ATN International
Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 Or For the transition period from to Commission File No. 001-12593 ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 500 Cummings Center Beverly, Massachusetts (Address of principal executive offices) 47-0728886 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 01915 (Zip Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: (978) 619-1300 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Title of Each Class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $.01 per share ATNI The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (Title of each class) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.: Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer  Non-accelerated filer  Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No  The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022, was approximately $509 million based on the closing price of the registrant’s Common Stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. As of March 15, 2023, the registrant had 15,715,061.outstanding shares of Common Stock, $.01 par value. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Federal Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US State Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Virgin Islands Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guyana Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bermuda Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Information About Our Executive Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Item 7. Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of Operations: Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory and Tax Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquidity and Capital Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recent Accounting Pronouncements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 16. Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures Index to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 3 4 11 12 12 19 20 21 22 23 35 35 35 37 38 39 39 41 41 49 56 56 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 70 70 70 71 71 71 74 75 F-1 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements relating to, among other matters, our future financial performance and results of operations; the impact of federal support program revenues; expectations regarding future revenue, operating income, EBITDA and capital expenditures; the competitive environment in our key markets, demand for our services and industry trends; our expectations regarding construction progress under our agreement as part of the FirstNet Transaction and the effect such progress will have on our financial results; expectations regarding litigation; our liquidity; and management’s plans and strategy for the future. These forward-looking statements are based on estimates, projections, beliefs, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future events or results. Actual future events and results could differ materially from the events and results indicated in these statements as a result of many factors, including, among others, (1) the general performance of our operations, including operating margins, revenues, capital expenditures, and the retention of and future growth of our subscriber base and ARPU; (2) our ability to replace and remove all prohibited mobile telecommunications equipment in our U.S. network on the timeframe and at the cost approved by the FCC; (3) our reliance on a limited number of key suppliers and vendors for timely supply of equipment and services relating to our network infrastructure; (4) our ability to satisfy the needs and demands of our major carrier customers; (5) our ability to realize cost synergies for its newly acquired businesses and expansion plans for its fiber markets; (6) the adequacy and expansion capabilities of our network capacity and customer service system to support our customer growth; (7) our ability to efficiently and cost-effectively upgrade our networks and information technology platforms to address rapid and significant technological changes in the telecommunications industry; (8) continued access to capital and credit markets on terms we deem favorable; (9) government subsidy program availability and regulation of our businesses, which may impact our telecommunications licenses, revenue and operating costs; (10) our ability to successfully transition our US Telecom business away from wholesale wireless to other carrier and consumer-based services; (11) increased risk of an economic downturn, political, geopolitical and other risks and opportunities facing our operations, including those resulting from the persistence of high inflation and other macroeconomic headwinds including increased costs and supply chain disruptions; (12) the loss of, or an inability to recruit skilled personnel in our various jurisdictions, including key members of management; (13) our ability to find investment or acquisition or disposition opportunities that fit our strategic goals; (14) the occurrence of weather events and natural catastrophes and our ability to secure the appropriate level of insurance coverage for these assets; (15) increased competition; and (16) our ability to successfully secure the expected benefits of our recent acquisitions. Please keep in mind that any forward-looking statement made by us in this Report or elsewhere speaks only as of the date on which we make it. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict these events or how they may affect us. In any event, these and other important factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by our forward-looking statements, including those set forth in Item 1A of this Report under the caption “Risk Factors.” We have no duty to, and do not intend to, update or revise the forward-looking statements made by us in this Report after the date of this Report, except as may be required by law. In this Report, the words “the Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” and “ATN” refer to ATN International, Inc. and its subsidiaries. This Report contains trademarks, service marks and trade names that are the property of, or licensed by, ATN and its subsidiaries. References to dollars ($) refer to US dollars unless otherwise specifically indicated PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview We provide digital infrastructure and communications services in the United States and internationally, including in the Caribbean region, with a focus on smaller markets, many of which are rural or remote, with a growing demand for infrastructure investments, Through our operating subsidiaries, we primarily provide: (i) carrier and enterprise 1 communications services, such as terrestrial and submarine fiber optic transport, and communications tower facilities; and (ii) fixed and mobile telecommunications connectivity to residential, business and government customers, including a range of high-speed internet and data services, fixed and mobile wireless solutions, and video and voice services. At the holding company level, we oversee the allocation of capital within and among our subsidiaries, affiliates, new investments, and stockholders. We have developed significant operational expertise and resources that we use to augment the capabilities of our individual operating subsidiaries in our local markets. We have built a platform of resources and expertise to support our operating subsidiaries and to improve their quality of service with greater economies of scale and expertise than would typically be available at the operating subsidiary level. We provide management, technical, financial, regulatory, and marketing services to our operating subsidiaries and typically receive a management fee calculated as a percentage of their revenues, which is eliminated in consolidation. We also actively evaluate potential acquisitions, investment opportunities and other strategic transactions, both domestic and international, and generally look for those that we believe fit our profile of telecommunications businesses and have the potential to complement our “glass and steel” and “first to fiber” approach in markets while generating steady excess cash flows over extended periods of time. We use the cash generated from our operations to re-invest in organic growth in our existing businesses, to make strategic investments in additional businesses, and to return cash to our investors through dividends or stock repurchases. For further information about our financial segments and geographical information about our operating revenues and assets, see Notes 1 and 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2022, we offered the following types of services to our customers: • Mobility Telecommunications Services. We offer mobile communications services over our wireless networks and related equipment (such as handsets) to both our business and consumer customers. • Fixed Telecommunications Services. We provide fixed data and voice telecommunications services to business and consumer customers. These services include consumer broadband and high speed data solutions for businesses. For some markets, fixed services also include video services and revenue derived from support under certain government programs. • Carrier Telecommunication Services. We deliver services to other telecommunications providers such as the leasing of critical network infrastructure such as tower and transport facilities, wholesale roaming, site maintenance and international long-distance services. • Managed Services. We provide information technology services such as network, application, infrastructure and hosting services to both our business and consumer customers to complement our fixed services in our existing markets. Through December 31, 2022, we had identified two operating segments to manage and review our operations and to facilitate investor presentations of our results. These operating segments are as follows: • International Telecom. In our international markets, we offer fixed services, mobility services, carrier services and managed services to customers in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Guyana and the US Virgin Islands. • US Telecom. In the United States, we offer fixed services, carrier services, and managed services to business customers and consumers in Alaska and the western United States. As of December 31, 2022 we provided mobility services to retail customers in the western United States. In the first quarter of 2022, we discontinued providing private network services in this segment. 2 The following chart summarizes the operating activities of our principal subsidiaries, the segments in which we reported our revenue and the markets we served during 2022. Segment International Telecom . . . . . . . . Services Mobility Services US Telecom . . . . . Fixed Services Carrier Services Managed Services Mobility Services Fixed Services Carrier Services Managed Services Markets Tradenames Bermuda, Guyana, US One, GTT, Viya Virgin Islands Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Guyana, US Virgin Islands Bermuda, Guyana, US Virgin Islands Bermuda, Cayman Islands, US Virgin Islands, Guyana One, Logic, GTT, Viya One, GTT, Viya Fireminds, One, Logic, GTT, Viya United States (rural Choice, Choice NTUA Wireless markets) United States United States United States Alaska Communications, Commnet, Choice, Choice NTUA Wireless, Sacred Wind Communications, Ethos Alaska Communications, Commnet, Essextel, Sacred Wind Communications Alaska Communications, Choice Our principal corporate offices are located at 500 Cummings Center, Suite 2450, Beverly, Massachusetts, 01915. The telephone number at our principal corporate offices is (978) 619-1300. We file with or submit to the SEC our annual, quarterly, current reports, proxy statements and other information meeting the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“the Exchange Act”). We make available, free of charge, on our website our proxy statement, annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports and other publicly filed information available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to the SEC. Our Internet address where these documents and other information can be found is www.atni.com. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Report, and you should not consider that information to be part of this Report. Our annual, quarterly, periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other public filings are also available free of charge on the EDGAR Database on the SEC's Internet website at www.sec.gov. Strategy Our mission is to digitally empower people and communities so that they can connect with the world and prosper. We believe that access to reliable, high-quality communications services is fundamental to the economic growth and well-being of every community. To that end, we seek to empower the local communities with the services they need to access healthcare, education, and economic opportunities by providing reliable, high speed broadband access through fiber or fiber-like services to business, consumer, and carrier customers. To execute on this mission, our strategy is to be a leading provider of critical network and digital infrastructure services in our current operating region, focusing in particular on historically underbuilt or poorly served areas and segments. The key elements of our strategy consist of the following: • First to Fiber. We utilize a “first to fiber” smart build strategy targeting underbuilt parts of our operating area and adjacencies to “close the digital divide” in our rural or remote markets. We use a variety of approaches to accomplish this while ensuring a viable return on our investment, including a focus on last- mile investments as well as a glass and steel ownership model where we seek to enable connectivity through owned backhaul and owned towers. In our US Telecom segment, we are connecting new communities and schools utilizing federal, state, local or tribal government funding incentives and programs, or using “anchor 3 tenant” fiber builds for wireless carrier backhaul or large enterprise customers. In many cases, we rely on several of those subsidy or revenue sources to enable a high quality and sustainable network investment. In our International Telecom segment, in some markets, we are primarily focused on increasing the capacity and capability of our core and edge networks and serving the customer base with a mixture of fixed and mobile high-speed solutions. In others, such as Guyana, we also are rapidly expanding the reach of our fiber and other high speed data solutions as demand and need grows. We believe that every community, regardless of its population size or geographic location, should experience the rich benefit of a quality digital connection. • Target Underbuilt Market Segments. We operate our communications businesses primarily in smaller, often remote or rural, historically under-served markets where we are, or we believe we will be, one of the leading providers of communications services. We seek opportunities to build, manage, and own critical communications infrastructure in areas with high unmet demand for connectivity where we have the potential for generating substantial and steady cash flows over extended periods of time. By supplementing the business with our operational capabilities and experience at the holding company level, we are able to take on unproven markets with more difficult operating or political environments. We strive to improve and expand our product and service offerings in the locations we serve to better satisfy customer needs, expand our customer base and revenues, and ensure the business is efficient and economically viable. • Provide Operational Expertise in Collaboration with Local Management. We believe that strong local management enhances our close relationship with customers and reduces risk. Our businesses typically have strong local brand identities that help them become leaders in the markets they serve. Wherever feasible, we seek to partner with local investors, owners or management teams who have demonstrated a successful track record or have extensive knowledge of the industry or markets in which we operate, and who have local credibility. By maintaining these relationships and leveraging our comprehensive management experience and operational, technical, and financial expertise, we can assist these local management teams in further improving operations and growing their businesses. • Disciplined Approach to Capital Allocation Designed for Long-Term Investment. We take a long-term view of our businesses, which we believe increases our chances of success and lowers risk. We have extensive transactional experience and a proven ability to source, develop, and exit investment opportunities and to take on the difficult task of integrating and optimizing acquired assets and businesses. In addition, we believe that our long, public track record of successful management and operations of critical communications networks is a key value that makes us an attractive partner for investment funds and other equity investments looking to make direct investments in businesses that own and operate communications infrastructure. When evaluating investment opportunities, whether externally or internally, we seek out infrastructure-based services that result in steady, long-term cash flows. The durability of these businesses generates steady excess cash flows over extended periods of time that we then utilize to re- invest in organic growth in our existing businesses, make strategic investments in additional businesses, and return cash to our investors through dividends or stock repurchases. In managing our more mature businesses, we seek to solidify our brands, improve customer satisfaction, add new services, control costs and preserve cash flow. In managing newer, early-stage businesses, we seek to invest capital to improve our competitive position, increase our market share and generate strong long-term revenue and cash flow potential. We consider new investments, acquisitions and dispositions on a disciplined, return-on- investment basis. International Telecom Segment Communications Services Our International Telecom segment generates mobility services, fixed services, carrier services, and managed services revenues in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Guyana and the US Virgin Islands. Revenues from our International 4 Telecom segment were approximately 49% and 57% of our consolidated revenues for fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively. Fixed Services High-speed data and related services. We offer high-speed broadband services to both residential and business customers in all our International Telecom markets. We provide a number of broadband internet plans with varying speeds to address different customer needs and price requirements in our various markets. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 148,300 broadband customers across our international markets and approximately 74% of those customers had access to high speed services. Voice services. We offer fixed voice services that include local exchange, regional and long distance calling and voice messaging services in Bermuda, Guyana, and the US Virgin Islands. As of December 31, 2022, we had an aggregate of approximately 168,000 access lines in service in our markets, which serve both residential and business subscribers. With respect to our international long-distance business, we also collect payments from foreign carriers for handling international long-distance calls originating from the foreign carriers’ countries and terminating on our network. We also make payments to foreign carriers for international calls originating on one of our networks and terminating in the foreign carrier’s countries and collect from our subscribers or a local originating carrier a rate that is market-based or set by regulatory tariff. Video services. We offer video services in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and the US Virgin Islands. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 32,000 video customers across our markets. We have several offerings available to our video customers, including basic and tiered local and cable TV channels grouped into various content categories, such as news, sports and entertainment. Network. We offer our fixed services over our fiber-optic, copper and coaxial cable networks in our international markets. All fixed access lines in our network are digitally switched from our switching centers in the US Virgin Islands, Bermuda and Guyana. Our switching centers provide dedicated monitoring of our network to ensure quality and reliable service to our customers. In Bermuda and the US Virgin Islands, we deliver our services via a hybrid fiber coaxial (“HFC”) cable network and via fiber-optic network. In the Cayman Islands and Guyana, we also provide fixed services via fiber-optic network, DSL and FWA. These networks give us expanded Internet access coverage within our International Telecom segment. Following hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, service to our customers over the HFC network was impacted due to both the loss of power and damage to our network. We have completed remediation efforts to our network such as building tower structures to 160 MPH ratings and adding underground and alternate routes wherever possible. Our international voice and data networks link with the rest of the world principally through our ownership and investments in six undersea fiber-optic cables in the Caribbean and Atlantic regions. These cables are crucial arteries that supply access to communications services for islands and remote markets like the ones in which we operate. For example, in Guyana we co-own with Telesur, the government-owned telecommunications provider in Suriname, the Suriname-Guyana Submarine Cable System. We believe that this submarine cable system provides us with more robust redundancy, the capacity to meet growing data demands in Guyana, and the opportunity to provide new and enhanced services such as Internet service. In Bermuda, we own the Challenger Bermuda cable that provides us with capacity from Bermuda to the United States. Sales and Marketing. We provide fixed services, fixed account management and fixed Wi-Fi connectivity devices through six main distribution channels: digital, company owned and operated retail/pop-up retail, authorized dealers and agents, direct sales, inside sales and tele sales. Business and residential customers are able to purchase any of our stand alone or bundled data, managed services, security services, and voice services, POTs, Fiber Data, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Data, or Fixed Wireless Data thorough any of the above channels. Customers post-pay for fixed services on a monthly basis. Customers are also able to purchase devices such as modems, routers, home security systems and accessories to enhance their services through these same channels. We bundle data connectivity devices and add-on 5 accessories similar to what is available in most other countries. Our sales channels are strategically located throughout our service areas manned by trained, branded, and supported sales and service representatives. Competition. We compete with a limited number of other providers, including Digicel and Liberty Latin America in select markets, with respect to various services. We believe our breadth of services and local economies of scale provide us with a strong competitive position and the ability to win and retain an economically viable share of those markets. Mobility We provide mobile, data, and voice services to retail and business customers in Bermuda under the “One” brand name, in Guyana under the “GTT” brand name and in the US Virgin Islands under the “Viya” brand name. We also provide roaming services for many of the largest US providers’ customers visiting these locations. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 378,000 mobile subscribers in our International Telecom segment and over 85% of those subscribers were on prepaid plans. Products and Services. A significant majority of our customers in our International Telecom segment subscribe to one of our prepaid plans, which require customers to purchase an amount of voice minutes, text messages or data prior to use. A smaller minority of customers subscribe to our postpaid plans that allow customers to select a plan with voice minutes, text messaging, a given amount of data and other features that recur on a monthly basis, which services are billed at the end of the service period. Network and Operations: We offer our mobility services over our 3G (WDCMA) 4G (LTE) wireless network in Bermuda and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In Guyana we offer our mobility services over our 2G (GSM), 3G (WCDMA) and 4G (LTE) wireless network. As of December 2022, we owned and operated a total of 1,024 base stations on 454 owned and leased sites in the international markets. All of our mobile networks have their core supporting facilities in the home network in the US Virgin Islands, Bermuda and Guyana. Our local NOCs provide dedicated monitoring of our network to ensure quality and reliable service to our customers and during off hours, weekends and holidays our NOC in the mainland USA provides extended support to ensure we have 24-hour, year-round monitoring of all our wireless and wireline markets. The transport networks in all the markets are primarily fiber based with route diversity provided by the deployment of fiber rings where possible and supplemental microwave deployments. The vast majority of the networks are IP Based utilizing MPLS for redundancy to provide high availability networks. Standby power is provided by back up battery and generators. In the US Virgin Islands where we have experienced extreme hurricane events, network hardening has been added to the network such as building tower structures to 160 MPH ratings and adding underground and alternate routes wherever possible. All the markets connect to the world through sub-sea fiber networks described in our “International Telecom – Fixed – Network” section below. Sales and Marketing. We provide services, mobile connectivity devices and account management through six main distribution channels: digital, Company owned retail/pop-up retail, authorized dealers/agents, direct sales, inside sales and telesales. Business and residential customers are able to purchase any of our services, Prepaid Mobile, Postpaid Mobile, and Mobile Data, through any of the above channels. Customers are also able to purchase devices, and accessories to enhance their services through these same channels. We offer a full suite of mobile devices and add on accessories similar to what is available in most other countries in the world. Our sales channels are strategically located throughout our service areas manned by trained, branded, and supported sales and service representatives. Handsets and Accessories. We offer a diverse line of wireless devices and accessories designed to meet both the personal and professional needs of our customers. Our device assortment includes a wide range of smartphones including those featuring the Android™ and iOS™ operating systems in addition to a full line of feature phones, wireless hot spots and various wireless solutions for small businesses. To complement our phone offerings, we sell a complete range of original equipment manufacturer and after-market accessories that allow our customers to 6 personalize their wireless experience, including phone protection, battery charging solutions and Bluetooth hands-free kits. Competition. We believe we compete for wireless retail customers in our international markets based on features, price, technology deployed, network coverage (including through roaming arrangements), quality of service and customer care. We compete against Digicel and Liberty Latin America in the Caribbean region, other smaller local providers, and in some markets, against one or more US national operators. US Telecom Segment Communication Services Our US Telecom segment generates fixed services, carrier services, mobility services, and managed services revenues in Alaska and parts of the western United States. In July 2021, we completed the acquisition of Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc. (“Alaska Communications”), an Alaska based entity that provides fixed services, carrier services and managed services to primarily carrier and business customers in the State of Alaska and beyond using its statewide and interstate telecommunications network. At the same time, we entered into an agreement with affiliates and investment funds managed by Freedom 3 Capital, LLC as well as other institutional investors (collectively the “Freedom 3 Investors”) to fund the Alaska Transaction. As a result of the Alaska Transaction, we now own approximately 52% of the common equity of Alaska Communications and control its operations and management. Beginning on July 22, 2021, the results of the Alaska Transaction are included in our US Telecom segment. In November 2022, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. (“Sacred Wind”), a rural telecommunications provider in New Mexico (the “Sacred Wind Transaction”). As part of the Sacred Wind Transaction, the Company paid a combination of cash and equity for Sacred Wind, resulting in the Sacred Wind Stockholders becoming minority owners in the combined Commnet and Sacred Wind businesses. Beginning on November 7, 2022, the results of the Sacred Wind Transaction are included in our US Telecom segment. Revenues from our US Telecom segment were approximately 51% and 43% of our consolidated revenues for fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively. Carrier Services Carrier Services. In Alaska, we provide wholesale voice and internet connectivity to carrier customers. In the western United States, we provide wholesale mobile voice and data roaming services in rural markets and wholesale transport services on a smaller scale to national, regional, local and selected international wireless carriers as part of our carrier services as well as tower rental, backhaul and maintenance services. Our largest wholesale networks are located principally in the western United States. In Alaska, we provide connectivity to our wholesale customers, either through direct sales of wholesale transport over our terrestrial or subsea networks or by entering into transactions whereby we agree to build, host or maintain networks on behalf of another carrier over a contracted term. We currently have roaming agreements with each of the three US national wireless network carriers (AT&T, T- Mobile, and Verizon Wireless) along with several other wireless service providers. Other than these agreements with the national carriers, our standard roaming agreements are usually terminable within 90 days. While we continue to provide services pursuant to these roaming agreements, due to demand from our carrier customers, we have shifted our business focus away from traditional roaming and toward a network infrastructure model of carrier services further described below. In 2022, the three national mobile service providers together accounted for 65% of our carrier services 7 revenues, with AT&T and Verizon accounting for an aggregate of approximately 12% of our total consolidated Communication Services revenue for the year. In the western United States, we are increasingly providing network infrastructure services as part of our expanded carrier services, such as tower leasing and transport facilities to our carrier partners, to supplement our historic revenue base. In July 2019, we agreed to build a portion of AT&T’s network for the First Responder Network Authority (“FirstNet”) as well as a commercial wireless network in or near its current operating area in the western United States pursuant to a Network Build and Maintenance Agreement with AT&T (the “FirstNet Transaction”). Pursuant to the FirstNet Transaction and subject to certain limitations contained therein, we expect to substantially complete the build by the end of 2023. Following the acceptance of a cell site pursuant to the FirstNet Agreement, AT&T owns the radio equipment constructed on the cell site and we assign to AT&T any third-party tower lease applicable to such cell site. If the cell site is located on a communications tower we own, AT&T pays us pursuant to a separate lease agreement for an initial term of eight years. In addition to building the network, we are providing ongoing equipment and site maintenance and high-capacity transport from these cell sites to AT&T’s core network for an initial term ending in 2029. Pursuant to the FirstNet Transaction, AT&T has the option to repay construction costs, with interest, over an eight year period. Accordingly, we entered into a receivables credit facility with CoBank, ACB (the “Receivables Credit Facility”) to assist with this repayment option. The Receivables Credit Facility provides for a senior secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75 million with the proceeds being used to acquire the receivables related to the construction costs. Sales and Marketing. Our wholesale transport customers are predominately communications carriers such as local exchange carriers, wireless carriers, internet service providers and interstate integrated providers. We believe that our ability to deliver reliable, high capacity backhaul across multiple provider footprints, both from licensed fixed wireless microwave and fiber access solutions, creates value for our customers who are typically unable to scale their rural access capacities as rapidly and successfully as they can in less remote markets. We are investing in the expansion of our regional fiber and network asset footprint, and in enhanced network reliability and route diversity, in the expectation that our carrier customers will have greater demand for higher capacity, higher reliability and lower latency backhaul to support their own investments in 5G network deployments. Mobility Services Mobility Services. We also offer mobile services to retail customers in certain rural markets already covered by our wholesale networks in the Southwestern United States. We do not offer mobility services in Alaska. As of December 31, 2022, we owned and operated a total of 319 towers and 293 fiber connected towers,, a Network Operations Center (or “NOC”), and a switching center. In July 2022, we were approved to participate in the Federal Communication Commission’s Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program (the “Replace and Remove Program”), designed to reimburse providers of communications services for reasonable costs incurred in the required removal, replacement, and disposal of covered communications equipment that have been deemed to pose a national security risk. Pursuant to the Replace and Remove Program, we have been allocated up to approximately $206 million to replace, remove and securely destroy all prohibited communications equipment in our Southwestern United States network. We have also been approved to receive approximately $1 million to replace, remove and securely destroy all prohibited communications equipment in our network in the US Virgin Islands. The Replace and Remove Program requires us to complete our first request for reimbursement for services performed under the program no later than July 14, 2023 and that we complete the project no later than one year from submitting our initial reimbursement request. Network and Operations. Our roaming network has historically offered mobile communications service through a digital wireless voice and data network that utilizes multiple cellular mobile technologies including UMTS/HSPA, CDMA/EvDO and LTE that often will be deployed at a single cell site location to maximize revenue opportunities. As we undertake our Replace and Remove build, we will no longer provide UMTS/HSPA or CDMA/EvDO services and 8 will transition away from providing roaming services to a network infrastructure-based services framework whereby we provide tower lease space, the use of carrier equipment and backhaul in lieu of roaming to support carrier services. We provide wireless communications network products and services with owned and leased cellular, PCS, BRS, EBS, AWS, and Citizens Broadband Radio Services (“CBRS”) spectrum. Our networks comprise base stations and radio transceivers located on owned or leased towers and buildings, telecommunications switches and owned or leased transport facilities. We design and construct our network in a manner intended to provide high-quality service to substantially all types of compatible wireless devices. Network reliability is carefully considered and redundancy is employed in many aspects of our network design. Route diversity, redundant equipment, ring topologies, battery backup and the use of emergency standby power are used to enhance network reliability and minimize service disruptions from any particular network element failure. We operate high-capacity, carrier-class digital wireless switching systems that are capable of serving multiple markets through a single mobile telephone switching office. Centralized equipment used for network and data management is located in high-availability facilities supported by multiple levels of power and network redundancy. Our systems are designed to incorporate Internet Protocol (IP) packet-based Ethernet technology, which allows for increased data capacity and a more efficient network. Interconnection between the mobile telephone switching office and the cell sites utilizes Ethernet technology over fiber or microwave links for virtually all of our sites. Competition. With respect to our carrier services, we compete with mobile service providers that operate networks in our markets and offer wholesale roaming services. Historically, the most significant competitive challenge we face in our US wholesale wireless business is the extent to which our carrier customers choose not to roam on our networks or elect to build or acquire their own infrastructure in a market in which we operate, reducing or eliminating their need for our roaming services in those markets. We are addressing this competitive threat mainly by offering a managed carrier services solution to build and maintain base stations and provide backhaul between our sites and the carrier’s mobile telephone switching office, thereby delivering a native coverage experience to the carrier’s end- customers. While these solutions are similarly vulnerable to competitive overbuild, managed carrier services are offered under longer-term agreements providing us with a predictable source of revenue to support our operating costs. Fixed Services Services. In Alaska, we provide fiber broadband and managed IT services, offering technology and service enabled customer solutions to business and wholesale customers in and out of Alaska. We also provide telecommunication services to consumers in the most populated communities throughout the state. Our facilities-based communications network connects to the contiguous states via our two diverse undersea fiber optic cable systems. We provide high-capacity data networking, internet connectivity, voice communications and IT Services. Networking services include Ethernet and IP routed services as well as switched and dedicated voice services. In addition, we offer other value-added services such as network hosting, managed IT services and long-distance services. Our network is among the most expansive in Alaska and forms the foundation of service to our customers. We operate in a largely two- player terrestrial wireline market and our customers are primarily business customers. In the western United States, we provide fixed services to business customers such as schools, libraries, mine operators and state and local governments as well as residential customers. As of December 31, 2022, we pass roughly 442,000 premises with broadband connectivity of some kind in our U.S. Telecom segment. Network. In Alaska, we provide communications and IT solutions that connect Alaskans, as well as customers in the continental United States, to the world. This is based on an extensive facilities-based wireline telecommunications network in Alaska that we operate. We continuously upgrade our network to provide higher levels of performance, higher bandwidth speeds, increased levels of security and additional value-added services to our customers. We operate significant terrestrial and submarine fiber miles which serve as the backbone of our network as well as now serving over 1,000 buildings with fiber. Our networks are monitored for performance around the clock in redundant monitoring centers to provide a high level of reliability and performance. Our network is extensive within Alaska’s urban areas and connects 9 our largest markets, including Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau with each other and the contiguous states as well as many rural areas. Residential broadband customers are served in Alaska with copper-based DSL internet access, and in 2022 we began deploying fiber-to-the-home broadband service to certain markets. Beginning in the summer of 2022, we began offering to deliver fiber-optic network connectivity directly to select homes and businesses in Anchorage, Fairbanks and select smaller markets. As of December 31, 2022, we advanced our initial pilot program by passing over homes with this next generation broadband technology and we currently intend to continue to expand our fiber to the home build. We continue to utilize fixed wireless technology over spectrum to reach even more customers, and we expanded our Multi-Dwelling Unit (“MDU”) offering utilizing fiber or fixed wireless backhaul. We own and operate two undersea fiber optic cable systems that provide diverse routing from our Alaskan network to our facilities in Oregon and Washington. These facilities provide survivable service to and from Alaska, with key monitoring and disaster recovery capabilities for our customers. We also have usage rights on a third undersea fiber network connecting Alaska to the continental United States. Our network in Oregon and Washington includes terrestrial transport components linking our landing stations to a Network Operations Control Center in Hillsboro, Oregon and collocation facilities in Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. In addition, AKORN®, one of our undersea fiber optic cable systems, connects our Alaska network from Homer, Alaska to our facilities in Florence, Oregon along a diverse path within Alaska, the Pacific Northwest and undersea in the Pacific Ocean. Northstar, our other undersea fiber optic system, has cable landing facilities in Whittier, Juneau, and Valdez, Alaska, and Nedonna Beach, Oregon. In 2020, we completed major network upgrades to the Northstar fiber line, increasing capacity by more than five times. Together, our subsea fiber optic cables systems, AKORN® and Northstar, provide extensive bandwidth as well as survivability protection designed to serve our own, as well as our most demanding customers’ critical communications requirements. Through our landing stations in Oregon, we also provide an at-the-ready landing point for other large fiber optic cables, and their operators, connecting the U.S. to networks in Asia and other parts of the world. Our terrestrial fiber network on the North Slope of Alaska allows us to provide broadband solutions to the oil and gas sector and to advance our sales of managed IT services. Rural healthcare, education and business customers are served by a satellite earth station network utilizing a combination of GEO and LEO satellite capacity. These satellite services are used to provide Internet and WAN backhaul connectivity to our customers. We have deployed, and are working to deploy more, carrier-grade fiber optic networks strategically throughout the western United States to continue to serve governmental, educational, healthcare, business, consumer and tribal customers in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah. Competition. In Alaska, we face strong competition in our markets from larger competitors with substantial resources. For traditional voice and broadband services, we compete with GCI and AT&T on a statewide basis, and smaller providers such as Matanuska Telephone Association, Inc., a co-op owned telephone and internet service provider operating in the Matanuska Valley region of Alaska, on a more local basis. As the largest facilities-based operator in Alaska, GCI is the dominant statewide provider of broadband, voice, wireless and video services. We believe that AT&T’s primary focus is to be the provider of voice and broadband services to its nation-wide customers and that AT&T tends to use its existing broadband network to serve these customers or it leases capacity from GCI or Alaska Communications to augment its existing network. In the western United States, we experience competitive pressures from ILEC providers such as AT&T, Lumen and Frontier along with their channel partners. Similarly, national fiber providers such as Zayo also offer our customers services and employ vast wholesale channel solutions. Our ability to offer full-service solutions across multiple LEC service areas and very remote sites back to mobile telephone switching offices continues to be market differentiator and a driver for our success. In the western United States, we are continuing to expand our capacity offerings with a focus on enhancing our owned and leased transport facilities. Expansion of our network anchored by new fiber deployments is facilitating a long-held vision for reducing reliance on limited capacity microwave backhaul and enabling new wholesale agreements with additional national and regional carriers for both lit and dark fiber services. 10 ATN Ventures and Minority Investments In addition to our core telecommunications operating companies, we have also made investments in earlier stage businesses, some of which are noncontrolling investments whose technology-forward approach we consider strategically relevant and can also provide a variety of benefits that enhance the potential to expand our more mature businesses. These benefits include providing entry points into emerging sectors of our existing businesses, enhancing our product offerings, providing visibility into newer technologies and establishing and enhancing strategic relationships. Human Capital Resources People and Culture We know that our employees are one of our most valuable assets to realize our mission to digitally empower people and communities so they can connect with the world and prosper. We do this through meeting the everyday connectivity needs of rural and historically underserved communities. We developed the values listed below to reflect both our current culture and the values that we strive to embody to attract and maintain key talent. We endeavor to implement these values every day through employee engagement events, regular communication on company goals and milestones, and foster a fun and diverse workplace. ATN Values Commitment Respect Excellence Accountability Thoughtfulness Empowerment Description Operate for the Long-Term Diversity and Inclusion Smart and Determined Work Do What You Say Caring Behavior Leaders at Every Level ATN Workforce Overview As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 2,400 employees, of whom approximately 1,100 were employed in the United States (including the US Virgin Islands), and approximately 1,300 were employed by our international subsidiaries. At the holding company level, we employ our executive management team and staff. Approximately 22% of our total employee population are covered by contracts with various unions. Employees represented by unions are located in Alaska and all our international markets except for the Cayman Islands. As of the end of 2022, we believe we have a good relationship with our unions. Commitment to Local Management, Diversity and Inclusion We seek engaged managers who have strong values, integrity, knowledge of our market and business model, and have respect for differing viewpoints. We strive to create a diverse working environment that creates a greater understanding of our differences and makes us a stronger company. We rely heavily on local management teams to run our subsidiary operating units. Many of the markets in which we operate are small and remote, and in some cases are subject to government restrictions on granting work visas, all of which makes it difficult to attract and retain talented and qualified managers and staff in those markets. Employee Engagement and Development Together with our subsidiaries, we are working hard to improve the way technology is used in the diverse communities we serve. We believe having management and staff that are as diverse as the communities in which they operate is crucial to our success and to our ability to have a positive impact on those communities. We celebrate different 11 perspectives and backgrounds because we believe they help us to have a stronger, more creative, and more successful workplace. We are proud to offer benefits to our employees that promote wellness and personal care, a safe work environment and career growth opportunities. We regularly utilize performance development tools for our employees, which are focused on driving engagement and high performance through frequent communications throughout the year. Our annual employee engagement survey provides employees with the opportunity to share confidential feedback on what they believe has been working well and where they believe we can improve to better support our employees. Our focus areas for engagement include skills development, manager performance, and diversity. Anonymous, aggregated results are shared with employees, and the results are used to drive our long-term action plans for how we can seek to continue to improve our work culture. Regulation Our wireless and wireline telecommunications and video services operations are subject to extensive governmental regulation in each of the jurisdictions in which we provide services. Our wireless and wireline operations and our video services operations in the United States and the US Virgin Islands are governed by the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, including via the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (“Communications Act”); the implementing regulations adopted thereunder by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”); judicial and regulatory decisions interpreting and implementing the Communications Act; and other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations. Our operations are also governed by certain foreign laws and regulations. The following summary of regulatory developments and legislation does not purport to describe all present and proposed federal, state, local, and foreign regulation and legislation that may affect our businesses. Legislative or regulatory requirements currently applicable to our businesses may change in the future and legislative or regulatory requirements may be adopted by those jurisdictions that currently have none. Any such changes could impose new obligations on us that could adversely affect our operating results. US Federal Regulation At the federal level, we are regulated in large part by the FCC. Wireless Services The FCC regulates, among other things, the licensed and unlicensed use of radio spectrum; the ownership, lease, transfer of control and assignment of wireless licenses; the ongoing technical, operational, and service requirements applicable to such licenses; the timing, nature, and scope of network construction; the provision of certain services, such as enhanced 911 (“E-911”); and the interconnection of communications networks in the United States. Spectrum Licenses. We provide our wireless services pursuant to various commercial mobile radio services (“CMRS”) licenses issued by the FCC. Some of these licenses are site-based while others cover specified geographic market areas. The specific radio frequencies, the authorized spectrum amounts, and certain of the technical and service rules vary depending on the licensed service. The FCC generally allocates CMRS licenses through periodic auctions. CMRS licenses also are available via secondary market mechanisms subject to FCC procedures and regulations. The FCC also permits licensees to lease spectrum to third parties under certain conditions, subject to prior FCC approval, or in some instances, notification to the FCC. Auctions, secondary market transactions and spectrum leasing provide additional flexibility for wireless providers to structure transactions and create additional business and investment opportunities, and, like our competitors, we will monitor and pursue opportunities to obtain additional spectrum rights. The FCC reviews proposed license acquisitions on a case-by-case basis to ensure that the acquisition would serve the public interest and would not result in a rule violation or an undue concentration of market power. With respect to CMRS licenses, the FCC 12 utilizes a spectrum aggregation “screen” to determine whether a proposed secondary market transaction requires additional scrutiny. The FCC’s additional scrutiny also would be triggered if a proposed transaction results in a material change in the post transaction market share in a particular market. With the exception of the US Virgin Islands, we are, in each of the areas in which we hold geographic area license or lease rights, well below the level of spectrum aggregation that would warrant additional FCC scrutiny, and thus we may be able to acquire additional spectrum rights either from the FCC in an auction or from third parties in private transactions. In addition to CMRS licenses, our wireless business relies on common carrier and non-common carrier fixed point-to-point microwave licenses issued by the FCC. Microwave stations are generally used in a point-to-point configuration for cellular site backhaul connections or to connect points on the telephone network that cannot be cost effectively connected using standard wireline or fiber optic cable because of cost or terrain. Most of our license grants are for a period of 10 years and are renewable upon application to the FCC. License renewal applications may be denied if the FCC determines, after appropriate notice and hearing, that renewal would not serve the public interest, convenience, or necessity. While our license renewal applications have been regularly granted by the FCC in the past, there can be no assurance that all of our licenses will be renewed in the future. The FCC also may deny license applications and, in extreme cases, revoke licenses if it finds that an entity lacks the requisite qualifications to be a licensee. To our knowledge, there are no circumstances that would warrant such a finding by the FCC against us. The FCC conditions spectrum licenses on the satisfaction of certain obligations to construct networks covering a specified geographic area or population by specific dates. The obligations vary depending on the licensed service. Failure to satisfy an applicable construction requirement can result in the assessment of fines and forfeitures by the FCC, a reduced license term, or automatic license cancellation. We are substantially in compliance with the applicable construction requirements that have arisen for the licenses we currently hold and expect to meet our future construction requirements as well. Other Requirements. The Communications Act and the FCC’s rules impose additional requirements upon wireless service providers. A failure to meet or maintain compliance with the Communications Act and/or the FCC’s rules may subject us to fines, forfeitures, penalties, or other sanctions. To our knowledge, we comply in all material respects with applicable FCC technical and reporting requirements. The radio systems towers that we own and lease are subject to Federal Aviation Administration and FCC regulations that govern the location, marking, lighting, and construction of towers and are subject to the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and other environmental statutes enforced by the FCC. The FCC has also adopted guidelines and methods for evaluating human exposure to radiofrequency field emissions from radio equipment. To our knowledge, all of our radio systems on towers that we own or lease