Canadian Pacific Railway Annual Report 2013

Plain-text annual report

CANA DIAN PACIF IC 2013 ANNU AL R E PORT BUILDING FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS $ in millions, except per share data, or unless otherwise indicated 2013 2012 2011 Financial results Revenues Operating income Operating income, excluding signiﬁcant items (1)(2) Net income Income, excluding signiﬁcant items (1)(2) Diluted earnings per share Diluted earnings per share, excluding signiﬁcant items (1)(2) Dividend declared per share Additions to properties Financial position Total assets Long-term debt, including current portion Shareholders’ equity Financial ratios (%) Operating ratio Operating ratio, excluding signiﬁcant items (1)(2) Debt-to-total capitalization $÷6,133 $÷5,695 $÷5,177 1,420 1,844 875 1,132 4.96 6.42 1.4000 1,236 949 1,309 484 753 2.79 4.34 967 967 570 538 3.34 3.15 1.3500 1.1700 1,148 1,104 17,060 14,727 14,110 4,876 7,097 4,690 5,097 4,745 4,649 76.8 69.9 40.7 83.3 77.0 47.9 81.3 81.3 50.7 (1) These earnings measures have no standardized meanings prescribed by U.S. GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures of other companies. These earnings measures are described further and reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measure in Section 15 Non-GAAP Measures of our Management’s Discussion and Analysis included within this Annual Report. (2) Signiﬁcant items in 2013 were: an asset impairment charge and accruals for future costs totalling $435 million ($257 million after tax) relating to the anticipated sale of DM&E West, a recovery of $7 million ($5 million after tax) for our 2012 labour restructuring initiative, management transition costs related to the change of our Chief Financial Ofﬁcer totalling $5 million ($4 million after tax), an income tax expense of $7 million as a result of the change in British Columbia’s corporate income tax rate, and US$9 million (US$6 million after tax) from the favourable settlement of certain management transition amounts which had been subject to legal proceedings. Signiﬁcant items in 2012 were: an impairment of the Powder River Basin and another investment of $185 million ($111 million after tax), an impairment charge of certain locomotives of $80 million ($59 million after tax), a labour restructuring charge of $53 million ($39 million after tax), management transition costs of $42 million ($29 million after tax), advisory fees related to shareholder matters of $27 million ($20 million after tax) and an income tax expense of $11 million as a result of the increase in the Ontario corporate income tax rate. Signiﬁcant items in 2011 were: advisory fees related to shareholder matters of $6 million ($5 million after tax) and the $37 million income tax beneﬁt from the resolution of certain income tax matters. GREAT YEAR. RECORD YEAR. HISTORIC YEAR. What’s Next? 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 1 MORE Cathy Moher Trainmaster Yard, Toronto 2 201 3 ANNUAL REPORT VELOCITY. With a highly successful 2013, we’re beginning to build velocity at CP – more velocity in the pace of change and progress. More velocity in our network and in our results. More velocity toward our goal of taking over the industry lead. 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 3 Rande Ashley Roadmaster, Calgary MORE 4 201 3 ANNUAL REPORT with LESS. A leaner ﬂeet, infrastructure and workforce, working harder to deliver more. This is the key concept behind what we’re doing at CP. It’s coming to life with increasing speed, and it’s opening a whole new world of possibility and potential for proﬁtable growth. 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 5 MORE Jagjit Singhsadiura, Terry Inhestern and Noel Borras Power Engineers, Ogden Powerhouse 6 201 3 ANNUAL REPORT RESULTS. The results thus far are both remarkable and gratifying. We’re ahead of plan by almost every measure, and we’ve rewarded our shareholders for their conﬁdence in us. The velocity of change is delivering increasing speed in reaching our goals. And there’s more to come. 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 7 A M E S S A G E F R O M C E O E . H U N T E R H A R R I S O N E. Hunter Harrison Chief Executive Officer and Keith Creel President and Chief Operating Ofﬁcer DEAR SHAREHOLDERS: We’ve achieved record results in record time, and we’re still picking up speed. Our folks are doing a great job across the board, making even better progress than I’d hoped to achieve by this point. I’m very proud of them. I believe this is the start of a long run of success, driven by doing the right things. No doubt about it, we’ve proved some people wrong. We generated $530 million in free cash ﬂow, a big jump Some said we had no credible plan. Others said we from the $93 million we reported in 2012. Strong cash had geographic challenges that could not be overcome. ﬂow gives our management team maximum ﬂexibility for Quite a few said our goal of reaching an operating strategies to invest in our business and deliver returns to ratio of 65 by 2016 was unrealistic and unachievable. our investors. We are in the midst of considering the right strategic mix for cash deployment going forward. Well, the skeptics got one thing right – they said what we sought to do had never been accomplished by any Building velocity railway team in history. The pace of our improvement We continued to build forward momentum in creating so far has indeed been historic. We’re a year to a the kind of railroad I envisioned when I took this job. year and a half ahead of plan across just about every We’re driving longer trains, which means fewer train measure, and CP stock appreciation and market cap starts, faster network velocity and better service at lower growth have been unprecedented. cost. The progress we made in this area contributed to Record ﬁnancial results dramatic improvement in fuel efﬁciency, train weight, car velocity and locomotive productivity, all of which are on We reported record revenues of $6.1 billion in 2013, or ahead of schedule to reach our 2016 goals. up 8 per cent over 2012 results. Adjusted net income was $1.1 billion, or $6.42 per diluted share, which was To support this strategy, we have been investing in longer a 48 per cent improvement versus 2012 performance. sidings across the network, many of which came on line We improved our adjusted operating ratio by 710 basis in late 2013, and we have plans to install more sidings in points to 69.9 for 2013, an all-time record for CP. 2014. This will enable continued improvements in train length, weight, velocity and productivity over the long term. 8 201 3 ANNUAL REPORT You have to believe. I have done this before. It’s not magic. It’s hard work, making the tough decisions, being willing to do what I know it takes to succeed in railroading. We’re going to keep our hand on the throttle. Our 2013 safety performance came in just short of last assembled a stellar team of motivated, highly committed year’s record numbers. While that’s encouraging, it’s not railroaders. And they are getting it done. good enough. Safety is critical to our people, our communities, our company and our industry. We’re investing in technology This is the important thing to understand: What we’re and focusing on culture to drive meaningful improvement building here is not a ﬂash in the pan. It’s not done in this area. More to come with tricks or smoke and mirrors. The things we’re doing today and what we’re teaching our people will serve this company and its investors for years to come. When we have such dramatic success in the beginning, people have a tendency to think the run is over, or close to Our focus going forward will be on controlled, sustainable, it. It’s an attitude we’ve fought in each turnaround I’ve been proﬁtable growth. At the same time, we’re going a part of. But if you take a look at my history, you’ll never to be as aggressive as we’ve always been in our efforts see a point where we said, “That’s it. It’s time to take a to control our costs and keep people safe. I know from break and rest on our laurels.” experience that when we do that, good things happen. We’re not resting. We’re pushing forward, staying focused Thanks for staying on this train. We’re going to keep it on the Foundations of railroading – service, cost, assets, moving forward with ever-increasing velocity. safety and people – and working to get better in each area. We are now conﬁdent that we can reach an operating ratio Sincerely, of 65 or better in 2014, two years ahead of plan. More important, we’re starting to get the credibility we need to convert our superior service offering into proﬁtable revenue growth. Great people, great future E. Hunter Harrison Chief Executive Ofﬁcer I like to think I’m a pretty good railroader. I can see what Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Limited needs to be done and I can put together a solid plan, but if I don’t have people around me who can execute, we’re not going to be successful. In a relatively short time, we have 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 9 10 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT in PROGRESS. The pace of improvement is continuing at CP across the Foundations, the ﬁve fundamental principles of successful railroading: Provide great service, control costs, optimize assets, operate safely and develop people. We’re making solid progress, but there is still plenty of potential ahead. 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 11 Whiteboarding is a collaborative visual process we’re using to drive innovation and improvement across CP. SERVICE Progress With improved speed and consistency of service, we increased our focus on quality of revenue and building credibility in the marketplace in 2013. We’re looking to convert the quality of our service into competitive advantage in higher-value, higher-margin businesses while we work to continue to translate efﬁciency into share growth in bulk. DOMESTIC INTERMODAL Domestic intermodal is a key focus for MERCHANDISE We are working to leverage our network BULK In our bulk business, improvements in CP because of the value customers place strengths and service performance to asset velocity and efﬁciency are creating on speed and consistency of service. With solidify CP’s position in key segments such opportunities for CP to move more product improvements in transit time between as steel, chemicals, plastics, aggregates and with fewer cars, reduce customer down Toronto and Calgary of 27 per cent and forest products. We’re leveraging our new time and increase loading capacity – our between Calgary and Vancouver of 22 per Wisconsin facilities to grow the frac sand objective is to convert performance into cent, CP now has a transportation product business and investing incrementally for margin expansion and market share gains. that is second to none in the industry. controlled growth in crude-by-rail volumes. 