions. These new taxes and royalties, any future increases to tax and royalty rates, or any new taxes imposed by the Mexican governmental authorities may materially and adversely affect the potential to define economic reserves on any Mexican properties and result in the Company’s Mexican properties being less attractive to potential optionees or joint- venture partners. Foreign Currency Fluctuations At the present time, some of the Company’s activities are carried on outside of Canada. Accordingly, it is subject to risks associated with fluctuations of the rate of exchange between the Canadian dollar and foreign currencies. The Company is currently not engaged in currency hedging to offset any risk of exchange rate fluctuation and currently has no plans to engage in currency hedging. Operating Hazards and Risks Associated with the Mining Industry Mining operations generally involve a high degree of risk, which even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome. Hazards such as unusual or unexpected geological formations and other conditions are involved. Operations in which the Company has a direct or indirect interest will be subject to all the hazards and risks normally incidental to exploration, development and production of minerals, any of which could result in work stoppages, damage to or destruction of mines and other producing facilities, damage to or loss of life and property, environmental damage and possible legal liability for any or all damage or loss. The Company may become subject to liability for cave-ins and other hazards for which it cannot insure or against which it may elect not to insure where premium costs are disproportionate to the Company’s perception of the relevant risks. The payment of such insurance premiums and the incurring of such liabilities would reduce the funds available for exploration activities. The Ability to Manage Growth Should the Company be successful in its efforts to develop its mineral properties or to raise capital for such development or for the development of other mining ventures it will experience significant growth in operations. If this occurs, management anticipates that additional expansion will be required in order to continue development. Any expansion of the Company’s business would place further demands on its management, operational capacity and financial resources. The Company anticipates that it will need to recruit qualified personnel in all areas of its operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be effective in retaining its current personnel or attracting and retaining additional qualified personnel, expanding its operational capacity or otherwise managing growth. The failure to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Competition There is competition from other mining exploration companies with operations similar to those of the Company's. Many of the mining companies with which the Company competes have operations and financial strength many times greater than that of the Company. Such competitors could outbid the Company for such projects, equipment or personnel, or produce minerals at a lower cost which would have a negative effect on the Company’s operations and financial condition. 23 Lack of a Dividend Policy The Company does not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, as any earnings are expected to be retained for use in developing and expanding its business. However, the actual amount of dividends which the Company may pay will remain subject to the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and will depend on results of operations, cash requirements and future prospects of the Company and other factors. Cybersecurity Risks As is typical of modern businesses, the Company is reliant on the continuous and uninterrupted operation of its information technology (“IT”) systems. User access and security of all Company sites and IT systems can be critical elements to its operations, as is cloud security, security of all of the Company’s IT systems, and protection against cyber security incidents. Any IT failure pertaining to availability, access or system security could potentially result in disruption of the activities of the Company and its personnel, and could adversely affect the reputation, operations or financial performance of the Company. Potential risks to the Company’s IT systems could include unauthorized attempts to extract business sensitive, confidential or personal information, denial of access extortion, corruption of information or disruption of business processes, or by inadvertent or intentional actions by the Company’s employees or vendors. A cybersecurity incident resulting in a security breach or failure to identify a security threat could disrupt business and could result in the loss of sensitive, confidential or personal information or other assets, as well as litigation, regulatory enforcement, violation of privacy or securities laws and regulations, and remediation costs, all of which could materially impact the Company’s business or reputation. Foreign Incorporation and Civil Liabilities The Company was created under amalgamation under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, Canada. All of the Company’s directors and officers are residents of Canada and all of the Company’s assets and its subsidiaries are located outside the U.S. Consequently, it may be difficult for U.S. investors to affect service of process in the U.S. upon those directors and officers who are not residents of the U.S., or to realize in the U.S. upon judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon civil liabilities under applicable U.S. laws. The Company could be deemed a passive foreign investment company which could have negative consequences for U.S. investors. The Company could be classified as a Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”) under the United States tax code. If the Company is a PFIC, then owners of the Company’s shares who are U.S. taxpayers generally will be required to include distributions or any gain realized upon a disposition or deemed disposition of shares, as ordinary income and to pay an interest charge on a portion of such distribution or gain, unless the taxpayer timely makes a qualified electing fund ("QEF") election or a mark-to-market election with respect to the Company’s shares. Item 4. Information on the Company History and Development of the Company The head office of the Company is located at 1333 Johnston Street, Suite 210, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3R9. The registered and records office of the Company is 1177 West Hastings Street, Suite 1710, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6E 2L3. The contact persons are Duane Poliquin, Chairman and Morgan Poliquin, President. The telephone number is (604) 689-7644. The fax number is (604) 689-7645. The email address is info@almadenminerals.com. The web-site address is www.almadenminerals.com. The Company was formed by amalgamation under the laws of the Province of British Columbia of its predecessor companies, Almaden Resources Corporation and Fairfield Minerals Ltd. on February 1, 2002. The Company operates under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia). Effective July 31, 2015, the Company effected a corporate reorganization pursuant to a statutory plan of arrangement (“Plan of Arrangement”) involving the Company’s then wholly owned subsidiary, Azucar, as described below. 24 The Company’s common shares began trading on The Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the symbol “AMM” on February 11, 2002 and on the NYSE American (formerly the NYSE MKT), under the symbol “AAU” on December 19, 2005. Almaden Resources Corporation’s initial public offering on the Vancouver Stock Exchange was pursuant to a prospectus dated October 10, 1986. The shares of Fairfield Minerals Ltd. began trading on the Vancouver Stock Exchange on July 18, 1986 and on The Toronto Stock Exchange on May 21, 1990. There have been no public takeover offers by third parties in respect of the Company’s shares and the Company has made no public takeover offers in respect of any other company’s shares. Organizational Structure The Company currently has three wholly-owned subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are: Subsidiaries Puebla Holdings Inc. Minera Gorrion, S.A. de C.V. Molinos de Puebla, S.A. de C.V. Jurisdiction Canada Mexico Mexico Nature of operations Holding company Exploration company Holding company Business of the Company The Company is engaged in the business of the acquisition, exploration and when warranted, development of mineral properties. The Company currently has material property interests in Mexico. The Company's property interests are at the exploration and development stage. The Company has not generated any revenues from operations. Corporate Reorganization The Company entered into an Arrangement Agreement dated May 11, 2015 involving the spinout, pursuant to a statutory Plan of Arrangement, of Almaden’s early stage exploration projects, royalty interests and other non- core assets into a new public Company called Azucar (formerly Almadex Minerals Limited), which trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol “AMZ” and the OTCQX marketplace under the symbol “AXDDF”, pursuant to which Azucar acquired the following key assets:         a 100% interest in the El Cobre copper-gold porphyry exploration project in Mexico and the Willow copper-gold porphyry exploration project in Nevada, in addition to a portfolio of 20 other exploration projects; a 2% NSR on the Company’s Tuligtic property in Mexico, which hosts the Company’s Ixtaca gold-silver development project; a 1.5% NSR on the Caballo Blanco gold deposit in Mexico, a development project operated by Timmins Gold Corp.; a 2% NSR on the Elk gold deposit in Canada, an advanced exploration project operated by JDL Gold Corp. (formerly Gold Mountain Mining Corp.); a portfolio of 21 additional NSRs on exploration projects in Mexico, Canada and the United States identified through the Company’s past prospect generator activities; equity holdings in several publicly-listed companies; 1,597 ounces of gold bullion; and approximately $3 million in cash. On July 31, 2015, all conditions to the statutory Plan of Arrangement regarding the spinout were satisfied or waived and the spinout was effective. Almaden’s shareholders approved the Plan of Arrangement and exchanged their existing common shares of Almaden for one “new” Almaden common share and 0.6 common share of Azucar. The Company entered into an Administrative Services Agreement with Azucar dated May 15, 2015, as amended by First Amending Agreement dated December 16, 2015 (the “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the Company is the sole and exclusive manager of Azucar, and provides Azucar with general management services and day-to- day operation of Azucar. These services include: 25  Office space;  Executive personnel and human resources;  Geological technical support; and  Accounting and financial services. Azucar compensates the Company 30% of the Company’s actual monthly cost of rent for any shared facilities, and 30% of any shared personnel’s fees and/or wages. Azucar pays the Company any reasonable fees or costs incurred on behalf of Azucar by the Company which were approved by Azucar. Effective May 18, 2018, Azucar effected a corporate reorganization pursuant to a statutory plan of arrangement involving Azucar’s then wholly owned subsidiary, Almadex Minerals Ltd. (“Almadex”, formerly 1154229 B.C. Ltd.). Consequent upon this corporate reorganization the Company entered into an Administrative Services Agreement with Almadex dated March 29, 2018 (the “Almadex Agreement”). Under the Almadex Agreement, the Company is the sole and exclusive manager of Almadex, and provides Almadex with general management services and day-to-day operation of Almadex. These services include:  Office space;  Executive personnel and human resources;  Geological technical support; and  Accounting and financial services. Almadex compensates the Company 20% of the Company’s actual monthly cost of rent for any shared facilities, and 20% of any shared personnel’s fees and/or wages. Almadex pays the Company any reasonable fees or costs incurred on behalf of Almadex by the Company which were approved by Almadex. Both the Agreement and the Almadex Agreement (together, the “Administrative Services Agreements”) have initial 5-year terms, with subsequent automatic 1-year renewals unless terminated pursuant to the terms permitted under the Administrative Services Agreements. The Administrative Services Agreements include a Change of Control clause. If either party is subject to a Change of Control during the term of the respective Administrative Services Agreement, the Administrative Services Agreement shall automatically terminate within 48 hours of the Change of Control unless agreed to in writing by both parties. The target of the Change of Control shall then pay the other party $2 million as compensation for the unplanned termination of the Company’s engagement and significant disruption to the other party’s business. “Change of Control” means the date upon which, without the written concurrence of the target of the Change of Control, any person (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) makes and does not withdraw a take-over bid (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) or acquires, directly or indirectly, that number of common shares of the target which equals or exceeds twenty percent (20%) of the then issued common shares of the target. Business Overview Maintaining properties The following is a general statement about government requirements for holding mineral properties in the jurisdictions where the Company currently holds material mineral property interests. In Mexico, mining law is a federal matter. The government requires annual assessment work and expenditures per hectare which increase with the size and age of the claim. Under the tax reforms effective January 1, 2014, if a concession holder has not conducted exploration or exploitation activities during a two-year period, the concession holder would have to pay an additional 50% of the taxes payable per hectare if within the last 11 years, and an additional 100% of the taxes payable if after year 12. Land taxes per hectare also have to be paid by January 31 and July 31 each year. Both amounts are subject to inflation accounting and the inflation adjustment number for each fiscal period is published in the official gazette. Under the Mexican Constitution and the mining and environmental laws of Mexico, all mining projects are subject to Federal legal control. This control is exercised from the exploration phase through the closure phase of a mining project. Prior to the initiation of exploration activities, concession owners are required to file a notice of commencement of exploration activities in conformity with Mexican Official Norm 120 (NOM-120); prior to initiation of construction activities (and also in some more intrusive exploration activities), mining projects are required to apply for and obtain an 26 environmental impact authorization and a land use permit from the Mexican Federal environmental agency SEMARNAT (Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales). This requires the presentation of an environmental impact manifest and a technical study which deals with the impacts, the environmental mitigation, and habitat compensation to the satisfaction of the authorities having environmental jurisdiction. Competition The mineral property exploration and development business, in general, is intensively competitive and there is not any assurance that even if commercial quantities of ore are discovered, a ready market will exist for sale of same. Numerous factors beyond the Company’s control may affect the marketability of any substances discovered. These factors include market fluctuations; the proximity and capacity of natural resource markets and processing equipment; and government regulations, including regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. The exact effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but the combination of these factors may make it difficult for the Company to receive an adequate return on investment. The Company competes with many companies possessing greater financial resources and technical facilities for the acquisition of mineral concessions, claims, leases and other mineral interests as well as for the recruitment and retention of qualified employees. Seasonality The Company’s principal project is in central Mexico. In Mexico, the climate in the project area is marked by dry, cold winters and a distinct rainy season. The rainy season typically begins in May or June and continues until late September to October. In most years roads remain passable and exploration can be done throughout the rainy season. Seasonal changes do not have a material impact on the Company’s exploration expenditures. Exploration Program Protocols General Sample Handling and Quality Control Program for Exploration Programs The Company employs a strict quality control program for samples taken during its exploration programs. For drilling programs a quality control program is in place which includes the insertion of blanks, field duplicates and certified standards into the sample stream. Chain of Custody Samples of rock and drill core and cuttings are sealed by the sampler and kept under control of a qualified person until they are shipped to a laboratory. Sample Handling Sample handling for drilling programs is described more fully below. Soil and stream sediment samplers have been trained to industry standard levels of sampling methodology. In general, the Company sieves stream sediment samples to -20 mesh in the field during preparation. Samplers are required to not wear any jewellery or clothing or use equipment which may contaminate the sample. All sample locations are geographically located at the time of sampling using the Global Positioning System. The Company has prepared standardized sample information cards for samplers to record information concerning the sample location, type and medium. Outcrop, float and dump rock samples are collected by geologists who record similarly ordered geologic information relating to the sample taken. Blanks Blank material, a sample of crushed and pulverized rock, known to contain very low or non-detectable concentration of gold and silver, is inserted as a pulp into the sample stream on an interval of every 20 samples. Blanks are intended to detect possible contamination. Duplicates During drill programs the Company routinely includes a field duplicate into the sample stream, spaced at 20 sample intervals. Field duplicate samples are splits of drill core or reverse circulation cuttings from the sample interval. The resulting two field duplicate samples are submitted with separate sample numbers “blind” to the assay lab and separately treated as normal samples. The samples are taken randomly with no regard to rock type, 27 geographic position or degree of alteration or mineralization. These field duplicates are then used to detect the cumulative uncertainties associated with the entire sampling and analytical process. Standards During drill programs the Company routinely includes a certified standard into the sample stream, spaced at 20 sample intervals. Certified standards are purchased from CDN Resource Laboratories of Langley, BC and are prepared by this professional third party lab according to industry standard and accepted methodologies. Standards are utilized to monitor the accuracy of the laboratory work. Sample Handling for Drill Programs Core Box Preparation Plastic core boxes are used for the storage of core. Each box is labelled by the drillers at the rig with the drill- hole number, a box number and an arrow to mark the start of the tray and the down-hole direction. Wooden core blocks, with the meterage in black marker pen, are inserted by the drillers at the end of each core run (usually 3 m or less). These core run intervals are checked and recorded by the geologist during mark up (see below). When filled with core the boxes are sealed with a plastic lid by the drillers and transported to the core logging facility. Sample and Corebox Markup Once at the core logging facility, the core boxes are marked up with the starting and ending meterage, written at the ends of the trays with a marker. The start and end of each selected sample interval is marked with a red wax pencil mark across the core and sample numbers are written on the edge of the core box channels at the start and end of each sample interval. Intervals denoting the position in the sample tag sequence of field duplicate, blank and analytical standards are also marked on the core box. A cut line was marked on the core as a guide for sawing of half-core samples for assay. The cut line position is marked by fitting the ends of the core together, to align them as they came out of the hole, and using a ruler to draw a line down the core axis with a red wax pencil. This mark-up is done after the trays are photographed. Cut line positions are selected by the logging geologist to produce two halves with equal proportions of mineralization. Typically this is done by marking the cut line down the long axis of the ellipses described by the intersection of the veins with the core circumference. Each tray is digitally photographed before core cutting and sampling. Core Logging Before cutting and sampling the core, the following tables of data are entered into the Company drill hole database system: Geotechnical Logging 1. Core box record sheet: Beginning and end from/to intervals for each core box. 2. For each core run (from and to) a record of the core size, meters of core recovered for the interval, RQD (the total length of pieces of core in the interval that are twice the width of the core divided by the length of the interval, times 100) and hardness (on a scale from 1 to 10, from hardest to softest). 3. A drilling daily control sheet showing the progress of the rig for each shift. Geological Logging 1. Geology Log: Intervals selected by the geologist recording a detailed description of the lithology, texture, alteration, mineral assemblage and intensity and level of oxidation/weathering. Structural measurements (i.e. the angle of structures to the core axis) are also recorded. The cover sheet includes details such as surveyed collar co-ordinates, downhole survey data, core size depths, drilling dates and sample number series. 2. Veining and Mineralization: Estimates of the percent veining and the percentage of different minerals represented in either vein, breccia or disseminated form, i.e. quartz, carbonates, pyrite etc. 3. Sample Sheet: A record of the sample intervals, sample numbers and duplicate, blank and analytical standard numbers. 4. Hole Summary: An abbreviated hole log that summarizes the important features of a drill hole. A summary 28 drill hole trace giving the geologist the opportunity to summarize the hole and sketch in structural orientations in a form easily transferred to sections. All logs are saved on the server along with the core photos and other data from each hole. Sample Interval Selection All strongly altered or mineralized intervals of core were sampled. Sampling always began at least 5 samples above the start of mineralization. Sample intervals were selected using the following criteria. - Maximum sample length of 2 m in unmineralized lithologies. - Maximum sample length of 1 m in mineralized lithologies. - Minimum sample length of 50 cm. Geological changes in the core such as major mineralization/alteration intensity and lithology changes were used as sample breaks. - Core size changes and any zones of core loss were used as sample breaks. - Large discrete veins that might possibly be modeled or mined as separate structures were sampled separately. The begin/end marks were placed so that the entire vein ended up in the sample(s) and the vein is not smeared into samples on either side. Sampling Procedure All samples were originally cut in half using custom-made, gasoline engine-powered diamond core saws. All were recently changed to electric powered saws. Each saw has sliding trays and customized “core cradles” sized for each core diameter in order to ensure a straight cut down the cut line and to minimize the loss of friable core during cutting. Areas of very soft rock (e.g. fault gouge), are cut with a machete, using the side of the core channel to ensure a straight cut. Areas of very broken core (pieces <1 cm) were sampled using spoons. The following standard sampling procedures were employed: The right hand side of the core (looking down the hole) was always sampled. After cutting, half the core was placed in a new plastic sample bag and half was placed back in the core box. Between each sample, the core saw and sampling table areas were washed to ensure no contamination between samples. Field duplicate, blank and analytical standards were added into the sample sequence as they were being cut. After cutting of samples containing visible gold, a piece of abrasive quartz sandstone was cut to clean the diamond blade. This was done to prevent contamination of the following sample with gold that may have become smeared onto the blade. Sample numbers were written on the outside of the sample bags twice and the tag from the sample book was placed inside the bag with the half core. The bags were sealed using single-use plastic cable ties. Sample numbers on the bags were checked against the numbers on the core box and the sample book. The core cutting area is within the core logging shed and the logging geologists regularly checked the precision of the core cutting and sampling. The sealed plastic sample bags were placed in large plastic twine (rice) sacks (usually between 8 and 10 samples per sack) and sealed using single-use plastic cable ties. The sacks were weighed and the sack number, sample numbers, sack weight and date written on the outside of the sacks. Company’s Principal Properties The Tuligtic Project, which hosts the Company’s Ixtaca discovery, is the only project material to the Company. The Tuligtic Project is located in Puebla State, Mexico. PRINCIPAL PROPERTY INTERESTS The Tuligtic Property/Ixtaca Project – Mexico Location and Access The Ixtaca deposit, the epithermal gold-silver target within the Tuligtic Property, is located 8 km northwest of the town of San Francisco Ixtacamaxtitlán, the county seat of the municipality of Ixtacamaxtitlán, Puebla State. The Ixtaca project is accessible by driving 40 km east along Highway 119 from Apizaco, an industrial center located approximately 50 km north of Puebla City by two-lane Highway, and then north approximately 2 km along a paved road to the town of Santa Maria. The trip from Apizaco to site can be driven in approximately 1.5 hours. There is also access to the Tuligtic Property using gravel roads from the northeast via Tezhuitan and Cuyoaco, 29 from the south via Libres and from the northwest via Chignahuapan. The Xicohtencatl Industrial complex lies 30 km southwest by paved road from the Ixtaca Project, and houses agricultural, chemical, biomedical and industrial manufacturing facilities and is serviced by rail. Puebla, the fourth largest city in Mexico has a population in excess of 4 million people, and includes one of the largest Volkswagen automotive plants outside Germany. The Topography on the Tuligtic Property is generally moderate to steep hills with incised stream drainages. Elevation ranges from 2,300 meters (m) above sea level in the south to 2,800 m in the north. Vegetation is dominantly cactus and pines and the general area is also somewhat cultivated with subsistence vegetables, bean and corn crops. The Ixtaca Zone exploration area has been previously cleared and logged. The region has a temperate climate with mean monthly temperatures ranging from 16°C in June to 12°C in January. The area experiences approximately 714 mm of precipitation annually with the majority falling during the rainy season, between June and September. Annual evapotranspiration is estimated to be 774 mm. Exploration can be conducted year round within the Tuligtic Property; however, road building and drilling operations may be impacted by weather to some degree during the rainy season. Electricity is available on the Tuligtic Property from the national electricity grid that services nearby towns such as Santa Maria and Zacatepec. The surface rights locally are privately owned and Almaden has negotiated voluntary surface land use agreements with surface landowners within the exploration area prior to beginning activities. To date Almaden has secured through purchase agreements over 1,139 hectares, from numerous independent owners. 30 Claims and Title The Tuligtic Property was staked by Almaden in 2001, following the identification of surficial clay deposits that were interpreted to represent high-level epithermal alteration. The Property originally consisted of approximately 14,000 hectares, but during 2015 Almaden filed applications to reduce the aggregate claim size at Tuligtic to those areas still considered prospective. The Property is held 100% by Minera Gorrion S.A. de C.V., a subsidiary of Almaden Minerals Ltd. through the holding company, Puebla Holdings Inc., subject to a 2% NSR in favour of Almadex Minerals Ltd. The Property currently consists of seven mineral claims totaling 7,220 hectares. Claim details are summarized below. Claim Name Cerro Grande R1 Cerro Grande R3 Cerro Grande R4 Cerro Grande R5 Cerro Grande R6 Cerro Grande 2 R2 Cerro Grande 2 R3 Total Claim Number Area (hectares) 2,773.00 824.06 540.00 784.97 937.79 652.00 708.00 7,219.82 245486 245488 245489 245490 245491 245493 245494 Valid Until Date March 5, 2053 March 5, 2053 March 5, 2053 March 5, 2053 March 5, 2053 February 23, 2059 February 23, 2059 To maintain a claim in good standing, the holder is required to meet annual exploration or exploitation expenditure requirements. Currently, the Tuligtic Property is subject to expenditure requirements of approximately US$757,000 per year. However, the Company has substantial historic expenditures which can be used to offset the annual requirements. Geological Setting of the Tuligtic Project and Ixtaca Zone The Ixtaca Project is situated within the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), a Tertiary to recent intrusive volcanic arc extending approximately east-west across Mexico from coast to coast and ranging in width from 10 to 300km. The TMVB is the most recent episode of a long lasting magmatic activity which, since the Jurassic, produced a series of partially overlapping arcs as a result of the eastward subduction of the Farallon plate beneath western Mexico (Ferrari, 2011). The basement rocks of the eastern half of the TMVB are Precambrian terranes, including biotite orthogneiss and granulite affected by granitic intrusions, grouped into the Oaxaquia microcontinent (Ferrari et al., 2011; Fuentes-Peralta and Calderon, 2008). These are overlain by the Paleozoic Mixteco terrane, consisting of a metamorphic sequence known as the Acatlan complex and a fan delta sedimentary sequence known as the Matzitzi formation. Another sedimentary complex is found on top of the Mixteco terrane, represented by various paleogeographic elements such as the Mesozoic basins of Tlaxiaco, Zongolica, Zapotitlan, and Tampico-Misantla (Fuentes-Peralta and Calderon, 2008). The subducting plates associated with the TMVB are relatively young, with the Rivera plate dated at 10Ma (million years) and the Cocos plate at 11 to 17Ma. . The stratigraphy of the Tuligtic area can be divided into two main sequences: a Mesozoic sedimentary rock sequence related to the Zongolica basin and a sequence of late Tertiary igneous extrusive rocks belonging to the TMVB (Fuentes-Peralta & Calderon, 2008; Tritlla et al., 2004). The sedimentary sequence is locally intruded by plutonic rocks genetically related to the TMVB. The sedimentary complex at Tuligtic corresponds to the Upper Tamaulipas formation (Reyes-Cortes 1997). This formation, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in age, is regionally described (Reyes-Cortes, 1997) as a sequence of grey-to-white limestone, slightly argillaceous, containing bands and nodules of black chert. The drilling conducted by Almaden allows for more detailed characterisation of the Upper Tamaulipas Formation carbonate units in the Tuligtic area. The sequence on the Project consists of clastic calcareous rocks. The limestone unit variably bedded, generally light grey but locally dark grey to black, with local chert rich sections graded into what have been named transition units and shale (also black shale). The transition units are brown calcareous siltstones and grainstones. These rocks are not significant in the succession but mark the transition from limestone to underlying calcareous shale. Typical of the transition units are coarser grain sizes. The lower calcareous “shale” units exhibit pronounced laminated bedding and is typically dark grey to black in colour, although there are green coloured beds as well. The shale units appear to have been subjected to widespread calc-silicate alteration. Both the shale and transition units have very limited surface exposure and may be recessive. The entire carbonate package of rocks has been intensely deformed by the Laramide orogeny, showing complex thrusting and chevron folding in the hinge zones of a series of thrust-related east verging anticlines in the Ixtaca area (Tritlla et al., 2004; 31 Coller, 2011). The calcareous shale units appear to occupy the cores of the anticlines while the thick bedded limestone units occupy the cores of major synclines identified in the Ixtaca zone. The Tamaulipas Formation carbonate rocks are intruded in the mid-Miocene by a series of magmatic rocks. The compositions are very variable, consisting of hornblende-biotite-bearing tonalites, quartz-plagioclase-hornblende diorites, and, locally, aphanitic diabase dykes (Carrasco-Nunez et al., 1997). In the central part of the Tuligtic Property porphyry mineralization is hosted by and associated with a hornblende-biotite-quartz phyric granodiorite body. The contact between the granodiorite and the limestone is marked by the development of a prograde skarn. In the Ixtaca deposit epithermal area of the Project, the limestone basement units are crosscut by intermediate dykes that are often intensely altered. In the vicinity of the Ixtaca zone these dykes are well mineralized especially at their contacts with limestone country rock. Petrography has shown that epithermal alteration in the dykes, marked by illite, adularia, quartz and pyrite overprints earlier calc-silicate endoskarn mineralogies (Leitch, 2011). Two main orientations are identified for dykes in the Ixtaca area; 060 degrees (parallel to the Main Ixtaca and Ixtaca North zones) and 330 degrees (parallel to the Chemalaco Zone). An erosional unconformity surface has been formed subsequent to the intrusion of the porphyry mineralization- associated granodiorites. This paleo topographical surface locally approximates the current topography. Although not well exposed the unconformity is marked by depression localised accumulations of basal conglomerate comprised of intrusive and sedimentary boulders. Two styles of alteration and mineralization have been identified in the area: (1) copper-molybdenum porphyry style alteration and mineralization hosted by diorite and quartz-diorite intrusions; (2) silver-gold low-sulphidation epithermal quartz-bladed calcite veins hosted primarily by carbonate rocks and spatially associated with overlying volcanic hosted texturally destructive clay alteration and replacement silicification. Outcropping porphyry-style alteration and mineralization is observed in the bottoms of several drainages where the altered intrusive complex is exposed in erosional windows beneath post mineral unconsolidated ash deposits. Multiple late and post mineral intrusive phases have been identified crossing an early intensely altered and quartz- veined medium-grained feldspar phyric diorite named the Principal Porphyry. Other intrusive types include late and post mineral mafic dykes and an inter-mineral feldspar-quartz phyric diorite. Late mineral mafic dykes are fine grained and altered to chlorite with accessory pyrite. Calc-silicate (garnet-clinopyroxene) altered limestone occurs in proximity to the intrusive contacts and is crosscut by late quartz-pyrite veins. Early biotite alteration of the principal porphyry consists of biotite-orthoclase flooding of the groundmass. Quartz veins associated with early alteration have irregular boundaries and are interpreted to be representative of A-style porphyry veins. These are followed by molybdenite veins which are associated with the same wall rock alteration. Chalcopyrite appears late in the early alteration sequence. Late alteration is characterized by intense zones of muscovite-illite- pyrite overprinting earlier quartz-K-feldspar-pyrite ± chalcopyrite veining and replacing earlier hydrothermal orthoclase and biotite. Stockwork quartz-pyrite crosscuts the A-style veins and is associated with muscovite-illite alteration of biotite. The quartz-sericite alteration can be texturally destructive resulting in white friable quartz veined and pyrite rich rock. Pyrite is observed replacing chalcopyrite and in some instances chalcopyrite remains only as inclusions within late stage pyrite grains. Epithermal mineralization on the Tuligtic Property is considered to have no genetic relationship to the porphyry alteration and mineralization described above. The epithermal system is well preserved and there is evidence of a paleosurface as steam heated kaolinite and replacement silica alteration occur at higher elevations where the upper part of the Coyoltepec pyroclastic deposit is preserved. The Upper Tamaulipas formation carbonates (limestone and shale units), the dykes that crosscut it and the upper Coyoltepec volcanic subunit (variously referred to as volcanics, tuff or ash) are the host rocks to the epithermal system at Ixtaca. The epithermal alteration occurs over a roughly 5 by 5 kilometre area and occurs as intense kaolinite-alunite alteration and silicification in volcanic rocks. This alteration is interpreted to represent the upper portion of a well preserved epithermal system. The bulk of the mineralisation occurs in the carbonate (limestone and shale) as colloform banded epithermal vein zones. Unlike many epithermal vein systems in Mexico, the bulk of the veining in the Ixtaca zone has low base metal contents and gold and silver occur as electrum and other sulphides. SEM work has demonstrated that silver does not occur with galena or tetrahedrite in any significant way. In the main limestone unit (80% of recoverable metal in the FS) the silver to gold ratio of the mineralisation 32 is roughly estimated to average ~65:1 while in the shale it is roughly estimated to be slightly higher at ~75:1. History of Past Work To the Company’s knowledge, no modern exploration has been conducted on the Ixtaca Project prior to Almaden’s acquisition of claims during 2001 and there is no record of previous mining; as such, this is a maiden discovery. During January 2003, Almaden completed a program of geologic mapping, rock, stream silt sampling and induced polarization (IP) geophysical surveys at the Tuligtic Property (then known as the “Santa Maria Prospect”). The exploration identified both a porphyry copper and an epithermal gold target within an approximately 5 x 5km area of intensely altered rock. At the porphyry copper target, stockwork quartz-pyrite veins associated with minor copper mineralization overprint earlier potassic alteration within a multi-phase intrusive body. A single north- south oriented IP survey line identified a greater than 2km long elevated chargeability response coincident with the exposed altered and mineralized intrusive system. Volcanic rocks exposed 1km to the south of the mineralized intrusive display replacement silicification and sinter indicative of the upper parts of an epithermal system (the “Ixtaca Zone”). Quartz-calcite veins returning anomalous values in gold and silver and textural evidence of boiling have been identified within limestone roughly 100m below the sinter. The sinter and overlying volcanic rocks are anomalous in mercury, arsenic, and antimony. Additional IP surveys and soil sampling were conducted in January and February 2005, further defining the porphyry copper target as an area of high chargeability and elevated copper, molybdenum, silver and gold in soil. A total of eight (8) east-west oriented lines, 3km in length, spaced at intervals of 200m have been completed over mineralized intrusive rocks intermittently exposed within gullies cutting through the overlying unmineralized ash deposits. The Tuligtic Property was optioned to Pinnacle Mines Ltd. in 2006 and the option agreement was terminated in 2007 without completing significant exploration. The Property was subsequently optioned to Antofagasta Minerals S.A. (Antofagasta) on March 23, 2009. During 2009 and 2010 Antofagasta, under Almaden operation, carried out IP geophysical surveys and a diamond drill program targeting the copper porphyry prospect. Three additional IP survey lines were completed, and in conjunction with the previous nine (9) IP lines, a 2 x 2.5km chargeability high anomaly, open to the west and south, was defined. The 2009 drilling consisted of 2,973m within seven (7) holes that largely intersected skarn type mineralization. On February 16, 2010, Almaden announced that Antofagasta terminated its option to earn an interest in the Property. In July 2010, Almaden initiated a preliminary diamond drilling program to test epithermal alteration within the Tuligtic Property, resulting in the discovery of the Ixtaca Zone. The target was based on exploration data gathered by Almaden since 2001 including high gold and silver in soil and a chargeability and resistivity high anomaly (derived from an IP geophysical survey conducted by Almaden) topographically beneath Cerro Caolin, a prominent clay and silica altered hill. This alteration, barren in gold and silver, was interpreted by Almaden to represent the top of an epithermal system which required drill testing to depth. The first hole, TU-10-001 intersected 302.42 metres of 1.01g/t gold and 48g/t silver and multiple high grade intervals including 44.35 metres of 2.77g/t gold and 117.7g/t silver. Present Condition of Project Geology and Mineral Resources The veining of Ixtaca epithermal system displays characteristics representative of low and intermediate sulphidation deposits. These include typical mill feed and gangue mineralogy (electrum Ag-sulphides, sphalerite, galena, adularia, quartz and carbonates), mineralization dominantly in open space veins (colloform banding, cavity filling). 33 At the base of the overlying clay altered volcanics disseminated gold-silver mineralisation occurs in association with pyrite and minor veining. Locally this mineralisation can be high grade but largely associated with lower Ag:Au ratios roughly estimated to average 20:1. To date two main vein orientations have been identified in the Ixtaca deposit:   060 trending sheeted veins hosted by limestone; 330 trending veins hosted by shale; The bulk of the resource and over 80% of the mill feed is hosted by the limestone in the Main Ixtaca and Ixtaca North zones as swarms of sheeted and anastomosing high grade banded epithermal veins. There is no disseminated mineralisation within the host rock to the vein swarms, which is barren and unaltered limestone. To the northeast of the limestone hosted mineralisation, the Chemalaco zone, a 330 striking and west dipping vein zone hosted by shale, also forms part of the deeper resource. Rock Creek Mill Almaden entered into an option agreement to acquire the Rock Creek Mill in October 2015. The Rock Creek Mill is a completed mill located outside of Nome, Alaska which only operated for several months before its owner suspended its mining operation in 2008. The mill has been kept in excellent condition on care and maintenance. The Rock Creek Mill was built to process 7,000 tonnes per day. It includes a three-stage crushing plant, gravity circuit, ball mill, floatation cells and leaching facilities. Also included in the option agreement are conveyors, metallurgical and chemical fire assay laboratories, a water treatment plant, full electrical circuitry and generators, and spare parts. Almaden exercised its right and option under the option agreement and has purchased the Rock Creek Mill and related assets for a total of US$6,500,000, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances, on the following basis: On execution of agreement On or before December 31, 2015 On or before March 31, 2016 On or before June 15, 2017 On or before June 15, 2018 US$250,000 US$250,000 US$250,000 US$2,000,000 US$3,750,000 Paid Paid Paid Paid Paid In addition to the cash payments, Almaden also issued to the optionor 407,997 Almaden common shares valued at $273,358 upon receipt of regulatory approval, which were issued on November 25, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2018, Almaden obtained ownership and title to the mill equipment. The Rock Creek Mill has been incorporated into the cost estimates for the Ixtaca Feasibility Study. Amended Preliminary Economic Assessment On January 22, 2016, Almaden filed a NI 43-101 Technical Report titled "Preliminary Economic Assessment of the Ixtaca Project”, which provided further detail to its December 9, 2015 press release summarizing the results of integrating the optioned Rock Creek Mill and a smaller, higher grade, payback focused pit on potential mine economics. Almaden subsequently filed an amended technical report on SEDAR on April 13, 2016 (the “Amended PEA”), however the amendments were not material changes and the Report’s data, inputs, interpretation, conclusions and results all remained unchanged. The Amended PEA followed the historical PEAs released in 2014 and 2015 (“Historical PEAs”) which evaluated larger throughput development alternatives. The primary reasons for providing an update to the Historical PEAs were to show the impact of significantly reduced initial capital cost on project economics and, given the significant decrease in precious metals prices, to demonstrate the viability of a mine plan which focused on the near surface high grade limestone hosted portions of the Ixtaca Zone deposit. 34 This mine plan was a smaller higher grade scenario than those described in Almaden’s Historical PEA studies. In addition, the Amended PEA incorporated the optioned Rock Creek mill as well as results from various engineering studies related to the project which had been conducted since the Historical PEAs were completed. The Amended PEA incorporated:  The same resource model as the Historical PEAs;  The Rock Creek Mill, which was optioned by the Company in October 2015, with average throughput of 7,500 tonnes per day;  A smaller, near surface and payback focussed pit;  A mine production schedule which targets higher grades earlier;  Optimised waste placement and tailings management facilities;  A 2% NSR now held by Almadex Minerals Ltd. Pre-Feasibility Study (“PFS”) Upon completion of the Amended PEA, Almaden began the work required for a Pre-Feasibility Study on the Ixtaca Project. During 2016, Almaden completed the necessary geotechnical, geomechanical, and hydrologic field programs, and also optimized site layout through updated waste placement and facilities locations. A new metallurgical program was also completed on the limestone domain, which represents approximately 82% of the total gold equivalent ounces produced over the life of the mine in the PFS. The completed PFS was filed on SEDAR on May 17, 2017 and included an updated resource model. The mine production schedule also included the optioned Rock Creek Mill while targeting higher grades earlier, using smaller, payback focused starter pits. Feasibility Study (“Study”) Upon completion of the PFS, Almaden began the work required for a Feasibility Study on the Ixtaca Project. The Study and resulting mine plan incorporate significant changes from the PFS including filtered (dry stack) tailings, ore sorting, increased throughput and an improved mine schedule. Collectively the changes result in a reduced project footprint and improved economics. Almaden engaged a team of consultants led by Moose Mountain Technical Services (“MMTS”) to undertake this Study. MMTS was responsible for mining, metallurgy, processing, infrastructure and the economic evaluation, APEX Geoscience Ltd. for exploration and drill data QA/QC, Giroux Consultants for the resources estimation, and SRK Consulting (U.S.), Inc. (“SRK”) for aspects related to geotechnical, tailings and water management. The completed Study was filed on SEDAR on January 24, 2019 and on EDGAR under Form 6-K on January 25, 2019. STUDY HIGHLIGHTS (All values shown in this section discussing the Study are in $US unless noted otherwise. Base case uses $1275/oz gold and $17/oz silver prices. Gold and silver equivalency calculations assume 75:1 ratio).  