comply in all material respects with these requirements, guidelines, and methods. The FCC has adopted requirements for CMRS providers to implement basic 911 and E-911 services. These services provide state and local emergency service providers with the ability to better identify and locate 911 callers using wireless services, including callers using special devices for the hearing impaired. The FCC also has adopted rules requiring wireless carriers and certain other text messaging service providers to provide text-to-911. Because the implementation of these obligations requires that the local emergency services provider have certain facilities available, our specific obligations are set on a market-by-market basis as emergency service providers request the implementation of E-911 services within their locales. To our knowledge, we comply with all E-911 obligations currently applicable to our operations, but the extent to which we are required to deploy additional E-911 services will affect our capital spending obligations. Federal law limits our liability for uncompleted 911 calls to a degree commensurate with wireline carriers in our markets. We are obligated to pay certain annual regulatory fees and assessments to support FCC wireless industry regulation, as well as fees supporting federal universal service programs, number portability, regional database costs, centralized telephone numbering administration, telecommunications relay service for the hearing impaired and application filing fees. These fees are subject to change periodically by the FCC and the manner in which carriers may 13 recoup these fees from customers is subject to various restrictions. To our knowledge, we comply in all material respects with applicable FCC regulatory fee and assessment requirements. Fixed Services The FCC generally exercises jurisdiction over the interstate and international telecommunications services that we provide as a regulated common carrier in Alaska and the US Virgin Islands. The Communications Act and regulations promulgated thereunder require, among other things, that we offer regulated interstate telecommunications common carrier services at just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory rates and terms. The Communications Act also requires us to offer competing carriers interconnection and non-discriminatory access to certain facilities and services designated as essential for local competition. We are subject to competitive market forces, as well as rate-of-return regulation for intrastate services that originate and terminate in Alaska and the US Virgin Islands and price-cap rate regulation for interstate services in Alaska and the US Virgin Islands regulated by the FCC. Because we face competition, we may not be able to charge the maximum permitted rates under price-cap regulation or realize the authorized intrastate rate of return. A broader range of data and information services are offered by our unregulated affiliates or as unregulated services by our regulated companies. The FCC regulates the prices that we charge for the use of our local telephone facilities in originating or terminating interstate calls. In Alaska and the US Virgin Islands, rates for interstate telecommunications services we offer are determined using price cap regulation, under which the rates vary from year to year based on mathematical formulae, and not based on changes to our costs, including both inter-carrier rates and retail end user rates. The FCC also regulates rates for “business data services,” which are those circuit-switched or packet-switched services that offer dedicated point-to-point transmission of data at certain guaranteed speeds and service levels using high-capacity connections, including special access services, but the FCC has generally forborne from regulating our rates for these services, except on certain routes that the FCC believes lack sufficient competition. Caller ID Authentication. In March 2020, the FCC issued a Report and Order implementing the Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence (“TRACED”) Act by mandating that voice service providers such as our Alaska and US Virgin Islands businesses implement the STIR/SHAKEN caller ID authentication framework in the Internet Protocol (“IP”) portions of their networks by June 30, 2021. The TRACED Act directs the FCC to require all voice service providers to implement STIR/SHAKEN in the IP portions of their networks and implement an effective caller ID authentication framework in the non-IP portions of their networks. We comply with these requirements. National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. In July 2020, the FCC adopted a Report and Order designating the three- digit code “988” as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and directed all service providers to enable use of that code to reach suicide prevention and crisis intervention services no later than July 16, 2022. There are 87 area codes across the country, including the “907” area code used throughout Alaska, where local calls may be dialed using seven digits, and where “988” is used as a three-digit telephone exchange prefix. To ensure that calls are not erroneously routed to the National Suicide Prevention Hotline when a user intends to dial a seven-digit call starting with “988,” the FCC required all 87 of the affected area codes to transition to ten-digit dialing for all calls during the transition period. As a result of these changes, Alaska Communications upgraded and reprogramed its switches throughout the state and is assisting with consumer education efforts with respect to these new dialing patterns. The Communications Act encourages competition in local telecommunications markets by removing barriers to market entry and imposing on non-rural incumbent local exchange carriers (“ILECs”) various requirements related to, among other things, interconnection, access to unbundled network elements, co-location, access to poles, ducts, conduits, and rights of way, wholesale and resale obligations, and telephone number portability. Our ILEC operations in the US Virgin Islands through Viya are exempt from most such federal requirements pursuant to a rural exemption. While, to date, the FCC has declined to classify interconnected voice-over Internet protocol (“VoIP”) service as a telecommunications service or information service, it has imposed a number of consumer protection and public safety obligations on interconnected VoIP providers, relying in large part on its general ancillary jurisdiction powers. To the 14 extent that we provide interconnected VoIP service, we are subject to a number of these obligations, and, to our knowledge, we comply in all material respects with applicable VoIP requirements. Fixed and Wireless Services Net Neutrality. In January 2018, the FCC released a decision rescinding various “net neutrality” requirements that had governed how broadband Internet access providers were permitted to offer broadband service. This decision largely eliminated the FCC’s regulation of our ability to block, throttle, or prioritize specific types of Internet traffic, and put a revised transparency-centered regulatory regime in place. Under the 2018 decision’s approach, broadband Internet access providers still must publicly disclose detailed information regarding their service offerings, Internet traffic management processes, and other practices affecting broadband customers. The FCC also held that states are preempted from enacting their own versions of these or similar requirements. A federal appeals court upheld most of the FCC’s 2018 decision, but it reversed the FCC’s blanket preemption of state broadband rules. The court also (1) held that state broadband laws may only be preempted on a case-by-case basis when they conflict with state or federal policy, and (2) remanded certain issues to the FCC. The court subsequently declined to rehear the case, and no party sought review by the U.S. Supreme Court. In October 2020, the FCC affirmed its 2018 decision after addressing the issues remanded by the court. That decision is subject to petitions for reconsideration before the FCC (which the agency has not acted on) and a challenge in federal court that currently is on hold. A new Chairwoman of the FCC was appointed in December 2021, and she has stated publicly that she supports the FCC once again adopting net neutrality requirements. Although she has not yet initiated any such effort, if the Chairwoman were to do so, we cannot predict how such regulation will affect our broadband businesses. A number of states have adopted, or are considering adopting, state-level net neutrality requirements, some of which have gone into effect and some of which are stayed. These efforts include state legislation and executive orders dating back to 2018. We cannot predict with any certainty the likely timing or outcome of any legal challenges to state net neutrality requirements, how state or federal efforts to adopt net neutrality requirements will continue to evolve, or how these regulatory proceedings will impact our business. In addition, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (“IIJA”), enacted in November 2021, directed the FCC to require broadband service providers to display “nutrition labels” containing certain information regarding their broadband internet access service plans. In November 2022, the FCC adopted implementing requirements. The decision requires broadband service providers to display, at the point of sale, labels that disclose information about broadband prices, introductory rates, data allowances, broadband speeds, and latency. These rules are not yet in effect. The FCC is seeking comment on adopting additional specific requirements regarding the “nutrition label.” We cannot predict how a future FCC will address transparency requirements. Digital Discrimination. The IIJA requires the FCC to adopt rules addressing “digital discrimination of access” by November 15, 2023. We cannot predict how the FCC will implement this direction and what impact it may have on our business. Telecommunications Privacy Regulations. We are subject to federal regulations relating to privacy and data security that impact all parts of our business. Certain federal statutory and regulatory privacy and data security requirements apply to our telecommunications and cable services. Other parts of our business are subject to privacy and data security oversight by other federal regulators, including the Federal Trade Commission. In addition, federal and state regulators have adopted or are considering adopting new privacy laws. Such state privacy regulations could impact at least some of our operations. We believe that we comply with all currently applicable requirements, but we cannot predict the timeline for any future changes of law in this area or the impact of any such changes on our businesses. CALEA. Under certain circumstances, federal law also requires telecommunications carriers to provide law enforcement agencies with capacity and technical capabilities to support lawful wiretaps pursuant to the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”). Federal law also requires compliance with wiretap related record keeping and personnel related obligations. The FCC has adopted rules that apply CALEA obligations to high-speed Internet access and VoIP services. We believe that we comply with all such requirements currently applicable to us. 15 Maintaining compliance with these law enforcement requirements may impose additional capital spending obligations on us to make necessary system upgrades. Infrastructure Access Regulation. In recent years, the FCC has taken actions to help expedite the deployment of wireline and wireless network infrastructure. Those actions include adopting rules to facilitate the attachment of new facilities to utility poles, improving access by telecommunications companies to rights-of-way, and eliminating or reducing requirements to provide notice of service discontinuance. We expect these FCC actions will facilitate and streamline our ability to expand our wireline and wireless network coverage. Universal Service Support and Contributions In general, all telecommunications providers are obligated to contribute to the Universal Service Fund (“USF”), which is used to promote the availability of qualifying telecommunications and broadband service to individuals and families qualifying for federal assistance, households located in rural and high-cost areas, and to schools, libraries, and rural health care providers. We are subject to audit by the Universal Service Administration Company with respect to our federal contributions and our receipts of universal service funding. To our knowledge, we comply in all material respects with applicable federal and state USF assessment and support requirements. USF High-Cost Support. In 2011, the FCC released a Transformation Order that established a new framework for high-cost universal service support for price capped carriers. The new framework replaced existing support mechanisms that provide support to carriers that serve high-cost areas. The new support mechanism, the Connect America Fund (“CAF”), imposes service obligations that are focused on broadband Internet access services. The Transformation Order also replaced the FCC’s previous set of explicit high-cost universal service support mechanisms for price cap carriers, like Alaska Communications, with the CAF. While the previous mechanisms were focused on supporting a portion of the cost of providing voice telephone service, the CAF shifted that focus to expanding the availability of affordable broadband services. In October 2016, the FCC released its order establishing the requirements of CAF II (“CAF II”) for price cap carriers in Alaska — specifically Alaska Communications, the only price cap carrier in Alaska. Under the CAF II order, we receive approximately $19.7 million annually in Alaska through December 31, 2025, subject to explicit broadband deployment conditions. In August 2018, we were separately awarded $79.9 million over 10 years by the FCC as part of its CAF II USF auction for our operations in the southwestern United States. The funding requires us to provide fixed broadband and voice services to certain eligible areas in the United States within six years of the award of the funding. We are subject to operational and reporting requirements under the program. Funding began in the second quarter of 2019 and we record the amounts received as revenue in our financial statements. We are continuing to work toward meeting our CAF II obligations in a capital-efficient manner, including the delivery of broadband Internet access services meeting CAF II requirements using a fixed wireless platform and in some instances in Alaska, DSL. As of December 31, 2022, we have met 60% of the total number of locations served required by December 31, 2025 under Alaska CAF II. As of December 31, 2022, we have not yet met our requirement to reach 40% coverage in two of the states in our western US market, but we expect that we will be able to meet our goal of 60% coverage by the end of this year in all of our markets. Although we expect to comply in all material respects with our deployment and service requirements associated with our CAF II funding, if we fail to meet our obligations under the CAF II order or require substantial additional capital expenditures in order to meet the obligations under the timeline required, its revenue, results of operations and liquidity may be materially adversely impacted. In addition, in the 2020 Rural Digital Opportunity Fund Phase I (“RDOF”) auction, we were awarded $28.4 million and accepted $20.1 million over 10 years. We declined to accept the remaining support that we were awarded in the auction, and we will owe default penalties with respect to these winning bids. In exchange for this RDOF support, we are required to deploy voice and broadband service to areas covered by our winning bids within six years and to provide service in those areas for ten years. We expect to comply in all material respects with those obligations. In 2018, the FCC initiated a proceeding to reform the USF program for high-cost support in the USVI and Puerto Rico. In September 2019, the FCC adopted an order in this proceeding establishing a new competitive proposal process 16 for awarding Connect USVI Fund support that would supplant the annual support that Viya received. Viya submitted a bid for Connect USVI Fund support allocated for the US Virgin Islands, but in November 2020, the FCC announced that Viya was not the recipient of the award. As a result, Viya’s USF support was reduced to 2/3 of the legacy total amount, or $10.9 million, from August 2021 through July 2022 and to 1/3 of the legacy total amount, or $5.5 million, during the subsequent 12-month period. Thereafter, pursuant to the terms of the 2018 Order, the $5.5 million in high-cost USF support received by Viya is scheduled to be eliminated entirely in July 2023. However, in October 2022, the FCC proposed to extend this support at the $5.5 million per year level to December 31, 2025, and sought comment on this proposal. The FCC has not yet taken action on its proposal, and we cannot predict whether the FCC will extend this support and, if so, what amount the FCC will provide and for how long. Rural Health Care Universal Service Support Program. The FCC’s Rural Health Care Universal Service Support Mechanism (“RHC program”) provides funding to help make broadband telecommunications and Internet access services provided by us and other service providers affordable for eligible rural health care providers. It is comprised of two parts. The Telecommunications Program covers the difference between the “urban rate” for telecommunications services that rural healthcare providers use to deliver healthcare at rural locations, and the “rural rate” that they would otherwise be required to pay. The Healthcare Connect Fund covers 65 percent of the cost of a wide variety of broadband telecommunications, networking, and Internet access services and certain associated equipment. In August 2019, the FCC adopted an order making comprehensive changes to the rules governing the competitive bidding process and the method for determining the urban and rural rates used to calculate the amount of RHC Telecommunications Program support payments for which a health care provider is eligible. The changes to the urban and rural rate rules took effect for Funding Year 2021, which began in July 2021. Among other things, the FCC’s Order directed USAC to develop and publish a database containing available rural rates and rate medians that will cap the amount of RHC support eligible healthcare providers may receive for a given service in a particular geographic zone. The FCC’s Order divided Alaska into four geographic zones, with the rural rate in each zone capped at the median of the rural rates for similar services offered in that zone, as identified by USAC. In October 2019, an appeal challenging the new method of setting rates for supported services was filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, adding further uncertainty to the ultimate outcome of this proceeding. Similarly, we and several other parties filed Petitions for Reconsideration of the FCC’s August 2019 Report and Order, asking the FCC to reconsider some of its changes to the rural healthcare rate-setting process. Both the action in the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals and the Petitions for Reconsideration filed with the FCC remain pending. We believe that USAC’s rural rate database, as currently constituted, is likely to have an adverse impact on our economic ability to continue to serve some of our rural healthcare customers in Alaska. In particular, the rates established by the database would negatively impact our ability to continue to offer our full range of telecommunications services to rural healthcare providers supported by the RHC Telecommunications Program in the more remote, higher- cost areas of the state. We filed an Application for Review requesting that the full FCC review USAC’s effort and associated guidance concerning the database, delay the effectiveness of the new rural rates, and direct USAC to implement the changes we requested in our prior Petition for Reconsideration. In January 2021, the FCC issued an order waiving the use of the database in Alaska for Funding Years 2021 and 2022. In lieu of the database, while the waiver remains in effect, the Order authorizes support based on the most recent rural rate that the FCC approved for the same service at the same healthcare facility within the past three funding years. As an alternative, RHC Telecommunications Program rural rates may be established under the previously applicable rate rules that were in effect through Funding Year 2020. As with the action in the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals and the Petitions for Reconsideration filed with the FCC, the other issues raised in our Application for Review remain pending. We are unable to predict the outcome or eventual impact of the D.C. Circuit’s review of the FCC’s Order, or the FCC’s decision on our Petition for Reconsideration or our Application for Review, but the January 2021 waiver offers a measure of short-term stability for the Telecommunications Program while those reviews continue. Subsidies for Low-Income Customers. The FCC’s Lifeline support mechanism provides a subsidy to eligible low-income consumers against the cost of voice services, as well as broadband in CAF II locations. We participate in the Lifeline program on a limited basis. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 appropriated $3.2 billion to create the 17 “Emergency Broadband Connectivity Fund,” and directed the FCC to use that fund to establish a new “Emergency Broadband Benefit Program” (“EBBP”). The EBBP provided eligible low-income consumers and students with a monthly subsidy for the purchase of broadband Internet access service from service providers that elected to participate in the program, which we did. Starting on January 1, 2022, the FCC replaced the EBBP with the Affordable Connectivity Program (“ACP”), which utilizes substantially the same terms and conditions as the EBB but with a reduced monthly benefit. We participate in the ACP. To our knowledge we comply with the rules of these subsidy programs. Although we cannot predict whether the FCC will further modify its approach to using USF support to subsidize voice and broadband service to low-income consumers, these subsidies do not represent a material amount of our revenue. E-Rate. We have provided telecommunications services, broadband Internet access services, and internal connections supported by the FCC’s Schools and Libraries Universal Service Support Mechanism (“E-rate”) for many years. E-rate support provides an invaluable means by which elementary and secondary schools can afford those services, particularly in rural and remote, high-cost areas. Historically, E-rate has primarily supported services that connect eligible school buildings. To our knowledge, we comply with applicable E-Rate requirements. USAC Audit of RHC Program Funding Requests. In addition to the prospective changes to the RHC program discussed above, the FCC and USAC have periodically undertaken reviews of current and past funding requests. In June 2017, we received a letter from USAC’s auditors inquiring about past funding requests in Alaska, all of which were previously approved by USAC. After clarifying the request, and correspondence with USAC we received in February 2020 a draft audit report from USAC that is described more fully in Note 13 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The draft audit report alleges violations of the FCC’s rules for establishing rural rates and urban rates, the provisioning and billing of ineligible services and products, and violations of the FCC’s competitive bidding rules. We were invited to comment on this draft audit report and have been engaged since that time in correspondence with USAC with respect to its requests. As a result of these conversations and comments being submitted by us, USAC’s auditors are expected to issue a final audit report incorporating our responses that will be sent to USAC’s Rural Health Care Division to review and determine if corrective action would be appropriate. In the event that we disagree with USAC’s final audit report, we can appeal that decision to USAC’s Rural Health Care Division and/or the FCC. At this time, we cannot predict the contents or timing of the final USAC audit report, the outcome of the audit or the impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. FCC Inquiry into Company’s RHC Program Participation. We also received a Letter of Inquiry in March 2018 from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting historical information regarding our participation in the FCC’s Rural Health Care program. On November 5, 2019 and January 22, 2021 Alaska Communications received additional letters from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting additional information, to which it responded. To date, Alaska Communications has been working with the FCC’s Enforcement to provide it the information it is seeking and has engaged in discussions with respect to the investigation. We continue to work constructively with the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau to provide it the information it is seeking. Any adverse outcome with respect to the FCC Enforcement Bureau’s inquiry may have an adverse impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. FCC Replace and Remove Program In November 2019, the FCC adopted a rule prohibiting the use of USF support to purchase or obtain any equipment or services produced or provided by certain companies determined to pose an unacceptable risk to US national security. The rule also prohibits the use of USF funds to maintain, improve, modify, or otherwise support any equipment or services produced or provided by these “covered” companies. In subsequent orders and public notices, the FCC adopted further rules that, among other things, (i) created the “Covered List” of companies whose communications equipment and services have been determined to pose an unacceptable risk to the national security of the United States or the security and safety of United States persons; (ii) required eligible telecommunications carriers receiving USF support to replace and remove from their network and operations environments equipment and services included on the Covered List; and (iii) established a Supply Chain Reimbursement Program to allow providers of advanced communications services with 10 million or fewer customers that obtained covered communications equipment and services on or before June 30, 2020, to apply for reimbursement of certain costs reasonably incurred to permanently remove, replace, and dispose of such equipment and services. Separately, the FCC placed Huawei Technologies Company (“Huawei”) and ZTE Corporation 18 (“ZTE”), and their subsidiaries, parents, and affiliates, on the Covered List. Meanwhile, Congress appropriated $1.9 billion for the Supply Chain Reimbursement Program and enacted a series of laws setting forth further requirements for the Supply Chain Reimbursement Program. Our Commnet and Viya operating subsidiaries have covered equipment or services in their networks and met the initial eligibility requirements for the Supply Chain Reimbursement Program. In January 2022, all our eligible subsidiaries submitted applications for funding allocations under the program. In July 2022, the FCC announced that the total amount of approved costs for which reimbursement was sought by all applicants was nearly three times in excess of the funding amounts appropriated by Congress. Because demand for program support exceeded available funding, the FCC was required by statute to implement a prioritization scheme and allocate funding on an equal but prorated basis. Accordingly, per its rules, the FCC developed a pro-rata allocation factor of approximately 40%, with the remaining 60% of approved costs for the program without a funding mechanism. Congress is considering appropriating additional funding to meet the total demand for reimbursement, but we cannot predict whether or, if so, when or how much such additional funding will be allocated. Thus, we cannot predict whether there will be sufficient available funding to reimburse our subsidiaries for all of their replacement costs. Any shortfall in available funding could have an adverse impact on our ability to replace covered equipment in satisfaction of our regulatory obligations. In addition, despite the severe funding shortfall, the FCC has not changed the aggressive timeline by which companies that were awarded a funding must complete the removal and replacement of their networks. Once funds are allocated, recipients can then draw down funds upon proof of actual expenses incurred by filing a request for the reimbursement of specific expenses, but must submit a request for reimbursement on each application by July 2023 and then must complete all construction for removal and replacement of the Covered Equipment and provide funding requests within a year of their initial funding request. This timeline applies to all participants, regardless of whether a single site or, in the case of our Commnet subsidiary, substantially all of its network, requires replacement. We cannot predict whether and to what extent the FCC or the administrator on which it relies to administer the reimbursement program will approve our subsidiaries’ requests for the specific reimbursement of costs, or whether we can complete our participation in the program on the aggressive timeline set by the FCC, without the need to seek extensions. Video Services Video services systems are regulated by the FCC under the Communications Act. We provide video services in the US Virgin Islands. The FCC regulates our programming selection through local broadcast TV station mandatory carriage obligations, constraints on our retransmission consent negotiations with local broadcast TV stations, and limited regulation of our carriage negotiations with cable programming networks. The FCC and federal laws also impose rules governing, among other things, leased cable set-top boxes, our ability to collect and disclose subscribers’ personally identifiable information, access to inside wiring in multiple dwelling units, cable pole attachments, customer service and technical standards, and disability access requirements. Failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to penalties. The FCC is examining whether it should modernize its video regulations and already has updated or eliminated some requirements, but we cannot predict whether and to what extent the FCC will continue to pursue deregulation in this space. To our knowledge, we comply in all material respects with applicable FCC video services requirements. US State and Territory Regulation Wireless Services Federal law generally preempts state and local regulation of the entry of, or the rates charged by, any CMRS provider. For this reason, as a practical matter, we are generally free to establish wireless rates and offer new wireless products and services, and our wireless businesses are subject to minimal state regulatory requirements. However, the states in which we operate maintain nominal oversight jurisdiction. For example, states may regulate the “terms and conditions” of a CMRS provider’s service other than rates. States and localities also assess taxes and fees on wireless carriers. 19 The location and construction of our wireless transmission towers and antennas are subject to state and local environmental regulation, as well as state or local zoning, land use and other regulation. Before we can put a system into commercial operation or expand a system, we must obtain all necessary zoning and building permit approvals for the cell site and tower locations. The time needed to obtain zoning approvals and requisite permits varies from market to market and state to state. Likewise, variations exist in local zoning processes. If zoning approval or requisite state permits cannot be obtained, or if environmental rules make construction impossible or infeasible on a particular site, our network design might be adversely affected, network design costs could increase, and the service provided to our customers might be limited. In recent years, the FCC has taken actions to help expedite the deployment of wireless network infrastructure. Those actions include limiting state and local regulations governing the construction or modification of towers and the installation of small cells and other facilities within and outside public rights-of-way when the FCC determines those regulations can be barriers to deployment. Among other things, the FCC established new shorter shot clocks for completion of local reviews of small wireless facility applications and required that fees which states and localities may charge for the location of small cells in rights-of-way must be cost-based. Several of the FCC’s most recent decisions were challenged in court by individual localities and organizations representing local governments. While some of the FCC’s actions have been upheld, others have been vacated or remanded, and others remain subject to petitions for reconsideration or appeal. We cannot predict with certainty the likely timing or outcome of these challenges or their effect on our future wireless deployments. Alaska Regulation Providers of intrastate wireline telecommunication services in Alaska are required to obtain certificates of public convenience and necessity from the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (the “RCA”). In addition, RCA approval is required if an entity acquires a controlling interest in any of our certificated subsidiaries, acquires a controlling interest in another intrastate utility, or discontinues intrastate service. On August 29, 2019, the Governor of Alaska signed into law new legislation that eliminated the requirement for Alaska Communications to maintain RCA-filed tariffs covering rates, terms, and conditions for legacy phone and networking services in Alaska. However, rates, terms, and conditions for basic residential local telephone service must, under the bill, be uniform within each study area. Alaska Communications implemented changes to tariffs, terms and conditions and other service-related policies effective November 27, 2019. Alaska Universal Service Fund. The Alaska Universal Service Fund (“AUSF”) complements the federal Universal Service Fund but is focused on obligations to meet intrastate service obligations. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we received approximately $2.7 million in annual AUSF support. In 2021, the RCA opened a new docket to consider reforms to AUSF support mechanisms, including whether and, if so, when to subset AUSF. The RCA has not yet acted in that docket, and we cannot predict how or whether any action taken by RCA in the proceeding will affect us. US Virgin Islands Regulation Virgin Islands Public Service Commission Our wireline (i.e., voice, broadband internet, and cable video) operations in the US Virgin Islands are subject to the US Virgin Islands Public Utilities Code, pursuant to which the Virgin Islands Public Service Commission (“PSC”) regulates certain telecommunications and cable TV services that Viya provides in the US Virgin Islands. Among other things, the PSC establishes the rates and fees that we may charge local exchange residential and enterprise customers in the US Virgin Islands for certain wireline telecommunications services. The PSC is required by US Virgin Islands law to review local utility rates every five years. The PSC last adopted an order increasing the rates and fees that we may charge in June 2016, subject to certain conditions and future obligations. In addition, certain of our subsidiaries entered into a transfer of control agreement with the PSC on July 1, 2016, which imposes certain operational and reporting obligations on the Viya companies that do not, by their terms, expire. We believe that we continue to satisfy these requirements. Further, as a condition to Viya’s receipt of federal USF funds from the FCC, the PSC is required to certify on an annual basis that Viya complies with certain eligible telecommunication carrier (“ETC”) obligations. We believe that we comply with all such obligations but cannot predict the outcome of future PSC proceedings relating to Viya’s ETC status. 20 In December 2022, we filed a Petition for Forbearance with the PSC requesting the PSC to largely deregulate our US Virgin Islands operations. Although we cannot predict the outcome or timing for this proceeding, if the PSC approves the Petition, we will be subject to substantially less regulation in the US Virgin Islands, which we believe will provide a material benefit to our wireline telecommunications operations and competitiveness there. Our subsidiaries provide cable TV service in the US Virgin Islands pursuant to two franchises granted by the PSC. Each franchise was renewed in July 2015 by an order issued by the PSC, but the PSC has not yet issued new franchise agreements memorializing these renewals. Since then, the FCC has placed some limits on the powers of local cable franchising authorities such as the PSC, including limits on their ability to impose franchise fees and to regulate non-cable services. We cannot predict what requirements will be included by the PSC in any renewal franchise agreements, when such renewal franchise agreements will be executed, or how the FCC’s past or future actions concerning cable franchising will impact the PSC’s preparation of the agreements. We understand that the renewed franchise agreements will likely contain substantially similar terms and conditions as the prior franchise agreements, including a 15-year term, but that the agreements will exclude prior language permitting the PSC to regulate our cable rates. Virgin Islands Research and Technology Park Our video, internet, and wireless companies in the US Virgin Islands also receive tax benefits as qualifying participants in the US Virgin Islands’ Research & Technology Park (“RTPark”) program. RTPark was chartered with the goal of promoting technology-based economic development in the territory and offering attractive economic incentives to companies that contribute to the development of the US Virgin Islands through local employment and sourcing, as well as significant contributions to both the economy and the non-profit sectors of the community. As part of the program, our participating entities currently receive a 100% tax exemption applied against gross receipts, property, and excise taxes as well as a 90% exemption against income taxes and a reduction in customs duties from 6% to 1%. These benefits resulted in tax exemptions of approximately $2.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. In order to qualify, we are required to maintain certain capital investments over the first five years of the agreement, pay monthly management fees of 0.4% of tenant company revenue, make annual charitable contributions to the University of the Virgin Islands, purchase products and services locally when feasible and provide in-kind services to RTPark. Guyana Regulation Our subsidiary, GTT Inc. (“GTT”), in which we hold an 80% interest, is subject to regulation in Guyana under the provisions of GTT’s License from the Government of Guyana, the Guyana Public Utilities Commission Act of 2016 as amended (or “PUC Law”) and the Guyana Telecommunications Act of 2016 (or “Telecommunications Law”). The Public Utilities Commission of Guyana (or “PUC”) is an independent statutory body with the principal responsibility for regulating telecommunications rates and services in Guyana. The Ministry of Telecommunications, an agency of the Government of Guyana, has formal authority over telecommunications licensing and related issues. The Telecommunications Agency (or “TA”) advises and makes recommendations to the Minister of Telecommunications, implements policy and has principal responsibility for operating licenses and frequency authorizations. Licenses. GTT provides domestic fixed (both wireline and wireless) and international voice and data services in Guyana pursuant to licenses from the Government of Guyana granting GTT the right to provide a variety of domestic fixed services (both wireline and wireless) and international voice and data services. These licenses were issued in October 2020. Pursuant to the licenses, GTT also provides mobile wireless telephone service in Guyana. PUC Law and Telecommunications Law. The PUC Law and the Telecommunications Law, and related regulations adopted in October 2020, provide the general framework for the regulation of telecommunications services in Guyana. As a general matter, the PUC has authority to regulate GTT’s domestic and international telecommunications services and rates and to require GTT to supply certain technical, administrative and financial information as it may request and as stipulated by the regulations. The Telecommunications Agency has broad authority to review GTT’s programs for development and expansion of facilities or services. For a description of recent actions of the PUC, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 21 Regulatory Developments. On October 5, 2020, the Prime Minister of Guyana formally implemented telecommunications legislation previously passed by the Guyana Parliament in 2016 that introduces material changes to many features of Guyana’s existing telecommunications regulatory regime with the intention of creating a more competitive market. At that time, we were issued a new license to provide domestic and international voice as well as data services and mobile services in Guyana. Two of our competitors were issued service licenses as well. While we have requested details of our competitors’ licenses, such information has not been made public by the Guyana Telecommunications Agency, and we are not yet able to ascertain whether the licenses issued to our competitors permit competitors to provide services that have been subject to GTT’s exclusive rights contained in its 1990 license. On October 23, 2020, the Government of Guyana also brought into effect new telecommunications regulations called for by the telecommunications legislation. The regulations include new requirements for the market as a whole, which impact our operations, administrative reporting and services. There can be no assurance that these regulations will be effectively implemented, or that they will be administered in a fair and transparent manner. The PUC has currently implemented fixed and mobile termination rates that came into effect on February 1, 2023. GTT has also advocated for changes to the Quality-of-Service standards noted in the regulations. GTT has put forward recommendations in keeping with regional best practices and benchmarks and is awaiting the final determination on that submission from the PUC. Bermuda Regulation The Regulatory Authority of Bermuda (the “RA”) is the primary regulator of our operations in Bermuda. The relevant legislation is the Regulatory Authority Act 2011 and the Electronic Communications Act 2011. Pursuant to these statutes, the RA is responsible for regulating all electronic communications services in Bermuda, including the broadband, mobile and video services we offer. The statutory framework provides the RA powers in respect of licensing, consumer protections, ex post competition issues, and the identification and remedying of significant market power concerns. On September 1, 2020, the RA completed its second market review and continued its determination we have significant market power in certain broadband and mobile services. As a consequence, we are subject to a series of ex- ante remedies that include wholesale obligations, price caps, accounting separation and reporting obligations in addition to the ex-post competition rules that generally apply. The ex-ante remedies are burdensome and require financial, operational, legal and regulatory resources be allocated to ensure compliance. The next market review for the electronic communications section by the RA is required to commence and conclude during 2023-2024. Cayman Regulation The Utility Regulation and Competition Office of the Cayman Islands (“OfReg”) is the primary regulator of our operations in the Cayman Islands. The relevant legislation is the Information & Communications Technology Act (2019 Revision). Pursuant to this statute, OfReg is responsible for the regulation and licensing of telecommunications, broadcasting and all forms of radio in the Cayman Islands, including the broadband and television services we offer. The statutory framework provides OfReg powers in respect of licensing, infrastructure sharing, advertising guidelines, competition issues, and the identification and remedying of significant market power concerns. 22 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this Report, you should carefully consider the risks described below that could materially affect our business, financial condition, or future results. These risks are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or results of operations. Operational Risks We are reliant on government funding to comply with the FCC’s “Replace and Remove” program. The FCC’s governmental restrictions on the procurement of equipment from certain Chinese vendors will result in a costly network replacement build in our western United States operations that, if not offset by government support, could adversely affect our results of operations. The FCC has established a Supply Chain Reimbursement Program to provide such support, for which several of our operating subsidiaries submitted applications for funding allocations. On July 18, 2022, the FCC announced that the total amount of approved costs for which reimbursement was sought by all applicants was approximately $5.6 billion, far in excess of the $1.9 billion appropriated by Congress. Because demand for program support exceeded available funding, the FCC was required by statute to implement a prioritization scheme and allocate funding on an equal but prorated basis. Accordingly, per its rules, the FCC developed a pro-rata allocation factor of approximately 40% of the funds requested for reimbursement, including with respect to our subsidiaries. Congress is considering appropriating additional funding to meet the total demand for reimbursement, but we cannot predict whether or when such additional funding will be allocated, or how much. Thus, we cannot predict whether there will be sufficient available funding to reimburse our subsidiaries for all of their costs in this context. Any shortfall in available funding could have an adverse impact on our ability to replace covered equipment in satisfaction of our regulatory obligations. In addition, companies that were awarded a funding allocation are not guaranteed to receive that funding. Once funds are allocated, recipients can then draw down funds upon proof of actual expenses incurred by filing a request for the reimbursement of specific expenses. We cannot predict whether and to what extent the FCC or the administrator on which it relies to administer the reimbursement program will approve our subsidiaries’ requests for the specific reimbursement of costs. If we are not successful in receiving the amount of funds that is necessary to remove equipment from restricted vendors or are unable to complete the removal and replacement in the time frame specified in any final rules, or have underestimated the cost of replacement, it could adversely impact our ability to operate, maintain or expand our domestic network infrastructure. We rely on a limited number of key suppliers and vendors for the timely supply of handsets, accessories, equipment and services relating to our network or facility infrastructure. Changes in import tax policy or trade relations, interruptions in our supply chain or increased commodity or supply chain costs could adversely affect our results of operations. Like other companies globally, we continued to face major supply chain disruptions across our business in 2022, which led to increased costs and delays. We depend on a limited number of suppliers for equipment and services relating to our network infrastructure, mobile handset lineup, and our back-office IT systems infrastructure. If these suppliers experience interruptions or other problems delivering equipment to us on a timely basis, our subscriber or revenue growth and operating results could suffer significantly. In addition, our retail wireless businesses depend on access to compelling handset devices at reasonable prices on the primary and secondary markets. The size of our business relative to many of our competitors puts us at a disadvantage in terms of whether we will get access to the newest technologies at the same time as our competitors, as well as a financial disadvantage in terms of the ability to achieve economies of scale and receive commensurate discounts that may be available to our competitors. Our inability to provide a competitive retail device lineup or to acquire network technology on a cost effective basis could materially impact our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers. 23 A large portion of our equipment is sourced, directly or indirectly, from outside the United States, and major changes in tax policy or trade relations, such as the disallowance of tax deductions for imported products or the imposition of additional tariffs or duties on imported products, could also adversely affect our business, results of operations, effective income tax rate, liquidity and net income. The increase in geopolitical tensions, such as the war in Ukraine, only heightens the risk of supply chain shortages and delays, especially with respect to sourcing equipment from Europe. Cyber security breaches, other outages due to failures of network or information technology systems, and outages due to human error, could have an adverse effect on our business. We are highly dependent on our information technology (“IT”) systems for the operation of our network, our facilities, delivery of services to our customers and the compilation of our financial results. Failure of these IT systems, through cyberattacks, breaches of security, equipment failures, human error or otherwise, may cause disruptions to our operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully prevent a material security breach stemming from future cyberattacks or avoid major outages caused by other factors. Our inability to operate our network, facilities and back-office systems as a result of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in significant expenses and impact the timely and accurate delivery of our services or other information. Among the other factors that may also cause interruptions in service or reduced capacity for our customers include power loss, increasing reliance on cloud- storage providers (which may themselves be subject to cyberattack or breach), capacity limitations, software defects and breaches of security by computer viruses, break-ins or otherwise. With respect to cyber security there has been an increase in ransomware attacks in recent years. Telecommunications providers, including vendors to providers, are increasingly being targeted by cyber criminals. These attacks are not always seeking data about their own business, but access to the data of market participants in potentially more lucrative industries. Disruptions in our networks and the unavailability of our services or our inability to efficiently and effectively complete necessary technology or systems upgrades, or conversions could lead to a loss of customers, damage to our reputation and violation of the terms of our licenses and contracts with customers. Additionally, breaches of security may lead to unauthorized access to our customer or employee information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our IT systems. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures arising from operational and security risks, including notification under data privacy laws and regulations, and we may be subject to litigation, regulatory penalties and financial losses. These failures could also lead to significant negative publicity. Inclement weather, changes in meteorological conditions and other natural disasters may materially disrupt our operations. Many of the areas in which we operate have experienced severe weather conditions including hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, fires, damaging storms, floods and earthquakes. Such events may materially disrupt and adversely affect our business operations, such as the impacts of the hurricanes in the US Virgin Islands in 2017, which we assessed caused damage and losses to our fixed and mobile networks of approximately $100 million in operating losses and network rebuilding costs prior to insurance and any other recovery assistance. Major hurricanes have also passed directly over Bermuda and Cayman several times in the past decade, causing damage to our network and to the island’s infrastructure. Guyana and Cayman have each suffered from severe rains and flooding in the past as well. With the addition of business operations in Alaska, our company operations now face increased earthquake, volcanic, fire and winter storm risk. These types of events can also cause major disruption and harm to the communities and markets we serve, compounded by the fact that many of our service areas have limited emergency responses assets and may be difficult to reach in an emergency situation, which can have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the impacts of climate change may exacerbate the risk of significant damage in the areas in which we operate. if the frequency or duration of more intense weather events increase. We cannot be sure that these types of events will not have an impact in the future or that we can procure insurance coverage against these types of severe weather and geological events under reasonable business terms and conditions, or that any insurance coverage we are able to maintain will adequately compensate us for all damage and economic losses resulting from natural catastrophes. In addition, it may take significant time to return to pre-disaster levels following any such meteorological or geological event. If we are unable to restore service on a timely and cost-effective basis, it could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations through continued loss of revenue and customer attrition to our competitors. 