12 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT Geoff Bostan Junior Mechanic, Coquitlam We’re focusing our efforts on winning new business where customers value – and will pay for – great service. Potential We expect to see increasing higher-value business opportunities as we continue to improve the quality of our service. Progress and performance to date have been in a less-than- robust economy – whether conditions improve or not, CP’s ability to deliver fast, reliable rail transportation will open up new avenues for quality revenue growth. Don Brosseau Superintendent, Operations Saskatchewan South 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 13 At CP, cost reduction goes beyond saving money; it is focused on areas that enhance performance and service quality. COST Progress CP continued to streamline its asset base in 2013, operating with signiﬁcantly fewer locomotives and more than 10,000 fewer railcars than in 2011. Changes in yard processes and train design focused on simplicity and efﬁciency; a companywide “war on bureaucracy” reduced outsourcing and eliminated wasteful practices. OPERATING FOCUS CP is continuing to drive an operating focus WHITEBOARDING TO IMPROVE CEO Hunter Harrison and President/COO COLLABORATING TO WIN Whiteboarding is one way CP is building through the organization. From successfully Keith Creel conducted “whiteboard” a collaborative culture – direct interaction relocating headquarters from a downtown brainstorming sessions throughout the among top management, track-and-engine Calgary corporate ofﬁce building to the company in 2013, with local personnel people and service design specialists provides company’s Ogden Rail Yard, to investing to mapping out yard operations on dry-erase a mechanism for productively questioning streamline the rail network, CP is attacking boards to visualize and identify opportunities the status quo, developing innovative ideas costs and building a company of railroaders. for improvement. Sessions identiﬁed more than and establishing clear roles for execution. $100 million of annual savings opportunities. 14 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT Michael Plue Yard Foreperson, Sudbury Through whiteboarding alone, we have identiﬁed more than $100 million in cost savings in our rail operations. We’re not ﬁnished. Potential There is no shortage of opportunities across the network to improve operational efﬁciency and drive out costs. A strategic emphasis on continuous improvement and an aggressive, ongoing focus on productivity in every corner of the business will bear fruit for years to come. Dion Miller Conductor Max, North Dakota 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 15 A fundamental drive here is to make fewer assets work harder for our company and our customers. The beneﬁts? Huge. ASSETS Progress The key to success is doing more with less. After dramatic yard rationalization initiatives in 2012, CP drove signiﬁcant improvements in train length and weight, locomotive productivity, car velocity and fuel efﬁciency despite severe weather challenges late in 2013. TRACK/REAL ESTATE As we invest to extend sidings, we are LOCOMOTIVE/CAR FLEET Longer trains are the centrepiece of WORKFORCE Projected workforce reductions – 4,500 by carefully assessing the entire network the operating plan. Our focus in this area 2016 – were achieved in the ﬁrst 18 months, for other opportunities to optimize track delivered signiﬁcant results in 2013: largely through selective hiring freezes and infrastructure for velocity, cost efﬁciency 13 per cent increase in train weight; train natural attrition. Current initiatives such as and alignment with growth initiatives. lengths up by 9 per cent, fuel efﬁciency the overhaul of CP information systems are Meanwhile, a comprehensive process is improved by 8 per cent; locomotive building best-in-class in-house capabilities underway to inventory an estimated productivity (GTM/active horsepower) up while potentially streamlining the workforce $2 billion in non-core real estate assets for by 20 per cent. All are on track to meet even further through elimination of monetization over the next several years. or exceed 2016 targets. contract positions. 16 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT We’re continuing to optimize our fleet and infrastructure to support performance and profitable growth. Potential Our yards and corridors are capable of more. We’re driving productivity and speed improvements with a focus on siding capacity and yard infrastructure. We’re investing to bring 11 additional sidings on line by year-end 2014; we’re continuing to use whiteboarding as a tool for honing yard operations. Damien Whalen Assistant Trainmaster, Operations Eastern Region London, Ontario 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 17 Safety is a key priority that demands continuous improvement. We’re aggressively pursuing breakthrough progress. SAFETY Progress CP has long been an industry leader in rail safety. We are more focused on safety than ever, committed to protecting our people, our communities, our environment and our customers’ goods. The key is culture, built upon a shared set of priorities and behaviours centred on operating safely across our business. A CULTURE OF ACCOUNTABILITY CEO Hunter Harrison puts it simply: A HARD LOOK IN THE MIRROR In late 2013, CP began a comprehensive The person in charge of the review will report “Don’t get anybody hurt.” Safety is one of companywide review and analysis of directly to our president and COO. We will the ﬁve Foundations of successful railroading, attitudes and behaviours, policies and use the ﬁndings to guide future improvement and it starts with knowing and following procedures, circumstances related to past strategies and initiatives across CP under the rules. In addition to increased safety incidents, customer perspectives – everything the watchful eye of our CEO. inspections and internal awareness campaigns, that impacts safety – in order to develop CP general managers are being required to an unvarnished view of our strengths and pass examinations on rules and regulations. weaknesses, and identify best practices as The message: We are all accountable. well as gaps to be addressed. 18 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT Michel Legace Heavy Duty Mechanic, Calgary Safety is more than numbers. We’re intensifying our efforts to build a culture of safety across the organization. Potential No matter how exemplary a company’s performance is in the area of safety, there is always a mandate to improve. Because regardless of a railroad’s safety numbers or ranking, even one derailment, injury or fatality is one too many. Brian Jones Track Maintenance Section Truck Driver Central Canada 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 19 We’re building the best team in railroading – people are the true engine that will help CP take the industry lead. PEOPLE Progress People are the power behind sustainable long-term performance. CP is working to retain and attract the right people to create a lean workforce of railroaders who are motivated and aligned with the new operating plan – talented, team-oriented individuals who do more than embrace change. They drive it. A DEEPER BENCH Through internal promotions and recruiting A TEACHING EMPHASIS Our CEO is a teacher, an expert railroader A NEW SALES FOCUS We have reorganized our sales and experienced executives from outside the who believes in passing on his knowledge marketing organization to create incentives company, CP has assembled an upper- and through direct interaction. His CEO-led for developing new business that supports mid-level management team that brings whiteboarding sessions, yard visits, proﬁtable growth. Through breakthrough renewed passion and fresh perspectives to impromptu phone calls and offsite training operational improvements, we are developing create a new industry leader. People drive “camps” for managers are proven techniques a differentiated product. Our goal is to performance, and we are putting the right for empowering people to advance encourage active, aggressive efforts to take people in place to get it done. performance improvement and culture that product to the marketplace. change across the organization. 