Average annual production of 108,500 ounces gold and 7.06 million ounces silver (203,000 gold equivalent ounces, or 15.2 million silver equivalent ounces) over first 6 years;  After-tax internal rate of return (“IRR”) of 42% and after-tax payback period of 1.9 years;  After-tax net present value (“NPV”) of $310 million at a 5% discount rate;  Initial Capital of $174 million;  Conventional open pit mining with a Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve of 1.39 million ounces of gold and 85.2 million ounces of silver;  Pre-concentration uses ore sorting to produce a total of 48 million tonnes of mill feed averaging 0.77 g/t gold and 47.9 g/t silver (2.03 g/t gold equivalent over first 6 years, 1.41 g/t gold equivalent over life of mine); 35  Average life-of-mine (“LOM”) annual production of 90,800 ounces gold and 6.14 million ounces silver (173,000 gold equivalent ounces, or 12.9 million silver equivalent ounces);  Operating cost $716 per gold equivalent ounce, or $9.55 per silver equivalent ounce;  All-in Sustaining Costs (“AISC”), including operating costs, sustaining capital, expansion capital, private and public royalties, refining and transport of $850 per gold equivalent ounce, or $11.30 per silver equivalent ounce;  Elimination of tailings dam by using filtered tailings significantly reduces the project footprint and water usage Capital and Operating Costs Initial capital cost for the Ixtaca gold-silver project is $174 million and sustaining capital (including expansion capital) is $111 million over the LOM. The estimated expansion capital of $64.5 million will be funded from cashflow in Year 4 for the throughput ramp-up in Year 5. Estimated LOM operating costs are $26.8 per tonne mill feed. The following tables summarize the cost components: Initial Capital Costs ($ millions) Mining Process Onsite Infrastructure Offsite Infrastructure Indirects, EPCM, Contingency and Owner’s Costs Total Expansion Capital Costs ($ millions) Mining Process Infrastructure Indirects, EPCM, Contingency and Owner’s Costs Total LOM Average Operating Costs ($) Mining costs Processing G&A Total $/tonne milled $/tonne milled $/tonne milled $/tonne milled Economic Results and Sensitivities 22.2 80.2 24.3 7.5 39.9 174.2 $1.2 $56.9 $1.5 $5.0 $64.5 $15.2 $10.5 $1.1 $26.8 A summary of financial outcomes comparing base case metal prices to alternative metal price conditions are presented below. The Study base case prices are derived from current common peer usage, while the alternate cases consider the project’s economic outcomes at varying prices witnessed at some point over the three years prior to this study. 36 Summary of Ixtaca Economic Sensitivity to Precious Metal Prices (Base Case is Bold) Gold Price ($/oz) Silver Price ($/oz) Pre-Tax NPV 5% ($million) Pre-Tax IRR (%) Pre-Tax Payback (years) After-Tax NPV 5% ($million) After-Tax IRR (%) After-Tax Payback (years) Mineral Resource Estimate 1125 14 229 35% 2.0 151 25% 2.6 1200 15.5 349 46% 1.8 233 34% 2.1 1275 17 470 57% 1.6 310 42% 1.9 1350 18.5 591 67% 1.4 388 49% 1.7 1425 20 712 77% 1.3 466 57% 1.5 On January 31, 2013 the Company announced a maiden resource on the Ixtaca Zone, which was followed by a resource update on January 22, 2014 and another on May 17, 2017. Since that time an additional 104 holes have been completed, and this data is also included in the Mineral Resource Estimate which has been prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 by Gary Giroux, P.Eng., qualified person ("QP") under the meaning of NI 43-101, and summarised in the table below. The data available for the resource estimation consisted of 649 drill holes assayed for gold and silver. Wireframes constraining mineralised domains were constructed based on geologic boundaries defined by mineralisation intensity and host rock type. Higher grade zones occur where there is a greater density of epithermal veining. These higher grade domains have good continuity and are cohesive in nature. Of the total drill holes, 558 intersected the mineralised solids and were used to make the resource estimate. Capping was completed to reduce the effect of outliers within each domain. Uniform down hole 3 meter composites were produced for each domain and used to produce semivariograms for each variable. Grades were interpolated into blocks 10 x 10 x 6 meters in dimension by ordinary kriging. Specific gravities were determined for each domain from drill core. Estimated blocks were classified as either Measured, Indicated or Inferred based on drill hole density and grade continuity Table showing the Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource Statement with the Base Case 0.3 g/t AuEq Cut-Off highlighted from the 8 July 2018 Resource Statement. Also shown are the 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/t AuEq cut- off results. AuEq calculation is based on average prices of $1250/oz gold and $18/oz silver. 37 Cautionary Note to U.S. Investors concerning estimates of Measured and Indicated Resources This section uses the terms “measured resources” and “indicated resources”. U.S. investors are advised that while these terms are recognized and required by Canadian regulations, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not recognize them. U.S. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. Ixtaca Zone Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource Statement MEASURED RESOURCE AuEq Cut-off (g/t) 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.00 AuEq Cut-off (g/t) 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.00 AuEq Cut-off (g/t) 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.00 Tonnes > Cut-off Grade>Cut-off Contained Metal x 1,000 (tonnes) Au (g/t) 0.62 0.75 0.88 1.06 43,380,000 32,530,000 25,080,000 17,870,000 Ag (g/t) 36.27 44.27 51.71 61.69 AuEq (g/t) 1.14 1.39 1.63 1.95 Au (oz) 862 788 711 608 Ag (oz) AuEq (oz) 50,590 1,591 1,454 46,300 1,312 41,700 1,118 35,440 INDICATED RESOURCE Tonnes > Cut-off Grade>Cut-off Contained Metal x 1,000 (tonnes) Au (g/t) 0.44 0.59 0.74 0.96 80,760,000 48,220,000 29,980,000 16,730,000 Ag (g/t) 22.67 30.13 37.79 47.94 AuEq (g/t) 0.77 1.02 1.29 1.65 Au (oz) 1,145 913 715 516 Ag (oz) AuEq (oz) 58,870 1,994 46,710 1,586 36,430 1,240 25,790 888 Cautionary Note to U.S. Investors concerning estimates of Inferred Resources This section uses the term “inferred resources”. U.S. investors are advised that while this term is recognized and required by Canadian regulations, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not recognize it. “Inferred resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources may not form the basis of feasibility or other economic studies. U.S. investors are cautioned not to assume that part or all of an inferred resource exists, or is economically or legally mineable. INFERRED RESOURCE Tonnes > Cut-off Grade>Cut-off Contained Metal x 1,000 (tonnes) Au (g/t) 0.32 0.44 0.57 0.79 40,410,000 16,920,000 7,760,000 3,040,000 Ag (g/t) 16.83 25.43 33.80 43.64 AuEq (g/t) 0.56 0.80 1.06 1.42 Au (oz) 412 237 142 77 Ag (oz) AuEq (oz) 21,870 726 13,830 436 8,430 264 4,270 139 Notes pertaining to Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource Estimates: 1. Ixtaca Mineral Resources Estimate have an effective date of 8 July 2018. The Qualified person for the estimate is Gary Giroux, P.Eng. 2. Base Case 0.3 g/t AuEq Cut-Off grade is highlighted. Also shown are the 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/t AuEq cut-off results. AuEq calculation based on average prices of $1250/oz gold and $18/oz silver. The Base Case cut-off grade includes 38 consideration of the open pit mining method, 90% metallurgical recovery, mining costs of $1.82/t, average processing costs of $11.7, G&A costs of $1.81/t 3. Mineral Resources are reported inclusive of those Mineral Resources that have been converted to Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. 4. The estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal or other relevant issues. The Mineral Resources have been classified according to the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in effect as of the date of 8 July 2018. 5. All figures were rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimates and may result in summation differences. Mineral Reserve Estimate Mineral Reserves in the table below have been developed by MMTS with an effective date of November 30, 2018, and are classified using the 2014 CIM Definition Standards. The Mineral Reserves are based on an engineered open pit mine plan. Mineral Reserves Diluted Tonnes Grades (millions) Au (g/t) 31.6 41.4 73.1 0.70 0.51 0.59 Average Ag (g/t) 43.5 30.7 36.3 Contained Metal Au - '000 ozs Ag - '000 ozs 714 673 1,387 44,273 40,887 85,159 Proven Probable TOTAL  Mineral Reserves have an effective date of November 30, 2018. The qualified person responsible for the Mineral Reserves is Jesse Aarsen, P.Eng of Moose Mountain Technical Services.  The cut-off grade used for ore/waste determination is NSR>=$14/t  All Mineral Reserves in this table are Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves. The Mineral Reserves are not in addition to the Mineral Resources but are a subset thereof. All Mineral Reserves stated above account for mining loss and dilution.  Associated metallurgical recoveries (gold and silver, respectively) have been estimated as 90% and 90% for limestone, 50% and 90% for volcanic, 50% and 90% for black shale.  Reserves are based on a US$1,300/oz gold price, US$17/oz silver price and an exchange rate of US$1.00:MXP20.00.  Reserves are converted from resources through the process of pit optimization, pit design, production schedule and supported by a positive cash flow model.  Rounding as required by reporting guidelines may result in summation differences. Legal, political, environmental, or other risks that could materially affect the potential development of the Mineral Reserves are provided in this Form 20F under the heading “Risk Factors”. Mine Plan The Ixtaca gold-silver project is planned as a typical open pit mining operation using contractor mining. Initial production will ramp up to a mill feed rate of 7,650 tonnes per day followed by an expansion to 15,300 tonnes per day from Year 5 onwards. An ore control system is planned to provide field control for the loading equipment to selectively mine ore grade material separately from the waste. Mining operations will be based on 365 operating days per year with three 8 hour shifts per day. 39 Processing The Study reflects the Rock Creek process plant which has been purchased by Almaden. Run of mine ore will be crushed in a three-stage crushing circuit to -9 mm. The Study also incorporates ore sorting, test work for which has shown the ability to separate barren or low grade limestone host rock encountered within the vein swarm from vein and veined material (see Almaden news release of July 16th 2018). Product from the secondary crusher will be screened in to coarse (+20mm), mid-size (12 to 20 mm), and fine (-12mm) fractions. Coarse and mid-size ore will be sorted by an XRT ore sort machine to eject waste rock. Fine ore will bypass the ore sorting and is sent directly to the mill. Ore sort waste from Limestone and Black Shale is below waste/ore cutoff grade and is placed in the waste rock dump. Ore sort ‘waste’ from the Volcanic unit is low grade ore and will be stockpiled for processing later in the mine life. Ore sorting pre-concentration increases the mill feed gold and silver grades by 32% and 31% respectively compared to run of mine (ROM) grades. The table below shows ROM grades with ore sort waste removed from the ROM, and the resulting mill feed. Ore Sort Mill Feed grade improvement ROM Ore 51.5 0.572 37.5 12.2 0.517 44.4 9.4 0.790 18.6 73.1 0.591 36.3 million tonnes Au g/t Ag g/t million tonnes Au g/t Ag g/t million tonnes Au g/t Ag g/t million tonnes Au g/t Ag g/t Limestone Black Shale Volcanic TOTAL Ore sort Waste 18.8 0.24 12.0 6.3 0.25 20.0 - - - 25.1 0.24 14.0 Mill Feed 32.7 0.763 52.2 5.8 0.806 70.8 9.4 0.790 18.6 48.0 0.773 47.9 Crushed ore is transported to the grinding circuit by an over land conveyor. Grinding to 75 microns is carried out with ball milling in a closed circuit with cyclones. Cyclone underflow is screened and the screen undersize is treated in semi-batch centrifugal gravity separators to produce a gravity concentrate. The gravity concentrate will be treated in an intensive leach unit with gold and silver recovered from electrowinning cells. The cyclone overflow will be treated in a flotation unit to produce a flotation concentrate. After regrinding the flotation concentrate leaching will be carried out in 2 stages. CIL leaching for 24 hours will complete gold extraction, followed by agitated tank leaching to complete silver leaching. A carbon desorption process will recover gold and silver from the CIL loaded carbon, and a Merrill Crowe process will recover gold and silver from pregnant solution from the agitated leach circuit. Cyanide destruction on leach residue is carried out using the SO2/Air process. Final tailings are thickened and filtered then dry stacked and co-disposed with mine waste rock. Average process recoveries from mill feed to final product over the life of mine are summarized below for each ore type. 40 Average Life of Mine Process Recoveries from Mill Feed Limestone Volcanic Black Shale Gold 88.5% 64.4% 54.5% Silver 86.8% 76.3% 84.7% Water and Waste Management One of Almaden’s top priorities at Ixtaca is water quality and a mine plan that provides a permanent and consistent long-term supply of water for residents. The plan outlined in the Study has evolved through the open dialogue between the Company and residents over the past number of years and as part of the Social Investment Plan consultation (see section below on “Community”). Rainfall in the Ixtaca vicinity falls primarily during a relatively short rainy season. With no local water storage facilities, the flash flows of water are currently lost to the communities. Under the Study, rainwater will be captured during the rainy season in the water storage reservoir and slowly released during the dry season, for use by both the mining operation and local residents. Extensive geochemical studies have evaluated the potential for acid rock drainage and metal leaching from the waste rock and tailings using globally accepted standardised methods of laboratory testing and in compliance with Mexican regulations. Most of the waste rock at Ixtaca is limestone, and the studies of both waste rock and tailings have consistently shown that there is more than enough neutralising potential present in the waste rock to neutralise any acid generated. Testing to date also indicates low potential for metal leaching. These results along with the excellent access to potential markets in the growing industrial state of Puebla, indicate the potential for rock waste and tailings from the Ixtaca deposit to be secondary resources such as aggregate and cement feedstock. These opportunities will be fully examined in 2019 as part of the Company’s commitment to best sustainable practices. In consideration of these findings and the hydrologic conditions at Ixtaca, Almaden and its consultants reviewed Best Available Technology and Best Applicable Practice in the design and planning of tailings management at Ixtaca, which resulted in selecting a dry-stack tailings facility which would include co-disposal of waste with filtered tailings, use much less water than traditional slurry facilities, reduce the mine footprint, allow for better dust control, and enable earlier rehabilitation of the tailings and waste disposal areas. Community Consultations Almaden has a long history of engagement with communities in the region around the Ixtaca Project. Amongst many other initiatives, the Company has trained and employed drillers and driller helpers from the local area, held nine large-scale community meetings totalling over 4,100 people, taken 480 local adults on tours of operating mines in Mexico, and held monthly technical meetings on a diverse range of aspects relating to the mining industry and the Ixtaca project. On December 9, 2018, Almaden hosted the most recent large-scale community meeting which was attended by over 800 people, including representatives of the new Federal Government in Mexico. In 2017, Almaden engaged a third-party consultant to lead a community consultation and impact assessment at the Ixtaca Project. In Mexico, only the energy industry requires completion of such an assessment (known in Mexico as a Trámite Evaluación de Impacto Social, or “EVIS”) as part of the permitting process. The purpose of these studies is to identify the people in the area of influence of a project (“Focus Area”), and assess the potential positive and negative consequences of project development to assist in the development of mitigation measures and the formation of social investment plans. To Almaden’s knowledge, this is the first time a formal EVIS has been completed in the minerals industry in Mexico, and as such reflects the Company’s commitment to best national and international standards in Ixtaca project development. The EVIS and subsequent work on the development of a Social Investment Plan were conducted according to 41 Mexican and international standards such as the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the Equator Principles, and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Due Diligence Guidance for Meaningful Stakeholder Engagement in the Extractive Sector. Fieldwork for the EVIS was conducted by an interdisciplinary group of nine anthropologists, ethnologists and sociologists graduated from various universities, who lived in community homes within the Ixtaca Focus Area during the study to allow for ethnographic immersion and an appreciation for the local customs and way of life. This third-party consultation sought voluntary participation from broad, diverse population groups, with specific attention to approximately one thousand persons in the Focus Area. This extensive consultation resulted in changes to some elements of the mine design, including the planned construction of a permanent water reservoir to serve the local area long after mine closure, and the shift to dry- stack filtered waste management. The Company looks forward to advancing further elements of the community Social Investment Plan as mine permitting and construction advance. Economic Contributions The Study anticipates that approximately 600 direct jobs will be created during the peak of construction, and 420 jobs will be generated during operations. Assuming base case metal prices, under this Study Ixtaca is anticipated to generate approximately US$130 million in Federal taxes, US$50 million in State taxes and US$30 million in Municipal taxes. Closure and Reclamation Mine waste areas will be reclaimed and re-vegetated at the end of mining activity. At closure, all buildings will be removed and remaining facilities, except for the water storage dam (WSD), will be reclaimed and re-vegetated. The WSD and the availability of this water to the local communities will remain after closure. Opportunities Several opportunities excluded from the base case economics have been identified in the Study.  Results from the ore sorting tests identified several opportunities to increase the ore sort efficiency and could result in a further increase in mill feed grades. These opportunities will be investigated with future test work.  Gold extraction recoveries in the minor black shale unit are currently impeded by the presence of carbonaceous material. Recent test work including carbon pre-flotation and ultra-fine gravity separation has demonstrated that the carbon can be liberated and removed with a significant improvement in gold recovery. This test work is ongoing and is expected to improve the black shale gold recovery.  Test work carried out on Ixtaca limestone waste rock samples concluded that Ixtaca limestone waste rock is suitable for many types of concrete use and other applications such as shotcrete, subgrade, asphalt aggregate or railroad ballast with little effort and processing. Concrete produced with tests on Ixtaca limestone aggregate performed very well, achieving the 28-day design compressive strength of 30 MPa already at 7 days, and more than 40 MPa at 28 and 56 days. Ixtaca is connected by 60 km of paved road to the industrial city Apizaco, 120 km of paved road to the state capital of Puebla, and 170 km of paved road to Mexico City. The sale of limestone ore sort rejects (a waste product) as an aggregate presents a very significant potential source of revenue to the Project at no additional capital or operating cost to the Project. There is also potential to sell some of the ROM waste rock as an aggregate.  Fine aggregate from crushing and grinding operations is also expected to perform in a similar way to the coarse aggregate. Chemical analysis of the fine aggregate indicates that it is also suitable as a raw material for the production of lime cement or Portland cement if properly processed and blended with suitable silica aluminates. 42 Next Engineering and Development Steps The Company is pursuing the optimization opportunities noted above and has submitted its environmental permit application to Mexican authorities. Qualified Persons, Sample Preparation, Analyses, Quality Control and Assurance The independent qualified persons responsible for preparing the Study are: Jesse Aarsen, P.Eng. and Tracey Meintjes, P.Eng. of MMTS; Edward Wellman PE, PG, CEG and Clara Balasko, P.E. of SRK; Kris Raffle, P.Geo. of APEX Geoscience Ltd.; and Gary Giroux, M.A.Sc., P.Eng. of Giroux Consultants Ltd.; all of whom act as independent consultants to the Company, are Qualified Persons as defined by National Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101"). The analyses used in the preparation of the mineral resource statement were carried out at ALS Chemex Laboratories of North Vancouver (“ALS”) using industry standard analytical techniques. All strongly altered or epithermal-mineralized intervals of core have been sampled. Almaden employs a maximum sample length of 2 to 3m in unmineralized lithologies, and a maximum sample length of 1m in mineralized lithologies. During the years 2010 and 2011, Almaden employed a minimum sample length of 20cm. The minimum sample length was increased to 50cm from 2012 onwards to ensure the availability of sufficient material for replicate analysis. Drill core is half-sawn using industry standard diamond core saws. After cutting, half the core is placed in a new plastic sample bag and half is placed back in the core box. Sample numbers are written on the outside of the sample bags and a numbered tag placed inside the bag. Sample bags are sealed using a plastic cable tie. Sample numbers are checked against the numbers on the core box and the sample book. ALS sends its own trucks to the Ixtaca project to take custody of the samples at the Santa Maria core facility and transports them to its sample preparation facility in Guadalajara or Zacatecas, Mexico. Prepared sample pulps are then forwarded by ALS personnel to the ALS North Vancouver, British Columbia laboratory, which is ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 9001: 2015 certified, for analysis. For gold, samples are first analysed by fire assay and atomic absorption spectroscopy (“AAS”). Samples that return values greater than 10 g/t gold using this technique are then re-analysed by fire assay but with a gravimetric finish. Silver is first analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (“ICP-AES”). Samples that return values greater than 100 g/t silver by ICP-AES are then re analysed by HF-HNO3-HCLO4 digestion with HCL leach and ICP-AES finish. Of these samples those that return silver values greater than 1,500 g/t are further analysed by fire assay with a gravimetric finish. Blanks, field duplicates and certified standards were inserted into the sample stream as part of Almaden’s quality assurance and control program which complies with National Instrument 43-101 requirements. In addition to the in-house QAQC measures employed by Almaden, Kris Raffle, P.Geo. of APEX Geoscience Ltd., completed an independent review of blank, field duplicate and certified standard analyses. All QAQC values falling outside the limits of expected variability were flagged and followed through to ensure completion of appropriate reanalyses. No discrepancies were noted within the drill hole database, and all QAQC failures were dealt with and handled with appropriate reanalyses. The mineral resource estimate referenced in this document was prepared by Gary Giroux, P.Eng., an independent Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101. Current Work The Company is pursuing the optimization opportunities noted above and has submitted its environmental permit application to Mexican authorities. The Company has also appointed Auramet International, LLC, as Financial Advisor in conjunction with project financing for the Ixtaca Project. Upcoming / Outlook Almaden has sufficient cash on hand to conduct its anticipated work program for the next fiscal year at Ixtaca. Continuing work on Ixtaca will be focused on the environmental permit application, project financing discussions, and advanced engineering. 43 Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects Operating Results The following discussion and analysis of the results of operations and the Company’s financial position should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 appearing under Item 18 – Financial Statements and listed under Item 19 – Exhibits. The Company’s consolidated financial statements are stated in Canadian Dollars and have been prepared in accordance and compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). The Company is in the business of exploring its principal mineral property in Mexico with the aim of developing it to a stage where it can be exploited at a profit or to arrange joint ventures or other business transactions whereby other companies provide, in whole or in part, funding for development and exploitation. At that stage, the Company’s operations would, to some extent, be dependent on the world market prices of any minerals mined. The Company does not have producing properties and operations on its properties. The Company receives other income from Administrative Services Agreements with Azucar and Almadex. Under those Agreements, the Company is the sole and exclusive manager of Azucar and Almadex. Azucar and Almadex compensate the Company 30% and 20%, respectively, of the Company’s actual monthly cost of rent for any shared facilities, and 30% and 20%, respectively, of any shared personnel’s fees and/or wages. Azucar and Almadex also pay the Company any reasonable fees or costs incurred on behalf of Azucar and Almadex by the Company which were approved by Azucar and Almadex. The Administrative Services Agreements have an initial 5-year term, with subsequent automatic 1 year renewals unless terminated pursuant to the terms permitted under the Agreements. The Agreements include a Change of Control clause. If either party is subject to a Change of Control during the term of the respective Agreement, the Agreement shall automatically terminate within 48 hours of the Change of Control unless agreed to in writing by both parties. The target of the Change of Control shall then pay the other party $2 million as compensation for the unplanned termination of the Company’s engagement and significant disruption to the other party’s business. “Change of Control” means the date upon which, without the written concurrence of the target of the Change of Control, any person (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) makes and does not withdraw a take-over bid (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) or acquires, directly or indirectly, that number of common shares of the target which equals or exceeds twenty percent (20%) of the then issued common shares of the target. Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017 For the year ended December 31, 2018 (“Fiscal 2018”), the Company recorded a comprehensive loss of $3,511,667 or $0.03 per common share compared to a comprehensive loss of $5,231,295 or $0.05 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2017 (“Fiscal 2017”). The decrease in comprehensive loss of $1,719,628 was primarily a result of a decrease in operating expense totalling $998,008 and an increase in other income of $721,620 from interest income and administrative service fees. Because the Company is an exploration company, it has no revenue from mining operations. Other income of $1,190,068 (Fiscal 2017 - $468,448) during Fiscal 2018, consisted of mainly interest income earned on its cash balances and other income from administrative services fees of $950,352 (Fiscal 2017 - $654,741). Also included in other income is a foreign exchange gain of $239,716 (Fiscal 2017 foreign exchange loss - $184,533) due to a higher exchange rate on USD cash balances during Fiscal 2018. Operating expenses were $4,701,735 during Fiscal 2018 (Fiscal 2017 - $5,699,743). Certain operating expenses were reported on a gross basis and recovered through other income from the administrative services agreements with Azucar and Almadex starting May 18, 2018 after the Azucar corporate reorganization. The decrease in operating expenses of $998,008 is mainly the result of a decrease in share-based payments by $1,384,330 due to a lower share price that reduces the fair values of stock options granted during Fiscal 2018 and an increase in salaries and benefits of $378,043 due to new hires as the Company plans to enter into development stage and requires additional personnel for such development stage activities. 44 Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016 For the year ended December 31, 2017 (“Fiscal 2017”), the Company recorded a net loss and comprehensive loss of $5,231,295 or $0.05 per share compared to a net loss of $4,023,504 or $0.05 per share for the year ended December 31, 2016 (“Fiscal 2016”). The increase in net loss of $1,207,791 was primarily a result of increased operating expenses, in particularly in compensation, share-based payments and professional fees. Because the Company is an exploration company, it has no revenue from mining operations. Other income of $468,448 (Fiscal 2016 - $443,560) during Fiscal 2017, consisted of mainly interest income and other income from administrative services fees earned from Almadex partially offset by foreign exchange loss. Operating expenses were $5,699,743 during Fiscal 2017 (Fiscal 2016 - $4,467,064). Certain operating expenses were reported on a gross basis and recovered through interest and other income at approximately 30% from the administrative services agreement with Almadex. The increase in operating expenses of $1,232,679 was mainly the result of increased professional fees related to corporate legal services performed in Mexico. Salaries and benefits, stock exchange fees, and directors’ fees were increased compared to the same time last year as a result of normal course of operating a public company. Share-based payments increased by $824,060 due to stock option grants during the period. Liquidity and Capital Resources As at December 31, 2018, the Company’s working capital position was $4,356,589. Management estimates that the current cash position and expected future cash flows from the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants and equity financing will be sufficient for the Company to carry out its anticipated exploration and operating plans for fiscal 2019 that includes further development of the Ixtaca Project. Management believes that the Company’s cash resources are sufficient to meet its working capital and mineral exploration requirements for its next fiscal year. Fiscal 2018 At the end of Fiscal 2018, the Company had working capital of $4,356,589 including cash and cash equivalents of $5,080,580 compared to working capital of $16,065,496 including cash and cash equivalents of $16,334,534 at the end of Fiscal 2017. The decrease in working capital of $11,708,907 is mainly due to the cash expenditures on mill mobilization expenses and option payments on the Rock Creek mill recorded in the property, plant and equipment. The Company has a deferred income tax liability in the amount of $1,434,882. The deferred income tax liability relates to the Mexican income tax and Special Mining Duty associated with the Ixtaca Project. Management believes that the Company’s cash resources are sufficient to meet its working capital and mineral exploration requirements for its next fiscal year. Net cash used in operating activities during Fiscal 2018, was $1,919,921 (Fiscal 2017 - $2,674,767), after adjusting for non-cash activities. Net cash used in investing activities during Fiscal 2018, was $18,171,752 (Fiscal 2017 - $12,808,053). Significant items include expenditures on exploration and evaluation assets of $9,674,048 (Fiscal 2017 - $8,860,153), and deposit on mill equipment of $7,694,900 (Fiscal 2017 - $3,642,826). Net cash from financing activities during Fiscal 2018, was $8,837,719 (Fiscal 2017 - $22,047,348) as a result of a non-brokered private placement that closed on June 7, 2018, net of share issue costs. Management estimates that the current cash position and potential future cash flows from in the money stock options and warrants will be sufficient for the Company to carry out its anticipated exploration and operating plans for the foreseeable future. There may be circumstances where, for sound business reasons, a reallocation of funds may be necessary in order for the Company to achieve its stated business objectives. Fiscal 2017 At the end of Fiscal 2017, the Company had working capital of $16,065,496 including cash and cash equivalents of $16,334,534 compared to working capital of $9,293,081 including cash and cash equivalents of $9,770,006 at 45 the end of Fiscal 2016. The increase in working capital of $6,772,415 is mainly due to increase in cash flow from financing raised through two private placements completed during the year. The Company has a deferred income tax liability in the amount of $1,434,882. The deferred income tax liability relates to the Mexican income tax and Special Mining Duty associated with the Ixtaca Project. On February 7, 2017, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement for gross proceeds of $3,401,199 and on June 1, 2017, the Company closed a bought deal private placement for gross proceeds of $17,251,150. As a result of both financings, the Company has been able to raise money even in a very challenging financial marketplace. Net cash used in operating activities during Fiscal 2017, was $2,674,767 (Fiscal 2016 - $2,321,136), after adjusting for non-cash activities. Net cash used in investing activities during Fiscal 2017, was $12,808,053 (Fiscal 2016 - $5,524,623). Significant items include expenditures on exploration and evaluation assets of $8,860,153 (Fiscal 2016 - $5,177,485), and deposit on mill equipment of $3,642,826 (Fiscal 2016 - $324,600). Net cash from financing activities during Fiscal 2017, was $22,047,348 (Fiscal 2016 - $11,392,987) as a result of a non-brokered private placement that closed on February 7, 2017, and a bought deal private placement which closed on June 1, 2017, and options and warrants exercised, net of share issue costs. Fiscal 2016 At the end of Fiscal 2016, the Company had working capital of $9,293,081 including cash and cash equivalents of $9,770,006 compared to working capital of $5,808,473 including cash and cash equivalents of $6,222,778 at the end of Fiscal 2015. The increase in working capital of $3,484,608 was mainly due to a non-brokered private placement that closed on May 25, 2016 for gross proceeds of $4,359,260, and $7,130,747 received through the exercise of 4,592,667 warrants during 2016. Cash used in operations during Fiscal 2016 was $2,321,136 (Fiscal 2015 - $3,015,966) after adjusting for non- cash activities. Cash used in investing activities during Fiscal 2016 was $5,524,623 (Fiscal 2015 - $4,362,807). Significant items include expenditures on mineral property interests of $5,177,485 (Fiscal 2015 - $3,668,974) primarily on land acquisition of $1,578,436 (Fiscal 2015 - $831,455) and exploration costs on the Tuligtic property of $3,868,910 (Fiscal 2015 - $3,048,151). The Company also invested $324,600 (Fiscal 2015 - $692,000) pursuant to the terms of an Asset Purchase Option Agreement dated October 16, 2015 with Alaska Gold Company, LLC and Bering Straits Native Corporation (the “Asset Purchase Option Agreement”) in respect of an option on certain mining equipment referred to as the “Rock Creek mill”. On May 25, 2016, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement by the issuance of 3,229,082 units at a price of $1.35 per unit for gross proceeds to the Company of $4,359,260. Each unit consists of one common share and one-half of one non-transferable common share purchase warrant. Each whole warrant allows the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $2.00 per share until November 25, 2018. Share issue costs included a finder’s fee of $147,925 in cash, and finders’ warrants to purchase up to 45,944 common shares at a price of $1.44 per common share until November 25, 2018. The fair value of the finders’ warrants was $17,918. In connection with the private placement, the Company also incurred $119,689 in share issue costs. These amounts were recorded as reduction to share capital. The proceeds of the private placement were allocated entirely to share capital. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses The Company conducts no Research and Development activities, nor is it dependent upon any patents or licenses. Trend information During 2018, prices of precious metals continued to be quite volatile, with the gold price starting the year at over US$1350/ounce before dropping to a low of about US$1175/ounce in August 2018 and finishing the year at about US$1280/ounce. This was a very similar price range as was experienced in 2017. The price of silver followed a similar volatile trajectory as that of gold, starting the year at over US$17.60 before falling to under US$14.00/ounce in November and finishing the year at about US$15.50/ounce. Unlike gold which in 2018 traded 46 within a similar price range as it did in 2017, silver was under more pressure in 2018 than the previous year, hitting lower lows and not reaching the same highs. The volatility of the gold and silver prices as well as the lack of momentum to break through or meet the prior year price ranges contributed to a tepid environment for financing mineral exploration and development activities. In addition, traditional sources of financing to this sector continue to be impacted by the increasing popularity of index funds, which gain exposure to the sector through purchases and sales through exchanges, as opposed to transactions directly with issuers in the form of financings. Furthermore, some of the higher risk capital which had previously targeted the exploration and mining sector has been drawn to other areas such as blockchain and lifestyle companies. Capital is still available for well defined and advanced opportunities, but increasingly the sources of capital are fewer but larger, as are the financing transactions themselves. It remains unclear how long the depressed financing market for exploration and development activities will continue. With fewer but larger capital sources, there has recently been a wave of consolidation of major companies seeking to become more attractive to major equity funds by improving their balance sheets, creating greater asset and jurisdiction diversification, and generating increased trading liquidity. The major companies are also re-committing themselves to balance sheet discipline and profitability after many years of underperformance. One avenue to accomplish greater profitability is through the synergies of consolidation combined with greater restraint when it comes to major project development activities. In addition, it’s expected that these companies and others like them will seek to increase profitability by reducing or eliminating “greenfield” exploration and acquisition activity. So, while these mergers help the participants compete for scarce investor attention, they are unlikely to help address the long term need for a pipeline of new projects to replace declining and higher cost reserves held within many of these companies. Geopolitical uncertainty continued in 2018 as the utility of traditional global political and trade alliances has been openly questioned at the highest levels. While 2018 saw an agreement reached between the U.S., Mexico and Canada relating to a modernized NAFTA deal it has not yet been ratified by all parties and the process of renegotiation was a turbulent one. The increasing acrimony and polarization of domestic politics in many countries is also contributing to international tensions. Currency markets have responded with increased volatility. Given that varying proportions of the costs of production in mining operations are valued in the local currencies, whereas the metals themselves are generally sold in U.S. dollars, currency exchange rates can have a significant impact on operating conditions. The uncertain times have led to some cash strapped governments to seek or threaten higher tax and royalty policies while others consider lowering them to attract investment. Globalization of trade and markets has been more important to the mineral industry than many other industries, and because of current conditions these concepts are under question by many vested interest groups. At the same time, just as it is more difficult to raise capital for new discoveries, it is also becoming more difficult to develop new resources once they have been discovered. Environmental groups have successfully lobbied for more wilderness areas and parks where exploration and mining activities are prohibited. Indigenous groups are actively asserting their interests and there is a rise of militant national and religious groups in many parts of the world. A global network of ideologically-driven anti-mining activists leverages both the real and perceived interests of the environmental and indigenous groups in an attempt to stifle resource development despite the increasing need for such resources as global living standards advance. Pressure from such groups can lead to increased regulation and this must be monitored closely to recognize a point where it becomes excessive. Many governments are pursuing regulations and taxes on emissions of so called “greenhouse gases” that could raise costs for many industries including metal mining. As more and more stakeholders become interested in mining ventures there is an increasing need to maintain cooperation with valid concerned groups, particularly among the local communities where projects are located. Some of these issues tend to restrict the areas where mineral exploration and development of new mines can occur. This should make areas permissive to exploration more attractive and a previously discerned need for new, quality exploration projects based on sound geological work continues. Both the scarcity of funding for new discoveries and the difficulty in developing new resources are likely to limit the supply of metals to a growing and developing global population. The Company believes that in the long term, metal prices will be constructive for both exploration and development activities. The Company plans to continue 47 advancing the Ixtaca project with the aim of developing it into one of the more attractive advanced and modern projects in the world. Off-balance Sheet Arrangements The Company has no off-balance sheet arrangements other than the lease related to its office premises as disclosed below. Contractual Obligations The Company is obligated under an operating lease for its office premises with the following aggregate minimum lease payments to the Company’s office lease effective April 1, 2017 through to March 31, 2022. The Company does have government requirements in work and/or taxes to maintain other claims held. The decision to keep or abandon such claims is not contractual but at the discretion of the Company. All other property option payments on the Company’s projects have been assumed by third parties who are earning their interests in the projects. On January 29, 2013, the Company entered into contracts with its Chairman and President for an annual remuneration of $240,000 and $265,000 respectively effective January 1, 2013, for two years, renewable for two additional successive terms of 24 months each. Effective December 31, 2015, the Chairman’s contract was mutually terminated and effective January 1, 2016, the Company and the Chairman entered into a new contract for an annual remuneration of $240,000 for two years, renewable for two additional successive terms of 24 months each. The Chairman’s contract and the President’s contract were amended April 1, 2016 and further amended on January 1, 2019 to make their term indefinite. Effective May 24, 2011, as amended April 1, 2016, the Company and the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) entered into an Employment Agreement for an indefinite term and, effective September 22, 2014, as amended April 1, 2016, the Company and the Vice President, Corporate Development (“VP”) entered into an Employment Agreement for an indefinite term. Effective January 1, 2016, the Chairman’s and President’s base salaries (“Base Salary”) were $240,000 and $265,000, respectively, and the CFO’s and VP’s Base Salaries were $185,000 and $175,000, respectively. Effective January 1, 2017, the Chairman’s, President’s, CFO’s and VP’s Base Salaries were $240,000, $305,000, $203,500 and $192,500, respectively. Under the Administrative Services Agreements between the Company and each of Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. the Company provides management services to Azucar and Almadex. Azucar compensates the Company 30% of any shared personnel remuneration and office overhead expenses, while Almadex compensates the Company 20% of any shared personnel remuneration and office overhead expenses. Therefore, Almaden currently recovers 50% of the contractual compensation amounts for the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Corporate Development. Table No. 4 Contractual Obligations of the Company Payments due by period Operating lease Total $ 611,638 Less than 1 year $179,706 1 – 3 years $383,848 3 – 5 years $48,084 More than 5 years - Contractual obligations of the Company in the above table exclude future option payments required to maintain the Company’s interest in certain mineral properties. Significant accounting judgments and estimates Significant assumptions about the future and other sources of judgments and estimates that management has made at the statement of financial position dates, that could result in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities, in the event that actual results differ from assumptions made, relate to, but are not limited to, the following: Critical Judgments o The analysis of the functional currency for each entity of the Company determined by conducting an 48 analysis of the consideration factors identified in IAS 21, “The Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates”. In concluding that the Canadian dollar is the functional currency of the parent and its subsidiary companies, management considered the currency that mainly influences the cost of providing goods and services in each jurisdiction in which the Company operates. As no single currency was clearly dominant, the Company also considered secondary indicators including the currency in which funds from financing activities are denominated and the currency in which funds are retained. o The determination that the carrying amount of the Tuligtic Project will be recovered through use rather than sale. Estimates o o o o o o The recoverability of accounts receivable which is included in the consolidated statements of financial position; The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment which are included in the consolidated statements of financial position and the related depreciation included in profit or loss; The recoverability of the value of the exploration and evaluation assets which is recorded in the consolidated statements of financial position; The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options and warrants in order to calculate share-based payments expense and the fair value of finders’ warrants and stock options. Certain inputs into the model are estimates that involve considerable judgment or could be affected by significant factors that are out of the Company’s control; The provision for income taxes which is included in profit or loss and the composition of deferred income tax liability included in the consolidated statement of financial position and the evaluation of the recoverability of deferred tax assets based on an assessment of the Company’s ability to utilize the underlying future tax deductions against future taxable income prior to expiry of those deductions; The assessment of indications of impairment of each exploration and evaluation asset and related determination of the net realizable value and write-down of those assets where applicable; Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees Table No. 5 lists the directors of the Company as of March 14, 2019. The directors have served in their respective capacities since their election and/or appointment and will serve until the next annual general meeting of the Company or until a successor is duly elected, unless the office is vacated in accordance with the Articles of the Company. All directors are residents and citizens of Canada. Name James Duane Poliquin John D. McCleary(2)(3) Morgan Poliquin Gerald G. Carlson(1)(2)(3) Mark T. Brown (1)(3) William J. Worrall(1)(2)(3) Elaine Ellingham(5) Table No. 5 Directors of the Company Age 78 78 47 73 50 86 60 Date First Elected or Appointed February 1, 2002(4) February 1, 2002(4) February 1, 2002(4) February 1, 2002(4) May 30, 2011 May 7, 2013 February 27, 2018 (1) Member of Audit Committee (2) Member of Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (3) Member of Compensation Committee (4) Date of issue of the Certificate of Amalgamation (5) Elaine Ellingham was appointed an additional Director of the Company on February 27, 2018 Duane Poliquin was a director of Almaden Resources Corporation since September 1980, Jack McCleary since June 1991 and Morgan Poliquin since June 1999. Duane Poliquin was a director of Fairfield Minerals Ltd. since June 1996, and Gerald G. Carlson since July 1998. 