24 Our inability to recruit and retain experienced management and technical personnel could adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to maintain effective internal controls. The success of our business depends on the ability of our executive officers and the officers of our operating units to develop and execute on our business plan, and to identify and pursue new opportunities and product innovations, as well as on our ability to attract and retain these officers and other highly qualified technical and management personnel. If our executive officers and the officers of our operating units are not able to execute on our business plan, this could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we believe that there is, and will continue to be, strong competition for qualified personnel in the communications industry and in our markets, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to attract and retain the personnel necessary for the development of our business. The shift to remote work, precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, seems to have exacerbated that competition and may continue to impact the labor pool and labor costs in many of our markets. While our shift to remote work was successful, we have found that it creates added challenges and costs with respect to employee engagement and productivity. As labor demands in certain key markets exceed the supply of eligible workers, however, we may increasingly need to rely on remote workers to fill open positions. We rely heavily on local management to run our operating units. Many of the markets in which we operate are small and remote, and in some cases are subject to government restrictions on granting work visas, which could make it difficult for us to attract and retain talented and qualified managers and staff in those markets. The loss of key personnel or the failure to attract or retain personnel with the sophistication to run complicated communications equipment, networks and systems could have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain effective internal controls, and on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Given the current labor economy, it may become increasingly difficult to find the right people to fill management roles. We do not currently maintain “key person” life insurance on any of our key employees and none of the executives at our parent company have executed employment agreements requiring a specified time period of service. We may not be able to timely and effectively meet our obligations to AT&T related to its partnership with the First Responder Network Authority. On July 31, 2019, we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Commnet Wireless, entered into a Network Build and Maintenance Agreement with AT&T Mobility LLC (“AT&T”), pursuant to which Commnet will engineer, construct, commission, and maintain a radio access network (“RAN”) for AT&T for its commercial use and also in support of AT&T’s public/private partnership with the First Responder Network Authority (“FirstNet Authority”). In connection with the Network Build & Maintenance Agreement, we are required to build a network in portions of several states in accordance with AT&T’s detailed specifications by specified milestone dates and thereafter, to maintain the network in accordance with certain quality metrics. Such services are structured as a set cost agreed upon with AT&T, to be paid over the initial eight-year term of the Network Build and Maintenance Agreement. AT&T has the right to terminate this agreement, including its obligation to pay for ongoing maintenance of the sites, in the event that Commnet fails to meet certain milestones or completion dates with respect to the construction of the sites, or fails to meet certain quality metrics and service level agreements (“SLAs”) with respect to maintenance services for the built sites. Our ability to meet required milestones and completion dates and perform the SLAs is dependent on a variety of factors, including: • • • our ability to procure equipment and negotiate favorable payment and other terms with suppliers; our ability to effectively manage the construction of each of the cell sites, including securing reliable and efficient field construction resources; and our ability to cost effectively and reliably deliver and manage the network in accordance with SLAs for both the AT&T commercial and FirstNet Authority networks. In addition, construction of the cell sites may be also adversely affected by circumstances outside of our control, including inclement weather, adverse geological and environmental conditions, a failure to receive regulatory approvals or necessary permits on schedule or third-party delays in providing supplies and other materials. The processing of 25 necessary regulatory approvals and permits has been particularly disrupted by delays in government offices, attributable to COVID-19 shutdowns which created a backlog of applications. While government employees are returning to work in government offices, they are still working to catch up on the backlog of applications that have been submitted for approval since 2020. Any construction setbacks or delays could be costly and have a material adverse effect on our ability to perform under the time conditions and strict budget required under the Network Build and Maintenance Agreement. To date, while we’ve worked collaboratively with AT&T to extend our obligations due to these and other circumstances outside our control, we may not be able to negotiate further extensions, and even if we do, we may continue to face the problems above (or others) that could delay or performance. If AT&T were to terminate the Network Build & Maintenance Agreement, this could have a material adverse impact on our prospects and results of operations in our US Telecom segment as we would have incurred costs to construct the sites, but might not be fully compensated for the construction of the sites through the initial term of the Agreement. As we successfully complete construction of individual sites in addition to the 265 sites built as of December 31, 2022, the likelihood and impact of this risk decreases. Outages due to aging or faulty equipment could have an adverse effect on our business. Much of our underlying physical infrastructure (particularly in Guyana and Alaska), including buildings, fleet vehicles and related systems and equipment, has been in service for an extended period of time. We may not be able to adequately fund the maintenance and replacement of this infrastructure on a basis timely enough to avoid material outages, or be able to locate replacement parts or spares to repair existing equipment due to its age. Any outage caused by faults in our aging equipment or unaddressed maintenance costs could negatively impact our operations, including the provision of service to its customers and could result in adverse effects to our financial condition. We may have difficulty securing video services content from third parties desirable to our customers on terms and conditions favorable to us. We have secured licensing agreements with numerous content providers, but the success of our video services operations depends on our ability to access an attractive selection of video programming from content providers on terms and pricing favorable to us. Our inability to provide the content desired by our subscribers on satisfactory terms or at all could result in reduced demand for, and lower revenue from, our cable operations that may not offset the typically large subscription fees that we pay for these services. In certain cases, we may not have satisfactory contracts in place with the owners of our distributed content, leading to such parties’ desire for increased renewed contractual pricing or leading to disputes with such parties including claims for copyright or other intellectual property infringement. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had, and may in the future have, an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in and will likely continue to result to varying degrees in disruptions to the global economy, as well as businesses, supply chains and capital markets around the world. We are continuing to monitor and assess the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations in 2023. Impacts to our business have included restrictions placed on travel and movement which have resulted in business interruptions to our business, delays in receipt of governmental approvals and permits, and supply chain delays in the procurement process causing delays in our scheduled build plans, including with respect to planned fiber optic installations and maintenance in our Caribbean markets and our ongoing construction pursuant to the FirstNet Transaction. Any prolonged interruption in the future could negatively impact our ability to complete planned construction projects on our telecommunications network. For more information about the risks to our business with respect to failure to perform under the FirstNet Transaction, see “Operational Risks -- We may not be able to timely and effectively meet our obligations to AT&T related to its partnership with the First Responder Network Authority.” 26 Strategic Risks We may not be able to effectively transform the business model of our legacy US Telecom business. Historically, a large portion of our revenue has been derived from carrier services in our US Telecom segment. A substantial portion of this revenue was generated from three national wireless service providers in 2022, however, during this time period, revenues from carrier services have declined due to our mutual agreement with our carrier customers to lower rates in exchange for pricing certainty in longer term contracts, our customers’ decisions to overbuild our network, and the consolidation of national wireless service providers (thereby eliminating one or more former carrier customers). As wholesale roaming on the majority of our US network continues to decline, we will offset that revenue by providing maintenance and expanded carrier services (including more leasing and transport services) to other carriers to offset lost revenue, albeit at lower operating income margins due to the increased operating expenses associated with leasing and transport services, as compared to our wholesale mobile roaming services. In addition, we are increasingly focused on winning or obtaining government awards and funding (including the Remove and Replace program) to both enable our expanded carrier service initiative and grow the footprint of our network. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to successfully transform our legacy US Telecom business to support additional carrier services product offerings or expand our retail and commercial subscriber base in our US Telecom segment. If we are unable to offset the continued decline in our carrier services revenue by expanding and diversifying our sources of revenue it may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Increased competition may adversely affect growth, require increased capital expenditures, result in the loss of existing customers and decrease our revenues. Over the last decade, an increase in competition in many areas of the telecommunications industry has contributed to a decline in prices for communication services, including mobile wireless services, local and long-distance telephone service and data services. Competition in the markets in which we operate has increased in recent years due to a number of governmental and economic factors. For example: • In Guyana, the government’s issuance of licenses for national and international voice and data traffic has allowed for legal competition in the market. In addition, there are signs that Guyana’s rapidly growing economy may lead to more investment and, potentially new entrants, into the country’s telecommunications market. • Across the United States, increased government spending, particularly in broadband infrastructure, for example as a result of the current administration’s "Internet For All” campaign and the Replace and Remove program has the potential to alter the competitive landscape, as new market entrants seek to capture government funds. In addition, we will face increased competition securing construction crews and equipment with the increased number of construction projects across the United States spurred on by these government awards. • • In Bermuda, the regulator has declared our telecommunications company “dominant” in certain sectors, which may negatively impact our ability to compete in the market, though we are disputing the process and authority. Increased competition, whether from new entrants or increased capital investment by our competitors in their existing networks, will make it more difficult for us to attract and retain customers in our small markets, which could result in lower revenue and cash flow from operating activities. 27 We may have difficulty funding multiple opportunities across our businesses. Historically, we have funded our capital expenditures and transactional matters from a combination of cash on hand, cash from operations, and limited incurrence of debt. As discussed above, our US Telecom segment is in the midst of a business transformation and may need significant funding as we seek to grow our fiber network and capacity. With acquisitions made in the last two years, we have substantially decreased our cash reserves and increased our leverage on a consolidated basis. We may have other opportunities to inorganically grow our businesses and our team actively evaluates potential acquisitions, investment opportunities and other strategic transactions, both domestic and international, that have the potential for generating steady excess cash flows over extended periods of time. Any such transactions may be accomplished through the payment of cash, issuance of shares of our capital stock or incurrence of additional debt, or a combination thereof. How and when we deploy our balance sheet capacity will figure prominently in our longer-term growth prospects and stockholder returns. To support multiple simultaneous growth opportunities, we may need to raise additional capital or incur additional debt to fund our future operations or investment opportunities. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to secure additional funding from public or private offerings on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain the requisite amount of financing, we may have to forgo opportunities to strategically grow our business. Rapid and significant technological changes in the telecommunications industry may adversely affect us. Our industry faces rapid and significant changes in technology that directly impact our business, including the following: • migration to new-generation services such as “5G” network technology; • • • • introduction of new telecom delivery platforms such as next generation satellite services; development of data and broadband capabilities and rapidly expanding demand for those capabilities; increased reliance on third-party cloud storage providers for data storage; and consolidation among service providers within the industry For us to keep pace with these technological changes and remain competitive, at a minimum we must continue to make significant capital expenditures to add to our networks’ capacity, coverage and technical capability. We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. Alternative or new technologies may be developed that provide communications services superior to those available from us, which may adversely affect our business. Failure to provide these services or to upgrade to new technologies on a timely basis and at an acceptable cost, or to secure any necessary regulatory approvals to roll out such new technologies on a timely basis all could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete with carriers in our markets. We may not be able to timely and effectively execute on several key initiatives across multiple jurisdictions. Major business initiatives are underway with respect to improvement in mobile and other retail sales in all markets, digitization of internal processes to allow for quicker response time to customer requirements, modernization of existing internal processes in select markets and revising the strategy of some of our US Telecom businesses to develop additional revenue streams, including the substantial construction and support undertakings of the FirstNet project and Replace and Remove program. Each of these requires significant oversight from senior management to aid in-market teams, and many of these projects are underway simultaneously in different locations. Execution on multiple simultaneous and transformational initiatives will require in depth management attention in multiple jurisdictions to capitalize on growth in the US Virgin Islands, economic growth in Guyana, the ongoing shift in business focus in US Telecom and the integration of both Alaska Communications and our newly acquired New Mexico-based subsidiary, Sacred Wind. 28 Regulatory Risks The Rural Health Care program in Alaska is being audited by USAC, and we may be subject to forfeiture or fine. Alaska Communications participates in the Universal Service Administration Company’s (“USAC”) Rural Health Care universal service fund (“USF”) program and received inquiries and requests for information from USAC, which administers the program, in connection with both current funding requests and, beginning with a letter dated June 2, 2017 from USAC’s auditors, prior period support payments. After Alaska Communications responded to the initial request for information about support payments prior to 2017, USAC’s auditors asked Alaska Communications to comment on some preliminary audit findings, and it responded with a letter dated December 21, 2018. On February 24, 2020, Alaska Communications received a draft audit report from USAC that alleges violations of the FCC’s rules for establishing rural rates and urban rates, the provisioning and billing of ineligible services and products, and violations of the FCC’s competitive bidding rules. Alaska Communications also received a Letter of Inquiry on March 18, 2018, from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting historical information regarding its participation in the FCC’s Rural Health Care program. In response, Alaska Communications produced voluminous records throughout 2018 and into the first quarter of 2019. On November 5, 2019 and January 22, 2021 Alaska Communications received additional letters from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting additional information, to which it responded. To date, Alaska Communications has been working with the FCC’s Enforcement to provide it the information it is seeking and has engaged in discussions with respect to the investigation. Similar audits and investigations of other companies have resulted in the FCC recouping certain previously awarded support funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations, and liquidity. Any adverse outcome with respect to the FCC Enforcement Bureau’s inquiry may have an adverse impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Any change in federal or state funding could materially and adversely impact Alaska Communications’ financial position and results of operations. Alaska Communications historically received federal high-cost universal service payment revenues to support its wireline operations in high-cost areas. In 2011, the FCC released a Transformation Order that established a new framework for high-cost universal service support for price capped carriers. The new framework replaced existing support mechanisms that provide support to carriers that serve high-cost areas. The new support mechanism, the Connect America Fund (“CAF”), imposes service obligations that are focused on broadband Internet access services. In October 2016, the FCC released its order establishing the requirements of CAF II (“CAF II”) for price cap carriers in Alaska — specifically Alaska Communications, the only price cap carrier in Alaska. Under the CAF II order, we receive approximately $19.7 million annually in Alaska through December 31, 2025, subject to explicit broadband deployment conditions. Funding under the new program generally requires Alaska Communications to provide broadband service to unserved locations throughout the designated coverage area by the end of a specified build-out period and meet interim milestone build-out obligations. As a result, while Alaska Communications currently expects its high-cost USF support revenue to be relatively unchanged for the next three years, it also expects the FCC to enact substantial changes regarding our high-cost support after 2025. There can be no assurance that Alaska Communications will meet its CAF II obligations utilizing the delivery of broadband Internet access using a fixed wireless platform in a capital-efficient manner, and there is uncertainty regarding the future level of revenue as well as the future obligations tied to this funding. If Alaska Communications fails to meet its obligations under the CAF II order, or requires substantial additional capital expenditures in order to meet the obligations under the timeline required, its revenue, results of operations and liquidity may be materially adversely impacted. 29 Changes in USF funding could have an adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations in the US Virgin Islands. Viya, our subsidiary operating video, internet, wireless and landline services in the US Virgin Islands, has historically received, through December 31, 2020, high-cost USF support in the US Virgin Islands of approximately $16.4 million per year. In addition, after the devastation caused by the Hurricanes Irma and Maria in September 2017, the FCC provided approximately $15.4 million in accelerated USF support and in fixed and mobile recovery support through August 2018. The FCC, in response to the damage caused by the hurricanes and as part of its general USF reform, established a Connect USVI Fund that replaced the legacy high-cost USF support for the US Virgin Islands that Viya historically has been awarded. In November 2020, the FCC announced the award of the Connect USVI Fund for all of the US Virgin Islands to Viya’s competitor in the amount of approximately $8.6 million per year for a term of 10 years. Pursuant to the terms of the program, Viya’s USF spending was reduced in July 2021 to approximately two-thirds of the legacy total amount, or $10.9 million, and will be reduced again in July 2022 to approximately one-third of the legacy total amount, or $5.5 million, through July 2023. Thereafter, Viya will not be eligible for high-cost USF support. However, in October 2022, the FCC proposed to extend this support at the $5.5 million per year level to December 31, 2025, and sought comment on this proposal. The FCC has not yet taken action on its proposal, and we cannot predict whether the FCC will extend this support and, if so, what amount the FCC will provide and for how long. This reduction in the overall amount of USF support we receive as a result of the Connect USVI Fund proceeding relative to historical levels of high-cost USF support we have received negatively affects our efforts to build, maintain and operate networks in the US Virgin Islands and our ability to provide services previously supported by USF funds. Although Viya is currently undertaking a review and reassessment of its business plan to consider the extent to which we will provide further investment or operational resources to Viya or the territory, this could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations in our International Telecom segment. In addition, in December 2022 we filed a Petition for Forbearance with the US Virgin Island Public Services Commission (“PSC”) requesting the PSC to largely deregulate Viya’s operations. The PSC initiated a proceeding to consider the Petition and held initial hearings in January and February of 2023. Although we cannot predict the outcome or timing for this proceeding, if the PSC approves the Petition, we will be subject to substantially less regulation in the US Virgin Islands, which we believe will provide a material benefit to our wireline telecommunications operations and competitiveness there, but, absent such deregulation, there can be no assurance that any revised business plan will offset or reduce the loss of revenue, customer attrition and increased competition as a result of the cessation of high-cost USF funding. The FCC and other agencies continue to revisit and revise rules related to U.S. national security. The regulatory landscape with respect to U.S. national security in the telecommunications space is fluid and unpredictable. We cannot predict how this regulatory environment may change and how any such changes may impact our business. For example, the FCC continues to update the Covered List of foreign companies whose telecommunications equipment are subject to usage restrictions based on national security determinations made by Congress and enumerated federal sources. If the FCC were to add a new company to that list that has provided a significant amount of equipment to our subsidiaries, we cannot predict how our business will be impacted or what sort of adverse consequences may result. Similarly, we cannot predict whether the FCC, another agency, or Congress will adopt further regulatory requirements related to national security, such as additional restrictions on the type of equipment we may use, and whether or how any such requirements may adversely impact our business. Regulatory changes may impose restrictions that adversely affect us or cause us to incur significant unplanned costs in modifying our business plans or operations. We are subject to US federal, state, and local regulations and foreign government regulations, all of which are subject to change. As new laws and regulations are issued or discontinued, we may be required to materially modify our business plans or operations. We cannot be certain that we can do so in a cost-effective or timely manner. Our operations in the United States are subject to the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, including via the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (“Communications Act”) and the FCC’s implementing regulations, as well as regulation by public utility commissions in certain U.S. states and territories in which we operate. The interpretation and implementation of the various 30 provisions of the Communications Act and the FCC rules implementing the Communications Act continue to be heavily debated and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, the leadership of the FCC changed in January 2021, and the FCC may pursue new and different regulatory priorities under the current leadership. Our international operations are subject to similar regulations, the interpretation and implementation of which are also often debated, and which may have a material adverse effect on our business. For instance, in 2020, the Government of Guyana formally implemented telecommunications legislation that introduces material changes to many features of Guyana’s existing telecommunications regulatory regime that impact our operations, administrative reporting and services. There can be no assurance that these regulations will be effectively implemented, or that they will be administered in a fair and transparent manner and Guyana remains a high-risk environment due to economic, political and judicial uncertainty. Our interpretations of our obligations in the United States and our international jurisdictions may differ from those of regulatory authorities. Both federal and state regulators, as well as international regulators, require us to pay various fees and assessments, file periodic reports and comply with various rules regarding our consumer marketing practices and the contents of our bills, on an on-going basis. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we may be subject to fines or potentially be asked to show cause as to why our licenses to provide service should not be revoked. The loss of certain licenses could adversely affect our ability to provide wireless and broadband services. In the United States, wireless licenses generally are valid for 10 years from the effective date of the license, and generally may be renewed for additional 10-year periods by filing renewal applications with the FCC. While to date we have successfully renewed our licenses in the ordinary course of operations, failure to file for renewal of these licenses or failure to meet any licensing requirements could lead to a denial of the renewal application and thus adversely affect our ability to continue to provide service in that license area. In our international markets, telecommunications licenses are typically issued and regulated by the applicable telecommunications ministry. The application and renewal process for these licenses may be lengthy, require us to expend substantial renewal fees, and/or be subject to regulatory or legislative uncertainty, such as we are experiencing in Guyana, as described above. Failure to comply with these regulatory requirements may have an adverse effect on our licenses or operations and could result in sanctions, fines or other penalties. Economic Risks General economic factors, such as inflation and a potential economic downturn, domestically and internationally, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations and performance depend on worldwide economic conditions. These conditions have been adversely impacted by continued global economic concerns over rising inflation rates, supply chain disruptions, a potential recession, outbreak of war in Ukraine and other monetary and financial uncertainties. Rising inflation may adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, components, manufacturing and shipping, as well as weakening exchange rates and other similar effects. In response to recent inflationary pressure, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other global central banks have raised interest rates in 2022, and further interest rate increases are anticipated. These increases have led to concerns of a potential global recession. Any such events are likely to result in significant disruption of global financial markets, which may reduce our ability to access capital on favorable terms or at all. In addition, a recession, depression or other sustained adverse market event could materially and adversely affect our business and the value of our Common Stock. Although we may take measures to mitigate these events, if these measures are not effective, our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Even if such measures are effective, there could be a difference between the timing of when these beneficial actions impact our results of operations and when the costs are incurred. 31 In addition, an economic downturn in the markets in which we currently operate or in the global market generally may lead to slower economic activity, increased unemployment, concerns about inflation, decreased consumer confidence and other adverse business conditions that could have an impact on our businesses. For example, among other things: • • a decrease in tourism could negatively affect revenues and growth opportunities from operations in the islands and in a number of areas covered by US rural and wholesale wireless operations that serve tourist destinations; and an increase in credit losses on trade receivables, or the amounts that we have to write-off of our accounts receivable, could result from our inability to collect subscription fees from our subscribers. In 2022, we saw a return to tourism in some of our tourism-dependent markets over 2021, but on an aggregate basis tourist activity in the markets we operate remains below pre-pandemic levels. The continuation travel restrictions limited the numbers of customers roaming onto our network, in addition to depressing demand for our services generally in the hospitality industry (e.g. hotels, bars, and restaurants) that is traditionally supported by the tourism industry. Further, we also continued to see the effects of population flight from some of our island markets for a variety of reasons including continued lockdowns and travel restrictions and also general economic downturns. It is unknown what the long-term economic effects of these negative impacts on the tourism industry will be, but our business operations and revenue may certainly be adversely impacted as a result. The long-term impact, if any, that these events might have on us and our business, is uncertain. The successful operation and growth of our business in two of our major markets (Guyana and Alaska) is highly dependent on economic conditions which may deteriorate due to reductions in crude oil prices or demand. Successful operation and growth in Guyana and Alaska largely depend on local economic conditions due to their remote geographies. The Alaska and Guyanese economies, in turn, depend heavily on the strength of the natural resource industries, particularly oil production and prices of crude oil. The supply and price of crude oil can be volatile and influenced by a myriad of factors beyond our control, including foreign actors (like OPEC), worldwide supply and demand, war, economic sanctions, natural disasters and other events, the move by many governments, businesses, and institutions towards “de-carbonization” and political conditions. Alaska’s economy is dependent on investment by oil companies, and state tax revenues correlate with the price of oil as the State assesses a tax based on the value of the oil that transits the pipeline from the North Slope. Guyana is projected to have tremendous economic growth in upcoming years that is largely dependent on the continued supply of crude oils and the government’s efficient use of its portion of the revenues from crude oil sales. The impact of this change on the State’s economy is uncertain. Overall economic impacts from a sustained lower price of crude oil, on Alaska on the one hand, and from projected revenue from sales of oil, for Guyana on the other hand, if maintained over time, will impact our growth in the future. Our debt instruments include restrictive and financial covenants that limit our operating flexibility. The credit facilities that we and our subsidiaries maintain include certain financial and other covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to take specific actions, even if we believe such actions are in our best interest. These include restrictions on our ability to do the following: • • incur additional debt; create liens or negative pledges with respect to our assets; 32 • pay dividends or distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, our capital stock; • make investments, loans or advances or other forms of payments; • • issue, sell or allow distributions on capital stock of specified subsidiaries; enter into transactions with affiliates; or • merge, consolidate or sell our assets. Any failure to comply with the restrictions of the credit facilities or any subsequent financing agreements may result in an event of default. Such default may allow our creditors to accelerate the repayment of the related debt and may result in the acceleration of the repayment of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In addition, these creditors may be able to terminate any commitments they had made to provide us with further funds. Labor costs and the terms of collective bargaining agreements can negatively impact our ability to remain competitive, which could cause our financial performance to suffer. Our four largest markets all have some unionized labor pools, and the addition of Alaska Communications brings even more of an operating challenge than we have in other markets given the remote location of operations and the extent of the unionized workforce. Labor costs are a significant component of Alaska Communications’ expenses and, as of December 31, 2022, approximately 54% of its workforce is represented by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (“IBEW”). The collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) between Alaska Communications and the IBEW, which is effective through December 31, 2023, governs the terms and conditions of employment for all IBEW represented employees working for Alaska Communications and has significant economic impacts on it as the CBA relates to wage and benefit costs and work rules. We believe Alaska Communications’ labor costs are higher than our competitors who employ a non-unionized workforce because Alaska Communications is required by the CBA to contribute to the IBEW Health and Welfare Trust and the Alaska Electrical Pension Fund (“AEPF”) for benefit programs, including defined benefit pension plans and health benefit plans, that are not reflective of the competitive marketplace. Furthermore, work rules under the existing agreement limit Alaska Communications’ ability to efficiently manage its workforce and make the incremental cost of work performed outside normal work hours high. In addition, Alaska Communications may make strategic and operational decisions that require the consent of the IBEW. In all of our markets, the local union may not provide consent when needed to execute upon strategic new initiatives or cost saving measures, it may require additional wages, benefits or other consideration be paid in return for its consent, or it may call for a work stoppage against our operating companies. Any deterioration in the relationship with our local unions could have a negative impact on our operations and on our ability to achieve our plans for growth. Alaska Communications may incur substantial and unexpected liabilities arising out of its pension plans. Alaska Communications is required by the CBA to contribute to the AEPF for benefit programs, including defined benefit pension plans and health benefit plans. Alaska Communications also maintains pension benefits for substantially all of its Alaska-based employees. The AEPF is a multi-employer pension plan to which Alaska Communications makes fixed, per employee, contributions through the CBA, which covers the IBEW represented workforce, and a special agreement, which covers most of its non-represented workforce. Because contribution requirements are fixed, Alaska Communications cannot easily adjust annual plan contributions to address its own financial circumstances. Currently, this plan is not fully funded, which means Alaska Communications may be subject to increased contribution obligations, penalties, and ultimately, it could incur a contingent withdrawal liability should it choose to withdraw from the AEPF for economic reasons. Alaska Communications’ contingent withdrawal liability is an amount based on its pro-rata share among AEPF participants of the value of the funding shortfall. This contingent liability becomes due and payable if Alaska Communications terminates its participation in the AEPF. Moreover, if another participant in the AEPF goes bankrupt, Alaska Communications would become liable for a pro-rata share of the bankrupt participant’s vested, but unpaid, liability for accrued benefits for that participant’s employees. This could result in a substantial unexpected contribution requirement 33 and making such a contribution could have a material adverse effect on Alaska Communications’ cash position and other financial results. These sources of potential liability are difficult to predict. These plans and activities have generated and will likely continue to generate substantial cash requirements for Alaska Communications, and these requirements may increase beyond our expectations in future years based on changing market conditions, which could result in substantial liabilities on our balance sheet. The difference between projected plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, is a significant factor in determining the net periodic benefit costs of these pension plans and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Changes in interest rates, mortality rates, health care costs, early retirement rates, returns on investment and the market value of plan assets can affect the funded status of our defined benefit pension plans and cause volatility in the net periodic benefit cost and future funding requirements of the plans. In the future, we may be required to make additional contributions to our defined benefit plans. Plan liabilities may impair our liquidity, have an unfavorable impact on our ability to obtain financing and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to some of our competitors who do not have such liabilities and cash requirements. Given the complexity of pension-related matters we may not, in every instance, be in full compliance with applicable requirements. Other Risks Our founder is our largest stockholder and could exert significant influence over us. Cornelius B. Prior, Jr., our founder and the father of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, together with related entities, affiliates and family members (including our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer), beneficially owns approximately 27% of our outstanding Common Stock. As a result, he has the ability to exert significant influence over all matters presented to our stockholders for approval, including election and removal of our directors and change of control transactions. His interests may not always coincide with the interests of other holders of our Common Stock. Low trading volume of our stock may limit our stockholders’ ability to sell shares and/or result in lower sale prices. For the three months prior to March 15, 2023, the average daily trading volume of our Common Stock was approximately 44,000 shares. As a result, our stockholders may have difficulty selling a large number of shares of our Common Stock in the manner or at a price that might be attainable if our Common Stock were more actively traded. In addition, the market price of our Common Stock may not be reflective of its underlying value. We may not pay dividends in the future. Our stockholders may receive dividends out of legally available funds if, and when, they are declared by our Board of Directors. We have consistently paid quarterly dividends in the past, but may cease to do so or decrease the dividend amount at any time. Our credit facility sets certain limitations on our ability to pay dividends on, or repurchase, our capital stock. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future that may further restrict our ability to declare and pay dividends. We may also be restricted from paying dividends in the future due to restrictions imposed by applicable state laws, our financial condition and results of operations, capital requirements, management’s assessment of future capital needs and other factors considered by our Board of Directors. The lack of liquidity of our privately held investments may adversely affect our business. Our subsidiaries and affiliates are typically private companies whose securities are not traded in any public market. In the past, we have partnered with other equity investors as well, and may have majority or minority holdings in certain investments. Investment agreements for both our majority and minority held subsidiaries often contain investor rights and obligations, such as rights of first refusal, co-sale, and "drag along" provisions related to liquidity events and transfers that may force us to sell or exit our holdings at times or on terms that are not optimal or limit our ability to sell or exit our holdings when we would like to. The illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to quickly 34 obtain cash equal to the value at which we record our investments if the need arises to satisfy the repurchase of such investments from our other equity investors in the event such company desires, or in the case of our Alaska Transaction and Sacred Wind Transaction, may be required to repurchase such securities pursuant to contractual arrangements. Such illiquidity could also cause us to miss other investment opportunities. There can also be no assurance that our investments will appreciate in value or that it will have the opportunity to divest such investments at acceptable prices or within the timeline envisaged. If any of the above circumstances arise, it could result in impairments to such investments, and could have a material adverse impact on our earnings, cash flow and financial condition. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES We lease approximately 21,000 square feet of office space at 500 Cummings Center, Beverly, MA 01915 for our corporate headquarters. Worldwide, we utilize the following approximate square footage of space for our operations: Type of space Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Telecom 332,000 42,000 2,024,000 US Telecom 220,000 2,000 298,000 Corporate and Other 47,000 — — All of the above locations are leased except for the office and technical space within our International Telecom segment, which we own. As of December 31, 2022, we operated six retail stores in our US Telecom segment and twenty one retail stores in our International Telecom segment. Our offices and technical operations are in the following locations: International Telecom Georgetown, Guyana Bermuda US Virgin Islands Cayman Islands US Telecom Little Rock, AR Castle Rock, CO Atlanta, GA Anchorage, AK Albuquerque, NM Within our communications operations, we globally own approximately 350 towers, lease an additional approximate 370 towers and have 6 switch locations within rented locations. We consider our owned and leased properties to be suitable and adequate for our business operations. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We and our subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory and legal proceedings and other claims arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages and taxes that are substantial in amount. Historically, our subsidiary, GTT, has been subject to other long-standing litigation proceedings and disputes in Guyana that have not yet been resolved. We believe that, except for the items discussed below, for which we are currently unable to predict the final outcome, the disposition of matters currently pending will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations. 35 Beginning in 2006, the National Frequency Management Unit (now the Telecommunications Agency, or the “NFMU/TA”) and GTT have been engaged in discussions regarding the amount of and methodology for calculation of spectrum fees payable by GTT in Guyana. Since that time, GTT has made payments of undisputed spectrum fees as amounts invoiced by the NFMU/TA. There have been limited further discussions on the subject of a revised spectrum fee methodology with the Telecommunications Agency and GTT awaits the determination of such fees. On May 8, 2009, a GTT competitor, Digicel, filed a lawsuit in Guyana challenging the legality of GTT’s exclusive license rights under Guyana’s constitution and GTT intervened in the suit in order to oppose Digicel’s claims. The case remains pending. We believe that any legal challenge to GTT’s exclusive license rights granted in 1990 is without merit and we continue to defend vigorously against such legal challenge. GTT has filed several lawsuits in the High Court of Guyana asserting that, despite its denials, Digicel is engaged in international bypass in violation of GTT’s exclusive license rights, the interconnection agreement between the parties, and the laws of Guyana. Digicel filed counterclaims alleging that GTT has violated the terms of the interconnection agreement and Guyana laws. These suits, filed in 2010 and 2012, have been consolidated with Digicel’s constitutional challenge described above, however, we cannot accurately predict at this time when the consolidated suit will reach a court of final determination. GTT is also involved in several legal claims regarding its tax filings with the Guyana Revenue Authority (the “GRA”) dating back to 1991 regarding the deductibility of intercompany advisory fees as well as other tax assessments. GTT’s position has been upheld by various High Court rulings made in its favor including most recently in December 2021, when an assessment relating to 2010-2016 was quashed and declared to have no legal effect. GTT has maintained that it has no unpaid corporation tax due to the GRA and that any liability GTT might be found to have with respect to the disputed tax assessments, as alleged by the GRA in the aggregate amount of $32 million net of interest, would be offset in part by the amounts necessary to ensure that GTT’s return on investment was no less than 15% per annum for the relevant periods. Several High Court rulings in the favor of GTT have been appealed by the GRA and we believe that some adverse outcome in these or pending unheard matters could occur. On May 20, 2021, we were served with a notice of application for enforcement of a foreign judgment with respect to a matter brought by the Trinidad & Tobago Electric Commission (“TTEC”) in the High Court of Justice in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in August 2013 against GTT and other defendants, alleging breach of contract due to GTT’s failure to pay TTEC in connection with amounts alleged to be owed as reimbursement for cable repair costs. In December 2022, GTT settled this matter with TTEC. In February 2020, our subsidiary, Alaska Communications, received a draft audit report from USAC in connection with USAC’s inquiry into Alaska Communications’ funding requests under the Rural Health Care Support Program for certain customers for the time period of July 2012 through June 2017. The draft audit report alleges violations of the FCC’s rules for establishing rural rates and urban rates, the provisioning and billing of ineligible services and products, and violations of the FCC’s competitive bidding rules. Alaska Communications has provided USAC with extensive comments in response to its draft audit report seeking correction of numerous factual and legal errors that it believed it had identified. As a result of these conversations and comments being submitted by Alaska Communications, USAC’s auditors may revise their findings, including the amounts they recommend USAC seek to recover. USAC’s auditors are expected to issue a final audit report incorporating Alaska Communications’ responses that will be sent to USAC’s Rural Health Care Division to review and determine if corrective action would be appropriate. In the event that we disagree with USAC’s final audit report, we can appeal that decision to USAC’s Rural Health Care Division and/or the FCC. At this time, we cannot predict the contents or timing of the final USAC audit report, the outcome of the audit or the impact on the our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Alaska Communications also received a Letter of Inquiry on March 18, 2018, and subsequent follow up information requests, from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting historical information regarding Alaska Communications’ participation in the FCC’s Rural Health Care Support Program. We are engaged in discussions with the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau and will continue to work constructively to provide it the information it is seeking. Any 36 adverse outcome with respect to the FCC Enforcement Bureau’s inquiry may have an adverse impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. With respect to all of the foregoing matters, we believe that some adverse outcome is probable and have accordingly accrued $14.7 million as of December 31, 2022 for these and other potential liabilities arising in various claims, legal actions and regulatory proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We also face contingencies that are reasonably possible to occur that cannot currently be estimated. It is our policy to expense costs associated with loss contingencies, including any related legal fees, as they are incurred. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not Applicable. 37 INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers as of March 15, 2023: Name Michael T. Prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Justin D. Benincasa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brad Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Mabey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Justin Leon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age Position 58 Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director 60 Chief Financial Officer 47 Chief Operating Officer 41 37 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Senior Vice President, Corporate Development Executive Officers Michael T. Prior is the Chairman of the Board of Directors and has been our President and Chief Executive Officer since December 2005 and an officer of the Company since June 2003. He was elected to the Board in May 2008. Previous to joining the Company, Mr. Prior was a partner with Q Advisors LLC, a Denver based investment banking and financial advisory firm focused on the technology and telecommunications sectors. Mr. Prior began his career as a corporate attorney with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP in London and New York. He received a B.A. degree from Vassar College and a J.D. degree summa cum laude from Brooklyn Law School. Mr. Prior currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Competitive Carriers Association. In 2008, Mr. Prior was named Entrepreneur of the Year for the New England Region by Ernst & Young LLP and One of America’s Best CEOs by DeMarche Associates, Inc. Justin D. Benincasa is our Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining us in May 2006, Mr. Benincasa was a Principal at Windover Development, LLC since 2004. From 1998 to 2004, he was Executive Vice President of Finance and Administration at American Tower Corporation, a leading wireless and broadcast communications infrastructure company, where he managed finance and accounting, treasury, IT, tax, lease administration and property management. Prior to that, he was Vice President and Corporate Controller at American Radio Systems Corporation and held accounting and finance positions at American Cablesystems Corporation. Mr. Benincasa holds an M.B.A. degree from Bentley University and a B.A. degree from the University of Massachusetts. Brad Martin is our Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining us in 2018, he previously served as Chief Operating Officer for Senet Inc., a leading “low power wide area” network (LPWAN) operator and global service provider. From 2013 through 2015, Mr. Martin served as Senior Vice President and Chief Quality Officer with Extreme Networks, a global leader in software-driven networking solutions for Enterprise and Service Provider customers. Between 2008 and 2013, Mr. Martin served as Vice President of Engineering Operations and Quality with Siemens Enterprise Communications and Enterasys Networks, delivering voice and data networking hardware and software solutions to global enterprises. Mr. Martin holds a Bachelor of Science, Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maine, is a published author and featured industry speaker. Mary Mabey is our Senior Vice President and General Counsel. Ms. Mabey joined us in 2009 and previously served as our Deputy General Counsel. Prior to joining us, Ms. Mabey was with the law firm of Edwards Angell Palmer & Dodge LLP (now Locke Lord LLP) in Boston, where she advised public and private companies in domestic and international transactions on corporate and securities law matters, merger, acquisition and financing transactions, corporate governance, and other general corporate matters. Ms. Mabey received a B.A. degree from the University of Notre Dame and a J.D. degree from the University of Texas School of Law. Justin Leon is our Senior Vice President of Corporate Development. He joined the Company in 2015 and brings over fifteen years of investing experience to the team. Prior to joining ATN, Justin worked in Corporate Strategy & Development for Nuance Communications, a publicly traded software company focused on speech recognition and machine learning where he executed over $1 billion in acquisitions in the healthcare, mobile, and enterprise software verticals. Justin started his career at Stonebridge Associates, a boutique investment bank in Boston advising clients in 38 technology, medical device, and consumer products verticals. Justin earned a degree in corporate finance from Bentley College and an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our Common Stock, $.01 par value, is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ATNI.” The number of holders of record of Common Stock as of March 15, 2023 was 81. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities in the Fourth Quarter of 2022 On September 19, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our Common Stock from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (the “2016 Repurchase Plan”). The following table reflects the repurchases by the Company of its Common Stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2022: (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate (c) Total Number of (b) Dollar Value) of Average Shares Purchased Shares that May (a) Total Number Price as Part of Publicly be Purchased of Shares Purchased Paid per Announced Plans Under the Plans or Share — $ — — — — — or Programs Programs — $ 19,451,514 19,451,514 — 19,451,514 — Period October 1, 2022 — October 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 2022 — November 30, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1, 2022 — December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Stock Performance Graph The graph below matches ATN International’s cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on Common Stock with the cumulative total returns of the Russell 2000 index, the S&P Smallcap 600 index, and the Nasdaq Telecommunications index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our Common Stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from 12/31/2017 to 12/31/2022. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among ATN International, the Russell 2000 Index, the S&P Smallcap 600 Index and the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index $180 $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 12/17 12/18 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 ATN International Russell 2000 S&P Smallcap 600 NASDAQ Telecommunications *$100 invested on 12/31/17 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. Copyright© 2023 Standard & Poor's, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved. Copyright© 2023 Russell Investment Group. All rights reserved. 12/17 12/18 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 ATN International . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russell 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S&P Smallcap 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ Telecommunications . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 130.85 88.99 91.52 77.39 102.54 111.70 112.37 91.90 78.32 134.00 125.05 101.16 76.06 153.85 158.59 103.32 87.73 122.41 133.06 75.55 The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance 40 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview We provide digital infrastructure and communications services in the United States and internationally, including in the Caribbean region, with a focus on smaller markets, many of which are rural or remote, with a growing demand for infrastructure investments, Through our operating subsidiaries, we primarily provide: (i) carrier and enterprise communications services, such as terrestrial and submarine fiber optic transport, and communications tower facilities; and (ii) fixed and mobile telecommunications connectivity to residential, business and government customers, including a range of high-speed internet and data services, fixed and mobile wireless solutions, and video and voice services. At the holding company level, we oversee the allocation of capital within and among our subsidiaries, affiliates, new investments, and stockholders. We have developed significant operational expertise and resources that we use to augment the capabilities of our individual operating subsidiaries in our local markets. We have built a platform of resources and expertise to support our operating subsidiaries and to improve their quality of service with greater economies of scale and expertise than would typically be available at the operating subsidiary level. We provide management, technical, financial, regulatory, and marketing services to our operating subsidiaries and typically receive a management fee calculated as a percentage of their revenues, which is eliminated in consolidation. We also actively evaluate potential acquisitions, investment opportunities and other strategic transactions, both domestic and international, and generally look for those that we believe fit our profile of telecommunications businesses and have the potential to complement our “glass and steel” and “first to fiber” approach in markets while generating steady excess cash flows over extended periods of time. We use the cash generated from our operations to re-invest in organic growth in our existing businesses, to make strategic investments in additional businesses, and to return cash to our investors through dividends or stock repurchases. For further information about our financial segments and geographical information about our operating revenues and assets, see Notes 1 and 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2022, we offer the following types of services to our customers: • Mobility Telecommunications Services. We offer mobile communications services over our wireless networks and related equipment(such as handsets) to both our business and consumer subscribers. • Fixed Telecommunications Services. We provide fixed data and voice telecommunications services to business and consumer customers. These services include consumer broadband and high speed data solutions for businesses. For some markets, fixed services also include video services and revenue derived from support under certain government programs. • Carrier Telecommunication Services. We deliver services to other telecommunications providers such as the leasing of critical network infrastructure, such as tower and transport facilities, wholesale roaming, site maintenance and international long-distance services. • Managed Services. We provide information technology services such as network, application, infrastructure and hosting services to both our business and consumer customers to complement our fixed Services in our existing markets. Through December 31, 2022, we have identified two operating segments to manage and review our operations and to facilitate investor presentations of our results. These two operating segments are as follows: • International Telecom. . In our international markets, we offer fixed services, mobility services, carrier services and managed services to customers in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Guyana and the US Virgin Islands. 41 • US Telecom. In the United States, we offer fixed services, carrier services, and managed services to business and consumer customers in Alaska and the western United States. As of December 31, 2022 we provided mobility services to retail customers in the western United States The following chart summarizes the operating activities of our principal subsidiaries, the segments in which we report our revenue and the markets we served as of December 31, 2022: Segment Services Markets International Telecom . . . . Mobility Services Bermuda, Guyana, US Virgin Fixed Services Carrier Services Managed Services US Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility Services Islands Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Guyana, US Virgin Islands Bermuda, Guyana, US Virgin Islands Bermuda, Cayman Islands, US Virgin Islands, Guyana United States (rural markets) Fixed Services United States Carrier Services United States Managed Services United States Tradenames One, GTT, Viya One, Logic, GTT, Viya One, GTT, Viya Fireminds, One, Logic, GTT, Viya Choice, Choice NTUA Wireless Alaska Communications, Commnet, Choice, Choice NTUA Wireless, Sacred Wind Communications, Ethos Alaska Communications, Commnet, Essextel, Sacred Wind Communications Alaska Communications, Choice Acquisition of Sacred Wind Enterprises On November 7, 2022, we, via our newly formed wholly owned subsidiary Alloy, Inc. (“Alloy”), acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. (“Sacred Wind”), a rural telecommunications provider in New Mexico (the “Sacred Wind Transaction”) for $44.4 million of consideration. As part of the Sacred Wind Transaction, we transferred consideration of $18.0 million of cash, net of $9.4 million of cash acquired, $14.8 million of redeemable noncontrolling interests, and $3.7 million of contingent consideration, less $1.5 million of receivables related to working capital adjustments. As part of the Sacred Wind Transaction, we contributed all of our ownership interests in our Commnet business to Alloy. Subsequent to the transaction, the former Sacred Wind shareholders will own 6% of the Alloy equity. The equity is classified as redeemable noncontrolling interests in our financial statements because the holders have an option, beginning in 2026, to put the equity interest to a subsidiary of the Company at the then fair market value. The redeemable noncontrolling interests do not have preference relative to other equity units and participate in gains and losses in Alloy. The contingent consideration is earned based on certain operating metrics of Sacred Wind beginning in 2025 through 2027. The fair value of the contingent consideration was calculated using discounted cash flow analysis based on a range of probability weighted outcomes. The Company funded the acquisition 42 with borrowing under its CoBank Credit Facility and assumed $31.6 million of Sacred Wind debt, to the United States of America administered through the Rural Utilities Service. We believe that the acquisition of Sacred Wind will expand our infrastructure reach and broadband services in the rural Southwest and increase our wholesale carrier, residential and business broadband services. Acquisition of Alaska Communications On July 22, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc. (“Alaska Communications”), a publicly listed company, for approximately $339.5 million in cash, net of cash acquired, (the “Alaska Transaction”). Alaska Communications provides broadband telecommunication and managed information technology services to customers in the State of Alaska and beyond using its statewide and interstate telecommunications network. In conjunction with the Alaska Transaction, we entered into an agreement with affiliates and investment funds managed by Freedom 3 Capital, LLC as well as other institutional investors (collectively the “Freedom 3 Investors”). The Freedom 3 Investors contributed $71.5 million in conjunction with the Alaska Transaction (the “Freedom 3 Investment”). The Freedom 3 Investment consists of common and preferred equity instruments in our subsidiary which holds the ownership of Alaska Communications. We accounted for the Freedom 3 Investment as a redeemable noncontrolling interest in our consolidated financial statements and we also entered into a financing transaction drawing $220 million on a new credit facility to complete the Alaska Transaction. As a result of the Alaska Transaction, we own approximately 52% of the common equity of Alaska Communications and control its operations and management. Beginning on July 22, 2021, the results of Alaska Communications are included in our US Telecom segment. See Liquidity and Capital Resources for a discussion regarding the credit agreement used to help finance the Alaska Transaction. Disposition of International Solar Business In January 2021, we completed the sale of 67% of the outstanding equity in our business that owns and operates distributed generation solar power projects operated under the Vibrant name in India (the “Vibrant Transaction”). The post-sale results of our ownership interest in Vibrant are recorded through the equity method of accounting within the Corporate and Other operating segment. We will continue to present the historical results of our Renewable Energy segment for comparative purposes. The operations of Vibrant did not qualify as discontinued operations because the disposition did not represent a strategic shift that had a major effect on our operations and financial results. FirstNet Agreement In July 2019, we entered into a Network Build and Maintenance Agreement with AT&T Mobility, LLC (“AT&T”) that we amended in August 2020, May 2021 and August 2022 (the “FirstNet Agreement”). In connection with the FirstNet Agreement, we are building a portion of AT&T’s network for the First Responder Network Authority (“FirstNet”) in or near our current operating areas in the Western United States. Pursuant to the FirstNet Agreement and subject to certain limitations contained therein, all cell sites must be completed and accepted within a specified period of time. We expect that total construction revenue related to FirstNet will approximate $80 million to $85 million. Since inception of the project through December 31, 2022, we have recorded $62.6 million in construction revenue, including $15.8 million during 2022. In 2023, we expect to record additional construction revenue and related costs, as sites are completed. Revenues from construction are expected to have minimal impact on operating income. The network build portion of the FirstNet Agreement continued during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the overall timing of the build schedule has been delayed. 43 Following acceptance of a cell site, AT&T will own the cell site and we will assign to AT&T any third-party tower lease applicable to such cell site. If the cell site is located on a communications tower we own, AT&T will pay us pursuant to a separate lease agreement for an initial term of eight years. In addition to building the network, we will provide ongoing equipment and site maintenance and high-capacity transport to and from these cell sites for an initial term ending in 2029. AT&T will continue to use our wholesale domestic mobility network for roaming services at a fixed rate per site during the construction period until such time as the cell site is transferred to AT&T. Thereafter, revenue from the maintenance, leasing and transport services provided to AT&T is expected to generally offset revenue from wholesale mobility roaming services. We are currently receiving revenue from the FirstNet Transaction and expect overall operating income contributions from the FirstNet Transaction to have a relatively steady impact going forward. Universal Service Fund and Connect America Fund Phase II Programs We recognize revenue from several government funded programs including the USF, a subsidy program managed by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), and the Alaska Universal Service Fund (“AUSF”), a similar program managed by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (the “RCA”). USF funds are disbursed to telecommunication providers through four programs: the High Cost Program; the Low Income Program (“Lifeline Program”); the Schools and Libraries Program (“E-Rate Program”); and the Rural Health Care Support Program. We also recognize revenue from the Connect America Fund Phase II program (“CAF II”) which offers subsidies to carriers to expand broadband coverage in designated areas. Under CAF II, our US Telecom segment will receive an aggregate of $27.4 million annually through December 2025 and an aggregate of $7.7 million annually from January 2026 through July 2028. Both the USF and CAFII programs are subject to certain operational and reporting compliance requirements. We believe we are in compliance with these requirements as of December 31, 2022. In 2018, the FCC initiated a proceeding to replace the High Cost Program support received by Viya in the US Virgin Islands with a new Connect USVI Fund. On November 16, 2020, the FCC announced that Viya was not the recipient of the Connect USVI Fund award and authorized funding to be issued to the new awardee in June 2021. Pursuant to the terms of the program and effective in July 2021, Viya’s annual USF support was reduced from $16.4 million to $10.9 million. In July 2022, this support was reduced again to $5.5 million for the annual period through June 2023. As the program currently stands, Viya will not receive High Cost Program support subsequent to June 2023. RDOF (“Rural Digital Opportunities Fund”) We expect to receive approximately $20.1 million over 10 years to provide broadband and voice coverage to over 10,000 households in the United States (not including Alaska) under the 2020 Rural Digital Opportunity Fund Phase I Auction (“RDOF”). We recorded $2.0 million of revenue from the RDOF program during the year ended December 31, 2022. 44 Construction Grants We have also been awarded construction grants to build network connectivity for eligible communities. The funding of these grants, used to reimburse us for our construction costs, is generally distributed upon completion of a project. Completion deadlines begin in June 2023 and once these projects are constructed, we are obligated to provide service to the participants. We expect to meet all requirements associated with these grants. A roll forward of our grant awards is below (in thousands). Grants awarded, December 31, 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grants awarded, December 31, 2022. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ Amount 11,067 73,384 (4,254) 80,197 In addition, we partner with tribal governments to obtain grants under the Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program ("TBCP"). The TBCP is a program administered by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to deploy broadband connectivity on tribal lands. We were identified as a sub recipient of TBCP grants totaling $145.5 million as of December 31, 2022. Replace and Remove Program On July 15, 2022, we were notified that we were an approved participant in the Federal Communication Commission’s Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program (the “Replace and Remove Program”), designed to reimburse providers of communications services for reasonable costs incurred in the required removal, replacement, and disposal of covered communications equipment or services, that have been deemed to pose a national security risk, from their networks. Pursuant to the Replace and Remove Program, we were allocated up to approximately $207 million in reimbursement amounts to cover documented and approved costs to remove and securely destroy all prohibited communications equipment and services in our U.S. networks and replace such equipment. The Replace and Remove Program requires that we complete our first request for reimbursement for services performed under the program no later than July 14, 2023 and that we complete the project no later than one year from submitting our initial reimbursement request. We are currently assessing the impact of this program on our financial statements and anticipate that we will be able to meet the deadlines and requirements of the program. At December 31, 2022, we established a receivable for $5.7 million of costs for which we expect to be reimbursed under the program. CARES Act As of December 31, 2020, we received $16.3 million of funding under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) to construct network infrastructure within our US Telecom segment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received an additional $2.4 million of funding for the same purpose. The construction was completed as of December 31, 2021 and $18.4 million of the funding was recorded as a reduction to property, plant and equipment with a subsequent reduction to depreciation expense. The remaining $0.3 million was recorded as a reduction to operating expense in the year ended December 31, 2021. CBRS Auction During the third quarter of 2020, we participated in the FCC’s Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) auction for Priority Access Licenses (PALs) in the 3.5 GHz spectrum band. These PALs are licensed on a county-by- county basis and are awarded for a 10-year renewable term. We were a winning bidder for PALs located strategically throughout the United States at a total net cost of $19.3 million. In connection with the awarded licenses, we will have to achieve certain CBRS spectrum build out obligations. We currently expect to comply with all applicable requirements related to these licenses. 45 Presentation of Revenue Effective July 1, 2021, we began to categorize Mobility revenue and Fixed revenue as either “consumer” or “business” based upon the characteristics of our subscribers. Effective October 1, 2021, our statement of operations separately reflected Construction revenue. All periods presented have been adjusted to conform to these presentation updates. Presentation of Operating Expenses Effective January 1, 2021, we changed our presentation of operating expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations by combining the previously disclosed Termination and Access Fees with Engineering and Operations as the newly represented Cost of Communications Services and Other. In addition, the previously disclosed Sales, Marketing and Customer Service expenses are now combined with the previously disclosed General and Administrative expenses within the newly represented Selling, General and Administrative expenses. The change in presentation was made to better align our results with industry standards. Cost of construction services continues to be broken out separately and all depreciation and amortization continues to be shown separately. Discussion of Results of Operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020 A discussion regarding our results of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 can be found under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2022, which is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our Investor Relations website at https://.ir.atni.com under the “Financials & Filings” section. 46 Selected Segment Financial Information The following represents selected segment information for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 International Telecom US Telecom Renewable Corporate and Energy Other (1) Consolidated $ Revenue Communication Services Mobility - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Communication Services Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Managed Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Other Revenue . . . . . . . . . . Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 14,830 87,601 102,431 69,903 163,408 233,311 13,459 1,450 350,651 — 4,930 4,930 355,581 1,228 6,359 7,587 126,735 78,338 205,073 128,864 46 341,570 15,762 12,832 12,832 370,164 — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 16,058 93,960 110,018 196,638 241,746 438,384 142,323 1,496 692,221 15,762 17,762 17,762 725,745 Operating income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . 52,011 (5,655) (801) (37,613) 7,942 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 International Telecom US Telecom Renewable Energy Corporate and Other (1) Consolidated $ Revenue Communication Services Mobility - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . Total Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Communication Services Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Other Revenue . . . . . . . . . . Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,983 86,384 93,367 67,458 166,005 233,463 9,937 946 337,713 — — 5,146 5,146 342,859 $ 1,402 7,532 8,934 53,283 41,897 95,180 107,793 — 211,907 35,889 — 11,635 11,635 259,431 — $ — — — — — — — — — 417 — 417 417 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 8,385 93,916 102,301 120,741 207,902 328,643 117,730 946 549,620 35,889 417 16,781 17,198 602,707 Operating income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . 33,899 (14,016) (2,459) (32,450) (15,026) 47 (1) Reconciling items refer to corporate overhead costs and consolidating adjustments. A comparison of our segment results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows: International Telecom. Revenues within our International Telecom segment increased $12.7 million, or 3.7%, to $355.6 million from $342.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of improved retail and marketing strategies which drove an increase in subscribers and equipment sales within all of our international markets. In addition, our US Virgin Islands and Bermuda markets recognized an increase in Carrier Services revenue as a result of increased transport and access services as well as an increase in roaming revenues due to increased tourism in those markets. These increases, however, were partially offset by a $4.1 million reduction in federal high cost support revenues in the US Virgin Islands. Operating expenses within our International Telecom segment decreased by $5.4 million, or 1.7%, to $303.6 million from $309.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease was primarily the result of a $20.6 million impairment of goodwill associated with our US Virgin Island operations during the year ended December 31, 2021 partially offset by a $6.8 million increase in equipment expenses and a $4.7 million increase in retail and marketing costs in 2022. As a result, our International Telecom segment’s operating income increased $18.1 million, or 53.4%, to $52.0 million from $33.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. US Telecom. Revenue within our US Telecom segment increased by $110.8 million, or 42.7%, to $370.2 million from $259.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of this increase $141.0 million was a result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results partially offset by a $20.1 million reduction in construction revenue related to the FirstNet Transaction as well as a reduction in roaming revenue due to the restructuring of certain carrier contracts in our western United States operations. Operating expenses within our US Telecom segment increased $102.5 million to $375.9 million from $273.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results and increases in expenses being incurred in connection with increased data transport and other costs primarily in connection with the fully constructed cell sites as part of the FirstNet Transaction build-out of rural broadband operations. These increases were partially offset by decreases in FirstNet construction costs of $20.3 million and transaction-related expenses, primarily related to the Alaska Transaction, of $9.7 million. As a result of the above, our US Telecom segment’s operating loss decreased by $8.3 million to a loss of $5.7 million from a loss of $14.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Renewable Energy. Until the completion of the Vibrant Transaction on January 27, 2021, we distributed generation solar power to commercial and industrial customers under the Vibrant name in India. Accordingly, we did not generate revenue or incur operating expenses within our Renewable Energy segment subsequent to that date. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we generated revenue, incurred operating expenses and reported an operating loss of $0.4 million, $2.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively. 48 The following represents a year over year discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 Amount of Increase Percent Increase (Decrease) (Decrease) REVENUE: Communication services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 692,221 15,762 17,762 725,745 $ 549,620 $ 142,601 (20,127) 564 123,038 35,889 17,198 602,707 25.9 % (56.1) 3.3 20.4 OPERATING EXPENSES (excluding depreciation and amortization unless otherwise indicated): Cost of communication services and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of construction revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transaction-related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposition of long-lived assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE): Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expense, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME (LOSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. STOCKHOLDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications services revenue 312,895 15,763 231,805 4,798 135,137 13,016 — 4,389 717,803 7,942 174 (20,417) 4,245 (15,998) (8,056) (473) (7,583) 249,322 36,055 188,283 10,221 102,731 7,775 20,587 2,759 617,733 (15,026) 132 (9,614) 1,821 (7,661) (22,687) (1,878) (20,809) 63,573 (20,292) 43,522 (5,423) 32,406 5,241 (20,587) 1,630 100,070 22,968 42 (10,803) 2,424 (8,337) 14,631 1,405 13,226 25.5 (56.3) 23.1 (53.1) 31.5 67.4 (100.0) 59.1 16.2 152.9 31.8 (112.4) 133.1 (108.8) 64.5 74.8 63.6 1,938 (1,299) 3,237 249.2 $ (5,645) $ (22,108) $ 16,463 74.5 % Mobility Revenue. Our Mobility revenue consists of retail revenue generated within both our International Telecom and US Telecom segments by providing retail mobile voice and data services over our wireless networks as well as through the sale and repair services of related equipment, such as handsets and other accessories, to our retail subscribers. Mobility revenue increased by $7.7 million, or 7.5%, to $110.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $102.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. All $7.7 million of this increase is related to a net increase in revenue from business customers. The increase in Mobility revenue, within our segments, consisted of the following: • International Telecom. Within our International Telecom segment, Mobility revenue increased by $9.0 million, or 9.6%, to $102.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $93.4 million for the year 49 ended December 31, 2021. Mobility revenue increased in each of our markets as total revenue from business customers increased $7.8 million with the remaining $1.2 million of increase being attributable to consumer customers. These increases were the result of improved retail and marketing strategies which led to an increase in subscribers and a $4.1 million increase in equipment sales. • US Telecom. Mobility revenue within our US Telecom segment decreased by $1.3 million, or 14.6%, to $7.6 million from $8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Substantially all of the $1.3 million decrease related to a decrease in revenue from consumers within our retail operations due to a decrease in subscribers. We expect that Mobility revenue within our International Telecom segment may increase as a result of an increase in subscribers. However, such growth may be partially offset due to increased competition. We expect that Mobility revenue within our US Telecom segment will decrease over time as we put more emphasis on other revenue sources. Fixed Revenue. Fixed revenue is primarily generated by broadband, voice, and video service revenues provided to retail and business customers over our wireline networks. Fixed revenue within our US Telecom segment also includes awards from the Connect America Fund Phase II program in the western United States and Alaska, as well as revenue from the Alaska Universal Service Fund. Within our International Telecom segment, Fixed revenue also includes funding under the FCC’s High Cost Program in the US Virgin Islands. Fixed revenue increased by $109.8 million, or 33.4%, to $438.4 million from $328.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of this increase, $75.9 million and $33.9 million relate to increases in revenue from business and consumer customers, respectively. The increase in Fixed revenue, within our segments, consisted of the following: • International Telecom. Within our International Telecom segment, Fixed revenue decreased by $0.2 million, or 0.1%, to $233.3 million from $233.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as increases in fixed broadband subscribers in all of our international markets and data pricing increases in certain markets were offset by the previously disclosed and scheduled $4.1 million reduction in revenue from the FCC’s High Cost Program in the US Virgin Islands. • US Telecom. Fixed revenue within our US Telecom segment increased by $109.9 million, or 115.4%, to $205.1 million from $95.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of this increase $104.8 million was a result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results. In addition, we recognized a $5.7 million increase within the western United States as a result of an increase in usage for both business and consumer subscribers to support our subscribers’ increased demand for remote working. Fixed revenue within our International Telecom segment may further decrease as a result of the future scheduled step downs in USF funding in the US Virgin Islands and a decrease in demand for our video services due to subscribers using alternative methods to receive video content. Such decreases, however, may be offset as a result of an increase in demand for broadband and other data services from consumers, businesses and government, driven by such trends as the popularity of video and audio streaming, demand for cloud services and smart home, business and city solutions as well as macro-economic and population growth in places like the Cayman Islands and Guyana. Within our US Telecom segment, Fixed revenue is expected to increase as both our Alaska operations and our western United States operations, including the impact of the Sacred Wind Transaction, further deploy broadband access to both consumers and businesses. 50 Carrier Services Revenue. Carrier Services revenue is generated by both our International Telecom and US Telecom segments. Within our International Telecom segment, Carrier Services revenue includes international long- distance services, roaming revenues generated by other carriers’ customers roaming into our retail markets, transport services and access services provided to other telecommunications carriers. Within our US Telecom segment, Carrier Services revenue includes services provided under the FirstNet Transaction, wholesale roaming revenues, the provision of network switching services, tower lease revenue and other services provided to other carriers. Carrier Services revenue increased by $24.6 million, or 20.9%, to $142.3 million from $117.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase, within our segments, consisted of the following: • International Telecom. Within our International Telecom segment, Carrier Services revenue increased by $3.6 million, or 36.4%, to $13.5 million, from $9.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of a $2.2 million increase in transport and access services and in tourism, primarily within the US Virgin Islands and Bermuda, that resulted in a $1.4 million increase in roaming revenues. • US Telecom. Carrier Services revenue within our US Telecom segment increased by $21.1 million, or 19.6%, to $128.9 million from $107.8 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of this increase, $35.0 million was primarily related to a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results and a $0.6 million increase in our wholesale long-distance voice services business. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $14.5 million in our western United States operations primarily as a result of the restructure of certain carrier contracts. Within our International Telecom segment, Carrier Services revenue may continue to increase if tourism continues to move toward a return to pre-pandemic levels. However, within our International Telecom segment, we expect that Carrier Services revenue from our international long-distance business in Guyana may decrease as consumers seek to use alternative technology services to place long-distance calls. Further, such revenue may decline as the result of the implementation, by the Government of Guyana, of passed legislation which terminates our right to be the exclusive provider of domestic Fixed and international long-distance service in Guyana. While the loss of our exclusive rights in Guyana may cause an immediate reduction in our Carrier Services revenue, the complete impact of the new legislation to our operations will not be fully known until the Government of Guyana makes the terms and conditions of licenses issued to two of our competitors available to us. Over the longer term, such declines in Carrier Services revenue may be offset by increased Fixed revenue from broadband services to consumers and enterprises in Guyana, increased Mobility revenue from an increase in regulated local calling rates in Guyana or possible economic growth within that country. Within our US Telecom segment, Carrier Services revenue may decrease as a result of the impact of continued reduced contractual wholesale roaming rates and imposed revenue caps with our Carrier customers. Other Communications Services Revenue. Other Communications Services revenue includes miscellaneous services that the operations within our International Telecom segment provide to retail subscribers. Other Communications Services revenue increased to $1.5 million from $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Construction Revenue Construction revenue represents revenue generated within our US Telecom segment for the construction of network cell sites related to the FirstNet Agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Construction revenue decreased to $15.8 million from $35.9 million, respectively, as a result of a decrease in the number of sites completed during 2022 as compared to 2021. As of December 31, 2022, 75% of the cell sites related to the FirstNet Agreement were completed and we expect to substantially complete the build by the end of 2023. 51 Other Revenue Renewable Energy Revenue. As a result of the Vibrant Transaction, we did not generate any renewable energy revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022 and generated $0.4 million of renewable energy revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021. Managed Services Revenue. Managed Services revenue is generated within both our International and US Telecom segments and includes network, application, infrastructure, and hosting services. Managed Services revenue increased by $1.0 million, or 6.0%, to $17.8 million from $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. International Telecom. Managed Services revenue in our International Telecom segment decreased $0.2 million to $4.9 million, or 3.9%, from $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. US Telecom. Within our US Telecom segment, Managed Services revenue increased $1.2 million, or 10.3%, to $12.8 million from $11.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily related to a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results. We expect that Managed Services revenue may increase in both our US and International Telecom segments as a result of our continued effort to sell certain Managed Services solutions to both our consumer and business customers in all of our markets. Operating expenses Cost of communication services and other. Cost of communication services and other are charges that we incur for voice and data transport circuits (in particular, the circuits between our Mobility sites and our switches), internet capacity, video programming costs, access fees we pay to terminate our calls, telecommunication spectrum fees and direct costs associated within our managed services businesses. These costs also include expenses associated with developing, operating, upgrading and supporting our telecommunications networks, including the salaries and benefits paid to employees directly involved in the development and operation of those businesses, as well as credit loss allowances and the cost of handsets and customer resale equipment incurred by our retail businesses. Cost of communication services and other increased by $63.6 million, or 25.5%, to $312.9 million from $249.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net increase in cost of communication services and other, within our segments, consisted of the following: • International Telecom. Within our International Telecom segment, cost of communication services and other increased by $3.3 million, or 2.4%, to $140.1 million from $136.8 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This increase was the result of a $6.8 million increase in equipment expenses, primarily the cost of handsets, as a result of improved retail and marketing strategies which led to an increase in subscribers and handset sales, partially offset by a reduction in regulatory costs in certain markets. • US Telecom. Cost of communication services and other within our US Telecom segment increased by $60.6 million, or 53.8%, to $173.3 million from $112.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of this increase, $60.2 million was a result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results, a $2.3 million increase in data transport and other costs primarily in connection with the fully constructed cell sites as part of the FirstNet Transaction and an $0.8 million increase within our wholesale long-distance voice services business to support its increased revenues. These increases were partially offset by a $2.3 million decrease in our private network business which terminated its operations in early 2022. 52 We expect that cost of communication services and other may increase within our International Telecom segment due to an expected increase in roaming costs if tourism continues to return to pre-pandemic levels. Within the US Telecom segment, these expenses are expected to increase in connection with our expected increase in fixed revenue, an increase in the expenses associated with our funding award under the CARES Act and anticipated expenses in connection with our performance related to the construction phase of our FirstNet Transaction which is expected to be completed in 2023. In addition, we expect cost of services may increase as a result of continued inflationary pressure, issues facing the global supply chain and geopolitical uncertainty. Cost of construction revenue. Cost of construction revenue includes the expenses incurred in connection with the construction of and the delivery to AT&T of cell sites in accordance with our FirstNet Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, cost of construction revenue decreased to $15.8 million from $36.1 million as a result of a decrease in the number of sites completed during 2022 as compared to 2021. As of December 31, 2022, 75% of the cell sites related to the FirstNet Agreement and we expect to substantially complete the build by the end of 2023. Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include salaries and benefits we pay to sales personnel, customer service expenses and the costs associated with the development and implementation of our promotional and marketing campaigns. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include salaries, benefits and related costs for general corporate functions including executive management, finance and administration, legal and regulatory, facilities, information technology and human resources as well as internal costs associated with our performance of due-diligence and integration related costs associated with acquisition activities. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $43.5 million, or 23.1%, to $231.8 million from $188.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net increase in selling, general and administrative expenses, within our segments, consisted of the following: • International Telecom. Within our International Telecom segment, our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $8.3 million, or 8.7%, to $104.2 million from $95.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This increase was incurred within all of our international markets primarily as a result of an increase in our sales and marketing capabilities to support the expansion of our subscriber base. • US Telecom. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased within our US Telecom segment by $33.3 million, or 53.0%, to $96.1 million from $62.8 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of this increase, $39.2 million was the result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results and an increase in such costs in connection with the First Net Transaction partially offset by an $8.8 million reduction of costs within our private network business which terminated its operations in early 2022. • Renewable Energy. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our Renewable Energy segment incurred $0.1 million and $0.6 million of selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively, as a result of the Vibrant Transaction. • Corporate Overhead. Selling, general and administrative expenses within our corporate overhead increased by $2.4 million, or 8.3%, to $31.4 million from $29.0 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily related to an increase in professional fees and integration costs associated with the completion of the Alaska Transaction. We expect that selling, general and administrative expenses may increase in our international telecom segment to support our expanded operations. Within the US Telecom segment, we expect an increase in these costs as a result of expected costs associated with the impact of the construction phase of the FirstNet Transaction, the Sacred Wind Transaction, our commitments under the Cares Act funding and other network expansions in Alaska and the southwest US. Our Corporate Overhead segment may also experience an increase in these expenses to support our expanding 53 operations. In addition, we expect our selling, general, and administrative expenses may increase as a result of continued inflationary pressure, issues facing the global supply chain and geopolitical uncertainty. Transaction-related charges. Transaction-related charges include the external costs, such as legal, tax, accounting and consulting fees directly associated with acquisition and disposition-related activities, which are expensed as incurred. Transaction-related charges also include certain internal personnel costs incurred as a result of the completion of an acquisition or disposition. Transaction-related charges do not include employee salary and travel- related expenses, incurred in connection with acquisitions or dispositions or any integration-related costs. We incurred $4.8 million and $10.2 million of transaction-related charges during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation and amortization expenses represent the depreciation and amortization charges we record on our property and equipment. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $32.4 million, or 31.5%, to $135.1 million from $102.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net increase in depreciation and amortization expenses, within our segments, consisted primarily of the following: • International Telecom. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased within our International Telecom segment by $2.7 million, or 5.0%, to $56.6 million from $53.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Increases were incurred in all of our international markets as a result of recent capital expenditures used to expand and upgrade our network operations. • US Telecom. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased within our US Telecom segment by $31.4 million, or 72.0%, to $75.0 million from $43.6 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily as a result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, being included in our 2022 results, the Sacred Wind Transaction, which was completed in November 2022, and the depreciation expense recorded on recent capital expenditures. • Renewable Energy. Our Renewable Energy segment did not record any depreciation and amortization expense during the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of the Vibrant Transaction. This segment incurred $0.2 million of depreciation and amortization expenses during the year ended December 31, 2021. • Corporate Overhead. Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased within our corporate overhead by $1.6 million, or 31.4%, to $3.5 million from $5.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily as a result of certain assets becoming fully depreciated in recent periods. We expect depreciation and amortization expense to increase within our International Telecom and US Telecom segments as we acquire tangible assets to expand or upgrade our telecommunications networks. Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions. Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions include the amortization of customer relationships and trade names related to our completed acquisitions. Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions increased by $5.2 million to $13.0 million from $7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily as a result of the Alaska Transaction which was completed on July 22, 2021. We expect that amortization of intangibles from acquisitions will decrease as such costs continue to amortize. 54 Goodwill Impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a $20.6 million impairment charge within out International Telecom segment. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. Loss on disposition of long-lived assets. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a loss on the disposition of long-lived assets of $4.4 million. Of this amount, $2.5 million was incurred in our US Telecom segment relating to the disposal of certain assets while $1.2 million was incurred in our International Telecom segment as a result of the disposal of certain assets. The remaining $0.7 million pertains to the final settlement of the Vibrant Transaction within our Renewable Energy segment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a loss on the disposition of long-lived assets of $2.8 million, primarily related to the Vibrant Transaction and the disposal of certain telecommunications licenses within the US Telecom segment. Interest income. Interest income represents interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investment balances. Interest income was $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense. We incur interest expense on the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, the Alaska Credit and Term Facilities (beginning in July 2021 and in conjunction with the completion of the Alaska Transaction), the Viya Debt, the One Communications Debt and the Receivables Credit Facility (each as defined below). Beginning in November 2022, and in conjunction with the Sacred Wind Transaction, interest expense includes interest expense on the Sacred Wind Term Debt. In addition, interest expense also includes commitment fees, letter of credit fees and the amortization of debt issuance costs. Interest expense increased to $20.4 million from $9.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as additional interest expense was incurred as a result of a full year of our Alaska operations, which were acquired on July 22, 2021, and new borrowings under the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, the Alaska Credit Facility and the Receivables Credit Facility as well as an increase in interest rates. We expect that interest expense may increase in future periods as a result of increased interest rates and borrowings. Other income (expenses). For the year ended December 31, 2022, other income (expenses) was $4.3 million of income primarily related to $5.7 million of gains from our noncontrolling investments partially offset by $0.9 million of increased expenses associated with certain employee benefit plans and $0.9 million of losses on foreign currency transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, other income (expenses) was $1.8 million of income primarily related to $2.8 million of income related to certain employee benefit plans and other miscellaneous income partially offset by $0.9 million relating to losses on foreign currency transactions. Income taxes. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 5.9% and 8.3%, respectively. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) a $4.1 million net increase of unrecognized tax positions, (ii) a $2.1 million net increase for permanently non- deductible expenses, (iii) a $2.1 million net increase related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets and (iv) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in we operate along with the exclusion of losses in jurisdictions where valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets as required by ASC 740-270-30-36(a). Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) a $0.9 million provision related to certain transactional charges incurred in connection with acquisitions for which there 55 is no tax benefit, (ii) a $2.5 million net increase of unrecognized tax positions, (iii) a $1.7 million net increase for permanently non-deductible expenses, and (iv) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which we operate along with the exclusion of losses in jurisdictions where valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets as required by ASC 740-270-30-36(a), primarily in the US Virgin Islands. Our effective tax rate is based upon estimated income before provision for income taxes for the year, composition of the income in different countries, and adjustments, if any, in the applicable quarterly periods for potential tax consequences, benefits and/or resolutions of tax contingencies. Our consolidated tax rate will continue to be impacted by any transactional or one-time items in the future and the mix of income in any given year generated among the jurisdictions in which we operate. While we believe we have adequately provided for all tax positions, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could materially differ from our accrued positions as a result of uncertain and complex application of tax law and regulations. Additionally, the recognition and measurement of certain tax benefits include estimates and judgment by management. Accordingly, we could record additional provisions or benefits for US federal, state, and foreign tax matters in future periods as new information becomes available. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax reflected an allocation of $1.9 million of losses and $1.3 million of income generated by our less than wholly owned subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Changes in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, within our segments, consisted of the following: • International Telecom. Within our International Telecom segment, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax decreased by $0.9 million, or 12.0%, to an allocation of $6.6 million of income from an allocation of $7.5 million of income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily as a result of reduced profitability at certain less than wholly owned subsidiaries partially offset by an increase in our ownership and profitability in other international markets. • US Telecom. Within our US Telecom segment, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax increased by $3.1 million, or 56.4%, to an allocation of losses of $8.6 million from an allocation of losses of $5.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of the Alaska Transaction, which was completed on July 22, 2021, reduced profitability in certain less than wholly owned subsidiaries within our US Mobility operations and the impact of the Sacred Wind Transaction. Net income (loss) attributable to ATN International, Inc. stockholders. Net income (loss) attributable to ATN International, Inc. stockholders was a loss of $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to a loss of $22.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. On a per diluted share basis, net income (loss) was a loss of $0.67 per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to a loss of $1.52 per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such per share amounts were negatively impacted by accrued preferred dividends of $4.9 million and $2.0 million. Regulatory and Tax Issues We are involved in a number of regulatory and tax proceedings. A material and adverse outcome in one or more of these proceedings could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and future operations. For discussion of ongoing proceedings, see Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Report. Liquidity and Capital Resources Historically, we have met our operational liquidity needs and have funded our capital expenditures and acquisitions through a combination of cash-on-hand, internally generated funds, proceeds from dispositions, borrowings under our credit facilities and seller financings. We believe our current cash, cash equivalents, short term investments 56 and availability under our current credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for at least the next twelve months for working capital needs and capital expenditures. Total liquidity. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $59.7 million in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. Of this amount, $19.4 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries and is indefinitely invested outside the United States. In addition, we had approximately $421.9 million of debt, net of unamortized deferred financing costs, as of December 31, 2022. How and when we deploy our balance sheet capacity will figure prominently in our longer-term growth prospects and stockholder returns. Uses of Cash Acquisitions and investments. We have historically funded our acquisitions with a combination of cash-on- hand, borrowings under our credit facilities as well as equity investor and seller financings. Sacred Wind Transaction. On November 7, 2022, we assumed $31.6 million of debt in connection with the Sacred Wind Transaction. See Acquisition of Sacred Wind Enterprises. Alaska Transaction. On July 22, 2021, Alaska Communications entered into a new debt financing in connection with the Alaska Transaction. See Acquisition of Alaska Communications System Group, Inc. We continue to explore opportunities to expand our telecommunications business or acquire new businesses in the United States, the Caribbean and elsewhere. Such acquisitions may require external financing. While there can be no assurance as to whether, when or on what terms we will be able to acquire any such businesses or make such investments, such acquisitions may be completed through the issuance of shares of our capital stock, payment of cash or incurrence of additional debt. From time to time, we may raise capital ahead of any definitive use of proceeds to allow us to move more quickly and opportunistically if an attractive investment materializes. Cash used in investing activities. Cash used in investing activities was $167.2 million and $426.