20 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT Jerome Pawlak Conductor, Calgary We’re working to develop the kind of people we want: passionate about railroading, hungry for success, driven to achieve. Potential Boiled down to its essence, CP potential is human potential. When we put the right people in the right positions and give them what they need to succeed, there is no limit to what we can achieve as a company. Dan Sewell GM Operations Paciﬁc Division 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 21 This is CP: BULK GRAIN FERTILIZERS & SULPHUR COAL Fertilizers and sulphur include potash, chemical fertilizers and sulphur shipped mainly from western Canada to the ports of Vancouver, B.C., and Portland, Oregon, and to other Canadian and U.S. destinations. Our Canadian coal business consists primarily of metallurgical coal transported from southeastern B.C. to the ports of Vancouver, B.C., and Thunder Bay, Ontario, and to the U.S. Midwest. Our U.S. coal business consists primarily of the transportation of thermal coal and petroleum coke within the U.S. Midwest or for export through West Coast ports. Grain transported by CP consists of whole grains such as wheat, corn, soybeans and canola, and processed products such as meals, oils and ﬂour. Canadian grain products are transported primarily to ports for export and to Canadian and U.S. markets for domestic consumption. U.S. grain products are shipped from the U.S. Midwest to other points in the Midwest, the Paciﬁc Northwest and the northeastern United States. MERCHANDISE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIAL & CONSUMER PRODUCTS AUTOMOTIVE Forest products include lumber, wood pulp, paper products and panel transported from key producing areas in western Canada, Ontario and Quebec to various destinations in North America. Industrial and consumer products include chemicals, plastics, aggregates, steel, minerals, ethanol and other energy-related products other than coal, shipped throughout North America. Automotive trafﬁc includes domestic, import and pre-owned vehicles as well as automotive parts. Finished vehicles move from U.S. and Canadian assembly plants to the Canadian marketplace and to other markets throughout North America via interchanges at Detroit, Chicago and Buffalo. INTERMODAL DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL Our domestic intermodal business consists primarily of the movement of manufactured consumer products in containers within North America. The international intermodal business handles the movement of marine containers between ports in Vancouver, Montreal, New York and Philadelphia as well as inland ports across North America. 22 20 13 ANNUAL RE PORT STRONG, BALANCED, RELEVANT. EDMONTON LLOYDMINSTER CALGARY SASKATOON VANCOUVER KINGSGATE REGINA WINNIPEG COUTTS RAPID CITY THUNDER BAY SUDBURY MONTREAL DULUTH MINNEAPOLIS/ ST. PAUL DETROIT CHICAGO KANSAS CITY TORONTO ALBANY NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA CANADIAN PACIFIC PRINCIPAL HAULAGE OR TRACKAGE RIGHTS 2013 AN NUAL REPORT 23 is BUILDING. Some people look at the dramatic progress we’ve made and can’t imagine we can keep up this pace of improvement. In a tough, asset-intensive, highly competitive industry and an unpredictable global and North American economy, they wonder about “runway.” Those people don’t know us. We’re following a proven plan to build a new, high-performance CP, and we’re moving with increasing velocity. Believe it. There’s more to come. 24 2013 ANNUAL REPO RT 2013 FINANCIALS CANADIAN PACIFIC TABLE OF CONTENTS BUSINESS PROFILE STRATEGY FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OPERATING RESULTS PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 7. LINES OF BUSINESS 8. 9. OPERATING EXPENSES 10. OTHER INCOME STATEMENT ITEMS 11. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA 12. FOURTH-QUARTER SUMMARY 13. CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICY 14. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES 15. NON-GAAP MEASURES 16. BALANCE SHEET 17. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS 18. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS 19. CONTRACTUAL COMMITMENTS 20. FUTURE TRENDS AND COMMITMENTS 21. BUSINESS RISKS 22. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES 23. SYSTEMS, PROCEDURES AND CONTROLS 24. GUIDANCE UPDATES 25. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 26 26 27 28 28 29 31 33 41 46 46 47 53 53 57 60 61 63 63 64 65 71 76 76 76 This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is provided in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2013 prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All information has been prepared in accordance with GAAP, except as described in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures of this MD&A. Except where otherwise indicated, all financial information reflected herein is expressed in Canadian dollars. March 5, 2014 In this MD&A, “our”, “us”, “we”, “CP”, “Canadian Pacific” and “the Company” refer to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), CPRL and its subsidiaries, CPRL and one or more of its subsidiaries, or one or more of CPRL’s subsidiaries, as the context may require. Other terms not defined in the body of this MD&A are defined in Section 25, Glossary of Terms. Unless otherwise indicated, all comparisons of results for 2013 and 2012 are against the results for 2012 and 2011, respectively. Unless otherwise indicated, all comparisons of results for the fourth quarter of 2013 are against the results for the fourth quarter of 2012. 1. BUSINESS PROFILE Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, through its subsidiaries, operates a transcontinental railway in Canada and the United States (“U.S.”) and provides logistics and supply chain expertise. We provide rail and intermodal transportation services over a network of approximately 14,400 miles, serving the principal business centres of Canada from Montreal, Quebec, to Vancouver, British Columbia (“B.C.”), and the U.S. Northeast and Midwest regions. Our railway feeds directly into the U.S. heartland from the East and West coasts. Agreements with other carriers extend our market reach east of Montreal in Canada, throughout the U.S. and into Mexico. We transport bulk commodities, merchandise freight and intermodal traffic. Bulk commodities include grain, coal, fertilizers and sulphur. Merchandise freight consists of finished vehicles and automotive parts, as well as forest and industrial and consumer products. Intermodal traffic consists largely of high-value, time-sensitive retail goods in overseas containers that can be transported by train, ship and truck, and in domestic containers and trailers that can be moved by train and truck. 2. STRATEGY Canadian Pacific is driving change as it moves through its transformational journey to become the best railroad in North America, while creating long-term value for shareholders. The Company is focused on providing customers with industry leading rail service; driving sustainable, profitable growth; optimizing our assets; and reducing costs, while remaining a leader in rail safety. Looking forward, CP is executing its strategic plan to become the lowest cost rail carrier. This plan is centred on five key foundations, which are the Company’s performance drivers. Provide Service: Providing efficient and consistent transportation solutions for our customers. “Doing what we say we are going to do” is what drives CP by providing a reliable product with a lower cost operating model. Centralized planning aligned with local execution is bringing the Company closer to the customer and accelerating decision-making. Control Costs: Controlling and removing unnecessary costs from the organization, eliminating bureaucracy and continuing to identify productivity enhancements are the keys to success. Optimize Assets: Through longer sidings, improved asset utilization, and increased train lengths, the Company is moving increased volumes with fewer locomotives and cars while unlocking capacity for future growth potential. 26 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Operate Safely: Each year, CP safely moves millions of carloads of freight across North America while ensuring the safety of our people and the communities through which we operate. Safety is never to be compromised. Continuous research and development in state-of-the-art safety technology and highly focused employees ensure our trains are built for safe, efficient operations across our network. Develop People: CP recognizes that none of the other foundations can be achieved without its people. Every CP employee is a railroader and the Company is shaping a new culture focused on a passion for service with integrity in everything it does. Coaching and mentoring managers into becoming leaders will help drive CP forward. 3. FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION This MD&A contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other relevant securities legislation. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to statements concerning our defined benefit pension expectations for 2014 and 2015, our financial expectations for 2014, as well as statements concerning our operations, anticipated financial performance, business prospects and strategies, as well as statements concerning the anticipation that cash flow from operations and various sources of financing will be sufficient to meet debt repayments and obligations in the foreseeable future, statements regarding future payments including income taxes and pension contributions, and capital expenditures. Forward-looking information typically contains statements with words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “plan” or similar words suggesting future outcomes. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking information because it is possible that we will not achieve predictions, forecasts, projections and other forms of forward-looking information. Current economic conditions render assumptions, although reasonable when made, subject to greater uncertainty. In addition, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. By its nature, our forward-looking information involves numerous assumptions, inherent risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the following factors: changes in business strategies; general North American and global economic, credit and business conditions; risks in agricultural production such as weather conditions and insect populations; the availability and price of energy commodities; the effects of competition and pricing pressures; industry capacity; shifts in market demand; inflation; changes in laws and regulations, including regulation of rates; changes in taxes and tax rates; potential increases in maintenance and operating costs; uncertainties of investigations, proceedings or other types of claims and litigation; labour disputes; risks and liabilities arising from derailments; transportation of dangerous goods; timing of completion of capital and maintenance projects; currency and interest rate fluctuations; effects of changes in market conditions on the financial position of pension plans and investments; and various events that could disrupt operations, including severe weather, droughts, floods, avalanches and earthquakes as well as security threats