49 Table No.6 lists the Executive Officers of the Company as of March 14, 2019. The Executive Officers serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors, subject to the terms of executive compensation agreements hereinafter described. All Executive Officers are residents and citizens of Canada with the exception of Laurence Morris, who is a resident of Nicaragua and citizen of the United Kingdom. Table No. 6 Executive Officers of the Company Position Name James Duane Poliquin Chairman of the Board Morgan Poliquin Korm Trieu Douglas McDonald Laurence Morris (1) Date of issue of the Certificate of Amalgamation President and Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Vice-President, Corporate Development Vice-President, Operations & Projects Age 78 47 53 50 65 Date First Appointed February 1, 2002 (1) March 1, 2007 May 30, 2011 September 22, 2014 April 30, 2018 Duane Poliquin was appointed an Officer of Almaden Resources Corporation in September 1980 and of Fairfield Minerals Ltd. in June 1996. Duane Poliquin is a registered professional geological engineer with over 50 years of experience in mineral exploration and he is the founding shareholder of Almaden Resources Corporation. He gained international experience working with major mining companies where he participated in the discovery of several important mineral deposits. Mr. Poliquin has held executive positions and directorships with several junior resource companies over his career. He was founder and President of Westley Mines Ltd. when that company discovered the Santa Fe gold deposit in Nevada. Mr. Poliquin spends virtually all of his time on the affairs of the Company, Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. of which he also serves as Chairman of the Board and a director. John D. (Jack) McCleary is a registered professional geologist with over 40 years’ experience in petroleum and mineral exploration. He has held executive positions with several junior resource companies over his career and for several years was a Vice President of Dominion Securities Ltd. He served as a director and President of Canadian Hydro Developers Inc. until December 1995 at which time he retired and as a director and President of Troymin Resources Ltd. until April 2003 at which time Troymin amalgamated with Santoy Resources Ltd. where he served as a director for 5 years. Mr. McCleary is also a director of Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. He spends less than 5% of his time on the affairs of the Company. Morgan Poliquin is a registered professional geological engineer with over 20 years’ experience in mineral exploration since graduating with a B.A.Sc. degree in geological engineering from the University of British Columbia (1994). In 1996 he earned a M.Sc. in geology from the University of Auckland, New Zealand studying geothermal and epithermal deposits in the South Pacific including the Emperor Gold Deposit, Fiji. In 2010, Dr. Poliquin earned his Ph.D. in Geology from the Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter. He is President and CEO of the Company and oversees corporate matters as well as directing the Company’s exploration program. Dr. Poliquin spends virtually all of his time directing the exploration programs and the affairs of the Company in Almaden, Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. of which he also serves as President, CEO and a director. Gerald G. Carlson has been involved in mineral exploration and junior exploration company management for over 45 years. Mr. Carlson has a B.A.Sc. from the University of Toronto, a M.Sc. from Michigan Technological University and a Ph.D. from Dartmouth College. He is President, CEO and a director of Pacific Ridge Exploration Ltd., a gold and zinc exploration company listed on the TSX-V and a director of Cyntar Ventures Inc. listed on the CSE. He is a past President of AME BC (formerly the B.C. and Yukon Chamber of Mines), Director and past President of the Society of Economic Geologists Canada Foundation, a Fellow of the Society of Economic Geologists, a member of Engineers and Geoscientists BC, Engineers Yukon and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum. Mr. Carlson spends less than 5% of his time on the affairs of the Company. Mark T. Brown is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA) and earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Commerce from the University of British Columbia in 1990. Mr. Brown received his Chartered Accountant’s designation in 1993 while working at Price Waterhouse, Chartered Accountants. From 1994 to 1997, he was the controller of two TSE (now TSX) 300 mining companies, one after the other, each of which produced in excess of 100,000 ounces of gold annually. At the end of 1997, Mr. Brown joined Pacific Opportunity Capital Ltd. 50 which was set up to provide business financial support, both administratively and for transactions and negotiations, to public and private emerging companies. Mr. Brown spends approximately 5% of his time on the affairs of the Company. He also serves as a Director and Executive Chairman of Alianza Minerals Ltd. and Avrupa Minerals Ltd., both mineral exploration companies listed on the TSX-V. Mr. Brown also serves as a Director, President, or Chief Financial Officer of the following companies: a. Director - Strategem Capital Corp., an investment issuer listed on the TSX-V. b. Director - Sutter Gold Mining Ltd., a gold exploration company listed on the TSX-V. c. Director – Azucar Minerals Ltd., an exploration company listed on the TSX-V. d. Director - Almadex Minerals Ltd., an exploration company listed on the TSX-V. e. Chief Financial Officer - Adamera Minerals Corp., an exploration company listed on the TSX-V. f. Chief Financial Officer – Redstar Gold Corp., an exploration company listed on the TSX-V. g. Chief Financial Officer – Orestone Mining Corp., an exploration company listed on the TSX-V. h. Director – Mountain Boy Minerals Ltd., an exploration company listed on the TSX-V. Mr. Brown was a director of Ascent Industries Corp. (formerly Paget Minerals Ltd.) until February 13, 2019. On March 4, 2019, Ascent industries Corp. instituted proceedings under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (Canada). William J. Worrall is a retired lawyer with over 55 years practice primarily in the areas of securities, national and transnational corporate and commercial transactions, including mergers and acquisitions, with emphasis on junior resource companies engaged in mining and oil and gas exploration and development. Mr. Worrall spends less than 5% of his time on the affairs of the Company. He is also a director of Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. Elaine Ellingham is a professional geoscientist with over 35 years of experience in the mining industry, having held senior positions in several mining companies. Ms. Ellingham serves as President of Ellingham Consulting, an independent consulting firm providing geological and advisory services. She spent eight years with the Toronto Stock Exchange serving in various capacities, including four years as the TSX National Leader of Mining & International Business Development. Ms. Ellingham has also served as interim CEO and Director of Richmont Mines Inc. and Senior Vice President, Investor Relations at IAMGOLD, in addition to other corporate development experience with Campbell Resources and Rio Algom Limited. She is also an active director on the Boards of Aurania Resources, Alamos Gold and the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada. Ms. Ellingham spends less than 5% of her time on the affairs of the Company. Korm Trieu is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA) and holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of British Columbia and has spent over 20 years in corporate finance, administration and tax services, primarily in the natural resource, financial service and real estate sectors. From 2008-2011, he served as Vice President Finance for Sprott Resource Lending Corp. where he oversaw the Finance and Administration departments of a natural resource lending company. Mr. Trieu spends approximately all of his business time on the affairs of the Company along with Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. of which he is also the Chief Financial Officer. Douglas McDonald holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree and an M.A. Sc. specializing in mineral economics from the University of British Columbia and has over 20 years of experience in the resource, foreign trade and resource policy arenas. Prior to joining Almaden, he worked with an investment dealer where he advised numerous mineral resource companies regarding M&A opportunities and assisted them in accessing capital markets. He also spent 5 years as a Foreign Service officer with the Canadian government, where he focused on international trade issues, primarily concerning their impact on the resources industry. Mr. McDonald spends all of his business time on the affairs of the Company, along with Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. of which he is also a director and the Vice President, Corporate Development. Laurence Morris is a mining engineer and geologist with more than 35 years of experience in the metals and mining business. Mr. Morris has broad international experience in construction, operating and planning roles ranging from exploration stage to large scale operating mines in a variety of commodities and countries. From 2015 to 2017, Mr. Morris was the Mine Manager for First Quantum Minerals at their US$5.5 billion Cobre Panama project, where he was responsible for transitioning the project from a greenfields site to an operating mine, including mine planning, mining team assembly and training, setting up operating procedures and technical services. Prior to this Mr. Morris has held several key positions including Vice President of Operations for 51 Minefinders Corporation Ltd. from 2010 to 2013. In that position, he oversaw all aspects of development, mining operations, exploration activities and resource management at the Dolores mine in Mexico. Prior to joining Minefinders in 2010, Mr. Morris worked in mine management for First Quantum Minerals Ltd. in Zambia and Mauritania. Mr. Morris holds an Honours Bachelor of Science in Geology from the University of Sheffield. There are no arrangements or understandings with any two or more directors or executive officers pursuant to which any such person was selected as a director or executive officer. Duane Poliquin, Chairman of the Board and Director, is the father of Morgan Poliquin, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. During Fiscal 2018, the Chairman was remunerated at his base salary of $240,000 per annum and the Chief Executive Officer was remunerated at his base salary of $335,000 per annum. The Chief Executive Officer’s employment contract included terms for two additional successive terms of 24 months each (the “Extended Term”) ending January 29, 2019. Effective December 31, 2015, the Hawk Mountain Resources Ltd. contract was terminated by mutual consent with the Company and the Chairman entered into a new employment contract directly with the Company. The new employment contract includes a base salary of $240,000 per annum and has an effective date of January 1, 2016. It has an initial two-year term and is renewable for two additional successive terms of 24 months each (the “Extended Term”) ending December 31, 2021. On January 1, 2019, both the Chief Executive Officer’s and Chairman’s employment contracts were amended to remove the Extended Term thereby making their terms indefinite. During Fiscal 2018, the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and the Vice President, Corporate Development were remunerated at their base salary of $225,000 CAD and $212,000 CAD. The Vice President, Operations & Projects was compensated at his annual fee of $250,000 USD per annum. Each of the CFO’s and Vice Presidents’ employment agreements have indefinite terms. Under Administrative Services Agreements between the Company and each of Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd., the Company provides management services to Azucar and Almadex. Azucar compensates the Company 30% of any shared personnel remuneration and office overhead expenses, while Almadex compensates the Company 20% of any shared personnel remuneration and office overhead expenses. Therefore, Almaden currently recovers 50% of the contractual compensation amounts for the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Corporate Development. All non-management Directors are to be compensated $12,000 yearly and the Chairs of the Audit Committee and Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are to be compensated $5,000 yearly, effective January 1, 2017. The Compensation Committee also recommended that, with respect to Director stock options, up to 400,000 options be granted to each non-management Director. Directors are entitled to reimbursement for reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may award special remuneration to any director undertaking any special services on behalf of the Company other than services ordinarily required of a director. Other than indicated below no director received any compensation for his services as a director, including committee participation and/or special assignments, or will receive compensation on termination. Total compensation paid by the Company directly and/or indirectly to all directors and executive officers during Fiscal 2018 was $1,022,079 (Fiscal 2017 - $883,400) after recovery by the Company of 50% of executive officer compensation pursuant to the terms of the Administrative Services Agreements between the Company and each of Azucar and Almadex 52 Table No. 7 Summary Compensation Table Annual Compensation Long-Term Compensation Awards Fiscal Year 2018(2) 2017 2016 2018(2) 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2018(2) 2017 2016 2018(2) 2017 2016 2018 Salary(1) Bonus Other Annual Compensation Restricted Stock Awards $138,194 $168,000 $168,000 $192,895 $213,500 $185,500 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil $129,556 $142,450 $129,500 $122,071 $134,750 $122,500 $246,488 Nil Nil Nil $66,250 $85,400 $92,750 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil $27,750 $35,613 $38,850 $28,875 $33,688 $18,375 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Options/ SARS Granted (#) 650,000 715,000 550,000 1,000,000 1,365,000 700,000 218,000 332,000 218,000 Nil Nil Nil 172,000 290,000 100,000 68,000 457,000 68,000 285,000 215,000 5,000 Nil 100,000 400,000 400,000 255,000 290,000 150,000 200,000 275,000 170,000 300,000 LTIP Payouts All Other Compensation Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil $17,0000(3)(5) $17,0000(3)(5) $10,000(3)(5) Nil Nil $7,000(3) $12,000(3) $12,000(3) $7,000(3) $17,000(3)(4) $17,000(3)(4) $10,000(3)(4) $12,000(3) $12,000(3) $7,000(3) $12,000(3) $12,000(3) Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Name and Principle Position Duane Poliquin Chairman of the Board & Director Morgan Poliquin President, Chief Executive Officer & Director Jack McCleary Director Joseph Montgomery Former Director(6) Gerald G. Carlson Director Mark T. Brown Director William J. Worrall Director David Strang(7) Former Director Elaine Ellingham(8) Director Korm Trieu Chief Financial Officer Douglas McDonald Vice President, Corporate Development Laurence Morris(9) Vice President, Operations & Projects (1) Since the effectiveness of the Plan of Arrangement with Azucar on July 31, 2015, Azucar has compensated the Company 30% of any shared personnel’s fees and/or wages. The above table reflects only the compensation for each individual paid by Almaden after recovery of such 30% from Azucar. Effective May 18, 2018, Almadex has compensated the Company 20% of any shared personnel’s fees and/or wages. The above table reflects only the compensation for each individual paid by Almaden after recovery of such 20% from Almadex. Director’s fees. Audit Committee Chairman’s fees. Compensation Committee Chairman’s fees. Joseph Montgomery resigned as a Director of the Company effective August 8, 2016. David Strang commenced as a Director of the Company effective August 8, 2016 and resigned effective June 27, 2018. Elaine Ellingham commenced as a Director of the Company effective February 27, 2018. Laurence Morris commenced as Vice President, Operations & Projects effective April 30, 2018 and pursuant to his Independent Contractor Agreement dated January 15, 2018 is compensated at an annual fee of $250,000 USD. (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Remuneration on Termination The Company has the following termination clauses within its executive employment contracts. 53 (1) Chairman The Company entered into a new Executive Employment Contract (the “DP Agreement”) dated January 1, 2016, as amended by Amending Agreement dated April 1, 2016 and Second Amending Agreement made January 1, 2019 (the “DP Agreement”) between the Company and Duane Poliquin (the “Executive” under the DP Agreement) which replaces an expired Executive Compensation Contract dated January 29, 2013 (the “HMR Agreement”) between the Company and Hawk Mountain Resources Ltd. (“Management Company”), a private company of which Duane Poliquin (the “Executive” under the HMR Agreement) is a shareholder, which was terminated by mutual agreement on December 31, 2015. The DP Agreement will terminate or may be terminated for any one of the following reasons: (a) Voluntarily by the Executive, upon at least three (3) months prior written notice of termination by the Executive to the Company; or (b) without Cause, upon at least three (3) months prior written notice of termination by the Company to the Executive; or by the Company for Cause; or upon the death or disability of the Executive; or upon retirement by the Executive. (c) (d) (e) Termination by the Executive Voluntarily or by the Company for Cause If the Executive shall voluntarily terminate employment under the DP Agreement or if the employment of the Executive thereunder is terminated by the Company for Cause, then all compensation and benefits as theretofore provided shall terminate immediately upon the effective date of termination and no special severance compensation will be paid. Cause to terminate the Executive’s employment under the DP Agreement shall mean: (a) (b) (c) (d) the repeated and demonstrated failure by the Executive to perform the Executive’s material duties under the DP Agreement, after demand for substantial performance is delivered by the Company to the Executive that specifically identifies the manner in which the Company believes the Executive has not substantially performed by the Executive under the DP Agreement; or the willful engagement by the Executive in misconduct which is materially injurious to the Company, monetarily or otherwise; or any other willful violation by the Executive of the provisions of the DP Agreement; or the Executive is convicted of a criminal offence involving fraud or dishonesty. Termination by the Company Without Cause If the Company shall terminate the Executive’s employment under the DP Agreement for any reason except for Cause or Disability then, upon the effective date of termination, the Company shall pay the Executive in one lump sum an amount equal to two (2) times the Executive’s then current Base Salary, less all statutory withholdings and deductions. All the benefits theretofore provided to the Executive shall be continued as if the Executive was still an employee of the Company for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of termination or until equal or better benefits are provided by a new employer, whichever shall first occur. Termination by Death or Disability If the Executive dies or becomes disabled before the Executive’s employment is otherwise terminated, the Company shall pay the Executive or the Executive’s estate, an amount of compensation equal to six (6) months of the Executive’s then current Base Salary and all the benefits theretofore provided to the Executive shall be continued, for a period of six (6) months from the date of Death or Disability as if the Executive were still an employee of the Company. If such termination is due to the Executive’s Death, payment shall be made in one lump sum to the Executive’s Designate within 60 days of the Executive’s death. If no Executive’s Designate survives the Executive, the entire amount shall be paid to the Executive’s estate. If such termination is due to the Executive’s Disability, payment shall be made in one lump sum to the Executive within sixty (60) days of the 54 Executive’s Disability. The compensation provided under this paragraph shall be in addition to that payable from any insurance coverage providing compensation upon Death or Disability. Termination Following Change in Control For purposes of the DP Agreement, a Change in Control shall be deemed to have occurred if: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) any person or any person and such person’s associates or affiliates, as such terms are defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia) (the “Act”), makes a tender, take-over or exchange offer, circulates a proxy to shareholders or takes other steps to effect a takeover of the control of the Company, whether by way of a reverse take-over, formal bid, causing the election or appointment of a majority of directors of the Company or otherwise in any manner whatsoever; or during any period of eighteen (18) consecutive months (not including any period prior to the Effective Date), individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the Board of Directors and any new directors, whose appointment by the Board of Directors or nomination for election by the Company’s shareholders was approved by a vote of at least three quarters (3/4) of the Board of Directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose appointment or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the Board of Directors; or the acquisition by any person or by any person and such person’s affiliates or associates, as such terms are defined in the Act, and whether directly or indirectly, of common shares of the Company at the time held by such person and such person’s affiliates and associates, totals for the first time, twenty percent (20%) or more of the outstanding common shares of the Company; or the business or businesses of the Company for which the Executive’s services are principally performed, are disposed of by the Company pursuant to a partial or complete liquidation, dissolution, consolidation or merger of the Company, or a sale or transfer of all or a significant portion of the Company’s assets. Notwithstanding any other provisions in the DP Agreement regarding termination, if any of the events described above constituting a Change in Control shall have occurred during the Term, upon the termination of the Executive’s employment (unless such termination is because of the Executive’s Death or Disability, by the Company for Cause or by the Executive other than for “Good Reason”, as defined below) the Executive shall be entitled to and will receive no later than the fifteenth (15th) day following the date of termination a lump sum payment equal to three (3) times the Executive’s then current Base Salary. In addition, all benefits then applicable to the Executive shall be continued for a period of eighteen (18) months after the date of termination. For purposes of the DP Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean, without the Executive’s express written consent, any of the following: (i) (ii) (iii) the assignment to the Executive of any duties inconsistent with the status or authority of the Executive’s office, or the Executive’s removal from such position, or a substantial alteration in the nature or status of the Executive’s authorities or responsibilities from those in effect immediately prior to the Change in Control; a reduction by the Company of the Executive’s Base Salary as in effect on the date of the DP Agreement or as the same may have been increased from time to time, or a failure by the Company to increase the Executive’s Base Salary as provided for in the DP Agreement or at a rate commensurate with that of other key executives of the Company; the relocation of the office of the Company where the Executive is employed at the time of the Change in Control (the “CIC Location”) to a location more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location, or the Company’s requiring the Executive to be based more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location (except for requiring travel on the Company’s business to an extent substantially consistent with the Executive’s business travel obligations prior to the Change in Control); 55 (iv) (v) the failure by the Company to continue to provide the Executive with benefits at least as favourable as those enjoyed by the Executive prior to the Change in Control, the taking of any action by the Company which would directly or indirectly materially reduce any of such benefits or deprive the Executive of any material fringe benefit enjoyed by the Executive at the time of the Change in Control, or the failure by the Company to provide the Executive with the number of entitled vacation days to which the Executive has earned on the basis of years of services with the Company; or the failure of the Company to obtain a satisfactory agreement from any successor to assume and agree to perform the DP Agreement or, if the business of the Company for which the Executive’s services are principally performed is sold or transferred, the purchaser or transferee of such business shall fail to agree to provide the Executive with the same or a comparable position, duties, remuneration and benefits for the Executive as provided immediately prior to the Change in Control. Following a Change in Control during the Term, the Executive shall be entitled to terminate the Executive’s employment for Good Reason. In the event the Executive is entitled to a severance payment under the DP Agreement, then in addition to such severance payment, the Executive shall be entitled to employment search assistance to secure other comparable employment for the Executive for a period not to exceed one (1) year or until such comparable employment is found, whichever is the sooner, with fees for such assistance to be paid by the Company. The Executive’s right to receive the aforementioned payment and benefits is expressly contingent upon the signing of a waiver and release satisfactory to the Company which releases the Company and its affiliates from all claims and liabilities arising out of the Executive’s employment and termination thereof and including confidentiality provisions, which waiver and release is satisfactory to the Company with respect to form, substance and timeliness. (2) President & CEO The Executive Employment Contract dated January 29, 2013, as amended by Amending Agreement dated April 1, 2016 and Second Amending Agreement made January 1, 2019 (the “MP Agreement”) between the Company and Morgan Poliquin (the “Executive” under the MP Agreement) will terminate or may be terminated for any one of the following reasons: (a) voluntarily by the Executive, upon at least three (3) months prior written notice of termination by the Executive to the Company; or (b) without Cause, upon at least three (3) months prior written notice of termination by the Company to the Executive; or (c) by the Company for Cause; or (d) upon the death or disability of the Executive; or (e) upon retirement by the Executive. Termination by the Executive Voluntarily or by the Company for Cause If the Executive shall voluntarily terminate employment under the MP Agreement or if the employment of the Executive is terminated by the Company for Cause, then all compensation and benefits as theretofore provided shall terminate immediately upon the effective date of termination and no special severance compensation will be paid. Cause to terminate the Executive’s employment shall mean: (a) the repeated and demonstrated failure by the Executive to perform the Executive’s material duties under the MP Agreement, after demand for substantial performance is delivered by the Company to the Executive that specifically identifies the manner in which the Company believes the Executive has not substantially performed the Executive’s duties under the MP Agreement; or( (b) the willful engagement by the Executive in misconduct which is materially injurious to the Company, 56 monetarily or otherwise; or (c) any other willful violation by the Executive of the provisions of the MP Agreement; or (d) the Executive is convicted of a criminal offence involving fraud or dishonesty. Termination by the Company Without Cause If the Company shall terminate the Executive’s employment under the MP Agreement for any reason except for Cause then, upon the effective date of termination, the Company shall pay the Executive in one lump sum an amount equal to two (2) times the Executive’s then current Base Salary, less all statutory withholdings and deductions. All the benefits theretofore provided to the Executive shall be continued as if the Executive was still an employee of the Company for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of termination or until equal or better benefits are provided by a new employer, whichever shall first occur. Termination by Death or Disability If the Executive dies or becomes disabled before the Executive’s employment is otherwise terminated, the Company shall pay the Executive or the Executive’s estate, an amount of compensation equal to six (6) months of the Executive’s then current Base Salary and all the benefits theretofore provided to the Executive shall be continued, for a period of six (6) months from the date of Death or Disability as if the Executive were still an employee of the Company. If such termination is due to the Executive’s Death, payment shall be made in one lump sum to the Executive’s Designate within sixty (60) days of the Executive’s death. If no Executive’s Designate survives the Executive, the entire amount shall be paid to the Executive’s estate. If such termination is due to the Executive’s Disability, payment shall be made in one lump sum to the Executive within sixty (60) days of the Executive’s Disability. The compensation provided under this paragraph shall be in addition to that payable from any insurance coverage providing compensation upon Death or Disability. Termination Following Change in Control For purposes of the MP Agreement, a Change in Control shall be deemed to have occurred if: (i) any person or any person and such person’s associates or affiliates, as such terms are defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia) (the “Act”), makes a tender, take-over or exchange offer, circulates a proxy to shareholders or takes other steps to effect a takeover of the control of the Company, whether by way of a reverse take-over, formal bid, causing the election or appointment of a majority of directors of the Company or otherwise in any manner whatsoever; or (ii) during any period of eighteen (18) consecutive months (not including any period prior to the Effective Date), individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the Board of Directors and any new directors, whose appointment by the Board of Directors or nomination for election by the Company’s shareholders was approved by a vote of at least three quarters (3/4) of the Board of Directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose appointment or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the Board of Directors; or (iii) the acquisition by any person or by any person and such person’s affiliates or associates, as such terms are defined in the Act, and whether directly or indirectly, of common shares of the Company at the time held by such person and such person’s affiliates and associates, totals for the first time, twenty percent (20%) or more of the outstanding common shares of the Company; or (iv) the business or businesses of the Company for which the Executive’s services are principally performed, are disposed of by the Company pursuant to a partial or complete liquidation, dissolution, consolidation or merger of the Company, or a sale or transfer of all or a significant portion of the Company’s assets. Notwithstanding any other provisions in the MP Agreement regarding termination, if any of the events described above constituting a Change in Control shall have occurred during the Term, upon the termination of the Executive’s employment (unless such termination is because of the Executive’s Death or Disability, by the 57 Company for Cause or by the Executive other than for “Good Reason”, as defined below) the Executive shall be entitled to and will receive no later than the fifteenth (15th) day following the date of termination a lump sum severance payment equal to three (3) times the Executive’s then current Base Salary. In addition, all benefits then applicable to the Executive shall be continued for a period of eighteen (18) months after the date of termination. For purposes of the MP Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean, without the Executive’s express written consent, any of the following: (i) the assignment to the Executive of any duties inconsistent with the status or authority of the Executive’s office, or the Executive’s removal from such position, or a substantial alteration in the nature or status of the Executive’s authorities or responsibilities from those in effect immediately prior to the Change in Control; (ii) a reduction by the Company in the Executive’s Base Salary as in effect on the date of the MP Agreement or as the same may have been increased from time to time, or a failure by the Company to increase the Executive’s Base Salary as provided for in the MP Agreement or at a rate commensurate with that of other key executives of the Company; (iii) the relocation of the office of the Company where the Executive is employed at the time of the Change in Control (the “CIC Location”) to a location more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location, or the Company’s requiring the Executive to be based more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location (except for requiring travel on the Company’s business to an extent substantially consistent with the Executive’s business travel obligations prior to the Change in Control); (iv) the failure by the Company to continue to provide the Executive with benefits at least as favourable as those enjoyed by the Executive prior to the Change in Control, the taking of any action by the Company which would directly or indirectly materially reduce any of such benefits or deprive the Executive of any material fringe benefit enjoyed by the Executive at the time of the Change in Control, or the failure by the Company to provide the Executive with the number of entitled vacation days to which the Executive has earned on the basis of years of service with the Company; or (v) the failure of the Company to obtain a satisfactory agreement from any successor to assume and agree to perform the MP Agreement or, if the business of the Company for which the Executive’s services are principally performed is sold or transferred, the purchaser or transferee of such business shall fail to agree to provide the Executive with the same or a comparable position, duties, salary and benefits as provided to the Executive by the Company immediately prior to the Change in Control. Following a Change in Control during the Term, the Executive shall be entitled to terminate the Executive’s employment for Good Reason. In the event the Executive is entitled to a severance payment under the MP Agreement, then in addition to such severance payment, the Executive shall be entitled to employment search assistance to secure other comparable employment for a period not to exceed one (1) year or until such comparable employment is found, whichever is the sooner, with fees for such assistance to be paid by the Company. The Executive’s right to receive the aforementioned payment and benefits is expressly contingent upon the signing of a waiver and release satisfactory to the Company which releases the Company and its affiliates from all claims and liabilities arising out of the Executive’s employment and termination thereof and including confidentiality provisions, which waiver and release is satisfactory to the Company with respect to form, substance and timeliness. (3) CFO The Employment Agreement dated May 24, 2011 as amended April 1, 2016 (the “KT Agreement”) between the Company and Korm Trieu (the “Employee” under the KT Agreement) may be terminated for any one of the following reasons: 58 (a) voluntarily by the Employee, upon at least sixty (60) days prior written notice of termination by the Employee to the Company; or (b) by the Company for cause; or (c) without cause, upon payment of twelve (12) months of the Employee’s then current Base Salary to the Employee; or (d) upon the physical and/or mental impairment of the Employee. Termination by the Employee Voluntarily or by the Company for Cause If the Employee shall voluntarily terminate employment under the KT Agreement or if the employment of the Employee is terminated by the Company for cause, then all compensation and benefits as theretofore provided shall terminate immediately upon the effective date of termination and no special severance compensation will be paid. Cause to terminate the Employee’s employment shall mean: (a) (b) the repeated and demonstrated failure by the Executive to perform the Employee’s material duties under the KT Agreement, after demand for substantial performance is delivered by the Company to the Employee that specifically identifies the manner in which the Company believes the Employee has not substantially performed the Employee’s duties under the KT Agreement; or the willful engagement by the Employee in misconduct which is materially injurious to the Company, monetarily or otherwise; or (c) any other willful violation by the Employee of the provisions of the KT Agreement; or (d) the Employee is convicted of a criminal offence involving fraud or dishonesty. Termination by the Company Without Cause If the Company elects to terminate the Employee’s employment for reasons other than cause, the Company shall pay the Employee, in one lump sum or in installments at the Company’s discretion, a severance payment equal to twelve (12) months of the Employee’s then current Based Salary. Termination upon the physical and/or mental impairment of the Employee If the Company terminates the Employee’s employment for physical and/or mental impairment, the Company’s financial obligation to the Employee is limited to that which the Employee would otherwise receive if the Company terminated the Employee’s employment for no reason. Termination Following Change in Control For purposes of the KT Agreement, a change in control shall be deemed to have occurred if: (i) any person or any person and such person’s associates or affiliates, as such terms are defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia) (the “Act”), makes a tender, take-over or exchange offer, circulates a proxy to shareholders or takes other steps to effect a takeover of the control of the Company, whether by way of a reverse take-over, formal bid, causing the election or appointment of a majority of directors of the Company or otherwise in any manner whatsoever; or (ii) during any period of eighteen (18) consecutive months (not including any period prior to the Effective Date), individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the Board of Directors and any new directors, whose appointment by the Board of Directors or nomination for election by the Company’s shareholders was approved by a vote of at least three quarters (3/4) of the Board of Directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose appointment or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the Board of Directors; or 59 (iii) the acquisition by any person or by any person and such person’s affiliates or associates, as such terms are defined in the Act, and whether directly or indirectly, of common shares of the Company at the time held by such person and such person’s affiliates and associates, totals for the first time, twenty percent (20%) or more of the outstanding common shares of the Company; or (iv) the business or businesses of the Company for which the Employee’s services are principally performed, are disposed of by the Company pursuant to a partial or complete liquidation, dissolution, consolidation or merger of the Company, or a sale or transfer of all or a significant portion of the Company’s assets. Notwithstanding any other provisions in the KT Agreement regarding termination, if any of the events described above constituting a Change in Control shall have occurred during the course of the KT Agreement, upon the termination of the Employee’s employment (unless such termination is because of the Employee’s Death or Disability, by the Company for cause or by the Employee other than for “Good Reason”, as defined below) the Employee shall be entitled to and will receive no later than the fifteenth (15th) day following the date of termination a lump sum severance payment equal to two (2) times the Employee’s then current Base Salary. For purposes of the KT Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean, without the Employee’s express written consent, any of the following: (i) the assignment to the Employee of any duties inconsistent with the status or authority of the Employee’s office, or the Employee’s removal from such position, or a substantial alteration in the nature or status of the Employee’s authorities or responsibilities from those in effect immediately prior to the Change in Control; (ii) a reduction by the Company in the Employee’s Base Salary as in effect on the date of the KT Agreement or as the same may have been increased from time to time, or a failure by the Company to increase the Employee’s Base Salary as provided for in the KT Agreement or at a rate commensurate with that of other key employees of the Company; (iii) the relocation of the office of the Company where the Employee is employed at the time of the Change in Control (the “CIC Location”) to a location more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location, or the Company’s requiring the Employee to be based more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location (except for requiring travel on the Company’s business to an extent substantially consistent with the Employee’s business travel obligations prior to the Change in Control); (iv) the failure by the Company to continue to provide the Employee with benefits at least as favourable as those enjoyed by the Employee prior to the Change in Control, the taking of any action by the Company which would directly or indirectly materially reduce any of such benefits or deprive the Employee of any material fringe benefit enjoyed by the Employee at the time of the Change in Control, or the failure by the Company to provide the Employee with the number of entitled vacation days to which the Employee has earned on the basis of years of service with the Company; or (v) the failure of the Company to obtain a satisfactory agreement from any successor to assume and agree to perform the KT Agreement or, if the business of the Company for which the Employee’s services are principally performed is sold or transferred, the purchaser or transferee of such business shall fail to agree to provide the Employee with the same or a comparable position, duties, salary and benefits as provided to the Employee by the Company immediately prior to the Change in Control. Following a Change in Control during the course of the KT Agreement, the Employee shall be entitled to terminate the Employee’s employment for Good Reason. The Employee’s right to receive the aforementioned payment and benefits is expressly contingent upon the signing of a waiver and release satisfactory to the Company which releases the Company and its affiliates from all claims and liabilities arising out of the Employee’s employment and termination thereof and including confidentiality provisions, which waiver and release is satisfactory to the Company with respect to form, substance and timeliness. 60 (4) Vice President, Corporate Development The Employment Agreement dated September 22, 2014 as amended April 1, 2016 (the “DM Agreement”) between the Company and Douglas McDonald (the “Employee” under the DM Agreement) may be terminated for any one of the following reasons: (a) voluntarily by the Employee, upon at least sixty (60) days prior written notice of termination by the Employee to the Company; or (b) by the Company for cause; or (c) without cause, upon payment of twelve (12) months of the Employee’s then current Base Salary to the Employee; or (d) upon the physical and/or mental impairment of the Employee. Termination by the Employee Voluntarily or by the Company for Cause If the Employee shall voluntarily terminate employment under the DM Agreement or if the employment of the Employee is terminated by the Company for cause, then all compensation and benefits as theretofore provided shall terminate immediately upon the effective date of termination and no special severance compensation will be paid. Cause to terminate the Employee’s employment shall mean: (a) (b) the repeated and demonstrated failure by the Employee to perform the Employee’s material duties under the DM Agreement, after demand for substantial performance is delivered by the Company to the Employee that specifically identifies the manner in which the Company believes the Employee has not substantially performed the Employee’s duties under the DM Agreement; or the willful engagement by the Employee in misconduct which is materially injurious to the Company, monetarily or otherwise; or (c) any other willful violation by the Employee of the provisions of the DM Agreement; or (d) the Employee is convicted of a criminal offence involving fraud or dishonesty. Termination by the Company Without Cause If the Company elects to terminate the Employee’s employment for reasons other than cause, the Company shall pay the Employee, in one lump sum or in installments at the Company’s discretion, a severance payment equal to twelve (12) months of the Employee’s then current Base Salary. Termination upon the physical and/or mental impairment of the Employee If the Company terminates the Employee’s employment for physical and/or mental impairment, the Company’s financial obligation to the Employee is limited to that which the Employee would otherwise receive if the Company terminated the Employee’s employment for no reason. Termination Following Change in Control For purposes of the DM Agreement, a change in control shall be deemed to have occurred if: (i) any person or any person and such person’s associates or affiliates, as such terms are defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia) (the “Act”), makes a tender, take-over or exchange offer, circulates a proxy to shareholders or takes other steps to effect a takeover of the control of the Company, whether by way of a reverse take-over, formal bid, causing the election or appointment of a majority of directors of the Company or otherwise in any manner whatsoever; or (ii) during any period of eighteen (18) consecutive months (not including any period prior to the Effective Date), individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the Board of Directors and any new directors, whose appointment by the Board of Directors or nomination for election by the Company’s 61 shareholders was approved by a vote of at least three quarters (3/4) of the Board of Directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose appointment or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the Board of Directors; or (iii) the acquisition by any person or by any person and such person’s affiliates or associates, as such terms are defined in the Act, and whether directly or indirectly, of common shares of the Company at the time held by such person and such person’s affiliates and associates, totals for the first time, twenty percent (20%) or more of the outstanding common shares of the Company; or (iv) the business or businesses of the Company for which the Employee’s services are principally performed, are disposed of by the Company pursuant to a partial or complete liquidation, dissolution, consolidation or merger of the Company, or a sale or transfer of all or a significant portion of the Company’s assets. Notwithstanding any other provisions in the DM Agreement regarding termination, if any of the events described above constituting a Change in Control shall have occurred during the course of the DM Agreement, upon the termination of the Employee’s employment (unless such termination is because of the Employee’s Death or Disability, by the Company for cause or by the Employee other than for “Good Reason”, as defined below) the Employee shall be entitled to and will receive no later than the fifteenth (15th) day following the date of termination a lump sum severance payment equal to two (2) times the Employee’s then current Base Salary. For purposes of the DM Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean, without the Employee’s express written consent, any of the following: (i) the assignment to the Employee of any duties inconsistent with the status or authority of the Employee’s office, or the Employee’s removal from such position, or a substantial alteration in the nature or status of the Employee’s authorities or responsibilities from those in effect immediately prior to the Change in Control; (ii) a reduction by the Company in the Employee’s Base Salary as in effect on the date of the DM Agreement or as the same may have been increased from time to time, or a failure by the Company to increase the Employee’s Base Salary as provided for in the DM Agreement or at a rate commensurate with that of other key employees of the Company; (iii) the relocation of the office of the Company where the Employee is employed at the time of the Change in Control (the “CIC Location”) to a location more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location, or the Company’s requiring the Employee to be based more than fifty (50) miles away from the CIC Location (except for requiring travel on the Company’s business to an extent substantially consistent with the Employee’s business travel obligations prior to the Change in Control); (iv) the failure by the Company to continue to provide the Employee with benefits at least as favourable as those enjoyed by the Employee prior to the Change in Control, the taking of any action by the Company which would directly or indirectly materially reduce any of such benefits or deprive the Employee of any material fringe benefit enjoyed by the Employee at the time of the Change in Control, or the failure by the Company to provide the Employee with the number of entitled vacation days to which the Employee has earned on the basis of years of service with the Company; or (v) the failure of the Company to obtain a satisfactory agreement from any successor to assume and agree to perform the DM Agreement or, if the business of the Company for which the Employee’s services are principally performed is sold or transferred, the purchaser or transferee of such business shall fail to agree to provide the Employee with the same or a comparable position, duties, salary and benefits as provided to the Employee by the Company immediately prior to the Change in Control. Following a Change in Control during the course of the DM Agreement, the Employee shall be entitled to terminate the Employee’s employment for Good Reason. 