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net decrease in cash used for investing activities of $259.4 million was primarily the result of a decrease in the amount of cash used for acquisitions from $339.5 million used in 2021 for the Alaska Transaction to $18.0 million used in 2022 for the Sacred Wind Transaction. Other decreases included a $4.3 million reduction in cash used for the purchase of strategic investments. Partially offsetting these decreases in the usage of cash, was an increase in capital expenditures of $61.9 million. Cash provided by financing activities. Cash provided by financing activities decreased by $278.3 million to $43.4 million from $321.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This decrease was primarily related to the reduction in borrowings, net of repayments under our credit facilities of $232.0 million and were primarily related to the Alaska and FirstNet Transactions. In addition, during 2021, $71.5 million of cash was provided by a minority shareholder in connection with the Alaska Transaction. These reductions in cash provided by financing activities were partially offset by the reductions in cash used for the repurchase of our common stock and the purchase of non-controlling interests (relating to our Bermuda operations) of $9.6 million and $8.4 million, respectively. Working Capital. Historically, we have internally funded our working capital needs. Pursuant to the FirstNet Agreement, AT&T has the option to repay construction costs, with interest, over an eight-year period. To fund the working capital needs created by AT&T’s option to extend its payment terms, we completed the Receivables Credit Facility, as discussed below, on March 26, 2020. Capital expenditures. Historically, a significant use of our cash has been for capital expenditures to expand and upgrade our telecommunications networks and business support systems. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we spent approximately $168.0 million and $106.1 million, respectively, on capital expenditures relating to our telecommunications networks and business support systems of which 57 $7.9 million and $9.7 million, respectively, are reimbursable under various government programs. The following notes our capital expenditures, by operating segment, for these periods (in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ International Telecom US Telecom Corporate and Other (1) Consolidated 70,385 49,985 $ 96,589 53,235 $ 1,045 2,922 $ 168,019 106,142 Capital Expenditures (1) Corporate and other items refer to corporate overhead costs and consolidating adjustments. We are continuing to invest in our telecommunication networks along with our operating and business support systems in many of our markets. For the year ended December 31, 2023, such investments are expected to total approximately $160 million to $170 million, net of reimbursable amounts, and will primarily relate to network expansion and upgrades which are expected to further drive subscriber and revenue growth in future periods. See Liquidity and Capital Resources- Material Cash Obligations and Sources below for a discussion of our future cash commitments related to the RDOF program. Income taxes. We have historically used cash-on-hand to make payments for income taxes. Our policy is to allocate capital where we believe we will get the best returns and to date has been to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. As we continue to reinvest our remaining foreign earnings, no additional provision for income taxes has been made on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. Dividends. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our Board of Directors declared $11.3 million of dividends to our stockholders which includes a $0.21 per share dividend declared on December 19, 2022 and paid on January 6, 2023. The $0.21 per share dividend declared on December 19, 2022 represents an increase from the $0.17 per share dividend declared in previous quarters. We have declared quarterly dividends since the fourth quarter of 1998. Stock Repurchase Plan. On September 19, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our common stock from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (the “2016 Repurchase Plan”). We repurchased $0.9 million and $10.5 million of our common stock under the 2016 Repurchase Plan during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had $19.5 million authorized and available for share repurchases under the 2016 Repurchase Plan. Sources of Cash Cash provided by operations. Cash provided by operating activities was $102.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $80.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $22.4 million was primarily related to an increase in net income of $13.2 million (which includes an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses of $37.6 million). Partially offsetting this increase was additional cash used for operating assets and liabilities of $8.4 million. CoBank Credit Facility On April 10, 2019, we entered into a credit facility, with CoBank, ACB and a syndicate of other lenders (as amended, the “2019 CoBank Credit Facility”). The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility provides for a $200 million revolving credit facility that includes (i) up to $75 million for standby or trade letters of credit and (ii) up to $10 million under a swingline sub-facility. Approximately $26.0 million of performance letters of credit have been issued and remain outstanding and undrawn as of December 31, 2022. The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility matures on April 10, 2024. 58 Amounts borrowed under the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, either (i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus an applicable margin ranging between 1.25% to 2.25% or (ii) a base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%. Swingline loans bear interest at the base rate plus the applicable margin for base rate loans. The base rate is equal to the higher of (i) 1.00% plus the higher of (x) LIBOR for an interest period of one month and (y) LIBOR for an interest period of one week; (ii) the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility) plus 0.50% per annum; and (iii) the Prime Rate (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility). The applicable margin is determined based on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility). Under the terms of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, we must also pay a commitment fee ranging from 0.150% to 0.375% of the average daily unused portion of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility over each calendar quarter. On November 7, 2022, we further amended the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility to allow for the incurrence of certain indebtedness related to payment guarantees in connection with its Replace and Remove project. On December 28, 2022, we further amended the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, effective November 7, 2022, to allow for certain transactions contemplated with our recently completed acquisition of Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including a financial covenant that imposes a maximum ratio of indebtedness to EBITDA as well as covenants limiting additional indebtedness, liens, guaranties, mergers and consolidations, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, sale and leasebacks, transactions with affiliates and fundamental changes. Our investments in “unrestricted” subsidiaries and certain dividend payments to our stockholders are not limited unless the Total Net Leverage Ratio is equal to or greater than 1.75 to 1.0. The Total Net Leverage Ratio is measured each fiscal quarter and is required to be less than or equal to 2.75 to 1.0. In the event of a Qualifying Acquisition (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility), the Total Net Leverage Ratio increases to 3.25 to 1.0 for the subsequent three fiscal quarters. The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility also provides for the incurrence by us of incremental term loan facilities, when combined with increases to revolving loan commitments, in an aggregate amount not to exceed $200 million (the “Accordion”). Amounts borrowed under the Accordion are also subject to proforma compliance with a net leverage ratio financial covenant. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all of the financial covenants of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, had $99.0 million outstanding in borrowings and, net of the $26.0 million of outstanding performance letters of credit, had $75.0 million of availability under the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2022, there were no outstanding interest rate hedge agreements associated with the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility. Letter of Credit Facility On November 14, 2022, we entered into General Agreement of Indemnity to issue performance Standby Letters of Credit on behalf of us and our subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022, no Standby Letters of Credit had been issued under this agreement. Alaska Credit Facility On July 22, 2021, Alaska Communications entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Alaska Credit Facility”) with Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders to provide a $35.0 million revolving facility (the “Alaska Revolving Facility”) and a $210.0 million initial term loan facility (the “Alaska Term Loan”). On December 23, 2022, Alaska Communications entered into a First Amendment Agreement (the “ACS Amendment’). The ACS Amendment amends the Alaska Credit Facility to increase its Revolving Credit Commitment from $35.0 million to $75.0 million and Term Loan Commitment from $210 million to $230 million. As a part of the 59 transaction, the Term Loan commitment was fully funded as the outstanding Revolving Credit Commitment balance was transferred. As a result, $75.0 million is available under the Revolving Credit Commitment as of December 31, 2022. Principal payments on the Term Loan commence in the fourth quarter of 2023. In addition to the above changes, the amendment replaced the calculation of interest from an applicable margin applied to LIBOR with the same applicable margin applied to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a 10-basis point adjustment. As of December 31, 2022, $230.0 million was outstanding under the Alaska Term Loan and there were no outstanding borrowings under the Alaska Revolving Facility. Both facilities mature on July 22, 2026. We capitalized $7.3 million of fees associated with the Alaska Credit Facility which are being amortized over the life of the debt and $5.4 million were unamortized as of December 31, 2022. The Alaska Credit Facility also provides for incremental facilities up to an aggregate principal amount of the greater of $70.0 million and Alaska Communications’ trailing twelve-month Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Alaska Credit Facility). The key terms and conditions of the Alaska Credit Facility include the following: • Amounts outstanding bear an interest rate of LIBOR, or a LIBOR replacement rate as applicable, plus a margin ranging from 3.00% to 4.00% based on Alaska Communications’ Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) or an alternate base rate may be selected at a margin that is 1% lower than the counterpart LIBOR margin; • Principal repayments are due quarterly commencing in the fourth quarter of 2023 in quarterly amounts as follows: from the fourth quarter of 2023 through the third quarter of 2024, $1.4 million; and from the fourth quarter of 2024 through the third quarter of 2026, $2.9 million. The remaining unpaid balance is due on the final maturity date; • Alaska Communications is required to maintain financial ratios as defined in the Alaska Credit Facility, including (a) a maximum Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio of 4.00 to 1, stepping down to 3.75 to 1 beginning with the second quarter of 2024; and (b) a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.25 to 1; and • The Alaska Credit Facility is non-recourse to us and is secured by substantially all of the personal property and certain material real property owned by Alaska Communications. Alaska Communication’s interest rate swap, which had been designated as a cash flow hedge with an interest rate of 1.6735%, expired on June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, there are no outstanding interest rate hedge agreements associated with the Alaska Credit Facility. Alaska Term Facility On June 15, 2022, Alaska Communications Systems Holdings, the parent company of Alaska Communications, entered a secured lending arrangement with Bristol Bay Industrial, LLC. (the “Alaska Term Facility”). The Alaska Term Facility provides for a secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $7.5 million and the proceeds may be used to pay certain invoices from a contractor for work performed in connection with a fiber build. Interest on the Alaska Term Facility accrues at a fixed rate of 4.0% and is payable commencing on 60 December 31, 2022. Scheduled quarterly payments of principal commence on March 31, 2023. The Alaska Term Facility matures on June 30, 2024. The Alaska Term Facility contains events of default customary for facilities of this type. As of December 31, 2022, we had $7.5 million outstanding and no available borrowings under the Alaska Term Facility. FirstNet Receivables Credit Facility On March 26, 2020, Commnet Finance, a wholly owned subsidiary of Commnet Wireless, entered into a receivables credit facility with us, Commnet Wireless, and CoBank, ACB (the “Receivables Credit Facility”). The Receivables Credit Facility provides for a senior secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million and the proceeds may be used to acquire certain receivables from Commnet Wireless. The receivables to be financed and sold under the Receivables Credit Facility, which provide the loan security, relate to the obligations of AT&T under the FirstNet Agreement. On December 23, 2022, CoBank amended the Receivables Credit Facility and extended the delayed draw period to December 31, 2023. The maturity date for each loan will be set by CoBank and will match the weighted average maturity of the certain receivables financed. Interest on the loans accrues at a fixed annual interest rate to be quoted by CoBank. The Receivables Credit Facility contains customary events of termination, representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default customary for facilities of this type. As of December 31, 2022, we had $46.2 million outstanding, of which $6.2 million was current, and $22.3 million of availability under the Receivables Credit Facility. We capitalized $0.8 million in fees associated with the Receivables Credit Facility which are being amortized over the life of the debt and $0.6 million were unamortized as of December 31, 2022. Sacred Wind Term Debt In connection with the Sacred Wind acquisition completed on November 7, 2022, we assumed $31.6 million of term debt (the “Sacred Wind Term Debt”) with the United States of America acting through the Administrator of the Rural Utilities Service (“RUS”). The loan agreements are dated as of October 23, 2006 and March 17, 2016. RUS provides financial assistance in the form of loans under the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 to furnish or improve telecommunications and/or broadband services in rural areas. The Sacred Wind Term Debt is secured by substantially all assets and an underlying mortgage to the United States of America. These mortgage notes are to be repaid in equal monthly installments covering principal and interest beginning after date of issue and expiring by 2035. The Sacred Wind Term Debt contains certain restrictions on the declaration or payment of dividends, redemption of capital stock or investment in affiliated companies without the consent by the RUS noteholders. The agreements also contain a financial covenant which Sacred Wind Enterprises was not in compliance with as of December 31, 2021. Sacred Wind Enterprises submitted a corrective action plan to comply with the financial covenant 61 as of December 31, 2025. On May 5, 2022, Sacred Wind Enterprise’s corrective action plan was accepted by the RUS. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with the plan. As of December 31, 2022, $31.4 million was outstanding under the Sacred Wind Term Debt. Of that amount, $3.2 million was current and $28.2 million was long term. Viya Debt We, and certain of our subsidiaries, have entered into a $60.0 million loan agreement (the “Viya Debt”) with Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (“RTFC”). The Viya Debt agreement contains customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants (including limitations on additional debt, guaranties, sale of assets and liens) and a financial covenant that limits the maximum ratio of indebtedness to annual operating cash flow to 3.5 to 1.0 (the “Net Leverage Ratio”). This covenant is tested on an annual basis at the end of each fiscal year. Interest is paid quarterly at a fixed rate of 4.0% per annum and principal repayment is not required until maturity on July 1, 2026. Prepayment of the Viya Debt may be subject to a fee under certain circumstances. The debt is secured by certain assets of our Viya subsidiaries and is guaranteed by us. We paid a fee of $0.9 million in 2016 to lock the interest rate at 4% per annum over the term of the Viya Debt. The fee was recorded as a reduction to the Viya Debt carrying amount and is being amortized over the life of the loan. As of December 31, 2022, $60.0 million of the Viya Debt remained outstanding and $0.3 million of the rate lock fee was unamortized. On May 5, 2022, RTFC agreed to amend the Net Leverage Ratio to 7.0 to 1.0 through the maturity date of July 1, 2026. We were in compliance with the Net Leverage Ratio as of December 31, 2022. One Communications Debt We had an outstanding loan from HSBC Bank Bermuda Limited (the “One Communications Debt”) which matured and was repaid in full on December 22, 2022. This loan bore interest at the one-month LIBOR plus a margin ranging between 2.5% to 2.75% per annum paid quarterly. Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity Internally generated funds. The key factors affecting our internally generated funds are demand for our services, competition, regulatory developments, economic conditions in the markets where we operate our businesses and industry trends within the telecommunications industry. Restrictions under Credit Facility. Our 2019 CoBank Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including covenants limiting additional indebtedness, liens, guaranties, mergers and consolidations, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, sale and leasebacks, transactions with affiliates and fundamental changes. In addition, the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility contains a financial covenant that imposes a maximum ratio of indebtedness to EBITDA. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all of the financial covenants of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility. Capital markets. Our ability to raise funds in the capital markets depends on, among other things, general economic conditions, the conditions of the telecommunications industry, our financial performance, the state of the 62 capital markets and our compliance with SEC requirements for the offering of securities. We may file a new “universal” shelf registration statement with the SEC, to register potential future offerings of our securities. Foreign Currency We translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries from their respective functional currencies, primarily the Guyana Dollar, to US Dollars at the appropriate rates as of the balance sheet date. Changes in the carrying value of these assets and liabilities attributable to fluctuations in rates are recognized in foreign currency translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on our balance sheet. Income statement accounts are translated using the monthly average exchange rates during the year. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency that is different from a reporting entity’s functional currency must first be remeasured from the applicable currency to the legal entity’s functional currency. The effect of this remeasurement process is reported in other income within our income statement. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $0.9 million in losses on foreign currency transactions. We will continue to assess the impact of our exposure to the Guyana Dollar. Inflation Several of our markets have experienced an increase in operating costs, some of which we believe, is attributable to inflation. If inflation continues or worsens, it could negatively impact our Company by increasing our operating expenses. Inflation may lead to cost increases in multiple areas across our business, for example, rises in the prices of raw materials and manufactured goods, increased energy rates, as well as increased wage pressures and other expenses related to our employees. In particular, where we have agreed to undertake infrastructure build outs on a fixed budget for our carrier customers or by accepting government grants, inflation may result in build costs that exceed our original budget given the long delays experienced in procuring equipment and materials due to global supply chain delays. To the extent that we are unable to pass on these costs through increased prices, revised budget estimates, or offset them in other ways, they may impact our financial condition and cash flows. Material Cash Obligations and Sources Capital Expenditures. We are continuing to invest in our telecommunication networks along with our operating and business support systems in many of our markets. Such investments include the upgrade and expansion of both our mobility and fixed telecommunications networks as well as our service delivery platforms. For 2023, we expect capital expenditures to be approximately $160 million to $170 million (net of reimbursable amounts), and will primarily relate to network expansion and upgrades which are expected to further drive subscriber and revenue growth in future periods. We expect to fund our 2023 capital expenditures primarily from our current cash balances, cash generated from operations and our existing credit facilities including the Receivables Credit Facility. Long-term Debt. To service our previously described debt facilities, we will be required to make future minimum principal repayments (not including interest, commitment fees or letter of credit fees) of $12.4 million in 2023 and then $121.9 million, $21.6 million, $280.3 million, $10.9 million during 2024 through 2027, respectively, and then $27.0 million in subsequent years. Lease Commitments. We have operating and financing leases for towers, land, corporate offices, retail facilities, and data transport capacity. In order to comply with our lease agreements, we will be required to pay $20.8 million in 2023 and then $19.2 million, $15.8 million, $11.0 million and $8.6 million during 2024 through 2027, respectively, and then $79.1 million in subsequent years. FirstNet Agreement. In connection with the FirstNet Agreement, we are building a portion of AT&T’s network for the First Responder Network Authority (“FirstNet”) in or near our current operating area in the Western United States. We expect to incur construction costs of approximately $22 million during 2023 in order to complete the network build portion of that agreement. Following acceptance of the cell sites, AT&T will own the sites and we will assign to AT&T any third-party tower lease applicable to such cell site. If the cell site is located on a communications 63 tower we own, AT&T will pay us pursuant to a separate lease agreement for an initial term of eight years. In addition to building the network, we will provide ongoing equipment and site maintenance and high-capacity transport to and from these cell sites for an initial term ending in 2029. Connect America Fund II (CAF II). We are a recipient under the Connect America Fund Phase II program which will offer subsidies to us in order to expand our broadband coverage in designated areas. In connection with this program, we are expecting to spend $12.5 million in capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2023 (which is included in our capital expenditure estimates for the US Telecom segment above) and then an additional $11.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 in order to meet our build-out obligations under this program. We are not expecting any commitments under the CAFII program after 2025. Rural Digital Opportunity Fund Phase I Auction (RDOF). We participated in the RDOF auction and expect to receive funding to provide broadband and voice coverage to over 10,000 households in the United States (not including Alaska) under this program. We do not anticipate any spending under the RDOF program during the year ended December 31, 2023, but anticipate spending approximately $2.0 million in capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2024 under this program. Citizens Broadband Radio Service Auction (CBRS). We participated in CBRS auction for Priority Access Licenses (PALs) in the 3.5 GHz spectrum band. These PALs are licensed on a county-by-county basis and are awarded for a 10-year renewable term. In connection with the awarded licenses, we will have to achieve certain CBRS spectrum build out obligations. We currently expect to comply with all applicable requirements related to these licenses but cannot currently estimate the cost of building our network in the covered areas. If we do not comply with such requirements in a certain area within that 10-year timeframe, our PAL for that area will be forfeited. Construction grants. We have also been awarded construction grants to build network connectivity for eligible communities. The funding of these grants, used to reimburse us for our construction costs, is distributed upon completion of a project. As of December 31, 2022, $80.2 million of such construction obligations remain with completion deadlines beginning in July 2023 (which is included in our capital expenditure estimates for the US Telecom segment above). Once these projects are constructed, we are obligated to provide service to the participants. Software licensing, maintenance and other business support systems. We have committed to agreements with vendors to provide us with software licensing and maintenance services as well as other business support systems. These agreements expire primarily during the year ended December 31, 2023 and will require us to pay approximately $7.1 million, $2.4 million and $1.8 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million during the next five years and then $15.9 million thereafter. Circuits and other transport costs. We expect to pay $28.7 million, $26.9 million, $33.2 million, $15.1 million and $15.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively, for circuit and other telecommunication transport costs. Thereafter, we are obligated to pay an additional $11.6 million for such services Sources of Cash. In addition to future internally generated funds, as of December 31, 2022, we have $75.0 million, $22.3 million and $75.0 million available to us under the CoBank Credit Facility, the Receivables Credit Facility and the Alaska Revolving Facility, respectively, and may be able to raise funds in the capital markets by filing a “universal” shelf registration statement with the SEC. 64 Critical Accounting Estimates We have based our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations on our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We base our estimates on our operating experience and on various conditions existing in the market and we believe them to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the critical accounting estimates that we believe require significant judgment in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. We consider these accounting estimates to be critical because changes in the assumptions or estimates we have selected have the potential of materially impacting our financial statements. Revenue Recognition. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize for a particular transaction, we apply the criteria established by the authoritative guidance for revenue recognition and defer those items that do not meet the recognition criteria. As a result of the cutoff times of our billing cycles, we are often required to estimate the amount of revenues earned but not billed from the end of each billing cycle to the end of each reporting period. These estimates are based primarily on rate plans in effect and historical evidence with each customer or carrier. Adjustments affecting revenue can and occasionally do occur in periods subsequent to the period when the services were provided, billed and recorded as revenue, however, historically, these adjustments have not been material. We apply our judgment when assessing the ultimate realization of receivables, including assessing the probability of collection and the current credit- worthiness of customers. We establish an allowance for credit losses on trade receivables sufficient to cover probable and reasonably estimable losses. Our estimate of the allowance for credit losses on trade receivables considers collection experience, aging of the accounts receivable, the credit quality of the customer and, where necessary, other macro-economic factors. Goodwill and Long-Lived Intangible Assets. In accordance with the authoritative guidance regarding the accounting for impairments or disposals of long-lived assets and the authoritative guidance for the accounting for goodwill and other intangible assets, we evaluate the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss exists when estimated undiscounted cash flows attributable to non-current assets subject to depreciation and amortization and discounted cash flows for intangible assets not subject to amortization are less than their carrying amount. For long lived assets other than goodwill, if an asset is deemed to be impaired, the amount of the impairment loss recognized represents the excess of the asset’s carrying value as compared to its estimated fair value, based on management’s assumptions and projections. Our estimates of the future cash flows attributable to our long-lived assets and the fair value of our businesses involve significant uncertainty. Those estimates are based on management’s assumptions of future results, growth trends and industry conditions. If those estimates are not met, we could have additional impairment charges in the future, and the amounts may be material. We also assess the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. The carrying value of each reporting unit, including goodwill assigned to that reporting unit, is compared to its fair value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess, but not more than the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. We assess the recoverability of the value of our telecommunications licenses using either a market or income approach. We believe that our telecommunications licenses generally have an indefinite life based on historical ability to renew such licenses, that such renewals may be obtained indefinitely and at little cost, and that the related technology used is not expected to be replaced in the foreseeable future. If the value of these assets was impaired by some factor, 65 such as an adverse change in the subsidiary’s operating market, we may be required to record an impairment charge. We test the impairment of our telecommunications licenses annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that such assets might be impaired. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of telecommunications licenses with their carrying amount on a license by license basis. We performed our annual impairment assessment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets (telecommunications licenses) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 7 for a discussion of our impairment of a portion of our goodwill within our International Telecom segment during the year ended December 31, 2021. No impairment was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. Contingencies. We are subject to proceedings, lawsuits, tax audits and other claims related to lawsuits and other legal and regulatory proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business as further described in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. We are required to assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these matters as well as the potential ranges of probable losses. A determination of the amount of loss accruals required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each individual issue. We consult with legal counsel and other experts where necessary in connection with our assessment of any contingency. The required accrual for any such contingency may change materially in the future due to new developments or changes in each matter. We believe that some adverse outcome is probable and have accordingly accrued $14.7 million as of December 31, 2022 for these matters. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Translation and Remeasurement. We translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries from their respective functional currencies, primarily the Guyana Dollar, to US Dollars at the appropriate rates as of the balance sheet date. Changes in the carrying value of these assets and liabilities attributable to fluctuations in rates are recognized in foreign currency translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on our balance sheet. Income statement accounts are translated using the monthly average exchange rates during the year. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency that is different from a reporting entity’s functional currency must first be remeasured from the applicable currency to the legal entity’s functional currency. The effect of this remeasurement process is reported in other income on our income statement. Employee Benefit Plans. We sponsor pension and other postretirement benefit plans for employees of certain subsidiaries. Net periodic pension expense is recognized in our income statement. We recognize a pension or other postretirement plan’s funded status as either an asset or liability in our consolidated balance sheet. Actuarial gains and losses are reported as a component of other comprehensive income and amortized through other income in subsequent periods. Interest Rate Sensitivity. As of December 31, 2022, we had $329.0 million of variable rate debt outstanding, which is subject to fluctuations in interest rates. Our interest expense may be affected by changes in interest rates. We believe that a 100-basis-point change in the interest rates on our variable rate debt would result in a $3.3 million change in our annual interest expense. We may have additional exposure to fluctuations in interest rates if we again borrow amounts under our revolver loans within our credit facilities. 66 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The response to this item is submitted as a separate section to this Report. See “Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.” ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022. Disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), mean controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer or persons performing similar functions, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; • Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and • Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Our assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of 67 Sacred Wind Enterprises because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2022 and included in our 2022 consolidated financial statements. Sacred Wind Enterprises, whose assets and revenues were excluded from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting, represent approximately 6% of total assets and less than 1% of total revenues of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears on page F-2 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information regarding our executive officers is contained in Part I of this Form 10-K under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers”. The following table sets forth information regarding our directors as of March 15, 2023: Name Michael T. Prior . . . . . . . . Bernard Bulkin . . . . . . . . . James S. Eisenstein . . . . . . Richard J. Ganong . . . . . . . April V. Henry . . . . . . . . . Pamela F. Lenehan . . . . . . Liane J. Pelletier . . . . . . . . Age Position 58 Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director 81 Director 64 Director 59 Director 53 Director 70 Director 65 Director Employee Director Michael T. Prior is the chairman of the Board of Directors and has been our President and Chief Executive Officer since December 2005 and an officer of the Company since June 2003. He was elected to the Board in May 2008. Previous to joining the Company, Mr. Prior was a partner with Q Advisors LLC, a Denver based investment banking and financial advisory firm focused on the technology and telecommunications sectors. Mr. Prior began his career as a corporate attorney with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP in London and New York. He received a B.A. degree from Vassar College and a J.D. degree summa cum laude from Brooklyn Law School. Mr. Prior currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Competitive Carriers Association. In 2008, Mr. Prior was named Entrepreneur of the Year for the New England Region by Ernst & Young LLP and One of America’s Best CEOs by DeMarche Associates, Inc. 68 Non-Employee Directors Dr. Bernard Bulkin was elected in March 2016 as a director of ATN International, Inc. (the “Company”) and is a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and a member of our Audit Committee. Dr. Bulkin brings particular expertise in the field of renewable energy and is a shareholder director of the Company’s renewable energy business, Aragorn Holding Company 2 pte., operating under the “Vibrant” name in India. He held several senior management roles throughout his approximately twenty-year career at British Petroleum, including Director of the refining business, Vice President Environmental Affairs, and Chief Scientist, and left BP in 2003. He is currently a Director of K3Solar Ltd., VH-Global Sustainable Energy Opportunities Plc (LDN:GSEO) (Chairman), QLM Technology Ltd (Chairman) and ARQ Ltd. Dr. Bulkin has served on the boards of Severn Trent plc, Ludgate Investments Limited, HMN Colmworth Ltd., Chemrec AB and REAC Fuel AB, each a Swedish biofuel technology developer, and Ze-gen Corporation, a renewable energy company, and chaired the boards of two UK public companies: AEA Technology plc (from 2005 until 2009), and Pursuit Dynamics Plc (from 2011 until 2013). Dr. Bulkin served as Chair of the UK Office of Renewable Energy from 2010 until 2013, was a member of the FTSE Environmental Markets Advisory Committee (2010-2017) and has held several other UK government roles in sustainable energy and transport. He earned a B.S. in Chemistry from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Purdue University. Dr. Bulkin is Emeritus Professorial Fellow at the University of Cambridge and is the author of Crash Course (2015) and Solving Chemistry (2019). He was awarded the Honour of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours List. James S. Eisenstein has been a director of ours since October 2019 and is a member of our Compensation Committee and our Audit Committee. He is currently Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Grupo TorreSur, a Latin American focused wireless tower company. Prior to co-founding Grupo TorreSur, Mr. Eisenstein was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Optasite Holding Company, Inc. from 2003 to 2008; Chief Executive Officer of Concourse Communications Group LLC in 2003 and Chief Operating Officer and, later, Chief Development Officer of American Tower Corporation, which he co-founded, from 1995 to 2003. Before co-founding American Tower, Mr. Eisenstein was a Partner and Chief Operating Officer of Amaturo Group, Ltd., the owner and operator of radio stations, from 1990 to 1995; was Deputy General Counsel of Home Shopping Network from 1988 to 1990; and an associate at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom from 1986 to 1988 and at Vinson & Elkins from 1984 to 1986. He currently serves as a director of InterPrivate IV InfraTech Partners Inc. (NASDAQ: IPVIU), as a director of Desktop Metal, Inc. (NYSE: DM),was Chairman of the Board of Directors of Eaton Towers, Ltd. until the end of 2019, at which time the Company was sold, and was a member of the Board of Directors of CTI Towers, Inc. until the end of 2020, at which time that Company was sold. He also served as a director of Nexamp, Inc. from 2011-2016. Mr. Eisenstein is a graduate of Georgetown University and holds an M.B.A. from The Wharton School and a J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Richard J. Ganong has been a director of ours since June 2018 and is the Chair of our Compensation Committee and a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance and Investment Committees. Mr. Ganong has more than 25 years of experience in the financial services industry with a focus on venture capital and hedge fund investing. He was a Partner at the Tudor Investment Corporation from 1993 - 2009, an internationally recognized diversified investment management firm, and was a founding General Partner of the Tudor Venture Group which managed a series of funds providing growth capital to private companies in various information technology industries. Mr. Ganong was the Senior Vice President of Development and Alumni Relations at Bowdoin College from 2014 - 2016 and most recently founded Five Pine Partners, an investment and advisory boutique. Mr. Ganong also is an emeritus member of the Board of Overseers at the Tuck School at Dartmouth. He is currently a member of the Board of Directors for the Maine Technology Institute, the Gulf of Maine Research Institute, and the Gasparilla Island Improvement and Conservation Association. Mr. Ganong holds a Bachelor of Arts from Bowdoin College and an MBA. from the Tuck School at Dartmouth. April V. Henry has been a director of ours since March 2022. Ms. Henry is the founder and managing partner of Hawkeye Digital, a firm that is focused on driving revenue growth, core decision-making and business and human capital transformation for companies at critical points in their growth cycle. In addition, she is currently Executive Vice President of Corporate Development for Science Inc. and Science Strategic Acquisition Corp. Alpha (Nasdaq: SSAA). 69 Prior to her current roles, Ms. Henry was a corporate and business development executive at NBC Universal, Yahoo and News Corporation. Ms. Henry is on the Advisory Board of Evalla Advisors and a special advisor to S4 Capital. Pamela F. Lenehan has been a director of ours since June 2020 and is the Chair of our Audit Committee. Ms. Lenehan spent more than 20 years in financial services. In June 2002, Ms. Lenehan founded Ridge Hill Consulting, LLC and has served as President since that time. Previously, she served as Chief Financial Officer of Convergent Networks, a high technology start-up and was Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Treasurer of Oak Industries, a NYSE-listed manufacturer of telecommunications components. She also previously served as a Managing Director in Investment Banking for 14 years at Credit Suisse First Boston and started her career in corporate banking at Chase Manhattan Bank. Ms. Lenehan is also currently a director and chair of the audit committee of Rithm Capital, a director of the Center for Women & Enterprise, the National Association of Corporate Directors New England Chapter, and is co-chair of the Boston Chapter of Women Corporate Directors. Ms. Lenehan previously served on the boards of Monotype Imaging, Civitas Solutions, American Superconductor, Spartech Corporation and Avid Technology. Ms. Lenehan has a B.A. in Mathematical Economics, Cum Laude and with Honors, and a M.A. in Economics from Brown University. Ms. Lenehan holds a NACD Directorship Certification from the National Association of Corporate Directors. Liane J. Pelletier has been a director of ours since June 2012, is the Independent Lead Director of our Board of Directors and a member of our Compensation Committee. Ms. Pelletier has over twenty-five years of experience in the telecommunications industry. From October 2003 through April 2011, she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Alaska Communications Systems, and prior to that time served as the former Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Business Development for Sprint Corporation. Ms. Pelletier earned her M.S. in Management at the Sloan School of Business at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in Economics, magna cum laude, from Wellesley College. Ms. Pelletier currently serves as Chairman of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and as a member of the Audit Committee of the Board of Expeditors International; is a board member and committee member of both the Audit and Compensation Committees of Frontdoor, Inc.; and is a board member and committee member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of Switch Inc. Ms. Pelletier is a NACD Board Leadership Fellow and has earned the CERT Certificate in Cybersecurity Oversight from the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon. Additional information required by this Item 10 will be set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2023 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding our Code of Ethics applicable to our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer, our controller and other senior financial officers appears in Item 1 of this Report under the caption “Business— Available Information.” ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this Item 11 will be set forth in our 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this Item 12 will be set forth in our 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by this Item 13 will be set forth in our 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. 70 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information required by this Item 14 will be set forth in our 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Report: PART IV (1) Financial Statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements, which appears on page F-1 hereof. The financial statements listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements are filed herewith in response to this Item 15. (2) Schedule II. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022 which appears on page F-59 hereof. (3) Exhibits. The exhibits listed below are filed herewith in response to this Item 15. EXHIBIT INDEX to Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 31, 2020, by and among Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc., Project 8 Buyer, LLC and Project 8 Mergersub, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on January 4, 2021). 3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ATN International, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-62416) filed on June 6, 2001). 3.2 Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ATN International, Inc., as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on August 14, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2006 filed on August 14, 2006). 3.4 3.3 Certificate of Amendment to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, filed June 10, 2016 and effective June 21, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on June 27, 2016). Amended and Restated By-Laws, effective as of March 8, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on March 14, 2023). 4.1 Description of ATN International, Inc. securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10 K (File No. 001 12593) for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed on March 2, 2020). 10.1ⱡ ATN International, Inc. 2008 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Appendix C of the Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-12593) filed on May 2, 2011). 10.2ⱡ Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Agreement under 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on May 21, 2008). 10.3ⱡ Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Agreement under 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001- 12593) filed on May 21, 2008). 10.4ⱡ Form of Notice of Grant of Incentive Stock Option and Option Agreement under 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001- 12593) filed on May 21, 2008). 71 10.5ⱡ Form of Notice of Grant of Nonqualified Stock Option and Option Agreement under 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001- 12593) filed on May 21, 2008). 10.6ⱡ Deferred Compensation Plan for Select Employees of ATN International, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on January 6, 2009). 10.7ⱡ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) filed on May 9, 2018). 10.8ⱡ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on March 15, 2021). 10.9ⱡ Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Grant Notice and Performance Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on March 15, 2021). 10.10ⱡ Form of Severance Agreement with Non-CEO Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on March 19, 2019). 10.11ⱡ* Form of Severance Agreement with Non-CEO Executive Officers. 10.12ⱡ* Form of Severance Agreement with Chief Executive Officer. 10.13 Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 19, 2014 by and among the Company, as Borrower, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger, Swingline Lender, an Issuing Lender and a Lender, Fifth Third Bank, as a Joint Lead Arranger, MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as a Joint Lead Arranger and an Issuing Lender, the Guarantors named therein and the other Lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on December 23, 2014). 10.14 Amendment, Consent and Confirmation Agreement, dated January 11, 2016, by and among ATN 10.15 10.16 International, Inc., as Borrower, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, and the Guarantors and other Lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on January 15, 2016). Third Amendment and Confirmation Agreement dated as of April 10, 2019 by and among the Company, as Borrower, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, the Guarantors named therein and the other Lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on April 16, 2019). Fourth Amendment, Consent and Confirmation Agreement, dated November 7, 2022, among ATN International, Inc., each of the Guarantors named therein, CoBank, ACB, and each of the Lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001 12593) filed on November 9, 2022). 10.17 Amendment Agreement, dated as of December 28, 2022 , among, ATN International, Inc., as Borrower, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders and Guarantors party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on December 30, 2022). 10.18 Credit Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2020, among Commnet Finance, LLC, as Borrower, Commnet Wireless, LLC, as Originator and Servicer, ATN International, Inc., as Limited Guarantor, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger, and Sole Bookrunner, and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on April 1, 2020). 10.19 Consent, Release and Confirmation Agreement, entered into as of March 26, 2020, among ATN International, Inc., as Borrower, each of the subsidiaries of ATN International, Inc., identified as guarantors on the signature pages thereto, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, and each of the financial institutions identified as a Lender on the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on April 1, 2020). 72 10.20 Amendment and Confirmation Agreement, effective as of December 22, 2022 , among Commnet Finance, LLC, as Borrower, Commnet Wireless, LLC, as Originator and Servicer, ATN International, Inc., as Limited Guarantor, CoBank, ACB, as Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger, and Sole Bookrunner, and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on December 30, 2022). 10.21 Agreement between the Government of the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana and Atlantic Tele- Network, Inc., dated June 18, 1990 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2006 filed on May 15, 2006). 10.22 Amendment to the Agreement between the Government of the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana and 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 ATN International, Inc., dated November 2, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-12593) for the year ended December 31, 2012 filed on March 18, 2013). Loan Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2016, by and among ATN VI Holdings, LLC, Caribbean Asset Holdings LLC, and Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2016 filed on August 9, 2016). Limited Waiver of Net Leverage Ratio dated as of February 27, 2018, between ATN VI Holdings, LLC and the Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on February 28, 2018). Limited Waiver of Net Leverage Ratio dated as of February 25, 2019, between ATN VI Holdings, LLC and the Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on February 28, 2019) Limited Waiver of Net Leverage Ratio dated as of February 26, 2020, between ATN VI Holdings, LLC and the Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-12593) for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed on March 2, 2020). Limited Waiver of Net Leverage Ratio dated as of February 25, 2021, between ATN VI Holdings, LLC and the Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001 12593) filed on March 1, 2021). 10.28 Consent and Waiver between Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative, Caribbean Asset Holdings, LLC and DTR Holdings, LLC, dated May 7, 2018. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) filed on May 9, 2018). 10.29 Consent and Waiver between Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative, Caribbean Asset Holdings, LLC and DTR Holdings, LLC, dated August 3, 2018. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) filed on August 8, 2018). 10.30 Amendment to Loan Agreement dated May 5, 2022 between ATN VI Holdings, LLC and Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (file No. 001-12593) for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022 filed on May 10, 2022). 10.31# Network Build and Maintenance Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2019, by and between Commnet Wireless, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of ATN International, Inc., and AT&T Mobility LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019 filed on November 8, 2019). 10.32# First Amendment to Network Build and Maintenance Agreement dated as of 6th day of August, 2020 and effective as of the 1st day of July, 2020 by and between Commnet Wireless, LLC and AT&T Mobility LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) filed on November 4, 2020). 10.33# Second Amendment to Network Build and Maintenance Agreement dated as of the 4th day of May, 2021 and effective as of the 1st day of January, 2021 by and between Commnet Wireless, LLC and AT&T Mobility LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-12593) filed on May 10, 2021). 