and the governmental response to them, and technological changes. There are more specific factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A. These more specific factors are identified and discussed in Section 21, Business Risks and elsewhere in this MD&A. Other risks are detailed from time to time in reports filed by CP with securities regulators in Canada and the United States. Financial Assumptions Defined benefit pension expectations Defined benefit pension contributions are currently estimated to be between $90 million and $110 million in each year to 2016. This contribution level reflects the Company’s intentions with respect to the rate at which we apply the voluntary prepayments made in previous years to reduce contribution requirements. Defined benefit pension credits for 2014 and 2015 are expected to be approximately $50 million for each year. These pension contributions and pension expense and pension income estimates are based on a number of economic and demographic assumptions and are sensitive to changes in the assumptions or to actual experience differing from the assumptions. Pensions are discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. Financial expectations for 2014 The Company expects revenue growth to be 6-7%, operating ratio of 65% or lower and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) growth to be 30% or greater from 2013 annual diluted EPS, excluding significant items, of $6.42, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. CP plans to spend approximately $1.2 to $1.3 billion on capital programs in 2014, discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. Key assumptions for full year 2014 financial expectations include: ▫ an average fuel cost per gallon of US$3.50 per U.S. gallon; ▫ defined benefit pension credit of approximately $50 million; ▫ Canadian to U.S. dollar exchange rate of 1.05; and ▫ an income tax rate of 28% discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items and Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Undue reliance should not be placed on these assumptions and other forward-looking information. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 27 CANADIAN PACIFIC 4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Additional information, including our Consolidated Financial Statements, Annual Information Form, press releases and other required filing documents, are available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com in Canada, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov in the U.S. and on our website at www.cpr.ca. The aforementioned documents are issued and made available in accordance with legal requirements and are not incorporated by reference into this MD&A. 5. FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS For the year ended December 31 (in millions, except percentages and per share data) Revenues Operating income Operating income, excluding significant items(1)(5) Net income Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Diluted earnings per share, excluding significant items(1)(5) Dividends declared per share Return on capital employed (“ROCE”)(2) Operating ratio Operating ratio, excluding significant items(1)(5) Free cash(1)(3) Voluntary prepayments to the main Canadian defined benefit pension plan (included in Free cash above) Total assets at December 31 Total long-term financial liabilities at December 31(4) 4.96 6.42 $ 2013 $ 6,133 1,420 1,844 875 5.00 4.96 6.42 2012 5,695 949 1,309 484 2.82 2.79 4.34 $ 2011 5,177 967 967 570 3.37 3.34 3.15 1.4000 1.3500 1.1700 9.5% 76.8% 69.9% 530 – 17,060 4,784 6.9% 83.3% 77.0% 93 – 7.4% 81.3% 81.3% (724) (600) 14,727 4,735 14,110 4,812 3.34 2.79 4.34 3.15 83.3 81.3 76.8 81.3 69.9 77.0 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 Diluted EPS ($) Diluted EPS, excluding significant items ($)(1) Operating ratio (%) Operating ratio, excluding significant items (%)(1) (1) This measure has no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures of other companies. These earnings measures and significant items are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures along with a reconciliation of free cash to GAAP cash position in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. (2) ROCE is defined as earnings before interest and taxes, divided by the average for the year of total assets, less current liabilities, as measured under GAAP and it is discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. (3) Includes $600 million voluntary prepayments to the Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan in 2011, discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. (4) Total long-term financial liabilities excludes: deferred taxes of $2,903 million, $2,092 million and $1,819 million, and other non-financial long-term liabilities of $898 million, $1,573 million and $1,620 million for the years 2013, 2012 and 2011 respectively. (5) Significant items are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. 28 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC 6. OPERATING RESULTS Income Operating income was $1,420 million in 2013, an increase of $471 million, or 50%, from $949 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ efficiency savings generated from improved operating performance, asset utilization and insourcing of certain IT activities; ▫ increased volumes of traffic, as measured by revenue ton-miles (“RTMs”), generating higher freight revenue; ▫ higher freight rates; ▫ the net impact of the strike in the second quarter of 2012; ▫ lower labour restructuring charges in 2013 and associated experience gains in 2013; ▫ lower management transition costs and a favourable litigation settlement related to management transition in 2013; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in foreign exchange (“FX”). This increase was partially offset by: ▫ a higher asset impairment charge in 2013 due to the anticipated sale of a portion of Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern (“DM&E”) line west of Tracy, Minnesota compared to the impairment of various assets in 2012, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ higher volume variable expenses as a result of an increase in workload; ▫ higher incentive and stock-based compensation expenses; ▫ wage and benefits inflation; and ▫ higher depreciation and amortization expenses due to higher depreciable assets as a result of our capital program. Operating income was $949 million in 2012, a decrease of $18 million, or 2%, from $967 million in 2011. This decrease was primarily due to: ▫ asset impairment and labour restructuring charges of $318 million; ▫ higher volume variable expenses; ▫ higher incentive and stock-based compensation expenses; ▫ the net impact of the strike in the second quarter; ▫ higher depreciation and amortization expenses; and ▫ management transition costs of $42 million, reflected in Compensation and benefits and Purchased services and other. This decrease was partially offset by: ▫ increased volumes of traffic, generating higher freight revenue; ▫ efficiency savings derived from improved operating performance, asset utilization and improved operating conditions; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes with full margin coverage; ▫ higher freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Net income was $875 million in 2013, an increase of $391 million, or 81%, from $484 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher Operating income and a decrease in Other income and charges due to advisory fees related to shareholder matters in 2012 and was partially offset by higher Income tax expenses due to the impact of higher earnings. Net income was $484 million in 2012, a decrease of $86 million, or 15%, from $570 million in 2011. This decrease was primarily due to: ▫ an increase in income tax expense primarily due to the impact of a tax recovery in the fourth quarter of 2011 of $37 million from the resolution of certain income tax items; ▫ an increase in net interest expense due to new debt issuances in 2011; ▫ an increase in Other income and charges due to advisory fees related to shareholder matters; and ▫ lower Operating income. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 29 CANADIAN PACIFIC Diluted Earnings per Share Diluted EPS was $4.96 in 2013, an increase of $2.17, or 78% from $2.79 in 2012. Excluding the five significant items totalling $1.46 per share, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures, Diluted EPS, excluding significant items, was $6.42 in 2013, an increase of $2.08, or 48%, from $4.34 in 2012. These increases were primarily due to higher Net income. Diluted EPS was $2.79 in 2012, a decrease of $0.55, or 16% from $3.34 in 2011. This decrease was primarily due to lower Net income. Diluted EPS for 2012 included a $1.55 per share charge for labour restructuring and asset impairment, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses, advisory costs due to shareholder matters, management transition costs and Ontario corporate tax rate change, discussed further in Section 15, Non- GAAP Measures. Diluted EPS, excluding significant items, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures, was $4.34 in 2012, an increase of $1.19, or 38%, from $3.15 in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher Operating income, excluding significant items, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Diluted EPS, excluding significant items, and Operating income, excluding significant items, have no standardized meanings prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Operating Ratio The operating ratio provides the percentage of revenues used to operate the railway, and is calculated as operating expenses divided by revenues. A lower percentage normally indicates higher efficiency in the operation of the railway. Our operating ratio was 76.8% in 2013, a decrease from 83.3% in 2012. This improvement was primarily due to efficiency savings, increased volumes of traffic and higher freight rates partially offset by a higher asset impairment charge. The operating ratio, excluding significant items, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures, was 69.9% in 