Brightcove
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 OR For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-35429 BRIGHTCOVE INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) 281 Summer Street Boston, Massachusetts (Address of principal executive offices) 20-1579162 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 02210 (Zip Code) (888) 882-1880 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share Trading Symbol(s) BCOV Name of Exchange on Which Registered The NASDAQ Global Market Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer  ☒ Non-accelerated filer Emerging growth company    Smaller reporting company  If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No ☒ The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market on June 30, 2023, was $170,229,500. As of February 16, 2024, there were 43,705,444 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates. BRIGHTCOVE INC. Table of Contents Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Cybersecurity Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities [Reserved] Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections PART I. Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 1C. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART IV Item 15. Item 16. Signatures Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary 3 Page 6 14 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 37 49 F-1 51 51 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 58 59 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. Such forward-looking statements include any expectation of earnings, revenue or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; factors that may affect our operating results; statements related to adding employees; statements related to potential benefits of acquisitions; statements related to future capital expenditures; statements related to future economic conditions or performance; statements as to industry trends and other matters that do not relate strictly to historical facts or statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the risks discussed in our other Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, filings. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. Forward- looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may include statements about: • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to achieve profitability; our competitive position and the effect of competition in our industry; our ability to retain and attract new customers; our ability to penetrate existing markets and develop new markets for our offerings; our ability to retain and hire qualified accounting and other personnel; our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses; our ability to protect our intellectual property and operate our business without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others; our ability to maintain the security and reliability of our systems; our estimates with regard to our future performance and total potential market opportunity; our estimates regarding our anticipated results of operations, future revenue, bookings growth, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing; and our goals and strategies, including those related to revenue and bookings growth. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statistical data, estimates, and forecasts from various sources, including independent industry publications and other information from our internal sources. This information is based upon a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such information. While we believe the market and industry data included in this prospectus are reliable and are based on reasonable assumptions, we have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied on therein. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” that could cause results to differ materially. 4 SUMMARY OF THE MATERIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR BUSINESS Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should be aware of in evaluating our business, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section in Part I, Item 1A. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • • • • • We have a history of losses, we may continue to incur losses and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future. Substantially all of our revenue has historically come from a single product, Video Cloud. If we are unable to retain our existing customers, our revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected. Our long-term financial targets are predicated on bookings and revenue growth and operating margin improvements that we may fail to achieve, which could reduce our expected earnings and cause us to fail to meet the expectations of analysts or investors and cause the price of our securities to decline. The actual market for our products and solutions could be significantly smaller than our estimates of our total potential market opportunity, and if customer demand for our offerings does not meet expectations, our ability to generate revenue and meet our financial targets could be adversely affected. Our business is substantially dependent upon the continued growth of the market for on-demand software solutions. Our operating results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which could make them difficult to predict. We operate in a rapidly developing market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects. Our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand the sales of our products to customers located outside of the United States, and thus our business is susceptible to risks associated with international sales and operations. We are impacted by constantly-evolving government and industry regulation of the Internet, data privacy, and cybersecurity, which could directly restrict our business or indirectly affect our business by limiting the growth of our markets. We use cloud computing services facilities to deliver our services, and disruption of service at these facilities could harm our business. The summary risk factors described above should be read together with the text of the full risk factors below, in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and in the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements and the related notes, as well as in other documents that we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. If any such risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks summarized above or described in full below are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. 5  Item 1. Business Overview PART I Brightcove Inc., or Brightcove®, is a global leader in cloud-based streaming technology and services with a vision to be the world's most trusted streaming technology company. Brightcove’s software platform and suite of solutions include a breadth and depth of offerings that meet the needs of media and enterprise customers in a variety of industries across the globe with their use of streaming video, and serve as a guide in optimizing and maturing their streaming strategies. Leading companies across industries rely on our products, solutions, services, and industry expertise to grow their streaming businesses, monetize their content via streaming use-cases, expand and engage their audiences (both external and internal), and reduce the cost and complexity associated with storing, publishing, delivering, distributing, measuring, and monetizing content across streaming channels and devices. With deep industry expertise and an understanding of how streaming video helps generate positive business outcomes, our proven platform combines functionality designed to meet the needs and goals of our customers with the additional flexibility for customers to customize solutions to meet their own unique requirements As of December 31, 2023, we had 2,559 customers in over 60 countries, including many of the world’s leading media companies, broadcasters, digital publishers, sports and entertainment companies, fashion and hospitality brands, faith-based institutions, retail and e-commerce businesses, and technology organizations, as well as government agencies, educational institutions and non-profit organizations. We primarily generate revenue by offering our solutions to customers on a subscription-based, software as a service (SaaS) model. Our revenue has decreased from $211.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $201.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. Substantially all of our revenue has historically been attributable to Brightcove Video Cloud™ (Video Cloud), which is our core video streaming platform, and we expect that revenue from our solutions leveraging Video Cloud will continue to comprise a significant portion of our revenue. The Brightcove Approach We distill our approach into the following focus areas: • • • Commitment to Innovation and Customer Success. We continually invest in research and development to deliver cutting-edge technology, improve our platform and expand the use-cases we cover for customers. By staying at the forefront of the ever-evolving streaming industry, we empower our customers to effectively engage their target audiences with streaming technology and services to achieve their business goals. This commitment is evidenced by Brightcove receiving, in 2023, our tenth Support Staff Excellence award from the Technology & Services Industry Association. As we look toward the future, our focus is on driving innovation and exceeding customer expectations while increasing our own business model flexibility and revenue opportunities. Go-To-Market Strategy. We continue to focus on serving our existing customer base and market, while expanding our array of dedicated resources serving customers at the higher end of the market. We believe many businesses and brands at the higher end of the market are underserved by other vendors in the streaming technology space. We also believe that Brightcove’s technology, broad ecosystem of partnerships, and our professional services team, present differentiated opportunities for businesses and brands to achieve their goals and desired outcomes. Media Focus. Our legacy of serving leading media companies and our commitment to technology innovation to serve the changing market have resulted in Brightcove services that allow media companies to monetize their content through a variety of strategies. These include, but are not limited to, subscription video on demand (SVOD), transactional video on demand (TVOD), advertising-based video on demand (AVOD), and similar models supporting the delivery of live content, such as sports, news, and events, and simulated live experiences, such as free ad- supported streaming (FAST) channels, as well as hybrid models. Our commitment to helping media companies achieve their objectives is also shown through some of our newer, additional offerings, such as: o Engagement Insights, which analyzes billions of viewer interactions to identify meaningful engagement drivers. Our customers can pinpoint the most effective ways to reach new viewers, drive audience engagement, and retain viewers. Leveraging advanced algorithms trained by artificial intelligence (AI), and integrations with leading marketing automation platforms (MAP) and customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, our customers are able to correlate content performance with viewing patterns to build audience segments. Our customers can then tailor their outreach to retain their viewers and maximize the value of their content; 6 o o o o Ad Insights, which measures the impact of ad intensity on viewer engagement, providing detailed reporting on viewer tolerance for ads across dimensions such as player, device, region, and content, and how more frequent or longer duration ad pods are impacting audience engagement. These insights drive optimizations to help our customers maximize ad yields, and works seamlessly with our own Ad Monetization service or any third party ad networks; Cloud Playout and FAST channels, which allow Brightcove customers to launch FAST channels and manage content, programming, and monetization from the Brightcove platform; Quality of Experience (QoE) Insights, which delivers integrated collection and analysis of critical metrics, at scale, as they change over time. QoE Insights uses an advanced algorithm trained by AI to identify impaired video experiences, help pinpoint root causes, measure the impacts on viewer sessions and draw correlations to audience engagement and long-term viewer satisfaction; and Context Aware Encoding (CAE), which is a component within Brightcove’s Zencoder encoding and transcoding product, that uses AI to reduce the cost of storing and streaming video while improving playback quality for viewers. • Enterprise Focus. Our commitment to serving our enterprise customers has resulted in new, use-case-based offerings that deliver bespoke capabilities built on our Video Cloud platform which are designed to help companies leverage video to reach and engage their external and internal audiences, respectively, and drive specific outcomes. We also continue to enhance our offerings and accelerate the breadth of our solutions through integrations that extend the application of video across the enterprise technology ecosystem. Recent examples of this enterprise-focus include: o o o Brightcove Marketing Studio™, which is designed to help marketers extend their video strategy by complementing it with their own marketing technology (martech) investments. With Marketing Studio, our customers can not only manage and publish their video using Brightcove functionality, but can also incorporate their Brightcove-hosted video directly into their martech solution to streamline their processes and expand the reach of their video. For example, customers using Shopify can incorporate video from Brightcove into their e- commerce sites; and customers using Sprnklr and/or Hootsuite can publish video content managed within the Brightcove platform to relevant social media properties. Customers can also connect their MAP or CRM solutions to Brightcove to sync video engagement analytics to allow them to create targeted outbound marketing campaigns. Brightcove Communications Studio™, which provides marketers and corporate communications professionals with a suite of tools to better engage and communicate with their audiences by streaming video through live and on-demand experiences. Communications Studio also makes it easy for professionals to source, review, and approve for publication, employee-generated content from teams across the company by automatically ingesting content from Google Drive or Dropbox folders. Our customers can also use Brightcove’s Gallery offering to provide audiences a modern live or on-demand streaming video experience while tracking viewer engagement with analytics, insights, and interactive elements. Enhancements to Brightcove’s analytics and insights module enables marketers and corporate communications professionals to measure the impact of their streaming video and iterate based on data. Our Essential Insights module enables our customers to gather reporting on usage and content trends across their video library; and Brightcove Interactivity and its analytics capabilities highlight engagement with elements like polls, quizzes, sentiment, and more and provide data on audience engagement and feedback. Market Trends Video platform technologies and services continue to impact the enterprise and media industries and bring forth evolving ways for companies to engage and interact with their customers. We believe the following trends provide a strong opportunity for Brightcove in the years ahead: • Market demand for cloud-based SaaS video solutions is growing. According to data from analyst firm IDC, the worldwide video platforms software market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.0% for the 2022–2027 period, attaining $5.0 billion in revenue in 2027. IDC also expects that most of the market growth over the next five years will come from public cloud-based SaaS solutions. We believe this growth will be driven by the need to: o Deliver more engaging customer experiences via digital channels including the web, mobile apps, connected TVs and social networks; 7 o o Communicate important information to employees, from executive town halls to product/sales training, skills training, and compliance-based training; and Deliver personalized and seamless interactive experiences to customers and partners across a variety of platforms from eCommerce to marketing automation, websites, and video-based training platforms. IDC also believes organizations will continue to invest in video platforms over the coming years — both for internal use (such as workforce readiness, knowledge transfer, enterprise learning and development, course delivery, etc.) and for commercial content that is shared via virtual events or monetized via advertising, subscription, or some other mechanism. (Source: IDC, Worldwide Video Platforms Software Forecast, Doc # US51157923, March 14, 2023) Monetization initiatives through data and analytics are transforming the media industry. According to IDC, compiling an audience data set with attributes that drive content-type decisioning, production, distribution, and monetization is a key differentiator for content creators and programmers. Data collection, management, and analysis are consistently cited as keys to monetization as the industry moves to a direct-to-consumer business model where data is a key metric of success. (Source: IDC, MarketScape Media and Entertainment, Doc # US49647122, June 22, 2023). Cost optimization through technology, services, and support in the Big Media Streaming Market. According to IDC, companies should avoid spending time stitching together and maintaining integrations with a multitude of technology vendors. Customers are challenged to lower operating expenses while maintaining or increasing quality content throughput more efficiently through automated processes and the creation of new or augmented revenue streams to reach sustainable profitability goals. With many large media streaming services experiencing declining year-over-year subscriber growth, we see an opportunity to assist these businesses in moving from an internally sourced and managed streaming tech ecosystem to one sourced with best-in-class third-party technologies. While certain large companies may have the funds to support internal development teams to organically integrate best- of-breed services, others require more support and seek turnkey solutions and even complete managed services for their cloud deployments. (Source: IDC, MarketScape Media and Entertainment, Doc # US49647122, June 22, 2023) Opportunities In the Competitive Landscape. At Brightcove, we view the ever-changing competitive landscape of video-sharing sites, in-house solutions, streaming platforms and a range of other technology providers as an opportunity to constantly evaluate and assess our competitive position and the value of our products and services to the markets we serve. In turn, we push ourselves to innovate to maintain a leading position in our categories. • • • Key Benefits of Our Solutions The following key benefits of our solutions are broadly aligned with and responsive to the market trends described above: • • • Comprehensive, modular and scalable solutions. Our core products and solutions meet a range of streaming video publishing, delivery and distribution needs, and can be integrated with modular technology to create customized workflows that address numerous use cases across a customer’s organization. We offer end-to-end solutions built for media companies, marketers and communicators, as well as modular solutions that customers can license on a stand- alone basis and integrate into their existing workflows. In addition, our multi-tenant architecture enables us to deliver each of our solutions across our customer base with a single version of our software for each product, making it easier to scale our solutions as our customer base and their end user base expands. Easy to use and efficient total cost of ownership. We designed our products to be intuitive and easy to use. We provide reliable, cost-effective, on-demand solutions to our customers, relieving them of the cost, time and resources associated with in-house solutions and enabling them to be up and running quickly after signing with us. Open platforms and extensive ecosystem. Our open platform enables developers to easily access our public-facing APIs and build and manage integrations with our products to meet the requirements of their tech ecosystems. With our professional services offerings, award-winning support teams, and our extensive library of documentation, we help our customers obtain as much value from our platform as possible. The Brightcove Marketplace™, which launched in 2021, is a venue for our customers to discover and connect with our technology partners who specialize in areas such as content creation, fanbase engagement, and specialized-monetization of streaming video assets. The Brightcove Marketplace features several dozen integrations, from leading technologies like Google, Wordpress, Oracle and Adobe, to niche emerging technologies. Our global ecosystem of partners also includes companies like Amazon, Akamai, and Fastly, among others. 8 • • Focus on helping customers achieve business objectives with streaming video. Our customers use our products to achieve critical business objectives such as monetizing content, increasing conversion rates for transactions, engaging audiences, increasing brand awareness and expanding their audiences, driving traffic, increasing viewer engagement on their properties, internal communications, employee training and customer support. We believe our customers view us as a strategic partner in part because our business model is not dependent on building our own audience or generating our own revenue from consumers or end-users. We also take a consultative approach to meet our customers' unique business needs. Our business interests align with our customers' interests, as we each benefit from the success of our customers' streaming strategy. Ongoing customer-driven development. Through our sales engineers, customer success and support teams, product teams and regular outreach from senior leadership, we solicit and capture feedback from our customer base to evaluate and incorporate as enhancements to our solutions. We regularly provide our customers with enhancements to our products. Delivering cloud-based solutions allows us to serve additional customers with little incremental expense and to deploy innovations and best practices quickly and efficiently to our existing customers. Recognition At Brightcove, we are proud of our two Technology and Engineering Emmy® Awards. Furthermore, our products and market strategy are frequently evaluated and recognized in our industry by global industry analyst firms such as Caretta Research, Forrester, Frost and Sullivan, Gartner, and Omdia. In 2023, Brightcove was positioned as a Leader in the IDC MarketScape: Worldwide Media and Entertainment 2023 Vendor Assessment (Doc # US49647122, June 22, 2023), and positioned as a Leader in the Aragon Research Globe for Enterprise Video. Our Platform, Solutions, Products and Services We create technology that helps our customers use streaming video to further their businesses in meaningful ways. We have a core video streaming platform, Video Cloud, and several solutions and products that address particular customer use-cases. We also have a host of additional services which enable Brightcove customers to generate specific outcomes and create their own customized implementations. Our Platform - Brightcove Video Cloud Brightcove Video Cloud is the world’s leading online video streaming platform. It enables our customers to publish, deliver and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. Our innovative technology and intuitive user interface give customers control over a wide range of features and functionality needed to publish and deliver a compelling user experience, including the ability to: • • • • • • • upload videos in various formats for adaptive AI encoding solutions, which maximizes quality and minimizes file size, and deliver videos to myriad operating systems, including web-based experiences, smartphones, tablets, media streaming devices and connected TVs; organize, enhance, and manage their media library by adding in metadata, creating playlists, using AI to enhance content with automated transcription in over 25 languages, and setting rules to define where and when videos can be viewed; rely on fast load times, fast video starts, and easily-configured players, which include built-in support for advertising, analytics and content protection, and provide a consistent cross-platform playback experience; broadcast live video with multiple live streams at different quality levels and renditions that best match each viewer’s available bandwidth, processor utilization and player size; expand audience reach by leveraging the social network of their viewers, including sharing complete videos or video clips through Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube, Twitter (X), LinkedIn, Hootsuite, and other social destinations; grow and monetize their audience with video ad features such as tools for ad insertions and built-in ad server and network integrations; optimize and support online video publishing and distribution strategy through video analytics, which aggregate analytics from owned and operated platforms and distribution platforms, and transform them into insights that drive actionable results using our advanced AI-trained algorithms; 9 • • customize, extend and integrate with our platform through playback, APIs and SDKs to myriad platforms including iOS, tvOS, Android and AndroidTV, Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Samsung, LG, and beyond; and securely stream corporate live and on-demand video communications to audiences on a multitude of devices. Solutions & Products With our ongoing customer-driven development, and informed by the market trends described above, we invest in solutions and products to meet the streaming use cases representative of the industries we serve, including: • • • • • • Brightcove Marketing Studio™, is the streaming video solution designed to accelerate business growth by bridging teams and technology to deliver premium viewing experiences, increase conversions and drive measurable marketing outcomes by increasing brand awareness, engagement and conversion across all aspects of the customer or audience journey; Brightcove Communications Studio™, is for marketers and corporate communications professionals who need tools to deliver information in an engaging, secure and scalable manner through live and on-demand content. Our communications solution combines the power of enterprise-leading streaming technology with the interactivity and data capabilities that modern organizations need to get the most out of their content. With this solution, teams can be confident that audiences understand and engage with their content while tracking that engagement to do more of what is effective; Brightcove Media Studio™, is a comprehensive solution for over-the-top (OTT) video services, media publishers and leading broadcasters looking to monetize their media, live stream at scale and nurture their audience lifecycle. Leveraging programmatic content ingestion, live and VOD workflows, integrated cloud-based encoding, cost- optimized distribution across all devices and platforms, and flexible monetization models such as SVOD, TVOD, AVOD and hybrid, including similar monetization models supporting live content, Brightcove’s end-to-end OTT streaming video platform and modular architecture makes it easy to quickly integrate, onboard and deploy beautiful experiences that engage audiences; Brightcove Audience Insights™, is a customer data platform specifically designed for video streaming businesses. With Brightcove Audience Insights our customers have a unified view into their viewers and subscribers with various out-of-the-box reporting and insights to better understand their viewers' and subscribers' engagement. Brightcove Audience Insights makes it easy for our customers to take action on their video data by using audience segment functionality to improve acquisition and service engagement, and reduce churn; Zencoder® is a cloud-based video encoding service, providing extremely fast, high-quality, and reliable encoding of live and on-demand video and access to highly scalable encoding power without the expense, management, and scalability limitations of traditional hardware and software. Customers are able to integrate Zencoder with a simple API, and manage accounts and encoding jobs from an intuitive online dashboard. Zencoder accepts files in an extensive range of formats and codecs, supports video output to a multitude of devices, and includes tools to support high-quality video output and to adjust and edit video. It is globally distributed and includes advanced security features; and Brightcove Beacon®, is a purpose-built app platform that enables our customers to launch premium OTT video streaming experiences quickly and cost-effectively across mobile, web, smart TVs and connected TVs, with the flexibility of multiple monetization models. It allows customers to curate and deliver content to their audience segments, automate the curation of playlists and carousels, securely store and deliver content with DRM protection, automate content availability windows, and configure VOD and live content offerings for any demographic changes that occur throughout the day or week. Customers can also manage viewers with a frictionless viewer registration experience, and offer viewer profiles to maintain watch history and preferences and manage stream concurrency and account sharing. Through Brightcove Beacon, customers can also gather insights on viewer behavior to inform their decisions about programming, layout, and monetization. Services to support Brightcove customers • Ad Monetization. Brightcove Ad Monetization is our monetization service for organizations that want to generate revenue with an advertising strategy. Using the latest yield optimization tools, we support both live and on-demand monetization through strategic integrations, industry expertise, and insights that combine both player and ad data. For all VOD, live and FAST content, the flexibility of our Ad Monetization supports organizations throughout their 10 • • • • • advertising initiatives whether they have Brightcove take on full stack of inventory or are interested in having us supplement unsold inventory. Professional Services. While our products are easy for customers to use and deploy without any additional specialized services, we offer a range of professional services for customers who seek customization of our products, need assistance with their implementations, require assistance with the integration of our products with in-house or third-party applications, or need managed services where we would operate streaming technology and/or content operations on their behalf. These professional services are priced on a retainer, time and materials, or a per project basis and include projects such as content migrations from other vendors or in-house solutions, video player enhancements, mobile and connected TV app development, the creation of web pages optimized for streaming, and customization of virtual event experiences. Brightcove Marketplace. The Brightcove Marketplace™ features several dozen integrations to leading technology providers that support the myriad use cases of our customers and prospects. Our teams continuously explore new integration opportunities to ensure our customers have access to the latest technology tools that help them maximize their use of the Brightcove platform by connecting it across the tools and systems they use to run their businesses. Customer Success, Support, and Documentation. Our customer success and customer support teams are involved from the very beginning of a customer’s journey with Brightcove, leveraging our teams’ global presence to engage with customers through multiple touchpoints and develop close customer relationships that have led to best-in-class CSAT scores. Our dedicated customer success team offers customized onboarding and related services to new and existing customers to help with technology setup and adoption, and maximizing the value of our products and services to help customers reach their business goals. This team is focused on ongoing customer success with our platform as well as maintaining consistent, positive engagement. Customer support from our TSIA-certified team is included for all of our products, and provides customers access to our support team via a web portal. Customers who upgrade to premium editions of our support packages gain additional features such as faster response times, access to a dedicated Customer Success representative, additional contact options, dedicated live event support, live channel monitoring, and 24x7x365 support. Customers also have access to our library of support documentation spanning our entire portfolio of products, which is updated regularly in connection with feature enhancements, new releases, and other product updates. Training. We offer free basic online training to registered users of our products. We also offer customized, onsite training for customers that is priced on a per engagement basis. Video.js and Developer Solutions. Brightcove is the corporate shepherd of the Video.js community. Video.js has been a staple of the open-source video player technology space and has seen substantial adoption across hundreds of thousands of websites and tens of thousands of organizations spanning the globe. With numerous APIs, SDKs and a robust ecosystem of open-source plugins, developers can customize Video.js players to deliver the multi-platform stability and customizability that companies and their developers rely on. Editions Our products are generally offered to customers on a subscription-based SaaS model, with varying levels of usage entitlements, support and functionality that depend on the business use case of our customers. Our customers generally pay us a monthly or annual subscription fee for access to our products. This model allows our customers to scale their level of investment and usage based on the size and complexity of their needs. Our Video Cloud Express edition, which targets small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and our Zencoder customers on month-to-month contracts or pay-as-you-go contracts, are considered volume customers. All other customers are considered premium customers. Sales and Marketing We sell our products and services primarily through our global direct sales organization. Our sales team is organized by the following geographic regions: Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Japan. In the Middle East and India, we generate sales primarily through partner channels. We further organize our go-to-market approach by focusing our sales and marketing teams on selling to organizations in a wide range of industries: Enterprise organizations who use video to sell their products and services and/or engage with their employees and other stakeholders, and Media organizations who use our platform and solutions to monetize their content. 11 We also generate sales through a comprehensive channel partner program that includes: referral partners, solution partners, managed service providers, and resellers. Our ability to grow and maintain a global, diverse set of quality channel partners extends our market reach, which allows us to meet the specific nuances of local markets around the world, and reduces our overall cost of sales. Additionally, we sell some of our Zencoder products online through our website. We generate customer leads, accelerate sales opportunities and build brand awareness through our marketing programs. Our marketing programs target executives, technology professionals and senior business leaders. Our marketing programs typically target specific geographies and industry segments. Our principal marketing programs include: public relations and social media; online event marketing activities, direct email, search engine marketing and display ads and blogs; field marketing events for customers and prospects; participation in, and sponsorship of, user conferences, trade shows and industry events; use of our website to provide product and organization information, as well as learning opportunities for potential customers; cooperative marketing efforts with partners, including joint press announcements, joint trade show activities, channel marketing campaigns and joint seminars; telemarketing and lead generation representatives who respond to incoming leads to convert them into new sales opportunities; and customer programs, including user meetings and our online customer community. • • • • • • • • Operations We have relationships with a number of third-party cloud computing platforms to assist in providing our products and services to customers. We use AWS and other third-party platforms to provide cloud-based computing and storage services to our customers. We believe that our agreements with these platforms are based on competitive market terms and conditions, including service level commitments. We take advantage of this geographically dispersed, third-party, cloud computing capacity to improve the responsiveness of our service and lower network latency for our customers. Media delivery to end users, including video, audio, images and JavaScript components, is served primarily through content delivery network (CDN) providers, including Akamai, Fastly, and AWS Cloudfront. We believe our agreements with our CDN providers are based on competitive market terms and conditions, including service level commitments from these CDN providers. Intellectual Property With our continued investment in innovation and through the diligent work of our team members, we continue to seek protection for our intellectual property. We rely primarily on a combination of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology, confidential information, business strategies and brands. We also believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our employees coupled with the creation of new features, functionality and products are essential to establishing and maintaining a technology leadership position. We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and confidentiality agreements with other third parties, and we rigorously control access to our proprietary technology. In the United States, we have 60 issued and/or allowed patents and 2 patent applications pending. Internationally, we have 56 issued and/or allowed patents and we are currently pursuing 18 patent applications, including one patent application undergoing examination at the European Patent Office. We also have a number of registered trademarks in the United States and 12 certain non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as “BRIGHTCOVE”, “ZENCODER”, and our logo. We may apply for registrations of other marks, and/or registration in additional jurisdictions, to the extent we determine such coverage is appropriate and cost-effective. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop products with the same functionality as our solutions. Policing unauthorized use of our technology is difficult and expensive. Our competitors could also independently develop technologies equivalent to ours, and our intellectual property rights may not be broad enough for us to prevent competitors from selling products incorporating those technologies. Competition We compete with video-sharing sites, in-house solutions, other streaming technology platforms and a broad range of other technology providers. Some of our actual and potential competitors may enjoy competitive advantages over us, such as larger marketing budgets and larger sales teams, as well as greater financial, technical and other resources. The overall markets for our products are fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We expect that the competitive landscape will change as our markets continue to consolidate and mature. We believe the principal competitive factors in our industry include the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • total cost of ownership; breadth and depth of product functionality; ability to innovate and respond to customer needs rapidly; level of resources and investment in sales, marketing, product and technology; ease of deployment and use of solutions; level of integration into existing workflows and configurability; scalability and reliability; customer service; brand awareness and reputation; ability to integrate with third-party applications and technologies; size and scale of provider; and size of customer base and level of user adoption. The mix of factors relevant in any given situation varies with regard to each prospective customer. We believe we compete favorably with respect to all of these factors. Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer a more comprehensive service than we do. These combinations may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, sales and marketing programs, technology or service functionality. We expect these challenges to continue as organizations attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions. Research and Development We have focused our research and development efforts on maintaining a leading streaming platform that is reliable, scalable, and open; cultivating an intelligent cloud-based platform powered by AI; and leveraging our video and audience insights to provide value to our customers in the form of tangible solutions. We have expanded, and will continue to expand the functionality, scalability, and security of our products and enhance their ease of use, and we continue to invest in creating new product offerings. We continue to expand on providing business intelligence regarding our customers' content by focusing on data strategies and insights, while also improving the processing and transcoding of media, and the efficient delivery of media to our customers' viewers. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we intend to continue to lead in the development of new technologies, regularly release new features and functionality, expand our product offerings and upgrade and extend our service offerings. Over the long term, we believe that research and development expenses as a percentage of revenue will decrease, but will vary depending upon the mix of revenue from new and existing products, features and functionality, as well as changes in the technology that our products must support. 13 Human Capital Resources Brightcove employees are a team of smart, passionate and innovative people who are revolutionizing the way organizations stream video. As of December 31, 2023, we had 671 employees, of which 301 were located in the United States and 370 were located outside of the United States. None of our United States employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement and we have not experienced any work stoppages. We have a high degree of employee engagement, as demonstrated through participation in employee surveys, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. We have built a culture around three core values, all of which guide us in delivering at the highest level on behalf of our customers: Execution, Innovation, and One Team. We recognize that maintaining our culture and realizing these values depends on our ability to attract, develop, and retain talent. To that end, we offer high quality benefits, including work-from-home flexibility and wellness initiatives, which take into account the diversity of our employees’ lifestyles and needs. Our leadership speaks with transparency at regular all-employee town hall meetings, and we create opportunities for employee feedback, including through engagement surveys. Leveraging the power of our own solutions, we host company-wide virtual events, provide a comprehensive library of training videos to all employees, as well as targeted training to our leadership team. We are committed to diversity at all levels of our organization, from our Board of Directors, where three of our directors identify as female, to our employees. We have established hiring processes, training, and partnerships with organizations to drive diversity and inclusion among our workforce. Programs such as our employee resource groups provide community and support for our employees. Government Regulations Information about segment and geographic revenue is set forth in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are a global company based in the U.S., and are therefore subject to foreign laws governing our foreign operations, as well as U.S. laws that restrict trade and certain practices, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. We are also subject to domestic and foreign laws that affect companies conducting business on the internet, including laws relating to the liability of providers of online services. We may also be subject to laws concerning the videos our customers publish using the Brightcove service. In the U.S., we rely on laws that limit the liability of online providers for third-party content, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA) and Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996. Countries outside the U.S. generally do not provide protections that are as robust as those under the DMCA and Section 230. We process a limited amount of personal information from our customers and those who view the videos they share using our platform. As a result, we are subject to laws and regulations governing privacy and data security in the U.S. and worldwide, such as Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the EU’s General Data Protection Law (EU GDPR), the UK General Data Protection Law (UK GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), as amended, and other state privacy laws. Corporate & Available Information We were founded in 2004, and our principal executive offices are located at 281 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210. Our telephone number is (888) 882-1880. Our website address is www.brightcove.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10- K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through the investor relations page of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information that is posted on or is accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC. Alternatively, these reports may be accessed at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Inclusions of website addresses in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are inactive textual references only. Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully review the risk factors described below and those described in other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in evaluating our business. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward- looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and 14 Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment. Risks related to our business We have a history of losses, we may continue to incur losses and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future. We have historically incurred significant losses in each fiscal year other than for the year ended December 31, 2021, including a consolidated net loss of $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and a consolidated net loss of $22.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. These losses were due to the substantial investments we made to build our products and services, grow and maintain our business and acquire customers. Key elements of our growth strategy include acquiring new customers and continuing to innovate and build our brand. As a result, we expect our operating expenses to increase in the future due to expected increased sales and marketing expenses, operations costs, research and development costs and general and administrative costs and, therefore, our operating income may potentially decrease in the foreseeable future. In addition, as a public company we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. Furthermore, to the extent that we are successful in increasing our customer base, we will also incur increased expenses because costs associated with generating and supporting customer agreements are generally incurred up front, while revenue is generally recognized ratably over the committed term of the agreement. You should not rely upon our recent bookings or revenue growth as indicative of our future performance. We cannot assure you that we will sustain profitability in the future. If we are ultimately unable to continue generating sufficient revenue to meet our financial targets, remain profitable and have sustainable positive cash flows, investors could lose their investment. Substantially all of our revenue has historically come from a single product, Video Cloud. We have historically been substantially dependent on revenue from a single product, Video Cloud, and we expect that revenue from Video Cloud will continue to comprise a significant portion of our revenue. Our business would be harmed by a decline in the market for Video Cloud, increased competition in the market for online video streaming platforms, or our failure or inability to provide sufficient investment to support Video Cloud as needed to maintain or grow its competitive position, including expanding our other solutions and products that address particular customer use-cases. If we are unable to retain our existing customers, our revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected. We sell our products pursuant to subscription agreements that are generally for annual terms. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions after their subscription period expires, and we have experienced losses of customers that elected not to renew, in some cases, for reasons beyond our control. For example, our largest customer during 2020 faced bankruptcy and, as a result, we lost substantially all of the revenue we expected to generate from this customer in 2020. In addition, even if subscriptions are renewed, they may not be renewed on the same or on more profitable terms. As a result, our ability to retain our existing customers and grow depends in part on subscription renewals. We may not be able to accurately predict future trends in customer renewals, and our customers’ renewal rates have and may continue to fluctuate because of several factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our services, the cost of our services and the cost of services offered by our competitors, a customer’s ability to build a video streaming solution in-house, reductions in our customers’ spending levels or the introduction by competitors of attractive features and functionality. If our customer retention rate decreases, we may need to increase the rate at which we add new customers in order to maintain and grow our revenue, which may require us to incur significantly higher sales and marketing expenses than we currently anticipate, or our revenue may decline. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions for our services, renew on less favorable terms, or do not purchase additional solutions or subscriptions, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected or decline, and our profitability and gross margins may be harmed or affected. The actual market for our products and solutions could be significantly smaller than our estimates of our total potential market opportunity, and if customer demand for our offerings does not meet expectations, our ability to generate revenue and meet our financial targets could be adversely affected. While we expect strong growth in the markets for our products and solutions, it is possible that the growth in some or all of these markets may not meet our expectations, or materialize at all. The methodology on which our estimate of our total potential market opportunity is based includes several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge and customer experience. If any of these assumptions proves to be inaccurate, then the actual market for our solutions could be significantly smaller than our estimates of our total potential market opportunity. If the customer demand for our offerings or the adoption rate in our target markets does not meet our expectations, our ability to generate revenue from customers and meet our financial targets could be adversely affected. 15 Our long term financial targets are predicated on bookings and revenue growth and operating margin improvements that we may fail to achieve, which could reduce our expected earnings and cause us to fail to meet the expectations of analysts or investors and cause the price of our securities to decline. We are projecting long-term bookings and revenue growth. Our projections are based on the expected growth potential in our premium customer base, as well as the market for on-demand software solutions generally. We may not achieve the expected bookings and revenue growth if the markets we serve do not grow at expected rates, if customers do not purchase or renew subscriptions as we expect, and/or if we are not able to deliver products desired by customers and potential customers. Our long- term operating margin improvement targets are predicated on operating leverage as long term revenue increases and improved operating efficiencies from moving to additional cloud-based delivery of services, together with lower cost of goods sold, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue. If operating margins do not improve, our earnings could be adversely affected and the price of our securities could decline. Our business is substantially dependent upon the continued growth of the market for on-demand software solutions. We derive, and expect to continue to derive, substantially all of our revenue from the sale of our on-demand solutions. As a result, widespread acceptance and use of the on-demand business model is critical to our future growth and success. Under the perpetual or periodic license model for software procurement, users of the software would typically install and operate the applications on their hardware. Because many companies are generally predisposed to maintaining control of their information technology, or IT, systems and infrastructure, there may be resistance to the concept of accessing software as a service provided by a third party. In addition, the market for on-demand software solutions is still evolving, and competitive dynamics may cause pricing levels to change as the market matures and as existing and new market participants introduce new types of solutions and different approaches to enable organizations to address their technology needs. As a result, we may be forced to reduce the prices we charge for our products and may be unable to renew existing customer agreements or enter into new customer agreements at the same prices and upon the same terms that we have historically. If the market for on-demand software solutions fails to grow, grows more slowly than we currently anticipate or evolves and forces us to reduce the prices we charge for our products, our bookings growth, revenue, gross margin and other operating results could be materially adversely affected. Our operating results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which could make them difficult to predict. Our quarterly operating results are tied to certain financial and operational metrics that have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future. As a result, you should not rely upon our past quarterly operating results as indicators of future performance. Our operating results depend on numerous factors, many of which are outside of our control. In addition to the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, the following risks could cause our operating results to fluctuate: • • • • • • • • our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers; the rates at which our customers renew and the pricing tier at which they renew; the amount of revenue generated from our customers’ use of our products or services in excess of their committed contractual entitlements; the timing and amount of costs of new and existing sales and marketing efforts; the timing and amount of operating costs and capital expenditures relating to the expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure; the cost and timing of the development and introduction of new product and service offerings by us or our competitors; macroeconomic trends, and impacts on the national and global economies due to natural disasters, acts of terrorism, social upheaval, governmental instability, or public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; system or service failures (including service failures from third party providers on which we rely), security breaches or network downtime. We operate in a rapidly developing market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects. The market for our products and services is rapidly developing, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including those related to: • market acceptance of our current and future products and services; 16 • • • • • • • • • • • customer renewal rates; our ability to compete with other companies that are currently in, or may in the future enter, the market for our products; our ability to compete with customers or prospective customers that develop in-house solutions instead of purchasing our products; our ability to successfully expand our business, especially internationally; our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses; the amount and timing of operating expenses, particularly sales and marketing expenses, related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure; network outages or security breaches and any associated expenses; foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; write-downs, impairment charges or unforeseen liabilities in connection with acquisitions; our ability to successfully manage acquisitions; and general economic and political conditions in our domestic and international markets. If we do not manage these risks successfully, our business will be harmed. Our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand the sales of our products to customers located outside of the United States, and thus our business is susceptible to risks associated with international sales and operations. We currently maintain offices and have sales personnel in Australia, France, Germany, India, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, and we intend to expand our international operations. Any international expansion efforts that we may undertake may not be successful. In addition, conducting international operations subjects us to new risks that we have not generally faced in the United States. These risks include: • • • • • • • • • • • unexpected costs and errors in the localization of our products, including translation into foreign languages and adaptation for local practices and regulatory requirements; lack of familiarity with and burdens of complying with foreign laws, legal standards, regulatory requirements, tariffs, and other barriers; unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or other trade restrictions; difficulties in managing systems integrators and technology partners; differing technology standards; longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable; difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and differing employer/employee relationships; fluctuations in exchange rates that may increase the volatility of our foreign-based revenue; potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax (or other tax) systems and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings; uncertain political and economic climates, international disputes, wars (such as the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and in Israel and Gaza), political instability or terrorist activities and resulting economic instability; and reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries. These factors may cause our costs of doing business in these geographies to exceed our comparable domestic costs. Operating in international markets also requires significant management attention and financial resources. Any negative impact from our international business efforts could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition as a whole. We must keep up with rapid technological change to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving industry. 17 Our markets are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product and service introductions and evolving industry standards. Our future success will depend on our ability to adapt quickly to rapidly changing technologies, to adapt our services and products to evolving industry standards and to improve the performance and reliability of our services and products. To achieve market acceptance for our products, we must effectively anticipate and offer products that meet changing customer demands in a timely manner. Customers may require features and functionality that our current products do not have. If we fail to develop products that satisfy customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner, our ability to renew our contracts with existing customers and our ability to create or increase demand for our products will be harmed. We may experience difficulties with software development, industry standards, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or implementation of new products and enhancements. The introduction of new products by competitors, the emergence of new industry standards or the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings could render our existing or future products obsolete. If we are unable to successfully develop or acquire new features and functionality, enhance our existing products to anticipate and meet customer requirements or sell our products into new markets, our bookings growth, revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected. We face significant competition and may be unsuccessful against current and future competitors. If we do not compete effectively, our operating results and future growth could be harmed. We compete with video sharing sites, in-house solutions, online video platforms and certain niche technology providers, as well as larger companies that offer multiple services, including those that may be used as substitute services for our products. Competition is already intense in these markets and, with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect competition to further intensify in the future. In addition, some of our competitors may make acquisitions, be acquired, or enter into strategic relationships to offer a more comprehensive service than we do. These combinations may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively. We expect these trends to continue as competitors attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions. Demand for our services is sensitive to price. Many factors, including our marketing, customer acquisition and technology costs, commoditization of our products and services and our current and future competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, can significantly affect our pricing strategies. There can be no assurance that we will not be forced to engage in price-cutting initiatives, or to increase our marketing and other expenses to attract and retain customers in response to competitive pressures, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, operating results and resources. We will likely encounter significant, growing competition in our business from many sources, including portals and digital media retailers, search engines, social networking and consumer-sharing services companies, broadband media distribution platforms, technology suppliers, direct broadcast satellite television service companies and digital and traditional cable systems. Many of our present and likely future competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, technological and other resources than we do. Some of these companies may even choose to offer services competitive with ours at no cost as a strategy to attract or retain customers of their other services. Technological and commercial developments may lead to the increasing commoditization of our products and services, including content delivery and storage, further increasing downward pressure on the prices we can charge. If we are unable to compete successfully with traditional and other emerging providers of competing services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Weakened global economic conditions may harm our industry, business and results of operations. Our overall performance depends in part on worldwide economic conditions. Global financial developments and downturns seemingly unrelated to us or the software industry may harm us. The U.S. and other key international economies have been affected from time to time by falling demand for a variety of goods and services, restricted credit, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies, inflation and overall uncertainty with respect to the economy, including with respect to tariff and trade issues. In particular, the economies of countries in Europe have been experiencing weakness associated with high sovereign debt levels, weakness in the banking sector, uncertainty over the future of the Euro zone and volatility in the value of the pound sterling and the Euro, and instability resulting from the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in Israel and Gaza. The effect of the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and in Israel and Gaza, including any resulting sanctions, export controls or other restrictive actions that may be imposed against governmental or other entities in, for example, Russia and the Middle East, have in the past contributed and may in the future contribute to disruption, instability and volatility in the global markets. We have operations, as well as current and potential new customers in Europe. If economic conditions in Europe and other key markets for our platform continue to remain uncertain or deteriorate further, it could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to subscribe to our platform, delay prospective 18 customers’ purchasing decisions, reduce the value or duration of their subscriptions or affect renewal rates, all of which could harm our operating results. More recently, inflation rates, particularly in the U.S., have increased and may continue to remain at elevated levels or further rise, which may result in decreased demand for our products and services, increases in our operating costs including our labor costs, constrained credit and liquidity, reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets. Central banks worldwide, including the Federal Reserve in the U.S., have in the past raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns over inflation rates. There continues to be uncertainty in the changing market and economic conditions, including the possibility of additional measures that could be taken by the Federal Reserve and other domestic and foreign government agencies, related to concerns over inflation risk. The effects of a pandemic, epidemic, outbreak of an infectious disease or public health crises have in the past and could again, materially affect how we and our customers operate our respective businesses, and impact our future results of operations and overall financial performance. Our business could be adversely affected by health crises in regions where we operate or otherwise do business. For example, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease, or COVID-19, and the policies and regulations implemented in response thereto, had a significant impact, both directly and indirectly, on global business and commerce (including our business and that of our customers and suppliers) such as labor disruptions and supply chain shortages that continued even after the pandemic had subsided and restrictive policies and regulations had been lifted. Other global health concerns could also result in social, economic and labor instability in the countries in which we or the third parties with whom we engage operate. These could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase our offerings, delay prospective customers’ purchasing decisions, increase pressure for pricing discounts, lengthen payment terms, reduce the value or duration of their subscription contracts, increase customer attrition rates, or attend our events, all of which could adversely affect our future sales, operating results and overall financial performance, and heighten the effects of other risk factors described herein. Risks related to our operations We depend on the experience and expertise of our executive officers, senior management team and key technical employees, and the loss of any key employee could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success depends upon the continued service of our executive officers, senior management team and key technical employees, as well as our ability to continue to attract and retain additional highly qualified personnel. Each of our executive officers, senior management team, key technical personnel and other employees could terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. The loss of any member of our senior management team or key personnel might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could materially harm our business and our customer relationships. Robert Noreck will step down from his position as our Chief Financial Officer (CFO) effective as of the earlier of May 31, 2024 and the appointment of a successor CFO, and he will thereafter serve as a consultant, assisting with the transition of his responsibilities until September 30, 2024, at which time Mr. Noreck’s services to us will terminate. The Board has an active search process underway to select our next CFO, however, leadership transitions can be inherently difficult to manage, and if we are unable to attract and retain a qualified candidate for the CFO position in a timely manner or we have an inadequate transition of our CFO, it may cause disruption to our business, including to our relationships with customers, vendors and employees. In addition, because of the nature of our business, the loss of any significant number of our existing engineering, project management and sales personnel could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in our business and operations, as well as organizational changes, have placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and infrastructure. If we fail to manage these changes effectively and successfully recruit additional highly-qualified employees, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or address competitive challenges adequately. Our business, headcount and operations have grown, both domestically and internationally, since our inception. In addition, we have seen organizational changes during that time, including the addition of several new members to our senior leadership team in the past several years, including our CEO. These organizational changes have placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure. While we expect to continue to grow headcount and operations over the long-term, we took an action in March 2023 to restructure certain parts of the Company with the intent of aligning skills with the Company’s strategy and facilitating cost efficiencies and savings, which included certain headcount reductions. Then, on April 28, 2023, we authorized a restructuring that was designed to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and focus on key growth and strategic priorities (the "Plan") including a reduction of the Company's workforce by approximately 10%. In January 2024, we continued to restructure certain parts of our operations with the intent of 19 aligning skills with the Company’s strategy and facilitating cost efficiencies and savings, which also resulted in more limited headcount reductions. We may be unable to effectively manage these organizational changes, or other changes we may make in the future, which could result in difficulty or delays in delivering our products and services to customers, declines in quality or customer satisfaction, increases in costs, difficulties in introducing new products and services or enhancing existing products and services, reputational harm, difficulty in attracting new talent and retaining existing employees, loss of customers, or operational difficulties in executing sales strategies, any of which could adversely affect our business performance and operating results. Our success will depend in part upon the ability of our senior leadership team to manage the Company effectively. To do so, we must continue to recruit, hire, train, manage and integrate a significant number of qualified managers, technical personnel and employees in specialized roles within our company, including in technology, sales and marketing. If our new employees perform poorly, or if we are unsuccessful in recruiting, hiring, training, managing and integrating these new employees, or retaining these or our existing employees, our business may suffer. In addition, to manage the future growth of our business, headcount, operations and geographic expansion, we will need to continue to improve our information technology infrastructure, operational, financial and management systems and procedures. Our expected capital investments and future headcount increases will increase our costs, which will make it more difficult for us to address any future revenue shortfalls by reducing expenses in the short term. If we fail to successfully manage organizational changes or future growth we will be unable to successfully execute our business plan, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our restructuring efforts and associated organizational changes may not adequately reduce our operating costs or improve operating margins, may lead to additional workforce attrition, and may cause operational disruptions. We have incurred charges in connection with our restructuring efforts, including $2.4 million in connection with the Plan, and our restructuring efforts may yield unintended consequences and costs, such as the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, employee attrition beyond our intended reduction in force, a reduction in morale among our remaining employees, greater-than-anticipated costs incurred in connection with implementing the restructuring efforts, and the risk that we may not achieve the benefits from the restructuring efforts to the extent or as quickly as we anticipate, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. These restructuring initiatives could place substantial demands on our management and employees, which could lead to the diversion of our management’s and employees’ attention from other business priorities. In addition, while certain positions have been eliminated in connection with the restructuring efforts, certain functions necessary to our reduced operations remain, and we may be unsuccessful in distributing the duties and obligations of departed employees among our remaining employees or to external service providers, which could result in disruptions to our operations. We may also discover that the workforce reduction and other restructuring efforts will make it difficult for us to pursue new opportunities and initiatives and require us to hire qualified replacement personnel, which may require us to incur additional and unanticipated costs and expenses. We may further discover that, despite the implementation of our restructuring efforts, we may require additional capital to continue expanding our business, and we may be unable to obtain such capital on acceptable terms, if at all. Our failure to successfully accomplish any of the above activities and goals may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Potential future acquisitions could be difficult to integrate, divert the attention of key personnel, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and impair our financial results. As part of our business strategy, we may continue to consider acquisitions of companies, technologies and products that we believe could accelerate our ability to compete in our core markets or allow us to enter new markets. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including: • • • • • • • difficulties in integrating the technologies, products, operations and existing contracts of a target company and realizing the anticipated benefits of the combined businesses; difficulties in integrating the personnel of a target company; difficulties in supporting and transitioning customers, if any, of a target company; diversion of financial and management resources from existing operations; the price we pay or other resources that we devote may exceed the value we realize, or the value we could have realized if we had allocated the purchase price or other resources to another opportunity; risks of entering new markets in which we have limited or no experience; potential loss of key employees, customers and strategic alliances from either our current business or a target company’s business; and 20 • inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs. Acquisitions also frequently result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets which are subject to potential impairments in the future that could harm our financial results. In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders may be diluted. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate acquisitions or investments, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such acquisitions, and we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate. The failure to successfully evaluate and execute acquisitions or investments or otherwise adequately address these risks could materially harm our business and financial results. We may experience delays in product and service development, including delays beyond our control, which could prevent us from achieving our growth objectives and hurt our business. Many of the problems, delays and expenses we may encounter may be beyond our control. Such problems may include, but are not limited to, problems related to the technical development of our products and services, problems with the infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media, including those from third party providers on which we rely, the competitive environment in which we operate, marketing problems, consumer acceptance and costs and expenses that may exceed current estimates. Problems, delays or expenses in any of these areas could have a negative impact on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. Delays in the timely design, development, deployment and commercial operation of our product and service offerings, and consequently the achievement of our revenue targets and positive cash flow, could result from a variety of causes, including many causes that are beyond our control. Such delays include, but are not limited to, delays in the integration of new offers into our existing offering, changes to our products and services made to correct or enhance their features, performance or marketability or in response to regulatory developments or otherwise, delays encountered in the development, integration or testing of our products and services and the infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media and other systems, unsuccessful commercial launches of new products and services, delays in our ability to obtain financing, insufficient or ineffective marketing efforts and slower-than-anticipated consumer acceptance of our products. Delays in any of these matters could hinder or prevent our achievement of our growth objectives and hurt our business. Risks related to our intellectual property and third-parties Our business may be adversely affected by third-party claims, including by governmental bodies, regarding the content and advertising distributed through our service. We rely on our customers to secure the rights to redistribute content over the Internet, and we do not screen the content that is distributed through our service. There is no assurance that our customers have licensed all rights necessary for distribution, including Internet distribution. Other parties may claim certain rights in the content of our customers. In the event that our customers do not have the necessary distribution or publicity rights related to content, we may be required to cease distributing such content, or we may be subject to lawsuits and claims of damages for infringement of such rights. If these claims arise with frequency, the likelihood of our business being adversely affected would rise significantly. In some cases, we may have rights to indemnification or claims against our customers if they do not have appropriate distribution rights related to specific content items, however there is no assurance that we would be successful in any such claim. We operate an “open” publishing platform and do not screen the content that is distributed through our service. Content may be distributed through our platform that is illegal or unlawful under international, federal, state or local laws or the laws of other countries. In the event that our customers distribute content that is deemed illegal, we would be required to cease distributing such content. We may face lawsuits, claims or even criminal charges for such distribution, and we may be subject to civil, regulatory or criminal sanctions and damages for such distribution. Any such claims or investigations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights. In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. Companies providing Internet-related products and services are increasingly bringing and becoming subject to suits alleging infringement of proprietary rights, particularly patent rights. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims, some of whom have sent letters to and/or filed suit alleging infringement against us and some of our customers. From time to time, third parties claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. We could incur substantial costs in prosecuting or defending any intellectual property litigation. 21 Additionally, the defense or prosecution of claims could be time-consuming, and could divert our management’s attention away from the execution of our business plan. Moreover, any settlement or adverse judgment resulting from a claim could require us to pay substantial amounts or obtain a license to continue to use the technology that is the subject of the claim, or otherwise restrict or prohibit our use of the technology. There can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain a license from the third party asserting the claim on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, that we would be able to develop alternative technology on a timely basis, if at all, or that we would be able to obtain a license to use a suitable alternative technology to permit us to continue offering, and our customers to continue using, our affected product or service. In addition, we may be required to indemnify our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase the cost to us. An adverse determination could also prevent us from offering our products or services to others. Infringement claims asserted against us may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our agreements with customers often include contractual obligations to indemnify them against claims that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties. The results of any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may force us to do one or more of the following: • • • • cease selling or using products or services that incorporate the challenged intellectual property; make substantial payments for costs or damages; obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms, to sell or use the relevant technology; or redesign those products or services to avoid infringement. If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual property infringement claims against us or any obligation to indemnify our customers for such claims, such payments or costs could have a material adverse effect upon our business and financial results. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could substantially harm our business and operating results. Because our business depends substantially on our intellectual property, the protection of our intellectual property rights is important to the success of our business. We rely upon a combination of trademark, patent, trade secret and copyright law and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. These afford only limited protection. Despite our efforts to protect our property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products, service, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. Moreover, policing our proprietary rights is difficult and may not always be effective. In addition, we may need to enforce our rights under the laws of countries that do not protect proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States. Litigation or proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other governmental authorities and administrative bodies in the United States and abroad may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our patent rights, trade secrets, trademarks and domain names, and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation or proceedings may be very costly and impact our financial performance. We may also incur substantial costs defending against frivolous litigation or be asked to indemnify our customers against the same. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights may prove to be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could substantially harm our operating results. Our exposure to risks associated with the use of intellectual property may increase as a result of acquisitions, as we have less opportunity to have visibility into the development process with respect to acquired technology or the care taken to safeguard against infringement risks. Third parties may make infringement and similar or related claims after we have acquired technology that had not been asserted prior to our acquisition. Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information. We have devoted substantial resources to the development of our technology, business operations and business plans. In order to protect our trade secrets and proprietary information, we rely in significant part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, licensees, independent contractors, advisers and customers. These agreements may not be effective to prevent disclosure of confidential information, including trade secrets, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we would not be able to assert trade secret rights against such parties. To the extent that our 22 employees and others with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Laws regarding trade secret rights in certain markets in which we operate may afford little or no protection to our trade secrets. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the trade secret and other intellectual property laws in any country in which we operate may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. Our use of “open source” software could negatively affect our ability to sell our services and subject us to possible litigation. A portion of the technology licensed by us incorporates “open source” software, and we may incorporate or use open source software in the future. Such open source software is generally licensed by its authors or other third parties under open source licenses. If we fail to comply with these licenses, we may be subject to certain conditions, including requirements that we offer our services that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open source software and that we license such modifications or alterations under the terms of the particular open source license. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our services that contained the open source software and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of some of our services. There is no assurance that the current cost of Internet connectivity and network access will not rise with the increasing popularity of online media services. We rely on third-party service providers for our principal connections to the Internet and network access, and to deliver media to consumers. As demand for online media increases, there can be no assurance that Internet and network service providers will continue to price their network access services on reasonable terms. The distribution of online media requires delivery of digital content files and providers of network access and distribution may change their business models and increase their prices significantly, which could slow the widespread adoption of such services. In order for our services to be successful, there must be a reasonable price model in place to allow for the continuous distribution of digital media files. We have limited or no control over the extent to which any of these circumstances may occur, and if network access or distribution prices rise, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be adversely affected. Failure of our infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media could adversely affect our business. Our success as a business depends, in large part, on our ability to provide a consistently high-quality digital experience to consumers via our relationships and infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media generally. There is no guarantee that our relationships and infrastructure will not experience problems or other performance issues, which could seriously impair the quality and reliability of our delivery of digital media to end users. For example, we primarily use three content delivery networks, or CDNs, to deliver content to end users. If one or more of these CDNs were to experience sustained technical failures or other significant disruptions, it could cause delays in our service and we could lose customers. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our customers could experience service outages or service degradation that may subject us to financial penalties and liabilities and result in customer losses. In the past we have, on limited occasions, suffered temporary interruptions of certain aspects of our service, including our customers’ ability to upload new content into our system, our customers’ ability to access administrative control of their accounts, and our ability to deliver content to end users in certain geographic locations. These service interruptions were the results of human error, hardware and software failures or failures of third-party networks. On a limited number of occasions, these service interruptions have required us to provide service credits to customers. We cannot guarantee that service interruptions will not occur again or predict the duration of interruptions of our service or the impact of such interruptions on our customers. Failures and interruptions of our service may impact our reputation, result in our payment of compensation or service credits to our customers, result in loss of customers and adversely affect our financial results and ability to grow our business. In addition, if AWS or our hosting infrastructure capacity fails to keep pace with increased sales or if our delivery capabilities fail, customers may experience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity or enable alternative delivery capability, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our revenue growth. We may have difficulty scaling and adapting our existing infrastructure to accommodate increased traffic and storage, technology advances or customer requirements. 23 In the future, advances in technology, increases in traffic and storage, and new customer requirements may require us to change our infrastructure, expand our infrastructure or replace our infrastructure entirely. Scaling and adapting our infrastructure is likely to be complex and require additional technical expertise. If we are required to make any changes to our infrastructure, we may incur substantial costs and experience delays or interruptions in our service. These delays or interruptions may cause customers and partners to become dissatisfied with our service and move to competing service providers. Our failure to accommodate increased traffic and storage, increased costs, inefficiencies or failures to adapt to new technologies or customer requirements and the associated adjustments to our infrastructure could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We rely on software and services licensed from other parties. The loss of software or services from third parties could increase our costs and limit the features available in our products and services. Components of our service and product offerings include various types of software and services licensed from unaffiliated parties. If any of the software or services we license from others or functional equivalents thereof were either no longer available to us or no longer offered on commercially reasonable terms, we would be required to either redesign our services and products to function with software or services available from other parties or develop these components ourselves. In either case, the transition to a new service provider or an internally-developed solution could result in increased costs and could result in delays in our product launches and the release of new service and product offerings. Furthermore, we might be forced to temporarily limit the features available in our current or future products and services. If we fail to maintain or renegotiate any of these software or service licenses, we could face significant delays and diversion of resources in attempting to license and integrate functional equivalents. If our software products contain serious errors or defects, then we may lose revenue and market acceptance and may incur costs to defend or settle claims. Complex software applications such as ours often contain errors or defects, particularly when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released. Despite internal testing and testing by our customers, our current and future products may contain serious defects, which could result in lost revenue, lost customers, slower growth or a delay in market acceptance. Since our customers use our products for critical business applications, errors, defects or other performance problems could result in damage to our customers. They could seek significant compensation from us for the losses they suffer. Although our customer agreements typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to claims, existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions could negate these limitations. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us would likely be time- consuming and costly and could seriously damage our reputation in the marketplace, making it harder for us to sell our products. Our internal computer systems, or those of our strategic partners, vendors or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer from the unauthorized disclosure of data, unauthorized access to the service and misuse of the service, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs and our business. Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future strategic collaborators, vendors, and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, cybersecurity threats, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures, and have experienced cyber-attacks in the past. Cyber incidents have been increasing in sophistication and frequency and can include third parties gaining access to employee or customer data using stolen or inferred credentials, computer malware, viruses, spamming, phishing attacks, ransomware, business email compromise, card skimming code, and other deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access or cause disruption. Because the techniques used by attackers who may attempt to penetrate and sabotage our network security, infrastructure, or our website change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative or mitigating measures. If an actual or perceived security incident or breach occurs, the market perception of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose sales and customers. Any significant violations of data privacy or security obligations or unauthorized disclosure of or access to information could result in the loss of business, litigation and regulatory investigations and penalties that could damage our reputation and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if a security breach or compromise occurs with respect to another software as a service, or SaaS, provider, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of the SaaS business model generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones. It is also possible that unauthorized access to customer or employee data or our systems or infrastructure may be obtained through inadequate use of security controls by customers, suppliers or other vendors. 24 If any such computer system failure, accident or security incident or breach were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary or protected information or other disruptions. These cyber-attacks could be carried out by threat actors of all types (including but not limited to nation states, organized crime, other criminal enterprises, individual actors and/or advanced persistent threat groups). In addition, we may experience intrusions on our physical premises by any of these threat actors. Any security breaches, unauthorized access, unauthorized usage, virus or similar security incident or disruption, or any perceived security breach or other incident could result in loss of confidential information, personal data and customer content, damage to our reputation, early termination of our contracts, litigation, regulatory investigations, increased costs or other liabilities. If our security measures, or those of our partners or service providers, are breached as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to confidential information, personal data or customer content, our reputation will be damaged, our business may suffer or we could incur significant liability. If the measures we have put in place to limit or restrict access to and use of functionality, usage entitlements and support for customers or prospective customers are breached, circumvented or ineffective as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to and use of functionality, usage entitlements and support, our business may suffer or we could incur significant liability and/or costs. There can be no assurance that any limitations of liability provisions in our contracts for a security breach or incident would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. We also cannot be sure that our existing general liability insurance coverage and coverage for errors or omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. We use cloud computing service facilities to deliver our services. Any disruption of service at these facilities could harm our business. We manage our services and serve all of our customers from cloud computing services facilities, primarily Amazon Web Services. While we control the actual computer and storage systems upon which our software runs, and deploy them to these facilities, we do not control the operation or availability of these facilities. The contracts with our cloud computing service providers and CDNs are for fixed terms expiring between May 2024 and June 2025. The owners of these facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and although the contracts provide for a period of service continuation after termination, transition to new providers, if we could find suitable replacements, would require significant time and expense and could disrupt or degrade delivery of our offerings. Further, if we are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or if a provider increases pricing terms, terminates or seeks to terminate our contractual relationship, establishes more favorable relationships with our competitors, or changes or interprets its terms of service in a manner that is unfavorable with respect to us, we may be required to transfer to new facilities, if we are able to find suitable replacements, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so. Any changes in third-party service levels at these facilities or any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems at or related to these facilities that affect our services could harm our reputation and may damage our customers’ businesses. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits to customers, subject us to potential liability, and cause customers to terminate their subscriptions or harm our renewal rates. These facilities are vulnerable to damage or service interruption resulting from human error, intentional bad acts, security breaches, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures, global health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and similar events. For example, on September 18, 2014, we suffered a service disruption resulting from a distributed denial-of-service attack at third-party data center facilities used by us. By September 20, 2014, we had restored the services impacted by the attack. We contacted federal law enforcement authorities regarding the denial-of-service attack and cooperated with them. We also conducted an assessment of our internet service providers and data center providers, potential future vulnerability to malicious activity, and the sufficiency of our infrastructure to withstand and recover rapidly from such attacks. While this matter did not have a material adverse effect on our operating results, there can be no assurance that such incidents will not occur again, and they could occur more frequently and on a more significant scale. The occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, or vandalism or other misconduct, or a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in our services. 25 Artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that can impact our business including by posing security risks to our confidential information, proprietary information, and personal data. Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business operations. As with many technological innovations, artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could impact our business. We have incorporated artificial intelligence into our products, and we may in the future adopt and integrate generative artificial intelligence tools into our systems for specific use cases reviewed formally on a per use case basis by legal and information security. Despite contractually requiring them to do so, our vendors may incorporate generative artificial intelligence tools into their offerings without disclosing this use to us, and the providers of these generative artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or our vendors’ ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience. If we, our vendors, or our third-party partners experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of generative artificial intelligence, we may lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed. Further, bad actors around the world use increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of artificial intelligence, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information, and intellectual property. Any of these outcomes could damage our reputation, result in the loss of valuable property and information, and adversely impact our business. In addition, as the regulatory framework for machine learning technology and artificial intelligence evolves, it is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted, or that existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in ways that would affect our business and the ways in which we use artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, our financial condition and our results of operations, including as a result of the cost to comply with such laws or regulations. Risks related to our finances Fluctuations in the exchange rate of foreign currencies could result in currency translation losses. We currently have foreign sales denominated in Australian dollars, British pounds sterling, Euros, Japanese yen and New Zealand dollars and may, in the future, have sales denominated in the currencies of additional countries in which we establish or have established sales offices. In addition, we incur a portion of our operating expenses in British pounds sterling, Mexican Pesos, Euros, Japanese yen and, to a lesser extent, other foreign currencies. Any fluctuation in the exchange rate of these foreign currencies may negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results. Global economic events have and may continue to significantly impact local economies and the foreign exchange markets, which may increase the risks associated with sales denominated in foreign currencies. We have not previously engaged in foreign currency hedging. If we decide to hedge our foreign currency exposure, we may not be able to hedge effectively due to lack of experience, unreasonable costs or illiquid markets. Failure of our customers to pay the amounts owed to us, or to pay such amounts in a timely manner, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. If any of our significant customers have insufficient liquidity, we could encounter significant delays or defaults in payments owed to us by such customers, and we may need to extend our payment terms or restructure the receivables owed to us, which could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition, including impacting the timing of revenue recognition. Any deterioration in the financial condition of our customers will increase the risk of uncollectible receivables. Global economic uncertainty could also affect our customers’ ability to pay our receivables in a timely manner or at all or result in customers going into bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings, which could also affect our ability to collect our receivables. We may be required to collect sales and use taxes on the services we sell in additional jurisdictions in the future, which may decrease sales, and we may be subject to liability for sales and use taxes and related interest and penalties on prior sales. State and local taxing jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court ruled in South Dakota v. Wayfair that states can impose sales and use taxes on transactions made with out-of-state sellers. Following this ruling, certain states have enforced tax laws requiring taxation of out-of-state purchases. We have performed an assessment of sales taxes owed under the new court ruling, determined that we need to remit sales taxes to certain states, and we have remitted such taxes. There is a risk that states which do not currently impose taxes on out-of-state purchases will do so in the future. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to sales and use taxes or related penalties for past sales in states where we presently believe sales and use taxes are not due. We reserve estimated sales and use taxes in our financial statements but we cannot be certain that we have made sufficient reserves to cover all taxes that might be assessed. 26 If one or more taxing authorities determine that taxes should have, but have not, been paid with respect to our services, we may be liable for past taxes in addition to being required to collect sales or similar taxes in respect of our services going forward. Liability for past taxes may also include substantial interest and penalty charges. Our client contracts typically provide that our clients must pay all applicable sales and similar taxes. Nevertheless, clients may be reluctant to pay back taxes and may refuse responsibility for interest or penalties associated with those taxes or we may determine that it would not be feasible to seek reimbursement. If we are required to collect and pay back taxes and the associated interest and penalties and if our clients do not reimburse us for all or a portion of these amounts, we will incur unplanned expenses that may be substantial. Moreover, imposition of such taxes on our services going forward will effectively increase the cost of such services to our clients and may adversely affect our ability to retain existing clients or to gain new clients in the areas in which such taxes are imposed. If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings. We review our intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually. As of December 31, 2023, we carried a net $81.2 million of goodwill and intangible assets. An adverse change in market conditions or significant changes in accounting conclusions, particularly if such changes have the effect of changing one of our critical assumptions or estimates, could result in a change to the estimation of fair value that could result in an impairment charge to our goodwill or intangible assets. Any such charges may adversely affect our results of operations. Risks related to governmental regulation Government and industry regulation of the Internet is evolving and could directly restrict our business or indirectly affect our business by limiting the growth of our markets. Unfavorable changes in government regulation or our failure to comply with regulations could harm our business and operating results. Federal, state and foreign governments and agencies have adopted and could in the future adopt regulations covering issues such as user privacy, content, and taxation of products and services. Government regulations could limit the market for our products and services or impose burdensome requirements that render our business unprofitable. Our products enable our customers to collect, manage and store a wide range of data. The United States and various state governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution and use of personal information. Several foreign jurisdictions, including the European Union and the United Kingdom, have adopted legislation (including directives or regulations) that increase or change the requirements governing data collection and storage in these jurisdictions. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply with current or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations or other liabilities, or our customers may terminate their relationships with us. In addition, although many regulations might not apply to our business directly, we expect that laws regulating the solicitation, collection or processing of personal and consumer information could affect our customers’ ability to use and share data, potentially reducing demand for our services. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679, the California Consumer Privacy Act, along with other similar laws and regulations prohibit certain types of information and content from being transmitted over the Internet. The scope of these types of prohibitions in jurisdictions around the world and the liability associated with a violation are evolving. In addition, although substantial portions of the Communications Decency Act were held to be unconstitutional, we cannot be certain that similar legislation will not be enacted and upheld in the future. Legislation like the Telecommunications Act and the Communications Decency Act could dampen the growth in web usage and decrease its acceptance as a medium of communications and commerce. Moreover, if future laws and regulations limit our customers’ ability to use and share consumer data or our ability to store, process and share data with our customers over the Internet, demand for our products could decrease, our costs could increase, and our results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, taxation of services provided over the Internet or other charges imposed by government agencies or by private organizations for accessing the Internet may be imposed. Any regulation imposing greater fees for Internet use or restricting information exchange over the Internet could result in a decline in the use of the Internet and the viability of Internet-based services, which could harm our business and operating results. Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. federal and state, as well as international laws and regulations, including those regarding privacy, data protection and information security, and our customers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of personal, sensitive, or confidential information. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We and our customers may be subject to privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, use, storage, transfer, dissemination, security, and/or other processing (“Processing”) of 27 personally identifiable information (such personally identifiable information collectively with all information defined or described by applicable law as “personal data,” “personal information,” “PII” or any similar term, “Personally Identifiable Information”) or other sensitive data. Existing U.S. federal and various state and foreign privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection-related matters. International jurisdictions in which we have customers or employees have established data security and privacy frameworks with which we or our customers must comply. In addition, our business may be impacted by new regulations and guidance over machine learning and automated processing. In the United States, certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to sensitive and personal information than federal or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, which may complicate compliance efforts. New laws, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws and regulations, rules of self-regulatory bodies, industry standards and contractual obligations may impact our business and practices, and we may be required to expend significant resources to adapt to these changes, or stop offering our products in certain countries. These developments could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may be subject to additional, more stringent privacy laws in other jurisdiction, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“EU GDPR”). The EU GDPR, effective since May 25, 2018, imposes strict regulations and establishes a series of requirements regarding the collection, transfer, storage and processing of personal data. The EU GDPR has extra-territorial application and applies where a company, based outside the European Union, processes personal data of individuals based in the European Union as a result of offering goods or services to individuals based in the EU and/or monitoring their behavior. The EU GDPR governs the collection, use, disclosure, transfer or other processing of personal data of individuals in the EEA. Among other things, the EU GDPR imposes strict requirements regarding the security of personal data and notification of data breaches to the competent national data protection authorities, imposes limitations on retention of personal data, imposes stringent requirements relating to the consent of data subjects or ensuring another appropriate legal basis applies to the processing of personal data, requires us to maintain records of our processing activities and to document data protection impact assessments where there is high risk processing, ensuring certain measures are in place with third-party processors. The EU GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with competent national data protection authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the EU GDPR. Non-compliance could also result in the imposition of orders to stop data processing activities. The EU GDPR enhances data protection obligations for businesses and provides direct legal obligations for service providers processing personal data on behalf of customers, including with respect to cooperation with European data protection authorities, implementation of security measures and keeping records of personal data processing activities. Moreover, the EU GDPR requirements apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our subsidiaries, including employee information. Noncompliance with the EU GDPR can trigger steep fines of up to €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues, whichever is higher. In addition, further to the UK’s exit from the EU on January 31, 2020, the GDPR ceased to apply in the UK at the end of the transition period on December 31, 2020; however, the UK’s European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 incorporated the EU GDPR (as it existed on December 31, 2020 but subject to certain UK specific amendments) into UK law, referred to as the UK GDPR. The UK GDPR and the UK Data Protection Act 2018 set out the UK’s data protection regime, which is independent from but aligned to the EU’s data protection regime. The UK has announced plans to reform the country’s data protection legal framework in its Data Reform Bill, which will introduce significant changes from the EU GDPR. This may lead to additional compliance costs and could increase our overall risk exposure as we may no longer be able to take a unified approach across the EU and the UK. Non-compliance with the UK GDPR may result in monetary penalties of up to £17.5 million or 4% of worldwide revenue, whichever is higher. Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU’s GDPR, the European Commission (“EC”) has issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EU to the UK remain unrestricted. Like the EU GDPR, the UK GDPR restricts personal data transfers outside the UK to countries not regarded by the UK as providing adequate protection. The UK government has confirmed that personal data transfers from the UK to the EEA remain free flowing. In addition to the EU GDPR, the European Union is also in the process of replacing the e-Privacy Directive (2002/58/EC) with a new set of rules taking the form of the ePrivacy Regulation, which will be directly implemented in the laws of each European member state, without the need for further enactment. Certain jurisdictions are actively applying the ePrivacy Directive to enforce cookie consent and consent requirements generally under the EU GDPR. Originally planned to be adopted and implemented at the same time as the EU GDPR, the ePrivacy Regulation is still going through the European legislative process. Any passed Regulation would go into effect two years from the twentieth day after its publication. In the meantime, the Directive is still in effect, and will continue to be in effect for the UK even after the Regulation has passed. Preparing for and complying with the EU GDPR, UK GDPR and the ePrivacy Regulation (if and when it becomes effective) has required and will continue to require us to incur substantial operational costs and may require us to change our business practices. Despite our efforts to bring practices into compliance with the EU GDPR and before the effective date of the ePrivacy Regulation, we may not be successful either due to internal or external factors such as resource allocation limitations and in inconsistency in interpretation of the law 28 across EU regulatory bodies. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, customers, data subjects, consumer associations or others. The European Union has also passed regulations, such as the Digital Services Act (DSA), specific to intermediaries, cloud service providers and hosting services, including those that permit for user-generated content. These laws provide for specific requirements for removal of content, disclosures about the means used to generate targeted advertising and decisions made via automated decision making, and timelines for reporting compliance metrics. Given the scope of the responsibilities and specificity of the steps that apply respectively in different ways to portions of our business, compliance will require development and monitoring of processes, which increases costs beyond potential fines, such as human resources, investment in technology and potential losses from lost revenue from advertising. To enable the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA or the UK, adequate safeguards must be implemented in compliance with European and UK data protection laws, such as the Standard Contractual Clauses (“SCCs”) published by the European Commission, binding corporate rules or certification to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework that the European Commission adopted on July 10, 2023. The UK is not subject to the EC’s new standard contractual clauses. The UK Information Commissioner's Office has published a version of a UK-specific transfer mechanism (the International Data Transfer Agreement), which came into effect on March 21, 2022, that enables transfers from the UK. The ICO has also permitted exporters to rely on the current version of the EU SCC's by implementing a UK Addendum stating as such. Moreover, on September 21, 2023, the UK Government adopted the Data Protection (Adequacy) Regulations 2023, also referred to as the “UK-U.S. Data Bridge”, which will allow companies to transfer personal data from the UK to the US on the basis of the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework. We have implemented safeguards when conducting restricted data transfers under the EU and UK GDPR, and establishing and maintaining compliance will require significant effort and cost. While we have taken steps to mitigate the impact, such as implementing the new standard contractual clauses, certifying under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework and UK Extension and creating a risk assessment for transfers of personal information from our customers to the US, recent decisions indicate that the longevity of these mechanisms remains uncertain and may continue to evolve. Further action in this area could increase the risk of continued transfers or create costs for engaging a EU- based processor or cloud-service provider. Compliance obligations could cause us to incur costs or negatively affect the operations of our products and services in ways that harm our business. In the United States, many state legislatures have adopted or are considering legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy. California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or “CCPA,” which creates new individual privacy rights for California consumers (as defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA, effective since January 1, 2020, requires covered businesses, such as our company, to provide certain disclosures to consumers about its data collection, use and sharing practices, and to provide affected California residents with ways to opt-out of certain sales or transfers of personal information, in particular sharing for the purposes of targeted advertising. The California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), an amendment expanding the rights of the CCPA to other types of California residents went into effect on January 1, 2023, creating a separate agency charged with enforcement and promulgating compliance guidelines and removing the 30-day cure period for alleged violations available under the CCPA. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. There continues to be uncertainty surrounding the enforcement and implementation of the CCPA exemplifying the vulnerability of our business to the evolving regulatory environment related to personal data and protected information. These penalties have been unchanged by the CPRA, but businesses no longer have a guaranteed 30-day cure period. Similar laws have been passed in numerous other states and other states have proposed similar new privacy laws. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies. The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different states in the country would make our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions, rely on vendors for portions of our compliance obligations or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance. In addition, other states have proposed and/or passed legislation that regulates the privacy and/or security of certain specific types of information like controllers of health-related information. These various privacy and security laws may impact our business activities, including our identification of research subjects, relationships with business partners and ultimately the marketing and distribution of our products. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in the U.S. Congress of a new comprehensive federal data privacy law to which we may likely become subject, if enacted. 29 With respect to all of the foregoing, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with U.S. federal or state, EU or other foreign privacy or data security laws, policies, industry standards or legal obligations, or any security incident that results in the unauthorized Processing of Personally Identifiable Information or other customer data may result in governmental investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements will comply with applicable information privacy laws may involve substantial costs. Various jurisdictions around the world continue to propose new laws that regulate the privacy and/or security of certain types of personal data. Complying with these laws, if enacted, would require significant resources and leave us vulnerable to possible fines and penalties if we are unable to comply. It is possible that governmental and enforcement authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face penalties, including, without limitation, civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, individual imprisonment, or restructuring of our operations. Our business and operations may be adversely affected by variety of U.S. federal and state, as well as international laws and regulations regarding climate change. In addition, changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing office leases in order to comply with such regulations. Numerous treaties, laws and regulations have been enacted or proposed in an effort to regulate climate change, including regulations aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of “green” building codes. These laws and regulations may require us or our landlords to make improvements to our existing office spaces that result in increased operating costs that we may not be able to effectively pass on to our landlords under the terms of our leases. We may also incur costs associated with increased regulations or investor requirements for increased environmental and social disclosures and reporting. The cost of compliance with, or failure to comply with, such laws and regulations could impact our financial condition, and our ability to meet our lease obligations. Risk related to owning our common stock Our stock price has been volatile and is likely to be volatile in the future. The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to significant fluctuations in response to, among other things, the risk factors described in this report and other factors beyond our control. Market prices for securities of early stage companies have historically been particularly volatile. Some, but not all, of the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • fluctuations in our quarterly or annual financial results or the quarterly or annual financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us or relevant for our business; changes in estimates of our financial results or recommendations by securities analysts; failure of our products to achieve or maintain market acceptance; changes in market valuations of similar or relevant companies; success of competitive service offerings or technologies; changes in our capital structure, such as the issuance of securities or the incurrence of debt; announcements by us or by our competitors of significant services, contracts, acquisitions or strategic alliances; regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries, or both; market volatility resulting from a public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; litigation; additions or departures of key personnel; investors’ general perceptions; and changes in general economic, industry or market conditions. In addition, if the market for technology stocks, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management. 30 Our business and operations could be adversely affected if we are subject to stockholder activism, which could cause us to incur significant expense and impact the market price of our common stock. In recent years, proxy contests and other forms of stockholder activism have been directed against numerous public companies. Stockholder activism, including potential proxy contests, could result in substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and our board of directors and resources from our business. Activist campaigns can create perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership and may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and harm our ability to attract new customers, employees and investors. In addition, we may be required to incur significant legal fees and other expenses related to any activist stockholder matters. Further, the market price of our common stock could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks, and uncertainties of any stockholder activism. If securities or industry analysts do not publish, or cease publishing, research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock could be influenced by research and reports that industry or security analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendations regarding our stock, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. We do not anticipate declaring any dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. Investors seeking dividends should not purchase our common stock. We may be unable to meet our future capital requirements, which could limit our ability to grow. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital and capital expenditure needs over at least the next 12 months. We may, however, need, or could elect to seek, additional funding at any time. To the extent that existing resources are insufficient to fund our business operations, our future activities for the expansion of our service and our product offerings, developing and sustaining our relationships and infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of digital media online, marketing, and supporting our office facilities, we may need to raise additional funds through equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or our stockholders. Furthermore, if we issue equity securities, our stockholders may experience additional dilution or the new equity securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing classes of stock. If we cannot raise funds on acceptable terms, we may not be able to develop or enhance our products, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated requirements. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in our failure to accurately report our financial results. Any inability to report and file our financial results accurately and timely could harm our business and adversely impact investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock. We are required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act, and our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes the disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by our management, as well as our independent registered public accounting firm’s attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt. 31 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and Delaware law, contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions: • • • • • • • • • authorizing blank check preferred stock, which could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend, and other rights superior to our common stock; limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers; limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting; requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors; controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; providing our board of directors with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previously scheduled special meetings; establishing a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are selected at one time; limiting the determination of the number of directors on our board of directors and the filling of vacancies or newly created seats on the board to our board of directors then in office; and providing that directors may be removed by stockholders only for cause. These provisions, alone or together, could delay hostile takeovers and changes in control of our company or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock. Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock. We record substantial expenses related to our issuance of equity awards that may have a material adverse impact on our operating results for the foreseeable future. We expect our stock-based compensation expenses will continue to be significant in future periods, which will have an adverse impact on our operating results. The model used by us to value stock options requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the price volatility of the option’s underlying stock, the expected life of the options and the risk-free interest rate. This model does not include RSUs. If facts and circumstances change and we employ different assumptions for estimating stock-based compensation expense in future periods, or if we decide to use a different valuation model, the future period expenses may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period and could materially affect the fair value estimate of stock-based payments, our operating income, net income and net income per share. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Material Risks from Cybersecurity Threats; Board of Directors Oversight of Risks from Cybersecurity Threats and Management’s Role and Expertise in Assessing and Managing Material Risks from Cybersecurity Threats. Cyber Risk Management and Strategy Our Board and management team recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing risks from cybersecurity threats. Our process for assessing, identifying and managing risks from cybersecurity threats is informed by 32 industry standards and includes internal cybersecurity risk assessments across our environment, and is supported by cybersecurity technologies, including automated tools, designed to monitor, identify, and address cybersecurity risks. We also have a process to assess and review the cybersecurity practices of new third-party vendors and service providers, including through established vendor requirements and risk assessments. This process also includes an annual re-assessment of critical third-party vendors and service providers. This risk management program addresses, for example, risks identified by internal audits and assessments, external testing, threat intelligence providers, internal stakeholders, vulnerability management programs, and security tools and alerting. An internal business security team manages and maintains remediation strategies for identified risks and reports on them regularly to senior leadership. We also regularly monitor the systems that contain personal data for internal and external threats to ensure confidentiality, availability, and integrity, and our incident response program contains controls to identify threats and alert us to suspicious activity. Internally, we prioritize proactivity as a critical component of our security practices and require that Brightcove employees participate in security training at least annually. We also distribute up-to-date information about the cybersecurity environment to increase awareness among employees. Additionally, as a public company, we evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Although risks from cybersecurity threats have to date not materially affected, and we do not believe they are reasonably likely to materially affect, us, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, we have, from time to time, experienced threats and security incidents relating to our and our third party vendors’ information systems. For more information, please see the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Governance Related to Cybersecurity Risks Brightcove’s cyber risk management program, incident response process, and related operations are directed by the Vice President of Business Security (“VP, Business Security”). Currently, the VP, Business Security role is held by an individual who has over ten years of experience in cybersecurity, infrastructure, and cloud security and holds CISA, CISM, CIPM, and CDPSE certifications. The VP, Business Security reports to the Chief Legal Officer and is a member of the Brightcove Business Security working group, which has overall responsibility for establishing and implementing Brightcove’s cybersecurity strategy. Other members of the Brightcove Business Security working group include representatives from the product, security engineering, information technology, enterprise architecture and legal teams, who collectively have experience in cybersecurity, risk management, and compliance. The Board is involved in the oversight of risks that could affect the company and receives updates at least quarterly from senior management, and periodically from outside advisors, regarding the various risks that the company faces. The audit committee assists the Board in its review and assessment of our cybersecurity, data privacy, and data security policies, practices, and procedures protecting our information technology systems, data, products, and services across all business functions, and reports its findings to the Board. The audit committee has oversight over cybersecurity and related risks and concerns, and is responsible for interfacing with management and discussing with management the company’s principal risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control risk exposures, including cybersecurity and data protection policies. The audit committee is also responsible for, and reports to the Board on, (i) obtaining and reviewing reports on data management, security initiatives, and significant existing and emerging cybersecurity risks, including material cybersecurity incidents, (ii) assessing the impact on Brightcove and its stakeholders of any significant cybersecurity incident, and (iii) any disclosure obligations arising from any such incidents. The VP, Business Security reports to the audit committee to review the organizational cybersecurity program, risks, and status through quarterly updates and biannual meetings. Item 2. Properties Our corporate headquarters is located at 281 Summer Street in Boston, Massachusetts. We relocated to our current office space in June 2022, and occupy approximately 40,000 square feet. The initial term of the lease is for ten years. In connection with the office lease, the Company provided a security deposit, in the form of a letter of credit, in the amount of $823,998 in January 2022. This letter of credit will be auto-renewed annually, unless a 60 day notice is received from the landlord. An automatic extension can only be implemented through November 30, 2032. This letter of credit is irrevocable and does not have a cash requirement other than the amount already set forth. In the event 33 of a default, the landlord must provide written notice of default before drawing from the letter of credit as a security deposit, or to remedy the amount owed. We have sales and marketing offices in Boston, Massachusetts; London, England; Tokyo, Japan; Sydney, Australia; and Seoul, South Korea. Our offices in Chennai, India, Guadalajara, Mexico, Funchal, Portugal and Covilha, Portugal are primarily used for research and development. We believe our facilities are adequate for our current needs. Item 3. Legal Proceedings The Company, from time to time, is party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe that the outcome of these claims will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company based on the status of proceedings at this time. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 34 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “BCOV” since our initial public offering on February 17, 2012. Prior to this time, there was no public market for our common stock. Dividend Policy We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any cash flow to finance the growth and development of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in current or future financing instruments and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. Stockholders As of February 16, 2024, there were approximately 77 holders of record of our common stock (not including beneficial holders of stock held in street name). Stock Performance Graph The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the five years ended December 31, 2023, with the cumulative total return of (a) the NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing Index and (b) the NASDAQ Composite Index, over the same period. This graph assumes the investment of $100 in our common stock, the NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. The graph assumes our closing sales price on January 2, 2019 of $7.05 per share as the initial value of our common stock. The comparisons shown in the graph below are based upon historical data. We caution that the stock price performance shown in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of, nor is it intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our common stock. Information used in the graph was obtained from the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, a financial data provider and a source believed to be reliable. The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC is not responsible for any errors or omissions in such information. 35 Brightcove Inc. NASDAQ Composite Index NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing Index 1/2/2019 12/31/2019 123.3 134.6 149.6 12/31/2020 261.0 193.3 224.4 12/31/2021 145.0 234.7 309.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 12/31/2022 12/31/202 3 36.7 225.2 330.7 74.2 157.0 198.7 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers There were no repurchases of shares of common stock made during the year ended December 31, 2023. Item 6. [Reserved] Not applicable. 36 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors.” Overview We are a global leader in cloud-based streaming technology and services with a vision to be the world's most trusted streaming technology company. Brightcove’s software platform and suite of solutions include a breadth and depth of offerings that meet the needs of media and enterprise customers in a variety of industries across the globe with their use of streaming video, and serve as a guide in optimizing and maturing their streaming strategies. Leading companies across industries rely on our products, solutions, services, and industry expertise to grow their streaming businesses, monetize their content via streaming use- cases, expand and engage their audiences (both external and internal), and reduce the cost and complexity associated with storing, publishing, delivering, distributing, measuring, and monetizing content across streaming channels and devices. With deep industry expertise and an understanding of how streaming video helps generate positive business outcomes, our proven platform combines functionality designed to meet the needs and goals of our customers with the additional flexibility for customers to customize solutions to meet their own unique requirements. Our philosophy for the next few years will continue to be to invest in our product strategy and development, sales, and go- to-market activities to support our long-term revenue growth. We believe these investments will help us address some of the challenges facing our business such as demand for our products by existing and potential customers, rapid technological change in our industry, increased competition and resulting price sensitivity. These investments include support for the expansion of our infrastructure within our hosting facilities, the hiring of additional technical and sales personnel, the innovation of new features for existing products and the development of new products. We believe this strategy will help us retain our existing customers, increase our average annual subscription revenue per premium customer and lead to the acquisition of new customers. Additionally, we believe customer growth will enable us to achieve economies of scale which will reduce our cost of goods sold, research and development and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022 we had 671 and 725 employees, respectively. We generate revenue by offering our products to customers on a subscription-based, software as a service, or SaaS, model. Our revenue was $201.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $211.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Though we increased our professional services revenue compared to the prior year, this increase was offset by a decrease in subscription and support revenue. Our consolidated net loss was $22.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Included in consolidated net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was merger-related expenses, stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets of $0.3 million, $13.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively. Included in consolidated net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was merger-related expenses, stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets of $0.7 million, $13.5 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our revenue derived from customers located outside North America was 41% and 44%, respectively. We expect the percentage of revenue derived from outside North America to remain relatively unchanged or decrease in future periods due to fluctuations in exchange rates and a decrease in usage-based fees. Key Metrics We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. A discussion regarding our key metrics for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is presented below. A discussion regarding our key metrics for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021 can be found under Part II -Item 7 of our Annual Report 37 on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 23, 2023. The following table includes our key metrics for the periods presented: Customers (at period end) Premium Volume Total customers (at period end) Net revenue retention rate Recurring dollar retention rate Average annual subscription revenue per premium customer, excluding Starter edition customers (in thousands) $ Average annual subscription revenue per premium customer for Starter edition customers only (in thousands) Total backlog, excluding professional services engagements (in millions) Total backlog to be recognized over next 12 months, excluding professional services engagements (in millions) $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2,028 531 2,559 95 % 94 % 2,235 610 2,845 95 % 89 % 97.0 $ 95.2 4.6 $ 183.0 $ 4.5 153.3 127.3 $ 120.1 • • • Number of Customers. We define our number of customers at the end of a particular quarter as the number of customers generating subscription revenue at the end of the quarter. We believe the number of customers is a key indicator of our market penetration, the productivity of our sales organization and the value that our products bring to our customers. We classify our customers by including them in either premium or volume offerings. Our volume offerings include our Video Cloud Express customers and our Zencoder customers on month-to-month contracts and pay-as-you-go contracts. All other offerings are considered premium. Our go-to-market focus and growth strategy is to expand our premium customer base, as we believe our premium customers represent a greater opportunity for our solutions. Premium customers decreased compared to the prior period, which we believe was due primarily to customer consolidation through mergers and acquisitions, customer business failures and customers deciding to switch to in-house solutions or other third-party solutions. Volume customers decreased in recent periods primarily due to our discontinuation of the promotional Video Cloud Express offering. As a result, we have experienced attrition of this base level offering without a corresponding addition of customers. We expect customers using our volume offerings to continue to decrease in 2023 and beyond as we continue to focus on the market for our premium solutions. Net Revenue Retention Rate. We assess our ability to retain and expand customers using a metric we refer to as our net revenue retention rate. We calculate the net revenue retention rate by dividing: (a) the current annualized recurring revenue for premium customers that existed twelve months prior by (b) the annualized recurring revenue for all premium customers that existed twelve months prior. We define annualized recurring revenue for premium customers as the aggregate annualized contract value from our premium customer base, measured as of the end of a given period. We typically calculate our net revenue retention rate on a quarterly basis. For annual periods, we report net revenue retention rate as the average of the net revenue retention rate for all fiscal quarters included in the period. By dividing the retained recurring revenue by the base recurring revenue, we measure our success in retaining and growing installed revenue from the specific cohort of customers we served at the beginning of the period. The recurring dollar retention rate focuses on contracts up for renewal in a given quarter, and only captures expansion/upsells at time of renewal, and is more susceptible to swings than the net revenue retention rate. Accordingly, we plan to continue to report the net revenue retention rate in addition to reporting recurring dollar retention rate after this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Recurring Dollar Retention Rate. We assess our ability to retain customers using a metric we refer to as our recurring dollar retention rate. We calculate the recurring dollar retention rate by dividing the retained recurring value of subscription revenue for a period by the previous recurring value of subscription revenue for the same period. We define retained recurring value of subscription revenue as the committed subscription fees for all contracts that renew in a given period, including any increase or decrease in contract value. We define previous recurring value of subscription revenue as the recurring value from committed subscription fees for all contracts that expire in that same period. We typically calculate our 38 recurring dollar retention rate on a monthly basis. Recurring dollar retention rate provides visibility into our ongoing revenue. • • Average Annual Subscription Revenue Per Premium Customer. We define average annual subscription revenue per premium customer as the total subscription revenue from premium customers for an annual period, excluding professional services revenue, divided by the average number of premium customers for that period. We believe that this metric is important in understanding subscription revenue for our premium offerings in addition to the relative size of premium customer arrangements. As our Starter edition has a price point of $199 or $499 per month, we disclose the average annual subscription revenue per premium customer separately for Starter edition customers and all other premium customers. Backlog. We define backlog as the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied, excluding professional service engagements. We believe that this metric is important in understanding future business performance. Restructuring In March 2023, we took a restructuring action with the intent of aligning skills with the Company’s strategy and facilitating cost efficiencies and savings. As a result, certain headcount reductions were necessary. The Company incurred approximately $0.4 million in restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with this action. The restructuring charges reflect post-employment benefits, and the Company does not expect to incur any additional restructuring charges related to this action. The restructuring charges are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $0.2 million - General and Administrative; $0.1 million – Research and Development; and $0.1 million – Sales and Marketing. The Company paid the entire amount by March 31, 2023. On April 28, 2023, we authorized a restructuring that was designed to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and focus on key growth and strategic priorities (the "Plan"). The Plan included a reduction of our workforce by approximately 10%. The $2.4 million in restructuring charges recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023 reflect post-employment benefits. The restructuring charges are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $1.2 million in Sales and Marketing; $0.9 million in Research and Development; $0.2 million in General and Administrative and $0.1 million in Cost of Revenue. In January 2024, we continued to restructure certain parts of our operations with the intent of aligning skills with the Company’s strategy and facilitating cost efficiencies and savings, which also resulted in more limited headcount reductions. We estimate that we will incur between $1.6 million and $1.8 million in restructuring charges in the three months ended March 31, 2024 in connection with this action, which is described in further detail in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Geopolitical Events Worldwide economic uncertainties and negative trends, including financial and credit market fluctuations, uncertainty in the banking sector, rising interest rates, political unrest and social strife, such as continued Russian military action against Ukraine, and the current armed conflict in Israel and the Gaza Strip, a potential U.S. federal government shutdown, and other impacts from the macroeconomic environment have, and could continue to, affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we have continued to invest in business growth, our business is dependent on many factors and these macroeconomic conditions have caused and may in the future affect the rate of spending on software products and the demand for video to support virtual events. See the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Item 1A for further discussion of the possible impact of these geopolitical events on our business. Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations Revenue Subscription and Support Revenue — We generate subscription and support revenue from the sale of our products. Our products are generally offered to customers on a subscription-based SaaS model, with varying levels of functionality, support, and usage entitlements that depend on the use case of our customers. Customer arrangements are typically one-year contracts, which include a subscription to our software, access to basic support and a pre-determined amount of usage entitlements. The pricing is based on the value of our software, the level of support, and the amount of usage entitlements. Should a customer’s usage exceed the contractual entitlements, the contract will provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the contractual entitlements. We also offer enhanced support packages for an additional fee. 39 Our Video Cloud Express edition, which targets SMBs, and our Zencoder customers on month-to-month contracts or pay- as-you-go contracts, are considered volume customers. All other customers are considered premium customers. Professional Services and Other Revenue — Professional services and other revenue consists of services such as implementation, software customizations and project management for customers who subscribe to our premium editions. These arrangements are priced either on a fixed fee basis with a portion due upon contract signing and the remainder due when the related services have been completed, or on a time and materials basis. Cost of Revenue Cost of subscription, support and professional services revenue primarily consists of costs related to supporting and hosting our product offerings and delivering our professional services. These costs include salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, expenses related to the management of our data centers, our customer support team and our professional services staff. In addition to these expenses, we incur third-party service provider costs such as data center and content delivery network, or CDN, expenses, allocated overhead, depreciation expense and amortization of capitalized internal- use software development costs and acquired intangible assets. We allocate overhead costs such as rent, utilities and supplies to all departments based on relative headcount. As such, general overhead expenses are reflected in cost of revenue in addition to each operating expense category. The costs associated with providing professional services are significantly higher as a percentage of related revenue than the costs associated with delivering our subscription and support services due to the labor costs of providing professional services. Cost of revenue increased in absolute dollars from 2022 to 2023. In future periods we expect our cost of revenue will increase in absolute dollars as our revenue increases. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue could fluctuate from period to period depending on the number of our professional services engagements and any associated costs relating to the delivery of subscription services and the timing of significant expenditures. To the extent that our customer base grows, we intend to continue to invest additional resources in expanding the delivery capability of our products and other services. The timing of these additional expenses could affect our cost of revenue, both in terms of absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue, in any particular quarterly or annual period. Operating Expenses We classify our operating expenses as follows: Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our research and development staff, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, in addition to the costs associated with contractors and allocated overhead. We have focused our research and development efforts on expanding the functionality and scalability of our products and enhancing their ease of use, as well as creating new product offerings. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we intend to continue to periodically release new features and functionality, expand our product offerings, continue the localization of our products in various languages, upgrade and extend our service offerings, and develop new technologies. Over the long term, we believe that research and development expenses as a percentage of revenue will decrease, but will vary depending upon the mix of revenue from new and existing products, features and functionality, as well as changes in the technology that our products must support, such as new operating systems or new Internet-connected devices. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, commissions, stock-based compensation and travel costs, amortization of acquired intangible assets, in addition to costs associated with marketing and promotional events, corporate communications, advertising, other brand building and product marketing expenses and allocated overhead. Our sales and marketing expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year due to restructuring actions taken. We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing and expand the sale of our product offerings within our existing customer base, build brand awareness and sponsor additional marketing events. Accordingly, we expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to be our most significant operating expense in future periods. Over the long term, we believe that sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue will decrease, but will vary depending upon the mix of revenue from new and existing customers and from small, medium-sized and enterprise customers, as well as changes in the productivity of our sales and marketing programs. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for executive, legal, finance, information technology and human resources functions, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include the costs associated with 40 professional fees, insurance premiums, other corporate expenses and allocated overhead. Over the long term, we believe that general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue will decrease. Merger-related. Merger-related costs consist of expenses related to mergers and acquisitions, integration costs and general corporate development activities. Other Expense (Benefit). Reflects other operating benefits, costs that do not directly relate to the operating activities listed above. Other (Expense) Income, net Other (expense) income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and foreign exchange gains and losses. Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We account for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. In addition, this method requires a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have provided a valuation allowance against our existing U.S. and foreign net deferred tax assets and deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023. Stock-Based Compensation Expense Our cost of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses include stock- based compensation expense. Stock-based compensation expense represents the fair value of outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards, which is recognized as expense over the respective stock option and restricted stock award service periods. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $13.9 million, $13.5 million, and $10.0 million, respectively. We expect stock-based compensation expense to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. Foreign Currency Translation With regard to our international operations, we frequently enter into transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As a result, our revenue, expenses and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the euro, British pound, Australian dollar, and Japanese yen. In periods when the U.S. dollar declines in value as compared to the foreign currencies in which we conduct business, our foreign currency-based revenue and expenses generally increase in value when translated into U.S. dollars. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the U.S. dollar increased in value as compared to the Japanese Yen, and our Japanese Yen-based revenues decreased in value when translated into U.S. dollars. We expect the percentage of total net revenue derived from outside North America to increase in future periods as we continue to expand our international operations. Should the U.S. dollar continue to increase in value, our future percentage of total net revenue derived from outside North America may remain relatively unchanged or decrease. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the following significant accounting policies, which are more fully described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations. 41 Revenue Recognition We primarily derive revenue from the sale of our online video platform, which enables our customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. Revenue is derived from three primary sources: (1) the subscription to our technology and related support; (2) hosting, bandwidth and encoding services; and (3) professional services, which include customization services. Under ASC 606, when the transaction price includes a variable amount of consideration, an entity is required to estimate the consideration that is expected to be received for a particular customer arrangement. We evaluate variable consideration for usage- based fees at contract inception and re-evaluate quarterly over the course of the contract. Specifically, we estimate the revenue pertaining to a customer’s usage that is expected to exceed the contractual entitlement allowance and allocate such revenue to the distinct service within the related contract that gives rise to the variable payment. Estimates of variable consideration include analyzing customer usage against the applicable entitlement limit at the end of each reporting period and estimating the amount and timing of additional amounts to be invoiced in connection with projected usage. Estimates of variable consideration relating to customer usage do not include amounts for which it is probable that a significant reversal will occur. Determining the amount of variable consideration to recognize as revenue involves significant judgment on the part of management and it is possible that actual revenue will deviate from estimates over the course of a customer’s committed contract term. We periodically enter into multiple-element service arrangements that include platform subscription fees, support fees, and, in certain cases, other professional services. These contracts include multiple promises that we evaluate to determine if the promises are separate performance obligations. Performance obligations are identified based on services to be transferred to a customer that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct within the context of the contract. Once we determine the performance obligations, we determine the transaction price, which includes estimating the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price, if any. We then allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract based on a relative stand-alone selling price method. The transaction price post allocation is recognized as revenue as the related performance obligation is satisfied. Income Taxes We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and international jurisdictions, and we use estimates in determining our provision for income taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method for accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. This process requires us to project our current tax liability and estimate our deferred tax assets and liabilities, including net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we considered our recent operating results, future taxable income projections and feasible tax planning strategies. We have provided a valuation allowance against substantially all of our net U.S. and foreign deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023. We recognized a deferred tax liability in the U.S. for a portion of our indefinite lived intangibles and other deferred tax liabilities that would not be offset against deferred tax assets. Due to the evolving nature and complexity of tax regulations combined with the number of jurisdictions in which we operate, it is possible that our estimates of our tax liability could change in the future, which may result in additional tax liabilities and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits. Business Combinations We record tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the purchase method of accounting. Amounts paid for each acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. We then allocate the purchase price in excess of net tangible assets acquired to identifiable intangible assets based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management. We allocate any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed to goodwill. Significant management judgments and assumptions are required in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, particularly acquired intangible assets. The valuation of purchased intangible assets is based upon estimates of the future performance and cash flows from the acquired business. Each asset is measured at fair value from the perspective of a market participant. Critical estimates in valuing purchased technology and customer lists include future cash flows that we expect to generate from the acquired assets. If the subsequent actual results and updated projections of the underlying business activity change compared with the assumptions and projections used to develop these values, we could experience impairment charges which could be material. In addition, we have estimated the economic lives of certain acquired assets and these lives are used to 42 calculate depreciation and amortization expense. If our estimates of the economic lives change, depreciation or amortization expenses could be accelerated or slowed. If different assumptions are used, it could materially impact the purchase price allocation and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible assets that have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern of consumption of the economic benefit or, if that pattern cannot be readily determined, on a straight-line basis and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, as discussed above. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Conditions that could trigger a more frequent impairment assessment include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in certain agreements, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, an economic downturn in customers’ industries, increased competition, a significant reduction in our stock price for a sustained period or a reduction of our market capitalization relative to net book value. If there is an impairment, the amount of the impairment is on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. We have determined, based on our organizational structure, that we have one reporting unit as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. We evaluate impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value. Please see Note 7 for a discussion of the our evaluation of impairment as of December 31, 2023 43 Results of Operations The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. Year Ended December 31, 2023 2021 2022 (in thousands, except share and per share data) Revenue: Subscription and support revenue Professional services and other revenue Total revenue Cost of revenue: Cost of subscription and support revenue Cost of professional services and other revenue Total cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Merger-related Other expense (benefit) Total operating expenses (Loss) income from operations Other expense, net (Loss) income before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net (loss) income Net (loss) income per share Basic Diluted Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net (loss) income per share Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ 192,461 $ 8,726 201,187 204,091 $ 6,917 211,008 68,244 9,109 77,353 123,834 37,202 72,410 35,556 307 — 145,475 (21,641 ) (80 ) (21,721 ) 1,165 (22,886 ) $ 69,935 7,138 77,073 133,935 33,524 73,997 32,550 747 1,149 141,967 (8,032 ) (1,035 ) (9,067 ) (52 ) (9,015 ) $ 198,929 12,164 211,093 62,773 10,255 73,028 138,065 31,718 71,177 29,261 300 (1,965 ) 130,491 7,574 (1,375 ) 6,199 802 5,397 (0.53 ) $ (0.53 ) $ (0.22 ) $ (0.22 ) $ 0.13 0.13 43,128 43,128 41,831 41,831 40,717 42,200 Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 Total revenue decreased in 2023 compared to 2022 due to a decrease in subscription and support revenue of 6%, or $11.6 million, offset by an increase in professional services and other revenue of 26%, or $1.8 million. The decrease in subscription and support revenue of 6%, or $11.6 million, was primarily related to a decrease in revenue from our premium offerings. The increase in professional services and other revenue of 26%, or $1.8 million, was primarily related to the size and number of professional services engagements in 2023 compared to 2022. Professional services and other revenue will vary from period to period depending on the number of implementations and other projects that are in process. Our ability to continue to provide the product functionality and performance that our customers require will be a major factor in our ability to continue to increase revenue. Our gross profit decreased by $10.1 million, or 8%, in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in subscription and support revenue, as well as an increase in amortization expense related to our capitalized internal-use software. Our ability to continue to maintain our overall gross profit will depend primarily on our ability to continue controlling our costs of delivery and our revenue from premium offerings. Loss from operations was $21.6 million in 2023 compared to a loss from operations of $8.0 million in 2022. This is primarily due to an increase in operating expenses of 2%, or $3.5 million, including restructuring expenses of $2.8 million, as well as a decrease in our gross profit of 8%, or $10.1 million. 44 Revenue Revenue by Product Line Amount Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Change Percentage of Revenue Amount Percentage of Revenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Premium Volume Total $ 199,908 1,279 $ 201,187 99 % $ 208,777 2,231 1 100 % $ 211,008 98 % $ 2 100 % $ (8,869 ) (952 ) (9,821 ) (4 )% (43 ) (5 )% During 2023, revenue decreased by $9.8 million, or 5%, compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in revenue from our premium offerings. The decrease in premium revenue of $8.9 million, or 4%, is the result of a decrease in the number of our customers and a decrease in usage-based fees outside of North America. During 2023, volume revenue decreased by $952,000, or 43%, compared to 2022. We continue to focus on the market for our premium solutions. Revenue by Type Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Change Amount Percentage of Revenue Amount Percentage of Revenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support Professional services and other Total $192,461 8,726 $201,187 96 % $204,091 6,917 4 100 % $ 211,008 97 % $ (11,630 ) 1,809 3 100 % $ (9,821 ) (6 )% 26 (5 )% During 2023, subscription and support revenue decreased by $11.6 million, or 6%, compared to 2022. The decrease was due to the aforementioned decrease in revenue from premium offerings outside of North America during the year ended December 31, 2023. Professional services and other revenue increased by $1.8 million, or 26%, compared to the prior year. Professional services and other revenue will vary from period to period depending on the number of implementations and other projects that are in process. Revenue by Geography Amount Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Change Percentage of Revenue Amount Percentage of Revenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) North America Europe Japan Asia Pacific Other International subtotal Total $120,378 32,922 20,080 27,421 386 80,809 $201,187 60 % $ 118,755 16 36,177 11 21,988 14 33,645 — 443 41 92,253 100 % $ 211,008 1,623 56 % $ (3,255 ) 18 (1,908 ) 13 (6,224 ) 13 — (57 ) 44 (11,444 ) 100 % $ (9,821 ) 1 % (9 ) (9 ) (18 ) (13 ) (12 ) (5 )% For purposes of this section, we designate revenue by geographic regions based upon the locations of our customers. North America is comprised of revenue from the United States, Canada and Mexico. International is comprised of revenue from locations outside of North America. Depending on the timing of new customer contracts, revenue mix from a geographic region can vary from period to period. During 2023, total revenue for North America increased by $1.6 million, or 1%, compared to 2022. During 2023, total revenue outside of North America decreased by $11.4 million, or 12%, compared to 2022. The decrease in revenue in Japan was primarily driven by a decrease in average revenue per premium customer as customer usage-based fees were less in the current period and, to a lesser extent, non-recurring customer events that occurred in the prior period. The decreases in Asia Pacific and Europe were due to a decrease in customers and a decrease in average revenue per premium customer as usage-based fees decreased. 45 Cost of Revenue Cost of Revenue Amount Year Ended December 31, 2023 Percentage of Related Revenue 2022 Percentage of Related Revenue Amount (in thousands, except percentages) Change Amount % Subscription and support Professional services and other Total $ 68,244 9,109 $ 77,353 35 % $ 69,935 104 7,138 38 % $ 77,073 34 % $ (1,691 ) 1,971 103 280 37 % $ (2 )% 28 0 % During 2023, cost of subscription and support revenue decreased $1.7 million, or 2%, compared to 2022. This decrease corresponds to a decrease in our network hosting services and content delivery network expenses of $1.2 million, and $5.1 million, respectively, as we continue to optimize our costs of goods sold. These decreases were offset by an increase in amortization of capitalized internal-use software development of $4.6 million. During 2023, cost of professional services and other revenue increased $2.0 million, or 28%, compared to 2022. This increase corresponds to an increase in contractor expenses of $2.8 million due to higher levels of implementation and professional services provided. This increase was offset by a decrease in employee-related expenses and rent and utilities expenses of $647,000 and $104,000, respectively. Gross Profit Gross Profit Amount Year Ended December 31, 2023 Percentage of Related Revenue Amount 2022 Percentage of Related Revenue (in thousands, except percentages) Change Amount % Subscription and support Professional services and other Total $124,217 (383 ) $123,834 65 % $134,156 (4 ) (221 ) 62 % $133,935 66 % $ (9,939 ) (3 ) (162 ) 63 % $ (10,101 ) (7 )% (73 ) (8 )% The overall gross profit percentage was 62% and 63% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Subscription and support gross profit decreased $9.9 million, or 7%, compared to 2022. In addition, professional services and other gross profit decreased by $162,000, or 73%, compared to 2022. It is likely that gross profit, as a percentage of revenue, will fluctuate quarter by quarter due to the timing and mix of subscription and support revenue and professional services and other revenue, and the type, timing and duration of service required in delivering certain projects. Operating Expenses Operating Expenses Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Merger-related Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Change Amount Percentage of Revenue Amount Percentage of Revenue Amount % $ 37,202 72,410 35,556 307 — $ 145,475 (in thousands, except percentages) 18 % $ 33,524 36 % 73,997 18 % 32,550 — 747 1,149 — 72 % $ 141,967 16 % $ 35 % 15 % — — 66 % $ 3,678 (1,587 ) 3,006 (440 ) (1,149 ) 3,508 11 % (2 )% 9 % (59 )% (1 ) 2 % Research and Development. During 2023, research and development expense increased by $3.7 million, or 11%, compared to 2022. This increase was primarily due to increases in employee-related expenses of $4.1 million, which included $1.1 million of restructuring expenses. This increase was offset by a decrease in contractor expenses of $479,000. We expect our research and development expense, as percentage of revenue, to remain relatively unchanged in future periods. 46 Sales and Marketing. During 2023, sales and marketing expense decreased by $1.6 million, or 2%, compared to 2022 primarily due to decreases in marketing programs expenses, contractor expenses and rent and utilities expenses of $2.7 million, $745,000 and $615,000, respectively. These decreases were offset by an increase in employee-related expenses of $2.2 million, which included $1.3 million of restructuring expenses, and various other expenses that, in aggregate, increased by $274,000. We expect that our sales and marketing expense will decrease in absolute dollars in the short term as a result of the restructuring actions we took in 2023 and January 2024. General and Administrative. During 2023, general and administrative expense increased by $3.0 million, or 9%, compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in employee-related expenses of $1.3 million, which included $412,000 of restructuring expenses. The remainder of the increase was due to increases in computer maintenance and support expenses, outside accounting and legal fees, and stock based compensation expense of $799,000, $565,000 and $745,000, respectively. These increases were offset by decreases in recruiting and relocation expenses and insurance expenses of $221,000 and $126,000, respectively, and other various expenses that, in aggregate, decreased by approximately $112,000. In future periods, we expect general and administrative expense, as a percentage of revenue, to remain relatively unchanged. Merger-Related. During 2023, merger-related expense decreased by $440,000, or 59%, compared to 2022 primarily due to costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of Wicket Labs in 2022 which did not recur in 2023. Other expense. On March 28, 2022 our CEO retired. Pursuant to a Transition Agreement that was entered into by the previous CEO and the Company in October 2021, the CEO, upon retirement, would be paid his annual base compensation through December 31, 2022 and his 2022 annual bonus, the bonus amount to be determined by the Company’s 2022 performance. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles we determined that the remaining base compensation and the current estimate of the 2022 annual bonus should be accrued and the expense was recognized as of March 28, 2022. The total expense of $1.1 million reflected $0.2 million of stock-based compensation expense as a result of the modification of certain awards pursuant to the Transition Agreement. Of the total annual base compensation and bonus accrued, the entire balance was paid as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not incur additional other expenses. Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 A discussion regarding an overview of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is presented below. A discussion regarding an overview of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021 can be found under Part II -Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023. Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash and cash equivalents. We had cash and cash equivalents totaling $18.6 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $31.9 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in cash in 2023 was primarily due to the decrease in net income, which was the result of the decrease in total revenue compared to 2022. Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 were held for working capital purposes and were invested primarily in money market funds. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $8.3 million and $12.1 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries in international locations, including subsidiaries located in Japan and the United Kingdom. As a result of changes in tax law, these earnings can be repatriated to the United States tax-free but could still be subject to foreign withholding taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid $1.7 million of cash consideration held back to sellers for the satisfaction of certain representations and warranties in relation to the acquisition of Wicket Labs. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital and capital expenditure needs over at least the next 12 months. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands) 2021 Cash flows provided by operating activities Cash flows used in investing activities Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities 4,505 (15,650 ) (2,030 ) 25,421 (37,767 ) (83 ) 19,563 (10,842 ) 702 47 Accounts receivable, net. Our accounts receivable balance fluctuates from period to period, which affects our cash flow from operating activities. The fluctuations vary depending on the timing of our billing activity, cash collections, and changes to our allowance for doubtful accounts. In many instances we receive cash payment from a customer prior to the time we are able to recognize revenue on a transaction. We record these payments as deferred revenue, which has a positive effect on our accounts receivable balances. Cash flows provided by operating activities. Cash provided by operating activities consists primarily of net income adjusted for certain non-cash items including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, the provision for bad debts and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities. Cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $4.5 million. The cash flow provided by operating activities primarily resulted from net non-cash charges of $30.6 million offset by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.2 million and a net loss of $22.9 million. Net non-cash expenses consisted of $13.9 million for stock-based compensation, $16.5 million for depreciation and amortization, and $162,000 for provision for reserves on accounts receivable. Cash inflows from changes in our operating assets and liabilities consisted primarily of a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $1.6 million, a decrease in other assets of $1.3 million, an increase in accounts payable of $3.3 million, and an increase in deferred revenue of $6.7 million. These inflows were offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $7.7 million, a decrease in accrued expenses of $8.0 million, and operating leases of $409,000. The decrease in cash flow provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior period is primarily due to the increase in net loss. Cash flows used in investing activities. Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $15.7 million, consisting primarily of $12.5 million for the capitalization of internal-use software costs and $3.1 million in capital expenditures to support the business. The decrease in cash flows used in investing activities is primarily due to the acquisition of Wicket Labs in 2022. Cash flows used in financing activities. Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $2.0 million, primarily from deferred acquisition payments and other financing activities. Credit facility. On November 1, 2023, we entered into a loan modification agreement to our existing amended and restated loan and security agreement with a lender (the “Loan Agreement”), for the extension of the maturity date of amounts due under the Second Restated Loan Agreement until three years from the date of the Loan Agreement, providing for up to a $30.0 million asset-based line of credit (the “Line of Credit”). Borrowings under the Line of Credit are secured by substantially all of our assets, excluding our intellectual property. We were in compliance with all covenants under the Line of Credit as of December 31, 2023. As we have not drawn on the Line of Credit, there are no amounts outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating losses of approximately $154.0 million, of which $108.3 million are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2037 and $45.7 million which are available to offset future taxable income indefinitely. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had state net operating losses of approximately $76.5 million, of which $73.4 million are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2041 and $3.1 million which are available to offset future taxable income indefinitely. The Company also had federal and state research and development tax credits of $10.7 million and $6.3 million, respectively, which expire in various amounts through 2043. The net operating loss and tax credit amounts are subject to annual limitations under Section 382 change of ownership rules under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In assessing our ability to utilize our net deferred tax assets, we considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of our net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based upon the level of our historical U.S. losses and future projections over the period in which the net deferred tax assets are deductible, at this time, we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences. Accordingly, we have provided a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. 48 Contractual Obligations and Commitments Our principal commitments consist primarily of obligations under our leases for our office space and contractual commitments for content delivery network services, hosting and other support services. During 2022 and 2023 we renewed and amended agreements with our primary providers of content delivery network services, hosting and other support services. The terms of the agreements comprised, respectively: 1) a minimum commitment of $93.2 million over three years and 2) a minimum commitment of $6.6 million over two years. As of December 31, 2023, we had operating lease obligations of $21.8 million, with $3.3 million payable within 12 months. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding purchase obligations of $55.2 million, with $37.9 payable within 12 months. Other than these lease obligations and contractual commitments, we do not have commercial commitments under lines of credit, standby repurchase obligations or other such debt arrangements. The following table summarizes these contractual obligations at December 31, 2023: (in thousands) Operating lease obligations Outstanding purchase obligations Total Anticipated Cash Flows Total Payment Due by Period Less than 1 Year More than 1 Year $ $ 21,844 $ 55,239 77,083 $ 3,302 $ 37,891 41,193 $ 18,542 17,348 35,890 We expect to incur significant operating costs, particularly related to services delivery costs, sales and marketing and research and development, for the foreseeable future in order to execute our business plan. We anticipate that such operating costs, as well as planned capital expenditures will constitute a material use of our cash resources. As a result, our net cash flows will depend heavily on the level of future sales, changes in deferred revenue and our ability to manage infrastructure costs. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. Our future working capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of our revenue growth, our introduction of new products and enhancements, and our expansion of sales and marketing and product development activities. To the extent that our cash and cash equivalents, and cash flow from operating activities are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through bank credit arrangements or public or private equity or debt financings. We also may need to raise additional funds in the event we determine in the future to acquire businesses, technologies and products that will complement our existing operations. We have an existing loan and security agreement with a lender which provides for up to a $30.0 million asset-backed line of credit which expires on November 1, 2026. In the event funding is required, we may not be able to obtain additional bank credit arrangements or equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For information on recent accounting pronouncements, see Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards in the notes to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include primarily foreign exchange risks, interest rate and inflation. Financial instruments Financial instruments meeting fair value disclosure requirements consist of cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying amount. Foreign currency exchange risk Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the euro, British pound, Australian dollar and Japanese yen. Except for revenue transactions in Japan, we enter into transactions directly with substantially all of our foreign customers. 49 Percentage of revenues and expenses in foreign currency is as follows: Revenues generated in locations outside the United States Revenues in currencies other than the United States dollar (1) Expenses in currencies other than the United States dollar (1) Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023 2022 45 % 25 % 17 % 47 % 27 % 16 % (1) Percentage of revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currency for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Euro British pound Japanese Yen Other Total Euro British pound Japanese Yen Other Total Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023 Revenues Expenses 6 % 6 % 10 % 3 % 25 % Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022 Revenues Expenses 8 % 6 % 10 % 3 % 27 % 1 % 6 % 2 % 8 % 17 % 1 % 5 % 2 % 8 % 16 % As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $6.6 million and $6.9 million, respectively, of receivables denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We also maintain cash accounts denominated in currencies other than the local currency, which exposes us to foreign exchange rate movements. In addition, although our foreign subsidiaries have intercompany accounts that are eliminated upon consolidation, these accounts expose us to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate fluctuations on short-term intercompany accounts are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations under “other (expense) income, net”, while exchange rate fluctuations on long-term intercompany accounts are recorded as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income, as they are considered part of our net investment. Currently, our largest foreign currency exposures are the euro and British pound primarily because our European operations have a higher proportion of our local currency denominated expenses, in addition to the Japanese Yen as result of our ongoing operations in Japan. Relative to foreign currency exposures existing at December 31, 2023, a 20% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would expose us to significant losses in earnings or cash flows or significantly diminish the fair value of our foreign currency financial instruments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we estimated that a 20% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would have decreased revenues by $9.9 million, decreased expenses by $7.7 million and increased operating losses by $2.2 million. The estimates used assume that all currencies move in the same direction at the same time and the ratio of non-U.S. dollar denominated revenue and expenses to U.S. dollar denominated revenue and expenses does not change from current levels. Since a portion of our revenue is deferred revenue that is recorded at different foreign currency exchange rates, the impact to revenue of a change in foreign currency exchange rates is recognized over time, and the impact to expenses is more immediate, as expenses are recognized at the current foreign currency exchange rate in effect at the time the expense is incurred. All of the potential changes noted above are based on sensitivity analyses performed on our financial results as of December 31, 2023. Interest rate risk We had cash and cash equivalents totaling $18.6 million at December 31, 2023. Cash and cash equivalents were invested primarily in money market funds and are held for working capital purposes. We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future interest income. In the event that we borrow under our line of credit, the related interest expense recorded would be subject to changes in the rate of interest. 50 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Brightcove Inc. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page No. F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Brightcove Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Brightcove Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are nerot, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Revenue Recognition – Variable Consideration Description of the Matter As described in the footnotes of the consolidated financial statements, specifically, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” the Company’s contracts contain transaction prices with variable amounts of consideration related to usage-based fees. The Company estimates the revenue pertaining to a customer’s usage that is expected to exceed the contractual entitlement allowance, after consideration of any constraints, which is recognized ratably over the service period. Auditing the Company's measurement of variable consideration is especially challenging and subjective because estimating customers usage involves assessing a large volume of contracts and subjective management assumptions related to estimated future usage. Changes in assumptions of estimated future usage can have a material effect on the amount of revenue recognized in the period. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over the assessment and recording of variable consideration including the Company’s evaluation of potential estimated future usage at the contract level including the impacts of any constraints. We identified and tested controls used for the accumulation of the actual usage to date as well as the assessment of the estimated forecasted usage and related impacts of any constraints. F-2  To test variable consideration, our audit procedures included, amongst others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the Company’s calculation. This included, for a sample of contracts, agreeing the entitlement allowances to the underlying contracts and agreeing the actual usage to the underlying system of record. To assess management’s variable consideration assumptions, for a sample of contracts, we tested management’s estimated usage over the contractual entitlement allowance by comparing the entitlement and usage rates to actual customer experience, interviewed account managers to understand the actual and expected usage, and evaluated the impacts of any related constraints. We also tested the Company’s historical lookback analysis on a sample basis. Lastly, we performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate how the changes in management’s assumptions of future usage based on historical trends could affect revenue recognized. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010. Boston, Massachusetts February 22, 2024 F-3 Brightcove Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $210 and $294 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively Prepaid expenses Other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease right-of-use asset Intangible assets, net Goodwill Other assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued expenses Operating lease liability Deferred revenue Total current liabilities Operating lease liability, net of current portion Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) Stockholders’ equity: December 31, 2023 2022 (in thousands, except share and per share data) $ 18,615 $ 31,894 33,451 6,569 11,764 70,399 42,476 16,233 6,368 74,859 5,772 216,107 $ 14,422 $ 17,566 4,486 68,155 104,629 17,358 207 122,194 26,004 8,700 10,722 77,320 39,677 18,671 10,279 74,859 7,007 227,813 11,326 26,877 4,157 61,597 103,957 20,528 981 125,466 $ $ Undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 43,833,919 and 42,449,677 shares issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock, at cost; 135,000 shares Accumulated other comprehensive loss Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ — — 44 328,918 (871 ) (1,236 ) (232,942 ) 93,913 216,107 $ 42 314,825 (871 ) (1,593 ) (210,056 ) 102,347 227,813 See accompanying notes. F-4 Brightcove Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations Revenue: Subscription and support revenue Professional services and other revenue $ Total revenue Cost of revenue: Cost of subscription and support revenue Cost of professional services and other revenue Total cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Merger-related Other expense (benefit) Total operating expenses (Loss) income from operations Other (expense) income, net Interest income Interest expense Other expense, net Total other (expense) income, net (Loss) income before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net (loss) income Net (loss) income per share Basic Diluted Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net (loss) income per share Basic Diluted $ $ $ 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands, except per share data) 2021 192,461 $ 8,726 201,187 204,091 $ 6,917 211,008 68,244 9,109 77,353 123,834 37,202 72,410 35,556 307 — 145,475 (21,641 ) 176 (26 ) (230 ) (80 ) (21,721 ) 1,165 (22,886 ) (0.53 ) (0.53 ) 43,128 43,128 $ $ $ 69,935 7,138 77,073 133,935 33,524 73,997 32,550 747 1,149 141,967 (8,032 ) 103 — (1,138 ) (1,035 ) (9,067 ) (52 ) (9,015 ) (0.22 ) (0.22 ) $ $ $ 41,831 41,831 198,929 12,164 211,093 62,773 10,255 73,028 138,065 31,718 71,177 29,261 300 (1,965 ) 130,491 7,574 5 — (1,380 ) (1,375 ) 6,199 802 5,397 0.13 0.13 40,717 42,200 See accompanying notes. F-5 Brightcove Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income Net (loss) income Other comprehensive (loss) income: Foreign currency translation adjustments Comprehensive (loss) income 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ (22,886 ) $ (9,015 ) $ 5,397 (in thousands) 357 (22,529 ) $ (931 ) (9,946 ) $ $ (474 ) 4,923 See accompanying notes. F-6 Brightcove Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (in thousands, except share data) Shares of common stock issued Balance, beginning of period Common stock issued upon acquisition Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and pursuant to restricted stock units Balance, end of period Shares of treasury stock Balance, beginning of period Balance, end of period Par value of common stock issued Balance, beginning of period Common stock issued upon acquisition Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and pursuant to restricted stock units Balance, end of period Value of treasury stock Balance, beginning of period Balance, end of period Additional paid-in capital Balance, beginning of period Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and pursuant to restricted stock units, net of tax Stock-based compensation expense Withholding tax on restricted stock Common stock issued upon acquisition Balance, end of period Accumulated deficit Balance, beginning of period Net (loss) income Balance, end of period Accumulated other comprehensive loss Balance, beginning of period Foreign currency translation adjustment Balance, end of period Total stockholders’ equity 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands, except share data) 42,449,677 — 41,384,643 212,507 40,152,021 — 1,384,242 43,833,919 852,527 42,449,677 1,232,622 41,384,643 (135,000 ) (135,000 ) (135,000 ) (135,000 ) (135,000 ) (135,000 ) 42 $ — 2 44 $ 41 $ — 1 42 $ 40 — 1 41 (871 ) $ (871 ) $ (871 ) $ (871 ) $ (871 ) (871 ) 314,825 $ 298,793 $ 287,059 (1 ) 14,425 (331 ) — 328,918 $ (84 ) 14,129 — 1,987 314,825 $ 1,175 10,559 — — 298,793 (210,056 ) $ (22,886 ) (232,942 ) $ (201,041 ) $ (9,015 ) (210,056 ) $ (206,438 ) 5,397 (201,041 ) (1,593 ) $ 357 (1,236 ) $ 93,913 $ (662 ) $ (931 ) (1,593 ) $ 102,347 $ (188 ) (474 ) (662 ) 96,260 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes. F-7 Brightcove Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands) 2021 $ (22,886 ) $ (9,015 ) $ 5,397 Operating activities Net (loss) income Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Provision for reserves on accounts receivable Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses Operating leases Deferred revenue Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities Cash paid for acquisition, net of cash acquired Purchases of property and equipment Capitalized internal-use software costs Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities Proceeds from exercise of stock options Deferred acquisitions payments Other financing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid for operating lease liabilities Cash paid for income taxes Cash paid for interest Supplemental disclosure of non-cash operating activities Capitalization of stock-based compensation related to internal use software $ Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities Unpaid internal-use software costs Fair value of shares issued for acquisition of a business Unpaid purchases of property and equipment $ $ $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes. F-8 16,536 13,899 162 (7,707 ) 1,565 1,328 3,294 (7,950 ) (409 ) 6,673 4,505 — (3,120 ) (12,530 ) (15,650 ) — (1,700 ) (330 ) (2,030 ) (104 ) (13,279 ) 31,894 18,615 $ 3,686 $ 1,372 $ 23 $ 10,696 13,548 118 4,227 (1,216 ) (348 ) 120 2,397 5,503 (609 ) 25,421 (13,215 ) (10,727 ) (13,825 ) (37,767 ) 177 — (260 ) (83 ) (1,416 ) (13,845 ) 45,739 31,894 $ 1,842 $ 671 $ — $ 527 $ 580 $ 210 $ — $ 714 $ 1,213 $ 1,987 $ 267 $ 8,322 9,968 159 (846 ) 1,281 (1,437 ) (683 ) (5,209 ) (634 ) 3,245 19,563 (2,000 ) (2,205 ) (6,637 ) (10,842 ) 2,846 (475 ) (1,669 ) 702 (1,156 ) 8,267 37,472 45,739 4,277 737 — 593 446 — 25 Brightcove Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise noted) 1. Business Description Brightcove Inc. (the Company) is a global provider of cloud services for video which enable its customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. The Company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts and was incorporated in the state of Delaware on August 24, 2004. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below and elsewhere in these notes to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes that a significant accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results, and requires management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as the result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Use of Estimates and Uncertainties The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts expensed during the reporting period. Significant estimates relied upon in preparing these consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition and variable consideration, contingent liabilities, intangible asset valuations, and the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. The Company is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties common to companies in similar industries and stages of development including, but not limited to, rapid technological changes, competition from substitute products and services from larger companies, customers switching to in-house solutions, customer concentration, management of international activities, protection of proprietary rights, patent litigation, and dependence on key individuals. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Foreign Currency Translation The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is the local currency of each subsidiary. All assets and liabilities in the balance sheets of entities whose functional currency is a F-9 currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates as follows: (1) asset and liability accounts at period-end rates, (2) income statement accounts at weighted-average exchange rates for the period, and (3) stockholders’ equity accounts at historical exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are excluded from income (loss) and reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in net loss for the period. The Company may periodically have certain intercompany foreign currency transactions that are deemed to be of a long-term investment nature; exchange adjustments related to those transactions are made directly to other comprehensive loss, a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase, and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. The Company did not have any short-term or long-term investments at December 31, 2023 or 2022. Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on deposit with banks and amounts held in interest-bearing money market accounts. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of, and the related accumulated depreciation, are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in the determination of net income or loss in the period of retirement. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas major improvements are capitalized as additions to property and equipment. The Company estimates the useful life of property and equipment as follows: Computer equipment Software Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Fair Value of Financial Instruments Estimated Useful Life (in Years) 3 3 - 6 5 Shorter of lease term or the estimated useful life ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. ASC 820 identifies fair value as an exit price, representing the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants based on the highest and best use of the asset or liability. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The Company uses valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. These inputs are prioritized as follows: • • • Level 1: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or market-corroborated inputs; and Level 3: Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions about how market participants would price the assets or liabilities. F-10 The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows: A. Market approach — Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. B. Income approach — Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts, including present value techniques, option-pricing models, and excess earnings method. C. Cost approach — Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost). The Company measures eligible assets and liabilities at fair value, with changes in value recognized in earnings. Fair value treatment may be elected either upon initial recognition of an eligible asset or liability or, for an existing asset or liability, if an event triggers a new basis of accounting. The Company did not elect to remeasure any of its existing financial assets or liabilities, and did not elect the fair value option for any financial assets and liabilities transacted in the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. Realized gains and losses from sales of the Company’s investments are included in “Other (expense) income, net”. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, approximated their fair values at December 31, 2023 and 2022, due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company has evaluated the estimated fair value of financial instruments using available market information and management’s estimates. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a significant impact on the estimated fair value amounts. The Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value were less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Revenue ASC 606 outlines a comprehensive five-step revenue recognition model based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. 1) Identify the contract with a customer 2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract 3) Determine the transaction price 4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract 5) Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation The Company satisfies performance obligations as discussed in further detail below. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised service to a customer. The transaction price is the total amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised services to the customer. The Company has elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the Company from a customer (e.g. sales and use tax). Disaggregation of Revenue Subscription and Support The Company’s subscription arrangements provide customers the right to access its hosted software applications. Customers do not have the right to take possession of the Company’s software during the hosting arrangement. Contracts for premium customers generally have a term of one year and are non-cancellable. These contracts generally provide the customer with a maximum contractual level of entitlement, and provide the rate at which the customer pays for actual usage above the contractual entitlement allowance. These subscription arrangements are considered stand ready obligations that are providing a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are transferred with the same pattern to the customer. As such, these F-11 subscription arrangements are treated as a single performance obligation and the related fees are recognized as revenue ratably over the term of the underlying arrangement. When the transaction price includes a variable amount of consideration, an entity is required to estimate the consideration that is expected to be received for a particular customer arrangement. The Company evaluates variable consideration for usage- based fees at contract inception and re-evaluates quarterly over the course of the contract. Specifically, the Company estimates the revenue pertaining to a customer’s usage that is expected to exceed the contractual entitlement allowance and allocates such revenue to the distinct service within the related contract that gives rise to the variable payment. Estimates of variable consideration include analyzing customer usage against the applicable entitlement limit at the end of each reporting period and estimating the amount and timing of additional amounts to be invoiced in connection with projected usage. Estimates of variable consideration relating to customer usage do not include amounts for which it is probable that a significant reversal will occur. Determining the amount of variable consideration to recognize as revenue involves significant judgment on the part of management and it is possible that actual revenue will deviate from estimates over the course of a customer’s committed contract term. Contracts with customers that are month-to-month arrangements (volume customers) have a maximum monthly level of usage and provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the monthly allowable usage. The monthly volume subscription and support and usage fees are recognized as revenue during the related period of performance. Contracts with customers that are invoiced on a pay-as-you-go basis, where there is no monthly or annual commitment for usage, provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage for a particular period. Fees that are invoiced on a pay-as-you-go basis are recognized as revenue during the period of performance. Professional Services and Other Revenue Professional services and other revenue consist of services such as implementation, software customizations and project management for customers who subscribe to our premium editions. These arrangements are priced either on a fixed fee basis with a portion due upon contract signing and the remainder due when the related services have been completed, or on a time and materials basis. Professional services and other revenue is recognized on a percent complete basis based on the input method. Professional services and other revenue sold on a stand-alone basis are recognized as the services are performed, subject to any refund or other obligation. Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations The Company periodically enters into multiple-element service arrangements that include platform subscription fees, support fees, and, in certain cases, other professional services. These contracts include multiple promises that the Company evaluates to determine if the promises are separate performance obligations. Performance obligations are identified based on services to be transferred to a customer that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct within the context of the contract. Once the Company determines the performance obligations, the Company determines the transaction price, which includes estimating the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price, if any. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract based on a relative stand-alone selling price method. The transaction price post allocation is recognized as revenue as the related performance obligation is satisfied. Costs to Obtain a Contract Commissions are paid to internal sales representatives as compensation for obtaining contracts. Under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company capitalizes commissions that are incremental, as a result of costs incurred to obtain a customer contract, if those costs are not within the scope of another topic within the accounting literature and meet the specified criteria. Assets recognized for costs to obtain a contract are amortized over the period of performance for the underlying customer contracts. The commission expense on contracts with new customers is recorded over the average life of a customer given the commission amount associated with sales to new customers is not commensurate with the commission amount associated with the contract renewal for those same customers. The commission amount associated with the renewal of a contract in addition to any commission amount related to incremental sales are recorded as expense over the term of the renewed contract. These assets are periodically assessed for impairment. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue primarily consists of costs related to supporting and hosting the Company’s product offerings and delivering professional services. These costs include salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation expense related to the management of the Company’s data centers, customer support team and the Company’s professional F-12 services staff, in addition to third-party service provider costs such as data center and networking expenses, allocated overhead, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs and intangible assets and depreciation expense. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company offsets gross trade accounts receivable with an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable and is based upon historical loss patterns, the number of days that billings are past due, and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with specific accounts. Account balances are charged against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Provisions for allowances for doubtful accounts are recorded in general and administrative expense. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC 326, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. Estimating credit losses based on risk characteristics requires significant judgment by the Company. Significant judgments include, but are not limited to: assessing current economic conditions and the extent to which they would be relevant to the existing characteristics of the Company’s financial assets, the estimated life of financial assets, and the level of reliance on historical experience in light of economic conditions. The Company reviews and updates, when necessary, its historical risk characteristics that are meaningful to estimating credit losses, any new risk characteristics that arise in the natural course of business, and the estimated life of its financial assets. The Company uses the aging method to estimate its expected credit losses on trade accounts receivable (“AR”) and unbilled trade accounts receivable (“UAR”). As of December 31, 2023, the financial assets of the Company within the scope of the assessment comprised AR and UAR. UAR is reflected in Other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and was $1.8 million and $1.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Estimated credit losses for UAR were not material. The information obtained from assessing historical experience, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts were used to identify risk characteristics that can affect future credit loss experience. The historical analysis yielded one material risk factor, the geographical location of the customer. Specifically, historical experience showed that AR that was due from customers in the Asia Pacific region had experienced more credit losses than the other geographic areas listed in Note 15. Europe and Japan had significantly less credit loss experience when compared to Asia Pacific while North America’s credit loss experience was commensurate with the proportion of total AR that North America’s AR comprised. There were no other significant risk characteristics identified in the review of historical experience. Below is a summary of the changes in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021: Year ended December 31, 2023 Year ended December 31, 2022 Year ended December 31, 2021 $ 294 $ 353 648 162 $ 118 159 (246 ) $ (177 ) (454 ) Balance at Beginning of Period Provision Write- offs Balance at End of Period 210 294 353 Off-Balance Sheet Risk and Concentration of Credit Risk The Company has no significant off-balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents principally with accredited financial institutions of high credit standing. Although the Company deposits its cash with multiple financial institutions, its deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable, net. Concentration of Other Risks F-13 The Company is dependent on certain content delivery network providers who provide digital media delivery functionality enabling the Company’s on-demand application service to function as intended for the Company’s customers and ultimate end- users. The disruption of these services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations. Software Development Costs Costs incurred to develop software applications used in the Company’s on-demand application services consist of (a) certain external direct costs of materials and services incurred in developing or obtaining internal-use computer software, and (b) payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with, and who devote time to, the project. These costs generally consist of internal labor during configuration, coding, and testing activities. Research and development costs incurred during the preliminary project stage or costs incurred for data conversion activities, training, maintenance and general and administrative or overhead costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalization begins when the preliminary project stage is complete, management, with the relevant authority, authorizes and commits to the funding of the software project, it is probable the project will be completed, the software will be used to perform the functions intended and certain functional and quality standards have been met. Qualified costs incurred during the operating stage of the Company’s software applications relating to upgrades and enhancements are capitalized to the extent it is probable that they will result in added functionality, while costs that cannot be separated between maintenance of, and minor upgrades and enhancements to, internal-use software are expensed as incurred. These capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the software, which is estimated to be three years. Capitalized internal-use software development costs are classified as “Software” within “Property and Equipment, net” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company capitalized $11.7 million, $15.5 million, and $7.7 million, respectively, of internal-use software development costs. The Company recorded amortization expense associated with its capitalized internal-use software development costs of $9.9 million, $5.2 million and $3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Leases Under ASC 842, a right-of-use asset and lease liability is recorded for all leases and the statement of operations reflects the lease expense for operating leases and amortization/interest expense for financing leases. The Company does not apply the recognition requirements in the standard to a lease that at commencement date has a lease term of twelve months or less and does not contain a purchase option that it is reasonably certain to exercise and to not separate lease and related non-lease components. The Company leases its facilities under non-cancelable operating leases. Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Many of the Company’s lessee agreements include options to extend the lease, which are not included in the minimum lease terms unless they are reasonably certain to be exercised. Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. During this review, the Company re-evaluates the significant assumptions used in determining the original cost and estimated lives of long-lived assets. Although the assumptions may vary from asset to asset, they generally include operating results, changes in the use of the asset, cash flows, and other indicators of value. Management then determines whether the remaining useful life continues to be appropriate, or whether there has been an impairment of long-lived assets based primarily upon whether expected future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to support the assets’ recovery. If impairment exists, the Company adjusts the carrying value of the asset to fair value, generally determined by a discounted cash flow analysis. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has not identified any impairment of its long-lived assets. Business Combinations The Company records tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the purchase method of accounting. Amounts paid for each acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed F-14 based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company then allocates the purchase price in excess of net tangible assets acquired to identifiable intangible assets based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill. If the fair value of the assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, the excess is recognized as a gain. Significant management judgments and assumptions are required in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, particularly acquired intangible assets. The valuation of purchased intangible assets is based upon estimates of the future performance and cash flows from the acquired business. Each asset is measured at fair value from the perspective of a market participant. If different assumptions are used, it could materially impact the purchase price allocation and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. For further discussion of the Company’s accounting policies related to business combinations, see Note 3. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible assets that have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern of consumption of the economic benefit or, if that pattern cannot be readily determined, on a straight-line basis and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, as discussed above. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Conditions that could trigger a more frequent impairment assessment include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in certain agreements, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, an economic downturn in customers’ industries, increased competition, a significant reduction in our stock price for a sustained period or a reduction of our market capitalization relative to net book value. If there is an impairment, the amount of the impairment is on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The Company has determined, based on its organizational structure, that it had one reporting unit as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company evaluates impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of its reporting unit to its carrying value. Please see Note 7 for a discussion of the Company's evaluation of impairment as of December 31, 2023 Comprehensive (Loss) Income Comprehensive (loss) income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions, other events, and circumstances from non-owner sources. Accumulated other comprehensive loss is presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets and consists entirely of cumulative foreign translation adjustments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Net (Loss) Income per Share The Company calculates basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share by dividing the (loss) earnings amount by the number of common shares outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the F-15 effects of the assumed exercise of any outstanding stock options and the assumed vesting of shares of restricted stock awards, where dilutive. The following table set forth the computations of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share: (in thousands, except per share data) Net (loss) income $ 2023 (22,886 ) $ Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (9,015 ) $ 5,397 Weighted average shares used in computing basic earnings per share 43,128 41,831 40,717 Effect of weighted average dilutive stock-based awards - - 1,483 Weighted average shares used in computing diluted earnings per share 43,128 41,831 42,200 Net (loss) income per share—basic and diluted Basic Diluted $ $ (0.53 ) $ (0.53 ) $ (0.22 ) $ (0.22 ) $ 0.13 0.13 The following outstanding common shares have been excluded from the computation of dilutive (loss) earnings per share as of the periods indicated because such securities are anti-dilutive: Options outstanding Restricted stock units outstanding Total options and restricted stock units outstanding Income Taxes Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2023 2,248 5,620 7,868 1,420 5,212 6,632 1,681 3,937 5,618 The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. In addition, this method requires a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements by prescribing a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest and penalties, if applicable, related to uncertain tax positions would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. The Company has no recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Stock-Based Compensation At December 31, 2023, the Company had seven stock-based compensation plans, which are more fully described in Note 11. The Company values its shares of common stock in connection with the issuance of stock-based equity awards using the closing price of the Company’s shares of common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the date of the grant. Accounting guidance requires stock-based payments to be accounted for under the fair value method. Under this method, the Company is required to record compensation cost based on the estimated fair value for stock-based awards granted over the requisite service periods for the individual awards, which generally equals the vesting periods. For stock options issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, the fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant. For service-based options, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The fair value of each service-based option grant issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected volatility of options granted has been determined using the historical volatility of the Company’s own common stock. The expected life of options has been determined utilizing the F-16 “simplified method”. The simplified method is based on the average of the vesting tranches and the contractual life of each grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. The Company has not paid, and does not anticipate paying, cash dividends on its common stock; therefore, the expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero. For premium-priced options issued under the Company's stock-based compensation plans, the fair value of each option issued is determined using the binomial lattice model, which calculates multiple potential outcomes for option exercises and establishes a fair value based on the most likely outcome. Key assumptions for the binomial lattice model include share price, volatility, the early exercise multiple, risk-free rate, expected dividends, and number of time steps. For restricted stock units issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, the fair value of each grant is calculated based on the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. For performance-based awards with service-based vesting conditions, the Company recognizes compensation expense based upon a review of the Company’s expected achievement against the specified targets. For performance-based awards with market-based vesting, the Company recognizes compensation expense as the requisite service is rendered by the employee, regardless of when, if ever, the market-based performance conditions are satisfied. The Monte-Carlo simulation model is used to estimate fair value of market-based performance restricted stock units. The Monte-Carlo simulation model calculates multiple potential outcomes for an award and establishes a fair value based on the most likely outcome. Key assumptions for the Monte-Carlo simulation model include the risk-free rate, expected volatility, expected dividends and the correlation coefficient. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are charged to operations as incurred. The Company incurred advertising costs of $2.7 million, $4.8 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Merger-related Costs Merger-related costs consist of expenses related to mergers and acquisitions, integration costs and general corporate development activities. In 2022, merger-related costs incurred were primarily related to the acquisition of Wicket Labs and, to a lesser extent, general merger and related activities. In 2023 and 2021, merger-related costs incurred were primarily related to general merger and related activities. Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Standards Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements ASU No. 2023-09 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, which improves the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, specifically to enhance investors's ability to: (1) understand an entity’s exposure to potential changes in jurisdictional tax legislation and the ensuing risks and opportunities, (2) assess income tax information that affects cash flow forecasts and capital allocation decisions, and (3) identify potential opportunities to increase future cash flows. This guidance will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2025. The Company does not expect application of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. 3. Business Combinations On February 1, 2022, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Wicket Labs, Inc. (“Wicket Labs”) a provider of subscriber and content insights, in exchange for common stock of the Company and cash, (“Wicket Acquisition”). At the closing, the Company issued 212,507 unregistered shares of common stock of the Company valued at approximately $2.0 million and approximately $15.0 million in cash, of which approximately $1.8 million of the cash consideration was held back to secure payment of any claims of indemnification for breaches or inaccuracies in the sellers’ representations and warranties, covenants and agreements. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid $0.1 million of cash consideration held back to the sellers for the satisfaction of certain representations and warranties. The remaining cash consideration held back was included in Accrued Expenses at December 31, 2022 and released in full on February 8, 2023. F-17 The Wicket Acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 805 — Business Combinations. Accordingly, the results of operations of the acquired company have been included in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition. The purchase price has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon the respective estimates of fair value as of the date of the Wicket Acquisition, and using assumptions that the Company’s management believes are reasonable given the information currently available. The Company completed its valuation of its intangible assets, accounts receivable, deferred revenue and the valuation of the acquired deferred tax assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2022. The final allocations of the purchase price to intangible assets, accounts receivable, deferred revenue, goodwill and any deferred tax assets and liabilities are included in these consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred $0.7 million of merger-related costs related to the Wicket Acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated amounts of net assets as of the effective date of the acquisition was allocated to goodwill in accordance with the accounting guidance. The factors contributing to the recognition of the amount of goodwill are based on several strategic and synergistic benefits that are expected to be realized from the Wicket Acquisition. These benefits include the acquired workforce and opportunities to expand the Company’s offerings in target market segments that use subscriber and content insights to make decisions. The goodwill is non-deductible for tax purposes. The total purchase price for the Wicket Acquisition has been allocated as follows: Cash Accounts receivable and other assets Identifiable intangible assets Goodwill Deferred revenue Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Total estimated purchase price $ $ 53 782 4,382 13,957 (1,033 ) (1,009 ) (95 ) 17,037 The following are the identifiable intangible assets acquired and their respective useful lives, as determined based on valuations: Developed technology Customer relationships Total Amount Useful Life (in years) $ $ 4,200 182 4,382 6 5 The fair value of the intangible assets has been estimated using the income approach in which the after-tax cash flows are discounted to present value. The cash flows are based on estimates used to price the transaction, and the discount rates applied were benchmarked with reference to the implied rate of return from the transaction model as well as the weighted average cost of capital. Pro forma results of operations for the Wicket Acquisition have not been presented because the effect of the acquisition is not material to the Company's consolidated financial results. Revenue and earnings attributable to acquired operations since the date of the acquisition are included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. 4. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of the following: Description Cash Money market funds Total cash and cash equivalents December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Fair Market Value $ $ 18,571 $ 44 18,615 $ 18,571 44 18,615 Contracted Maturity Demand Demand F-18 Description Cash Money market funds Total cash and cash equivalents Contracted Maturity Demand Demand December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost Fair Market Value $ $ 31,852 $ 42 31,894 $ 31,852 42 31,894 5. Property and Equipment Property and equipment consist of the following: Computer equipment Software Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Less accumulated depreciation and amortization December 31, 2023 2022 $ $ 16,027 $ 75,311 4,895 9,001 105,234 62,758 42,476 $ 15,516 60,534 4,775 8,839 89,664 49,987 39,677 Depreciation and amortization expense, which includes amortization expense associated with capitalized internal-use software development costs, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $12.6 million, $7.3 million and $5.3 million, respectively. 6. Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Company primarily derives revenue from the sale of its online video platform, which enables its customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. Revenue is derived from three primary sources: (1) the subscription to its technology and related support; (2) hosting, bandwidth and encoding services; and (3) professional services, which include initiation, set-up and customization services. The following summarizes the opening and closing balances of receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers. Balance at December 31, 2023 Balance at December 31, 2022 Balance at December 31, 2021 Balance at December 31, 2020 Accounts Receivable, net Contract Assets (current) Deferred Revenue (current) Deferred Revenue (non- current) Total Deferred Revenue 33,451 1,785 68,155 185 68,340 26,004 1,786 61,597 360 61,957 29,866 2,375 62,057 114 62,171 29,305 2,078 58,741 811 59,552 Revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was approximately $61.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not recognize any material revenue from performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in previous periods. The assets recognized for costs to obtain a contract were $13.1 million and $12.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Amortization expense recognized for costs to obtain a contract was $10.9 million, $10.4 million and $12.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Transaction Price Allocated to Future Performance Obligations F-19 As of December 31, 2023, the total aggregate transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligations for subscription and support contracts was approximately $183.0 million, of which approximately $127.3 million is expected to be recognized over the next 12 months. The Company expects to recognize substantially all of the remaining unsatisfied performance obligations by December 2028. 7. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Finite-lived intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2023: Description Developed technology Customer relationships Non-compete agreements Tradename Total Weighted Average Estimated Useful Life (in years) Gross Carrying Value 6 $ 22,278 $ 9 15,669 3 1,912 368 3 $ 40,227 $ Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value 19,663 $ 11,916 1,912 368 33,859 $ 2,615 3,753 — — 6,368 Finite-lived intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2022: Description Developed technology Customer relationships Non-compete agreements Tradename Total Weighted Average Estimated Useful Life (in years) Gross Carrying Value 6 $ 22,278 $ 9 15,669 1,912 3 3 368 $ 40,227 $ Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value 17,393 $ 10,275 1,912 368 4,885 5,394 — — 29,948 $ 10,279 In the fourth quarter of 2022 the Company assessed the useful life of the acquired Wicket-developed technology and changed its estimate of the expected useful life to 3 years. This change was applied prospectively as of the beginning of the fourth quarter 2022. The following table summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021: Cost of subscription and support revenue $ Sales and marketing $ Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2,270 $ 1,641 3,911 $ 1,757 $ 1,662 3,419 $ 1,420 1,652 3,072 The estimated remaining amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows: Year Ending December 31, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 and thereafter Total Amount 3,688 2,141 536 3 — — 6,368 $ $ Goodwill was $74,859 at December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2023. F-20 The Company views its operations and manages its business as one reporting unit and tests goodwill and its definite-lived intangible assets annually on October 31. As of October 31, 2023, the Company did not identify an impairment triggering event and assessed impairment for goodwill and other definite-lived intangible assets using a qualitative approach and quantitative approach, respectively. During the two months ended December 31, 2023 the Company identified a triggering event, the decrease in its stock price as of December 31, 2023 (the interim testing date), that may indicate impairment. The Company reviewed its quantitative analysis for its definite-lived intangible assets as of October 31, 2023, that used undiscounted cash flow models, and determined that the assumptions used in the undiscounted cash flow model were still applicable as of December 31, 2023 and that there was no impairment on our definite-lived intangible assets. The Company's significant assumptions in the undiscounted cash flow models include, but are not limited to, its revenue growth rates assumption. As the Company has one reporting unit all of its goodwill was allocated to that unit for the purpose of testing for impairment. To determine fair value of its one reporting unit, the Company engaged a third-party valuation expert and provided the valuation expert with projected financial information prepared by management. The Company took the income approach and used a discounted cash flow model as its valuation technique to measure the fair value of its reporting unit. The discounted cash flow model used forecasted cash flows plus a terminal value based on capitalizing the last period's cash flows using a perpetual growth rate. The Company's significant assumptions in the discounted cash flow model include, but are not limited to: the weighted average cost of capital ("WACC", the rate at which future cash flows are discounted to present value), revenue growth rates, including the perpetual growth rate for the terminal year, and operating margins of the reporting unit. Lastly, the Company reconciled the aggregate of the discounted cash flows to its market capitalization, which included a reasonable control premium based on observed market conditions. The result of the goodwill impairment test performed indicated that estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit. As such, the Company feels the reporting unit was not at risk of impairment as of the interim testing date. Conditions that could trigger future impairment assessment include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in certain agreements, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, an economic downturn in customers’ industries, increased competition, a significant reduction in our stock price for a sustained period or a reduction of our market capitalization relative to net book value. These factors could have a negative material impact to the fair value of the Company's reporting unit and could result in a future impairment charge. 8. Leases The Company’s corporate headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts, pursuant to a lease of approximately 40,000 square feet that terminates on September 30, 2032. The initial term of the lease is for ten years. The Company has the option to extend the lease for two successive five-year terms which were not recognized in the initial liability and right-of-use asset, as the Company does not expect to exercise the extension. The Company has a right of first offer to lease additional office space that becomes available within the 281 Summer Street premises. In connection with the office lease, the Company provided a security deposit, in the form of a letter of credit, in the amount of $0.8 million in January 2022. This letter of credit will be auto-renewed annually, unless a 60 day notice is received from the landlord. An automatic extension can only be implemented through November 30, 2032. This letter of credit is irrevocable and does not have a cash requirement other than the amount already set forth. In the event of a default, the landlord must provide written notice of default before drawing from the letter of credit as a security deposit, or to remedy the amount owed. The Company leases offices in Tokyo, Japan; Sydney, Australia; Chennai, India; Seoul, South Korea; London, England; Guadalajara, Mexico; Funchal, Portugal and Covilha, Portugal. The Company’s rent expense was $4.1 million, $5.1 million, $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The Company entered into one operating lease agreement in the current year, resulting in the recording of an initial liability and corresponding right-of-use asset of $0.3 million. The weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates were as follows: F-21 Weighted average remaining lease term (years) Weighted average discount rate December 31, 2023 2022 2021 7.77 5.9 % 8.27 5.8 % 8.81 5.7 % The weighted-average remaining non-cancelable lease term for the Company’s operating leases was 7.77 years at December 31, 2023. The weighted-average discount rate was 5.9% at December 31, 2023. The Company’s operating leases expire at various dates through 2032. The following shows the undiscounted cash flows for the remaining years under operating leases at December 31, 2023: Year Ending December 31, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 and thereafter Total operating lease commitments Less imputed interest Total lease liabilities Operating Lease Commitments 4,774 4,235 3,981 4,010 3,802 10,779 31,581 (9,737 ) 21,844 $ $ The Company’s discounted current operating lease liability and discounted non-current lease liability at December 31, 2023 were $4.5 million and $17.4 million, respectively. In the fourth quarter of 2020 the Company subleased 100% of one of its London offices through the remaining lease term. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company recognized rent income of $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, within operating expenses. Lease income relating to variable lease payments was immaterial. The Company’s London sublease expires in December of 2024. The undiscounted cash inflows from the London sublease for the remaining year at December 31, 2023 was $0.9 million. 9. Commitments and Contingencies Legal Matters The Company, from time to time, is party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe that the outcome of these claims will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company based on the status of proceedings at this time. Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations The Company typically enters into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses and costs incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s customers, in connection with patent, copyright, trade secret, or other intellectual property or personal right infringement claims by third parties with respect to the Company’s technology. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual after execution of the agreement. The Company has typically limited the maximum potential value of such potential future payments in relation to the value of the contract. The Company has received requests for indemnification from customers in connection with patent infringement suits brought against the customer by a third party. Based on historical experience and information known as of December 31, 2023, the Company has incurred minimal costs for the above guarantees and indemnities. In certain circumstances, the Company warrants that its products and services will perform in all material respects in accordance with its standard published specification documentation in effect at the time of delivery of the licensed products and services to the customer for the warranty period of the product or service. To date, the Company has not incurred significant expense under its warranties and, as a result, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these agreements is immaterial. F-22 10. Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock Common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, when and if declared by the Board. Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance At December 31, 2023, the Company has reserved the following shares of common stock for future issuance: Common stock options outstanding Restricted stock unit awards outstanding Shares available for issuance under all stock-based compensation plans Total shares of authorized common stock reserved for future issuance December 31, 2023 2,247,951 5,619,438 7,768,241 15,635,630 11. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation Plans At December 31, 2023, the Company had seven stock-based compensation plans: • • • • • • • On February 8, 2022, the Company adopted the Brightcove Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan (the 2022 Plan). The 2022 Plan provides for the issuance of employment inducement awards to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO). On March 25, 2021, the Board adopted, the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2021 Plan) which was approved by the shareholders on May 11, 2021. On March 15, 2023, the Board adopted an amendment to the 2021 plan to increase the aggregate number of shares of Stock reserved for issuance under the Plan by 7,000,000, which was approved by the shareholders on May 10, 2023. The maximum number of shares of stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2021 Plan, as amended, is 13,200,000 shares. The 2018 Inducement Plan (the 2018 plan). Effective April 11, 2018, the Company adopted the 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options and restricted stock units to the Company’s CEO. The Brightcove Inc. 2014 Stock Option Inducement Plan (the 2014 Stock Inducement Plan). In 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 Stock Inducement Plan in connection with the Unicorn asset purchase agreement. The 2012 RSU Inducement Plan (the 2012 RSU Plan). In 2012, the Company adopted the 2012 RSU Plan in connection with the acquisition of Zencoder. The restricted stock units were settled in shares of the Company’s common stock upon vesting. The 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2012 Plan). The 2012 Plan provided for the issuance of incentive and non- qualified stock options, restricted stock, and other equity awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. In conjunction with the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan, the Board voted that no further stock options or other equity-based awards may be granted under the 2012 Plan. The Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the 2004 Plan). The 2004 Plan, like the 2012 Plan, provided for the issuance of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, and other equity awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. In conjunction with the effectiveness of the 2012 Plan, the Board voted that no further stock options or other equity-based awards may be granted under the 2004 Plan. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense as included in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021: F-23 Cost of subscription and support revenue Cost of professional services and other revenue Research and development Sales and marketing General and administrative Other (expense) benefit Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 506 $ 508 $ 627 375 2,453 4,197 6,368 — 13,899 $ 433 2,746 3,990 5,622 249 13,548 $ 401 1,677 2,957 4,306 — 9,968 $ As of December 31, 2023, there was $25.4 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years. Stock Options The following is a summary of the stock option activity for all stock option plans during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021: Outstanding at December 31, 2020 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2021 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2022 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2023 Exercisable at December 31, 2023 Number of Shares 2,110,486 $ 114,973 (333,190 ) (210,792 ) 1,681,477 $ — (28,400 ) (233,310 ) 1,419,767 $ 1,563,688 — (735,504 ) 2,247,951 $ 815,986 $ Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value 9.19 14.88 8.53 10.26 9.59 — 6.24 11.11 9.39 7.00 — 9.39 7.73 8.74 $ — $ 2,999 $ 1,938 $ $ $ 7.11 $ 3.50 $ 40 4 — — — (1) The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated based on the positive difference between the fair value of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 of $2.59, $5.23, and $10.22 per share, respectively, or the date of exercise, as appropriate, and the exercise price of the underlying options. On March 20, 2023, the Company granted 1,563,688 premium-priced options to some of its employees under its 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. The options have a strike price of $7.00 and vest in equal installments over three years following March 10, 2023. The binomial lattice model is used to estimate the fair value of the premium-priced options. The binomial lattice model calculates multiple potential outcomes for option exercises and establishes a fair value based on the most likely outcome. Key assumptions for the binomial lattice model include share price, volatility, the early exercise multiple, risk-free rate, expected dividends, and number of time steps. Prior to 2023, the Company had only granted service-based options under its stock compensation plans. The fair value of each option grant issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans prior to 2023 was estimated using the Black- Scholes option-pricing model. F-24 The weighted-average fair value of options granted and assumptions utilized to determine such values are presented in the following table: Weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year Risk-free interest rate Expected volatility Expected life (in years) Expected dividend yield Restricted Stock Units Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 $ 1.75 $ — $ 6.98 3.4 - 4.8% 47.9 - 55.5% — — — — — — 1.22 % 48 % 6.2 — The Company has entered into restricted stock unit (RSU) agreements with certain of its employees pursuant to the 2012 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan. Vesting occurs periodically at specified time intervals, ranging from three months to four years, and in specified percentages. Upon vesting, the holder will receive one share of the Company’s common stock for each unit vested. Under the 2012 Plan, the Company granted restricted stock units to certain key executives, which contain both performance- based (“P-RSU”) and service-based vesting conditions (“S-RSU”). The Company measures compensation expense for these performance-based awards based upon a review of the Company’s expected achievement against specified financial performance targets. Compensation cost is recognized on a ratable basis over the requisite service period for each series of grants to the extent management has deemed that such awards are probable of vesting based upon the expected achievement against the specified targets. On a periodic basis, management reviews the Company’s expected performance and adjusts the compensation cost, if needed, at such time. The Company determined that the conditions for a portion of the performance-based restricted stock units were achieved in the first quarter of 2020. As such, the Company recognized $0.2 million of stock-based compensation expense relating to performance-based awards for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company did not recognize stock-based compensation expense relating to the aforementioned performance-based awards in the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, respectively, as the Company determined that the conditions for further portions of the performance-based restricted stock units to vest were not achieved. Under the 2022 Plan, the Company granted 800,000 restricted stock units to the Company's CEO, in connection with the commencement of his employment on March 28, 2022. Of the total restricted stock units granted, 300,000 are subject solely to service-based vesting conditions (the “RSUs”) and 500,000 are subject to both market-based and service-based vesting conditions (the “PSUs”). The RSUs vest in equal annual installments over three years following March 28, 2022. The market-based vesting conditions applicable to the PSUs are achieved only if the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock during any 20 consecutive trading day period in the four year performance period following the CEO’s start date, March 28, 2022, equals or exceeds stock price hurdles ranging from $12.50 to $30.00, increasing in seven increments of $2.50. The percentage of the award that is earned upon achievement of each stock price hurdle is 10% of the PSUs for each of the first two achievement tiers, 12.5% for each of the next four achievement tiers and 15% for each of the final two achievement tiers. The PSUs vest 50% upon achievement of a stock price hurdle and 50% upon the earlier of the one-year anniversary of such achievement date or March 28, 2025, subject to the CEO’s continued employment through the applicable vesting date. For restricted stock units with market-based performance conditions, the cost of the awards is recognized as the requisite service is rendered by the employee, regardless of when, if ever, the market-based performance conditions are satisfied. The Monte-Carlo simulation model is used to estimate fair value of market-based performance restricted stock units. The Monte-Carlo simulation model calculates multiple potential outcomes for an award and establishes a fair value based on the most likely outcome. Key assumptions for the Monte-Carlo simulation model include the risk-free rate, expected volatility, expected dividends and the correlation coefficient. F-25 The following table summarizes the P-RSU and S-RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: S-RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value P-RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Total RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 2,000,416 $ 2,269,341 (680,769 ) (673,268 ) 10.30 1,587,801 $ 64,011 12.24 (181,910 ) 9.85 (448,730 ) 11.67 10.40 12.65 8.74 9.59 3,588,217 $ 2,333,352 (862,679 ) (1,121,998 ) 10.35 12.25 9.62 10.84 2,915,720 $ 11.66 1,021,172 $ 11.04 3,936,892 $ 11.50 S-RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value P-RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Total RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 2,915,720 $ 3,803,691 (824,127 ) (1,356,935 ) 11.66 1,021,172 $ 500,000 6.94 — 11.63 (848,314 ) 10.09 11.04 4.06 0.00 11.06 3,936,892 $ 4,303,691 (824,127 ) (2,205,249 ) 11.50 6.61 11.63 10.47 4,538,349 $ 8.19 672,858 $ 6.54 5,211,207 $ 7.88 S-RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value P-RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Total RSU Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 4,538,349 $ 3,102,058 (1,384,242 ) (1,153,897 ) 8.19 4.51 8.35 7.61 672,858 $ — — (155,688 ) 6.54 0.00 0.00 10.14 5,211,207 $ 3,102,058 (1,384,242 ) (1,309,585 ) 5,102,268 $ 6.04 517,170 $ 4.54 5,619,438 $ 7.88 4.51 8.35 7.91 5.90 Unvested by December 31, 2020 Granted Vested and issued Cancelled Unvested by December 31, 2021 Unvested by December 31, 2021 Granted Vested and issued Cancelled Unvested by December 31, 2022 Unvested by December 31, 2022 Granted Vested and issued Cancelled Unvested by December 31, 2023 12. Income Taxes Loss before the provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following jurisdictional (loss) income: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 Domestic Foreign Total $ (24,613 ) $ (11,391 ) $ 2,324 $ (21,721 ) $ (9,067 ) $ 2,892 4,136 2,063 6,199 F-26 The provision (benefit) for income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements consists of the following: Current provision: Federal State Foreign Total current Deferred (benefit): Federal State Foreign Total deferred Total (benefit) provision Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 $ $ (4 ) $ 117 1,122 1,235 (5 ) 2 (67 ) (70 ) 1,165 $ - $ 66 880 946 (834 ) (168 ) 4 (998 ) (52 ) $ - 7 801 808 1 2 (9 ) (6 ) 802 A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows: Tax at statutory rates State income taxes Change in tax rate Permanent differences Global intangible low-taxed income Foreign rate differential Research and development credits Change in valuation allowance Other, net Effective tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2022 (21.0%) (8.8%) (0.8%) 18.6% 19.9% 2.8% (9.1%) (1.4%) (0.7%) (0.5%) 2023 (21.0%) (3.7%) 1.4% 11.4% 0% 1.0% (4.2%) 19.8% 0.7% 5.4% 2021 (21.0%) 3.4% (0.2%) 4.4% 0% (2.6%) 7.6% (3.4%) (1.1%) (12.9%) The income tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry-forwards Tax credit carry-forwards Stock-based compensation Fixed Assets Account receivable reserves Accrued compensation Lease Liability Capitalized research expenditures Other temporary differences Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Other deferred tax liabilities ROU Asset Intangible assets Total deferred tax liabilities Valuation allowance Net deferred tax asset (liability) As of December 31, 2022 2023 $ 36,936 $ 41,239 14,588 2,127 134 340 1,050 5,524 6,733 829 72,564 15,691 1,853 - 140 602 4,955 13,234 1,159 74,570 (4,196 ) (4,101 ) (1,215 ) (9,512 ) (65,070 ) (12 ) $ (4,046 ) (4,578 ) (3,305 ) (11,929 ) (60,717 ) (82 ) $ The Company is required to compute income tax expense in each jurisdiction in which it operates. This process requires the Company to project its current tax liability and estimate its deferred tax assets and liabilities, including net operating loss (NOL) and tax credit carry-forwards. In assessing the ability to realize the net deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. F-27 The Company has provided a valuation allowance against substantially all of its remaining U.S. net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as based upon the level of historical U.S. losses and future projections over the period in which the net deferred tax assets are deductible, at this time, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets of its foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 largely based on the significant weight of negative evidence given to the consolidated worldwide cumulative loss position for the current year and the prior two years. The increase in the valuation allowance from 2022 to 2023 of $4.4 million principally relates to the current year U.S. losses and generation of federal and state research and development tax credits. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating losses of approximately $154.0 million, of which $108.3 million are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2037 and $45.7 million which are available to offset future taxable income indefinitely. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had state net operating losses of approximately $76.5 million, of which $73.4 million are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2041 and $3.1 million which are available to offset future taxable income indefinitely. The Company also had federal and state research and development tax credits of $10.7 million and $6.3 million, respectively, which expire in various amounts through 2043. The net operating loss and tax credit amounts are subject to annual limitations under Section 382 change of ownership rules under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the value of the Company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. The Company completed an analysis covering the tax periods from inception through December 31, 2022 and performed a high level assessment of the period January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023 to determine whether there may have been a Section 382 ownership change and determined that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company’s net operating and tax credit amounts as disclosed are not subject to any material Section 382 limitations. Effective January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 requires the Company to capitalize, and subsequently amortize R&D expenses over five years for research activities conducted in the U.S. and over fifteen years for research activities conducted outside of the U.S. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recorded a deferred tax asset of $13.2 million related to the capitalized R&D expenditures which is offset by a decrease in its net operating loss carryforward. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions, nor any accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal tax jurisdiction, various state and various foreign jurisdictions. The Company is currently open to examination under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions for the tax years ended 2020 through 2023. Since the Company is in a U.S. loss carryforward position, carryforward tax attributes generated in prior years may still be adjusted upon future examination if they have or will be used in a future period. Additionally, certain non-U.S. jurisdictions are no longer subject for income tax examinations by authorities for tax years before 2018. No additional U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes have been provided for any additional outside basis differences inherent in the Company’s foreign entities as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations based on management’s current intentions. Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any remaining undistributed foreign earnings not subject to the transition tax and additional outside basis difference in these entities (i.e., basis difference in excess of that subject to the one-time transition tax) is not practicable. 13. Debt On November 1, 2023, the Company entered into a loan modification agreement to an existing amended and restated loan and security agreement with a lender (collectively, the “Loan Agreement”). The Loan Agreement provides for up to a $30.0 million asset-backed line of credit (the “Line of Credit”). Borrowings under the Line of Credit are secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding its intellectual property. Outstanding amounts under the Line of Credit accrue interest at a rate as follows: (i) for prime rate advances, the prime rate plus 225 basis points and (ii) for Secured Overnight Financing Rate ('SOFR") advances, the greater of (A) the SOFR rate plus 225 basis points and (B) 4%. Under the Loan Agreement, the Company must comply with certain financial covenants, including maintaining a minimum asset coverage ratio. If there is outstanding principal during any month, the Company must also maintain a minimum net income threshold based on non-GAAP operating measures. Failure to comply with these covenants, or the occurrence of an event of default, could permit the lenders under the Line of Credit to declare all amounts borrowed under the Line of Credit, together with accrued interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable. The Line of Credit agreement will expire on November 1, 2026 F-28 . The Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Line of Credit as of December 31, 2023 and there were no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2023. 14. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consist of the following: Accrued payroll and related benefits Accrued sales and other taxes Accrued professional fees and outside contractors Accrued content delivery Accrued other liabilities Total December 31, 2023 2022 $ 6,499 $ 10,082 2,601 3,098 2,163 3,057 3,528 5,684 2,775 4,956 $ 17,566 $ 26,877 15. Segment Information Disclosure requirements about segments of an enterprise and related information establishes standards for reporting information regarding operating segments in annual financial statements and requires selected information of those segments to be presented in interim financial reports issued to stockholders. Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker, or decision- making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s chief decision maker is its chief executive officer. The Company and the chief decision maker view the Company’s operations and manage its business as one operating segment. Geographic Data Total revenue to unaffiliated customers by geographic area, based on the location of the customer, was as follows: Revenue: North America Europe Japan Asia Pacific Other Total revenue Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 $ $ 120,378 $ 32,922 20,080 27,421 386 201,187 $ 118,755 $ 119,079 37,947 36,177 25,272 21,988 28,261 33,645 534 443 211,008 $ 211,093 North America is comprised of revenue from the United States, Canada and Mexico. Revenue from customers located in the United States was $111.7 million, $111.8 million and $111.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other than the United States and Japan, no country contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. 16. 401(k) Savings Plan The Company maintains a defined contribution savings plan covering all eligible U.S. employees under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Company contributions to the plan may be made at the discretion of the Board. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has made contributions to the plan of $1.4 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively. 17. Restructuring F-29 In March 2023, the Company took an action to restructure certain parts of the Company with the intent of aligning skills with the Company’s strategy and facilitating cost efficiencies and savings. As a result certain headcount reductions were necessary. The Company incurred approximately $0.4 million in restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with this action. The restructuring charges reflect post-employment benefits, and the Company does not expect to incur any additional restructuring charges related to this action. The restructuring charges are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $0.2 million - General and Administrative; $0.1 million – Research and Development; and $0.1 million – Sales and Marketing. The Company paid the entire amount by March 31, 2023. On April 28, 2023, the Company authorized a restructuring that is designed to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and focus on key growth and strategic priorities (the "Plan"). The Plan includes a reduction of the Company's then- current workforce by approximately 10%. The Company incurred approximately $2.4 million in restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with the Plan. The restructuring charges reflect post-employment benefits. The restructuring charges are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $1.2 million in Sales and Marketing; $0.9 million in Research and Development; $0.2 million in General and administrative and $0.1 million in Cost of Revenue. The Company paid all $2.4 million of the restructuring charges by September 30, 2023. 18. Subsequent Events On January 11, 2024, the Company took an action to restructure certain parts of the Company with the intent of aligning skills with the Company’s strategy and facilitating cost efficiencies and savings. As a result certain headcount reductions were necessary. The Company estimates it will incur between $1.6 million and $1.8 million in restructuring charges in the three months ended March 31, 2024 in connection with this action. The restructuring charges will primarily reflect post-employment benefits and will be reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company expects to pay the amounts due as a result of the restructuring action by June 30, 2024, with the majority expected to be paid before March 31, 2024. On February 21, 2024, Robert Noreck, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer (collectively, “CFO”), notified the Company of his intention to resign. The Company and Mr. Noreck entered into a Transition and Resignation Agreement dated February 21, 2024, pursuant to which Mr. Noreck will step down as CFO effective as of the earlier of May 31, 2024 and the appointment of a successor CFO (the “Transition Date”). Beginning on the Transition Date, Mr. Noreck will transition into the role of a consultant through September 30, 2024, at which time Mr. Noreck’s services to the Company will terminate. The Company has agreed that Mr. Noreck’s employment need not be exclusive to the Company after June 1, 2024. F-30 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10- K. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its Internal Control- Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment and those criteria, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. F-51 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Brightcove Inc. Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Brightcove Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Brightcove Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 22, 2024 F-52  Item 9B. Other Information During the three month period ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement” (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K). Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. F-53 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 11. Executive Compensation Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. F-54 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules (a)(1) Financial Statements. The response to this portion of Item 15 is set forth under Item 8 above. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules. All schedules have been omitted because they are not required or because the required information is given in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto set forth under Item 8 above. (a)(3) Exhibits. The exhibits listed below are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Exhibits 2.1* (1) 2.2* (2) 3.1* (3) 3.2* (4) 4.1* (5) 4.2* (6) 4.3* (7) 4.4* (8) 4.5* (9) 4.6* (10) 4.7* (11) 4.8* (12) 10.1* (13) 10.2†* (14) 10.3†* (15) 10.4†* (16) 10.5† (17) 10.6* (18) 10.7* (19) 10.8* (20) Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 26, 2012, by and among the Registrant, Zebra Acquisition Corporation, Zencoder Inc. and the Securityholders’ Representative named therein. Asset Purchase Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, dated as of January 6, 2014, by and among the Registrant, Cacti Acquisition LLC, Unicorn Media, Inc., Unicorn Media of Arizona, Inc., U Media Limited and the Securityholders’ Representative named therein. Eleventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Amended and Restated By-Laws. Form of Common Stock certificate of the Registrant. Second Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement dated January 17, 2007, by and among the Registrant, the investors listed therein, and Jeremy Allaire, as amended. Brightcove Inc. RSU Inducement Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2012 RSU Inducement Plan. Brightcove Inc. 2018 Inducement Plan. Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2018 Inducement Plan. Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2018 Inducement Plan. Description of Capital Stock. Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of the Registrant, together with forms of award agreement. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan of the Registrant. Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Company Employees under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. Loan and Security Agreement dated March 30, 2011 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc., as amended. Second Loan Modification Agreement dated April 29, 2013 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc. Third Loan Modification Agreement dated October 3, 2014 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc. 10.9* (21) 10.10†* (22) 10.11†* (23) 10.12†* (24) 10.13†* (25) Loan and Security Agreement dated November 19, 2015 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy. Senior Executive Incentive Bonus Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Company Employees under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. F-55 10.14†* (26) 10.15* (27) 10.16†* (28) 10.17†* (29) 10.18†* (30) 10.19* (31) 10.20* (32) 10.21* (33) 10.22†* (34) 10.23†* (35) 10.24†* (36) 10.25†* (37) 10.26†* (38) 10.27†* (39) 10.28†* (40) 10.29†* (41) 10.30†* (42) 10.31*+ (43) 10.32†* (44) 10.33†* (45) 10.34†* (46) 10.35*+ (47) 10.36†* (48) 10.37*+ (49) 10.38†** 21.1** 23.1** 24.1** 31.1** 31.2** 32.1** 97.1** 101.INS** 101.SCH** 101.CAL** 101.DEF** 101.LAB** 101.PRE** 104* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan. Employment Agreement dated September 20, 2017 between the Registrant and David Plotkin. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, as amended and restated on April 11, 2018. Employment Agreement dated May 3, 2018 between the Registrant and Robert Noreck. Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement dated December 14, 2018 between the Registrant and Silicon Valley Bank. First Loan Modification Agreement dated March 29, 2019 between the Registrant and Silicon Valley Bank. Third Loan Modification Agreement dated December 28, 2020 between the Registrant and Silicon Valley Bank. Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Brightcove Employees under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-U.S. Employees under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Brightcove Employees under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-U.S. Employees under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Employment Agreement, dated February 8, 2022 by and between the Registrant and Marc DeBevoise. Lease dated November 23, 2021, between 281 Summer Street, LLC and Brightcove Inc. Brightcove Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan. Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan. Second Loan Modification Agreement dated July 29, 2019 between the Registrant and Silicon Valley Bank. Amendment No. 1 to the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan Fourth Loan Modification Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2023, by and between the Registrant and the Bank. Transition and Resignation Agreement dated February 21, 2024 between the Registrant and Robert Noreck. Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Power of Attorney (included on signature page). Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Amended and Restated Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation. Inline XBRL Instance Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101.*) (1) Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on July 26, 2012. F-56 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on January 6, 2014. Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. Filed as Exhibit 3.3 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on August 24, 2011. Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on August 14, 2012. Filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on August 14, 2012. (9) Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on May 1, 2018. (10) Filed as Exhibit 4.5 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on May 1, 2018. (11) Filed as Exhibit 4.6 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on May 1, 2018. (12) Filed as Exhibit 4.9 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 27, 2020. (13) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (14) Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on August 24, 2011. (15) Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (16) Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (17) Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (18) Filed as Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on August 24, 2011. (19) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on April 30, 2013. (20) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 7, 2014. (21) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on November 20, 2015. (22) Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (23) Filed as Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (24) Filed as Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (25) Filed as Exhibit 10.17 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (26) Filed as Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. (27) Filed as Exhibit 10.19 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on February 6, 2012. F-57 (28) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on October 26, 2017. (29) Filed as Exhibit 99.5 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on April 11, 2018. (30) Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 4, 2018. (31) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 14, 2018. (32) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on April 24, 2019. (33) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 29, 2020. (34) Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 17, 2021. (35) Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (36) Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (37) Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (38) Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (39) Filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (40) Filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (41) Filed as Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on July 28, 2021. (42) Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 9, 2022. (43) Filed as Exhibit 10.48 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 18, 2022. (44) Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 18, 2022. (45) Filed as Exhibit 4.5 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 18, 2022. (46) Filed as Exhibit 4.6 to Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 18, 2022. (47) Filed as Exhibit 10.53 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 23, 2023. (48) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 11, 2023. (49) Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on November 1, 2023. * ** • † + Incorporated herein by reference. Filed herewith. The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement. Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Not applicable. F-58 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the 22nd day of February, 2024. Signatures BRIGHTCOVE INC. By: /s/ Marc DeBevoise Marc DeBevoise Chief Executive Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Marc DeBevoise, Robert Noreck and David Plotkin, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name /s/ Marc DeBevoise Marc DeBevoise /s/ Robert Noreck Robert Noreck /s/ Diane Hessan Diane Hessan /s/ Kristin Frank Kristin Frank /s/ Gary Haroian Gary Haroian /s/ Scott Kurnit Scott Kurnit /s/ Tsedal Neeley Tsedal Neeley /s/ Thomas E. Wheeler Thomas E. Wheeler Title Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Date February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 Chairman of the Board of Directors February 22, 2024 Director Director Director Director Director F-59 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 Exhibit 10.38 February 21, 2024 PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL Robert Noreck Re: Transition and Resignation Agreement Dear Rob: This letter agreement (the “Agreement”) confirms that you will be transitioning from your roles as Chief Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Treasurer (collectively, “CFO”) with Brightcove Inc. (the “Company”) and, ultimately, resigning from your employment with the Company. This Agreement also describes certain transition duties you have agreed to perform and separation benefits you are eligible to receive. The purpose of this Agreement is to establish an amicable arrangement for ending your employment relationship, including releasing the Company and related persons or entities from any claims and permitting you to receive separation pay and related benefits. You and the Company agree as follows: 1. Resignation Date; Transition Period a.Resignation Date; Transition Period. Provided you enter into, do not revoke and comply with this Agreement, the Company will continue to employ you on an at-will basis until September 30, 2024 (the “Resignation Date”), unless, prior to that date, the Company terminates your employment due to (i) your breach of this Agreement (including without limitation your failure to provide the Transitional Services) or any of the Ongoing Obligations (as defined below); or (ii) your engaging in other behavior that justifies a for “Cause” termination (as defined in your Employment Agreement dated May 3, 2018 (the “Employment Agreement”)) ((i) or (ii) a “Specified Termination”). The time period between the date of this letter and the Resignation Date shall be referred to as the “Transition Period.” b.Transitional Services; Compensation and Benefits. Unless otherwise directed by the Company, you will continue to perform your current job duties as CFO until the earlier of (i) the Company’s appointment of a successor CFO and (ii) May 31, 2024, at which point you will transition to the role of “Consultant.” As Consultant, you shall assist the Company with the transition of your CFO responsibilities, and perform any other duties consistent with the obligations of a transitioning Chief Financial Officer that the Company in its reasonable discretion determines. As of April 1, 2024, you will be able to perform your duties as CFO, and thereafter as Consultant, on less than a full-time basis. Further, as Consultant, you will work a commercially reasonably number of hours to be mutually agreed upon by you and the Company. Your duties during the Transition Period may continue to be performed remotely as is the case now. The duties and responsibilities described in this Section 1.b shall be referred to as the “Transitional Services”. During the period from the date of this Agreement to May 31, 2024, you will remain an employee exclusively of Brightcove. During the period from June 1, 2024 to September 30, 2024, your employment need not be exclusive to Brightcove, provided you remain able to provide the Transitional Services during such period. During the Transition Period, you will continue to be paid your current base salary in accordance with the Company’s payroll practices now in effect and you will continue to be eligible for the employee benefits you currently receive as an employee of the Company (including reimbursement of all reasonable expenses incurred by you during the Transition Period, vacation, paid holidays, and Company cost-sharing of employee benefits) as currently in effect, subject to the terms and conditions of the Company’s benefit plans; provided, however, that notwithstanding anything to the contrary, the Company shall cause you to be treated as a full-time employee for purposes of the Company’s group health plans through the entire Transition Period. You shall be offered the opportunity to purchase COBRA group health plan continuation coverage at your own expense for the statutory period provided by COBRA immediately after the end of the Transition Period. 2. Separation Pay Provided you (i) enter into, do not revoke and comply with this Agreement, (ii) do not experience a Specified Termination prior to September 30, 2024, and (iii) reaffirm the terms of this Agreement including the general release in Section 4 so that it covers the period between the date of this Agreement and the Resignation Date by signing and returning the Certificate attached as Exhibit A hereto after the Resignation Date in accordance with the time frame provided in such Certificate, and such Certificate becomes effective, the Company shall pay you a pro-rated bonus for calendar year 2024 for your time served as CFO or Consultant through May 31, 2024 (the “2024 Bonus”). The 2024 Bonus will continue to be calculated using 65% of your annualized current base salary as the target amount, based on the Company’s actual performance level for 2024 as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) or the Compensation Committee of the Board, as provided above and paid when the Company pays 2024 annual bonuses to other eligible employees in calendar year 2025 but in no event later than March 30, 2025. In the event of your death prior to the completion of any payments to you under this Agreement, any remaining unpaid amounts and employee benefits (including for avoidance of doubt any vested equity compensation and the 2024 Bonus) shall be payable to your spouse (or if no spouse survives you, to your estate) at the time and in the manner provided by this Agreement. 3. Equity Your equity awards, including options to purchase the Company’s common stock and restricted stock units, shall continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable Company equity plan and any applicable stock option agreement or restricted stock unit award agreement (collectively, the “Equity Documents”). Pursuant to the terms of the Equity Documents, all Company equity awards held by you shall continue to vest while you remain employed by the Company (including as Consultant) and all equity awards that are not vested as of the date that your employment actually terminates shall terminate and be forfeited as of such date. 4. Release of Claims 2 In consideration for, among other terms, the opportunity to receive the 2024 Bonus, which you acknowledge you would otherwise not be entitled to, you voluntarily release and forever discharge the Company and its affiliated and related entities, their respective predecessors, successors and assigns, its and their respective employee benefit plans and fiduciaries of such plans, and the current and former officers, directors, managers, members, shareholders, employees, attorneys, accountants and agents of each of the foregoing in their official and personal capacities (collectively referred to as the “Releasees”) generally from all claims, demands, debts, damages and liabilities of every name and nature, known or unknown (“Claims”) that, as of the date when you sign this Agreement, you have, ever had, now claim to have or ever claimed to have had against any or all of the Releasees. This release includes, without limitation, all Claims: • • • • • • • • relating to your employment by and separation from employment with the Company; relating to your Employment Agreement; of wrongful discharge or violation of public policy; of breach of contract; of retaliation or discrimination under federal, state or local law (including, without limitation, Claims of discrimination, retaliation or otherwise under the Americans with Disabilities Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the Massachusetts Fair Employment Practices Act (M.G.L. c. 151B)); under any other federal or state statute; for wages, bonuses, incentive compensation, commissions, stock, stock options, vacation pay or any other compensation or benefits, whether under Massachusetts Wage Act, M.G.L. c. 149, §§148-150C, or otherwise; and for damages or other remedies of any sort, including, without limitation, compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief and attorney’s fees; provided, however, that this release shall not affect your rights under this Agreement, the Equity Documents or under any “employee benefit plan,” as that term is defined in Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. §1002(3). You acknowledge and represent that, except as expressly provided in this Agreement, the Company has paid or provided all salary, wages, bonuses, accrued vacation/paid time off, premiums, leaves, severance, reimbursable expenses, commissions, stock, stock options, vesting, and any and all other benefits and compensation due to you for service provided during the payroll periods ending prior to the date of this Agreement. The Company represents that as of the date of this Agreement it is not aware of any grounds for a claim against you or any basis for a termination of your employment with the Company for Cause. 5. Ongoing Obligations You are subject to continuing obligations under (i) your Employee Noncompetition, Nondisclosure and Development Agreement dated June 14, 2017 and (ii) Section 7 (Confidential 3 Information, Noncompetition and Cooperation) of the Employment Agreement ((i) and (ii), the “Restrictive Covenant Obligations”). The Restrictive Covenant Obligations, and any other confidentiality and restrictive covenant obligations you have to any of the Releasees, are referred to herein as the “Ongoing Obligations” and shall remain in full force and effect. 6. Return of Property In accordance with Section 7(c) of the Employment Agreement, you agree to return to the Company by the Resignation Date all Company property, including, without limitation, computer equipment, keys and access cards, credit cards and any documents (including electronic documents as well as hard copies) containing information concerning the Company, its business or its business relationships. You also commit to deleting and finally purging any duplicates of files or documents that may contain Company information from any computer or other device that remains your property after the Resignation Date. In the event that you discover that you continue to retain any such property, you shall return it to the Company immediately. 7. Nondisparagement Subject to Section 9 below, you agree not to make any disparaging statements, oral or written, concerning the Company or any of its affiliates or concerning the products, services or current or former officers, directors, shareholders, employees or agents of the Company or any of its affiliates. You represent that during the period since this Agreement was proposed to you, you have not made any such disparaging statements. The Company agrees that it shall instruct the members of the Board and its executive officers who report directly to the CEO not to make any disparaging statements, oral or written, concerning you. 8. Indemnification and D&O Insurance The Company will continue to indemnify you, advance legal expenses, and hold you harmless pursuant to the Company’s charter, bylaws, and your Indemnification Agreement with the Company, dated May 2, 2018. For a period of at least six (6) years following your Resignation Date, the Company shall maintain its directors and officers liability insurance in accordance with the Company’s usual and customary practices, which policy shall include customary coverage for you with respect to your service as an officer of the Company. 9. Protected Disclosures and Other Protected Actions Nothing contained in this Agreement, any other agreement with the Company, or any Company policy limits your ability, with or without notice to the Company, to: (i) file a charge or complaint with any federal, state or local governmental agency or commission (a “Government Agency”), including without limitation, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the National Labor Relations Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”); (ii) communicate with any Government Agency or otherwise participate in any investigation or proceeding that may be conducted by any Government Agency, including by providing non- privileged documents or information; (iii) exercise any rights under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act, which are available to non-supervisory employees, including assisting co- workers with or discussing any employment issue as part of engaging in concerted activities for 4 the purpose of mutual aid or protection; (iv) discuss or disclose information about unlawful acts in the workplace, such as harassment or discrimination or any other conduct that you have reason to believe is unlawful; or (v) testify truthfully in a legal proceeding. Any such communications and disclosures must not violate applicable law and the information disclosed must not have been obtained through a communication that was subject to the attorney-client privilege (unless disclosure of that information would otherwise be permitted consistent with such privilege or applicable law). If a Government Agency or any other third party pursues any claim on your behalf, you waive any right to monetary or other individualized relief (either individually or as part of any collective or class action), but the Company will not limit any right you may have to receive an award pursuant to the whistleblower provisions of any applicable law or regulation for providing information to the SEC or any other Government Agency. 10. Defend Trade Secrets Act For the avoidance of doubt, pursuant to the federal Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, you shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that (a) is made (i) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney; and (ii) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (b) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. 11. Other Provisions a. Termination and Return of Payments; Certain Remedies. If you materially breach any of your obligations under this Agreement, or any Ongoing Obligation, in addition to any other legal or equitable remedies it may have for such breach, the Company shall have the right to: (i) terminate immediately your employment and the Transition Period, and/or (ii) enforce your return of that portion of the 2024 Bonus as determined to be reasonable and appropriate by a court of competent jurisdiction. If the Company initiates (i) or (ii) in the preceding sentence due to a breach, you shall continue to be subject to the Ongoing Obligations. Without limiting the Company’s remedies hereunder, if the Company prevails in any action to enforce this Agreement, then you shall be liable to the Company for reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by the Company in connection with such action. b. Enforceability. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable, this Agreement will be deemed amended to the extent necessary to render the otherwise unenforceable provision, and the rest of the Agreement, valid and enforceable. If a court declines to amend this Agreement as provided herein, the invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this Agreement shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remaining provisions. c. Waiver; Absence of Reliance. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement shall be effective unless made in writing and signed by the waiving party. In signing this Agreement, you are not relying upon any promises or representations made by anyone at or on behalf of the Company. d. Jurisdiction; Governing Law; Interpretation. You and the Company hereby agree that the state and federal courts of Massachusetts shall have the exclusive jurisdiction to consider 5 any matters related to this Agreement. With respect to any such court action, you submit to the jurisdiction and venue of such courts, you acknowledge that venue in such courts is proper and you waive any right to a jury with respect to any such action. This Agreement shall be interpreted and enforced under the laws of Massachusetts, without regard to conflict of law principles. e. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, the Equity Documents, and the Ongoing Obligations, constitute the entire agreement between you and the Company and supersede any previous agreements or understandings between you and the Company. f. Time for Consideration; Effective Date. You acknowledge that you have knowingly and voluntarily entered into this Agreement and that the Company advises you to consult with an attorney before signing this Agreement. By entering into this Agreement, you acknowledge that you have been given the opportunity to consider this Agreement and the Certificate attached as Exhibit A for twenty-one (21) days from your receipt of this Agreement before signing the Agreement (the “Consideration Period”). To accept this Agreement, you must return a signed original or a signed PDF copy of this Agreement so that it is received by the undersigned at or before the expiration of the Consideration Period. If you sign this Agreement before the end of the Consideration Period, you acknowledge that such decision was entirely voluntary and that you had the opportunity to consider this Agreement for the entire Consideration Period. For the period of seven (7) days from the date when you sign this Agreement, you have the right to revoke this Agreement by written notice to the undersigned, provided that such notice is delivered so that it is received at or before the expiration of the seven (7) day revocation period. This Agreement shall not become effective or enforceable during the revocation period. This Agreement shall become effective on the first business day following the expiration of the revocation period (the “Effective Date”). g. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in separate counterparts. When all counterparts are signed, they shall be treated together as one and the same document. [Signature Page Follows] 6 Please indicate your agreement to the terms of this Agreement by signing and returning to the undersigned the original or a PDF copy of this letter within the time period set forth above. Very truly yours, Brightcove Inc. By: /s/ Marc DeBevoise Marc DeBevoise Chief Executive Officer February 21, 2024 Date You are advised to consult with an attorney before signing this Agreement. This is a legal document. Your signature will commit you to its terms. By signing below, you acknowledge that you have carefully read and fully understand all of the provisions of this Agreement and that you are knowingly and voluntarily entering into this Agreement. /s/ Robert Noreck Robert Noreck February 21, 2024 Date EXHIBIT A CERTIFICATE UPDATING RELEASE OF CLAIMS I, Robert Noreck, hereby acknowledge and certify that I entered into the Transition and Resignation Agreement with Brightcove Inc. (the “Company”) to which this Certificate is attached (the “Agreement”). Capitalized but undefined terms in this Certificate are defined in the Agreement. Pursuant to the Agreement, I am required to sign this “Certificate,” which updates the release of claims in the Agreement, in order to receive the 2024 Bonus described in the Agreement. For this Certificate to become effective and for me to receive the 2024 Bonus, I must sign this Certificate after the Resignation Date but no later than seven (7) days after the Resignation Date. I further agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. A copy of this Certificate was attached as an Exhibit to the Agreement. In consideration of the benefits described in the Agreement, for which I become eligible only if I sign this Certificate, I hereby extend the release of claims set forth in the Agreement to any and all claims that arose after the date I signed the Agreement through the date I signed this Certificate, subject to all other exclusions and terms set forth in the Agreement. I also voluntarily release and forever discharge the Releasees (as defined in the Agreement) generally from all Claims (as defined in the Agreement), arising under the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act that as of the date when I sign this Certificate, I have, ever had, now claim to have or ever claimed to have had against any or all of the Releasees. I have carefully read and fully understand all of the provisions of this Certificate, I have been given the opportunity to consult with an attorney before signing this Certificate, I knowingly and voluntarily agree to all of the terms set forth in this Certificate, and I acknowledge that in entering into this Certificate, I am not relying on any representation, promise or inducement made by the Company or its officers, directors, employees, agents or other representatives with the exception of those promises expressly contained in this Certificate and the Agreement. I understand and acknowledge that I have been given the opportunity to consider this Certificate for twenty-one (21) days from my receipt of this Certificate before signing it, and that for the period of seven (7) days from the date when I sign this Certificate, I have the right to revoke this Certificate by written notice to the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, provided that such notice is delivered so that it is received at or before the expiration of the seven (7) day revocation period. This Certificate shall not become effective or enforceable during the revocation period. This Certificate shall become effective on the first business day following the expiration of the revocation period (the (“Certificate Effective Date”). I also represent that I have not been subject to any retaliation or any other form of adverse action by the released parties for any action taken by me as an employee or resulting from my exercise of or attempt to exercise any statutory rights recognized under federal, state or local law. I agree that I have been paid all unpaid wages and other compensation owed to me as of the Resignation Date. I also agree that none of my rights have been violated under any statute, common law or Company policy, program or agreement. I represent that I have reported any and all workplace injuries that I suffered during my employment, if any, to the Company before executing this Certificate. I agree that this Certificate is part of the Agreement. 5. I acknowledge that the Company has advised me to consult with an attorney before signing this Certificate. This is a legal document. My signature will commit me to its terms. By signing below, I acknowledge that I have carefully read and fully understand all of the provisions of this Agreement and that I am knowingly and voluntarily entering into this Certificate. Robert Noreck Date 9 Name Brightcove UK Ltd Brightcove Singapore Pte. Ltd. Brightcove K.K. Brightcove Korea Brightcove Australia Pty Ltd Brightcove India Pte. Ltd. Brightcove Holdings, Inc. Zencoder Inc. Brightcove FZ-LLC Cacti Acquisition LLC Brightcove S. de R.L. de C.V. Othello Acquisition Corporation TV App Agency Ltd. TV App Agency Unipessoal Lda. Brightcove Philippines, Inc. Wicket Labs, Inc. Exhibit 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant Jurisdiction of Organization UK Singapore Japan Korea Australia India Delaware Delaware United Arab Emirates Delaware Mexico Delaware UK Portugal Philippines Washington Exhibit 23.1 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (1) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-179966) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of Brightcove Inc. and the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (2) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-183315) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 RSU Inducement Plan, (3) Registration Statement (Form S-8 Nos. 333-187051, 333-202540, 333-209770, 333-216140, 333-223308, 333- 229775, 333-236673 and 333-253458) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (4) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-193701) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2014 Stock Option Inducement Plan and the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (5) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-224578) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2018 Inducement Plan, (6) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-269969) of Brightcove Inc., (7) Registration Statement (Form S-8 Nos. 333-256204 and 333-272008) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, (8) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-262874) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan, of our reports dated February 22, 2024, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Brightcove Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Brightcove Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Brightcove Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 22, 2024 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Marc DeBevoise, certify that: Exhibit 31.1 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 22, 2024 By: /s/ Marc DeBevoise Marc DeBevoise Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Robert Noreck, certify that: Exhibit 31.2 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 22, 2024 By: /s/ Robert Noreck Robert Noreck Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Marc DeBevoise, as Chief Executive Officer of Brightcove Inc., hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Brightcove Inc. Date: February 22, 2024 By: /s/ March DeBevoise Marc DeBevoise Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Robert Noreck, as Chief Financial Officer of Brightcove Inc., hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Brightcove Inc. Date: February 22, 2024 By: /s/ Robert Noreck Robert Noreck Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 97.1 BRIGHTCOVE INC. AMENDED AND RESTATED POLICY FOR RECOUPMENT OF INCENTIVE COMPENSATION October 24, 2023 Brightcove Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), has adopted this Amended and Restated Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation (this “Policy”) as described below. This Policy supersedes and replaces the Company’s Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation, dated as of November 9, 2020, (the “Prior Policy”) with respect to Incentive-Based Compensation received after the Effective Date (as defined below). 1. Overview The Policy sets forth the circumstances and procedures under which the Company shall recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation from Covered Persons in accordance with rules issued by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the Nasdaq Stock Market. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given in Section 3 below. 2. Compensation Recovery Requirement In the event the Company is required to prepare a Financial Restatement, the Company shall recover reasonably promptly all Erroneously Awarded Compensation with respect to such Financial Restatement. 3. Definitions “Applicable Recovery Period” means the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the Restatement Date for a Financial Restatement. In addition, in the event the Company has changed its fiscal year: (i) any transition period of less than nine months occurring within or immediately following such three completed fiscal years shall also be part of such Applicable Recovery Period and (ii) any transition period of nine to 12 months will be deemed to be a completed fiscal year. “Applicable Rules” means any rules or regulations adopted by the Exchange pursuant to Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act and any applicable rules or regulations adopted by the SEC pursuant to Section 10D of the Exchange Act. “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company. “Committee” means the Compensation Committee of the Board or, in the absence of such committee, a majority of independent directors serving on the Board. “Covered Person” means any Executive Officer. A person’s status as a Covered Person with respect to Erroneously Awarded Compensation shall be determined as of the time of receipt of such Erroneously Awarded Compensation regardless of the person’s current role or status with the Company (e.g., if a person began service as an Executive Officer after the beginning of an Applicable Recovery Period, that person would not be considered a Covered Person with respect to Erroneously Awarded Compensation received before the person began service as an Executive Officer, but would be considered a Covered Person with respect to Erroneously Awarded Compensation received after the person began service as an Executive Officer where such person served as an Executive Officer at any time during the performance period for such Erroneously Awarded Compensation). “Effective Date” means October 2, 2023. “Erroneously Awarded Compensation” means the amount of any Incentive-Based Compensation received by a Covered Person on or after the Effective Date and during the Applicable Recovery Period that exceeds the amount that otherwise would have been received by the Covered Person had such compensation been determined based on the restated amounts in the Financial Restatement, computed without regard to any taxes paid. Calculation of Erroneously Awarded Compensation with respect to Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the Financial Restatement, shall be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Financial Restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was received, and the Company shall maintain documentation of the determination of such reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to the Exchange in accordance with the Applicable Rules. Incentive-Based Compensation is deemed received, earned, or vested when the Financial Reporting Measure is attained, not when the actual payment, grant, or vesting occurs. “Exchange” means the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. “Executive Officer” means any person who served as an officer or employee of the Company who is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, at any time during the performance period applicable to Incentive-Based Compensation such person received during service in such role. “Financial Reporting Measures” mean measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures (including, for example, a non-GAAP financial measure), and stock price and total shareholder return. “Financial Restatement” means a restatement of previously issued financial statements of the Company due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required restatement to correct an error in previously-issued financial statements that is material to the previously-issued financial statements or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. “Incentive-Based Compensation” means any compensation provided, directly or indirectly, by the Company or any of its subsidiaries that is granted, earned, or vested based, in whole or in part, upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure and any equity-based compensation provided by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, including, without limitation, stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights, regardless of whether such equity-based compensation is granted, earned, or vested based, in whole or in part, upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure. “Restatement Date” means, with respect to a Financial Restatement, the earlier to occur of: (i) the date the Board, a committee of the Board, or the officer or officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare the Financial Restatement or (ii) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare the Financial Restatement. 4. Exception to Compensation Recovery Requirement The Company may elect not to recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation pursuant to this Policy if the Committee determines that recovery would be impracticable, and one or more of the following conditions, together with any further requirements set forth in the Applicable Rules, are met: (i) the direct expense paid to a third party, including outside legal counsel, to assist in enforcing this Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered, and the Company has made a reasonable attempt to recover such Erroneously Awarded Compensation or (ii) recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan to fail to be so qualified under applicable regulations. 5. Method of Compensation Recovery The Committee shall determine, in its sole discretion, the method for recovering Erroneously Awarded Compensation hereunder, which may include, without limitation, any one or more of the following: a. b. c. d. e. f. requiring reimbursement of cash Incentive-Based Compensation previously paid; seeking recovery of any gain realized on the vesting, exercise, settlement, sale, transfer, or other disposition of any equity-based awards; cancelling or rescinding some or all outstanding vested or unvested equity-based awards; adjusting or withholding from unpaid compensation or other offset; cancelling or offsetting against planned future grants of equity-based awards; and/or any other method permitted by applicable law or contract. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Covered Person will be deemed to have satisfied such person’s obligation to return Erroneously Awarded Compensation to the Company if such Erroneously Awarded Compensation is returned in the exact same form in which it was received; provided that equity withheld to satisfy tax obligations will be deemed to have been received in cash in an amount equal to the tax withholding payment made. 6. Policy Interpretation This Policy shall be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Applicable Rules and any other applicable law. The Committee shall take into consideration any applicable interpretations and guidance of the SEC in interpreting this Policy, including, for example, in determining whether a financial restatement qualifies as a Financial Restatement hereunder. To the extent the Applicable Rules require recovery of Incentive-Based Compensation in additional circumstances besides those specified above, nothing in this Policy shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right or obligation of the Company to recover Incentive-Based Compensation to the fullest extent required by the Applicable Rules. 7. Policy Administration This Policy shall be administered by the Committee. The Committee shall have such powers and authorities related to the administration of this Policy as are consistent with the governing documents of the Company and applicable law. The Committee shall have full power and authority to take, or direct the taking of, all actions and to make all determinations required or provided for under this Policy and shall have full power and authority to take, or direct the taking of, all such other actions and make all such other determinations not inconsistent with the specific terms and provisions of this Policy that the Committee deems to be necessary or appropriate to the administration of this Policy. The interpretation and construction by the Committee of any provision of this Policy and all determinations made by the Committee under this policy shall be final, binding and conclusive. 8. Compensation Recovery Repayments not Subject to Indemnification Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any agreement with, or the organizational documents of, the Company or any of its subsidiaries, Covered Persons are not entitled to indemnification for Erroneously Awarded Compensation or for any claim or losses arising out of or in any way related to Erroneously Awarded Compensation recovered under this Policy. Adopted by the Board of Directors on October 24, 2023. 

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