62 The Employee’s right to receive the aforementioned payment and benefits is expressly contingent upon the signing of a waiver and release satisfactory to the Company which releases the Company and its affiliates from all claims and liabilities arising out of the Employee’s employment and termination thereof and including confidentiality provisions, which waiver and release is satisfactory to the Company with respect to form, substance and timeliness. (5) Vice President, Operations & Projects The Independent Contractor Agreement dated January 15, 2018 (the “LM Agreement”) between the Company and Laurence Morris (the “Contractor” under the LM Agreement) may be terminated for any one of the following reasons: a. b. c. d. by Contractor, at any time, without cause or reason, upon 90 days written notice to the Company; by the Company, for cause, at any time in the event of a failure by Contractor to comply with any of the provisions of the LM Agreement, including, without limitation, a persistent failure on the part of Contractor to follow the directions of the Board or CEO or any act of gross negligence or wilful misconduct on the part of Contractor, where the Company has communicated such failure to Contractor and a reasonable opportunity to cure the failure has been provided, or by the Company immediately upon the death or incapacity of Contractor or upon Contractor no longer being qualified, under applicable corporate or securities laws or stock exchange requirements, to be the Vice-President Operations & Projects of the Company; by Contractor, for cause, at any time in the event of a failure by the Company to comply with any of the provisions of the LM Agreement, where such failure has been communicated to the Company and a reasonable opportunity to cure the failure has been provided; or by the Company, at any time, without cause or reason, upon 90 days written notice to Contractor; and upon any such termination, the Board shall be at liberty to remove Contractor from any office held by Contractor in the Company or any of its subsidiaries and to make or cause to be made whatever regulatory or stock exchange filings are required in the circumstances. Termination Following Change in Control A Change of Control means the occurrence of any of the following events: a. b. any Person acquiring fifty percent (50%) or more of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company; or any Person acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, provided that for the purposes of the applicable section and the LM Agreement, "Person" means a third party that is operating at arm's length from Contractor. For greater certainty, "Person" shall not include any person, partnership, corporation or other entity with which Contractor is involved directly or indirectly as principal, agent, shareholder of more than 2% of such entity’s voting securities, officer, employee or in any other manner whatsoever. If a Change of Control occurs and (i) thereafter the Company terminates Contractor’s engagement under the LM Agreement otherwise than for cause or (ii) Contractor elects to terminate his engagement under the LM Agreement by notifying the Company of such election in writing within ten (10) calendar days after the occurrence of a Change of Control, Contractor’s engagement shall immediately terminate and the Company shall provide Contractor with a payment equivalent to two (2x) times the Contractor’s Annual Fee, payable, at the Company’s discretion, either in one lump sum within five (5) business days from the effective date of termination of Contractor’s engagement hereunder or in two or more equal instalments over the three (3) months period commencing on the effective date of termination of Contractor’s engagement under the LM Agreement, with the first such instalment payable within five (5) business days from the effective date of termination of Contractor’s engagement under the LM Agreement, and upon Contractor’s receipt of such lump sum payment or the last instalment payment, the LM Agreement shall terminate. Stock options Incentive stock options to purchase securities from the Company are granted to directors, executive officers, employees and consultants of the Company on terms and conditions acceptable to the regulatory authorities in Canada, notably the Toronto Stock Exchange, and in accordance with the requirements of the applicable Canadian securities 63 commissions’ requirements and regulations. The Company has a formal written stock option plan (“Plan”) which permits the issuance of up to 10% of the Company’s issued share capital from time to time during the term of the Plan and provides that stock options may be granted from time to time provided that incentive stock options in favor of any consultant or person providing investor relations services cannot exceed 2% in any 12 month period. No incentive stock option granted under the Plan is transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each incentive stock option is exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by such optionee and by the optionee’s personal representatives in the event of death for a period ending on the earlier of the expiry date of the option and twelve months after the date of death. The exercise price of all incentive stock options granted under the Plan is determined in accordance with Toronto Stock Exchange guidelines and cannot be less than the Market Price on the date of the grant. Market Price is the volume weighted average trading price of the Company’s shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange for the five trading days immediately preceding the date of the grant. The maximum term of each incentive stock option is five years. Options granted to consultants or persons providing Investor Relations Activities (as defined in the Plan) shall vest in stages with no more than ¼ of such options being exercisable in any three month period. All options granted during Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016 vested on the date granted. Under the requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange, all unallocated options under the Plan must be approved by the Board of Directors, including a majority of the unrelated directors and by the shareholders every three years after the institution of the Plan. Insiders and affiliates of insiders entitled to receive a benefit under the Plan are not entitled to vote for such approval. The names and titles of the directors and executive officers of the Company to whom outstanding stock options have been granted and the number of common shares subject to such options as of March 14, 2019 are set forth in Table No. 8, as well as the number of options granted to directors, executive officers, employees and consultants as a group. 64 Name Duane Poliquin Chairman of the Board & Director Morgan Poliquin President, Director & Chief Executive Officer Jack McCleary Director Gerald G. Carlson Director Mark T. Brown Director William J. Worrall Director Elaine Ellingham Director Korm Trieu Chief Financial Officer Douglas McDonald Vice President, Corporate Development Laurence Morris Vice President, Operations & Projects Total Directors/Officers (10 persons) Total Employees/Consultants (16 persons) Total Directors/Officers/Employees/Consultants Table No. 8 Stock Options Outstanding Number of Options Outstanding Exercise Price CDN$ 100,000 300,000 165,000 500,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 150,000 350,000 315,000 500,000 700,000 200,000 300,000 250,000 207,000 25,000 100,000 68,000 100,000 50,000 25,000 50,000 115,000 50,000 100,000 50,000 72,000 50,000 25,000 117,000 115,000 100,000 50,000 100,000 18,000 25,000 115,000 250,000 5,000 100,000 30,000 400,000 75,000 115,000 75,000 150,000 100,000 30,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 20,000 100,000 180,000 300,000 8,012,000 1,845,000 9,857,000 $1.99 1.34 1.40 0.98 1.25 0.79 0.86 1.32 1.34 1.40 1.53 0.98 1.25 0.86 0.84 1.35 1.99 0.98 0.83 1.25 0.79 1.99 1.34 1.40 0.98 1.25 0.79 0.86 0.84 1.99 1.34 1.40 1.14 0.98 1.25 0.83 0.84 1.40 0.98 0.83 1.25 0.83 1.08 1.89 1.40 1.03 0.98 1.25 0.86 0.84 1.84 1.40 0.98 1.25 0.86 1.11 Expiry Date 05/04/2019 07/02/2019 09/19/2019 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 09/30/2020 12/13/2020 07/02/2019 07/02/2019 09/19/2019 04/30/2020 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 12/13/2020 02/07/2021 03/17/2019 05/04/2019 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 09/30/2020 09/30/2020 05/04/2019 07/02/2019 09/19/2019 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 09/30/2020 12/13/2020 02/07/2021 05/04/2019 07/02/2019 09/19/2019 04/30/2020 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 09/30/2020 02/07/2021 09/19/2019 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 09/30/2020 12/13/2020 03/29/2021 06/12/2019 09/19/2019 04/10/2020 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 12/13/2020 02/07/2021 05/19/2019 09/19/2019 06/08/2020 09/30/2020 12/13/2020 02/07/2021 65 No funds were set aside or accrued by the Company during Fiscal 2018 to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors or executive officers. General The Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the applicable Canadian securities law and regulation require that the Company comply with National Instrument 58-101 (Disclosure of Corporate Governance Practices) or any replacement of that instrument. The Company is also, under applicable Canadian securities law and regulation, required to comply with National Policy 58-201 (Corporate Governance Guidelines). National Instrument 58-101 and National Policy 58-201 (for convenience referred to in the aggregate as the “guidelines”) deal with matters such as the constitution and independence of corporate boards, their functions, the effectiveness and education of the board members and other matters. The Company’s statement as to compliance with the guidelines and its approach to corporate governance is set forth below. Corporate Governance The Company’s Board and management are committed to the highest standards of corporate governance. The Company’s corporate governance practices are in accordance with the guidelines. The Company is also cognizant of and compliant with various corporate governance requirements in Canada and is in compliance with applicable U.S. requirements. The Company’s prime objective in directing and managing its business and affairs is to enhance shareholder value. The Company views effective corporate governance as a means of improving corporate performance and accordingly of benefit to the Company and all shareholders. The Company also believes that director and management honesty and integrity are essential factors in ensuring good and effective corporate governance. To that end the Company’s directors have adopted various codes and policies for the Company, its directors, officers, employees and consultants. The codes and policies adopted to date are as follows: Audit Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee- Responsibilities and Duties, Compensation Committee-Responsibilities and Duties, Code of Business Ethics, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors, Communications Policy, Securities Trading Policy, Whistleblowers Policy and Privacy Policy (the “Codes”). The Codes may be viewed on the Company’s website at www.almadenminerals.com. The Codes may also be viewed as filed on EDGAR as an exhibit to the 2005 20- F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Any amendments to the Codes or waivers of the provision of any Codes will be posted on the Company’s website within 5 business days of such amendment or waiver. Executive Officer Position Descriptions Chairman of the Board (‘Chairman’) Responsibilities: ‐ Leads the Board of Directors of the Company and also takes a hands-on role in the Company’s day-to- day management. ‐ Helps the CEO to oversee all the operational aspects involved in running the Company, including project selection and planning. ‐ Takes overall responsibility for the Company’s direction and growth, seeking to generate significant financial gains for the shareholders. ‐ Oversees relationships with the communities and stakeholders in the areas where the Company operates, with the intent of ensuring the Company’s activities are of benefit to all. 66 Chief Executive Officer (‘CEO’) Reports to: The Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) Function: Provides overall leadership and vision in developing, in concert with the Board, the strategic direction of the Company and in developing the tactics and business plans necessary to increase shareholder value. Manages the overall business to ensure strategic and business plans are effectively implemented, the results are monitored and reported to the Board and financial and operational objectives are attained. Authorities, Duties and Responsibilities: (a) General Functions: 1. Provides effective leadership to the management and the employees of the Company and establishes an effective means of control and co-ordination for all operations and activities. 2. Fosters a corporate culture that promotes ethical practices, integrity and a positive work climate enabling the Company to attract, retain and motivate a diverse group of quality employees. 3. Keeps the Board fully informed on the Company`s operational and financial affairs. 4. Develops and maintains a sound, effective organization structure and plans for capable management succession, progressive employee training and development programs and reports to the Board on these matters. 5. Ensures that effective communications and appropriate relationships are maintained with the shareholders of the Company and other stakeholders. 6. Develops capital expenditure plans for approval by the Board. 7. Turns any strategic plan as may be developed by the Board into a detailed operating plan. (b) Strategy and Risks 1. Develops and recommends to the Board strategic plans to ensure the Company`s profitable growth and overall success. This includes updating and making changes as required and involving the Board in the early stages of developing strategy. Identifies in conjunction with the other senior officers and appropriate directors of the Company the key risks with respect to the Company and its businesses and reviews such risks and strategies for managing them with the Board. 2. 3. Ensures that the assets of the Company are adequately safeguarded and maintained. (c) Exploration and Development Responsible for managing the day to day activities and operating management of the Company and as such shall be responsible for the design, operation and improvement of the systems that create the Company`s exploration and development opportunities. The CEO accordingly shall have the primary responsibility: - To direct and oversee all operational activities of the Company including exploration, development, mining and other such functions. To initiate solutions to the key business challenges of the Company. To participate in sourcing and negotiating financial arrangements for the further expansion and development of the Company including joint ventures, mergers, acquisitions, debt and equity financing. Represent and speak for the Company with shareholders, potential investors and other members of the industry. - - - 67 (d) Financial Reporting Oversees the quality and timeliness of financial reporting. Reports to the Board in conjunction with the CFO on the fairness and adequacy of the financial reporting of the Company to its shareholders. Chief Financial Officer (‘CFO’) Reports to: The CEO of the Company Responsibilities: - Developing, analyzing and reviewing financial data. - Reporting on financial performance. - Monitoring expenditures and costs. - Assisting the CEO in preparing budgets and in the communicating to the analyst and shareholder, community and securities regulators, the financial performance of the Company. Fulfilling the reporting requirements of the securities regulators, stock exchanges and shareholders. - - Monitoring filing of tax returns and payment of taxes. The CFO shall assist the CEO in establishing effective means of control and co-ordination of the operations and activities of the Company and identifying, in conjunction with the CEO, the key risks with respect to the Company and its business and reviewing with the CEO the strategies for managing such risks and ensuring that the assets of the Company are adequately safeguarded and maintained. The CFO, in conjunction with the CEO, shall design or supervise the design of and implement, maintain and periodically evaluate the effectiveness of internal controls to provide reasonable assurances that the financial statements of the Company are fairly presented in accordance with generally accepted financial standards and principles and that disclosure controls are in place to provide reasonable assurance that material information relating to the financial performance of the Company and any deficiencies are made known to the Audit Committee. Vice President, Corporate Development Reports to: The CEO of the Company Responsibilities: The Vice President, Corporate Development is responsible for: - Developing and managing relationships with current and prospective business partners, investment bankers, financial analysts and the media; - Preparing and presenting comprehensive reviews and analysis of business opportunities to senior management and to the Board; - Managing and developing relationships with new and existing institutional investors; - Assisting the CEO in preparing and presenting to investors, the executive team and the Board; - Conducting technical and financial analysis to determine the impact of growth opportunities on various metrics and to establish an execution plan as needed. The Vice President, Corporate Development shall assist the CEO in establishing and managing relationships with key stakeholders, identifying and analysing new growth and investment opportunities, as well as the development, communication and implementation of corporate strategies related to executing the business plans of the Company. The Vice President, Corporate Development in conjunction with the CEO shall represent the Company at industry functions to investors, both potential and existing, as well as ensure the Company is protected through due diligence activities and provide reasonable assurance as to impact of emerging business opportunities for the Company and interested parties through the use of technical and financial analyses. 68 Vice President, Operations & Projects Reports to: The CEO of the Company Responsibilities: The Vice President, Operations & Projects is responsible for: - Plan and manage the construction and operations of the Ixtaca Project; - Develop and oversee the implementation of all required project execution systems and procedures including project controls, procurement of contracts, engineering construction, quality assurance and quality control; - Ensure the project objectives, scope and plan are well defined and understood by the project team and stakeholders; - Ensures the compliance with health, safety, environmental and community regulations and corporate standards; - Developing and recommending production strategies, together with capital budget and operating budget requirements to optimize short and long-range production capabilities while minimizing exposure to economic and environmental risk; - Oversee all site activities, site services, construction, pre-commissioning and commissioning; - Assisting the CEO in preparing and presenting to the investors, the executive team and the Board; The Vice President, Operations & Projects shall assist the CEO in establishing and managing relationships with key stakeholders. The Vice President, Operations & Projects shall also conducts technical and financial analysis to determine the impact of growth opportunities on various metrics and to establish an execution plan as needed. Mandate of the Board The mandate of the Board is to supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and to act with a view to the best interests of the Company. In fulfilling its mandate, the Board, among other matters, is responsible for: (a) adopting a strategic planning process and approving, on at least an annual basis, a strategic plan, taking into (b) account the risk and opportunities of the Company’s business; identifying the principal risks of the Company’s business and implementing appropriate systems to manage such risks; (c) satisfying itself, to the extent reasonably feasible, of the integrity of the CEO and other executive officers (if any) and ensuring that all such officers create a culture of integrity throughout the Company and developing programs of succession planning (including appointing, training and monitoring senior management); (d) creating the Company’s internal control and management information systems and creating appropriate policies for matters including communications, securities trading, privacy, audit, whistleblowing and codes of ethical conduct; (e) managing its affairs including selecting its Chair, nomination of candidates for election to the Board, constituting committees of the Board and determining director compensation; and (f) engaging any necessary internal and/or external advisors. In the Fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 there were five (5) meetings of the Board. The frequency of meetings as well as the nature of agenda items change, depending upon the state of the Company’s affairs and in light of opportunities or risks which the Company is subject to. Table No. 9 indicates the number of meetings attended by each director. 69 Table No. 9 Meetings Attended Director Duane Poliquin Morgan Poliquin Jack McCleary Gerald G. Carlson Mark T. Brown William J. Worrall David Strang (1) Elaine Ellingham Number 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 (1) David Strang resigned as a Director on June 27, 2018 The Chairman is the chair of meetings of the Board of directors and is not an independent director. Meetings of the independent members of the Board may be held periodically as convened by the independent Board members. In Fiscal 2018, five (5) meetings of the independent Board members were convened. In carrying out its mandate, the Board and each committee of the Board, relies primarily on management and its employees to provide it with regular detailed reports on the operations of the Company and its financial position. Certain members of management are also on the Board and provide the Board with direct access to information concerning their areas of responsibility. Management personnel are also regularly asked to attend Board meetings to provide information, answer questions and receive the direction of the Board. The reports and information provided to the Board enable them to monitor and manage the risks associated with the Company’s operations and its compliance with legal and safety requirements, environmental issues and the financial position and liquidity of the Company. The Board discharges its responsibilities directly and through committees. At regularly scheduled meetings, members of the Board and management discuss the broad range of matters and issues relevant to the Company’s business interests and the Board is responsible for the approval of the Company’s Strategic Plan. In addition, the Board receives reports from management on the Company’s operational and financial performance. Between scheduled meetings, matters requiring Board authorization is effected by means of signed Consent Resolutions. Board Assessment The Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee reports to the Board periodically on the evaluation of the Board’s performance and that of the individual directors. The Performance of the Chief Executive Officer is evaluated by the Compensation Committee. Composition of the Board The guidelines recommend that a board of directors be constituted with a majority of individuals who qualify as independent directors. In deciding whether a particular director is independent, the Board examined the factual circumstances of each director and considered them in the context of many factors, including the definitions in the guidelines and the requirements and policies of NYSE American Company Guide Rules. The current Board is composed of seven members. The Board has determined that a majority of directors, namely 5 directors, are independent - Jack McCleary, Gerald Carlson, William J. Worrall, Elaine Ellingham and Mark T. Brown. Two directors – Duane Poliquin and Morgan Poliquin – are not independent because, in addition to their being the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer/President of the Company, respectively, they each have Executive Employment Contracts with the Company and, therefore, they each have a material relationship with the Company. The basis for determination of independence is under Canadian securities instrument NI 52-110 and NYSE American Exchange Company Guide Rules. The Company does not have a controlling or significant shareholder. The Board believes that the membership of the Board fairly reflects the investment in the Company by minority shareholders. 70 The Board considers its size and composition to be appropriate and effective for carrying out its responsibilities. However, the Board may consider adding an additional director if a suitable candidate can be found who may bring additional experience or knowledge to the Board. Board Committees The Board currently has three committees the Audit Committee, the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee and the Compensation Committee. Each member of each committee is an independent director. Each committee is responsible for determining its own rules of procedure and may, from time to time, develop written descriptions for the responsibilities of the chair of such committee. No written position descriptions have yet been developed. Mandates of each of the committees and the Codes undergo review periodically (in some cases mandated as annually) to bring them into line with changing Canadian and U.S. securities and corporate governance requirements and to reflect amendments that may be considered appropriate to make them more effective. Any revisions to the mandates and Codes will be available on the Company’s website at www.almadenminerals.com. Audit Committee The members of the Audit Committee are Messrs. William Worrall, Gerald Carlson and Mark T. Brown. The Audit Committee met four (4) times during Fiscal 2018. The full text of the initial Audit Committee Charter is an exhibit to the 2003 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on May 11, 2004. After review, the charter was altered to more properly define the functions of the Audit Committee. The revised charter is an exhibit to the 2005 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee The members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Jack McCleary, William Worrall and Gerald Carlson. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met five (5) time during Fiscal 2018. The full text of the initial Corporate Governance Charter is an exhibit to the 2003 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on May 11, 2004. After review, the Responsibilities and Duties of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee were altered to more properly define the functions of the Nominating and Corporate Committee. The revised Responsibilities and Duties is an exhibit to the 2005 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Compensation Committee The members of the Compensation Committee are Jack McCleary, William Worrall, Mark T. Brown and Gerald Carlson. The Compensation Committee met five (5) times during Fiscal 2018 with Jack McCleary, Mark T. Brown, Gerald Carlson and William Worrall attending all five (5) meetings. The Responsibilities and Duties of the Compensation Committee is an exhibit to the 2005 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Orientation and Continuing Education The Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for recommending to the Board an orientation and education program for new directors. Director Term Limits and other Mechanisms of Board Renewal The Company has not adopted term limits or other mechanisms for Board renewal. The Company does not consider it is yet appropriate to force any term limits or other mechanisms of Board renewal at this time. Policies Regarding the Representation of Women on the Board There is currently one woman on the Company’s Board representing 14.3% of the Board. The Company plans to adopt a written policy with respect to the identification and nomination of women directors (the “Diversity Policy”). The Diversity Policy will require that the Board consider diversity on the Board from a number of aspects, including but not limited to gender, age, ethnicity and cultural diversity. In addition, when assessing and identifying potential new members to join the Board or the Company’s executive team, the Board will consider the current level of diversity on the Board and the executive team. As the Diversity Policy has not yet been adopted, the Company is not yet able to measure its effectiveness. 71 Consideration of the Representation of Women in the Director Identification and Selection Process Pursuant to the Diversity Policy, the Board will consider and evaluate the representation of women on the Board when identifying and nominating candidates for election and re-election to the Board. The Company will focus its search for new directors purely based on the qualification of potential candidates, regardless of their gender. Consideration Given to the Representation of Women in Executive Officer Appointments Pursuant to the Diversity Policy, the Board will consider and evaluate the representation of women in the Company’s executive officer positions when identifying and nominating candidates for appointment as executive officers. The Company will focus its search for new executive officers purely based on the qualification of potential candidates, regardless of their gender. The Company’s Targets Regarding the Representation of Women on the Board and in Executive Officer Positions The Company has not established a target for the representation of women on the Board or in executive officer positions of the Company by a specific date. The Company does not think it is appropriate to set targets because the Company focuses its search for new directors and executive officers purely based on the qualification of potential candidates, regardless of their gender. Number of Women on the Board and in Executive Officer Positions As at the date of this Form 20-F Annual Report, one of the Company’s directors (representing 14.3% of the Company’s seven directors) and none of the Company’s executive officers are women. Decisions Requiring Board Approval In addition to those matters which must by law be approved by the Board, management is also required to seek Board approval for any major acquisition, disposition or expenditure. Management is also required to consult with the Board before entering into any venture which is outside of the Company’s existing line of business. Changes in officers are to be approved by the Board including changes in officers of the Company’s principal operating subsidiaries. In certain circumstances it may be appropriate for an individual director to engage an outside advisor at the expense of the Company. The engagement of the outside advisor would be subject to the approval of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. Communications and Investor Relations The Company has adopted a Communications Policy, the purpose and aim of which is as follows: (a) Controls the communications between the Company and its external stakeholders; (b) Complies with its continuous and timely disclosure obligations; (c) Avoids selective disclosure of Company information; (d) Protects and prevents the improper use or disclosure of material information and confidential information; (e) Educates the Company’s personnel on the appropriate use and disclosure of material information and confidential information; (f) Fosters and facilitates compliance with applicable laws; and (g) Creates formal Disclosure Officers to help achieve the above objectives. In accordance with the Communications Policy of the Company, designated Disclosure Officers receive and respond to shareholder enquiries. Shareholder enquiries and concerns are dealt with promptly by Disclosure Officers of the Company. Ethical Business Conduct The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors (“Code”), a Code of Business Ethics (“COBE”), a Securities Trading Policy and a Privacy Policy. Employees and consultants are required as a term of employment or engagement to undertake to abide by the COBE. Directors are bound to observe the Code adopted by the Board. 72 All Directors, Officers and Employees (“Individuals”) sign a Certification (“Certification”) stating they have read the Code of Business Ethics policy (“Policy”) of the Company and have complied with such Policy in all respects. The Certification further acknowledges that all members of the Individual’s family, all other persons who live with the Individual and all holding companies and other related entities of the Individual and all such persons or companies acting on behalf of or at the request of any of the foregoing also complied with such Policy. The Certification also states that any violation of such Policy may constitute grounds for immediate suspension or dismissal. Each director is expected and required by statute to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent individual would exercise in comparable circumstances and in accordance with the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and the Company’s Articles. Employees As of December 31, 2018, the Company operated with nine people in Canada, of which six are administrative personnel and three are exploration personnel. There are no full-time employees in the U.S. or Mexico. None of the Company’s employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. Share Ownership Table No. 10 lists, as of March 14, 2019, directors and executive officers who beneficially own the Company's voting securities and the amount of the Company’s voting securities owned by the directors and executive officers as a group. Table No. 10 Shareholdings of Directors and Executive Officers Title of Class Name of Beneficial Owner Jack McCleary Common Duane Poliquin Common Morgan Poliquin Common Common Gerald G. Carlson Common Mark T. Brown Common William J. Worrall Common Korm Trieu Common Doug McDonald Elaine Ellingham Common Laurence Morris Common Total Directors/Officers Amounts and Nature of Beneficial Ownership 4,033,146(1)(11) 4,502,422(2)(11) 837,711(3) 603,306(4) 575,000(5) 558,366(6) 647,144(7) 578,719(8) 437,500(9) 300,000(10) 13,073,314 Percent of Class* 3.57% 3.93% 0.75% 0.54% 0.51% 0.50% 0.58% 0.52% 0.39% 0.27% 11.54% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Of these shares 1,365,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. Of these shares 2,765,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. 83,600 of these shares are held indirectly through Kohima Pacific Gold Corp., a company owned by Mr. Poliquin. Of these shares 550,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. 38,500 of these shares are held indirectly by Connemara Resource Ventures Ltd., a company owned by Mr. McCleary. Of these shares 512,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. Of these shares 550,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. Of these shares 500,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. Of these shares 595,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. 7,500 of these shares are held indirectly by Mr. Trieu’s wife. Of these shares, 475,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. 7,500 of those shares are held indirectly by Shari Investments, an entity controlled by Mr. McDonald. Of these shares 400,000 represent currently exercisable stock options, 12,500 represent currently exercisable warrants. Of these shares 300,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. Pursuant to a Voting Trust Agreement (Exhibit 3 to this 20-F Annual Report), Duane Poliquin and Morgan Poliquin (the “Trustees”) jointly hold voting power over any of the Company’s common shares legally and beneficially owned by Mr. Ernesto Echavarria, a resident of Mexico. On August 10, 2015, Mr. Echavarria, who is not an executive officer or director of the Company, made a filing with the System for Electronic Disclosure by Insiders (“SEDI”), Canada’s on-line, browser-based service for the filing and viewing of insider reports as required by various provincial securities rules and regulations, disclosing that his ownership of Almaden common shares had fallen below the 10% threshold for such reporting. Based on such filing, Mr. Echavarria hold less than 10% of the Company’s common shares. Mr. Echavarria also holds warrants to acquire an additional 126,100 of such shares. *Based on 111,726,719 shares outstanding as of March 14, 2019 and stock options and warrants held by each beneficial owner. 73 Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions The Company is a publicly owned Canadian company, the shares of which are owned by residents of the U.S., residents of Canada and other foreign residents. To the extent known by the directors and executive officers of the Company, the Company is not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another company. Table No. 11 lists, as of March 14, 2019, the only persons or companies beneficially owning more than 5% of the Company’s voting securities. Table No. 11 Shareholdings of Beneficial Owners Title of Class Common Common Name of Beneficial Owner Duane Poliquin Morgan Poliquin Amounts and Nature of Beneficial Ownership 4,033,146(1)(3) 4,502,422(2)(3) Percent of Class* 3.57% 3.93% (1) (2) (3) Of these shares 1,365,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. Of these shares 2,765,000 represent currently exercisable stock options. 83,600 of these shares are held indirectly through Kohima Pacific Gold Corp., a company owned by Mr. Poliquin. Pursuant to a Voting Trust Agreement (Exhibit 3 to this 20-F Annual Report), Duane Poliquin and Morgan Poliquin (the “Trustees”) jointly hold voting power over any of the Company’s common shares legally and beneficially owned by Mr. Ernesto Echavarria, a resident of Mexico. On August 10, 2015, Mr. Echavarria, who is not an executive officer or director of the Company, made a filing with the System for Electronic Disclosure by Insiders (“SEDI”), Canada’s on-line, browser-based service for the filing and viewing of insider reports as required by various provincial securities rules and regulations, disclosing that his ownership of Almaden common shares had fallen below the 10% threshold for such reporting. Based on such filing, Mr. Echavarria hold less than 10% of the Company’s common shares. Mr. Echavarria also holds warrants to acquire an additional 126,100 of such shares. *Based on 111,726,719 shares outstanding as of March 14, 2019 and stock options and warrants held by each beneficial owner. Related party transactions Certain officers and directors of the Company are also officers or directors of companies with which the Company has agreements and may not be considered at arm's-length to such agreements. However, any agreement or any to be negotiated between the Company and such other companies has been or will be approved by directors of the Company, in accordance with the common law and the provisions of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia). (a) Compensation of key management personnel Key management includes members of the Board, the Chairman, the President and Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Vice President, Operations & Projects, and the Vice President, Corporate Development. The aggregate compensation paid or payable to key management for services is as follows, after recovery of 30% of executive officer compensation from Azucar and 20% of executive officer compensation from Almadex: Salaries, fees and benefits Share-based payments Directors’ fees February 28, 2019 $211,585 116,250 70,000 $397,835 December 31, 2018 $ 952,079 1,090,540 70,000 $2,112,619 December 31, 2017 $ 813,400 2,216,170 70,000 $3,099,570 December 31, 2016 $ 755,475 1,537,060 41,000 $2,333,535 74 (b) Almadex Minerals Limited (“Almadex”) Effective August 1, 2015, the Company recovers a portion of expenses from Azucar pursuant to the administrative service agreement between the Company and Azucar. Effective May 18, 2018, the Company also recovers a portion of expenses from Almadex pursuant to the administrative service agreement between the Company and Almadex. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received $542,657 (2017 - $499,798; 2016 - $464,498) from Azucar for administrative services fees included in other income and received $243,498 (2017 - $Nil; 2016 - $Nil) from Almadex for administrative services fees included in other income. At December 31, 2018, included in accounts receivable is $170,181 (2017 - $195,551) due from Azucar and $116,268 (December 31, 2017 - $Nil) due from Almadex in relation to expenses recoveries. At December 31, 2018, the Company accrued $37,533 (2017 - $153,038) payable to Almadex for drilling equipment rental services in Mexico. (c) Other related party transactions During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company employed the Chairman’s daughter for a salary of $48,800 less statutory deductions (2017 - $43,800; 2016 - $38,800) for marketing and administrative services provided to the Company. Other than as disclosed above, there have been no transactions or proposed transactions, which have materially affected or will materially affect the Company in which any director, executive officer, or beneficial holder of more than 10% of the outstanding common stock, or any of their respective relatives, spouses, associates or affiliates has had or will have any direct or material indirect interest. As stated above, management believes the transactions referenced above were on terms at least as favorable to the Company as the Company could have obtained from unaffiliated parties. Item 8. Financial Information The financial statements as required under Item 8 are attached hereto and found immediately following the text of this Annual Report. Legal Proceedings The Company knows of no material, active or pending legal proceedings against it; nor is the Company involved as a plaintiff in any material proceeding or pending litigation. Dividends The Company has not declared any dividends since inception and does not anticipate that it will do so in the foreseeable future. The present policy of the Company is to retain future earnings for use in its operations and the expansion of its business. Significant Changes There have been no significant changes of financial condition since the most recent audited financial statements included within this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Item 9. Offer and Listing of Securities The Company's common shares trade on The Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") in Toronto, Ontario, Canada having the symbol "AMM” and on the NYSE American (formerly the NYSE MKT) in New York, New York, U.S.A. having the symbol “AAU” and CUSIP #020283107. The Company’s common shares commenced trading on February 11, 2002 on TSX and December 19, 2005 on the American Stock Exchange, now the NYSE American. 75 Table No. 12 lists the high and low prices for the shares of Almaden Minerals Ltd. common stock on NYSE American for the preceding five years. Table No. 13 lists the high and low prices for shares of Almaden Minerals Ltd. common stock on TSX for the preceding five years. Table No. 12 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Stock Trading Activity NYSE American (expressed in US$) Table No. 13 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Stock Trading Activity The Toronto Stock Exchange (expressed in C$) High $1.05 1.75 1.88 1.27 1.94 High $1.35 2.33 2.44 1.57 2.11 Year Ended 12/31/2018 12/31/2017 12/31/2016 12/31/2015 12/31/2014 Year Ended 12/31/2018 12/31/2017 12/31/2016 12/31/2015 12/31/2014 Low $0.48 0.71 0.50 0.48 0.86 Low $0.63 0.92 0.73 0.65 1.02 Table No. 14 lists the quarterly high and low prices for shares of Almaden Minerals Ltd. common stock on NYSE American for the two most recent full financial years. Table No. 15 lists the quarterly high and low prices for shares of Almaden Minerals Ltd. common stock on TSX for the two most recent full financial years. Table No. 14 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Stock Trading Activity NYSE American (expressed in US$) Quarter Ended 12/31/2018 09/30/2018 06/30/2018 03/31/2018 12/31/2017 09/30/2017 06/30/2017 03/31/2017 High $0.69 0.75 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.32 1.75 1.30 Low $0.48 0.56 0.70 0.78 0.71 1.10 1.13 0.95 76 Table No. 15 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Stock Trading Activity The Toronto Stock Exchange (expressed in C$) Quarter Ended 12/31/2018 09/30/2018 06/30/2018 03/31/2018 12/31/2017 09/30/2017 06/30/2017 03/31/2017 High $0.91 0.98 1.10 1.35 1.56 1.68 2.33 1.70 Low $0.63 0.74 0.91 1.03 0.92 1.34 1.51 1.27 Table No.16 lists the high and low prices for shares of Almaden Minerals Ltd. common stock on NYSE American for the most recent six months. Table No. 17 lists the high and low prices for shares of Almaden Minerals Ltd. common stock on TSX for the most recent six months. Table No. 16 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Stock Trading Activity NYSE American (expressed in US$) Table No. 17 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Stock Trading Activity The Toronto Stock Exchange (expressed in C$) High $0.79 0.90 0.69 0.60 0.65 0.69 High $1.03 1.19 0.91 0.79 0.83 0.90 Month Ended 02/28/2019 01/31/2019 12/31/2018 11/30/2018 10/31/2018 09/30/2018 Month Ended 02/28/2019 01/31/2019 12/31/2018 11/30/2018 10/31/2018 09/30/2018 Low $0.63 0.66 0.54 0.48 0.49 0.58 Low $0.83 0.89 0.74 0.63 0.63 0.74 The closing price of the Company’s common stock was $0.63 (US$) on the NYSE American and $0.83 (C$) on TSX on February 28, 2019. In recent years, securities markets in Canada and the U.S. have experienced a high level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of many resource companies, particularly those considered speculative exploration companies, have experienced wide fluctuations in price which have not necessarily been related to operating performance or underlying asset values on prospects of such companies. Exploration for gold and other minerals is considered high risk and highly speculative in the resource industry and the trading market for precious and base metal exploration companies is characteristically volatile, with wide fluctuations of price and volume only in part related to progress of 77 exploration. There can be no assurance that continual fluctuations in the Company’s share price and volume will not occur. The Company's common stock is issued in registered form and the following information is from the Company’s registrar and transfer agent, Computershare Investor Services Inc. located in Vancouver, British Columbia and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. On February 28, 2019, the shareholders' list for the Company’s common shares showed 252 registered shareholders and 111,726,719 shares outstanding. 