2013, a decrease from 77.0% in 2012. This improvement was primarily due to an increase in efficiency savings, increased volumes of traffic and higher freight rates. Our operating ratio was 83.3% in 2012, an increase from 81.3% in 2011. The increase was primarily due to asset impairment and labour restructuring charges and management transition costs, which negatively impacted operating ratio by 630 basis points. The operating ratio, excluding significant items was 77.0% in 2012, a decrease from 81.3% in 2011. This improvement was primarily due to an increase in volumes of traffic and efficiency savings derived from improved operating performance, asset utilization and improved operating conditions. Operating ratio, excluding significant items, has no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Return on Capital Employed The calculation of ROCE utilizes Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (“EBIT”) on a rolling twelve month basis. ROCE was 9.5% at December 31, 2013, compared with 6.9% in 2012. This improvement was primarily due to higher earnings partially offset by a higher asset impairment charge. Excluding the significant items in 2013 and 2012 from EBIT, Adjusted ROCE was 12.4% at December 31, 2013, compared with 9.8% in 2012. This improvement was primarily due to higher earnings. ROCE was 6.9% at December 31, 2012, compared with 7.4% in 2011. The decrease in 2012 and 2011 was primarily due to lower earnings. Excluding the significant items from EBIT, Adjusted ROCE was 9.8% at December 31, 2012, compared with 7.5% in 2011. ROCE, Adjusted ROCE, EBIT and Adjusted EBIT and significant items are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Calculation of Adjusted ROCE (in millions) EBIT for the year ended December 31(1) Adjusted EBIT for the year ended December 31(1) Average for the twelve months of total assets, less current liabilities excluding the current portion of long- term debt ROCE(1) Adjusted ROCE(1)(2) 2013 $ 1,403 $ 1,827 $ $ 2012 912 1,299 2011 949 955 $ $ $ 14,711 $ 13,251 $ 12,809 9.5% 12.4% 6.9% 9.8% 7.4% 7.5% (1) EBIT, Adjusted EBIT, ROCE and Adjusted ROCE have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures of other companies. These earnings measures are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. (2) Adjusted ROCE is defined as Adjusted EBIT divided by the average for twelve months of Total assets, less current liabilities, excluding current portion of long-term debt, as measured under GAAP. 30 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Impact of Foreign Exchange on Earnings Fluctuations in FX affect our results because U.S. dollar-denominated revenues and expenses are translated into Canadian dollars. U.S. dollar- denominated revenues and expenses increase (decrease) when the Canadian dollar weakens (strengthens) in relation to the U.S. dollar. CANADIAN PACIFIC Canadian to U.S. dollar Average exchange rates For the year ended December 31 For the three months ended December 31 Canadian to U.S. dollar Exchange rates Beginning of year – January 1 Beginning of quarter – April 1 Beginning of quarter – July 1 Beginning of quarter – October 1 End of quarter – December 31 Average Fuel Price (U.S. dollars per U.S. gallon) For the year ended – December 31 For the three months ended – December 31 7. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS For the year ended December 31(1) Operations Performance Freight gross ton-miles (“GTMs”) (millions) Train miles (thousands) Average train weight – excluding local traffic (tons) Average train length – excluding local traffic (feet)(2) Average terminal dwell (hours)(3) Average train speed (mph)(4) Locomotive productivity (daily average GTMs/active horse power (“HP”)) Fuel efficiency (U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed /1,000 GTMs)(5) Total employees (average)(6)(7) Workforce (end of period)(8) Safety indicators FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours FRA train accidents per million train-miles 2013 $ 1.03 $ 1.04 2013 $ 0.99 $ 1.02 $ 1.05 $ 1.03 $ 1.06 2013 $ 3.47 $ 3.51 2012 1.00 0.99 2012 1.02 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.99 2012 3.45 3.47 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2011 0.99 1.02 2011 0.99 0.97 0.96 1.05 1.02 2011 3.38 3.45 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 267,629 37,817 7,573 6,530 7.1 18.2 216.0 1.06 15,011 14,977 254,354 40,270 6,709 5,981 7.5 18.0 179.8 1.15 16,999 16,907 247,995 40,145 6,593 5,860 8.9 15.2 166.7 1.18 16,097 18,519 1.69 1.78 1.55 1.67 1.85 1.88 5 (6) 13 9 (5) 1 20 (8) (12) (11) 9 7 3 – 2 2 (16) 18 8 (3) 6 (9) (16) (11) (1) Certain prior period figures have been revised to conform with current presentation or have been updated to reflect new information. (2) Incorporates a new reporting methodology where average train length is the sum of each car and locomotive’s equipment length multiplied by the distance travelled, divided by train miles. Local trains are excluded from this measure. (3) Incorporates a new reporting definition where average terminal dwell measures the average time a freight car resides within terminal boundaries. (4) Incorporates a new reporting definition where average train speed measures the line-haul movement from origin to destination including terminal dwell hours. (5) Includes gallons of fuel consumed from freight, yard and commuter service but excludes fuel used in capital projects and other non-freight activities. (6) An employee is defined as an individual, including trainees, who has worked more than 40 hours in a standard biweekly pay period. This excludes part time employees, contractors and consultants. (7) 2012 average number of employees has been adjusted for the strike. (8) Workforce is defined as total employees plus part time employees, contractors and consultants. The indicators listed in this table are key measures of our operating performance. Definitions of these performance indicators are provided in Section 25, Glossary of Terms. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 31 CANADIAN PACIFIC Operations Performance GTMs for 2013 were 267,629 million, which increased by 5% compared with 254,354 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher traffic volumes in Industrial and consumer products and Grain partially offset by lower traffic volumes in Automotive and Intermodal and by the impact of volumes lost during the strike in the second quarter of 2012. GTMs for 2012 were 254,354 million, which increased by 3% compared with 247,955 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher traffic volumes in the Company’s Intermodal and Merchandise franchises. This increase was partially offset by a reduction in bulk shipments, and the impact of volumes lost during the strike in the second quarter. Train miles for 2013 decreased by 6% compared with 2012, driven by increases in both train weights and lengths. This improvement was due to the Company’s successful execution of the operating plan, partially offset by higher workload as measured by GTMs. Train miles for 2012 were relatively flat compared with 2011, with higher workload offset by an increase in train weights. These changes were largely attributable to compressed train service transit schedules. Average train weight increased in 2013 by 864 tons or 13% from 2012. Average train length increased in 2013 by 549 feet or 9% from 2012. Average train weight and train length benefited from increased workload moving in existing train service, ongoing network capacity and infrastructure investments and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan, which allowed for the operation of longer and heavier trains. Average train weight increased in 2012 by 116 tons or 2% from 2011. Average train length increased in 2012 by 121 feet or 2% from 2011. Average train weight and train length increased slightly compared to the same period in 2011 primarily due to improvements in the second half of 2012. These improvements benefited from increased Merchandise and Intermodal workload moving in existing train service and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Improvements to average train weight were further enabled by the siding extension strategy, which allowed for the operation of longer and heavier trains. Average terminal dwell, the average time a freight car resides in a terminal, decreased by 5% in 2013 to 7.1 hours from 7.5 hours in 2012. This decrease was primarily due to a continued focus on increasing yard productivity, terminal redesign, and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Average terminal dwell, decreased by 16% in 2012 to 7.5 hours when compared to 8.9 in 2011. This decrease was primarily due to programs to improve asset velocity and storage of surplus cars. Average train speed was 18.2 miles per hour in 2013, an increase of 1%, from 18.0 miles per hour in 2012. This increase was primarily due to improved asset velocity, decreased terminal dwell and successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Speed improvements were partially offset by an increase in bulk commodities, which move at a slower average speed than intermodal and merchandise traffic. Average train speed was 18.0 miles per hour in 2012, an increase of 18%, from 15.2 miles per hour in 2011. This increase was primarily due to increased volumes, traffic mix, supply chain pipeline issues and significant disruptions to train operations across the network due to unusually severe winter weather in 2011 and flooding in the first half of 2011 and 2012. Locomotive productivity increased in 2013 by 20% from 2012. This improvement is primarily the result of increased asset velocity due to more efficient operations, improved fleet reliability and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Locomotive productivity increased in 2012 by 8% from 2011. This increase was primarily due to improvements in network fluidity and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Fuel efficiency improved by 8% in 2013 compared to 2012. This improvement is primarily due to lower horsepower to ton ratios as a result of increased train weights and focus on the fuel conservation strategies of the Company’s operating plan. Fuel efficiency improved by 3% in 2012 compared to 2011. This improvement was primarily due to improved operating conditions and the advancement of the Company’s fuel conservation strategies including replacement of older units with new more fuel efficient locomotives. The average number of total employees for 2013 decreased by 1,988, or 12%, compared with 2012. This decrease was primarily due to job reductions as a result of continuing strong operational performance and natural attrition. 