73 10.34# Third Amendment to Network Build and Maintenance Agreement dated as of the 4th day of August, 2022 and effective as of the 1st day of January, 2022 by and between Commnet Wireless, LLC and AT&T Mobility LLC , incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (file No. 001-12593) for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022 filed on August 8, 2022. 10.35# Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of ALSK Holdings, dated as of July 21, 2021 by and among ALSK Holdings, the Company, F3C IV, certain affiliates of F3C IV, and certain other institutional investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on July 22, 2021). 10.36 Credit Agreement, dated as of July 22, 2021, by and among the Borrower, Parent and certain of the 10.37 Parent’s direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on July 22, 2021). First Amendment Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2022 , among Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc., Alaska Management, Inc., the other Guarantors identified on the signature pages thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, an L/C Issuer and Swing Line Lender and Bank of the West, as an L/C Issuer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12593) filed on December 30, 2022). 21 * Subsidiaries of ATN International, Inc. 23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. 31.1** Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a- 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Rule 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2** Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a- 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Rule 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1** Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 USC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.2** Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 USC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to 101.INS Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document 101.SCH** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data file (formatted as Inline XBRL and embedded within Exhibit 101). ⱡ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. * Filed herewith. ** The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Report and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the company specifically incorporates it by reference. # Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None 74 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Beverly, Massachusetts on the 15th day of March, 2023. SIGNATURES ATN International, Inc. By: /s/ MICHAEL T. PRIOR Michael T. Prior Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on the 15th day of March, 2023. Signature /s/ MICHAEL T. PRIOR Michael T. Prior Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Title /s/ JUSTIN D. BENINCASA Justin D. Benincasa Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ BERNARD J. BULKIN Bernard J. Bulkin /s/ JAMES S. EISENSTEIN James S. Eisenstein /s/ RICHARD J. GANONG Richard J. Ganong /s/ APRIL V. HENRY April V. Henry /s/ PAMELA F. LENEHAN Pamela F. Lenehan /s/ LIANE J. PELLETIER Liane J. Pelletier Director Director Director Director Director Director 75 (This page has been left blank intentionally.) ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 INDEX REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID: 238) . . . . . . FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2022 and 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Income Statements for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 . . . . . NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 F-2 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-67 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of ATN International, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ATN International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2022. We have also excluded Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. is a subsidiary whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent 6% and less than 1%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. F-2 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Goodwill impairment assessment for a certain reporting unit in the US Telecom segment As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $40.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The goodwill balance associated with the US Telecom segment was $35.3 million, and a majority of the US Telecom segment’s goodwill is associated with a certain reporting unit. Management assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently when events or circumstances occur indicating that the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit an impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess, but not more than the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. For its annual impairment analysis, as of October 1, 2022, the Company performed a quantitative analysis for the goodwill held in its US Telecom segment, and the quantitative analysis indicated that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. Management determined the fair value of the reporting unit using the income approach. The income approach is based on a discounted cash flow model. The discounted cash flow model requires the exercise of significant judgment, including judgments and assumptions about appropriate discount rates and revenue growth. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment for a certain reporting unit in the US Telecom segment is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to revenue growth and the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation for a certain reporting unit in the US Telecom segment. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted F-3 cash flow model; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the discounted cash flow model; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management related to revenue growth and the discount rate. Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s significant assumptions related to revenue growth involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the Company’s discounted cash flow model and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 15, 2023 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002. F-4 ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2022 and 2021 (In Thousands, Except Share Data) December 31, December 31, 2022 2021 $ $ $ Current Assets: ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $15.2 million and $13.9 million, respectively . . . . . . Customer receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory, materials and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepayments and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,660 5,068 300 86,816 5,803 17,902 59,139 229,688 Fixed Assets: Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunication licenses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease right-of-use assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer receivable - long term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS AND EQUITY 1,977,978 (922,024) 1,055,954 113,698 40,104 31,992 108,702 46,706 81,025 1,707,869 Current Liabilities: Current portion of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Current portion of customer receivable credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of lease liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advance payments and deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lease liabilities, excluding current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer receivable credit facility, net of current portion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt, excluding current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Redeemable noncontrolling interests: Preferred redeemable noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common redeemable noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total redeemable noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATN International, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding . . . . . . . Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 17,584,057 and 17,476,542 shares 6,173 6,073 155,224 3,310 7,335 15,457 39,608 233,180 28,650 83,319 138,420 39,275 415,727 938,571 55,152 37,317 92,469 — 79,601 1,096 300 73,701 4,145 10,177 63,597 232,617 1,748,092 (804,883) 943,209 113,766 40,104 44,294 118,843 39,652 76,119 1,608,604 4,665 4,620 151,463 2,672 5,681 16,201 35,642 220,944 21,460 91,719 142,033 30,148 327,111 833,415 50,296 22,640 72,936 — issued, respectively, 15,763,341 and 15,712,941 shares outstanding, respectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost; 1,820,716 and 1,763,601 shares, respectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total ATN International, Inc. stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 173 (73,825) 198,449 449,806 6,210 580,813 96,016 676,829 1,707,869 $ 172 (71,714) 192,132 475,887 4,773 601,250 101,003 702,253 1,608,604 F-5 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (In Thousands, Except Per Share Data) 2022 December 31, 2021 2020 REVENUE: Communication services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 692,221 $ 549,620 35,889 17,198 602,707 15,762 17,762 725,745 $ 433,509 10,913 11,022 455,444 OPERATING EXPENSES (excluding depreciation and amortization unless otherwise indicated): Cost of communication services and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of construction revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transaction-related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposition of long-lived assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax (benefit) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET LOSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax expense (benefit) of $(0.8) million, $(0.4) million, and $1.1 million respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. STOCKHOLDERS . . . . . . . . . NET LOSS PER WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. STOCKHOLDERS: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIVIDENDS PER SHARE APPLICABLE TO COMMON STOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312,895 15,763 231,805 4,798 135,137 13,016 — 4,389 717,803 7,942 174 (20,417) 4,245 (15,998) (8,056) (473) (7,583) 249,322 36,055 188,283 10,221 102,731 7,775 20,587 2,759 617,733 (15,026) 132 (9,614) 1,821 (7,661) (22,687) (1,878) (20,809) 1,938 (5,645) $ (1,299) (22,108) (0.67) $ (0.67) $ (1.52) (1.52) 15,751 15,751 0.72 $ 15,867 15,867 0.68 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 185,113 10,616 139,011 1,641 86,504 1,807 — 21,572 446,264 9,180 421 (5,347) (4,161) (9,087) 93 801 (708) (13,414) (14,122) (0.89) (0.89) 15,923 15,923 0.68 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2022 Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment net of tax expense of $(0.2) million, $0.4 million, and $0 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected pension and postretirement benefit obligations, net of tax expense of $(0.2) million, $(0.1) million and $0.1 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification of loss on pension settlement, net of $(0.8) million of tax. . . . . . . Reclassification of foreign currency (gains) losses on assets sold and held for sale, net of tax expense of $0.2 million, $0 and $0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . Comprehensive loss attributable to ATN International, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (7,583) $ (20,809) $ (708) (1,385) (689) 37 2,428 915 5,014 — (2,412) — (500) (21) 1,437 (6,146) 1,938 — 6,036 170 (101) 4,495 3,560 (16,314) 2,852 (13,414) (1,299) $ (4,208) $ (17,613) $ (10,562) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-7 S E I R A I D I S B U S D N A . C N I , L A N O I T A N R E T N I N T A Y T I U Q E F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C 0 2 0 2 d n a 1 2 0 2 , 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D d e d n E s r a e Y e h t r o F ) a t a D e r a h S t p e c x E , s d n a s u o h T n I ( 3 5 2 , 2 0 7 $ 3 0 0 , 1 0 1 $ 0 5 2 , 1 0 6 $ 3 7 7 , 4 $ 1 — ) 1 1 1 , 2 ( 1 5 3 , 7 ) 7 7 8 , 4 1 ( 2 2 ) 1 9 8 , 4 ( ) 6 5 8 , 4 ( 3 8 ) 3 8 5 , 7 ( 7 3 4 , 1 ) 6 4 1 , 6 ( — — — 2 7 5 ) 1 3 5 , 3 ( 2 2 ) 9 2 4 , 4 ( — — — 9 7 3 , 2 9 7 3 , 2 9 2 8 , 6 7 6 $ 6 1 0 , 6 9 6 3 3 , 4 5 7 $ 7 8 6 , 8 0 1 — — 3 8 3 6 9 7 6 1 5 , 6 ) 8 5 2 , 2 1 ( — ) 2 6 9 , 1 ( ) 8 4 2 , 6 1 ( ) 6 9 9 , 2 1 ( 5 9 4 , 4 ) 9 0 8 , 0 2 ( ) 4 1 3 , 6 1 ( — — — 4 3 3 — 6 9 7 — — ) 8 6 4 , 5 ( ) 9 0 8 , 0 1 ( — 3 6 4 , 7 3 6 4 , 7 3 5 2 , 2 0 7 $ 3 0 0 , 1 0 1 3 8 0 , 6 0 8 $ 1 6 9 , 9 2 1 ) 7 2 3 , 8 ( — 2 1 9 , 5 ) 7 6 8 , 0 1 ( ) 8 7 3 , 2 1 ( ) 9 3 9 , 8 2 ( ) 8 0 7 ( 0 6 5 , 3 2 5 8 , 2 — 0 0 3 , 1 — 9 0 3 ) 8 7 3 , 2 1 ( ) 9 1 9 , 3 2 ( — 4 1 4 , 3 1 4 1 4 , 3 1 $ $ $ $ 1 — ) 1 1 1 , 2 ( 9 7 7 , 6 ) 6 4 3 , 1 1 ( — ) 2 6 4 ( ) 6 5 8 , 4 ( 3 8 ) 2 6 9 , 9 ( 7 3 4 , 1 ) 5 2 5 , 8 ( 3 1 8 , 0 8 5 — — 9 4 6 , 5 4 6 — 3 8 3 2 8 1 , 6 ) 8 5 2 , 2 1 ( — ) 2 6 9 , 1 ( ) 7 8 1 , 2 ( ) 0 8 7 , 0 1 ( 5 9 4 , 4 ) 2 7 2 , 8 2 ( ) 7 7 7 , 3 2 ( 0 5 2 , 1 0 6 2 2 1 , 6 7 6 ) 7 2 3 , 8 ( ) 0 0 3 , 1 ( 3 0 6 , 5 ) 7 6 8 , 0 1 ( — ) 0 2 0 , 5 ( 0 6 5 , 3 ) 2 2 1 , 4 1 ( ) 2 6 5 , 0 1 ( — — — — — — — — — — $ $ 7 3 4 , 1 7 3 4 , 1 0 1 2 , 6 8 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — — $ 5 9 4 , 4 5 9 4 , 4 3 7 7 , 4 $ ) 2 8 2 , 3 ( — — — — — — — 0 6 5 , 3 0 6 5 , 3 $ $ $ $ 6 3 3 , 4 5 7 $ 7 8 6 , 8 0 1 $ 9 4 6 , 5 4 6 $ 8 7 2 $ — — — — — — — — — 7 1 3 , 4 — ) 7 1 3 , 4 ( ) 7 1 3 , 4 ( — — — — — — — — — — — 4 6 1 , 6 — ) 4 6 1 , 6 ( ) 4 6 1 , 6 ( — — — — — — — — — — — — l a t o T y t i u q E - n o N I N T A r e h t O g n i l l o r t n o C ’ s r e d l o h k c o t S e v i s n e h e r p m o C y t i u q E l a t o T e l b a m e e d e R n o m m o C s t s e r e t n I y t i u q E ) s s o L ( / e m o c n I s t i n U $ 7 8 8 , 5 7 4 $ 2 3 1 2 9 1 , $ ) 4 1 7 1 7 ( , $ 2 7 1 $ d e n i a t e R i s g n n r a E n I d i a P l a t i p a C , k c o t S t s o c t a n o m m o C k c o t S l a n o i t i d d A y r u s a e r T $ $ $ $ — — — — — — ) 6 5 8 , 4 ( ) 4 3 2 , 4 ( ) 6 4 3 , 1 1 ( — ) 5 4 6 , 5 ( ) 5 4 6 , 5 ( 6 0 8 , 9 4 4 1 0 9 , 6 1 5 — — — — — — ) 2 6 9 , 1 ( ) 0 8 7 , 0 1 ( — ) 4 6 1 , 6 ( — ) 8 0 1 , 2 2 ( ) 8 0 1 , 2 2 ( 7 8 8 , 5 7 4 0 9 8 , 1 4 5 — — — — — ) 7 6 8 , 0 1 ( — ) 2 2 1 , 4 1 ( ) 2 2 1 , 4 1 ( — — — — ) 2 6 4 ( 9 7 7 6 , — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ) 1 1 1 2 ( , — 1 — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 9 4 4 8 9 1 , $ ) 5 2 8 3 7 ( , 4 5 7 7 8 1 , $ ) 6 5 4 9 5 ( , $ $ 3 7 1 2 7 1 — — — — — — 3 8 3 2 8 1 6 , ) 7 8 1 2 ( , — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ) 8 5 2 2 1 ( , — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 3 1 2 9 1 , $ ) 4 1 7 1 7 ( , 1 7 4 8 8 1 , $ ) 9 2 1 1 5 ( , $ $ 2 7 1 2 7 1 — ) 0 0 3 1 ( , 3 0 6 5 , — — ) 0 2 0 5 ( , — — — — — — — — — — — ) 7 2 3 8 ( , — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ 1 0 9 , 6 1 5 $ 4 5 7 7 8 1 , $ ) 6 5 4 9 5 ( , $ 2 7 1 $ l a t o T e l b a m e e d e R s t s e r e t n I g n i l l o r t n o c n o N e l b a m e e d e R n o m m o C s t i n U e l b a m e e d e R d e r r e f e r P s t i n U s t s e r e t n I g n i l l o r t n o c n o N e l b a m e e d e R l a t o T — — — — — — 6 3 9 2 7 , 0 6 7 4 1 , 6 5 8 4 , 4 3 2 4 , — ) 7 1 3 4 ( , ) 7 1 3 , 4 ( 9 6 4 2 9 , — 4 3 3 8 4 , 0 4 6 2 2 , — — — — — 2 6 9 1 , — 4 6 1 6 , — ) 4 6 1 6 ( , ) 4 6 1 , 6 ( 6 3 9 2 7 , — — — — — — — — — — — $ 0 4 6 2 2 , 0 6 7 4 1 , $ $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — 4 3 2 4 , — ) 7 1 3 4 ( , ) 7 1 3 4 ( , 7 1 3 7 3 , — — 0 4 6 2 2 , — — — — — — — 4 6 1 6 , — ) 4 6 1 6 ( , ) 4 6 1 6 ( , 0 4 6 2 2 , — — — — — — — — — — — $ 6 9 2 0 5 , $ — — — — — — — — — — — 6 5 8 4 , $ $ 2 5 1 5 5 , — 4 3 3 8 4 , $ $ $ — — — — — — 2 6 9 1 , — — — — — 6 9 2 0 5 , — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B s t i n u n o m m o c 1 9 5 f o e c n a u s s I s t i n u n o m m o c 5 1 5 , 7 0 1 f o e c n a u s s I k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e r a h s 5 1 1 , 7 5 f o e s a h c r u P . . . . . . . . . . n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S ) e r a h s n o m m o c r e p 2 7 . 0 $ ( k c o t s n o m m o c n o d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i D s e t a i l i f f a d e t a d i l o s n o c n i s r e d l o h e r a h s y t i r o n i m y b e d a m s t n e m t s e v n I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n f o e s a h c r u p e R s t i n u d e r r e f e r p e l b a m e e d e r - d n e d i v i d d e u r c c A . s t i n u n o m m o c e l b a m e e d e r - d n e d i v i d d e m e e D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) s s o l ( e m o c n i t e N . ) s s o l ( e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c l a t o T . 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B . s t i n u d e r r e f e r p 4 3 3 , 8 4 f o e c n a u s s I . s t i n u n o m m o c 9 9 1 , 3 2 f o e c n a u s s I . k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e r a h s 4 8 7 , 9 3 1 f o e s a h c r u P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S . s n o i t p o k c o t s f o e s i c r e x E d e r i u q c a y t i u q e n i t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o N : e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o C ) e r a h s n o m m o c r e p 8 6 . 0 $ ( k c o t s n o m m o c n o d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d e r r e f e r p e l b a m e e d e r n o d n e d i v i d d e u r c c A . . . s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n f o e s a h c r u p e R . s t i n u n o m m o c e l b a m e e d e r - d n e d i v i d d e m e e D : e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) s s o l ( e m o c n i t e N . ) s s o l ( e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c l a t o T . 9 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e r a h s 0 0 5 , 1 6 1 f o e s a h c r u P . . s r e d l o h e r a h s y t i r o n i m y b e d a m s t n e m t s e v n I . . . . . . . . . . n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S ) e r a h s n o m m o c r e p 8 6 . 0 $ ( k c o t s n o m m o c n o d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n o t s n o i t u b i r t s i D . . . . . s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n f o e s a h c r u p e R . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) s s o l ( e m o c n i t e N . s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c l a t o T : ) s s o l ( e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o C F-8 . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e s e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (In Thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows provided by operating activities: Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of acquisition intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposition of long-lived assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gain) loss on equity investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on pension settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain on foreign currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities, excluding the effects of acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials and supplies, prepayments, and other current assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, advance payments and deposits and other current liabilities . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government capital programs Amounts disbursed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of strategic investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sale of businesses, net of transferred cash of $0 and $0.9 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of business net of cash acquired of $9.4 million and $11.9 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spectrum deposit refund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from strategic investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of spectrum; including deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flows from financing activities: Dividends paid on common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distributions to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment of debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance lease payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Term loan - repayments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Term loan - borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revolving credit facility – borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revolving credit facility – repayments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from mezzanine equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from customer receivable credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of customer receivable credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of common stock – stock- based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of common stock – share repurchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments made by minority shareholders in consolidated affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration paid for business acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplemental cash flow information: Interest paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared, not paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncash investing activity: Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 $ (7,583) $ (20,809) $ (708) 135,137 13,016 6,693 2,014 4,387 7,406 (7,452) (5,656) 1,725 — — (10,385) (8,713) 6,206 2,981 (15,525) (125) (9,979) (11,235) 102,912 102,731 7,775 4,850 1,275 2,759 6,581 (6,612) 86 — 20,587 (81) (4,900) (32,955) 84 (3,953) (5,297) 11,681 (226) (3,028) 80,548 86,504 1,807 5,010 530 21,572 5,912 (7,317) 3,427 — — 357 (17,774) — 2,218 799 (18,624) 12,597 (8,790) (1,236) 86,284 (160,114) (96,442) (60,358) (7,905) 2,853 (2,750) 1,835 (18,044) 1,136 15,745 (1,068) — 1,067 (167,245) (10,708) (3,531) (873) (1,069) (5,222) 20,000 115,250 (72,250) — 15,425 (4,960) (1,169) (942) — 22 (4,891) (1,718) 43,364 — (20,969) 80,697 59,728 19,924 3,241 3,310 27,811 $ $ $ $ $ (9,700) 7,517 (6,399) 18,597 (340,152) — — — — — (426,579) (10,813) (7,468) (6,568) — (8,758) 210,000 97,000 (33,500) 71,533 37,321 (1,828) (1,713) (10,546) 383 — (13,312) — 321,731 — (24,300) 104,997 80,697 8,231 3,969 2,672 22,093 $ $ $ $ $ (14,965) 16,316 (2,768) — — — 11,969 (20,396) (116) 120 (70,198) (10,891) (10,368) (1,096) — (13,751) — — — — — — (1,733) (6,589) — — (28,939) — (73,367) (80) (57,361) 162,358 104,997 4,829 6,117 2,703 21,746 $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-9 1. ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS The Company provides digital infrastructure and communications services in the United States and internationally, including in the Caribbean region, with a focus on smaller markets, many of which are rural or remote, with a growing demand for infrastructure investments, Through its operating subsidiaries, it primarily provides: (i) carrier and enterprise communications services, such as terrestrial and submarine fiber optic transport, and communications tower facilities; and (ii) fixed and mobile telecommunications connectivity to residential, business and government customers, including a range of high-speed internet and data services, fixed and mobile wireless solutions, and video and voice services. At the holding company level, the Company oversees the allocation of capital within and among its subsidiaries, affiliates, new investments, and stockholders. The Company has developed significant operational expertise and resources that it uses to augment the capabilities of its individual operating subsidiaries in its local markets. The Company has built a platform of resources and expertise to support its operating subsidiaries and to improve their quality of service with greater economies of scale and expertise than would typically be available at the operating subsidiary level. The Company provides management, technical, financial, regulatory, and marketing services to its operating subsidiaries and typically receive a management fee calculated as a percentage of their revenues, which is eliminated in consolidation. The Company also actively evaluates potential acquisitions, investment opportunities and other strategic transactions, both domestic and international, and generally look for those that it believes fit the Company’s profile of telecommunications businesses and have the potential to complement its “glass and steel” and “first to fiber” approach in markets while generating steady excess cash flows over extended periods of time. The Company uses the cash generated from its operations to re-invest in organic growth in its existing businesses, to make strategic investments in additional businesses, and to return cash to its investors through dividends or stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2022, the Company offered the following types of services to its customers: • Mobility Telecommunications Services. The Company offers mobile communications services over its wireless networks and related equipment (such as handsets) to both its business and consumer customers. • Fixed Telecommunications Services. The Company provides fixed data and voice telecommunications services to business and consumer customers. These services include consumer broadband and high speed data solutions for businesses. For some markets, fixed services also include video services and revenue derived from support under certain government programs. • Carrier Telecommunication Services. The Company delivers services to other telecommunications providers such as the leasing of critical network infrastructure, tower and transport facilities, wholesale roaming, site maintenance and international long-distance services. • Managed Services. The Company provides information technology services such as network, application, infrastructure and hosting services to both its business and consumer customers to complement its fixed services in its existing markets. Through December 31, 2022, the Company had identified two operating segments to manage and review its operations and to facilitate investor presentations of the Company’s results. These operating segments are as follows: • International Telecom. In the Company’s international markets, it offers fixed services, services mobility services, carrier services and managed services to customers in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Guyana and the US Virgin Islands. • US Telecom. In the United States, the Company offers fixed services, carrier services, and managed services to business and consumer customers in Alaska and the western United States. As of December 31, 2022, the Company discontinued providing private network services to retail customers in the western United States. F-10 The following chart summarizes the operating activities of the Company’s principal subsidiaries, the segments in which it reports its revenue and the markets it served as of December 31, 2022: Segment Services Markets International Telecom . . . . . Mobility Services Bermuda, Guyana, US Virgin Fixed Services Carrier Services Managed Services US Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility Services Islands Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Guyana, US Virgin Islands Bermuda, Guyana, US Virgin Islands Bermuda, Cayman Islands, US Virgin Islands, Guyana United States (rural markets) Fixed Services United States Carrier Services United States Managed Services United States Tradenames One, GTT, Viya One, Logic, GTT, Viya One, GTT, Viya Fireminds, One, Logic, GTT, Viya Choice, Choice NTUA Wireless Alaska Communications, Commnet, Choice, Choice NTUA Wireless, Sacred Wind Communications, Ethos Alaska Communications, Commnet, Essextel, Sacred Wind Communications Alaska Communications, Choice 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its majority-owned subsidiaries and certain entities, which are consolidated in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) authoritative guidance on the consolidation of variable interest entities since it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of these entities. Certain reclassifications have been made to the December 31, 2020 financial statements to conform to the December 31, 2021 and 2022 presentation. Such reclassifications include the disaggregation of revenue and costs of revenue to separately reflect Construction Revenue and the related Cost of Construction Revenue on the Company’s income statement. On the balance sheet, amounts due to the Company under the FirstNet Agreement have been segregated as Customer Receivable (within both the current and long-term asset sections of the balance sheet) and Customer Relationships, net are now included with Trade Names, net within Intangible assets, net. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and F-11 liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. The most significant estimates relate to the allowance for credit losses on trade receivables, useful lives of the Company’s fixed and finite-lived intangible assets, allocation of purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, goodwill and income taxes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all investments with an original maturity of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and temporary investments with banks and other institutions that it believes have a high credit quality. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $17.9 million of its cash on deposit with noninsured institutions such as corporate money market issuers and cash held in foreign banks. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are not subject to any restrictions (see Note 8). As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company held $4.9 million and $5.5 million, respectively, of its cash in Guyana dollars. While there are risks associated with the conversion of Guyana dollars to US dollars due to limited liquidity in the Guyana foreign currency markets, to date it has not prevented the Company from converting Guyana dollars into US dollars within a given three month period or from converting at a price that reasonably approximates the reported exchange rate. Restricted Cash The Company classifies cash that is legally restricted as to withdrawal or usage as restricted cash. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 primarily relates to cash that is restricted for regulatory purposes. Short Term Investments The Company's short-term investments consist of corporate bonds, which have remaining maturities of more than three months at the date of purchase, and equity securities classified as available for sale, which are stated at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other income. The estimated fair values of investments are based on quoted market prices as of the end of the reporting period. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. The standard requires that certain financial assets be measured at amortized cost reflecting an allowance for estimated credit losses expected to occur over the life of the assets. The estimate of credit losses is based on all relevant information including historical information, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the amounts. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective approach, however, there was no impact of adoption on retained earnings. ASU 2016-13 impacts the Company’s calculation of credit losses from trade receivables. Historically, the Company recorded credit losses subsequent to the initial revenue transaction. After adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company records an estimate of future credit losses in conjunction with the revenue transactions based on information available including historical experience, credit worthiness of customers, the Company’s historical experience with customers, current market and economic conditions, and management’s expectations of future conditions. That estimate is updated as additional information becomes available. Uncollectible amounts are charged against the allowance account. The Company’s allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable is based on management’s assessment of the collectability of assets pooled together with similar risk characteristics. Inventory, Materials and Supplies Inventory, materials and supplies primarily include handsets and other equipment held for sale to customers. These balances are recorded at the lower of cost, determined on the basis of specific identification, or market, determined using replacement value. F-12 Fixed Assets The Company’s fixed assets are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method generally between 3 and 39 years. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of fixed assets are capitalized to fixed assets. Repairs and replacements of minor items of property are charged to period operating expense as incurred. The cost of fixed assets in service and under construction includes internal and external costs necessary to bring an asset to the condition and location necessary for its intended use. Grants received for the construction of assets are recognized as a reduction of the cost of fixed assets, a subsequent reduction of depreciation expense over the useful lives of those assets within the income statement and as an investing cash flow in the statements of cash flows. The Company capitalizes certain costs of developing and purchasing new information systems in accordance with internal use software guidance. These costs are depreciated over the useful life of the information system. The Company also incurs implementation costs associated with cloud computing arrangements. If these implementation costs do not meet internal use software capitalization guidance, the implementation costs are recorded as prepaid assets and expensed through operating expense over the life of the arrangement. The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recorded in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. In periods subsequent to initial measurement, period-to-period changes in the liability for an asset retirement obligation resulting from the passage of time and revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original estimate of undiscounted cash flows are recognized. The increase in the carrying value of the associated long-lived asset is depreciated over the corresponding estimated economic life. Other liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets include accruals of $10.3 million and $4.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for estimated costs associated with asset retirement obligations. In accordance with the authoritative guidance for accounting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, the Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, in relation to the operating performance and future undiscounted cash flows of the underlying business whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss exists when estimated undiscounted cash flows attributable to an asset are less than its carrying amount. If an asset is deemed to be impaired, the amount of the impairment loss recognized represents the asset’s carrying value in excess of its estimated fair value, based on management’s assumptions and projections. Management’s estimate of the future cash flows attributable to its long-lived assets and the fair value of its businesses involve significant uncertainty. Those estimates are based on management’s assumptions of future results, growth trends and industry conditions. If those estimates are not met, the Company could have additional impairment charges in the future, and the amounts may be material. The Company did not record any fixed asset impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Goodwill is recognized in business combinations equal to the amount by which the cost of acquired net assets exceeded the fair value of those net assets on the date of acquisition. The Company allocates goodwill to reporting units at the time of acquisition and bases that allocation on which reporting units will benefit from the acquired assets and liabilities. Reporting units are defined as operating segments or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. The Company has determined that its reporting units are components of its multiple operating segments. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently when events and circumstances occur indicating that the recorded goodwill may be impaired. The assessment begins with a qualitative analysis to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the reporting unit passes this analysis, the impairment assessment is complete and no impairment is recorded. If the reporting unit does not pass the analysis, or if a quantitative analysis is elected to be applied, the Company performs additional quantitative analysis by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds the F-13 carrying value, the test is complete and no impairment is recorded. If the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit an impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess, but not more than the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. A significant majority of the Company’s telecommunications licenses are not amortized and are carried at their historical costs. The Company believes that telecommunications licenses generally have an indefinite life based on the historical ability to renew such licenses, that such renewals may be obtained indefinitely and at little cost, and that the related technology used is not expected to be replaced in the foreseeable future. The Company has elected to perform its annual testing of its telecommunications licenses in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that there may be impairment. The assessment begins with a qualitative analysis to determine whether it is more likely than not that the license fair value exceeds its carrying value. If the reporting unit passes this analysis, the impairment assessment is complete and no impairment is recorded. If the reporting unit does not pass the analysis, the Company performs additional quantitative analysis to calculate the fair value of the license. If the carrying value of the license exceeds the license fair value an impairment charge is recorded. As a part of the impairment test the Company assesses the appropriateness of the application of the indefinite-lived assertion. If the value of these assets were impaired by some factor, such as an adverse change in the subsidiary’s operating market, the Company may be required to record an impairment charge. The Company performed its annual impairment assessment of its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets (telecommunications licenses) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 7 for a discussion of the Company’s impairment of a portion of its goodwill within its International Telecom segment during the year ended December 31, 2021. Other Intangible Assets Intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of entities accounted for using the purchase method of accounting are estimated by management based on the fair value of the assets acquired. These include acquired customer relationships and tradename. The process for estimating the fair values of identifiable intangible assets requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions by management, including revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, royalty rates, discount rates and projected future cash flows. Customer relationships and tradenames are amortized over their estimated lives ranging from 5-13 years and 6-15 years, respectively, based on the pattern in which economic benefit of the customer relationship is estimated to be realized. Debt Debt is measured at amortized cost. Debt issuance costs are recorded as a reduction to the carrying value of the debt and are amortized as interest expense in the consolidated income statements over the period of the debt. Except for interest costs incurred for the construction of a qualifying asset which are capitalized during the period the assets are prepared for their intended use, interest costs are expensed. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests The redeemable noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets reflect common and preferred units issued in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of Alaska Communication and common units issued in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of Sacred Wind. (Refer to Note 5). Generally, the holders of these instruments have the ability to sell the instrument to a subsidiary of the Company in a future period. The common redeemable noncontrolling interests are recorded at the greater of historical cost or fair value. Historical cost is calculated as the original investment adjusted for subsequent capital contributions and distributions as well as the applicable share of earnings or losses. The fair value is calculated using a market approach and level 3 inputs. If the historical cost is more than the fair value at the end of the reporting period no adjustment is recorded, if the fair value is F-14 greater than the historical cost the value of the instrument is increased to the fair value with the offsetting amount recorded to retained earnings. The preferred redeemable noncontrolling interests are recorded at cost plus accrued dividends. Noncontrolling Interests The noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets reflect the original investments made by minority stockholders in certain subsidiaries of the Company. Noncontrolling interests acquired in a business combination are initially recorded at fair value. Subsequently, noncontrolling interests are adjusted for additional capital contributions, the minority stockholder’s proportional share of the earnings or losses, distributions to the minority stockholders and repurchases, by the Company, of such interests. Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), by component, were as follows (in thousands): Projected Pension and Postretirement Benefit Translation Obligations Adjustment Other Total Balance at December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized actuarial loss, net of tax of $0.1 million . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification of foreign currency losses on assets held for sale . Balance at December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized actuarial gain, net of tax of $(0.1) million. . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized actuarial gain, net of tax of $(0.2) million. . . . . . . . . Pension settlement, net of tax of $(0.8) million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification of foreign currency losses on investments sold, net of tax of $0.2 million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 1,842 (2,412) — — — (570) 5,014 — — 4,444 2,428 915 $ (5,076) $ (48) $ (3,282) — (2,412) 37 — (101) (101) 6,036 — 278 (149) 5,014 — (689) — 170 170 4,773 21 2,428 — 915 — — 37 — 6,036 997 — (689) — 308 — — — (500) — (1,385) — — 7,787 $ (1,577) $ — (500) — (1,385) (21) (21) — $ 6,210 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income for pension and other postretirement benefits plans were $0.9 million, $(34) thousand, and $(100) thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Additionally, $(0.5) million and $6.0 million was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income as a result of the foreign currency translation adjustments losses on assets sold during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020. Revenue Recognition The Company earns revenue from its telecommunication and renewable energy operations. The Company recognizes revenue through the following steps: - Identification of the contract with a customer F-15 Identification of the performance obligations in the contract - - Determination of the transaction price - Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract - Recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies performance obligations Revenue Recognition- Communications Services Communication services consists of Mobility, Fixed, and Carrier Services revenue. Mobility revenue consists of revenue generated from providing mobile communication services to consumer and business subscribers over the Company’s wireless networks and the sale of related equipment to its subscribers. The service revenue generated is recognized over time as the service is rendered and revenues from equipment are recognized when the equipment is delivered to the customer. Management considers transactions where customers purchase subsidized or discounted equipment and mobile voice or data services to be a single contract. For these contracts, the transaction price is allocated to the equipment and mobile service based on their standalone selling prices. The standalone selling price is based on the amount the Company charges for the equipment and service to similar customers. Equipment revenue is recognized when the equipment is delivered to customers and service revenue is recognized as service is rendered. Fixed Communications revenue is primarily generated by fixed data and voice telecommunications services to both business and consumer subscribers. The service includes consumer broadband and high speed data solutions for businesses, as well as video services. Revenue from these contracts is recognized over time as the service is rendered to the customer. Fixed revenue also includes revenue from government grants and is recognized in accordance with the grant terms and conditions. Carrier Services revenue is generated from providing services to other telecommunications providers such as wholesale roaming, the leasing of critical network infrastructure such as tower and transport facilities, site maintenance, and international long-distance services. Revenue is recognized over time as the service is rendered to the customer. The Company also has certain wholesale roaming agreements that contain stand ready performance obligations and management allocates transaction value to performance obligations based on the standalone selling price. The standalone selling price is the estimated price the Company would charge for the good or service with similar customers in similar circumstances. Management determined the performance obligations were obligations to make the service continuously available and will recognize revenue evenly over the service period. In July 2019 the Company entered into a Network Build and Maintenance Agreement (the “FirstNet Agreement”) with AT&T Mobility, LLC (“AT&T”) to build a portion of AT&T’s network for the First Responder Network Authority (“FirstNet”) as well as a commercial wireless network in or near the Company’s current operating area in the Southwestern United States (the “FirstNet Transaction”). The FirstNet transaction includes construction and service performance obligations. The Company allocated the transaction price of the FirstNet Agreement to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price of each performance obligation in the contract. The standalone selling price is the estimated price the Company would charge for the good or service in a separate transaction with similar customers in similar circumstances. The construction revenue is recognized when the assets are delivered and the service revenue is recognized over time as the service is rendered to the customer. The Company’s Mobility, Carrier Services, and Fixed communications contracts occasionally include promotional discounts such as free service periods or discounted products. If a contract contains a substantive termination penalty, the transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations based on a standalone selling price resulting in accelerated revenue recognition and the establishment of a contract asset that will be recognized over the life of the contract. If a contract includes a promotional discount but no substantive termination penalty, the discount is recorded in the promotional period and no contract asset is established. The Company’s customers also have the option to purchase additional telecommunication services. Generally, these options are not performance obligations and are excluded from the transaction price because they do not provide the customers with a material right. F-16 The Company may charge upfront fees for activation and installation of some of its products and services. These fees are reviewed to determine if they represent a separate performance obligation. If they do not represent a separate performance obligation, the transaction price associated with them is recognized over the life of the customer. If the fees represent a performance obligation they are recognized when delivered to the customer based on the standalone selling price. The Company has certain wholesale roaming agreements that contain stand ready performance obligations and management allocates transaction value to performance obligations based on the standalone selling price. The standalone selling price is the estimated price the Company would charge for the good or service with similar customers in similar circumstances. Management determined the performance obligations were obligations to make the service continuously available and will recognize revenue evenly over the service period. The Company also enters into build and maintenance agreements with its customers. The agreements include construction and service performance obligations. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price of each performance obligation in the contract. The standalone selling price is the estimated price the Company would charge for the good or service in a separate transaction with similar customers in similar circumstances. Sales and use and state excise taxes collected from customers that are remitted to the governmental authorities are reported on a net basis and excluded from the revenues and sales. Revenue Recognition- Construction Construction revenue is generated from construction services provided to telecommunications customers. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when the product is delivered to the customer. Revenue Recognition-Other Revenue Other revenue consists of renewable energy revenue and Managed Services revenue. Renewable energy revenue includes the generation of power through Power Purchase Agreements (“PPAs”) from the Company’s solar plants in India. The Company recognizes revenue at contractual PPA rates over time as electricity is generated and simultaneously consumed by the customer. Managed services revenue is generated from information technology services such as network, application, infrastructure, and hosting services to both business and consumer customers. The revenue is recognized as the service is delivered to customers. F-17 Contract Assets and Liabilities The Company recognizes contract assets and liabilities on its balance sheet. Contract assets represent unbilled amounts typically resulting from consumer mobility contracts with both a multiyear service period and a promotional discount. In these contracts the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. The current portion of the contract asset is recorded in prepayments and other current assets and the noncurrent portion is included in other assets on the Company’s balance sheet. Contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Retail revenue for postpaid customers is generally billed one month in advance and recognized over the period that the corresponding service is rendered to customers. To the extent the service is not provided by the reporting date the amount is recognized as a contract liability. Prepaid service, including mobile voice and data services, sold to customers is recorded as deferred revenue prior to the commencement of services. The Company also records deferred revenue associated with prepaid service agreements to provide data capacity to customers. For these service agreements, a contract liability is established and recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement. The current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in advanced payments and deposits and the noncurrent portion is included in other liabilities on the Company’s balance sheets. Contract Acquisition Costs The Company pays sales commissions to its employees and agents for obtaining customer contracts. These costs are incremental because they would not have been incurred if the contract was not obtained. The Company recognizes an asset for these costs and subsequently amortizes the asset on a systematic basis consistent with the pattern of the transfer of the services to the customer. The amortization period, which is between 2 and 6 years, considers both the original contract period as well as anticipated contract renewals as appropriate. The amortization period also includes renewal commissions when those commissions are not commensurate with new commissions. The Company estimates contract renewals based on its actual renewals in recent periods. When the expected amortization period is one year or less the Company utilizes the practical expedient and expenses the costs as incurred. Leases The Company determines if an agreement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current portion of operating lease liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The present value is calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date, as the Company’s leases do not contain an implicit rate. The Company utilizes assumptions based on its existing borrowing facilities and other market specific data to determine its incremental borrowing rate. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include renewal options to extend the lease. The Company includes renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised in the initial lease term. When determining whether a renewal option is reasonably certain to be exercised, the Company considers several factors, including the present and anticipated future needs of its customers being serviced by the asset. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company does not separate non-lease components from lease components. F-18 Operating Expenses Cost of communication services and other. Cost of communication services and other are charges that the Company incurs for voice and data transport circuits (in particular, the circuits between its Mobility sites) and its switches, internet capacity, video programming costs, access fees it pays to terminate its calls, telecommunication spectrum fees and direct costs associated within its Managed Services business. Cost of communication services also include expenses associated with developing, operating, upgrading and supporting the Company’s telecommunications networks, including the salaries and benefits paid to employees directly involved in the development and operation of those businesses, as well as credit loss allowances and the cost of handsets and customer resale equipment incurred by its retail businesses. Cost of construction revenue. Cost of constructions revenue include the expenses associated with constructing and making the FirstNet sites available for delivery to ATT. Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses include salaries and benefits we pay to sales personnel, customer service expenses and the costs associated with the development and implementation of our promotional and marketing campaigns. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include salaries, benefits and related costs for general corporate functions including executive management, finance and administration, legal and regulatory, facilities, information technology and human resources as well as internal costs associated with our performance of due-diligence and integration related costs associated with acquisition activities. Transaction-related charges. Transaction-related charges include the costs, such as legal, tax, accounting and consulting fees directly associated with acquisition and disposition-related activities, which are expensed as incurred. Transaction-related charges also include certain internal personnel costs incurred as a result of the completion of the acquisition or disposition. Depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation and amortization expenses represent the depreciation and amortization charges the Company records on its property and equipment and on certain intangible assets. Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions. Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions include the amortization of customer relationships and trade names related to the Company’s completed acquisitions. Goodwill impairment. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently when events and circumstances occur indicating that the recorded goodwill may be impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit an impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess, but not more than the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Loss on disposition of long-lived assets. The Company sells or disposes assets from time to time. A gain or loss is recorded by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the proceeds received. The Company also records losses on assets held for sale if the expected sale price exceeds the carrying value of the assets. Accounting for Grants In 2021, the Company adopted Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which required entities to make specific annual disclosures about transactions with a government. The Company receives funding from the US Government and its agencies under stimulus, the Universal Service Fund (“USF”), the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program, and other programs. These funding programs are generally designed to fund telecommunications operations and infrastructure expansion into rural or underserved areas. The funding programs are evaluated to determine if they represent funding related to revenue, capital expenditures or operating activities. Funding for revenue and operating activities are recorded as revenue or contra expense in the Company’s consolidated income statement as the services are provided. Funding for capital expenditures is recorded as a reduction to property, plant and equipment on the Company’s consolidated balance F-19 sheets and a future reduction in depreciation expense in the consolidated income statements. Government funding related to revenue and operations are recorded as operating cash inflows and grants for capital expenditures are recorded as investing cash inflows. The Company monitors government funding for grant requirements to ensure that conditions related to grants have been met and there is reasonable assurance that the Company will be able to retain the grant proceeds and to ensure that any contingencies that may arise from not meeting the conditions are appropriately recognized. See Note 9, Government Support and Spectrum Programs. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related authority. It is possible that the ultimate resolution of these uncertain matters may be greater or less than the amount that the Company estimated. If payment of these amounts proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period in which it is determined that the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be more than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not provide for United States income taxes on earnings of foreign subsidiaries as such earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act” also commonly referred to as US tax reform), resulted in a one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings for federal tax purposes. Credit Concentrations and Significant Customers Historically, the Company has been dependent on a limited number of customers for its wholesale roaming business. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenue in that year. For the year ended December 31, 2020, one customer accounted for 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue. F-20 As of December 31, 2022, two customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2021, no customers accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable. Foreign Currency Gains and Losses The Company translate the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiaries from their respective functional currencies, primarily the Guyana Dollar, to US dollars at the appropriate spot rates as of the balance sheet date. Changes in the carrying values of these assets and liabilities attributable to fluctuations in spot rates are recognized in foreign currency translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Income statement accounts are translated using the monthly average exchange rates during the year. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency that is different from a reporting entity’s functional currency must first be remeasured from the applicable currency to the legal entity’s functional currency. The effect of this remeasurement process is reported in other income on the income statement. Employee Benefit Plans Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans The Company sponsors pension and other postretirement benefit plans for employees of certain subsidiaries. Net periodic pension expense is recognized in the Company’s income statement. The service cost component of net periodic pension expense is presented with other employee compensation within income from operations. Other components of net periodic pension expense, such as interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and amortization of actuarial gains and losses are presented in other income. The Company recognizes a pension or other postretirement benefit plan’s funded status as either an asset or liability in its consolidated balance sheet. Actuarial gains and losses are deferred, reported as a component of other comprehensive income, and amortized through net periodic pension expense in subsequent periods. Multi-employer Defined Benefit Plan Certain of the Company’s employees participate in a multi-employer defined pension plan. The Company pays and expenses a contractual hourly amount based on employee classification or base compensation. The accumulated benefits and plan assets are not determined for, or allocated separately to, individual employers. Fair Value of Financial Instruments In accordance with the provisions of fair value accounting, a fair value measurement assumes that a transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability, and defines fair value based upon an exit price model. F-21 The fair value measurement guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset and liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 1 assets and liabilities include money market funds, debt and equity securities and derivative contracts that are traded in an active exchange market. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments and derivative contracts whose value is determined using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. This category generally includes corporate obligations and non-exchange traded derivative contracts. Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments and intangible assets that have been impaired whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. F-22 Assets and liabilities of the Company measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows: Description Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) December 31, 2022 Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Short term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska Communications redeemable common units . . . . . . . . Alloy redeemable common units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrants on Alaska Communications redeemable common units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets and liabilities measured at fair value . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 300 — — — — 300 $ $ — $ 1,616 (22,557) (14,760) (654) (36,355) $ December 31, 2021 Significant Other Total 300 1,616 (22,557) (14,760) (654) (36,055) Quoted Prices in Observable Active Markets Inputs (Level 2) Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Description (Level 1) Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska Communications redeemable common units . . Warrants on Alaska Communications redeemable common units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets and liabilities measured at fair value . . . . $ $ 3,301 300 — — — — 3,601 $ $ Money Market Funds — $ — — — — $ — 1,925 (22,640) Total 3,301 300 1,925 (22,640) — (894) (894) $ (559) — (559) (894) (21,274) $ (18,567) As of December 31, 2021, this asset class consisted of a money market portfolio that comprises Federal government and US Treasury securities. The asset class is classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because its underlying investments are valued using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets. F-23 Other Investments The Company holds investments in equity securities consisting of noncontrolling investments in privately held companies. The investments are accounted for using equity method accounting, the measurement alternative for investments without a readily determinable fair value, or fair value. In the first quarter of 2021, the Company began to account for its former India solar operations under the equity method of accounting. The fair value investments are valued using level 3 inputs and the Company used the income approach to fair value the investment. The inputs consisted of a discount rate and future cash flows calculated based on the investment attributes. A roll forward of the investments is below: Balance, December 31, 2021 . . . . . . Sale of Investments(1) . . . . . . . . . Income (Loss) recognized . . . . . . Contributions / (distributions) . . . Foreign currency loss . . . . . . . . . . Gain recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance, December 31, 2022 . . . . . . $ Investments Without a Readily Determinable Fair Value 17,820 — — — — 4,770 22,590 $ Fair Value Investments 1,925 $ — 435 (744) — — 1,616 $ Equity Investments 28,699 (13,212) (2,234) 2,750 (2,040) — 13,963 $ $ Total 48,444 (13,212) (1,799) 2,006 (2,040) 4,770 38,169 $ $ (1) During 2022, the Company sold an investment previously accounted for using the equity method for $15.7 million of cash. The investment had a book value of $13.2 and the Company recognized a gain of $2.5 million on the transaction. These investments are included with other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable Common Units and Warrants The Company issued redeemable common units, and warrants to purchase additional common units, in a subsidiary of the Company in conjunction with its acquisition of Alaska Communications. The Company also issued redeemable common units in a subsidiary in conjunction with its acquisition of Sacred Wind. (Refer to Note 5). The instruments are redeemable at the option of the holder. Both the common units and warrants to purchase common units are recorded at fair value in the Company’s financial statements. The put option begins in November 2026. The Company calculates the fair value of the instruments using a market approach with level 3 inputs. Other Fair Value Disclosures The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values because of the relatively short-term maturities of these financial instruments. The fair value of the interest rate swap is measured using Level 2 inputs. The fair value of long-term debt is estimated using Level 2 inputs. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of long-term debt, including the current portion, was $473.7 million and its book value was $467.2 million. At December 31, 2021, the fair value of long-term debt, including the current portion, was $373.7 million and its book value was $366.5 million. Net Loss Per Share The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands): F-24 Numerator: Net Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (Income) Loss attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . Net Loss attributable to ATN International, Inc. stockholders- Basic. . . Less: Preferred dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Loss attributable to ATN International, Inc. common stockholders- Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (7,583) $ 1,938 (5,645) (4,856) (20,809) $ (1,299) (22,108) (1,962) (708) (13,414) (14,122) - $ (10,501) $ (24,070) $ (14,122) 2022 Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding- Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective of dilutive securities: Stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock units. . . . . . Weighted-average shares outstanding- Diluted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,751 15,867 — 15,751 — 15,867 15,923 — 15,923 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Sacred Wind Enterprises In connection with the Sacred Wind Transaction (see Note 5), the Company has accounted for equity consideration issued as redeemable noncontrolling interests in its consolidated financial statements. The redeemable noncontrolling interests consists of $14.8 million of redeemable common units. The common units contain a put option allowing the holder to sell the common units to a subsidiary of the Company at the then fair market value. The fair value of the common units is $14.8 million as of December 31, 2022. Alaska Communications In connection with the Alaska Transaction (see Note 5), the Company has accounted for the Freedom 3 Investment as redeemable noncontrolling interests in its consolidated financial statements. The redeemable noncontrolling interests consists of redeemable common units and redeemable preferred units. The common units contain a put option allowing the holder to sell the common units to a subsidiary of the Company at the then fair market value. The put option begins at the earlier of a future initial public offering of the Alaska Communications operations or July 2028. The fair value of the common units was $22.5 million and $22.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The redeemable preferred equity carries a 9% preferred dividend which compounds quarterly. The preferred units contain a put option allowing the holder to sell the preferred units to a subsidiary of the Company at the unpaid issue price plus unpaid dividends. The put option begins at the earlier of a future initial public offering of the Alaska Communications operations or July 2028. The preferred units had a book value of $55.2 million and $50.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The preferred units book value includes an unpaid preferred dividend of $6.8 million and $2.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Lastly, the Company issued warrants in the Alaska Communications operations allowing the holders to purchase an additional 3% of the common units at a fixed price. The value of the warrants was $0.7 million and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company allocated losses of $4.3 million and $6.2 million, respectively, to the redeemable common units representing their proportionate share of operating losses. The Company then compared the book value of the common units to the fair value and the fair value exceeded the book value. As a result, the book value was increased by $4.2 million and $6.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. F-25 The following table provides a roll forward of the activity related to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests for year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Balance, December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of 591 common units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued preferred dividend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocated net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance, December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance, December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of 48,334 preferred units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of 23,199 common units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued preferred dividend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocated net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance, December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-Based Compensation Redeemable Preferred Units $ Redeemable Common Units $ Total Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests 22,640 $ 14,760 — (4,317) 4,234 37,317 $ 72,936 14,760 4,856 (4,317) 4,234 92,469 Redeemable Redeemable Common Units Total Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests 50,296 — 4,856 — — 55,152 $ $ Preferred Units $ — $ 48,334 — 1,962 — — 50,296 $ $ — $ — 22,640 — (6,164) 6,164 22,640 $ — 48,334 22,640 1,962 (6,164) 6,164 72,936 The Company applies the fair value recognition provision of ASU 2018-07, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718)” and is expensing the fair value of all stock-based compensation over the vesting periods of such awards within selling, general and administrative expenses in its Income Statement. Business Combinations The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, under which the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed using the fair values determined by management as of the acquisition date. Contingent consideration obligations that are elements of the consideration transferred are recognized as of the acquisition date as part of the fair value transferred in exchange for the acquired business. Acquisition-related costs incurred in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 requires entities to use a new forward- looking, expected loss model to estimate credit losses. It also requires additional disclosure relating to the credit quality of trade and other receivables, including information relating to management’s estimate of credit allowances. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective approach on its January 1, 2020 effective date. F-26 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes,” which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASC 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers,” (ASU 2021-08). ASU 2021-08 provides guidance for recognizing and measuring contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination. Under the standard revenue contracts are accounted for consistent with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements. This is a change from current standards which require contract asset and liabilities to be recognized at fair value. The Company prospectively adopted this standard in the fourth quarter of 2021 and will apply it to all acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2021 and thereafter. The adoption will generally result in the Company recognizing larger contract liabilities in business combinations. Refer to Note 5. In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which required entities to make specific annual disclosures about transactions with a government. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company adopted the standard in the fourth quarter of 2021 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s disclosures. Going forward the Company will evaluate the disclosure requirements based on its participation in government programs. 3. REVENUE AND RECEIVABLES Revenue Accounted for in Accordance with Other Guidance The Company records revenue in accordance with ASC 606 from contracts with customers and ASC 842 from lease agreements, as well as government grants. Lease revenue recognized under ASC 842 is disclosed in Note 4 and government grant revenue is disclosed in Note 9. F-27 Timing of Revenue Recognition Revenue accounted for in accordance with ASC 606 consisted of the following for the periods presented below. Services transferred over time US Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total services transferred over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goods and services transferred at a point in time US Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total goods and services transferred at a point in time. . . . . . . . . . Total revenue accounted for under ASC 606 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Contract Assets and Liabilities 2022 301,309 332,507 — 633,816 29,203 14,934 44,137 677,953 Year ended 2021 2020 $ 188,405 $ 319,357 418 508,180 46,433 10,928 57,361 565,541 96,935 305,844 4,556 407,335 12,154 9,196 21,350 428,685 Contract assets and liabilities consisted of the following (amounts in thousands): Contract asset – current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract asset – noncurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract liability – current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract liability – noncurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net contract liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ $ $ 2,932 3,775 (27,284) (72,543) (93,120) $ $ 4,805 900 (25,332) (81,391) (101,018) $ $ Change % Change (1,873) 2,875 (1,952) 8,848 7,898 (39)% 319 % (8)% 11 % 8 % The contract asset-current is included in prepayments and other current assets, the contract asset-noncurrent is included in other assets, the contract liability-current is included in advance payments and deposits, and the contract liability-noncurrent is included in other liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet. The decrease in the Company’s net contract liability was due to the recognition of contract liabilities as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized revenue of $25.1 million related to its December 31, 2021 contract liability and amortized $3.6 million of the December 31, 2021 contract asset into revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized revenue of $18.0 million related to its December 31, 2020 contract liability and amortized $2.4 million of the December 31, 2020 contract asset into revenue. The Company did not recognize any revenue in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 related to performance obligations that were satisfied or partially satisfied in previous periods. Contract Acquisition Costs The December 31, 2022 balance sheet includes contract acquisition costs of $8.3 million in other assets. The December 31, 2021 balance sheet includes contract acquisition costs of $4.5 million. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company amortized $3.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of contract acquisition cost. Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations of certain multiyear mobility contracts, which include a promotional discount, and the Company’s construction and service contracts. The transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations was $312 million and $369 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company expects to satisfy F-28 approximately 50% of the remaining performance obligations and recognize the transaction price within 24 months and the remainder thereafter. The Company has certain mobility and carrier services contracts where transaction price is allocated to remaining performance obligations. However, the Company omits these contracts from the disclosure by applying the right to invoice, one year or less, any wholly unsatisfied performance obligation practical expedients. Disaggregation The Company's revenue is presented on a disaggregated basis in Note 14 based on an evaluation of disclosures outside the financial statements, information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker for evaluating the financial performance of operating segments and other information that is used for performance evaluation and resource allocations. This includes revenue from Communication Services revenue, Construction revenue and Other revenue. Communication Services is further disaggregated into Mobility, Fixed, Carrier Services, and Other revenue. Construction revenue represents revenue generated within our US Telecom segment for the construction of network cell sites related to the FirstNet Agreement. Other revenue is further disaggregated into Renewable Energy and Managed Services. Each of the revenue streams is presented for the Company’s International Telecom and US Telecom segments. This disaggregation of revenue depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Receivables At December 31, 2022, the Company had gross accounts receivable of $154.5 million and an allowance for credit losses of $15.2 million. The receivable under the FirstNet Agreement totaled $52.5 million, of which $5.8 million was current and $46.7 million was long-term. The December 31, 2022 accounts receivable also includes $5.7 million related to participation in certain government funded programs. (Refer to Note 9). At December 31, 2021, the Company had gross accounts receivable of $131.4 million and an allowance for credit losses of $13.9 million. The receivable under the FirstNet Agreement totaled $43.8 million of which $4.1 million was current and $39.7 million was long-term. The Company monitors receivables through the use of historical operating data adjusted for expectation of future performance as appropriate. Activity in the allowance for credit losses is below: Year ended December 31, 2022 Year ended December 31, 2021 Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current period provision for expected losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write-offs charged against the allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries collected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 13,885 $ 6,695 (5,518) 109 15,171 $ 12,121 4,850 (3,517) 431 13,885 4. LEASES The Company has operating and financing leases for towers, land, corporate offices, retail facilities, and data transport capacity. The terms of the leases vary and some include additional renewal options. F-29 Supplemental lease information The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2022 Year ended December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Operating lease cost: Operating lease cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term lease cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable lease cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating lease cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance lease cost: Amortization of right-of-use asset . . . . . . Variable costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total finance lease cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 24,531 2,575 3,186 30,292 3,060 838 381 4,279 $ $ $ $ $ 20,386 2,402 3,874 26,662 $ 16,409 2,712 4,059 23,180 $ 2,561 792 — 3,353 $ 2,181 852 — 3,033 During the year ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company paid $22.6 million and $19.4 million, respectively, related to operating lease liabilities. Also during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $7.1 million and $11.8 million, respectively, of lease liabilities arising from ROU assets. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company acquired $1.0 million of operating lease assets and $1.0 million of lease liabilities in acquisitions. During the year ended December 31 2021 the Company acquired $60.4 million of operating lease right of use assets and $46.7 million of lease liabilities in acquisitions. Refer to Note 5. At December 31, 2022, finance leases with a cost of $26.6 million and accumulated amortization of $13.5 million were included in property, plant and equipment. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company disposed of finance leases with a net book value of $2.3 million recording a loss for $1.0 million. At December 31, 2022, finance leases had a lease liability of $5.5 million, of which $1.1 million was current. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid $1.1 million for finance lease liabilities and recorded $0.4 million of additional finance lease liabilities. At December 31, 2021, finance leases with a cost of $30.8 million and accumulated amortization of $12.1 million were included in property, plant and equipment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid $2.2 million for finance lease liabilities and recorded $2.9 million of additional finance lease liabilities. At December 31, 2021, finance leases had a lease liability of $6.1 million, of which $0.9 million was current. F-30 The weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are noted in the table below: Weighted-average remaining lease term Operating leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 years 9.3 years 11.3 years 9.5 years December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Weighted-average discount rate Operating leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0% 6.7% 5.4% 6.4% Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands): 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less imputed interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Leases Financing Leases 1,403 1,342 978 504 495 2,651 7,373 (1,914) 5,459 19,417 17,836 14,805 10,505 8,096 76,452 147,111 (53,794) 93,317 $ $ Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows (in thousands): 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less imputed interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Operating Leases Financing Leases 1,269 $ 1,278 1,169 975 484 3,145 8,320 (2,268) 6,052 20,474 17,941 16,634 13,640 9,610 65,902 144,201 (42,333) 101,868 $ $ As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any material operating or finance leases that have not yet commenced. Lessor Disclosure The Company is the lessor in agreements to lease the use of its network assets including its cell sites and buildings. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 the Company recorded $6.3 million, $4.5 million, and $1.6 million, respectively, of lease income from agreements in which the Company is the lessor. Lease income is classified as Carrier Services revenue in the statement of operations. F-31 The following table presents the maturities of future undiscounted lease payments for the periods indicated: 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total future lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 6,222 5,817 5,604 5,247 4,199 9,309 36,398 5. ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSITIONS US Telecom Acquisition of Sacred Wind Enterprises On November 7, 2022, the Company’s newly formed wholly owned subsidiary Alloy acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. (“Sacred Wind”), Inc., a rural telecommunications provider in New Mexico for $44.4 of consideration (“Sacred Wind Transaction”). As part of the Sacred Wind Transaction, the Company transferred consideration of $18.0 million of cash, net of $9.4 million of cash acquired, $14.8 million of redeemable noncontrolling interests, and $3.7 million of contingent consideration less $1.5 million of receivables related to working capital adjustments. Subsequent to the Transaction, the former Sacred Wind shareholders will own 6% of the Alloy equity. This equity is classified as redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Company’s financial statements because the holders have an option, beginning in 2026, to put the equity interest to a subsidiary of the Company at the then fair market value. The redeemable noncontrolling interests do not have preference relative to other equity units and participate in gains and losses in Alloy. The contingent consideration is earned based on certain operating metrics of Sacred Wind beginning in 2025 through 2027. The fair value of the contingent consideration was calculated using discounted cash flow analysis based on a range of probability weighted outcomes. The Company funded the acquisition with borrowings under its CoBank Credit Facility and assumed $31.6 million of Sacred Wind debt, to the United States of America administered through the Rural Utilities Service. The table below represents the preliminary purchase price allocation of the total consideration transferred to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on management’s estimate of their acquisition date fair values (amounts in thousands): Consideration Transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Preliminary purchase price allocation: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease right of use assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lease liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 44,350 2,619 6,747 4,471 989 85,359 1,232 (10,073) (967) (14,388) (31,639) 44,350 F-32 The acquired fixed assets are comprised of telecommunication equipment located in the Southwest United States. The fixed assets were valued using the income and cost approaches. Cash flows were discounted between 7% and 12% based on the risk associated with the cash flows to determine fair value under the income approach. The fixed assets have useful lives ranging from 1 to 25 years. The intangible assets include a $0.6 million trade name. The estimated fair value of the trade name was determined using the relief from royalty method. The useful life of the trade name is 5 years. The acquired receivables consist of trade receivables incurred in the ordinary course of business. The Company expects to collect the full amount of the receivables. Other liabilities includes $6.5 million of deposits received under government grant programs and will be used to construct fixed assets in future periods. The Company’s statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $3.3 million of revenue and $0.2 million of losses before taxes attributable to the Sacred Wind Transaction. The Company incurred $0.8 million of transaction related charges pertaining to legal, accounting, consulting services, and employee related costs associated with the transaction during the year ended December 31, 2022. Acquisition of Alaska Communications On July 22, 2021 (“Closing Date”), the Company completed the acquisition of Alaska Communications pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement whereby Alaska Communications became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company. At completion of the Merger, each Alaska Communications common share was converted into the right to receive $3.40 per share in cash representing a total value of $353.3 million of cash and consideration payable, (“Merger Consideration”). The consideration transferred consists of $339.5 million of cash, net of $11.9 million of cash and restricted cash acquired and $1.9 million of accrued consideration representing amounts payable related to stock compensation payable within one year of the close date. The cash consideration was used to purchase $186.8 million of Alaska Communications equity and repay $164.6 million of existing Alaska Communications debt. The Company funded the acquisition with cash on hand, debt, and a contribution from the Freedom 3 Investors. The Company borrowed, through multiple financing transactions a net of $283 million. On the Closing Date, the lenders advanced to Merger Sub (a) the full $210 million aggregate amount of the Alaska Term Loan (as defined below) in a single borrowing and (b) $10 million of the Alaska Revolving Facility (as defined below). The Company incurred $6.6 million of debt issuance and debt discount costs. Also, to fund the Merger Consideration in part, the Company drew a net $63.0 million under its revolving credit facility under the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility (as defined below). Lastly, the Freedom 3 Investors contributed $71.5 million in conjunction with the Merger. The Company has accounted for the Freedom 3 Investment as redeemable noncontrolling interests in its consolidated financial statements. The redeemable noncontrolling interests consists of $22.6 million of redeemable common units and $48.3 million of redeemable preferred units. The common units contain a put option allowing the holder to sell the common units to a subsidiary of the Company at the then fair market value. The put option begins at the earlier of a future initial public offering of the Alaska Communications operations or July 2028. The redeemable preferred units carry a 9% preferred dividend which compounds quarterly. The preferred units contain a put option allowing the holder to sell the preferred units to a subsidiary of the Company at the unpaid issue price plus unpaid dividends. The put option begins at the earlier of a future initial public offering of the Alaska Communications operations or July 2028. Lastly, the Company issued warrants in the Alaska Communications operations allowing the holders to purchase an additional 3% of the common units at a fixed price. As a result of the Alaska Transaction, the Company owns 52% of the common equity of Alaska Communications and controls its operations and management. F-33 The table below represents the allocation of the total consideration transferred to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on management’s estimate of their acquisition date fair values (amounts in thousands): Consideration Transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total value to allocate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase price allocation: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory, materials and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepayments and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunication licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease right-of-use assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advance payments and deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of lease liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lease liabilities, excluding current portion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 353,280 470 353,750 10,553 1,326 434 30,453 1,374 8,038 408,694 683 44,333 60,402 2,387 (39,188) (3,766) (15,842) (2,425) (17,040) (44,234) (92,432) 353,750 The acquired fixed assets are comprised of telecommunication equipment located in the Alaska and the Western United States. The fixed assets were valued using the income and cost approaches. Cash flows were discounted between 4% and 14% based on the risk associated with the cash flows to determine fair value under the income approach. The fixed assets have useful lives ranging from 2 to 30 years. The intangible assets consist of $34.9 million of customer relationships and $9.5 million of trade name. The intangibles were valued using an income approach based on data specific to Alaska Communications as well as market participant assumptions where appropriate. The estimated fair value of the customer relationships was determined using the multi-period excess earnings method. The estimated fair value of the trade name was determined using the relief from royalty method. The useful lives of the customer relationships and trade name are 5 and 15 years, respectively. The acquired receivables consist of trade receivables incurred in the ordinary course of business. The Company expects to collect the full amount of the receivables. Other liabilities includes $81.5 million of deferred revenue from long term customer contracts. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 in 2021, which requires contract liabilities to be accounted for consistently with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements. As a result, the acquired deferred revenue was recorded at Alaska Communications’ book value as of the Closing Date. The Company’s statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes $110.5 million of revenue and $4.7 million of losses before taxes attributable to the Alaska Transaction, excluding transaction fees. The Company incurred $10.5 million of transaction related charges pertaining to legal, accounting, consulting services, and employee related costs associated with the transaction, of which $9.6 million and $0.9 million were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table reflects unaudited pro forma operating results of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2021 assuming that the Alaska Transaction occurred on January 1, 2020. The unaudited pro forma amounts adjust Alaska Communications’ results to reflect the depreciation and amortization that would have been recorded assuming the fair value adjustments to fixed assets and intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2020. Additionally, all transaction costs associated with the Alaska Transaction were recorded on January 1, 2020 in the unaudited pro forma F-34 results. Lastly, the unaudited pro forma results were adjusted to reflect changes to the acquired entities’ financial structure related to the transaction. Specifically, the pre-Close debt of $164.6 million, and associated interest, was removed and $283.0 million of transaction debt, and associated interest, was included in the unaudited pro forma results. In addition, the pro forma results included the allocation of income and accrual of preferred dividends to the redeemable noncontrolling interest. (unaudited) Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to ATN International, Inc. Stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year ended December 31, 2021 As Reported Pro- Forma $ 602,707 $ 738,472 (22,108) (20,022) (1.52) (1.52) (1.26) (1.26) The unaudited pro forma adjustments increased net income attributable to ATN International, Inc. Stockholders by $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was due to an increase from the net income of the Alaska Communications operations excluding transaction costs less increased acquisition related depreciation and amortization expenses. The unaudited pro forma data is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have occurred if the acquisitions had been consummated on these dates or of future operating results of the combined company following this transaction. F-35 Renewable Energy Disposition of International Solar Business In January 2021, the Company completed the sale of 67% of the outstanding equity in its business that owns and operates distributed generation solar power projects operated under the Vibrant name in India (the “Vibrant Transaction”). The post-sale results of the Company’s ownership interest in Vibrant are recorded through the equity method of accounting within the Corporate and Other operating segment. As such, the Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include revenue and operating expenses from Vibrant, but instead, “other income (expense)” within the Corporate and Other operating segment includes the Company’s share of Vibrant’s profits or losses. The Company will continue to present the historical results of its Renewable Energy segment for comparative purposes. Consideration Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Assets and liabilities disposed Current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net assets disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Consideration less net assets disposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . Loss on sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transaction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on sale including transaction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 35,218 4,899 45,891 439 (759) 50,470 (15,252) (6,258) (21,510) (1,283) (22,793) The Company reported a loss on sale of $21.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to the Vibrant Transaction and the assets and liabilities subject to the Vibrant Transaction were reported as held for sale at December 31, 2020. The Company recorded transaction costs of $1.3 million on the Vibrant Transaction, of which $0.7 million was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020 and $0.6 million was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021. The consideration received includes $19.5 million of cash and $3.9 million of receivables related to the amounts held in escrow and earn out consideration. The Company has recorded $11.8 million pursuant to an equity method investment with respect to its remaining 33% ownership interest in Vibrant. The Company completed its assessment of earn out and escrow amounts in 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded additional losses of $1.6 million related to the ongoing working capital, escrow, and contingent consideration assessment. During 2022, the Company recorded an additional loss of $0.7 million related to working capital adjustments and received $1.8 million of amounts previously held in escrow. The Vibrant Transaction does not qualify as discontinued operations because the disposition was not a strategic shift which will have a major effect on the Company’s operations, and as a result, the historical results and financial position of the operations are presented within continuing operations. F-36 6. FIXED ASSETS: As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): Telecommunications equipment and towers . Office and computer equipment . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total property, plant and equipment . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total property, plant and equipment . . . . Less: Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . Net fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Useful Life (in Years) 5 -15 3 -10 15-39 3 -10 Shorter of useful life or lease term — 5 -10 2022 2021 $ 1,479,633 $ 1,309,608 153,371 125,688 25,420 151,804 136,145 27,879 22,934 11,308 11,592 1,841,295 136,683 1,977,978 (922,024) $ 1,055,954 $ 23,783 10,610 12,484 1,660,964 87,128 1,748,092 (804,883) 943,209 Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets, using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful life, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $135.1 million, $102.7 million and $86.5 million, respectively. Included within telecommunication equipment and towers are certain right to use assets under capital lease with a cost of $26.6 million and $30.8 million and net book value of and $13.7 million and $18.7 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company received capital expenditure grants of $2.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, which are reflected in the balance sheet as a reduction to property, plant and equipment. The Company had $5.6 million and $8.0 million of capitalized implementation costs at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company amortized $1.9 million and $1.2 million of implementation costs during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill The Company tests goodwill for impairment at each of its reporting units on an annual basis, which has been determined to be as of October 1st. The Company’s reporting units are one level below its operating segments. The Company also tests goodwill between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. The Company’s qualitative goodwill impairment test includes, but is not limited to, assessing macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, technological changes and trends, and overall financial performance of the reporting unit. The Company’s quantitative test for goodwill impairment involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit using either a market or income approach. The market approach uses prices generated by market transactions involving comparable businesses. The income approach is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The DCF model requires the exercise of significant judgment, including judgments and assumptions about appropriate F-37 discount rates and revenue growth. Discount rates are based on a weighted-average cost of capital (“WACC”), which represents the average rate a business must pay its providers of debt and equity. The revenue growth and cash flows employed in the DCF model were derived from internal earnings and forecasts and external market forecasts. For its annual impairment analysis, as of October 1, 2022, the Company performed a quantitative analysis for the goodwill held in its US Telecom segment and a qualitative analysis for the goodwill held in its International Telecom segment. The US Telecom segment holds $35.3 million of goodwill and the quantitative analysis, using an income approach, indicated that the fair value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeded its carrying value. The Company’s analysis noted that the certain wholesale roaming and retail operations in its US Telecom segment are shifting towards carrier managed services and fixed broadband services. Additionally, the reporting unit is executing several significant network upgrade projects concurrently. The success of these initiatives will have a significant impact on the Company’s operations. For the International Telecom segment the qualitative analysis was completed after the previous quantitative analysis using a DCF model determined that the fair value of each reporting unit significantly exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The impairment analysis concluded that no impairment was necessary in 2022. For its 2021 annual impairment analysis the company performed a quantitative analysis for Viya reporting unit and a qualitative analysis for its remaining reporting units in its segments. The Viya impairment analysis determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeded its fair value. The value of the reporting unit decreased in 2021 mainly due to decreases in government funding and changes in the operating environment of the reporting unit that resulted in the reporting unit being unable to achieve its growth projections. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded an impairment of $20.6 million representing all of the goodwill in this reporting unit. The Company’s impairment analysis for its remaining reporting units determined that no impairment was necessary in 2021. The table below discloses goodwill recorded in each of the Company’s segments and accumulated impairment changes (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2021 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ International Telecom US 25,423 (20,587) Telecom 35,268 $ — Consolidated 60,691 (20,587) 40,104 4,836 $ 35,268 $ International Telecom US Telecom Consolidated Balance at December 31, 2021 Gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25,423 $ 35,268 $ (20,587) 4,836 — 35,268 60,691 (20,587) 40,104 Balance at December 31, 2022 Gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,423 (20,587) 35,268 — $ 4,836 $ 35,268 $ 60,691 (20,587) 40,104 Telecommunications Licenses The Company tests those telecommunications licenses that are indefinite-lived for impairment on an annual basis, which has been determined to be as of October 1st. The Company also tests telecommunication licenses that are indefinite-lived between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. F-38 The Company’s qualitative impairment test includes, but is not limited to, assessing macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, technological changes and trends, overall financial performance, and legal and regulatory changes. The Company’s quantitative test for impairment involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of an asset to its carrying amount. The Company determines the fair value using either a market or income approach. The market approach uses prices generated by market transactions involving comparable assets. The income approach uses a DCF model. The DCF requires the exercise of significant judgement including Level 3 valuation inputs. The Company performed a qualitative assessment for its annual impairment assessment of its indefinite lived telecommunication licenses in 2022 and determined that there were no indications of potential impairment. The Company performed quantitative assessments for its annual impairment assessment of its indefinite lived telecommunications licenses for 2021 using a market approach and determined that there were no indications of potential impairments. The changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s telecommunications licenses, by operating segment, were as follows (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquired licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquired licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US International Telecom 34,798 $ — 683 — (1,000) $ 34,798 1,068 — — (1,136) Telecom Consolidated $ 79,285 $ 114,083 683 (1,000) $ 78,968 $ 113,766 1,068 (1,136) $ 78,900 $ 113,698 $ 34,798 The licenses acquired during 2022 and 2021 are expected to be available for use into perpetuity. Customer Relationships The customer relationships are being amortized on an accelerated basis, over the expected period during which their economic benefits are to be realized. The Company recorded $11.6 million, $7.0 million, and $1.5 million of amortization related to customer relationships during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Future amortization of customer relationships is as follows (in thousands): International Telecom 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 827 576 576 576 576 338 3,469 US Telecom $ 10,248 5,748 2,779 — — — $ 18,775 Other Intangible Assets Other intangible assets includes $9.7 million and $10.5 million of tradenames on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. F-39 The tradenames have definite lives and future amortization of the tradenames are as follows: 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ International Telecom US Telecom 307 $ 1,028 964 307 879 307 769 209 718 37 4,223 — 1,167 $ 8,581 8. LONG-TERM DEBT On April 10, 2019, the Company entered into a credit facility, with CoBank, ACB and a syndicate of other lenders (as amended, the “2019 CoBank Credit Facility”). The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility provides for a $200 million revolving credit facility that includes (i) up to $75 million for standby or trade letters of credit and (ii) up to $10 million under a swingline sub-facility. Approximately $26.0 million of performance letters of credit have been issued and remain outstanding and undrawn as of December 31, 2022. The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility matures on April 10, 2024. Amounts borrowed under the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus an applicable margin ranging between 1.25% to 2.25% or (ii) a base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%. Swingline loans bear interest at the base rate plus the applicable margin for base rate loans. The base rate is equal to the higher of (i) 1.00% plus the higher of (x) LIBOR for an interest period of one month and (y) LIBOR for an interest period of one week; (ii) the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility) plus 0.50% per annum; and (iii) the Prime Rate (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility). The applicable margin is determined based on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility). Under the terms of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, the Company must also pay a commitment fee ranging from 0.150% to 0.375% of the average daily unused portion of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility over each calendar quarter. On November 7, 2022, the Company amended the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility to allow for the incurrence of certain indebtedness related to payment guarantees in connection with its Replace and Remove project. On December 28, 2022, the Company amended the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, effective November 7, 2022, to allow for certain transactions contemplated with the Company’s recently completed acquisition of Sacred Wind Enterprises, Inc. The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including a financial covenant that imposes a maximum ratio of indebtedness to EBITDA as well as covenants limiting additional indebtedness, liens, guaranties, mergers and consolidations, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, sale and leasebacks, transactions with affiliates and fundamental changes. The Company’s investments in “unrestricted” subsidiaries and certain dividend payments to our stockholders are not limited unless the Total Net Leverage Ratio is equal to or greater than 1.75 to 1.0. The Total Net Leverage Ratio is measured each fiscal quarter and is required to be less than or equal to 2.75 to 1.0. In the event of a Qualifying Acquisition (as defined in the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility), the Total Net Leverage Ratio increases to 3.25 to 1.0 for the subsequent three fiscal quarters. The 2019 CoBank Credit Facility also provides for the incurrence by us of incremental term loan facilities, when combined with increases to revolving loan commitments, in an aggregate amount not to exceed $200 million (the “Accordion”). Amounts borrowed under the Accordion are also subject to proforma compliance with a net leverage ratio financial covenant. F-40 As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all of the financial covenants of the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility, had $99.0 million outstanding in borrowings and, net of the $26.0 million of outstanding performance letters of credit, had 75.0 million of availability under the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2022, there are no outstanding interest rate hedge agreements associated with the 2019 CoBank Credit Facility. Letter of Credit Facility On November 14, 2022, the Company entered into General Agreement of Indemnity to issue performance Standby Letters of Credit. As of December 31, 2022, no Standby Letters of Credit had been issued under this agreement. Alaska Credit Facility On December 23, 2022, Alaska Communications entered into a First Amendment Agreement (the “ACS Amendment’). The ACS Amendment amends the Credit Agreement entered into on July 22, 2021 (see below) to increase its Revolving Credit Commitment from $35.0 million to $75.0 million and Term Loan Commitment from $210 million to $230 million. As a part of the transaction, the Term Loan commitment was fully funded as the outstanding Revolving Credit Commitment balance was transferred. As a result, $75.0 million is available under the Revolving Credit Commitment as of December 31, 2022. Principal payments on the Term Loan commence in the fourth quarter of 2023. In addition to the above changes, the amendment replaced the calculation of interest from an applicable margin applied to LIBOR with the same applicable margin applied to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a 10-basis point adjustment. On July 22, 2021, Alaska Communications entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Alaska Credit Facility”) with Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders to provide a $35.0 million revolving facility (the “Alaska Revolving Facility”) and a $210.0 million initial term loan facility (the “Alaska Term Loan”). As of December 31, 2022, $230.0 million was outstanding under the Alaska Term Loan and there were no outstanding borrowings under the Alaska Revolving Facility. Both facilities mature on July 22, 2026. The Company capitalized $7.3 million of fees associated with the Alaska Credit Facility which are being amortized over the life of the debt and $5.4 million were unamortized as of December 31, 2022. The Alaska Credit Facility also provides for incremental facilities up to an aggregate principal amount of the greater of $70.0 million and Alaska Communications’ trailing twelve-month Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Alaska Credit Facility). The key terms and conditions of the Alaska Credit Facility include the following: • Amounts outstanding bear an interest rate of LIBOR, or a LIBOR replacement rate as applicable, plus a margin ranging from 3.00% to 4.00% based on Alaska Communications’ Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) or an alternate base rate may be selected at a margin that is 1% lower than the counterpart LIBOR margin; • Principal repayments are due quarterly commencing in the fourth quarter of 2023 in quarterly amounts as follows: from the fourth quarter of 2023 through the third quarter of 2024, $1.4 million; and from the fourth quarter of 2024 through the third quarter of 2026, $2.9 million. The remaining unpaid balance is due on the final maturity date; F-41 • Alaska Communications is required to maintain financial ratios as defined in the Alaska Credit Facility, including (a) a maximum Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio of 4.00 to 1, stepping down to 3.75 to 1 beginning with the second quarter of 2024; and (b) a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.25 to 1; and • The Alaska Credit Facility is non-recourse to the Company and is secured by substantially all of the personal property and certain material real property owned by Alaska Communications. Alaska Communication’s interest rate swap, which had been designated as a cash flow hedge with an interest rate of 1.6735%, expired on June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, there are no outstanding interest rate hedge agreements associated with the Alaska Credit Facility. Alaska Term Facility On June 15, 2022, Alaska Communications Systems Holdings, the parent company of Alaska Communications, entered a secured lending arrangement with Bristol Bay Industrial, LLC. (the “Alaska Term Facility”). The Alaska Term Facility provides for a secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $7.5 million and the proceeds may be used to pay certain invoices from a contractor for work performed in connection with a fiber build. Interest on the Alaska Term Facility accrues at a fixed rate of 4.0%. and is payable commencing on December 31, 2022. Scheduled quarterly payments of principal commence on March 31, 2023. The Alaska Term Facility matures on June 30, 2024. The Alaska Term Facility contains events of default customary for facilities of this type. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $7.5 million outstanding and no available borrowings under the Alaska Term Facility. FirstNet Receivables Credit Facility On March 26, 2020, Commnet Finance, a wholly owned subsidiary of Commnet Wireless, entered into a receivables credit facility with the Company, Commnet Wireless, and CoBank, ACB (the “Receivables Credit Facility”). The Receivables Credit Facility provides for a senior secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million and the proceeds may be used to acquire certain receivables from Commnet Wireless. The receivables to be financed and sold under the Receivables Credit Facility, which provide the loan security, relate to the obligations of AT&T under the FirstNet Agreement. On December 23, 2022, CoBank amended the Receivables Credit Facility and extended the delayed draw period to December 31, 2023. The maturity date for each loan will be set by CoBank and will match the weighted average maturity of the certain receivables financed. Interest on the loans accrues at a fixed annual interest rate to be quoted by CoBank. The Receivables Credit Facility contains customary events of termination, representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default customary for facilities of this type. F-42 As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $46.2 million outstanding, of which $6.2 million was current, and $22.3 million of availability under the Receivables Credit Facility. The Company capitalized $0.8 million of fees associated with the Receivables Credit Facility which are being amortized over the life of the debt and $0.6 million were unamortized as of December 31, 2022. Sacred Wind Term Debt In connection with the Sacred Wind acquisition completed on November 7, 2022, the Company assumed $31.6 million of term debt (the ‘Sacred Wind Term Debt”) with the United States of America acting through the Administrator of the Rural Utilities Service (“RUS”). The loan agreements are dated as of October 23, 2006 and March 17, 2016. RUS provides financial assistance in the form of loans under Rural Electrification Act of 1936 to furnish or improve telecommunications and/or broadband services in rural areas. The Sacred Wind term debt is secured by substantially all assets and an underlying mortgage to the United States of America. These mortgage notes are to be repaid in equal monthly installments covering principal and interest beginning after date of issue and expiring by 2035. The Sacred Wind Term Debt contains certain restrictions on the declaration or payment of dividends, redemption of capital stock or investment in affiliated companies without the consent by the RUS noteholders. The agreements also contain a financial covenant which Sacred Wind Enterprises was not in compliance with as of December 31, 2021. The Company submitted a corrective action plan to comply with the financial covenant as of December 31, 2025. On May 5, 2022, the company’s corrective action plan was accepted by the RUS. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with the plan. As of December 31, 2022, $31.4 million was outstanding under the Sacred Wind Term Debt. Of that amount, $3.2 million was current and $28.2 million was long term. Viya Debt The Company, and certain of our subsidiaries, have entered into a $60.0 million loan agreement (the “Viya Debt”) with Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (“RTFC”). The Viya Debt agreement contains customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants (including limitations on additional debt, guaranties, sale of assets and liens) and a financial covenant that limits the maximum ratio of indebtedness to annual operating cash flow to 3.5 to 1.0 (the “Net Leverage Ratio”). This covenant is tested on an annual basis at the end of each fiscal year. Interest is paid quarterly at a fixed rate of 4.0% per annum and principal repayment is not required until maturity on July 1, 2026. Prepayment of the Viya Debt may be subject to a fee under certain circumstances. The debt is secured by certain assets of our Viya subsidiaries and is guaranteed by us. The Company paid a fee of $0.9 million in 2016 to lock the interest rate at 4% per annum over the term of the Viya Debt. The fee was recorded as a reduction to the Viya Debt carrying amount and is being amortized over the life of the loan. As of December 31, 2022, $60.0 million of the Viya Debt remained outstanding and $0.3 million of the rate lock fee was unamortized. On May 5, 2022, RTFC agreed to amend the Net Leverage Ratio to 7.0 to 1.0 through the maturity date of July 1, 2026. The Company was in compliance with the Net Leverage Ratio as of December 31, 2022. One Communications Debt F-43 The Company had an outstanding loan from HSBC Bank Bermuda Limited (the “One Communications Debt”) which matured and was repaid in full on December 22, 2022. This loan bore interest at the one-month LIBOR plus a margin ranging between 2.5% to 2.75% per annum paid quarterly. 9. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND SPECTRUM PROGRAMS Universal Service Fund and Connect America Fund Phase II Programs The Company recognizes revenue from several government funded programs including the Universal Service Fund (“USF”), a subsidy program managed by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), and the Alaska Universal Service Fund (“AUSF”), a similar program managed by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (the “RCA”). USF funds are disbursed to telecommunication providers through four programs: the High Cost Program; the Low Income Program (“Lifeline Program”); the Schools and Libraries Program (“E-Rate Program”); and the Rural Health Care Support Program. The Company also recognizes revenue from the Connect America Fund Phase II program (“CAF II”) which offers subsidies to carriers to expand broadband coverage in designated areas. Under CAF II, the Company’s US Telecom segment will receive an aggregate of $27.4 million annually through December 2025 and an aggregate of $7.7 million annually from January 2026 through July 2028. Both the USF and CAF II programs are subject to certain operational and reporting compliance requirements. The Company believes it is in compliance with these requirements as of December 31, 2022. F-44 The Company recorded the amounts below as communication services revenue for the reported periods: High cost support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAF II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High cost support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAF II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High cost support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAF II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year ended December 31, 2022 International Telecom US Telecom 4,459 27,264 1,954 26,656 60,333 $ $ 7,862 $ — — 52 7,914 $ Year ended December 31, 2021 International Telecom US Telecom 2,449 16,330 13,963 32,742 $ $ 13,907 $ — — 13,907 $ Year ended December 31, 2020 International Telecom US Telecom 1,244 7,594 9,984 18,822 $ $ 16,361 $ — — 16,361 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Total 12,321 27,264 1,954 26,708 68,247 Total 16,356 16,330 13,963 46,649 Total 17,605 7,594 9,984 35,183 In 2018, the FCC initiated a proceeding to replace the High Cost Program support received by Viya in the US Virgin Islands with a new Connect USVI Fund. On November 16, 2020, the FCC announced that Viya was not the recipient of the Connect USVI Fund award and authorized funding to be issued to the new awardee in June 2021. Pursuant to the terms of the program and effective in July 2021, Viya’s annual USF support was reduced from $16.4 million to $10.9 million. In July 2022, this support was reduced again to $5.5 million for the annual period through June 2023. As the program currently stands, Viya will not receive High Cost Program support subsequent to June 2023. RDOF (“Rural Digital Opportunities Fund”) The Company expects to receive approximately $20.1 million over 10 years to provide broadband and voice coverage to over 10,000 households in the United States (not including Alaska) under the 2020 Rural Digital Opportunity Fund Phase I Auction (“RDOF”). Construction Grants The Company has also been awarded construction grants to build network connectivity for eligible communities. The funding of these grants, used to reimburse the Company for its construction costs, is generally distributed upon completion of a project. Completion deadlines begin in June 2023 and once these projects are constructed, the Company F-45 is obligated to provide service to the participants. The Company expects to meet all requirements associated with these grants. A roll forward of the Company’s grant awards is below (in thousands). Grants awarded, December 31, 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grants awarded, December 31, 2022. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ Amount 11,067 73,384 (4,254) 80,197 In addition, the Company partners with tribal governments to obtain grants under the Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program ("TBCP"). The TBCP is a program administered by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to deploy broadband connectivity on tribal lands. The Company was identified as a sub recipient of TBCP grants totaling $145.5 million as of December 31, 2022. CARES Act As of December 31, 2020, the Company had received $16.3 million of funding under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) to construct network infrastructure within the Company’s US Telecom segment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received an additional $2.4 million of funding for the same purpose. The construction was completed as of December 31, 2021 and $18.4 million of the funding was recorded as a reduction to property, plant and equipment with a subsequent reduction to depreciation expense. The remaining $0.3 million was recorded as a reduction to operating expense in the year ended December 31, 2021. CBRS Auction During the third quarter of 2020, the Company participated in the FCC’s Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) auction for Priority Access Licenses (PALs) in the 3.5 GHz spectrum band. These PALs are licensed on a county-by-county basis and are awarded for a 10-year renewable term. The Company was a winning bidder for PALs located strategically throughout the United States at a total net cost of $19.3 million. In connection with the awarded licenses, the Company will have to achieve certain CBRS spectrum build out obligations. The Company currently expects to comply with all applicable requirements related to these licenses. 10. EQUITY Common Stock The Company has paid quarterly dividends on its Common Stock since January 1999. Treasury Stock On September 19, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of its Common Stock, from time to time, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (the “2016 Repurchase Plan”). As of December 31, 2022, the Company has $19.5 million available to be repurchased under the 2016 Repurchase Plan. F-46 During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company repurchased the following shares under the 2016 Repurchase Plan: Year ended December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares Aggregate Cost Repurchased (in thousands) Repurchase Price 39.70 941,523 43.08 10,546 50.97 6,589 23,714 244,798 129,273 Average $ $ During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company repurchased the following shares from employees to satisfy tax withholding and stock options exercise obligations incurred in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards and the exercise of stock options: Year ended December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-Based Compensation Shares Aggregate Cost Repurchased (in thousands) Repurchase Price 35.01 51.49 53.78 33,401 33,271 32,227 1,169 1,713 1,733 Average $ $ The Company reserved 2,000,000 shares for the grant of stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock equivalents and awards of shares of Common Stock that are not subject to restrictions or forfeiture. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has approximately 272,000 shares available for grants. F-47 Stock Options Stock options have a term of 10 years and vest annually and ratably over a period of four years. The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Year Ended December 31, 2022 Weighted Average Remaining Number of Weighted Avg. Contractual Options Exercise Price Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at January 1, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . Exercisable at December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,000 — — (5,000) — — — — 71.43 — — — — — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — Year Ended December 31, 2021 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Number of Weighted Avg. Options Exercise Price Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at January 1, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . $ 15,000 — — — (10,000) 5,000 5,000 49.34 — — — 38.30 71.43 71.43 3.7 $ 3.7 $ — — The following table summarizes information relating to options granted and exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands, except fair value of options granted data): Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash proceeds received upon exercise of options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — 2022 2021 84 $ 2020 — — 383 The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing Common Stock price on December 31st and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of the in-the-money stock options) that would have been received by the stock option holders had all stock options holders exercised their stock options on December 31st. The amount of aggregate intrinsic value will change based on the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock. The Company has not granted any options since 2017. The Company did not recognize any compensation expense during the three years ended December 31, 2022 related to granted options. F-48 Restricted Stock Restricted stock issued under the 2008 Equity Investment Plan vests over four years. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Unvested as of January 1, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested and issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unvested as of December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unvested as of January 1, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested and issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unvested as of December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Avg. Shares 228,068 $ 152,430 (12,486) (107,515) 260,497 $ Fair Value 51.05 38.59 46.52 51.33 43.86 Weighted Avg. Shares 223,623 117,794 (14,213) (99,136) 228,068 $ Fair Value 54.42 48.76 50.86 55.95 51.05 $ In connection with the grant of restricted shares, the Company recognized $6.8 million, $5.4 million and $5.6 million of compensation expense within its income statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The Company recognized $0.6 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million of compensation expense within its income statement for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, for shares of the Company’s subsidiaries granted to the management team of those subsidiaries. The unvested shares as of December 31, 2022 represent $7.9 million in unamortized stock based compensation which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years. F-49 Performance Based Stock Performance stock, issued under the 2008 Equity Investment Plan, vests on the third anniversary of the grant date. 2021: The following table summarizes performance stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 and Unvested as of January 1, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested and issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unvested as of December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unvested as of January 1, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested and issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unvested as of December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Avg. Shares Fair Value 59.77 47.03 — — 52.54 43,000 $ 56,450 — — 99,450 $ Weighted Avg. $ Shares Fair Value — 59.77 — — 59.77 — 43,000 — — 43,000 $ During the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $1.5 million, $0.7 million and zero compensation expense, respectively. All 99,450 shares remained unvested as of December 31, 2022 and represent $3.0 million in unamortized stock based compensation as of that date which will be recognized ratably over the next 1.9 years. F-50 11. INCOME TAXES The components of income before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands): Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2022 2021 (37,777) $ (38,407) $ (17,689) 17,782 29,721 15,720 93 (8,056) $ (22,687) $ 2020 The following is a reconciliation from the tax computed at statutory income tax rates to the Company’s income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): 2022 2021 2020 $ (1,681) $ (4,760) $ 844 (6,525) (437) 2,111 — 134 4,052 (1,126) 2,117 84 696 (742) (473) $ (1,878) $ (158) (4,520) (78) 1,429 — 898 2,524 (1,399) 3,575 101 510 — 20 (851) 1,866 (520) 1,098 (3,064) — 2,148 (409) 33 84 406 (10) 801 $ Tax computed at statutory US federal income tax rates . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign tax rate differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over (under) provided in prior periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondeductible expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit Attributable CARES Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized transactions costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in tax reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State Taxes, net of federal benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment Tax Credit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income tax revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Income Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-51 The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands): \ Current: United States—Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States—State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred: United States—Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States—State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) . . . . . . . . Consolidated: United States—Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States—State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total income tax expense (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 2021 2020 302 20 6,657 6,979 $ $ 460 $ 2 4,272 4,734 $ 504 3 7,611 8,118 (4,527) $ (5,800) $ (6,527) (413) (1,402) (1,895) (1,030) (377) 590 (7,452) $ (6,612) $ (7,317) (4,225) $ (5,340) $ (6,023) (410) (1,400) (1,875) 7,234 4,862 5,627 801 (473) $ (1,878) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Accounts receivable and inventory allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis in investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 2021 $ 2,567 $ 4,387 7,063 27,526 6,690 6,892 63,713 2,995 24,451 146,284 2,348 6,939 8,619 27,940 8,454 968 41,117 1,916 31,207 129,508 Deferred tax liabilities: Acquired intangible assets, property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right-of-use asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,529 27,796 197 134,522 83,423 29,967 189 113,579 Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (35,759) (33,642) Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (23,997) $ (17,713) Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands): F-52 Deferred tax assets: Long term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: Long term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 2021 4,653 $ 4,653 $ 3,747 3,747 (28,650) $ (21,460) (28,650) $ (21,460) (23,997) $ (17,713) $ $ $ $ $ The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 5.9% and 8.3%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) a $4.1 million net increase of unrecognized tax positions, (ii) a $2.1 million net increase for permanently non- deductible expenses, (iii) a $2.1 million net increase related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets and (iv) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates along with the exclusion of losses in jurisdictions where valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets as required by ASC 740-270-30-36(a). The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) a $0.9 million provision related to certain transactional charges incurred in connection with acquisitions for which there is no tax benefit, (ii) a $2.5 million net increase of unrecognized tax positions, (iii) a $1.7 million net increase for permanently non-deductible expenses, and (iv) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates along with the exclusion of losses in jurisdictions where valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets as required by ASC 740-270-30-36(a), primarily in the US Virgin Islands. As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimated that it generated gross federal, state and foreign net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $134.6 million, $121.5 million and $126.8 million respectively. Of these, $122.4 million will expire between 2029 and 2042 and $260.5 million may be carried forward indefinitely. The Company assesses available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to realize the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of negative evidence evaluated is cumulative losses incurred in certain reporting jurisdictions over the three-year period ended December 31, 2022. Other negative evidence examined includes, but is not limited to, losses expected in early future years, a history of tax benefits expiring unused, uncertainties whose unfavorable resolution would adversely affect future results, and brief carryback, carry forward periods. On the basis of this evaluation, the Company believed it was more likely than not that the benefit from some of these federal, state, and foreign deferred taxes would not be realized. In recognition of this risk at December 31, 2022 the Company has provided a valuation allowance against certain domestic and foreign deferred tax assets of $35.8 million. The valuation allowance primarily relates to foreign net operating losses, with the remaining amount applicable to other net deferred tax assets which the Company does not expect to be able to realize. As of December 31, 2022 the Company had an estimated $172.3 million of undistributed earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries for which no provision for state income taxes or foreign withholding taxes have been made because it is expected that such earnings will be reinvested outside the U.S. indefinitely unless repatriation can be done substantially tax-free. The Company will generally be free of additional U.S. federal tax consequences on distributed foreign subsidiary earnings due to a dividends received deduction implemented as part of the Tax Act for earnings distributed after January 1, 2018. Additionally, due to the one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings, the majority of previously unremitted earnings have already been subjected to U.S. federal income tax. The Company continues to assert indefinite reinvestment on outside basis differences in our non-U.S. subsidiaries, additionally any determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax F-53 liability on outside basis differences is not practicable because of the complexity of laws and regulations, the varying tax treatment of alternative repatriation scenarios and the variation due to multiple potential assumptions relating to the timing of any future repatriation. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits (including interest and penalty) of $48.6 million as of December 31, 2022, $51.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and $40.8 million as of December 31, 2020. The net increase of the reserve during the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to an increase in tax positions for prior periods of $2.3 million, a net increase in tax positions for the current period of $5.1 million, a net decrease in tax positions acquired as part of a business combination of $6.8 million and partially offset by a lapse in statute of a prior year position of $3.3 million. The following shows the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (not including interest and penalty) during the three years ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands): Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during a prior period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during the current period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse in statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during a prior period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during the current period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in unrecognized tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse in statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during a prior period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken during the current period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in unrecognized tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse in statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits at December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 32,682 — 2,964 (1,768) — 33,878 (216) 3,880 8,275 (2,103) — 43,714 — 5,080 (6,825) (2,050) — 39,919 The Company’s accounting policy is to classify interest and penalties related to income tax matters as part of income tax expense. The accrued amounts for interest and penalties are $8.7 million as of December 31, 2022, $7.6 million as of December 31, 2021, and $6.9 million as of December 31, 2020. Of the $48.6 million of gross unrecognized uncertain tax benefits (including interest and penalty), $47.1 million, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the US and in various, state and local and foreign jurisdictions. The statute of limitations related to the consolidated US federal income tax return is closed for all tax years up to and including 2017. The expiration of the statute of limitations related to the various state and foreign income tax returns that the Company and subsidiaries file varies by jurisdiction. F-54 12. RETIREMENT PLANS The Company has noncontributory defined benefit pension plans as well as noncontributory postretirement benefit plans offering defined medical, dental, vision, and life benefits for certain of its employees. The Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans are closed to new participants and only grandfathered participants continue to accrue additional benefits. Also, in 2020 the Company began the process of winding up one of its benefit plans. The Company reviews the funded status of its pension plans and makes contributions based on that analysis. The benefits are based on the participants’ compensation during their employment and the credited service years earned by participants. The Company funds the other postretirement benefit plans as benefits are paid. The weighted-average rates assumed in the actuarial calculations for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans are as follows as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: Discount Rate – Pension Benefit Obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount Rate – Pension Benefit Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount Rate – Postretirement Benefit Obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount Rate – Postretirement Benefit Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 2021 2020 5.4 % 2.9 % 2.6 % 2.9 % 2.6 % 3.5 % 5.4 % 2.8 % 2.5 % 2.5 % 3.5 % 2.8 % 5.2 % 5.3 % 5.1 % The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets was determined based on several factors including input from pension investment consultants, projected long-term returns of equity and bond indices, and historical returns over the life of the related obligations of the fund. The Company, in conjunction with its pension investment consultants, reviews its asset allocation periodically and rebalances its investments when appropriate in an effort to earn the expected long-term returns. The Company will continue to evaluate its long-term rate of return assumptions at least annually and will adjust them as necessary. The annual salary increase assumption is no longer applicable as the plan participants no longer accrue additional service. The discount rate was determined based on a review of market data including yields on high quality corporate bonds with maturities approximating the remaining life of the project benefit obligations. F-55 The other postretirement benefit plans healthcare cost trend assumptions is based on health care trend rates. The 2022 assumed medical health care cost trend rate is 8% trending to an ultimate rate of 4% in 2074. The 2022 assumed dental care cost trend rate is 18% trending to an ultimate rate of 4% in 2074. Changes during the year in the projected benefit obligations and in the fair value of plan assets are as follows for 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): 2022 2021 Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits Projected benefit obligations: Balance at beginning of year: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and settlements paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial (gain) loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan net assets: Balance at beginning of year: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits and settlements paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over/ (Under) funded status of plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 100,624 — 151 2,373 (18,490) (16,758) (1,725) $ 66,175 $ 103,718 — (13,188) — (18,978) $ 71,552 5,377 $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,343 — 124 139 (396) (1,586) — 3,624 — — — 396 (396) — (3,624) $ 88,772 $ 15,399 229 2,043 (4,488) (1,297) (34) $ 100,624 $ $ 89,352 $ 12,147 7,246 — (5,027) $ 103,718 $ $ 3,094 $ 5,510 392 143 127 (390) (439) — 5,343 — — — 390 (390) — (5,343) The Company reports an asset or liability on its balance sheet equal to the funded status of its pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Plans in an overfunded status are aggregated and recorded as a net pension benefit asset in other assets. Plans in an underfunded status are aggregated and recorded as a net postretirement benefit liability in other liabilities. The funded status of the Company’s pension and other retirement benefit plans is below (in thousands): 2022 GTT Pension Benefit Viya Pension Benefit Alaska Pension Benefit Viya Postretirement Benefits Alaska Postretirement Benefits Projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan Net Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over/ (Under) funded status of plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,038 2,038 $ 52,832 60,132 $ — $ 7,300 $ 11,305 $ 9,382 $ (1,923) $ 3,337 $ — (3,337) $ 287 — (287) 2021 GTT Pension Benefit Viya Pension Benefit Alaska Pension Benefit Viya Postretirement Benefits Alaska Postretirement Benefits Projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan Net Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over/ (Under) funded status of plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,788 $ 12,103 $ (2,685) $ 4,961 $ — (4,961) $ 382 — (382) $ 15,663 15,663 $ 70,173 75,952 — $ 5,779 $ F-56 The Company’s investment policy for its pension assets is to have a reasonably balanced investment approach, with a long-term bias toward debt investments. The Company’s strategy allocates plan assets among equity, debt and other assets to achieve long-term returns without significant risk to principal. The pension fund has limitations from investing in the equity, debt or other securities of the employer, its subsidiaries or associates of the employer or any company of which the employer is a subsidiary or an associate. The fair values for the pension plan’s net assets, by asset category, at December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands): Asset Category Cash, cash equivalents, money markets and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual funds - fixed income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual funds - equities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total 7,572 $ 17,974 10,732 5,228 22,913 7,133 Level 1 7,572 17,974 10,732 5,228 — 7,133 $ 71,552 $ 48,639 $ Level 2 — — — — 22,913 — $ 22,913 The fair values for the pension plan’s net assets, by asset category, at December 31, 2021 are as follows (in thousands): Asset Category Cash, cash equivalents, money markets and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual funds - fixed income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual funds - equities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Level 1 $ 17,908 $ 17,908 28,041 9,599 9,299 — 6,539 $ 103,718 $ 71,386 28,041 9,599 9,299 32,332 6,539 $ Level 2 — — — — 32,332 — $ 32,332 The plan’s weighted-average asset allocations at December 31, 2022 and 2021, by asset category are as follows: Cash, cash equivalents, money markets and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual funds - fixed income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual funds - equities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 % 25 15 7 32 10 100 % 17 % 28 9 9 31 6 100 % 2022 2021 F-57 Amounts recognized on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets consist of (in thousands): As of December 31, 2022 2021 Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Accrued and current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax . . . $ — $ 1,923 7,303 6,191 294 3,068 — 1,589 $ $ — 2,687 5,780 4,419 370 4,616 — 27 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of (in thousands): As of December 31, 2022 2021 Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Unrecognized net actuarial gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income, pre-tax . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . $ $ 6,268 6,268 6,191 1,614 1,614 1,589 $ $ 3,547 3,547 4,419 28 28 27 F-58 Components of the plan’s net periodic pension cost are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): Operating expense 2022 2021 2020 Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Pension benefits Postretirement benefits Service cost . . . . . . . . . . $ 151 $ 124 $ 229 $ 143 $ 439 $ Non-operating expense Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss . . . Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . Net periodic pension cost . $ 2,373 (3,814) — 1,725 435 $ 139 — — — 263 2,043 (3,366) 127 2,585 — (3,060) — 34 (1,060) $ $ — — $ 270 — 89 53 $ 139 163 — (11) — 291 The Company is currently evaluating whether it will make any contributions to its pension and postretirement benefit plans during the year ending December 31, 2022. The following estimated benefits, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid over the next 10 years as indicated below (in thousands): Fiscal Year 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027-2031 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Postretirement Benefits $ 6,898 $ 5,379 4,816 4,922 5,099 23,805 $ 50,919 $ Benefits 302 322 341 253 279 1,465 2,962 F-59 Multi-employer Defined Benefit Plan Certain employees of the Company’s US Telecom participate in the Alaska Electrical Pension Plan (“AEPF”). The Company pays the AEPF a contractual hourly amount based on employee classification or base compensation. As a multi-employer defined benefit plan, the accumulated benefits and plan assets are not determined for, or allocated separately to, the individual employer. The following table provides additional information about the AEPF multi-employer pension plan. Plan name Number of employees covered Pension Protection Act zone status at the plan's year-end: Alaska Electrical Pension Plan 505 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Plan subject to funding improvement plan Plan subject to rehabilitation plan Employer subject to contribution surcharge Company contributions to the plan for the year ended: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Name and expiration date of collective bargaining agreements requiring contributions to the plan: Collective Bargaining Agreement Between Alaska Communications Systems and Local Union 1547 IBEW Outside Agreement Alaska Electrical Construction between Local Union 1547 IBEW and Alaska Chapter National Electrical Contractors Association Inc. Inside Agreement Alaska Electrical Construction between Local Union 1547 IBEW and Alaska Chapter National Electrical Contractors Association Inc. Green Green No No No $ 6.6 million $ 3.1 million December 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 October 31, 2022 The Company’s contributions to the plan in 2022 and 2021 represent greater than 5% of the total contributions to the plan. The Company cannot accurately project any change in the plan status in future years given the uncertainty of economic conditions or the effect of actuarial valuations versus actual performance in the market. Minimum required future contributions to the AEPF are subject to the number of employees in each classification and base compensation of employees in future years. F-60 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Regulatory and Litigation Matters The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory and legal proceedings and other claims arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages and taxes that are substantial in amount. Historically, the Company’s subsidiary, GTT, has been subject to other long-standing litigation proceedings and disputes in Guyana that have not yet been resolved. The Company believes that, except for the items discussed below, for which the Company is currently unable to predict the final outcome, the disposition of matters currently pending will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. Beginning in 2006, the National Frequency Management Unit (now the Telecommunications Agency , or the “NFMU/TA”) and GTT have been engaged in discussions regarding the amount of and methodology for calculation of spectrum fees payable by GTT in Guyana. Since that time, GTT has made payments of, undisputed spectrum fees as amounts invoiced by the NFMU/TA. There have been limited further discussions on the subject of a revised spectrum fee methodology with the Telecommunications Agency and GTT awaits the determination of such fees. On May 8, 2009, a GTT competitor, Digicel, filed a lawsuit in Guyana challenging the legality of GTT’s exclusive license rights under Guyana’s constitution and GTT intervened in the suit in order to oppose Digicel’s claims. The case remains pending. The Company believes that any legal challenge to GTT’s exclusive license rights granted in 1990 is without merit and the Company continues to defend vigorously against such legal challenge. GTT has filed several lawsuits in the High Court of Guyana asserting that, despite its denials, Digicel is engaged in international bypass in violation of GTT’s exclusive license rights, the interconnection agreement between the parties, and the laws of Guyana. Digicel filed counterclaims alleging that GTT has violated the terms of the interconnection agreement and Guyana laws. These suits, filed in 2010 and 2012, have been consolidated with Digicel’s constitutional challenge described above, however, the Company cannot accurately predict at this time when the consolidated suit will reach a court of final determination. GTT is also involved in several legal claims regarding its tax filings with the Guyana Revenue Authority (the “GRA”) dating back to 1991 regarding the deductibility of intercompany advisory fees as well as other tax assessments. GTT’s position has been upheld by various High Court rulings made in its favor including most recently in December 2021, when an assessment relating to 2010-2016 was quashed and declared to have no legal effect. GTT has maintained that it has no unpaid corporation tax due to the GRA and that any liability GTT might be found to have with respect to the disputed tax assessments, as alleged by the GRA in the aggregate amount of $32 million net of interest, would be offset in part by the amounts necessary to ensure that GTT’s return on investment was no less than 15% per annum for the relevant periods. Several High Court rulings in the favor of GTT have been appealed by the GRA and the Company believes that some adverse outcome in these or pending unheard matters could occur. On May 20, 2021, the Company was served with a notice of application for enforcement of a foreign judgment with respect to a matter brought by the Trinidad & Tobago Electric Commission (“TTEC”) in the High Court of Justice in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in August 2013 against GTT and other defendants, alleging breach of contract due to GTT’s failure to pay TTEC in connection with amounts alleged to be owed as reimbursement for cable repair costs. In December 2022, GTT settled this matter with TTEC. In February 2020, the Company’s Alaska Communications subsidiary received a draft audit report from USAC in connection with USAC’s inquiry into Alaska Communications’ funding requests under the Rural Health Care Support Program for certain customers for the time period of July 2012 through June 2017. The draft audit report alleges violations of the FCC’s rules for establishing rural rates and urban rates, the provisioning and billing of ineligible services and products, and violations of the FCC’s competitive bidding rules. Alaska Communications has provided USAC with extensive comments in response to its draft audit report seeking correction of numerous factual and legal errors that it believed it had identified. As a result of these conversations and comments being submitted by Alaska Communications, USAC’s auditors may revise their findings, including the amounts they recommend USAC seek to recover. USAC’s F-61 auditors are expected to issue a final audit report incorporating Alaska Communications’ responses that will be sent to USAC’s Rural Health Care Division to review and determine if corrective action would be appropriate. In the event that the Company disagrees with USAC’s final audit report, the Company can appeal that decision to USAC’s Rural Health Care Division and/or the FCC. At this time, the Company cannot predict the contents or timing of the final USAC audit report, the outcome of the audit or the impact on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Alaska Communications also received a Letter of Inquiry on March 18, 2018, and subsequent follow up information requests, from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting historical information regarding Alaska Communications’ participation in the FCC’s Rural Health Care Support Program. The Company is engaged in discussions with the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau and will continue to work constructively to provide it the information it is seeking. Any adverse outcome with respect to the FCC Enforcement Bureau’s inquiry may have an adverse impact the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. With respect to all of the foregoing matters, the Company believes that some adverse outcome is probable and has accordingly accrued $14.7 million as of December 31, 2022 for these and other potential liabilities arising in various claims, legal actions and regulatory proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company also faces contingencies that are reasonably possible to occur that cannot currently be estimated. It is the Company’s policy to expense costs associated with loss contingencies, including any related legal fees, as they are incurred. Other Obligations The Company has obligations under non-cancellable contracts for network facilities and transport services, agreements for software licensing, as well as certain agreements to purchase goods or services. Future minimum payments required under these commitments are as follows at December 31, 2022 (in thousands): 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 92,712 61,809 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,979 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,811 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,314 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,535 Total obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 374,160 14. SEGMENT REPORTING Through December 31, 2022, the Company has the following three reportable and operating segments: i) US Telecom, ii) International Telecom, and iii) Renewable Energy. F-62 The following tables provide information for each operating segment (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 International US Telecom Renewable Corporate and Energy (1) Other (2) Consolidated $ 1,228 6,359 7,587 126,735 78,338 205,073 128,864 46 341,570 15,762 — 12,832 12,832 370,164 75,020 11,444 387 (5,655) $ — $ — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (801) — — — — 3,549 — 6,779 (37,613) 16,058 93,960 110,018 196,638 241,746 438,384 142,323 1,496 692,221 15,762 — 17,762 17,762 725,745 135,137 13,016 7,406 7,942 Revenue Communication Services Mobility - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Communication Services Revenue . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Other Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions . . Non-cash stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . Operating income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Telecom 14,830 87,601 102,431 69,903 163,408 233,311 13,459 1,450 350,651 — — 4,930 4,930 355,581 56,568 1,572 240 52,011 F-63 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 International Telecom US Telecom Renewable Corporate and Energy (1) Other (2) Consolidated Revenue Communication Services Mobility - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Communication Services Revenue . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Other Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions . Non-cash stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . Operating income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,983 86,384 93,367 67,458 166,005 233,463 9,937 946 337,713 — — — 5,146 5,146 342,859 53,858 1,648 128 33,899 $ 1,402 7,532 8,934 53,283 41,897 95,180 107,793 — 211,907 35,889 — — 11,635 11,635 259,431 43,604 6,127 271 (14,016) $ — $ — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — 417 — 417 417 188 — 22 (2,459) — — — — — 5,081 — 6,160 (32,450) 8,385 93,916 102,301 120,741 207,902 328,643 117,730 946 549,620 35,889 — 417 16,781 17,198 602,707 102,731 7,775 6,581 (15,026) F-64 For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 International Telecom US Telecom Renewable Corporate and Energy (1) Other (2) Consolidated Revenue Communication Services Mobility - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed - Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Communication Services Revenue . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Other Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles from acquisitions . . Non-cash stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . Operating income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,319 78,817 83,136 67,776 162,599 230,375 7,120 1,535 322,166 — — 6,467 6,467 328,633 54,477 1,807 49 58,924 $ 404 9,222 9,626 10,237 12,032 22,269 79,448 — 111,343 10,913 — — — 122,256 23,325 — 15 7,971 $ — $ — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — 4,555 — 4,555 4,555 2,216 — 262 (23,749) — — — — 6,486 — 5,586 (33,966) 4,723 88,039 92,762 78,013 174,631 252,644 86,568 1,535 433,509 10,913 4,555 6,467 11,022 455,444 86,504 1,807 5,912 9,180 International Telecom US Telecom Renewable Energy (1) Corporate and Other (2) Consolidated December 31, 2022 Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,345 105,324 462,447 4,835 643,664 86,738 59,659 December 31, 2021 Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,128 108,677 452,856 4,835 630,515 91,090 64,243 $ $ $ $ 22,679 116,038 585,969 35,269 980,543 119,755 308,589 28,486 111,741 480,250 35,269 877,041 108,950 240,802 $ $ 462 478 — — 14,429 361 — 659 3,585 — — 17,481 356 — 6,474 $ 7,848 7,538 — 69,233 26,326 99,000 54,960 229,688 1,055,954 40,104 1,707,869 233,180 467,248 7,628 $ 8,614 10,103 — 79,901 232,617 943,209 40,104 83,567 20,548 61,499 1,608,604 220,944 366,544 (1) See Note 5 for a discussion of the Company’s disposition of its International Solar Business. (2) Reconciling items refer to corporate overhead expenses and consolidating adjustments. F-65 Year ended December 31, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ International Telecom Capital Expenditures US Telecom Corporate and Other (1) Consolidated 70,385 49,985 $ 96,589 53,235 $ 1,045 2,922 $ 168,019 106,142 (1) Reconciling items refer to corporate overhead expenses and consolidating adjustments. The table below identifies the Company’s revenues and long-lived assets by geographic location. The Company attributes revenue to geographic location based on location of the customer (in thousands): 2022 2021 Revenues Long-Lived Assets Revenues Long-Lived Assets 2020 Long-Lived Revenues Assets US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Foreign Countries . . . . . . $ 370,204 113,816 93,264 110,337 38,124 725,745 $ 927,177 174,719 209,101 100,125 67,058 $ 1,478,180 $ 259,430 108,338 94,310 104,671 35,958 $ 602,707 $ 840,251 152,627 210,448 107,885 64,775 $ 1,375,986 $ 122,256 103,071 90,368 103,471 36,278 $ 455,444 $ 308,138 141,487 230,630 116,346 47,045 $ 843,646 F-66 SCHEDULE II ATN INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (Amounts in Thousands) Balance at Purchase Charged to Price Beginning Costs and Accounting Expenses Deductions Balance at End of Year $ $ $ $ $ $ 775 $ 9,167 — $ — 5,613 5,010 — $ 5,785 $ 14,780 $ 31,014 12,121 $ 43,135 — $ 2,628 $ — 3,086 4,850 — $ 7,478 $ 3,086 — $ 33,642 13,885 $ 47,527 536 — $ 2,653 $ — 5,409 6,695 — $ 9,348 $ 5,945 $ 35,759 15,171 $ 50,930 YEAR ENDED, December 31, 2020 Description: Valuation allowance on foreign net operating losses and other deferred taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YEAR ENDED, December 31, 2021 Description: Valuation allowance on foreign net operating losses and other deferred taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YEAR ENDED, December 31, 2022 Description: Valuation allowance on foreign net operating losses and other deferred taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of Year $ 39,406 12,724 $ 52,130 $ 31,014 12,121 $ 43,135 $ 33,642 13,885 $ 47,527 F-67 (This page has been left blank intentionally.) 

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