213 of these registered shareholders are U.S. residents, owning 23,129,329 shares representing 21% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock. 28 of these registered shareholders are Canadian residents, owning 86,739,511 shares representing 78% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock. 11 of these registered shareholders are of other countries, owning 1,857,879 shares representing 1% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock. Table No. 18 lists changes, if any, in issued shares to March 14, 2019: Table No. 18 Shares Issued to March 14, 2019 Balance, December 31, 2018 Balance, March 14, 2019 Item 10. Additional Information Number 111,726,719 111,726,719 Flow-Through Shares The Company’s common shares are not normally flow-through shares but the Company has issued flow-through shares pursuant to private placements of the Company’s common shares. There were no flow-through shares issued in Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016. In Fiscal 2011, the Company issued 100,000 flow-through shares. Flow-through shares differ from other common shares in one aspect only, namely the tax benefits connected with the expenditures associated with the funds raised through the sale of flow through shares flow through to the shareholder rather than the Company; all other rights of the shareholder remain unchanged. Companies must specifically identify the expenditures associated with the funds raised through the sale of flow- through shares. Companies raising capital through flow-through shares must expend the funds on qualifying natural resources exploration in Canada. These tax benefits are available only to shareholders residing in Canada. Shareholders residing in the U.S. and other non-Canadian shareholders, receive no tax benefits through the purchase of flow-through shares. Memorandum and Articles At the Annual and Special General meeting of the Company held on May 18, 2005, shareholders passed appropriate resolutions to complete the transition procedures in accordance with the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia), (the “BCBCA”), to increase the number of common shares which the Company is authorized to issue to an unlimited number of common shares and to cancel the Company’s Articles and adopt new Articles to take advantage of provisions of the BCBCA. The BCBCA was adopted in British Columbia on March 29, 2004 replacing the Company Act (the “Former Act”). The BCBCA requires the provisions formerly required in the Memorandum to be in the Articles. The BCBCA eliminates the requirement for a Memorandum. The revised Articles are an exhibit to the 2005 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006, and replaced the Memorandum and Articles as filed with the Commission on May 17, 2002. Articles The Company was formed through the amalgamation of Fairfield Minerals Ltd. and Almaden Resources Corporation effective December 31, 2001 under the Company Act of British Columbia (the “Company Act”). On March 29, 2004, British Columbia adopted the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “BCBCA”) to replace the Company Act. Companies registered under the Company Act are required to transition to the BCBCA. At the Annual and Special General meeting of the Company held on May 18, 2005, shareholders passed appropriate resolutions to complete the transition procedures to cancel the Company’s Articles and adopt new Articles, which includes an increase of the number of common shares which the Company is authorized to issue to an unlimited number of common shares. The Company’s new Articles became effective in June 2005 (the 78 “Articles”). The Articles contain no restrictions on the business the Company may carry on. Under the Articles, if a director has a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction, such director is liable to account to the Company for any profits that accrue to the director as a result of the contract or transaction unless disclosure is made thereof and the contract or transaction is approved in accordance with the provisions of the BCBCA and a director is not entitled to vote on any director’s resolution to approve that contract or transaction unless all of the directors have a disclosable interest in that contract or transaction, in which case all of those directors may vote on such resolution. A director may hold any office or place of profit with the Company in conjunction with the office of director, and no director shall be disqualified by his office from contracting with the Company. A director or his firm may act in a professional capacity for the Company and he or his firm shall be entitled to remuneration for professional services. A director may become a director or other officer or employee of, or otherwise interested in, any company or firm in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder or otherwise. The director shall not be accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by him from such other company or firm unless the Company in general meeting directs otherwise. Under the Articles the directors must manage or supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and have the authority to exercise all such powers which are not required to be exercised by the shareholders, or as governed by the BCBCA. Under the Articles the directors may, by resolution, create and appoint one or more committees consisting of such member or members of their body as they think fit and may delegate to any such committee such powers of the Board as the Board may designate or prescribe. The Articles provide that the quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors may be fixed by the directors and if not so fixed shall be a majority of the directors. The continuing directors may, notwithstanding any vacancy in their body, but if and so long as their number is reduced below the number fixed pursuant to the Articles as the necessary quorum of directors, act only for the purpose of increasing the number of directors to that number, or of summoning a general meeting of the Company, but for no other purpose. The Articles provide that the directors may, on behalf of the Company:  Borrow money in a manner and amount, on any security, from any source and upon any terms  and conditions; Issue bonds, debentures, and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person;  Guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person; and  Mortgage, charge, or give other security, on the whole or any part of the property or assets of the Company, both present and future. There are no age limit requirements pertaining to the retirement or non-retirement of directors. A director need not be a shareholder of the Company. The Articles provide for the mandatory indemnification of Directors, Officers, former officers and directors, alternate directors, as well as their respective heirs and personal or other legal representatives, or any other person, to the greatest extent permitted by the BCBCA. The indemnification includes the mandatory payment of expenses and, in furtherance thereof, the Company is party to indemnification agreements with such individuals. The directors may cause the Company to purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of eligible parties. The rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of the Company’s shares are as follows: Common Shares The authorized share structure of the Company consists of an unlimited number of common shares without par value. All the shares of common stock of the Company are of the same class and, once issued, rank equally as to 79 dividends, voting powers, and participation in assets. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be acted upon by the shareholders. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors, in its discretion, out of funds legally available therefore. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, holders of common stock are entitled to receive pro rata the assets of the Company, if any, remaining after payments of all debts and liabilities. No shares have been issued subject to call or assessment. There are no pre-emptive or conversion rights and no provisions for redemption or purchase for cancellation, surrender, or sinking or purchase funds. The Directors may by resolution make any changes in the authorized share structure as may be permitted under Section 54 of the BCBCA, and may by resolution of the Directors make or authorize the making of any alterations to the Articles and the Notice of Articles as may be required by such changes. The Company may by ordinary resolution, create or vary special rights and restrictions as provided in Section 58 of the BCBCA. No alteration will be valid as to any part of the issued shares of any class unless the holders of all the issued shares of that class consent to the alteration in writing or consent by special separate resolution. An annual general meeting shall be held once every calendar year at such time (not being more than 15 months after holding the last preceding annual meeting) and place as may be determined by the Directors. The Directors may, as they see fit, convene an extraordinary general meeting. An extraordinary general meeting, if requisitioned in accordance with the BCBCA, shall be convened by the Directors or, if not convened by the Directors, may be convened by the requisitionists as provided in the BCBCA. There are no limitations upon the rights to own securities. There are no provisions in the Articles that would have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of the Company. There is no special ownership threshold above which an ownership position must be disclosed. However, any ownership level above 10% must be disclosed by news release and notices filed in accordance with Canadian Securities Laws and by notices to the Toronto Stock Exchange. A copy of the Company’s new articles is an exhibit to the 2005 Form 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Shareholder Rights Plan On April 13, 2011, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a Shareholder Rights Plan Agreement (the “Rights Plan”) between the Company and Computershare Investor Services Inc. (“Computershare”) as Rights Agent. The Rights Plan was subsequently approved by the shareholders of the Company at the Annual General and Special Meeting held June 28, 2011, reconfirmed by the shareholders of the Company at the 2014 Annual General Meeting and amended and reconfirmed at the 2017 Annual General Meeting. The primary objective of the Rights Plan is to ensure, to the extent possible, that all shareholders of the Company are treated fairly in connection with any take-over bid for the Company by (a) providing shareholders with adequate time to properly assess a take-over bid without undue pressure and (b) providing the Board with more time to fully consider an unsolicited take-over bid, and, if applicable, to explore other alternatives to maximize shareholder value. The full text of the Rights Plan was filed under cover of Form 6-K with the Commission on April 15, 2011 and is also available on SEDAR and the Company’s website. Advance Notice Policy On January 28, 2013 the Company’s Board of Directors approved and adopted an Advance Notice Policy, as amended on May 1, 2015 (the “Policy”) which, among other things, includes a provision that requires advance notice to the Company in circumstances where nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors are made by shareholders of the Company other than pursuant to: (i) a requisition of a meeting made pursuant to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “BCBCA”): or (ii) a shareholder proposal made pursuant to the provisions of the BCBCA. 80 The Policy, among other things, fixes a deadline by which holders of record of common shares of the Company must submit director nominations to the Company prior to any annual or special meeting of shareholders and set forth the information that a shareholder must include in the notice to the Company for the notice to be in proper written form. In the case of an annual meeting of shareholders, notice to the Company must be made not less than 30 nor more than 65 days prior to the date of the annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event the annual meeting is to be held on a date that is less than 50 days after the date on which the first public announcement of the date of the annual meeting was made, notice may be made not later than the close of business on the 10th day following such public announcement. In the case of a special meeting of shareholders (which is not also an annual meeting), notice to the Company must be made not later than the close of business on the 15th day following the day on which the first public announcement of the date of the special meeting was made. The full text of the Amended Advance Notice Policy is an exhibit to the 2017 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 29, 2018. Multiple Voting Policy for Uncontested Elections of Directors The Board believes that each of its members should carry the confidence and support of the Company’s shareholders and, accordingly, has adopted, effective May 15, 2017, an Amended Majority Voting Policy for the election of directors for non-contested meetings. The Amended Majority Voting Policy provides that, in a non- contested election of directors, voting will be by ballot and, if the number of shares “withheld” for any nominee exceeds the number of shares voted “for” the nominee, then, notwithstanding that such director is duly elected as a matter of corporate law, he or she shall, immediately following the date of the final scrutineer’s report on the ballot, tender his or her written resignation to the Chairman of the Board. A “non-contested election” means an election where the number of nominees for director is not greater than the number of directors to be elected. Under the Amended Majority Voting Policy, the Board will consider such offer of resignation and shall make a determination whether or not to accept or reject the resignation no later than 90 days following the date of the applicable shareholders’ meeting and shall accept the resignation absent exceptional circumstances. The Board will promptly announce its decision via press release. If the Board determines not to accept the resignation, the press release must fully state the reasons for its decision. No director who is required to tender his or her resignation shall participate in any meeting of the Board at which the resignation is considered. If a resignation is accepted by the Board, and subject to any corporate law restrictions, the Board may leave any resulting vacancy unfilled until the Company’s next annual general meeting, or may appoint a new director to fill the vacancy who the Board considers to merit the confidence of the shareholders, or may call a special meeting of shareholders at which there will be presented a management nominee or nominees to fill the vacant position or positions. The full text of the Amended Multiple Voting Policy is an exhibit to 2017 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 29, 2018. Material Contracts The following is a summary of each material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we or any member of the group is a party, for the two years preceding the date of this document. 1. Executive Compensation Contract dated effective as of January 29, 2013 between the Company and Hawk Mountain Resources Ltd. (“Hawk”) whereby Hawk agrees to provide the services of Duane Poliquin as Executive Chairman for a term of 2 years renewable for two additional successive terms of 24 months for remuneration of $240,000 per annum. The agreement was terminated by mutual agreement on December 31, 2015. The full text of the Executive Compensation Contract is filed as an exhibit to the 2012 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 28, 2013. 2. Executive Compensation Contract dated effective as of January 29, 2013 as amended by Amending Agreement dated April 1, 2016 and Second Amending Agreement dated January 1, 2019 between the Company and Morgan Poliquin (“M. Poliquin”) whereby M. Poliquin agrees to provide the services of President and Chief Executive Officer for an indefinite term for remuneration of $265,000 per annum. The full text of the Executive 81 Compensation Contract is filed as an exhibit to the 2012 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 28, 2013, of the Amending Agreement filed as an exhibit to the 2016 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 30, 2017 and of the Second Amending Agreement dated January 1, 2019 as filed as an exhibit to this fiscal 2018 20-F Annual Report. 3. Administrative Services Agreement between the Company and Azucar Minerals Ltd. (“Azucar”) dated May 15, 2015, as amended by First Amending Agreement dated December 16, 2015 (the “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the Company provides management services to Azucar as the sole and exclusive manager, including the authority to manage the assets, operations, business, and administrative affairs of Azucar. Azucar compensates the Company 30% of the Company’s actual monthly cost of rent for any shared facilities, and 30% of any shared personnel’s fees and/or wages. Azucar also pays the Company any reasonable fees or costs incurred on behalf of Azucar by the Company which were approved by Azucar. The Agreement has an initial 5-year term, with subsequent automatic 1 year renewals unless terminated pursuant to the terms permitted under the Agreement and include a Change of Control clause. If either party is subject to Change of Control during the term of the Agreement, the Agreement shall automatically terminate within 48 hours of the Change of Control unless agreed to in writing by both parties. The target of the Change of Control shall then pay the other party $2 million as compensation for the unplanned termination of the Company’s engagement. “Change of Control” means the date upon which, without the target of the Change of Control, any person (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) makes and does not withdraw a take-over bid (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) or acquires, directly or indirectly, that number of common shares of the target which equals or exceeds twenty percent (20%) of the then issued common shares of the target. The full text of the Administrative Services Agreement is filed as an exhibit to the 2015 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 31, 2016. 4. Termination Agreement dated effective December 31, 2015 between the Company and Hawk Mountain Resources Ltd. for the services of Duane Poliquin as Executive Chairman. The full text of the Termination Agreement is filed as an exhibit to the 2015 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 31, 2016. 5. Executive Employment Contract dated effective as of January 1, 2016 as amended on April 1, 2016 and Second Amending Agreement dated January 1, 2019 between the Company and Duane Poliquin to serve as Executive Chairman for an indefinite term, for remuneration of $240,000 per annum. The full text of the Executive Compensation Contract is filed as an exhibit to the 2015 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 31, 2016/ The Amending Agreement filed as an exhibit to the 2016 20-F Annual Report with the Commission on March 30, 2017; and of the Second Amending Agreement dated January 1, 2019 as filed as an exhibit to this fiscal 2018 20-F Annual Report Exchange controls Except as discussed above, the Company is not aware of any Canadian federal or provincial laws, decrees or regulations that restrict the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls, or that affect the remittance of interest, dividends or other payments to non-Canadian holders of the Company's common shares. There are no limitations under the laws of Canada or in the organizing documents of the Company on the right of non-Canadians to hold or vote securities of the Company, except that the Investment Canada Act may require that a "non-Canadian" not acquire "control" of the Company without prior review and approval by the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. The acquisition of one third or more of the voting shares of the Company would give rise a rebuttable presumption of the acquisition of control, and the acquisition of more than fifty percent of the voting shares of the Company would be deemed to be an acquisition of control. In addition, the Investment Canada Act provides the Canadian government with broad discretionary powers in relation to national security to review and potentially prohibit, condition or require the divestiture of, any investment in the Company by a non-Canadian, including non-control level investments. "Non-Canadian" generally means an individual who is neither a Canadian citizen nor a permanent resident of Canada within the meaning of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada) who has been ordinarily resident in Canada for not more than one year after the time at which he or she first became eligible to apply for Canadian citizenship, or a corporation, partnership, trust or joint venture that is ultimately controlled by non-Canadians. Taxation The following summary of the material Canadian federal income tax consequences generally applicable in respect of the common stock reflects the Company’s opinion. The tax consequences to any particular holder of common 82 stock will vary according to the status of that holder as an individual, trust, company or member of a partnership, the jurisdiction in which that holder is subject to taxation, the place where that holder is resident and, generally, according to that holder’s particular circumstances. This summary is applicable only to holders who are resident in the U.S., have never been resident in Canada, deal at arm’s length with the Company, hold their common stock as capital property and who will not use or hold the common stock in carrying on business in Canada. Special rules, which are not discussed in this summary, may apply to a U.S. holder that is an issuer that carries on business in Canada and elsewhere. This summary is based upon the provisions of the Income Tax Act of Canada and the regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Canadian Tax Act" or “ITA”) and the Canada-United States Tax Convention (the “Convention”) as at the date of the Registration Statement and the current administrative practices of Canada Revenue Agency. This summary does not take into account Provincial income tax consequences. Each holder should consult his own tax advisor with respect to the income tax consequences applicable to him in his own particular circumstances. Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Consequences The discussion under this heading summarizes the principal Canadian federal income tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of shares of common stock of the Company for a shareholder of the Company who is not a resident of Canada but is a resident of the U.S. and who will acquire and hold shares of common stock of the Company as capital property for the purposes of the Canadian Tax Act. This summary does not apply to a shareholder who carries on business in Canada through a “permanent establishment” situated in Canada or performs independent personal services in Canada through a fixed base in Canada if the shareholder’s holding in the Company is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. This summary is based on the provisions of the Canadian Tax Act and the regulations thereunder and on an understanding of the administrative practices of Canada Revenue Agency, and takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Canadian Tax Act or regulations made by the Minister of Finance of Canada as of the date hereof. It has been assumed that there will be no other relevant amendment of any governing law although no assurance can be given in this respect. This discussion is general only and is not a substitute for independent advice from a shareholder’s own Canadian and U.S. tax advisors. The provisions of the Canadian Tax Act are subject to income tax treaties to which Canada is a party, including the Convention. Dividends on Common Shares and Other Income Under the Canadian Tax Act, a non-resident of Canada is generally subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25 percent on dividends paid or deemed to have been paid to him or her by a company resident in Canada. The Company is responsible for withholding of tax at the source. The Convention limits the rate to 15 percent if the shareholder is a resident of the U.S. and the dividends are beneficially owned by and paid to such shareholder, and to 5 percent if the shareholder is also a company that beneficially owns at least 10 percent of the voting stock of the payor company. The amount of a stock dividend (for tax purposes) would generally be equal to the amount by which the paid up or stated capital of the Company had increased by reason of the payment of such dividend. The Company will furnish additional tax information to shareholders in the event of such a dividend. Interest paid or deemed to be paid on the Company’s debt securities held by non-Canadian residents may also be subject to Canadian withholding tax, depending upon the terms and provisions of such securities and any applicable tax treaty. The Convention generally eliminates Canadian tax on interest paid or deemed to be paid by the Company to U.S. residents. The Convention generally exempts from Canadian income tax dividends paid to a religious, scientific, literary, educational or charitable organization or to an organization constituted and operated exclusively to administer a pension, retirement or employee benefit fund or plan, if the organization is a resident of the U.S. and is exempt from income tax under the laws of the U.S. Dispositions of Common Shares Under the Canadian Tax Act, a taxpayer’s capital gain or capital loss from a disposition of a share of common stock of the Company is the amount, if any, by which his or her proceeds of disposition exceed (or are exceeded by, respectively) the aggregate of his or her adjusted cost base of the share and reasonable expenses of disposition. The capital gain or loss must be computed in Canadian currency using a weighted average adjusted cost base for 83 identical properties. There are special transitional rules to apply capital losses against capital gains that arose in different periods. The amount by which a shareholder’s capital loss exceeds the capital gain in a year may be deducted from a capital gain realized by the shareholder in the three previous years or any subsequent year, subject to certain restrictions in the case of a corporate shareholder. Under the Canadian Tax Act, a non-resident of Canada is subject to Canadian tax on taxable capital gains, and may deduct allowable capital losses, realized on a disposition of "taxable Canadian property." Shares of common stock of the Company will constitute taxable Canadian property of a shareholder at a particular time if the shareholder used the shares in carrying on business in Canada, or if at any time in the five years immediately preceding the disposition 25% or more of the issued shares of any class or series in the capital stock of the Company belonged to one or more persons in a group comprising the shareholder and persons with whom the shareholder and persons with whom the shareholder did not deal at arm’s length and in certain other circumstances. The Convention relieves U.S. residents from liability for Canadian tax on capital gains derived on a disposition of shares unless (a) the value of the shares is derived principally from “real property” in Canada, including the right to explore for or exploit natural resources and rights to amounts computed by reference to production, (b) the shareholder was resident in Canada for 120 months during any period of 20 consecutive years preceding, and at any time during the 10 years immediately preceding, the disposition and the shares were owned by him when he or she ceased to be resident in Canada, or (c) the shares formed part of the business property of a “permanent establishment” that the holder has or had in Canada within the 12 months preceding the disposition. Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences The following is a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax consequences generally applicable to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) of shares of the Company. This discussion does not cover any state, local or foreign tax consequences. The following discussion is based upon the sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“the Code”), Treasury Regulations, published Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) rulings, published administrative positions of the IRS and court decisions that are currently applicable, any or all of which could be materially and adversely changed, possibly on a retroactive basis, at any time. In addition, the discussion does not consider the potential effects, both adverse and beneficial, or recently proposed legislation which, if enacted, could be applied, possibly on a retroactive basis, at any time. The following discussion is for general information only. It is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any U.S. Holder or prospective holder and not an opinion or representation with respect to the U.S. Federal income tax consequences to any U.S. Holder or prospective holder is made. The following summary was not written and is not intended to be used, and cannot be used, by any person for the avoidance of any penalties with respect to taxes that may be imposed on such person. U.S. Holders and prospective holders of shares of the Company are urged to consult their own tax advisors about the federal, state, local, and foreign tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of common shares of the Company. U.S. Holders As used herein, a U.S. Holder includes a holder of shares of the Company who is a citizen or resident of the U.S. (as defined under Treasury Regulation Section 301.7701(b) or any applicable income tax convention), a company (or an entity which has elected to be treated as a corporation under Treasury Regulation Sections 301.7701-3) created or organized in or under the laws of the U.S. or of any political subdivision thereof, any estate other than a foreign estate (as defined in Section 7701(a)(31)(A) of the Code or, a trust subject to the primary supervision of a court within the U.S. and control of a U.S. fiduciary as described in Section 7701(a)(30)(E) of the Code). This summary does not address the tax consequences to, and U.S. Holder does not include, persons subject to special provisions of Federal income tax law, such as tax-exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, financial institutions, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies, broker- dealers, non-resident alien individuals, persons or entities that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar, shareholders who hold common shares as part of a straddle, hedging or conversion transaction, and shareholders who acquired their shares through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as 84 compensation for services. This summary is limited to U.S. Holders who own shares as capital assets. This summary does not address the consequences to a person or entity holding an interest in a shareholder of the Company or the consequences to a person of the ownership, exercise or disposition of any options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares of the Company. Distribution on Shares of the Company U.S. Holders receiving dividend distributions (including constructive dividends) with respect to shares of the Company are required to include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes the gross amount of such distributions equal to the U.S. dollar value of such distributions on the date of receipt (based on the exchange rate on such date), to the extent that the Company has current or accumulated earnings and profits, without reduction for any Canadian income tax withheld from such distributions. Such Canadian tax withheld may be credited, subject to certain limitations, against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability or, alternatively, may be deducted in computing the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal taxable income. (See more detailed discussion at “Foreign Tax Credit” below). To the extent that distributions exceed current or accumulated earnings and profits of the Company, they will be treated first as a return of capital up to the U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in the common shares and thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of the common shares. Unless the distribution constitutes “qualified dividend income” as defined in Section 1(h)(11), dividend income will be taxed at marginal tax rates applicable to ordinary income. In the case of foreign currency received as a dividend that is not converted by the recipient into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder will have a tax basis in the foreign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Gain or loss may be recognized upon a subsequent sale or other disposition of the foreign currency, including an exchange for U.S. dollars. Dividends paid on the shares of the Company will not generally be eligible for the dividends received deduction provided to companies receiving dividends from certain U.S. corporations. A U.S. Holder which is a corporation may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to a 70% deduction of the U.S. source portion of dividends received from the Company (unless the Company qualifies as a “passive foreign investment company”, as defined below) if such U.S. Holder owns shares representing at least 10% of the voting power and value of the Company. The availability of this deduction is subject to several complex limitations which are beyond the scope of this discussion. In addition, as discussed under the Controlled Foreign Corporation section below, distributions from controlled foreign corporations to certain U.S. corporate shareholders may be entitled to a dividend received deduction for the foreign source portion of the dividend. The so-called Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017 by the U.S. government. The Tax Act broadly changes the taxation of foreign earnings attributable to certain U.S. Holders from a worldwide tax regime to a territorial regime. The Tax Act created a transition tax that creates a deemed repatriation of previously untaxed foreign earnings and profits. Certain U.S. Holders may be subject to this transition tax and recognize taxable income due to undistributed earnings and profits of the Company. Foreign Tax Credit A U.S. Holder who pays (or has withheld from distributions) Canadian income tax with respect to the ownership of shares of the Company may be entitled, at the option of the U.S. Holder, to either a deduction or a tax credit for such foreign tax paid or withheld. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign income taxes (or taxes in lieu of income tax) paid by (or withheld from) the U.S. Holder during the year. There are significant and complex limitations which apply to a U.S. Holder’s ability to claim the foreign tax credit. Furthermore, a foreign tax credit may not be claimed when a U.S. Holder is entitled to a dividend received deduction. The availability of the foreign tax credit and the application of the limitations on the credit are fact specific and holders and prospective holders of shares of the Company should consult their own tax advisors regarding their individual circumstances. Disposition of Shares of the Company For U.S. tax purposes, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss upon the sale of shares of the Company equal to the difference, if any, between (I) the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received, and (ii) the shareholder’s tax basis in his, her or its shares of the Company. This gain or loss will be capital gain or loss if the common shares are capital assets in the hands of the U.S. Holder. Capital gain will then be classified as a short-term or long-term capital gain or loss depending upon the holding period of the U.S. Holder. Preferential tax rates apply to long-term capital gains of U.S. Holders which are individuals, estates or trusts. Gains and losses are netted and combined according to special rules in arriving at the overall capital gain or loss for a particular tax year. Deductions for net capital losses are subject to significant limitations. For U.S. Holders 85 which are not companies, any unused portion of such net capital loss may be carried over to be used in later tax years until such net capital loss is thereby exhausted, but individuals may not carry back capital losses. For U.S. Holders which are taxable corporations (other than companies subject to Subchapter S of the Code), an unused net capital loss may be carried back three years from the loss year and carried forward five years from the loss year to be offset against capital gains until such net capital loss is thereby exhausted. Net Investment Tax U.S. Holders may also be subject to the Net Investment Income Tax, which is imposed on certain U.S. taxpayers’ income from investments, such as dividends, interest and capital gains. Individual taxpayers are liable for a 3.8 percent Net Investment Income Tax on the lesser of their net investment income, or the amount by which their modified adjusted gross income exceeds certain statutory thresholds based on their filing status. U.S. Holders or prospective U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors to determine if the Net Investment Income Tax will apply in their individual circumstances. Other Considerations In the following circumstances, the above sections of the discussion may not describe the U.S. federal income tax consequences resulting from the holding and disposition of shares of the Company. Passive Foreign Investment Company As a foreign company with U.S. Holders, the Company could potentially be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), as defined in Section 1297 of the Code. Section 1297 of the Code defines a PFIC as a company that is not formed in the U.S. and, for any taxable year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income is “passive income”, which includes among other types of income, interest, dividends and certain rents and royalties or (ii) the average percentage, by fair market value (or, if the company is a controlled foreign company or makes an election, by adjusted tax basis), of its assets that produce or are held for the production of “passive income” is 50% or more. The rules governing PFICs can have significant tax effects on U.S. shareholders of foreign companies. U.S. shareholder’s income or gain, with respect to a disposition or deemed disposition of PFIC shares or a distribution payable on such shares will generally be subject to tax at the highest marginal rates applicable to ordinary income and certain interest charges as discussed below, unless the U.S. shareholder has timely made a “qualified electing fund” election or a “mark-to-market” election for those shares. The elections available to U.S. shareholders of a PFIC are made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, and U.S. shareholders should consult with tax advisors as soon as possible to determine the what election, if any, such U.S. shareholder should make the timing for making such election can have consequences on the U.S. shareholders tax position with respect to its ownership in a PFIC. Under one method, a U.S. shareholder who elects in a timely manner to treat the PFIC as a Qualified Electing Fund ("QEF"), as defined in the Code, (an "Electing U.S. Holder") will be required to currently include in his income for any taxable year in which the company qualifies as a PFIC his pro-rata share of the company's (i) "net capital gain" (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), which will be taxed as long-term capital gain to the Electing U.S. Holder, and (ii) "ordinary earnings" (the excess of earnings and profits over net capital gain), which will be taxed as ordinary income to the Electing U.S. Holder, in each case, for the U.S. Holder's taxable year in which (or with which) the Company’s taxable year ends, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed. A QEF election also allows the Electing U.S. Holder to (i) generally treat any gain realized on the disposition of his common shares (or deemed to be realized on the pledge of his common shares) as capital gain; (ii) treat his share of the company's net capital gain, if any, as long-term capital gain instead of ordinary income, and (iii) either avoid interest charges resulting from PFIC status altogether (see discussion of interest charge below), or make an annual election, subject to certain limitations, to defer payment of current taxes on his share of the company's annual realized net capital gain and ordinary earnings which will then be subject, however, to an interest charge. The procedure a U.S. Holder must comply with in making a timely QEF election will depend on whether the year of the election is the first year in the U.S. Holder's holding period in which the Company is a PFIC. If the U.S. shareholder makes a QEF election in such first year, (sometimes referred to as a "Pedigreed QEF Election"), then the U.S. shareholder may make the QEF election by simply filing the appropriate documents at the time the U.S. Holder files its tax return for such first year. If, however, the company qualified as a PFIC in a prior year during the U.S. shareholder’s holding period, then the U.S. shareholder may make a retroactive QEF election, provided he has preserved his right to do so under the protective statement regime or he obtains IRS permission. 86 If a U.S. shareholder has not made a QEF Election at any time (a "Non-electing U.S. Holder"), then special taxation rules under Section 1291 of the Code will apply to (i) gains realized on the disposition (or deemed to be realized by reason of a pledge) of his common shares and (ii) certain "excess distributions" by the company. An excess distribution is a current year distribution received by the U.S. shareholder on PFIC stock to the extent that the distribution exceeds its ratable portion of 125% of the average amount received by the U.S. shareholder during the preceding three years. A Non-electing U.S. shareholder generally would be required to pro-rate all gains realized on the disposition of his common shares and all excess distributions over the entire holding period for the common shares. All gains or excess distributions allocated to prior years of the U.S. shareholder (other than years prior to the first taxable year of the Company during such U.S. Holder's holding period and beginning after January 1, 1987 for which it was a PFIC) would be taxed at the highest marginal tax rate for each such prior year applicable to ordinary income. The Non-electing U.S. shareholder also would be liable for interest on the foregoing tax liability for each such prior year calculated as if such liability had been due with respect to each such prior year. A Non-electing non- corporate U.S. shareholder must treat this interest charge as "personal interest" which is wholly non-deductible. The balance of the gain or the excess distribution will be treated as ordinary income in the year of the disposition or distribution, and no interest charge will be incurred with respect to such balance. If a company is a PFIC for any taxable year during which a Non-electing U.S. shareholder holds shares, then the company will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such shares, even if it is no longer by definition a PFIC. A Non-electing U.S. shareholder may terminate this deemed PFIC status by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules discussed above for Non-Electing U.S. Holders) as if such shares had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year for which it was a PFIC. If the company no longer qualifies as a PFIC in a subsequent year, then normal Code rules and not the PFIC rules will apply with respect to a U.S. shareholder who has made a Pedigreed QEF election. If a U.S. shareholder makes a QEF Election that is not a Pedigreed Election (i.e., it is made after the first year during which the company is a PFIC and the U.S. shareholder holds shares of the company) (a "Non-Pedigreed Election"), the QEF rules apply prospectively but do not apply to years prior to the year in which the QEF first becomes effective. U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the specific consequences of making or not making a QEF Election. Under an alternative method, U.S. Holders who hold (actually or constructively) marketable stock of a PFIC may elect to mark such stock to the market annually (a “mark-to-market election”). If such an election is made, such U.S. Holder will generally not be subject to the special taxation rules of Section 1291 discussed above. However, if the mark-to-market election is made by a Non-Electing U.S. Holder after the beginning of the holding period for the PFIC stock, then the Section 1291 rules will apply to certain dispositions of, distributions on and other amounts taxable with respect to the Company shares. A U.S. Holder who makes the mark-to-market election will include in income for each taxable year for which the election is in effect an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the shares of the Company as of the close of such tax year over such U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in such common shares. In addition, the U.S. Holder is allowed a deduction for the lesser of (i) the excess, if any, of such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares over the fair market value of such shares as of the close of the tax year, or (ii) the excess, if any, of (a) the mark-to-market gains for the shares in the Company included by such U.S. Holder for prior tax years, including any amount which would have been treated as a mark- to-market gain for any prior tax year but for the Section 1291 rules discussed above with respect to Non-Electing U.S. Holders, over (b) the mark-to-market losses for shares that were allowed as deductions for prior tax years. A U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares of the Company will be adjusted to reflect the amount included in or deducted from income as a result of a mark-to-market election. A mark-to-market election applies to the taxable year in which the election is made and to each subsequent taxable year, unless the Company’s shares cease to be marketable, as specifically defined, or the IRS consents to revocation of the election. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the manner of making such an election. 87 Controlled Foreign Corporation If more than 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or more than 50% of the total value of the stock of the Company is owned, directly, indirectly or constructively, by U.S. Holders, each of whom own actually or constructively 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock or 10% or more of the total value of all classes of stock of the Company (“10% U.S. Holders”), the Company would be treated as a “controlled foreign corporation” or “CFC” under Subpart F of the Code. This classification would effect many complex results, one of which requires such 10% U.S. Holders to include in their income their pro rata share of (i) Subpart F income of the CFC, (ii) the CFC’s earnings from certain investments in U.S. property, (iii) global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI), and (iv) base erosion minimum tax amounts for certain 10% U.S. Holders with sufficient gross receipts that make deductible payments to related foreign parties in tax years after December 31. 2018. The foreign tax credit described above may reduce the U.S. tax on these amounts. In addition, under Section 1248 of the Code, gain from the sale or exchange of shares by a U.S. Holder of common shares of the Company which is or was a 10% U.S. Holder at any time during the five-year period ending with the sale or exchange will be treated as dividend income to the extent of earnings and profits of the Company (accumulated only while the shares were held by the 10%U.S. Holder and while the Company was a CFC attributable to the shares sold or exchanged. Certain U.S. corporations that are 10% U.S. Holders may be entitled to a dividend received deduction for the foreign source portion of dividends received from the Company as discussed above. If a foreign corporation is both a PFIC and a CFC, the foreign corporation generally will not be treated as a PFIC with respect to certain 10% U.S. Holders of the CFC. This rule generally will be effective for taxable years of 10% U.S. Holders beginning after 1997 and for taxable years of foreign company’s ending with or within such taxable years of 10% U.S. Holders. The PFIC provisions continue to apply in the case of a PFIC that is also a CFC with respect to the U.S. Holders that are less than 10% shareholders. Because of the complexity of Subpart F, a more detailed review of these rules is beyond the scope of this discussion. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding In general, unless a U.S. Holder belongs to a category of certain exempt recipients (such as corporations), information reporting requirements will apply to distributions as well as proceeds of sales from the sale of shares of the Company that are effected through the U.S. office of a broker or the non-U.S. office of a broker that has certain connections with the United States. Backup withholding may apply to these payments if a U.S. Holder fails to provide a correct taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status, fails to report in full dividend and interest income or, in certain circumstances, fails to comply with applicable certification requirements. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax, provided the U.S. Holder furnishes the required information to the IRS in a timely manner. Other filing requirements may also apply. U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors concerning their particular reporting requirements. U.S. Holder’s should consult with their tax advisors to determine if holding common shares in the Company will create any other disclosure or reporting requirements for U.S. tax purposes. Documents on Display Any of the documents referred to above can be viewed at the registered office of the Company located at 1177 West Hastings Street, Suite 1710, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6E 2L3. This Annual Report and the Company’s recent 6-K filings can be viewed on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR web-site at www.sec.gov./edgar/searchedgar/companysearch.html. Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk The Company’s primary mineral exploration properties are located in Mexico. As a Canadian company, Almaden’s cash balances are kept primarily in Canadian funds, while many exploration and property expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars or the Mexican peso. Therefore, the Company is exposed to some exchange rate risk. The Company considers the amount of risk to be manageable and does not currently, nor is likely in the foreseeable future to, conduct hedging to reduce its exchange rate risk. A 10% change in the U.S. dollar exchange rate relative to the Canadian dollar would change the Company’s net loss by $47,000. A 10% change in the Mexican peso exchange rate relative to the Canadian dollar would change the Company’s net loss by $25,000. 88 Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities Not Applicable Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies Not Applicable PART II Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Securities Holders and Use of Proceeds Not Applicable Item 15. Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or “Exchange Act”) as of December 31, 2018. This evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms. The Company also concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to its management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by IASB. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or that is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. 89 Attestation Report of the Registered Accounting Firm. This Annual Report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Form 20-F Annual Report. Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert The Company’s Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Mark T. Brown is the Company's audit committee financial expert. Mr. Brown has extensive business and financial experience. He has served as a director of a number of other publicly traded companies over the past 20 years, and currently serves as a director of eight other publicly traded mineral exploration companies. Mr. Brown is independent as defined by Section 803(A) of the NYSE American Listing Standards. Item 16B. Code of Ethics The Company adopted several codes of conduct, including a Code of Business Ethics, a Code of Business Conduct Ethics for Directors, a Communications Policy and an Audit Committee Charter. These initial codes were filed with the 20-F Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003 as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 11, 2004. After review, the Company has adopted revised and new codes as follow: Audit Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee-Responsibilities and Duties, Compensation Committee-Responsibilities and Duties, Code of Business Ethics, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors, Communications Policy, Securities Trading Policy, Whistleblowers Policy and a Privacy Policy the Company’s website at www.almadenminerals.com. The Codes may also be viewed as filed on EDGAR as an exhibit to the 2005 20-F Annual Report filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Any amendments to the Codes or waivers of the provision of any Codes will be posted on the Company’s website within 5 business days of such amendment or waiver. (the “Codes”). The Codes may be viewed on The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors (“Code”), a Code of Business Ethics (“COBE”), a Securities Trading Policy and a Privacy Policy. Employees and consultants are required as a term of employment or engagement to undertake to abide by the COBE. Directors are bound to observe the Code adopted by the Board. All Directors, Officers and Employees (“Individuals”) sign a Certification (“Certification”) stating they have read the Code of Business Ethics policy (“Policy”) of the Company and have complied with such Policy in all respects. The Certification further acknowledges that all members of the Individual’s family, all other persons who live with the Individual and all holding companies and other related entities of the Individual and all such persons or companies acting on behalf of or at the request of any of the foregoing also complied with such Policy. The Certification also states that any violation of such Policy may constitute grounds for immediate suspension or dismissal. Each director is expected and required by statute to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent individual would exercise in comparable circumstances and in accordance with the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and the Company’s Articles. Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Audit Committee's pre-approval policies and procedures The Audit Committee nominates and engages the independent auditors to audit the financial statements, and approves all audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services provided by Davidson & Company LLP. Any services provided by Davidson & Company LLP that are not specifically included within the scope of the audit must be preapproved by the Audit Committee prior to any engagement. The Audit Committee is permitted to approve certain fees for audit-related services, tax services and other services before the completion of the engagement. Table No. 19 lists the aggregate fees billed or estimated for each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered by the principal accountant for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or 90 engagements for those fiscal years. Table No. 19 Principal Accountant Fees Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax fees Other fees December 31, 2018 $38,000 2,800 - - December 31, 2017 $38,000 12,898 - - Fiscal 2018 and Fiscal 2017 audit fees relate to the annual audit of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and review of the Form 20- F. Audit-related fees relate to accounting advisory services. Tax fees relate to the completion of income tax returns and tax consulting services. Other fees relate to services other than audit fees, audit-related fees, and tax fees described above. Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees Not applicable. Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers Not applicable. Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant Not applicable. Item 16G. Corporate Governance The Company’s class of common shares is listed on the NYSE American and the Toronto Stock Exchange. Under the rules of the NYSE American, listed companies are generally required to have a majority of their Board of Directors be “independent” as defined by the NYSE American Company Guide Rules. Currently, as permitted under applicable Canadian regulations, the Company’s Board consists of 7 directors, of which 5 are considered to be “independent.” In the opinion of management, the Company’s corporate governance practices do not differ in any significant way from those required of U.S. domestic companies listed on the NYSE American. Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure Not applicable. Item 17. Financial Statements PART III The Company has provided financial statements pursuant to Item 18 of this Form 20-F. Item 18. Financial Statements The Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are expressed in Canadian Dollars (CDN$) and are prepared in accordance and compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). Item 19. Exhibits A. The financial statements and notes thereto as required under Item 18 are attached hereto and found immediately following the text of this Annual Report. Audited Financial Statements Independent registered Public Accounting Firm reports on the consolidated financial statements, dated March 14, 2019 Consolidated statements of financial position at December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 91 Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information B. Index to Exhibits 1. 1.1 2. 3. 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 5. Certificate of Amalgamation Amalgamation Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2001, as filed with the Commission on May 17, 2002. Articles - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2005, as filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Instruments defining the rights of holders of equity or debt securities being registered - Refer to Exhibit No. 1. Voting trust agreements. The Voting Trust Agreement dated December 17, 2009 between Ernesto Echavarria, as grantor, and Messrs Duane and Morgan Poliquin, as voting trustees. - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2013 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2014. Executive Compensation Contract dated January 29, 2013 with Hawk Mountain Resources Ltd. - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2012 and filed with the Commission on March 28, 2013. Executive Compensation Contract dated January 29, 2013 with Morgan Poliquin - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2012 and filed with the Commission on March 28, 2013. Assignment of Rights Agreement dated March 11, 2013 with Don David Gold Mexico, S.A. de C.V. - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2013 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2014. Sale and Purchase Agreement dated June 20, 2013 with Tarsis Resources Ltd. - Incorporated by reference to the Form 6-K and filed with the Commission on June 20, 2013. Amendment Agreement dated November 26, 2013 with Candymin, S.A. de C.V. and Mr. Charlie Warren - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2013 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2014. Arrangement Agreement dated May 11, 2015 in connection with the Company’s statutory Plan of Arrangement with Almadex and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2016. Administrative Services Agreement between the Company and Almadex Minerals Limited dated May 15, 2015 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2016. First Amending Agreement to the May 15, 2015 Administrative Services Agreement between the Company and Almadex Minerals Limited dated December 16, 2015 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2016. Termination Agreement effective December 31, 2015 between the Company and Hawk Mountain Resources Ltd. and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2016. Executive Employment Contract between the Company and Duane Poliquin dated effective January 1, 2016 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2016. Deloitte Letter to the Securities and Exchange Commission dated March 29, 2016 and filed with the Commission on March 31, 2016. Amending Agreement dated April 1, 2016 to the Executive Compensation Contract with Morgan Poliquin dated January 29, 2013 and filed with the Commission on March 30, 2017. Amending Agreement dated April 1, 2016 to the Executive Employment Contract with Duane Poliquin dated January 1, 2016 and filed with the Commission on March 30, 2017. Amending agreement to the Executive Compensation Contract with Morgan Poliquin dated January 1, 2019. Amending agreement to the Executive Compensation Contract with Duane Poliquin dated January 1, 2019. Administrative Services Agreement between the Company and Almadex Minerals Ltd. (formerly 1154229 B.C. Ltd.) dated March 29, 2018. List of foreign patents – N/A 92 6. 7. 8. 9. Calculation of earnings per share – N/A Explanation of calculation of ratios – N/A List of subsidiaries Statement pursuant to the instruction to Item 8.A.4, regarding the financial statement filed in registration Statements for initial public offerings of securities – N/A 10. Any notice required by Rule 104 of Regulation BTR – N/A Audit Committee Charter Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee-Duties and Responsibility Compensation Committee-Responsibilities and Duties Code of Business Ethics Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors Communications Policy Securities Trading Policy 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Whistleblower Policy Privacy Policy 11.8 - Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 20-F Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2005, as filed with the Commission on March 30, 2006. Shareholder Rights Plan dated April 13, 2011, as amended and reconfirmed at the 2017 Annual General Meeting - Incorporated by reference to the Form 6-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2011. 11.10 Amended Advance Notice Policy dated January 28, 2013, as amended May 1, 2015 as filed with the 11.9 Commission on March 29, 2018. 11.11 Amended Majority Voting Policy – adopted by the Board of Directors on May 7, 2013, as amended effective May 15, 2017 as filed with the Commission on March 29, 2018. 12.1 12.2 13.1 13.2 Certification of CEO Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act, Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of CFO Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act, Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of CEO Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of CFO Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 93 Consolidated Financial Statements of Almaden Minerals Ltd. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Almaden Minerals Ltd. December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Table of contents Independent Auditors’ Report Consolidated statements of financial position Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss Consolidated statements of cash flows Consolidated statements of changes in equity 1-2 3 4 5 6 Notes to the consolidated financial statements 7-35 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Directors of Almaden Minerals Ltd. Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Almaden Minerals Ltd. (the “Company”), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, cash flows, and changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 and the related notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, these consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as at December 31, 2018 and 2017 and its financial performance and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Change in Accounting Principle Without qualifying our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, we draw attention to Note 3 to the financial statements, which indicates that the Company has changed its method of accounting for financial instruments in 2018 due to adoption of IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments. Basis for Opinion A - Management’s Responsibility for the Consolidated Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. B - Auditors’ Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Those standards also require that we comply with ethical requirements, including independence. We are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the consolidated financial statements with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB. An audit includes performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatements of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included obtaining and examining, on a test basis, audit evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the Company’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies and principles used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a reasonable basis for our audit opinion. Other Matters We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015. Vancouver, Canada March 14, 2019 “DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP” Chartered Professional Accountants Almaden Minerals Ltd. Consolidated statements of financial position (Expressed in Canadian dollars) ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents (Note 11) Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses (Note 4) Non-current assets Deposit on mill equipment (Note 5) Property, plant and equipment (Note 6) Exploration and evaluation assets (Note 7) TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Current liabilities Trade and other payables (Note 9 (b)) Non-current liabilities Deferred income tax liability (Note 12) Total liabilities EQUITY Share capital (Note 8) Reserves (Note 8) Deficit Total equity TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Commitments (Note 13) Subsequent events (Note 17) December 31, 2018 $ December 31, 2017 $ 5,080,580 404,416 5,484,996 - 13,764,928 54,678,470 68,443,398 73,928,394 16,334,534 368,963 16,703,497 4,923,209 372,292 44,804,198 50,099,699 66,803,196 1,128,407 638,001 1,434,882 2,563,289 1,434,882 2,072,883 127,022,366 16,706,832 (72,364,093) 71,365,105 73,928,394 118,054,463 15,528,276 (68,852,426) 64,730,313 66,803,196 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. These consolidated financial statements are authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on March 14, 2019. They are signed on the Company’s behalf by: /s/Duane Poliquin Director /s/Mark T. Brown Director Almaden Minerals Ltd. Consolidated statements of comprehensive loss (Expressed in Canadian dollars) Expenses Professional fees Salaries and benefits (Note 9(a)) Travel and promotion Depreciation (Note 6) Office and license (Note 9(b)) Rent (Note 9(b)) Stock exchange fees Insurance Transfer agent fees Directors’ fees (Note 9(a)) General exploration expenses Share-based payments (Note 8(d) and 9(a)) Other income (loss) Interest and other income (Note 9(b)) Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment (Note 6) Foreign exchange gain (loss) Loss before income taxes Deferred income tax recovery (Note 12) Net loss for the year 2018 $ 602,402 1,858,788 267,832 28,277 127,678 191,829 158,304 66,942 20,943 70,000 - 1,308,740 4,701,735 Year ended December 31, 2016 $ 420,684 1,381,060 259,840 27,039 120,972 146,759 115,364 60,499 23,370 41,000 1,467 1,869,010 4,467,064 2017 $ 567,877 1,480,745 286,920 28,274 145,965 173,891 164,075 55,007 33,919 70,000 - 2,693,070 5,699,743 950,352 - 239,716 1,190,068 (3,511,667) - (3,511,667) 654,741 (1,760) (184,533) 468,448 (5,231,295) - (5,231,295) 550,271 (3,985) (102,726) 443,560 (4,023,504) - (4,023,504) Total comprehensive loss for the year (3,511,667) (5,231,295) (4,023,504) Basic and diluted net loss per share (Note 10) (0.03) (0.05) (0.05) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. Almaden Minerals Ltd. Consolidated statements of cash flows (Expressed in Canadian dollars) Operating activities Net loss for the year Items not affecting cash Depreciation Unrealized foreign exchange Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment Share-based payments Changes in non-cash working capital components Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses Trade and other payables Net cash used in operating activities Investing activities Deposit on mill equipment Property, plant and equipment – purchase Exploration and evaluation assets – costs Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities Issuance of shares, net of share issue costs Options exercised Share issuance cost on cashless exercise of options (Note 8(d)) Warrants and finders’ warrants exercised Net cash from financing activities Change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents, end of year Supplemental cash and cash equivalents information (Note 11) 2018 $ Year ended December 31, 2016 $ 2017 $ (3,511,667) (5,231,295) (4,023,504) 28,277 - - 1,308,740 28,274 - 1,760 2,693,070 27,039 9,575 3,985 1,869,010 (35,453) 290,182 (1,919,921) 11,935 (178,511) (2,674,767) 2,566 (209,807) (2,321,136) (7,694,900) (802,804) (9,674,048) (18,171,752) (3,642,826) (305,074) (8,860,153) (12,808,053) (324,600) (22,538) (5,177,485) (5,524,623) 8,838,441 16,560 (17,282) - 8,837,719 19,115,418 1,105,290 (203,232) 2,029,872 22,047,348 4,091,646 143,490 - 7,157,851 11,392,987 (11,253,954) 16,334,534 5,080,580 6,564,528 9,770,006 16,334,534 3,547,228 6,222,778 9,770,006 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. Almaden Minerals Ltd. Consolidated statements of changes in equity (Expressed in Canadian dollars) Share capital Reserves Amount payments Warrants Share-based Balance, January 1, 2016 Share-based payments Private placements, net Finders' warrants issued pursuant to private placement Shares issued for cash on exercise of finders’ warrants Fair value of finders’ warrants transferred to share capital Shares issued for cash on exercise of warrants Shares issued for cash on exercise of stock options Fair value of cash stock options transferred to share capital Shares issued on cashless exercise of stock options Fair value of cashless stock options transferred to share capital Total comprehensive loss for the year Balance, December 31, 2016 Share-based payments Private placements, net Finders' warrants issued pursuant to private placement Shares issued for cash on exercise of finders’ warrants Fair value of finders’ warrants transferred to share capital Shares issued for cash on exercise of warrants Shares issued for cash on exercise of stock options Fair value of cash stock options transferred to share capital Shares issued on cashless exercise of stock options Shares issuance cost on cashless exercise of options Fair value of cashless stock options transferred to share capital Total comprehensive loss for the year Balance, December 31, 2017 Share-based payments Private placements, net Finders' warrants issued pursuant to private placement Shares issued for cash on exercise of stock options Fair value of cash stock options transferred to share capital Shares issued on cashless exercise of stock options Shares issuance cost on cashless exercise of options Fair value of cashless stock options transferred to share capital Total comprehensive loss for the year Number of shares 78,062,984 - 3,229,082 - 35,200 - 4,592,667 182,000 - 63,510 - - 86,165,443 - 12,377,207 - 30,472 - 1,986,667 1,107,000 - 532,836 - - - $ 83,757,687 - 4,073,728 - 27,104 5,984 7,130,747 143,490 43,180 - 108,300 - 95,290,220 - 18,934,727 - 43,205 12,797 1,986,667 1,105,290 496,859 - (203,232) 387,930 - 102,199,625 - 9,440,000 - 23,000 - 64,094 - - - 118,054,463 - 8,838,441 (36,566) 16,560 6,670 - (17,282) 160,080 - $ 11,323,063 1,869,010 - - - - - - (43,180) - (108,300) - 13,040,593 2,693,070 - - - - - - (496,859) - - (387,930) - 14,848,874 1,308,740 - - - (6,670) - - (160,080) - $ 499,574 - - 17,918 - (5,984) - - - - - - 511,508 - - 180,691 - (12,797) - - - - - - - 679,402 - - 36,566 - - - - - - Total reserves $ 11,822,637 1,869,010 - 17,918 - (5,984) - - (43,180) - (108,300) - 13,552,101 2,693,070 - 180,691 - (12,797) - - (496,859) - - (387,930) - 15,528,276 1,308,740 - 36,566 - (6,670) - - (160,080) - Deficit $ (59,597,627) - - - - - - - - - - (4,023,504) (63,621,131) - - - - - - - - - - - (5,231,295) (68,852,426) - - - - - - - - (3,511,667) (72,364,093) Total $ 35,982,697 1,869,010 4,073,728 17,918 27,104 - 7,130,747 143,490 - - - (4,023,504) 45,221,190 2,693,070 18,934,727 180,691 43,205 - 1,986,667 1,105,290 - - (203,232) - (5,231,295) 64,730,313 1,308,740 8,838,441 - 16,560 - - (17,282) - (3,511,667) 71,365,105 Balance, December 31, 2018 111,726,719 127,022,366 15,990,864 715,968 16,706,832 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 1. Nature of operations Almaden Minerals Ltd. (the “Company” or “Almaden”) was formed by amalgamation under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, Canada on February 1, 2002. The Company is an exploration stage public company that is engaged directly in the exploration and development of exploration and evaluation properties in Canada and Mexico. The address of the Company’s registered office is Suite 1710 –1177 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6E 2L3. The Company is in the business of exploring and developing mineral projects and its principal asset is the Ixtaca precious metals project located on its Tuligtic claim in Mexico. The Company has not yet determined whether this project has economically recoverable mineral reserves. The recoverability of amounts shown for mineral properties is dependent upon the establishment of a sufficient quantity of economically recoverable reserves, the ability of the Company to obtain the necessary financing or participation of joint venture partners to complete development of the properties, and upon future profitable production or proceeds from the disposition of exploration and evaluation assets. 2. Basis of presentation (a) Statement of Compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance and compliance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and interpretations of the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”). (b) Basis of preparation These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis. These consolidated financial statements, including comparatives, have been prepared on the basis of IFRS standards that are effective as at December 31, 2018. Certain amounts in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. (c) Functional currency The functional and reporting currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. (d) Significant accounting judgments and estimates The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgements and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual outcomes could differ from these judgements and estimates. The consolidated financial statements include judgements and estimates which, by their nature, are uncertain. The impacts of such judgements and estimates are pervasive throughout the consolidated financial statements, and may require accounting adjustments based on future occurrences. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised and the revision affects both current and future periods. 7 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 2. Basis of presentation (Continued) (d) Significant accounting judgments and estimates (Continued) Significant assumptions about the future and other sources of judgements and estimates that management has made at the statement of financial position dates, that could result in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities, in the event that actual results differ from assumptions made, relate to, but are not limited to, the following: Critical Judgments o The analysis of the functional currency for each entity of the Company determined by conducting an analysis of the consideration factors identified in IAS 21, “The Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates”. In concluding that the Canadian dollar is the functional currency of the parent and its subsidiary companies, management considered the currency that mainly influences the cost of providing goods and services in each jurisdiction in which the Company operates. As no single currency was clearly dominant, the Company also considered secondary indicators including the currency in which funds from financing activities are denominated and the currency in which funds are retained. o The determination that the carrying amount of the Tuligtic Project will be recovered through use rather than sale (Notes 7 and 12). Estimates o The recoverability of accounts receivable which is included in the consolidated statements of financial position; o The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment which are included in the consolidated statements of financial position and the related depreciation included in profit or loss; o The recoverability of the value of the exploration and evaluation assets which is recorded in the consolidated statements of financial position (Note 3(f)); o The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options and warrants in order to calculate share-based payments expense and the fair value of finders’ warrants and stock options. Certain inputs into the model are estimates that involve considerable judgment or could be affected by significant factors that are out of the Company’s control; o The provision for income taxes which is included in profit or loss and the composition of deferred income tax liability included in the consolidated statement of financial position and the evaluation of the recoverability of deferred tax assets based on an assessment of the Company’s ability to utilize the underlying future tax deductions against future taxable income prior to expiry of those deductions; o The assessment of indications of impairment of each exploration and evaluation asset and related determination of the net realizable value and write-down of those assets where applicable (Note 3(f)); 8 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (a) Basis of consolidation These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as follows: Jurisdiction Nature of operations Puebla Holdings Inc. Minera Gorrion, S.A. de C.V. Molinos de Puebla, S.A. de C.V. Canada Mexico Mexico Holding company Exploration company Holding company Inter-company balances and transactions, including unrealized income and expenses arising from inter-company transactions, are eliminated in preparing these consolidated financial statements. (b) Foreign currencies Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the transaction dates. At each financial position reporting date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at the date of the statement of financial position. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated. (c) Financial instruments The Company has initially adopted IFRS 9, Financial Instruments (“IFRS 9”) from January 1, 2018. The effect of initially applying this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. A number of other new standards are also effective from January 1, 2018, however, were also deemed to not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. IFRS 9 sets out requirements for recognizing and measuring financial assets, financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items. This standard replaces IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (“IAS 39”). There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements as a result of transitioning to IFRS 9. The details of the new significant accounting policies and the nature and effect of the changes to previous accounting policies are set out below. (i) Classification and measurement of financial assets and liabilities IFRS 9 largely retains the existing requirements in IAS 39 for the classification and measurement of financial liabilities. However, it eliminates the previous IAS 39 categories for financial assets held to maturity, loans and receivables, and available for sale. The adoption of IFRS 9 has not had a significant effect on the Company’s accounting policies related to financial liabilities. The impact of IFRS 9 on the classification and measurement of financial assets is set out below. 9 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (Continued) (c) Financial instruments (continued) A financial asset is classified as measured at: amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI), or fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL). The classification of financial assets is generally based on the business model in which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics. Derivatives embedded in contracts where the host is a financial asset in the scope of the standard are never separated. Instead, the hybrid financial instrument as a whole is assessed for classification. The Company's financial assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable are classified at amortized cost. (ii) Impairment of financial assets An ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, contract assets and debt investments at FVOCI, but not to investments in equity instruments. The Company's financial assets measured at amortized cost and subject to the ECL model include cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The adoption of the ECL impairment model had no impact on the carrying amounts of the Company's financial assets on the transition date, given the accounts receivable are substantially all current and there has been minimal historical customer default. Neither cash and cash equivalents or accounts receivable have been subject to historical credit risk. (d) Cash and cash equivalents Cash equivalents include money market instruments which are readily convertible into cash or have maturities at the date of purchase of less than ninety days. (e) Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and are depreciated annually on a declining-balance basis if available-for-use at the following rates: Automotive equipment Furniture, fixtures and other Computer hardware and software Geological library Field equipment Mill equipment 30% 20% 30% 20% 20% Straight line over mine life (11 years) 10 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (Continued) (f) Exploration and evaluation assets The Company is in the exploration stage with respect to its investment in exploration and evaluation assets and, accordingly, follows the practice of capitalizing all costs relating to the acquisition of, exploration for and development of mineral claims to which the Company has rights and crediting all proceeds received from farm-out arrangements or recovery of costs against the cost of the related claims. Acquisition costs include, but are not exclusive to land surface rights acquired. Deferred exploration costs include, but are not exclusive to geological, geophysical studies, annual mining taxes, exploratory drilling and sampling. At such time as commercial production commences, these costs will be charged to profit or loss on a unit-of-production method based on proven and probable reserves. The aggregate costs related to abandoned mineral claims are charged to profit or loss at the time of any abandonment or when it has been determined that there is evidence of an impairment. The Company considers the following facts and circumstances in determining if it should test exploration and evaluation assets for impairment: (i) the period for which the Company has the right to explore in the specific area has expired during the period or will expire in the near future, and is not expected to be renewed; (ii) substantive expenditure on further exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources in the specific area is neither budgeted nor planned; (iii) exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources in the specific area have not led to the discovery of commercially viable quantities of mineral resources and the entity has decided to discontinue such activities in the specific area; and (iv) sufficient data exists to indicate that, although a development in the specific area is likely to proceed, the carrying amount of the exploration and evaluation assets is unlikely to be recovered in full from successful development or by sale. An impairment charge may be reversed but only to the extent that this does not exceed the original carrying value of the property that would have resulted if no impairment had been recognized. General exploration costs in areas of interest in which the Company has not secured rights are expensed as incurred. The recoverability of amounts shown for exploration and evaluation assets is dependent upon the discovery of economically recoverable reserves, the ability of the Company to obtain financing to complete development of the properties, and on future production or proceeds of disposition. The Company recognizes in profit or loss costs recovered on exploration and evaluation assets when amounts received or receivable are in excess of the carrying amount. Once the technical feasibility and commercial viability of the extraction of mineral resources in an area of interest are demonstrable, exploration and evaluation assets attributable to that area of interest are first tested for impairment and then reclassified to development asset within property, plant and equipment. All capitalized exploration and evaluation expenditures are monitored for indications of impairment. 11 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (Continued) (f) Exploration and evaluation assets (Continued) Where a potential impairment is indicated, assessments are performed for each area of interest. To the extent that exploration expenditure is not expected to be recovered, it is charged to profit or loss. Exploration areas where reserves have been discovered, but require major capital expenditure before production can begin, are continually evaluated to ensure that commercial quantities of reserves exist or to ensure that additional exploration work is underway as planned. (g) Impairment of property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment at least annually, or if there is any indication that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If any such indication is present, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine whether impairment exists. Where the asset does not generate cash flows that are independent from other assets, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value, using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted. If the recoverable amount of an asset or cash generating unit is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to the recoverable amount by way of recording an impairment charge to profit or loss. Where an impairment subsequently reverses, the carrying amount is increased to the revised estimate of recoverable amount but only to the extent that this does not exceed the carrying value that would have been determined if no impairment had previously been recognized. (h) Income taxes Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income. Current tax is the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss, and differences relating to investments in subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities to the extent that it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, deferred tax is not recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. 12 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (Continued) (h) Income taxes (Continued) Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously. A deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax losses, tax credits and deductible temporary differences, to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized. (i) Share-based payments The Company’s stock option plan allows Company employees, directors, officers and consultants to acquire shares of the Company. The fair value of options granted is recognized as share-based payment expense with a corresponding increase in equity reserves. An individual is classified as an employee when the individual is an employee for legal or tax purposes (direct employee) or provides services similar to those performed by a direct employee. Fair value is measured at grant date, and each tranche is recognized using the graded vesting method over the period during which the options vest. The fair value of the options granted is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. At each financial position reporting date, the amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of stock options that are expected to vest. In situations where equity instruments are issued to consultants and some or all of the goods or services received by the entity as consideration cannot be specifically identified, they are measured at the fair value of the share-based payment. Otherwise, share-based payments are measured at the fair value of goods or services received. (j) Share capital Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants are recorded as share capital in the amount for which the option or warrant enabled the holder to purchase a share in the Company, in addition to the proportionate amount of reserves originally created at the issuance of the stock options or warrants. Share capital issued for non-monetary consideration is valued at the closing market price at the date of issuance. The proceeds from the issuance of units are allocated between common shares and common share purchase warrants based on the residual value method. Under this method, the proceeds are allocated to common shares based on the fair value of a common share at the announcement date of the unit offering and any residual remaining is allocated to common share purchase warrants. 13 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (Continued) (k) Reclamation and closure cost obligations Decommissioning and restoration provisions are recorded when a present legal or constructive obligation exists as a result of past events where it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be made. The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation and discount rates. Where a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows discounted for the market discount rate. Over time the discounted liability is increased for the changes in the present value based on the current market discount rates and liability risks. When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, the receivable is recognized as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount receivable can be measured reliably. When the Company enters into an option agreement on its exploration and evaluations assets, as part of the option agreement, responsibility for any reclamation and remediation becomes the responsibility of the optionee. (l) Net loss per share The Company presents the basic and diluted net loss per share data for its common shares, calculated by dividing the loss attributable to common shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is determined by adjusting the net loss attributable to common shareholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential common shares (Note 10). 14 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 3. Significant accounting policies (Continued) (m) Application of new and revised accounting standards effective January 1, 2018 The following new accounting standards and amendments which the Company adopted and are effective for the Company's annual consolidated financial statements commencing January 1, 2018: Financial instruments IFRS 9 - In July 2014, the IASB issued the final version of IFRS 9 to replace IAS 39. IFRS 9 provides a revised model for recognition and measurement of financial instruments and a single, forward-looking 'expected loss' impairment model. IFRS 9 also includes a substantially reformed approach to hedge accounting. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company determined that the adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on its future consolidated financial statements. (n) Future accounting standards Certain pronouncements were issued by the IASB or IFRIC but are not yet effective as at December 31, 2018. The Company intends to adopt these standards and interpretations when they become effective. The Company does not expect these standards to have an impact on its consolidated financial statements. Pronouncements that are not applicable to the Company have been excluded from those described below. The following are the accounting standards issued but not yet effective. Leases IFRS 16 - In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, Leases ("IFRS 16") which replaces IAS 17, Leases and its associated interpretative guidance. IFRS 16 applies a control model to the identification of leases, distinguishing between a lease and a service contract on the basis of whether the customer controls the asset being leased. For those assets determined to meet the definition of a lease, IFRS 16 introduces significant changes to the accounting by lessees, introducing a single, on- balance sheet accounting model that is similar to current finance lease accounting, with limited exceptions for short-term leases or leases of low-value assets. Lessor accounting remains similar to current accounting practice. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. The Company went through the process of reviewing contracts and identifying those that might be relevant under the new standard. Specific leases identified for further review included office leases and an equipment/service contract for a printer. Based on the assessment of the standard, the Company estimates that it will recognize as a lessee, the right-of-use lease assets and related liabilities for existing operating leases of approximately $400,000. 15 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 4. Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses consist of the following: Accounts receivable (Note 9(b)) Prepaid expenses December 31, December 31, 2017 $ 243,971 124,992 $ 368,963 2018 $ 300,700 103,716 $ 404,416 At December 31, 2018, the Company has recorded value added taxes of $444,994 (2017 - $444,729) included in exploration and evaluation assets as the value added tax relates to certain projects and is expected to be recovered when the assets are sold (Note 7). 5. Deposit on mill equipment On October 16, 2015, the Company entered into a Mill Purchase Option Agreement (the “Agreement’) to acquire the Rock Creek mill. Pursuant to the Agreement, Almaden has the exclusive right and option to purchase the mill for total cash payments of $6,500,000 USD (completed), plus the issuance of 407,997 common shares (issued with a fair value of $273,358), subject to adjustment in certain circumstances (the “Option”). Deposit on mill equipment consisted of the following payments: Balance, December 31, 2016 Additions: purchase price deposits Additions: mobilization payments Balance, December 31, 2017 Additions: purchase price deposits Additions: mobilization payments Transfer to property, plant and equipment Balance, December 31, 2018 $ USD 2,000,000 767,500 3,750,000 2,211,300 $ CAD 1,280,383 2,647,600 995,226 4,923,209 4,876,500 2,818,400 12,618,109 (12,618,109) - Almaden has exercised the Option by making the final option payment on June 12, 2018 for $3,750,000 USD ($4,876,500 CAD). As such, during the year ended December 31, 2018, Almaden obtained ownership and title to the mill equipment, and transferred the balance to property, plant and equipment (Note 6). A mobilization plan is in progress to move the Rock Creek mill from Nome, Alaska to the Tuligtic property. Mill mobilization payments of $2,211,300 USD ($2,818,400 CAD) were paid during the year ended December 31, 2018 for the dismantlement of the mill. 16 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 6. Property, plant and equipment Automotive equipment Furniture and fixtures and other Computer hardware Computer software Geological library Field equipment Mill equipment $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Total $ Cost December 31, 2017 110,040 154,093 247,199 189,563 51,760 245,647 265,997 1,264,299 Additions Transfer from deposit on mill equipment - - 4,126 1,697 7,204 - - - - - - - 789,777 802,804 12,618,109 12,618,109 December 31, 2018 110,040 158,219 248,896 196,767 51,760 245,647 13,673,883 14,685,212 Accumulated depreciation December 31, 2017 110,040 134,484 213,702 164,211 49,366 220,204 Depreciation - 4,444 10,176 8,089 479 5,089 December 31, 2018 110,040 138,928 223,878 172,300 49,845 225,293 - - - 892,007 28,277 920,284 Carrying amounts December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 - - 19,609 33,497 25,352 19,291 25,018 24,467 2,394 1,915 25,443 265,997 372,292 20,354 13,673,883 13,764,928 The Company acquired the Rock Creek mill (Note 5) on June 12, 2018. As at December 31, 2018, mill equipment of $13,673,883 is recorded in property, plant and equipment and will be depreciated when the mill equipment is in the condition and location ready for its intended use, which will commence once the Company enters the commercial production phase. On August 9, 2018, the Company paid $250,000 USD ($326,000 CAD) to extend the mill storage in Alaska, USA for one additional year. On July 1, 2018, an additional mill mobilization payment of $352,200 USD ($463,777 CAD) was made. Both these transactions were recorded in mill equipment under property, plant and equipment. 17 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 6. Property, plant and equipment (Continued) Automotive equipment Furniture and fixtures and other Computer hardware Computer software Geological library Field equipment Mill equipment $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Total $ Cost December 31, 2016 146,569 135,064 231,451 185,263 51,760 245,647 - 995,754 Additions Disposals - 19,029 15,748 4,300 (36,529) - - - - - - - 265,997 305,074 - (36,529) December 31, 2017 110,040 154,093 247,199 189,563 51,760 245,647 265,997 1,264,299 Accumulated depreciation December 31, 2016 144,559 131,569 204,742 155,024 48,766 213,842 Disposals Depreciation (34,769) - - - 250 2,915 8,960 9,187 - 600 - 6,362 December 31, 2017 110,040 134,484 213,702 164,211 49,366 220,204 - - - - 898,502 (34,769) 28,274 892,007 Carrying amounts December 31, 2016 2,010 3,495 26,709 30,239 December 31, 2017 - 19,609 33,497 25,352 2,994 2,394 31,805 - 97,252 25,443 265,997 372,292 During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company disposed certain of its property, plant and equipment for $Nil proceeds and recorded a loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment of $1,760. The Company has acquired containers to begin a mobilization plan to move the Rock Creek mill from Nome, Alaska to Mexico. As at December 31, 2017, container costs of $199,952 and crane of $66,045 are recorded in property, plant and equipment and will be depreciated when the mill equipment is in the condition and location ready for its intended use. 18 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 7. Exploration and evaluation assets Tuligtic Other Property Total $ 7,537,578 1,622,374 9,159,952 37,266,620 993,311 59,038 145,524 742,157 4,510,034 457,968 568,476 168,725 161,671 444,994 8,251,898 45,518,518 $ 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 54,678,470 Exploration and evaluation assets Acquisition costs: Opening balance - (December 31, 2017) Additions Closing balance - (December 31, 2018) Deferred exploration costs: $ 7,537,577 1,622,374 9,159,951 Opening balance - (December 31, 2017) 37,266,620 Costs incurred during the period Drilling and related costs Professional/technical fees Claim maintenance/lease costs Geochemical, metallurgy Technical studies Travel and accommodation Geology, geophysics and exploration Supplies and misc. Environmental Value-added tax (Note 4) Total deferred exploration costs during the period Closing balance - (December 31, 2018) Total exploration and evaluation assets 993,311 59,038 145,524 742,157 4,510,034 457,968 568,476 168,725 161,671 444,994 8,251,898 45,518,518 54,678,469 19 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 7. Exploration and evaluation assets (Continued) Exploration and evaluation assets Acquisition costs: Opening balance - (December 31, 2016) Additions Closing balance - (December 31, 2017) Deferred exploration costs: Tuligtic $ 4,780,570 2,757,007 7,537,577 Opening balance - (December 31, 2016) 31,204,785 Costs incurred during the period Drilling and related costs Professional/technical fees Claim maintenance/lease costs Geochemical, metallurgy Technical studies Travel and accommodation Geology, geophysics and exploration Supplies and misc. Water exploration Environmental Value-added tax (Note 4) Total deferred exploration costs during the period Closing balance - (December 31, 2017) Total exploration and evaluation assets 1,053,771 112,191 160,251 746,103 1,698,055 390,927 795,731 118,015 7,981 534,081 444,729 6,061,835 37,266,620 44,804,197 Other Property $ 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total $ 4,780,571 2,757,007 7,537,578 31,204,785 1,053,771 112,191 160,251 746,103 1,698,055 390,927 795,731 118,015 7,981 534,081 444,729 6,061,835 37,266,620 1 44,804,198 The following is a description of the Company’s most significant property interests and related spending commitments: (a) Tuligtic In 2001, the Company acquired by staking a 100% interest in the Tuligtic property in Puebla, Mexico. The property contains the Ixtaca Zone. (b) Other Property The Company holds a 40% carried interest in the Logan property located in the Yukon Territory, Canada. The project is carried at a nominal value of $1. 