32 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC The average number of total employees for 2012 increased by 902, or 6%, compared with 2011. This increase was primarily due to additional hiring early in the year to address volume growth projections and anticipated attrition over future quarters, partially offset by job reductions in the latter half of the year, improvements in labour productivity and the impact of the strike, including temporary layoffs. The workforce on December 31, 2013 decreased by 1,930, or 11%, compared with December 31, 2012. This decrease was primarily due to job reductions as a result of continuing strong operational performance, natural attrition and fewer contractors. At our Investor Conference in New York on December 4-5, 2012, the Company outlined plans to reduce approximately 4,500 employee and/or contractor positions, from June 30, 2012 to 2016, through job reductions, natural attrition and reducing the number of contractors. The Company met the 4,500 positions reduction target by the end of 2013. The workforce on December 31, 2012 decreased by 1,612, or 9%, compared with December 31, 2011. This decrease was primarily due to higher job reductions in the latter half of the year as a result of improved operational performance, natural attrition and fewer contractors. Safety Indicators Safety is a key priority and core strategy for our management, employees and Board of Directors. Our two main safety indicators – personal injuries and train accidents – follow strict U.S. Federal Railroad Administration (“FRA”) reporting guidelines. The FRA personal injury rate per 200,000 employee-hours for CP was 1.69 in 2013, 1.55 in 2012 and 1.85 in 2011. The FRA train accident rate for CP in 2013 was 1.78 accidents per million train-miles, compared with 1.67 in 2012 and 1.88 in 2011. 8. LINES OF BUSINESS Fertilizers and sulphur 10% Forest products 3% Automotive 7% Industrial and consumer products 26% Grain 22% Coal 10% Intermodal 22% Fertilizers and sulphur 9% Forest products 3% Automotive 8% Intermodal 25% Coal 11% Industrial and consumer products 23% Grain 21% 2013 Freight Revenues 2012 Freight Revenues Revenues For the year ended December 31 (in millions) Freight revenues Grain Coal Fertilizers and sulphur Industrial and consumer products Automotive Forest products Intermodal Total freight revenues Other revenues Total revenues 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 $ 1,300 627 570 1,548 403 206 1,328 5,982 151 $ 1,172 602 520 1,268 425 193 1,370 5,550 145 $ 1,100 556 549 1,017 338 189 1,303 5,052 125 $ 6,133 $ 5,695 $ 5,177 11 4 10 22 (5) 7 (3) 8 4 8 7 8 (5) 25 26 2 5 10 16 10 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 33 CANADIAN PACIFIC Our revenues are primarily derived from transporting freight. Other revenues are generated primarily from leasing of certain assets, switching fees, contracts with passenger service operators, and logistics management services. In the full year of 2013, 2012 and 2011 no one customer comprised more than 10% of total revenues and accounts receivable. 2013 TO 2012 COMPARATIVES Freight Revenues Freight revenues are earned from transporting bulk, merchandise and intermodal goods, and include fuel recoveries billed to our customers. Freight revenues were $5,982 million in 2013, an increase of $432 million, or 8% from $5,550 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher shipments, as measured by RTMs, of Industrial and consumer products, Grain, Fertilizers and sulphur and Coal; ▫ increased freight rates; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; ▫ the impact of the strike in 2012 on Canadian shipments; and ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to an increase in traffic volumes with full margin coverage. This increase was partially offset by lower shipments in Intermodal and Automotive and the impact of the network outages in the second quarter of 2013. Fuel Cost Recovery Program CP employs a fuel cost recovery program designed to automatically respond to fluctuations in fuel prices and help mitigate the financial impact of rising fuel prices. Fuel surcharge revenue is earned on individual shipments; as such, our fuel surcharge revenue is a function of our freight volumes. The short-term volatility in fuel prices may adversely or positively impact expenses and revenues. Grain Grain transported by CP consists of both whole grains, such as wheat, corn, soybeans and canola, and processed products such as meals, oils, and flour. Canadian grain products are primarily transported to ports for export and to Canadian and U.S. markets for domestic consumption. U.S. grain products are shipped from the Midwestern U.S. to other points in the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest and northeastern U.S. Grain revenue was $1,300 million in 2013, an increase of $128 million, or 11% from $1,172 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher Canadian originating grain shipments to the west coast due to stronger export demand; ▫ higher U.S. originating grain shipments to the U.S. Midwest due to increased U.S. crop production in areas served by CP; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Coal Our Canadian coal business consists primarily of metallurgical coal transported from southeastern B.C. to the ports of Vancouver, B.C. and Thunder Bay, Ontario, and to the U.S. Midwest. Our U.S. coal business consists primarily of the transportation of thermal coal and petroleum coke within the U.S. Midwest or for export through west coast ports. Coal revenue was $627 million in 2013, an increase of $25 million, or 4% from $602 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher Canadian originating shipments of metallurgical coal due to increased demand and increased freight rates and was partially offset by lower U.S. originating thermal coal shipments as a result of soft market conditions. Fertilizers and Sulphur Fertilizers and sulphur include potash, chemical fertilizers and sulphur shipped mainly from western Canada to the ports of Vancouver, B.C. and Portland, Oregon, and to other Canadian and U.S. destinations. Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $570 million in 2013, an increase of $50 million, or 10% from $520 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher potash and sulphur shipments due to stronger demand; ▫ increased freight rates; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to an increase in traffic volumes with full margin coverage; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. 34 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Industrial and Consumer Products Industrial and consumer products include chemicals, plastics, aggregates, steel, minerals, ethanol and other energy-related products, other than coal, shipped throughout North America. Industrial and consumer products revenue was $1,548 million in 2013, an increase of $280 million, or 22% from $1,268 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher volumes as a result of strong market demand and growth in movement of energy related commodities and energy related inputs; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Automotive Automotive consists primarily of three core finished vehicle traffic segments: imported vehicles, Canadian produced and U.S. produced vehicles. These segments move through Port of Metro Vancouver to eastern Canadian markets; to the U.S. from Ontario production facilities; and to Canadian markets, respectively. Automotive revenue was $403 million in 2013, a decrease of $22 million, or 5% from $425 million in 2012. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes as a result of the exit from selected customer lanes and a customer shifting production to another facility not served by CP. Forest Products Forest products include lumber, wood pulp, paper products and panel transported from key producing areas in western Canada, Ontario and Quebec to various destinations in North America. Forest products revenue was $206 million in 2013, an increase of $13 million, or 7% from $193 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher lumber and panel shipments due to improving U.S. housing market conditions; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Intermodal CP’s intermodal portfolio consists of domestic and international services. Our domestic business consists primarily of the movement of manufactured consumer products in containers within North America. The international business handles the movement of marine containers between ports and North American inland markets. Intermodal revenue was $1,328 million in 2013, a decrease of $42 million, or 3% from $1,370 million in 2012. This decrease was primarily due to the exit of certain international customer contracts and selected terminal closures partially offset by: ▫ increased domestic container volumes; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Other Revenue Other revenue was $151 million in 2013, an increase of $6 million, or 4% from $145 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher interline switching. 2012 TO 2011 COMPARATIVES Revenue variances below compare 2012 to 2011 figures. Freight Revenues Freight revenues were $5,550 million in 2012, an increase of $498 million, or 10% from $5,052 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher: ▫ volumes in Industrial and consumer products, Coal and Automotive; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes with full margin coverage; ▫ freight rates for all lines of business; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by lower shipments in Fertilizers and sulphur and the strike impacting Canadian originating shipments in the second quarter of 2012. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 35 CANADIAN PACIFIC Grain Grain revenue was $1,172 million in 2012, an increase of $72 million, or 7%, from $1,100 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increased Canadian originating traffic volumes, as measured in carloads, in the first half of 2012 due to strong demand; ▫ increased U.S. originating traffic volumes, in the second half of 2012 due to higher overall production in CP’s draw territory; ▫ increased freight rates; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by lower U.S. originated shipments in the first half of the year due to a poor 2011 harvest in CP’s draw territory and the strike impacting Canadian originating shipments in the second quarter of 2012. Coal Coal revenue was $602 million in 2012, an increase of $46 million, or 8%, from $556 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher: ▫ Canadian metallurgical coal shipments due to strong overall demand; ▫ U.S. thermal coal volumes to Midwestern U.S. markets; ▫ interline shipments of thermal coal from the Powder River Basin (“PRB”) through Canadian west coast ports; and ▫ fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes. This increase was partially offset by the strike impacting Canadian originating shipments in the second quarter of 2012. Fertilizers and Sulphur Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $520 million in 2012, a decrease of $29 million, or 5%, from $549 million in 2011. This decrease was primarily due to lower export potash shipments reflecting weaker export market demand and was partially offset by higher: ▫ dry and wet fertilizer shipments in the second half of the year due to increased demand; ▫ domestic potash shipments due to strong domestic demand; ▫ fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price; and ▫ freight rates. Industrial and Consumer Products Industrial and consumer products revenue was $1,268 million in 2012, an increase of $251 million, or 25%, from $1,017 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher volumes due to strong market demand and growth in the Bakken Oil Formation, the Alberta Industrial Heartland and the Marcellus Gas Formation and for energy related inputs; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Automotive Automotive revenue was $425 million in 2012, an increase of $87 million, or 26%, from $338 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increased shipments as a result of higher North American automotive production and consumption; ▫ recovery of production by Japanese manufacturers from the impacts of the 2011 tsunami; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes; and ▫ increased freight rates. 36 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Forest Products Forest products revenue was $193 million in 2012, an increase of $4 million, or 2%, from $189 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher: ▫ shipments of lumber and panel products due to improving market conditions; ▫ freight rates; and ▫ fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price. This increase was partially offset by the strike impacting Canadian shipments in the second quarter and weaker market conditions for pulp and paper products. Intermodal Intermodal revenue was $1,370 million in 2012, an increase of $67 million, or 5%, from $1,303 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher shipments driven by increased consumer demand; ▫ improved service and operating performance; ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes; and ▫ increased freight rates. This increase was partially offset by lower shipments through the Port of Montreal as a result of softness in the European economy and the strike impacting Canadian shipments in the second quarter. Other Revenue Other revenue was $145 million in 2012, an increase of $20 million, or 16%, from $125 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher leasing and passenger revenues. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 37 CANADIAN PACIFIC Volumes Forest products 2% Automotive 5% Fertilizers and sulphur 7% Coal 12% Grain 16% Intermodal 38% Industrial and consumer products 20% 2013 Carloads For the year ended December 31 Carloads (in thousands) Grain Coal Fertilizers and sulphur Industrial and consumer products Automotive Forest products Intermodal Total carloads Revenue ton-miles (in millions) Grain Coal Fertilizers and sulphur Industrial and consumer products Automotive Forest products Intermodal Total revenue ton-miles Automotive 2% Forest products 3% Fertilizers and sulphur 12% Coal 16% Industrial and consumer products 26% Grain 24% Intermodal 17% 2013 Revenue ton-miles 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 438 330 185 519 146 66 1,004 2,688 33,983 23,172 18,170 37,875 2,329 4,619 24,101 433 337 177 469 162 67 1,024 2,669 33,082 22,375 17,058 30,469 2,482 4,713 24,853 450 313 199 421 145 72 997 2,597 32,481 21,041 20,468 24,122 2,080 4,960 23,907 144,249 135,032 129,059 1 (2) 5 11 (10) (1) (2) 1 3 4 7 24 (6) (2) (3) 7 (4) 8 (11) 11 12 (7) 3 3 2 6 (17) 26 19 (5) 4 5 Changes in freight volumes generally contribute to corresponding changes in freight revenues and certain variable expenses, such as fuel, equipment rents and crew costs. Volumes in 2013, as measured by total carloads, increased by approximately 19,000 units, or 1% compared to the same period of 2012. This increase in carloads was primarily due to higher: ▫ volumes as a result of strong market demand and growth in movement of energy related commodities and for energy related inputs; ▫ domestic container shipments in Intermodal; ▫ Canadian originating shipments of metallurgical coal due to increased demand; ▫ domestic and export potash shipments; and ▫ Canadian originating grain shipments to the west coast due to stronger export demand. 38 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC This increase in carloads was partially offset by lower: ▫ import and export shipments in Intermodal; ▫ U.S. originating thermal coal shipments as a result of soft market conditions; and ▫ overall Automotive shipments. Volumes in 2012, as measured by total carloads, increased by approximately 72,000 units, or 3% compared to the same period of 2011. This increase in carloads was primarily due to higher: ▫ volumes due to strong market demand and growth in the Bakken Oil Formation, the Alberta Industrial Heartland and the Marcellus Gas Formation and for energy related inputs; ▫ Intermodal traffic volumes driven by increased consumer demand; ▫ volumes of Canadian metallurgical coal shipments, U.S. thermal coal volumes to Midwestern U.S. markets and from the PRB through Canadian west coast ports; and ▫ Automotive shipments as a result of higher North American automotive production and consumption. This increase in carloads was partially offset by lower: ▫ export potash shipments reflecting weaker export market demand; ▫ lower U.S. originated grain shipments in the first half of the year due to a poor 2011 harvest in CP’s draw territory; and ▫ weaker market conditions for pulp and paper in Forest products. Revenue ton-miles in 2013 increased by approximately 9,217 million, or 7%, compared to the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher: ▫ volumes in energy related commodities and energy related inputs; ▫ Canadian originating shipments of metallurgical coal; ▫ domestic and export potash volumes; and ▫ Canadian originating shipments of grain. This increase in RTMs was partially offset by lower: ▫ import and export shipments in Intermodal; ▫ U.S. originating thermal coal shipments; and ▫ overall Automotive shipments. Revenue ton-miles in 2012 increased by approximately 5,973 million, or 5%, compared to the same period of 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher: ▫ shipments of energy related commodities which have an above average length of haul; ▫ Canadian originating shipments of metallurgical coal volumes through Port Metro Vancouver; and ▫ Intermodal shipments through Port Metro Vancouver. This increase in RTMs was partially offset by lower export potash shipments in Fertilizers and sulphur and lower pulp and paper volumes in Forest products. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 39 CANADIAN PACIFIC Freight Revenue per Carload For the year ended December 31 (dollars) Freight revenue per carload Grain Coal Fertilizers and sulphur Industrial and consumer products Automotive Forest products Intermodal Total freight revenue per carload 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 $ 2,964 1,904 3,083 2,982 2,758 3,132 1,324 $ 2,707 1,786 2,938 2,704 2,623 2,881 1,338 $ 2,444 1,776 2,759 2,416 2,331 2,625 1,307 $ 2,226 $ 2,079 $ 1,945 9 7 5 10 5 9 (1) 7 11 1 6 12 13 10 2 7 Total freight revenue per carload in 2013 increased by 7% compared to 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increased freight rates; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ increased volumes of traffic generating higher freight revenue per carload. Total freight revenue per carload in 2012 increased by 7% compared to 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes with full margin coverage; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight Revenue per Revenue Ton-Mile For the year ended December 31 (cents) Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile Grain Coal Fertilizers and sulphur Industrial and consumer products Automotive Forest products Intermodal Total freight revenue per revenue ton-mile 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 3.82 2.71 3.14 4.09 17.27 4.46 5.51 3.54 2.69 3.05 4.16 17.12 4.10 5.51 3.39 2.64 2.68 4.22 16.25 3.81 5.45 4.15 4.11 3.91 8 1 3 (2) 1 9 – 1 4 2 14 (1) 5 8 1 5 Freight revenue per RTM increased by 1% in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily due to increased freight rates and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per RTM increased by 5% in 2012 compared to 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher fuel surcharge revenues due to the change in fuel price and an increase in traffic volumes with full margin coverage; ▫ increased freight rates; ▫ a decrease in export shipments of potash which generate