20 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (a) Authorized share capital At December 31, 2018, the authorized share capital comprised an unlimited number of common shares. The common shares do not have a par value. All issued shares are fully paid. (b) Details of private placement and other issues of common shares in 2018, 2017 and 2016 On June 7, 2018, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement by the issuance of 9,440,000 units at a price of $1.00 per unit for gross proceeds of $9,440,000. Each unit consists of one common share and one-half of one non-transferable common share purchase warrant. Each whole warrant allows the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $1.35 per share until June 7, 2022. The warrants are subject to an acceleration provision whereby if, commencing October 8, 2018, the daily volume weighted average trading price of the common shares on the Toronto stock exchange is higher than $2.00 for 20 consecutive trading days then, on the 20th consecutive trading day of any such period (the “Acceleration Trigger Date”), the expiry date of the warrants may be accelerated by the Company to the 30th trading day after the Acceleration Trigger Date by the issuance of a news release announcing such acceleration within three trading days of the Acceleration Trigger Date. Share issuance costs included finders’ fee of $384,900 in cash, and finders’ warrants to purchase up to 192,450 common shares at a price of $1.35 per common share until June 7, 2020. The fair value of the finders’ warrants was $36,566 per statement of equity. In connection with the private placement, the Company also incurred $216,659 in other cash share issuance costs. These amounts were recorded as a reduction to share capital. The proceeds of the private placement were allocated entirely to share capital. On June 1, 2017, the Company closed a bought deal private placement by the issuance of 9,857,800 units at a price of $1.75 per unit for gross proceeds of $17,251,150. Each unit consists of one common share and one-half of one non-transferable common share purchase warrant. Each whole warrant allows the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $2.45 per share until June 1, 2020. Share issue costs included a finder’s fee of $1,035,069 in cash, and finders’ warrants to purchase up to 295,734 common shares at a price of $2.00 per common share until June 1, 2019. The fair value of the finders’ warrants was $171,526. In connection with the private placement, the Company also incurred $296,823 in other cash share issue costs. These amounts were recorded as a reduction to share capital. The proceeds of the private placement were allocated entirely to share capital. On February 7, 2017, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement by the issuance of 2,519,407 units at a price of $1.35 per unit for gross proceeds of $3,401,199. Each unit consists of one common share and one-half of one non-transferable common share purchase warrant. Each whole warrant allows the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $2.00 per share until August 7, 2019. Share issue costs included a finder’s fee of $88,631 in cash, and finders’ warrants to purchase up to 17,911 common shares at a price of $1.35 per common share until August 7, 2019. The fair value of the finders’ warrants was $9,165. In connection with the private placement, the Company also incurred $116,408 in other cash share issue costs. These amounts were recorded as a reduction to share capital. The proceeds of the private placement were allocated entirely to share capital. 21 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (b) Details of private placement and other issues of common shares in 2018, 2017 and 2016 (continued) On May 25, 2016, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement by the issuance of 3,229,082 units at a price of $1.35 per unit for gross proceeds to the Company of $4,359,260. Each unit consists of one common share and one-half of one non-transferable common share purchase warrant. Each whole warrant allows the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $2.00 per share until November 25, 2018. Share issue costs included a finder’s fee of $147,925 in cash, and finders’ warrants to purchase up to 45,944 common shares at a price of $1.44 per common share until November 25, 2018. The fair value of the finders’ warrants was $17,918. In connection with the private placement, the Company also incurred $119,689 in share issue costs. These amounts were recorded as reduction to share capital. The proceeds of the private placement were allocated entirely to share capital. (c) Warrants The continuity of warrants for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Expiry date November 25, 2018 November 25, 2018 June 1, 2019 August 7, 2019 August 7, 2019 June 1, 2020 June 7, 2020 June 7, 2022 Warrants outstanding and exercisable Weighted average exercise price Exercise December 31, 2017 1,614,541 22,972 295,734 1,259,704 10,411 4,928,900 - - price $2.00 $1.44 $2.00 $2.00 $1.35 $2.45 $1.35 $1.35 Issued Exercised - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 192,450 4,720,000 8,132,262 4,912,450 $ 2.27 $ 1.35 - - Expired (1,614,541) (22,972) - - - - - - December 31, 2018 - - 295,734 1,259,704 10,411 4,928,900 192,450 4,720,000 (1,637,513) 11,407,199 $ 1.99 $ 1.91 The weighted average remaining life of warrants outstanding at December 31, 2018 was 2.14 years (2017 – 1.95 years). Expiry date November 17, 2017 November 25, 2018 November 25, 2018 June 1, 2019 August 7, 2019 August 7, 2019 June 1, 2020 Warrants outstanding and exercisable Weighted average exercise price Exercise December 31, 2016 2,036,667 1,614,541 45,944 - - - - price $1.00 $2.00 $1.44 $2.00 $2.00 $1.35 $2.45 Issued - - - 295,734 1,259,704 17,911 4,928,900 Exercised (1,986,667) - (22,972) - - (7,500) - Expired (50,000) - - - - - - December 31, 2017 - 1,614,541 22,972 295,734 1,259,704 10,411 4,928,900 3,697,152 6,502,249 (2,017,139) (50,000) 8,132,262 $ 1.44 $ 2.34 $ 1.01 $ 1.00 $ 2.27 22 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (c) Warrants (continued) The weighted average remaining life of warrants outstanding at December 31, 2017 was 1.95 years (2016 – 1.34 years). Expiry date February 11, 2016 February 11, 2016 July 17, 2016 July 17, 2016 November 17, 2017 November 17, 2017 November 25, 2018 November 25, 2018 Warrants outstanding and exercisable Weighted average exercise price Exercise December 31, 2015 2,210,000 49,410 4,376,000 186,000 2,253,334 35,200 - - price $ 1.76 $ 1.12 $ 1.58 $ 1.32 $ 1.00 $ 0.77 $ 2.00 $ 1.44 Issued - - - - - - 1,614,541 45,944 Exercised - - (4,376,000) - (216,667) (35,200) - - Expired/ December 31, 2016 - - - - 2,036,667 - 1,614,541 45,944 cancelled (2,210,000) (49,410) - (186,000) - - - - 9,109,944 1,660,485 (4,627,867) (2,445,410) 3,697,152 $ 1.47 $ 1.98 $ 1.55 $ 1.71 $ 1.44 The weighted average fair value of finders’ warrants granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 calculated using the Black-Scholes model at the issue dates, are as follows: Weighted average assumptions used Number of warrants 192,450 295,734 17,911 45,944 Date of issue June 7, 2018 June 1, 2017 February 7, 2017 May 25, 2016 Fair value per share Risk free interest rate Expected life (in years) Expected volatility Expected dividends $ 0.19 $ 0.58 $ 0.51 $ 0.39 1.94% 0.71% 0.72% 0.59% 2 2 2.50 2 54.02% 66.26% 61.54% 55.53% $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil 23 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (d) Share purchase option compensation plan The Company’s stock option plan permits the issuance of options up to a maximum of 10% of the Company’s issued share capital. Stock options issued to any consultant or person providing investor relations services cannot exceed 2% of the issued and outstanding common shares in any twelve month period. At December 31, 2018, the Company had reserved 1,465,672 stock options that may be granted. The exercise price of any option cannot be less than the volume weighted average trading price of the shares for the five trading days immediately preceding the date of the grant. The maximum term of all options is five years. The Board of Directors determines the term of the option (to a maximum of five years) and the time during which any option may vest. Options granted to consultants or persons providing investor relations services shall vest in stages with no more than 25% of such option being exercisable in any three month period. All options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 vested on the grant date. The Company’s stock option plan permits the option holder to exercise cashless by surrendering a portion of the underlying option shares to pay for the exercise price and the corresponding withholding taxes, if applicable. The continuity of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: 24 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (d) Share purchase option compensation plan (Continued) Expiry date April 4, 2018 May 6, 2018 June 8, 2018 June 18, 2018 June 29, 2018 August 9, 2018 September 15, 2018 December 11, 2018 December 11, 2018 December 11, 2018 January 2, 2019 March 17, 2019 May 4, 2019 May 19, 2019 June 12, 2019 July 2, 2019 July 2, 2019 July 2, 2019 September 19, 2019 April 10, 2020 April 30, 2020 April 30, 2020 April 30, 2020 June 8, 2020 September 30, 2020 September 30, 2020 September 30, 2020 December 13, 2020 February 7, 2021 March 29, 2021 December 12, 2021 Options outstanding and exercisable Weighted average exercise price (i) Exercise price $ 1.74 $ 1.41 $ 1.44 $ 1.46 $ 1.71 $ 1.91 $ 1.85 $ 0.72 $ 1.68 $ 1.80 $ 1.04 $ 1.35 $ 1.99 $ 1.84 $ 1.89 $ 1.32 $ 1.19 $ 1.34 $ 1.40 $ 1.03 $ 1.53 $ 1.14 $ 1.04 $ 0.98 $ 1.25 $ 0.83 $ 0.79 $ 0.86 $ 1.11 $ 1.08 $ 1.00 December 31, 2017 90,000 100,000 1,915,000 250,000 15,000 491,000 170,000 590,000 150,000 20,000 375,000 207,000 175,000 75,000 75,000 150,000 60,000 1,427,000 1,160,000 - 500,000 100,000 - - 1,195,000 - - - - - - Granted - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90,000 - - 100,000 2,180,000 - 106,000 170,000 762,000 300,000 400,000 200,000 Exercised - - - - - - - (575,000) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Expired (90,000) (100,000) (1,915,000) (250,000) (15,000) (491,000) (170,000) (15,000) (150,000) (20,000) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (100,000) - - - - - - December 31, 2018 - - - - - - - - - - 375,000 207,000 175,000 75,000 75,000 150,000 60,000 1,427,000 1,160,000 90,000 500,000 100,000 100,000 2,180,000 1,095,000 106,000 170,000 762,000 300,000 400,000 200,000 9,290,000 4,308,000 (575,000) (3,316,000) 9,707,000 $ 1.39 $ 0.97 $ 0.72 $ 1.54 $1.19 (i) In accordance with the Company’s stock option plan, options holders exercised 552,000 stock options on a cashless basis at an exercise price of $0.72. The total number of shares issued in connection with the cashless exercise of options was 64,094. 25 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (d) Share purchase option compensation plan (Continued) The weighted average remaining life of stock options outstanding at December 31, 2018 was 1.24 years (2017 – 1.33 years). Expiry date January 6, 2017 May 4, 2017 June 8, 2017 August 26, 2017 September 11, 2017 November 22, 2017 April 4, 2018 May 6, 2018 June 8, 2018 June 18, 2018 June 29, 2018 August 9, 2018 September 15, 2018 December 11, 2018 December 11, 2018 December 11, 2018 January 2, 2019 March 17, 2019 May 4, 2019 May 19, 2019 June 12, 2019 July 2, 2019 July 2, 2019 July 2, 2019 September 19, 2019 April 30, 2020 April 30, 2020 September 30, 2020 Options outstanding and exercisable Weighted average exercise price Exercise price $ 0.98 $ 1.91 $ 1.98 $ 0.74 $ 2.31 $ 2.22 $ 1.74 $ 1.41 $ 1.44 $ 1.46 $ 1.71 $ 1.91 $ 1.85 $ 0.72 $ 1.68 $ 1.80 $ 1.04 $ 1.35 $ 1.99 $ 1.84 $ 1.89 $ 1.32 $ 1.19 $ 1.34 $ 1.40 $ 1.53 $ 1.14 $ 1.25 December 31, 2016 1,180,000 175,000 75,000 1,310,000 500,000 100,000 90,000 100,000 1,915,000 250,000 15,000 491,000 170,000 724,000 150,000 20,000 375,000 - - - - 150,000 60,000 - - - - - Granted - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 207,000 175,000 75,000 75,000 - - 1,427,000 1,160,000 500,000 100,000 1,195,000 (i) (i) (i) Exercised (1,180,000) (75,000) - (1,310,000) - - - - - - - - - (134,000) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Expired - (100,000) (75,000) - (500,000) (100,000) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - December 31, 2017 - - - - - - 90,000 100,000 1,915,000 250,000 15,000 491,000 170,000 590,000 150,000 20,000 375,000 207,000 175,000 75,000 75,000 150,000 60,000 1,427,000 1,160,000 500,000 100,000 1,195,000 7,850,000 4,914,000 (2,699,000) (775,000) 9,290,000 $ 1.29 $ 1.39 $ 0.88 $ 2.21 $1.39 (j) In accordance with the Company’s stock option plan, options holders exercised 350,000; 1,150,000 and 92,000 stock options on a cashless basis at an exercise price of $0.98, $0.74 and $0.72, respectively. The total number of shares issued in connection with the cashless exercise of options was 532,836. 26 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (d) Share purchase option compensation plan (Continued) The weighted average remaining life of stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 was 1.33 years (2016 – 1.13 years). Expiry date May 6, 2016 June 8, 2016 July 14, 2016 August 15, 2016 October 10, 2016 January 6, 2017 May 4, 2017 June 8, 2017 August 26, 2017 September 11, 2017 November 22, 2017 April 4, 2018 May 6, 2018 June 8, 2018 June 18, 2018 June 29, 2018 August 9, 2018 September 15, 2018 December 11, 2018 December 11, 2018 December 11, 2018 January 2, 2019 July 2, 2019 July 2, 2019 Options outstanding and exercisable Weighted average exercise price Exercise price $ 1.33 $ 2.89 $ 1.37 $ 2.57 $ 1.23 $ 0.98 $ 1.91 $ 1.98 $ 0.74 $ 2.31 $ 2.22 $ 1.74 $ 1.41 $ 1.44 $ 1.46 $ 1.71 $ 1.91 $ 1.85 $ 0.72 $ 1.68 $ 1.80 $ 1.04 $ 1.32 $ 1.19 December 31, 2015 65,000 2,145,000 130,000 150,000 150,000 1,180,000 200,000 75,000 1,445,000 500,000 100,000 90,000 - - 250,000 - - - 756,000 - - 375,000 150,000 - (i) (i) Granted Exercised - - (120,000) - (150,000) - - - (135,000) - - - - - - - - - (32,000) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100,000 1,915,000 - 15,000 491,000 170,000 - 150,000 20,000 - - 60,000 Expired / cancelled (65,000) (2,145,000) (10,000) (150,000) - - (25,000) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - December 31, 2016 - - - - - 1,180,000 175,000 75,000 1,310,000 500,000 100,000 90,000 100,000 1,915,000 250,000 15,000 491,000 170,000 724,000 150,000 20,000 375,000 150,000 60,000 7,761,000 2,921,000 (437,000) (2,395,000) 7,850,000 $ 1.65 $ 1.55 $ 1.08 $ 2.81 $ 1.29 (i) In accordance with the Company’s stock option plan, options holders exercised 105,000 and 150,000 stock options on a cashless basis at an exercise price of $1.37 and $1.23. The total number of shares issued in connection with the cashless exercise of options was 63,510. 27 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 8. Share capital and reserves (Continued) (d) Share purchase option compensation plan (continued) The weighted average fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, calculated using the Black-Scholes model at grant date, are as follows: Weighted average assumptions used Number of options Date of grant 762,000 December 13, 2018 200,000 December 12, 2018 170,000 September 26, 2018 106,000 August 15, 2018 2,180,000 June 18, 2018 100,000 May 7, 2018 90,000 April 10, 2018 400,000 March 29, 2018 300,000 February 7, 2018 1,195,000 December 22, 2017 100,000 November 23, 2017 500,000 September 12, 2017 1,160,000 August 25, 2017 75,000 June 12, 2017 75,000 May 19, 2017 175,000 May 4, 2017 207,000 March 17, 2017 1,427,000 January 11, 2017 60,000 December 21, 2016 20,000 November 2, 2016 150,000 October 6, 2016 170,000 September 15, 2016 491,000 August 9, 2016 15,000 June 29, 2016 1,915,000 June 8, 2016 100,000 May 6, 2016 Fair value per share Risk free interest rate $0.24 $0.28 $0.25 $0.21 $0.29 $0.33 $0.31 $0.42 $0.48 $0.62 $0.50 $0.55 $0.48 $0.63 $0.60 $0.63 $0.47 $0.54 $0.42 $0.69 $0.57 $0.70 $0.76 $0.87 $0.62 $0.52 1.89% 2.06% 2.19% 2.09% 1.85% 1.95% 1.85% 1.94% 1.99% 1.71% 1.46% 1.59% 1.24% 0.88% 0.72% 0.71% 0.80% 0.75% 0.83% 0.54% 0.60% 0.58% 0.50% 0.54% 0.54% 0.54% Expected life (in years) 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expected volatility 49.38% 49.50% 47.93% 48.39% 51.53% 55.21% 55.18% 55.10% 64.14% 65.20% 63.93% 63.12% 62.80% 65.95% 65.65% 65.77% 61.28% 68.94% 70.18% 68.31% 68.47% 68.08% 67.52% 66.44% 64.68% 63.84% Expected dividends $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil $Nil Total share-based payments expenses as a result of options granted and vested during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $1,308,740 (2017 - $2,693,070; 2016 -$1,869,010). 28 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 9. Related party transactions and balances (a) Compensation of key management personnel Key management includes members of the Board, the President and Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, Vice President Operations & Projects, and the Vice President, Corporate Development. The net aggregate compensation paid or payable to key management for services after recovery from Azucar Minerals Ltd. and Almadex Minerals Ltd. (Note 9 (b)) is as follows: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Salaries and benefits Share-based payments Directors’ fees $ $ 952,079 $ 1,090,540 70,000 2,112,619 $ 813,400 2,216,170 70,000 3,099,570 $ $ 755,475 1,537,060 41,000 2,333,535 (b) Almadex Minerals Ltd (“Almadex”) Effective August 1, 2015, the Company recovers a portion of expenses from Azucar pursuant to an administrative services agreement between the Company and Azucar. Effective May 18, 2018, the Company also recovers a portion of expenses from Almadex pursuant to the administrative service agreements between the Company and Almadex. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received $542,657 (2017 - $499,798; 2016 - $464,498) from Azucar for administrative services fees included in other income and received $243,260 (2017 - $Nil; 2016 - $Nil) from Almadex for administrative services fees included in other income. At December 31, 2018, included in accounts receivable is $170,181 (2017 - $195,551) due from Azucar and $116,268 (2017 - $Nil) due from Almadex in relation to expenses recoveries. At December 31, 2018, the Company accrued $37,533 (2017 - $153,038) payable to Almadex for drilling equipment rental services in Mexico. (c) Other related party transactions During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company employed the Chairman’s daughter for a salary of $48,800 less statutory deductions (2017 - $43,800; 2016 - $38,800) for marketing and administrative services provided to the Company. 29 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 10. Net loss per share Basic and diluted net loss per share The calculation of basic net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2018 was based on the loss attributable to common shareholders of $3,511,667 (2017 - $5,231,295; 2016 - $4,023,504) and a weighted average number of common shares outstanding of 107,584,263 (2017 - 95,873,417, 2016 - 82,322,754). The calculation of diluted net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 did not include the effect of stock options and warrants as they are anti-dilutive. 11. Supplemental cash flow information Supplemental information regarding non-cash transactions is as follows: Investing and financing activities December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures included in trade and other payables $ 694,167 $ 493,943 $ 535,254 Fair value of finders’ warrants 36,566 180,691 17,918 Fair value of finders’ warrants transferred to share capital on exercise of finders’ warrants - 12,797 5,984 Fair value of cash stock options transferred to share capital on exercise of options 6,670 496,859 43,180 Fair value of cashless stock options transferred to share capital on exercise of options 160,080 387,930 108,300 30 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 11. Supplemental cash flow information (Continued) Supplemental information regarding the split between cash and cash equivalents is as follows: Cash Term Deposits 12. Income Taxes December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 2,580,580 2,500,000 $ 5,080,580 $ 1,449,184 14,885,350 $ 16,334,534 (a) The provision for income taxes differs from the amounts computed by applying the Canadian statutory rates to the net loss before income taxes due to the following: Loss before income taxes Statutory rate December 31, 2018 $ (3,511,667) 27.00% December 31, 2017 $ (5,231,295) 26.00% December 31, 2016 $ (4,023,504) 26.00% Expected income tax Effect of different tax rates in foreign jurisdictions Non-deductible share-based payments Other permanent items Change in deferred tax assets not recognized Impact of change in tax rates Impact of change in expected manner of recovery Share issuance costs True-ups and other Deferred income tax (recovery) expenses (948,150) (38,010) 353,360 2,766 151,738 - - (172,294) 650,590 $ - (1,360,137) 9,728 700,198 3,360 1,921,226 (348,020) - (399,602) (526,753) $ - (1,046,111) 343 485,943 2,022 3,518,776 - 853,274 (39,241) (3,775,006) $ - In September 2017, the British Columbia (BC) Government proposed changes to the general corporate income tax rate to increase the rate from 11% to 12% effective January 1, 2018 and onwards. This change in tax rate was substantively enacted on October 26, 2017. The relevant deferred tax balances have been remeasured to reflect the increase in the Company’s combined Federal and Provincial (BC) general corporate income tax rate from 26% to 27%. (b) The Company’s deferred income tax recovery and deferred income tax liability relates to the Mexican income tax and Special Mining Duty (“SMD”) associated with the Tuligtic project. As a consequence of the Company’s spin-out, management has determined that the Company will most likely recover the carrying amount of the Tuligtic property through use rather than through sale. Before the spin-out was planned, it was management’s expectation that the carrying amount of the Tuligtic property would be recovered through sale rather than through use. Given this change in expected manner of recovery, the Company has reflected the tax impacts in the financial statements. 31 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 12. Income Taxes (Continued) The significant components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) are as follows: Deferred tax assets Non-capital losses Deferred tax liabilities Exploration and evaluation assets December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 4,282,555 $ 4,282,555 (5,717,437) (5,717,437) Net deferred tax liabilities $ (1,434,882) $ (1,434,882) (c) Deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits for which no deferred tax assets have been recognized are attributable to the following: Non-capital loss carry forwards Capital loss carry forwards Exploration and evaluation assets Share issue costs Property, plant and equipment Cumulative eligible capital deduction Investment tax credit December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 18,758,080 24,538,993 8,221,842 1,554,264 483,609 - 239,849 $ 53,796,637 $ 17,803,193 24,538,993 8,221,842 1,778,234 10,127 507,429 239,849 $ 53,099,667 At December 31, 2018, the Company had operating loss carry forwards available for tax purposes in Canada of $17,858,501 (2017 - $15,706,045) which expire between 2032 and 2038 and in Mexico of $15,173,872 (2017 - $16,378,174) which expire between 2022 and 2028. 13. Commitments The Company has entered into an operating lease for office premises effective April 1, 2017 through to March 31, 2022. As at December 31, 2018, the remaining payments for operating lease are due as follows: Office lease 2019 $179,706 2020 $191,512 2021 $192,336 2022 $ 48,084 2023 - Total $611,638 32 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 14. Financial instruments The fair values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and trade and other payables approximate their carrying values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company does not carry any financial instruments at fair value. The Company is exposed to certain financial risks, including currency risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and commodity and equity price risk. (a) Currency risk The Company’s property interests in Mexico make it subject to foreign currency fluctuations and inflationary pressures which may adversely affect the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The Company is affected by changes in exchange rates between the Canadian dollar, the US dollar and the Mexican peso. The Company does not invest in foreign currency contracts to mitigate the risks. As at December 31, 2018, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk through the following monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the applicable subsidiary: All amounts in Canadian dollars Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses Total assets Trade and other payables Total liabilities Net assets US dollar $ 1,004,652 - $ 1,004,652 Mexican peso $ 293,525 82 $ 293,607 $ 531,083 $ 531,083 $ 40,373 $ 40,373 $ 473,569 $ 253,234 A 10% change in the US dollar exchange rate relative to the Canadian dollar would change the Company’s net loss by $47,000. A 10% change in the Mexican peso relative to the Canadian dollar would change the Company’s net loss by $25,000. (b) Credit risk The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held in large financial institutions, located in both Canada and Mexico. Cash equivalents mature at less than ninety days during the twelve months following the statement of financial position date. The Company’s excise tax included in accounts receivable and prepaid expenses consists primarily of sales tax due from the federal government of Canada. 33 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 14. Financial instruments (Continued) (b) Credit risk (Continued) To mitigate exposure to credit risk on cash and cash equivalents, the Company has established policies to limit the concentration of credit risk with any given banking institution where the funds are held, to ensure counterparties demonstrate minimum acceptable credit risk worthiness and ensure liquidity of available funds. As at December 31, 2018, the Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of its cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. (c) Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company manages liquidity risk through the management of its capital structure. Trade and other payables are due within twelve months of the statement of financial position date. (d) Interest rate risk Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to varying interest rates on cash and cash equivalents. The Company has no interest bearing debt. A 1% change in the interest rate would change the Company’s net loss by $51,000. (e) Commodity and equity price risk The ability of the Company to explore its exploration and evaluation assets and the future profitability of the Company are directly related to the market price of gold and other precious metals. The Company monitors gold prices to determine the appropriate course of action to be taken by the Company. Equity price risk is defined as the potential adverse impact on the Company’s performance due to movements in individual equity prices or general movements in the level of the stock market. 34 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Notes to the consolidated financial statements For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Expressed in Canadian dollars 15. Management of capital The Company considers its capital to consist of components of equity. The Company’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to pursue the exploration of its exploration and evaluation assets and to maintain a flexible capital structure which optimizes the costs of capital at an acceptable risk. The Company manages the capital structure and makes adjustments to it in light of changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Company may attempt to issue new shares and, acquire or dispose of assets. In order to maximize ongoing exploration efforts, the Company does not pay out dividends. The Company’s investment policy is to invest its short-term excess cash in highly liquid short-term interest- bearing investments with short term maturities, selected with regards to the expected timing of expenditures from continuing operations. The Company expects its current capital resources will be sufficient to carry its exploration plans and operations for the foreseeable future. There were no changes to the Company’s approach to the management of capital during the period. 16. Segmented information The Company operates in one reportable operating segment, being the acquisition and exploration of mineral resource properties. The Company’s non-current assets are located in the following geographic locations: Canada United States Mexico 17. Subsequent events December 31, 2018 $ 86,372 13,673,883 54,683,143 $ 68,443,398 December 31, 2017 $ 120,803 5,168,856 44,810,040 $ 50,099,699 On January 3, 2019, the Company granted certain consultant, officers and directors an aggregate of 425,000 stock options in accordance with the terms of the Company’s stock option plan, each of which is exercisable into one common share at an exercise price of $0.84 per share until February 7, 2021. On March 1, 2019, the Company granted a consultant an aggregate of 100,000 stock options in accordance with the terms of the Company’s stock option plan, each of which is exercisable into one common share at an exercise price of $0.90 per share until March 29, 2021. 35 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AGREEMENT BETWEEN ALMADEN MINERALS LTD. AND 1154229 B.C. LTD. MARCH 29, 2018 VAN01: 5075175: v3 Table of Contents ARTICLE 1 INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................................1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Definitions..................................................................................................................... 1 Interpretation ................................................................................................................. 3 Choice of Law ............................................................................................................... 4 Currency ........................................................................................................................ 4 Attornment .................................................................................................................... 4 Ambiguities ................................................................................................................... 4 ARTICLE 2 APPOINTMENT AND DELEGATION .................................................................4 2.1 2.2 2.3 Appointment as Manager and Delegation: Management Services ............................... 4 Exclusivity .................................................................................................................... 6 Appointment of Agents ................................................................................................. 6 ARTICLE 3 CONCERNING MANAGER; REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES .....7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Standard of Care ........................................................................................................... 7 Representations and Warranties .................................................................................... 8 Liability of Manager ..................................................................................................... 9 Relationship of Manager and the Managed Entity ..................................................... 10 Directors and Officers Liability Insurance ................................................................. 10 ARTICLE 4 PERSONNEL AND SHARED FACILITIES .......................................................11 4.1 4.2 Personnel Expenses ..................................................................................................... 11 Use of Shared Facilities .............................................................................................. 11 ARTICLE 5 FEES AND PAYMENT ........................................................................................11 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Budgets Relating to Services ...................................................................................... 11 Fees Payable by Managed Entity ................................................................................ 11 Change in Services ...................................................................................................... 11 Invoice......................................................................................................................... 12 Payment....................................................................................................................... 12 Interest......................................................................................................................... 12 Proration ...................................................................................................................... 12 Payments in Respect of Taxes .................................................................................... 12 Excluded Services ....................................................................................................... 13 ARTICLE 6 TERM AND TERMINATION .............................................................................13 6.1 6.2 6.3 Term of Agreement ..................................................................................................... 13 Termination of Agreement .......................................................................................... 13 Conduct After Notice of Termination ......................................................................... 14 VAN01: 5075175: v3 Table of Contents 6.4 Conduct After Termination ......................................................................................... 15 ARTICLE 7 RECORDS AND REPORTING ...........................................................................15 7.1 7.2 7.3 Records and Reporting ................................................................................................ 15 Audit Right.................................................................................................................. 15 Inspection Right of Manager ...................................................................................... 16 ARTICLE 8 INDEMNIFICATION ...........................................................................................16 8.1 Indemnification of Manager ....................................................................................... 16 ARTICLE 9 CONFIDENTIALITY AND NON-SOLICITATION ...........................................18 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Confidentiality ............................................................................................................ 18 Injunctive Relief.......................................................................................................... 19 Return of Confidential Information ............................................................................ 19 Non-Solicitation .......................................................................................................... 20 Survival ....................................................................................................................... 20 ARTICLE 10 FORCE MAJEURE .............................................................................................20 10.1 Force Majeure ............................................................................................................. 20 ARTICLE 11 GENERAL PROVISIONS ..................................................................................21 11.1 Exchange Acceptance ................................................................................................. 21 11.2 Further Assurances...................................................................................................... 21 11.3 Assignment ................................................................................................................. 21 11.4 Enurement ................................................................................................................... 22 11.5 Entire Agreement ........................................................................................................ 22 11.6 Notice .......................................................................................................................... 22 11.7 Amendment ................................................................................................................. 23 11.8 Severability ................................................................................................................. 23 11.9 Counterpart Execution ................................................................................................ 23 11.10 Effective Date ............................................................................................................. 23 11.11 Arbitration ................................................................................................................... 23 VAN01: 5075175: v3 THIS ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AGREEMENT made effective as of the 29th day of March, 2018. BETWEEN: ALMADEN MINERALS LTD., a company incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia with an office at Suite 210, 1333 Johnston Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3R9 (“Manager”) - and - 1154229 B.C. LTD., a company incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia with an office at Suite 210, 1333 Johnston Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3R9 (“Managed Entity”) WHEREAS the Managed Entity requires office space, furnishings and equipment, communications facilities, accounting services, marketing services, secretarial services, and the administrative services and personnel necessary to fulfil the basic day-to-day responsibilities imposed on the Managed Entity, to carry out and ensure compliance with the requirements of a reporting issuer, and to generally carry on its business, and has no permanent staff to perform these duties; AND WHEREAS Manager has the necessary space, equipment, personnel and expertise to provide all of the services and facilities required by the Managed Entity and the Managed Entity wishes to engage Manager to provide such services and facilities; NOW THEREFORE, THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSETH that in consideration of the covenants herein contained and such other good and valuable consideration (the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged by the Parties), the Parties hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE 1 INTERPRETATION 1.1 Definitions In this Agreement, the following terms will have the meanings set out below unless the context otherwise requires: “Affiliate” of a person (the “Subject Person”) means any other person that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the Subject Person. For purposes of this definition, “control” of a person means (i) ownership of more than 50% of the issued shares or other equity interests of such person or (ii) the power to direct the management or policies of a person, whether through the ownership of more than 50% of the voting power of such person, through the power to appoint more than half of the VAN01: 5075175: v3 members of the board of directors or similar governing body of such person, or through contractual or other arrangements; “Annual Budget” means, in respect of any Fiscal Year, an annual budget estimating the costs, on a monthly basis, of providing the Services and access to, and use of the Personnel and assets contained in, the Shared Facilities, such budget to include a reasonable description of the method and basis for determining the costs to be allocated; “Applicable Law” means, with respect to any person, property, transaction, event or other matter, any law, rule, statute, regulation, order, judgment, decree, treaty or other requirement having the force of law (collectively the “Law”) relating or applicable to such person, property, transaction, event or other matter. Applicable Law also includes, where appropriate, any interpretation of the Law (or any part) by any person having jurisdiction over it, or charged with its administration or interpretation; “Confidential Information” means the confidential, secret or proprietary information of one Party or any of its Affiliates (the “Disclosing Party”), including data, technical information, financial information including prices, business information including business plans, strategies and practices, information relating to customers and prospective customers, trade secrets, know-how, methods, procedures, reports, budgets, computer tapes and other storage media, technology, files, documentation, and software of the Disclosing Party which has been or may hereafter be disclosed, directly or indirectly, to any other Party (the “Receiving Party”) either orally, in writing, electronically or in any other material form or medium pursuant to and in conjunction with this Agreement, and includes all information relating to any arbitration proceeding under Section 11.11; “Disclosing Party” has the meaning ascribed thereto in the definition of “Confidential Information” set out herein; “Documentation” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 7.1; “Exchange” means the TSX Venture Exchange and any other stock exchange which lists the Managed Entity’s Securities as applicable; “Fiscal Year” means a twelve month period proposed by the Manager and agreed to by the Managed Entity, acting reasonably; “Force Majeure Event” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.1; “G&A Overhead Charge” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.1; “Governmental Authority” means any nation, federal government, province, state, municipality or other political subdivision of any of the foregoing, and any entity exercising executive, legislative, judicial, regulatory or administrative functions of or pertaining to government, and any corporation or other entity owned or controlled (through stock or capital ownership or otherwise) by any of the foregoing; - 2 - “including” means including, without limitation, and “includes” means includes, without limitation; “Parties” means Manager and Managed Entity and “Party” means any one of them; “Personnel” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.1; “Receiving Party” has the meaning ascribed thereto in the definition of “Confidential Information”; “Services” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1; “Shared Facilities” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.2; and “Taxes” includes all goods and services, sales, use, transfer, stamp, value added, gross receipts or excise tax or any similar taxes, fees, duties or imposts. 1.2 Interpretation For the purposes of this Agreement, except as otherwise expressly provided: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) the headings in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and in no way define or limit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or interpretation; words importing the singular number include the plural and vice versa and words importing gender include the masculine, feminine and neuter genders; “this Agreement” means this Agreement, including the Schedules hereto, and not any particular Section or other subdivision, recital or Schedule hereof, as the same may, from time to time, be supplemented or amended in accordance with the terms hereof; the words “hereof”, “herein”, “hereto” and “hereunder” and other words of similar import refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Section or other subdivision, recital or Schedule hereof; all references in this Agreement to a designated “Section” or other subdivision, recital or “Schedule” hereof are references to the designated Section or other subdivision, recital or Schedule to, this Agreement; a reference to a statute in this Agreement includes all regulations, rules, policies or instruments made thereunder, all amendments to the statute, regulations, rules, policies or instruments in force from time to time, and any statutes, regulations, rules, policies or instruments that supplement or supersede such statute, regulations, rules, policies or instruments; (g) the word “or” is not exclusive; - 3 - (h) (i) the word “including” is not limiting, whether or not non-limiting language (such as “without limitation” or “but not limited to” or words of similar import) is used with reference thereto; and all references to “approval”, “authorization” or “consent” in this Agreement means written approval, authorization or consent, unless expressly stated to the contrary. 1.3 Choice of Law This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the laws of Canada applicable therein and shall be construed, interpreted and performed in accordance therewith. 1.4 Currency In this Agreement, all amounts are stated and payable in Canadian currency. 1.5 Attornment Subject to Section 11.11, any legal action or proceedings with respect to this Agreement shall be brought in the courts of the Province of British Columbia and the courts of appeal therefrom. Each Party hereby attorns to and accepts for itself and in respect of its assets, irrevocably and unconditionally, the jurisdiction of such courts. 1.6 Ambiguities Each of the Parties has participated in the drafting of this Agreement and any rule of construction to the effect that ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting Party shall not apply to the interpretation of this Agreement. ARTICLE 2 APPOINTMENT AND DELEGATION 2.1 Appointment as Manager and Delegation: Management Services The Managed Entity hereby engages and appoints Manager as the sole and exclusive manager of the Managed Entity and delegates to Manager, and Manager hereby accepts such sole and exclusive engagement and appointment as well as the delegation of, authority to manage the assets, operations, business and administrative affairs of the Managed Entity. Manager hereby agrees to supply to the Managed Entity all services, staff and expertise as determined necessary by the Manager to properly and efficiently manage the assets, operations, business and administrative affairs of the Managed Entity. In particular, but without limitation, Manager agrees to provide, as may be required and at the specific request of the Managed Entity: (a) senior executive services, including, without limitation, business planning, support, guidance and policy making in respect of the Managed Entity; - 4 - (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) board of directors and general management services in respect of the business and affairs of the Managed Entity, including providing, as requested by the Managed Entity, individuals for such board of directors and executive positions as may be required by the Managed Entity; accounting and financial services, including coordination and management of the Managed Entity’s accounting, treasury, information, income tax, reporting systems and internal controls; cash management and investment services, including arranging, assisting and negotiating banking and financing arrangements for the Managed Entity and assisting in the preparation of financial statements and other financial reports, coordinating external audits and financial planning and budgeting; reporting services to the Managed Entity’s directors with respect to the business and affairs of the Managed Entity as may be requested by the Managed Entity’s directors from time to time; corporate secretarial services, including, without limitation, assistance with the maintenance of corporate records and minutes of meetings; stock exchange and governmental relations services including, without limitation, assisting in the representation of the Managed Entity to the Exchange, securities regulators or other governmental and regulatory agencies; the coordination of such audit, legal, insurance and other third party professional or non-professional services in respect of the Managed Entity as determined necessary by Manager (it being understood and agreed that the fees and expenses of third parties will be expenses of the Managed Entity); incidental assistance with corporate communications programs, including investor relationship management, branding of the Managed Entity, and corporate brochures regarding the Managed Entity; provided that these services shall not constitute professional investor relations services under the rules of the Exchange, if applicable, or other securities regulatory policies; information technology services, including updating and maintenance of the Managed Entity’s website; the coordination of risk management services including, without limitation, risk assessment, evaluation of insurance coverages, negotiation with insurance brokers, carriers and underwriters and processing and administration of insurance claims and including loss prevention services, health and safety advisory services and property risk management; (l) negotiation, on behalf of and in the name of the Managed Entity, of agreements with the Managed Entity’s customers and other material contracts with third parties - 5 - necessary for the proper operation of business and assets of the Managed Entity, including with respect to the items listed in this Section 2.1; (m) human resources and staffing services including, without limitation, advisory and to employee hiring, employee relations, administration services relating compensation programs, employee benefit programs and personnel and industrial relations matters; (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) assessment, negotiation and implementation, on behalf of and in the name of the Managed Entity, of major acquisitions and sales of subsidiaries, businesses or assets; the preparation and filing of all required tax returns for the Managed Entity and reports to governmental and regulatory agencies in compliance with all statutory regulations; the co-ordination and submission, on behalf of and in the name of the Managed Entity, of applications for all necessary permits, licenses or other required approvals from Governmental Authorities; the management of the defence and prosecution of litigation and other legal services furnished by independent counsel and providing advice and recommendations with respect thereto; oversight of joint ventures, options and similar arrangements, on behalf of and in the name of the Managed Entity, including representation by the Manager’s personnel on technical or management committees; the management of community relations and communications with the various stakeholders including local communities and municipalities, aboriginal groups, ejidos and requisite government agencies and departments; and such other executive functions in connection with the management of the business and affairs of the Managed Entity as determined necessary or advisable by Manager, (collectively, the “Services”). 2.2 Exclusivity The Managed Entity shall not engage or appoint any person other than the Manager to manage the Managed Entity or its assets, operations, business or administrative affairs, without the prior written consent of the Manager. 2.3 Appointment of Agents (a) Notwithstanding that the Managed Entity has engaged and appointed the Manager as the sole and exclusive manager of the Managed Entity pursuant to Section 2.1, - 6 - Manager shall have the right to provide the Services, or any part thereof, through agents, affiliates or independent contractors; provided that Manager shall ensure that such agents, affiliates or independent contractors comply with the terms and conditions of this Agreement that are relevant to the performance of their assigned tasks. Manager shall ensure that such agents, affiliates or independent contractors contractually are legally responsible for their conduct under the standards applicable to Manager pursuant to this Agreement. (b) Manager may rely and act upon information or advice received from advisors, accountants, legal counsel and others, provided Manager satisfies the standard of care described in Section 3.1 in relying and acting upon information received from such person. ARTICLE 3 CONCERNING MANAGER; REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 3.1 Standard of Care Manager shall provide the Services in a proper, workmanlike and efficient manner, in accordance with accepted mining industry and other relevant professional standards, practices and applicable laws, and shall exercise that degree of care, and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. The Manager shall not be in breach of its standard of care if its inability or failure to perform results from the actions of the Managed Entity or the failure of the Managed Entity to perform acts or to contribute amounts required of it by this Agreement. For greater certainty, the foregoing standard of care by the Manager is qualified as follows: (a) Manager shall not provide any services in respect of which a registration of the Manager in any capacity would be required under applicable securities laws or other Applicable Laws; (b) (c) (d) the Managed Entity acknowledges that although during the course of providing the Services, Manager may provide the Managed Entity assistance with tax, accounting or legal matters, the Managed Entity shall not be relying on Manager for professional advice or opinions on tax, accounting or legal matters; the Managed Entity specifically acknowledges Manager shall at no time provide the Managed Entity with any tax or accounting advice, opinion, analysis or similar services; and the Managed Entity specifically acknowledges Manager shall at no time provide the Managed Entity with any professional legal advice, opinion, analysis or similar services, including with respect to the interpretation or enforcement of any rights, obligations, duties or remedies that the Managed Entity may have in any matter and that any communication between the Managed Entity and Manager shall not necessarily be considered to be legally privileged. - 7 - 3.2 Representations and Warranties (a) Manager represents and warrants to the Managed Entity, and acknowledges that the Managed Entity is relying thereon, that: (i) it is a valid and subsisting corporation duly incorporated under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation and has full corporate power and capacity to execute and deliver this Agreement and to observe and perform its covenants and obligations hereunder and has taken all necessary corporate proceedings and obtained all necessary approvals in respect thereof and, upon execution and delivery of this Agreement by it, this Agreement will constitute a legal, valid and binding obligation of Manager enforceable against it in accordance with its terms except that: (A) (B) enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency or other laws affecting creditors’ rights generally; equitable remedies, including the remedies of specific performance and injunctive relief, are available only in the discretion of an arbitrator or any court having jurisdiction; and (C) a court may stay proceedings before them by virtue of equitable or statutory powers. (ii) neither the execution of this Agreement nor the provision of Services hereunder conflict with, result in a breach of or accelerate the performance required by any agreement to which it, or any of its Affiliates, is a party; and (iii) neither the execution of this Agreement nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, result in a breach of the laws of any applicable jurisdiction or its, or any of its Affiliates’ constating documents. (b) Managed Entity represents and warrants to the Manager, and acknowledges that Manager is relying thereon, that: (i) it is a valid and subsisting corporation duly incorporated under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation and has full corporate power and capacity to execute and deliver this Agreement and to observe and perform its covenants and obligations hereunder and has taken all necessary corporate proceedings and obtained all necessary approvals in respect thereof and, upon execution and delivery of this Agreement by it, this Agreement will constitute a legal, valid and binding obligation of Managed Entity enforceable against it in accordance with its terms except that: (A) enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency or other laws affecting creditors’ rights generally; - 8 - (B) equitable remedies, including the remedies of specific performance and injunctive relief, are available only in the discretion of an arbitrator or any court having jurisdiction; and (C) a court may stay proceedings before them by virtue of equitable or statutory powers. neither the execution of this Agreement nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby conflict with, result in a breach of or accelerate the performance required by any agreement to which it is a party; neither the execution of this Agreement nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, result in a breach of the laws of any applicable jurisdiction or its constating documents; and its articles permit the delegation of authority to manage the assets, operations, business and administrative affairs of the Managed Entity to the Manager pursuant to Section 2.1. (ii) (iii) (iv) 3.3 Liability of Manager Manager shall not be liable for any error of judgment or for any loss suffered by the Managed Entity in connection with the matters to which this Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from fraud, willful misconduct or Gross Negligence. For purposes of this Agreement “Gross Negligence” means any wanton or reckless act or omission not justified by any special circumstances as amounts to a willful and utter disregard for harmful and avoidable consequences, but shall not include any act or omission of a Manager done or omitted to be done, if resulting from: (a) (b) the direction of, or with the knowledge and concurrence, of the Managed Entity; or an action taken in good faith by a Manager to protect life, health or property. Notwithstanding anything herein contained to the contrary, in no event whatsoever will the Manager, its directors, officers, employees, agents, contractors or affiliates, be liable for any claim for: (i) (ii) punitive, exemplary or aggravated damages of any kind; damages for loss of profits or revenue, decline in earnings, decline in production, loss of opportunities, or loss of goodwill; (iii) indirect or consequential losses or any other indirect damages or loss; (iv) contribution, indemnity or set-off in respect of any claims against the Managed Entity by any third party; or - 9 - (v) any damages whatsoever relating to interruption, delays, errors or omissions. (vi) Notwithstanding the provisions of any legislation in Canada or otherwise and whether or not advised of the possibility of those damages. Without limiting the generality of the above Section 3.3, the maximum total liability of the Manager, and its suppliers, directors, officers, agents, representatives, shareholders and employees, for any claim whatsoever, under any circumstances, regardless of the cause of action and including without limitation claims for breach of contract, tort, negligence or otherwise, and the Managed Entity’s sole remedy therefore, shall be strictly limited to an award not to exceed the greater of: (x) $500,000; and (y) the amount of fees actually paid by the Managed Entity to the Manager under the terms of this Agreement during the six (6) months prior to the date that the claim arose. 3.4 Relationship of Manager and the Managed Entity (a) (b) The provision by the Manager of the Services under this Agreement shall be strictly as an independent contractor. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall create or imply any agency relationship among or between any of the Parties or any of their Affiliates, nor shall this Agreement be deemed to constitute a joint venture or partnership between the Parties or any of their Affiliates, nor shall this Agreement create any fiduciary relationship between the Parties or any of their Affiliates. Unless otherwise agreed to between the Managed Entity and the Manager, any directors, officers, employees or consultants of the Manager or its Affiliates who are also directors, officers, consultants or employees of the Managed Entity or any of their Affiliates shall be paid by the Manager for serving in such capacity and shall not receive any remuneration from the Managed Entity therefore, except for stock options or other share based compensation granted by the Managed Entity in its sole discretion. For greater certainty, any stock options or other share based compensation granted by the Managed Entity to a director, officer, employee or consultant of the Managed Entity is intended and deemed to be remuneration in respect of an employment relationship or consultant relationship, as the case may be, between that person and the Managed Entity. All other remuneration is intended and deemed to be in respect of an employment or consultant relationship, as the case may be, with the Manager. 3.5 Directors and Officers Liability Insurance During the term of this Agreement, the Managed Entity shall at all times maintain in good standing a Directors and Officers liability insurance with coverage acceptable to the directors and officers provided by the Manager. - 10 - ARTICLE 4 PERSONNEL AND SHARED FACILITIES 4.1 Personnel Expenses The Managed Entity shall have access to and use of the services by the personnel set out in Schedule 4.1 (the “Personnel”). The allocation of costs for the Personnel to the Managed Entity shall be twenty percent (20%) of the Manager’s actual monthly costs of the Personnel’s fees and/or wages, as applicable (“Personnel Expenses”). 4.2 Use of Shared Facilities The Managed Entity shall have access to, and use of the assets contained in, the facilities set out on Schedule 4.2 (the “Shared Facilities”). The allocation of costs for the Shared Facilities to the Managed Entity shall be twenty percent (20%) of the Manager’s actual monthly costs of rent for the Shared Facilities (the “G&A Overhead Charge”). ARTICLE 5 FEES AND PAYMENT 5.1 Budgets Relating to Services Manager shall prepare and deliver to the Managed Entity an Annual Budget. In the event that Manager anticipates that the total annual costs of providing the Services during the Fiscal Year will exceed the costs outlined in an Annual Budget by greater than twenty percent (20%), Manager shall use commercially reasonable efforts to inform the Managed Entity of such increased costs as soon as the Manager is aware of such increased cost. Any additional cost shall be allocated in the same manner and on the same basis as costs for similar line items have been allocated in the Annual Budget for that Fiscal Year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Manager shall not be required to itself bear the cost of any material departures from the Annual Budget. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall oblige Manager, in the absence of express agreement to the contrary, to incur any indebtedness for or on behalf of, or advance any credit to the Managed Entity. 5.2 Fees Payable by Managed Entity Fees payable to the Manager by the Managed Entity will consist of the following components: (a) (b) (c) the Personnel Expenses; the G&A Overhead Charge; and other reasonable services and costs that may be incurred by Manager on behalf of the Managed Entity and approved by the Managed Entity. 5.3 Change in Services In the event that the Managed Entity determines during a Fiscal Year, following the delivery of an Annual Budget, that it requires any change in the Services it receives, the Managed Entity shall - 11 - provide notice to Manager and the quantity and level of Services shall be changed as agreed between the Parties, acting reasonably. The costs of such change shall be (i) determined in the same manner and on the same basis as in the Annual Budget, and (ii) allocated to, and paid by, the Managed Entity, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties. The quantity and level of Services provided at the end of a Fiscal Year shall form the basis of the quantity and level of Services to be included in the Annual Budget for the following Fiscal Year, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by the Parties. Manager cannot materially change the quantity or level of Services provided to the Managed Entity pursuant to an Annual Budget without the prior written consent of the Managed Entity. 5.4 Invoice Invoices will be issued by Manager to the Managed Entity on a monthly basis. 5.5 Payment The Managed Entity shall pay each invoice delivered pursuant to Section 5.4 within ten (10) days of receipt. The Managed Entity also agrees to advance funds against written cash calls (in the form of invoices) for reasonably immediate expenditure requirements of Manager (such as to pay for or secure services, to secure contractors, deposits and the like) and to honour all agreements which Manager enters into in good faith on behalf of the Managed Entity with third parties in the course of performing the Services. Manager shall provide the Managed Entity with such further information as it may reasonably request in relation to any amount shown on any invoices delivered in accordance with this Section 5.5, including reasonably satisfactory evidence of any reimbursable costs and expenses. 5.6 Interest If either Party defaults in the payment when due of any sum payable under this Agreement (howsoever determined) the liability of such Party shall be increased to include interest on such sum from the date when such payment is due until the date of actual payment (as well after as before judgment) at the rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Such interest shall accrue from day to day. 5.7 Proration All fees payable under this Agreement shall be computed on a calendar month basis and shall be prorated for any partial month. 5.8 Payments in Respect of Taxes The amounts to be billed by Manager for the Services and third party costs under this Agreement may be subject to GST, PST or other general sales tax, value added tax or any like service or sales tax or withholding tax which may be payable from time to time. All amounts payable under this Agreement shall be paid by the Managed Entity free and clear of any deductions or claims for set- offs, including for withholding taxes. If any amounts are required to be withheld by Applicable Law, the Managed Entity shall be obliged to pay an additional amount over the amount invoiced - 12 - as shall leave Manager receiving the same net amount as the Manager invoiced the Managed Entity for. Any such additional amount paid for withholding by the Managed Entity shall be refunded if recovered by Manager and Manager shall promptly apply to recover or reduce any such withholding amounts. 5.9 Excluded Services Services provided by the Manager are described in Section 2.1. The following is a non-inclusive listing of services and costs that are not included in the services provided by the Manager: external legal, audit, IT, insurance, filing fees, regulatory fees, property maintenance fees, travel, interest and bank charges, costs related to raising capital, registrar and transfer agency fees, proxy solicitation fees, costs related to business (including office supplies) and property acquisitions. However, if Manager pays for any of these costs on behalf of the Managed Entity, these costs will be invoiced by Manager and the Managed Entity will reimburse Manager for these costs plus the G&A Overhead Charge. ARTICLE 6 TERM AND TERMINATION 6.1 Term of Agreement The term of this Agreement shall commence on the date hereof and shall continue for a five (5) year term with subsequent automatic one (1) year renewal terms, unless terminated pursuant to Section 6.2 hereof. 6.2 Termination of Agreement (a) (b) (c) This Agreement may be terminated by either Party giving at least six (6) months written notice prior to the expiry of the term of this Agreement (or such shorter period as the Parties may mutually agree upon in writing) to the other Party of termination. On the giving of such notice by the Managed Entity, or at any time thereafter, either Party shall have the right to elect to immediately terminate the Manager’s engagement, and upon such election, the Managed Entity shall pay to the Manager a lump sum equal to the average monthly fees for four (4) months. The average monthly fees shall be calculated over the twelve (12) months prior to the notice of termination, provided that if this Agreement has not been in existence for twelve (12) months at the time of notice of termination, then the average monthly fees shall be calculated over the period of time that this Agreement has been in existence. This Agreement may be terminated immediately by the Managed Entity in the event of the commission by Manager of any fraudulent act. This Agreement may be terminated immediately by either Party where a winding- up, liquidation, dissolution, bankruptcy, sale of substantially all assets, sale of business or insolvency proceeding have been commenced or are being contemplated by the other Party. - 13 - (d) (e) Upon termination of this Agreement, stock options or other securities based incentive awards granted by the Managed Entity to executive officers, directors and other Manager personnel provided by the Manager will vest and expire in accordance with the Managed Entity’s stock option plan or securities based compensation plan. The Parties acknowledge that the terms of Subsection 6.2(a) were agreed to by the Parties on the basis of the pre-existing and on-going relationship of the Parties such that it was mutually understood that no notice of termination would be given by either Party without advance planning on the part of both Parties to permit an orderly transition and minimize business disruption following the giving of such notice. If, however, either Party is subject to a Change of Control during the term of this Agreement (such Party referred to in this Subsection 6.2(e) as the “Target”) there will not be adequate time for such advance planning and, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the Parties agree that upon a Change of Control the Manager’s engagement hereunder shall, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by both Parties, automatically terminate 48 hours after the Change of Control with immediate effect and the Target shall forthwith upon such termination pay to the other Party $2 million as compensation for the unplanned termination of the Manager’s engagement hereunder and the significant disruption to the business of the other Party as a result of such unplanned termination, such amount being a genuine pre-estimate by the Parties of the loss such other Party will suffer as a consequence thereof. For purposes of this Agreement, “Change of Control” means the date upon which, without the Target’s written concurrence therewith, any person (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) makes and does not withdraw a take over bid (as that term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia)) or acquires, directly or indirectly, that number of common shares of the Target which equals or exceeds twenty percent (20%) of the then issued common shares of the Target. 6.3 Conduct After Notice of Termination From the time of receipt of notice of termination of this Agreement: (a) Manager shall not enter into any new arrangements or agreements on behalf of the Managed Entity (unless already legally committed to do so) without the Managed Entity’s prior consent, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld; and (b) notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement, the Managed Entity shall continue to be bound by any agreements: (i) (ii) contracted for on its behalf by Manager prior to Manager’s receipt of notice of termination; or contracted for on its behalf by Manager after Manager’s receipt of notice of termination with the Managed Entity’s prior written consent. - 14 - 6.4 Conduct After Termination From the effective date of termination of this Agreement: (a) (b) agreements or obligations which have been executed or incurred by Manager in connection with or related to Services provided to the Managed Entity shall be assigned over to the Managed Entity and the Managed Entity shall indemnify Manager in connection with the due performance of such agreements; the Managed Entity shall cease to use Manager’s premises, facilities, equipment, phone numbers and any other items that are the property of Manager and shall make arrangements for the orderly transition of the Services by advice letter to Manager; (c) Manager shall be the sole and exclusive owner of the business contacts and investor database maintained by Manager; and (d) Manager shall furnish to the Managed Entity at Managed Entity’s cost within sixty (60) days of the effective date of termination (provided that the Managed Entity has paid all outstanding or potential future fees, costs and expenses of the Manager hereunder) all books, records, electronic data and other information pertaining to the Managed Entity, together with all other materials pertaining to the Managed Entity in its possession, at Managed Entity’s cost. For a period of six (6) years following the effective date of the termination of this Agreement, Manager shall provide the Managed Entity and any successor manager of the Managed Entity with any information from its records that the Managed Entity may reasonably require and the Manager shall be reimbursed for its reasonable costs and expenses thereof. ARTICLE 7 RECORDS AND REPORTING 7.1 Records and Reporting Manager shall maintain, at all times, copies of all records related to the Services and the fees invoiced to the Managed Entity for such Services (collectively, “Documentation”). Manager will retain such Documentation for not less than seven (7) years from the date of its creation. Manager shall prepare such other reports detailing amounts invoiced to the Managed Entity hereunder as may be reasonably required by the Managed Entity from time to time. 7.2 Audit Right (a) Upon reasonable notice from the Managed Entity, Manager shall provide to the Managed Entity’s external auditors and such other persons as the Parties may agree upon in writing, from time to time, access to Manager’s locations during normal business hours for the purposes of performing audits of the Manager’s performance of the Services under this Agreement, including access to: (i) the parts of the Shared Facilities at or from which Manager is providing the Services; - 15 - (ii) the Personnel who are providing the Services; (iii) all Documentation relating to the Services; and (iv) all physical assets that belong to or are charged to the Managed Entity. Manager shall provide full co-operation and assistance to any such entity exercising the right of audit hereunder as may reasonably be required. Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to allow the Managed Entity’s external auditors or any other person automatic access to legally privileged documents. Any audit conducted on behalf of the Managed Entity shall not interfere with Manager’s operations. The Managed Entity shall be responsible for any additional costs or expenses reasonably incurred by Manager in connection with any audits conducted as provided for pursuant to this Section 7.2. All written exceptions to and claims upon the Manager for discrepancies disclosed by such audit shall be made not more than three (3) months after receipt of the audit, or they shall be deemed waived. The Managed Entity’s external auditors or other persons shall not have the right to audit records and accounts of the Manager relating to Services more than twenty- four (24) months after the end of such Fiscal Year in which such Services were provided. (b) (c) (d) 7.3 Inspection Right of Manager For the sole purpose of enabling Manager to perform the Services and only to the extent required to enable such performance, the Managed Entity shall allow Manager, its employees and authorized agents’ reasonable access to the Managed Entity’s properties, business premises and business records upon reasonable notice to the Managed Entity. The Managed Entity shall ensure that its employees, and any contractors, consultants, advisors or auditors engaged by it, co-operate fully with Manager in its performance of the Services. Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to allow Manager automatic access to legally privileged documents. ARTICLE 8 INDEMNIFICATION 8.1 Indemnification of Manager Manager (and each of its Affiliates, directors, officers, employees, consultants and agents) (each an “Indemnified Party”) shall be indemnified and saved harmless by the Managed Entity from and against all liabilities and expenses (including judgments, fines, penalties, amounts paid in settlement and counsel fees), reasonably incurred in connection with any action, suit or proceeding to which an Indemnified Party may hereafter be made a party by reason of the Manager providing Services hereunder to the Managed Entity provided that Manager shall not be finally adjudged in - 16 - such action, suit or proceeding as liable for or guilty of fraud, wilful misconduct, or Gross Negligence, in relation to the matter or matters in respect of which indemnification is claimed. For purposes of the preceding paragraph: (i) “action, suit or proceeding” shall include every action, suit or proceeding, civil, criminal or other; (ii) the right of indemnification conferred thereby shall extend to any threatened action, suit or proceeding and the failure to institute it shall be deemed its final determination; and (iii) advances must be made by the Managed Entity against costs, expenses and fees incurred in respect of the matter or matters as to which indemnification is claimed, provided that Manager or other Indemnified Party receiving such advance agrees to repay to the Managed Entity any amounts so advanced if the Managed Entity is finally adjudged in such action, suit or proceeding as liable for or guilty of fraud, wilful misconduct, or Gross Negligence in relation to the matter or matters in respect of which indemnification is claimed. The foregoing right of indemnification shall not be exclusive of any other rights to which Manager may be entitled as a matter of law or which may be lawfully granted to Manager. The Indemnified Party shall give the Managed Entity prompt written notice of any such action, suit or proceeding of which the Indemnified Party has knowledge and the Managed Entity shall undertake the investigation and defence thereof on behalf of the Indemnified Party, including employment of counsel acceptable to such Indemnified Party, and make payment of all expenses. No admission of liability and no settlement of any action, suit or proceeding shall be made without the consent of the Managed Entity and the Indemnified Parties affected, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding that the Managed Entity shall undertake the investigation and defence of any action, suit or proceeding, an Indemnified Party shall have the right to employ separate counsel in any such action, suit or proceeding and participate in the defence thereof, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of the Indemnified Party unless: (a) (b) (c) employment of such counsel has been authorised by the Managed Entity; the Managed Entity has not assumed the defence of the action, suit or proceeding within a reasonable period of time after receiving notice thereof; the named parties to any such action, suit or proceeding include both the Managed Entity and the Indemnified Party and the Indemnified Party shall have been advised by counsel that there may be a conflict of interest between the Managed Entity and the Indemnified Party; or (d) there are one or more legal defences available to the Indemnified Party which are different from or in addition to those available to the Managed Entity. It is the intention of the Managed Entity to constitute Manager as trustee for the other under this Section 8.1 and Manager agrees to accept such trust and to hold and enforce such covenants on behalf of Indemnified Parties. - 17 - Each of the Managed Entity and Manager shall use their reasonable commercial endeavours to ensure that the relevant policies of insurance maintained by them contain waivers of subrogation as against one another. The provisions of Article 8 shall survive termination of this Agreement. ARTICLE 9 CONFIDENTIALITY AND NON-SOLICITATION 9.1 Confidentiality Each Party shall use the Confidential Information of the other Party only for the purposes contemplated by this Agreement. The Receiving Party shall use commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that the Confidential Information of a Disclosing Party is not used, disclosed, published, released, transferred or otherwise made available in any form to, for the use or benefit of, any person (other than its Affiliates) except as provided in this Article 9, without such Disclosing Party’s approval, which may be unreasonably withheld. Each Receiving Party shall, however, be permitted to disclose relevant aspects of a Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information to its officers and employees, and to the officers and employees of its Affiliates, to the extent that such disclosure is reasonably necessary for the performance of its duties and obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, that such Party shall take all commercially reasonable measures to ensure that Confidential Information of another Party is not disclosed or duplicated in contravention of the provisions of this Agreement by such officers and employees and such officers and employees are familiar with the requirements of this Article 9. A Receiving Party shall also be permitted to disclose relevant aspects of a Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information to its directors, professional advisors, subcontractors, suppliers and agents on such terms which are reasonable considering the sensitivity of the Confidential Information, legal requirements and the identity of the disclosee, which terms shall at least include the requirements set forth in this Section 9.1. The obligations in this Article 9 shall not restrict any disclosure by any Receiving Party pursuant to: (1) (2) (3) any Applicable Law; by order of any court of competent jurisdiction or Governmental Authority; disclosure as is required in the course of arbitral or judicial proceedings to enforce rights or remedies under this Agreement, providing that the Receiving Party has taken all reasonable steps to obtain an arbitral or judicial order to close such proceedings and files relating to such information to all Persons other than the parties thereto, unless such process has been waived in writing by the Party whose Confidential Information is to be disclosed, provided that the Receiving Party shall endeavour to give prompt notice to the Disclosing Party of any such requirement to disclose. For greater certainty, for purposes of this Article 9, Confidential Information does not include information that is demonstrated by the Receiving Party to have been: - 18 - (a) (b) (c) (d) at any time generally available to the public, other than by reason of the Receiving Party’s failure to comply with the terms hereof; lawfully obtained by the Receiving Party from a third party who is, to the best of the knowledge of the Receiving Party, not under an obligation of confidentiality with respect to such Information; in the Receiving Party’s possession prior to the date the same Information is obtained hereunder; or ascertained or developed independently by the Receiving Party without reference to the Information obtained hereunder. 9.2 Injunctive Relief Each Receiving Party recognizes that its unauthorized disclosure of Confidential Information of a Disclosing Party may give rise to irreparable injury to the Disclosing Party and acknowledges that remedies other than injunctive relief may not be adequate. Accordingly, each Party has the right to seek equitable and injunctive relief on an interim and interlocutory basis in any court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the unauthorized possession, use, or disclosure or knowledge of any Confidential Information of that Party, as well as to such damages or other relief as is occasioned by such unauthorized possession, use, disclosure or knowledge. 9.3 Return of Confidential Information Each Party shall: (a) (b) (c) at the request of the Disclosing Party at any time; after the Receiving Party’s need for it has expired; or in connection with the termination of this Agreement, whether in whole or in part, promptly return to the Disclosing Party, or use all commercially reasonable efforts to erase and destroy, all of the Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party in its possession or control or such portion of it as has been requested by the Disclosing Party; provided that the Receiving Party shall only be required to use reasonable efforts to return or destroy any Confidential Information stored electronically, and the Receiving Party shall not be required to return or destroy any electronic copy of Confidential Information created pursuant to its standard electronic backup and archival procedures, provided further that: (i) personnel whose functions are not primarily information technology in nature do not access such retained copies; and (ii) personnel whose functions are primarily information technology in nature access such copies only as reasonably necessary for the performance of their information technology duties (e.g., for purposes of system recovery). Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 9.3(c), the Receiving Party may retain: (x) a list of all Confidential Information so as to be able to identify the nature of the Confidential Information that the Receiving Party has returned or destroyed; provided, however, that a copy of such list is provided to the Disclosing Party contemporaneously with the return or - 19 - destruction of such Confidential Information; and (y) any Confidential Information referred to in minutes of a meeting of the Receiving Party’s board of directors or a committee thereof. 9.4 Non-Solicitation Except with the prior written permission of the Manager, neither the Managed Entity, nor any of its representatives, will solicit or cause to be solicited, for employment or consulting engagement with the Managed Entity or its affiliates, any employee of the Manger or any person who performs functions on behalf of the Manager that are similar to those ordinarily performed by employees. For the purposes of this section, solicitation shall not include solicitation of employees where such solicitation is solely through advertising in periodicals of general circulation, the internet or an employee search firm on behalf of a party or its representatives, so long as the party or its representative did not direct or encourage such search firm to solicit a specifically named employee of the Manager. 9.5 Survival This Article 9 shall survive the termination or expiry of this Agreement for a period of two years from the date of such termination or expiry. ARTICLE 10 FORCE MAJEURE 10.1 Force Majeure (a) Neither Party shall be liable for a failure or delay in the performance of its obligations pursuant to this Agreement, provided that such failure or delay is caused, directly or indirectly, by fire, flood, earthquake, elements of nature or acts of God, acts of war, terrorism, riots, civil disorders, rebellions or revolutions, or strikes, lock outs or labour disruptions, acts of any Governmental Authorities having jurisdiction, the issuance or promulgation of any Applicable Law, inability to obtain or delays by a Governmental Authority in granting or issuing any necessary license, permit or authorization, actions or interference by local communities, aboriginal peoples or non-governmental organizations, interruptions or shortages of labour, transportation, fuel, electricity, materials, machinery, equipment or parts, or any other causes beyond the reasonable control of such Party, whether or not similar to the foregoing list of causes (each, a “Force Majeure Event”). Lack of funds or finances shall not be a Force Majeure Event. Upon the occurrence of a Force Majeure Event, the affected Party shall promptly deliver notice to the other Party of the Force Majeure Event, particulars of the suspension of performance and the expected duration thereof. Thereafter, the affected Party shall, except as set out in Section 10.1(c), be excused from any further performance of those of its obligations pursuant to this Agreement affected by the Force Majeure Event only for so long as: (i) such Force Majeure Event continues and for so long thereafter as such Party may reasonably require to alleviate the effect of the Force Majeure Event; - 20 - (ii) (iii) the affected Party continues to use commercially reasonable efforts to recommence performance whenever and to whatever extent possible without delay; and the affected Party provides written updates to the other Party at reasonable intervals as to the status of the Force Majeure Event, efforts to alleviate the effect of the Force Majeure Event, efforts to recommence performance and the expected duration of the Force Majeure Event. (b) (c) If a Force Majeure Event prevents, or in all likelihood will prevent, Manager from providing all or part of a Service, the Managed Entity may at its option, procure any affected Service or portion thereof from alternate sources until Manager is again able to provide such Service. Manager shall not be required to compensate the Managed Entity for any costs and expenses relating to the services obtained from such alternate sources. Upon the occurrence of a Force Majeure Event, Managed Entity shall not be excused from its obligation to pay the fee for the services; provided, however, that if Section 10.1(b) is applicable, the Parties agree that the fees payable hereunder shall be equitably reduced to reflect Services not received by the Managed Entity from Manager during the duration of the Force Majeure Event. ARTICLE 11 GENERAL PROVISIONS 11.1 Exchange Acceptance This Agreement may be subject to the acceptance for filing thereof by the Exchange on which the Managed Entity’s shares are listed for trading. If this Agreement is not accepted for filing by the Exchange, the Parties will forthwith negotiate such amendments to this Agreement as may be necessary to secure such acceptance for filing. If such amendments cannot be mutually agreed upon, then either party may, by notice to the other, terminate this Agreement, provided that in such case all amounts owing for Services pursuant to Section 2.1 incurred prior to the date of such termination will be a debt of the Managed Entity owing to Manager and due and payable forthwith. 11.2 Further Assurances A Party shall, upon request of the other Party, execute and deliver or cause to be executed and delivered all such documents, deeds and other instruments of further assurance and do or cause to be done all such acts and things as may be reasonably necessary or advisable to implement and give full effect to the provisions of this Agreement. 11.3 Assignment This Agreement shall not be assigned by the Managed Entity without the prior written consent of Manager. Upon notice to the Managed Entity, Manager may transfer or assign any and all rights granted hereunder to any of its successors or Affiliates. - 21 - 11.4 Enurement This Agreement shall enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. 11.5 Entire Agreement This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties pertaining to the subject matter hereof and supersedes and replaces all prior understandings, agreements, negotiations or discussions, whether written or oral, between the Parties with respect thereto. There are no representations, warranties, terms, conditions, undertakings or collateral agreements or understanding, express or implied, between the Parties other than those expressly set forth in this Agreement. 11.6 Notice Any notice required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be in writing and shall be properly given, if delivered personally, or by mail or by facsimile or other similar form of communication addressed: (a) to the Managed Entity at: 1154229 B.C. LTD. Suite 210, 1333 Johnston St. Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3R9 Attention: Morgan Poliquin Facsimile No.: (604) 689-7645 (b) to Manager at: ALMADEN MINERALS LTD. Suite 210, 1333 Johnston St. Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3R9 Attention: Morgan Poliquin Facsimile No.: (604) 689-7645 Any notice, direction or other instrument given as aforesaid shall be deemed to have been effectively given, if sent by facsimile or other similar form of telecommunications on the next business day following such transmission or, if delivered, to have been received on the date of such delivery or, if mailed, to have been received seven days after the mailing thereof. Either Party may change its address for service from time to time by notice given in accordance with the foregoing and any subsequent notice shall be sent to the Party at its changed address. - 22 - 11.7 Amendment This Agreement may not be amended, changed, supplemented or otherwise modified in any respect except by written instrument executed by the Parties hereto or their respective successors or permitted assigns. 11.8 Severability Any provision of this Agreement which is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction will, as to that jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability and will be severed from the balance of this Agreement, all without affecting the remaining provisions of this Agreement or affecting the validity or enforceability of such provision in any other jurisdiction. 11.9 Counterpart Execution This Agreement may be executed by facsimile or other electronic means and in any number of counterparts and each of such counterparts shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. 11.10 Effective Date Notwithstanding the date or dates upon which this Agreement is executed by either Party, this Agreement shall be in full force and effect between the Parties effective as of and from the date first above written. 11.11 Arbitration All disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement or in respect of any legal relationship associated therewith or derived therefrom shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (the “ICDR”) under its International Arbitration Rules (the “Rules”). Upon referral of a dispute to arbitration, the Parties will endeavor to agree on the appointment of a sole arbitrator, failing which the arbitrator will be appointed in accordance with the ICDR Rules. The place of the arbitration shall be Vancouver, British Columbia. The language of the arbitration shall be English. - 23 - IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Parties have caused this Agreement to be duly executed as of the date and year first above written. ALMADEN MINERALS LTD. ~ Per: ~ .. --...__ Name: Korm Trieu Title: CFO - 24 -SCHEDULE 4.1 Monthly Cost of the Personnel The following are the Manager’s actual monthly costs of the Personnel as at the date of this Agreement: Position Monthly Cost Chairman of the Board of Directors President and Chief Executive Officer Vice President of Corporate Development Chief Financial Officer Senior Geologist Accounting/Admin/Marketing Support $4,000 $5,583 $3,533 $3,750 $1,667 $2,730 SCHEDULE 4.2 Shared Facilities 1. The following is the physical address of the Shared Facilities Suite 210, 1333 Johnston St. Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3R9 Almaden Minerals Ltd. Corporate Organizational Chart December 31, 2018 Almaden Minerals Ltd. (“Almaden”) Canada TSX: AMM NYSE American: AAU Molinos de Puebla (“Molinos”) Mexico 99.99% Rock Creek  Mill Puebla Holdings  Inc. (“Puebla”) Canada 100% Minera Gorrión SA de CV (“Gorrión”) Mexico 49,999 shares 99.9% Tuligtic / Ixtaca Project     EXHIBIT 12.1 SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT CEO CERTIFICATION I, Morgan Poliquin, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Almaden Minerals Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d- 15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the Company and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other Date: March 14, 2019 /s/Morgan Poliquin Morgan Poliquin Chief Executive Officer EXHIBIT 12.2 SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT CFO CERTIFICATION I, Korm Trieu, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Almaden Minerals Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d- 15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the Company and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other Dated: March 14, 2019 /s/Korm Trieu Korm Trieu Chief Financial Officer EXHIBIT 13.1 SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT CEO CERTIFICATION In connection with the annual report of Almaden Minerals Ltd. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Morgan Poliquin, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1. Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities 2. condition and results of operations of the Company. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial /s/”Morgan Poliquin” Name: Morgan Poliquin Title: Chief Executive Officer March 14, 2019 EXHIBIT 13.2 SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT CFO CERTIFICATION In connection with the annual report of Almaden Minerals Ltd. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Korm Trieu, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1. Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities 2. condition and results of operations of the Company. 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