a lower freight revenue per RTM; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by traffic mix changes due to strong growth in energy related inputs and outputs, which generate lower revenue per RTM. 40 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Equipment rents 4% Labour restructuring 1% Materials 5% Asset impairments 6% 9. OPERATING EXPENSES Equipment rents 4% Materials 5% Asset impairments 9% Depreciation and amortization 12% Compensation and benefits 30% Depreciation and amortization 11% Compensation and benefits 32% Purchased services and other 19% Fuel 21% Purchased services and other 20% Fuel 21% 2013 Operating expenses 2012 Operating expenses For the year ended December 31 (in millions) Operating expenses Compensation and benefits(1) Fuel Materials Equipment rents Depreciation and amortization Purchased services and other(1) Asset impairments Labour restructuring Total operating expenses 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 $ $ 1,418 1,004 249 173 565 876 435 (7) 1,506 999 238 206 539 940 265 53 $ 1,426 968 243 209 490 874 – – $ 4,713 $ 4,746 $ 4,210 (6) 1 5 (16) 5 (7) 64 – (1) 6 3 (2) (1) 10 8 – – 13 (1) As a result of the management transition, $20 million and $22 million were charged in Compensation and benefits and Purchased services and other, respectively in 2012. The US$9 million recovery due to the favourable settlement of litigation recorded in the first quarter of 2013 and $5 million management transition costs recorded in the fourth quarter of 2013 were charged to Purchased services and other and Compensation and benefits, respectively. Operating expenses were $4,713 million in 2013, a decrease of $33 million, or 1%, from $4,746 million in 2012. This decrease was primarily due to: ▫ efficiencies generated from improved operating performance, asset utilization, and insourcing of certain IT activities; ▫ higher labour restructuring charges in 2012 and associated experience gains in 2013; ▫ lower management transition costs, reflected in Compensation and benefits and Purchased services and other; and ▫ higher land sales in 2013. This decrease was partially offset by: ▫ a higher asset impairment charge in 2013; ▫ higher volume variable expenses as a result of an increase in workload; ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX; ▫ higher incentive compensation resulting from improved corporate performance and higher stock-based compensation; ▫ wage and benefit inflation; and ▫ higher depreciation and amortization expenses. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 41 CANADIAN PACIFIC 2013 TO 2012 COMPARATIVES Compensation and Benefits Compensation and benefits expense includes employee wages, salaries, fringe benefits and stock-based compensation. Compensation and benefits expense was $1,418 million in 2013, a decrease of $88 million, or 6%, from $1,506 million in 2012. This decrease was primarily due to: ▫ lower costs achieved through job reductions; ▫ road and yard crew efficiencies as a result of continuing strong operational performance; ▫ a reduction in train crew training costs from a lower number of employees; and ▫ lower management transition costs. This decrease was partially offset by: ▫ higher incentive compensation resulting from improved corporate performance and higher stock-based compensation; ▫ wage and benefit inflation; ▫ an increase in personnel in certain areas of the business as part of our insourcing strategy, offset by efficiency savings recorded in Purchased services and other; ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX; ▫ crew and dispatching costs saved as a result of the strike in 2012; and ▫ higher pension expense. Fuel Fuel expense consists mainly of fuel used by locomotives and includes provincial, state and federal fuel taxes. Fuel expense was $1,004 million in 2013, an increase of $5 million, or 1%, from $999 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to an increase in workload as measured by GTMs and an unfavourable change in FX, partially offset by an improvement in fuel efficiency as a result of increased train weights and a focus on the fuel conservation strategies of the Company’s operating plan. Materials Materials expense includes the cost of material used for track, locomotive, freight car, building maintenance and software sustainment. Materials expense was $249 million in 2013, an increase of $11 million or 5%, from $238 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher third party freight car repair material costs, the majority of which were recovered through third party billings recorded in Purchased services and other. This increase was partially offset by reduced locomotive and train servicing and maintenance costs as a result of the storage of less fuel efficient locomotives. Equipment Rents Equipment rents expense includes the cost to lease freight cars, intermodal equipment, and locomotives from other companies including railways, net of rental income received from other railways for the use of our equipment. Equipment rents expense was $173 million in 2013, a decrease of $33 million or 16% from $206 million in 2012. This decrease reflects freight car and locomotive operating efficiencies which have contributed to improved asset velocity. As a result, the Company required fewer freight cars and locomotives reducing the payments made to foreign railways for the use of their freight cars and permitting the return and sublease of certain leased freight cars and locomotives. This decrease was partially offset the unfavourable impact of the change in FX. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization expense represents the charge associated with the use of track and roadway, buildings, rolling stock, information systems and other depreciable assets. Depreciation and amortization expense was $565 million for 2013, an increase of $26 million, or 5%, from $539 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher depreciable assets as a result of our capital program. 42 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Purchased Services and Other For the year ended December 31 (in millions) Purchased services and other Support and facilities Track and operations Intermodal Equipment Casualty Other Land sales Total purchased services and other CANADIAN PACIFIC 2013 2012 2011 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 2012 vs. 2011 $ $ $ 400 214 159 60 63 18 (38) 420 192 153 89 80 29 (23) 382 191 147 75 80 24 (25) $ 876 $ 940 $ 874 (5) 11 4 (33) (21) (38) 65 (7) 10 1 4 19 – 21 (8) 8 Purchased services and other expense encompasses a wide range of costs, including expenses for joint facilities, personal injuries and damage, environmental remediation, property and other taxes, contractor and consulting fees, insurance, gains on land sales and equity earnings. Purchased services and other expense was $876 million in 2013, a decrease of $64 million, or 7% from $940 million in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to: ▫ efficiencies generated from improved operating performance, asset utilization and insourcing of certain IT activities; ▫ management transition costs of $22 million in 2012 and the $9 million favourable settlement of litigation in 2013 related to management transition, included in Other; ▫ higher recoveries from third parties related to freight car repair costs, included in Equipment; ▫ higher land sales in 2013; ▫ a favourable adjustment to the Workers Compensation Board (“WCB”) liability mainly due to a higher discount rate and favourable claims experience, reported in Casualty; ▫ lower third party repair costs for freight cars being returned to the lessors, included in Equipment; and ▫ contract termination costs associated with a locomotive warranty service agreement as part of our insourcing strategy in 2012, included in Equipment. The decrease was partially offset by: ▫ the unfavourable change in FX; ▫ increased relocation costs related to our labour strategy, included in Track and operations; ▫ a higher number of overhauls performed on locomotives, included in Equipment; ▫ higher facilities and utility costs, included in Support and facilities; and ▫ higher property and other taxes, included in Support and facilities. Asset Impairments The Company executed an agreement with Genesee & Wyoming Inc (“G&W”) for the sale of a portion of CP’s Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern (“DM&E”) line between Tracy, Minnesota and Rapid City, South Dakota, Colony, Wyoming and Crawford, Nebraska and connecting branch lines (“DM&E West”). The sale, which is subject to regulatory approval by the Surface Transportation Board (“STB”), is expected to generate approximately US$215 million in gross proceeds, subject to closing adjustments and is expected to close in 2014. As a result, in the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company recorded an asset impairment charge and accruals for future costs associated with the sale totaling $435 million ($257 million after tax). The impairment was comprised of $426 million ($249 million after tax) to Property, plant and equipment, Goodwill and intangible assets totaling $8 million ($7 million after tax) and a total of $1 million ($1 million after tax) in accruals for future costs associated with the sale. The impairment charge and associated accruals for future sales costs were recorded as Asset impairments and charged against income. During the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company recorded an asset impairment charge related to its investment in the PRB and another investment of $185 million ($111 million after tax) and an impairment loss on a certain series of locomotives of $80 million ($59 million after tax). 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 43 CANADIAN PACIFIC As part of the acquisition of DM&E in 2007, CP acquired the option to extend its network into coal mines in the PRB. CP deferred plans to this option indefinitely due to continued deterioration in the market for domestic thermal coal. The Company recorded an asset impairment charge totaling $180 million ($107 million after tax) in the fourth quarter of 2012. In the fourth quarter of 2012, CP reached a decision to dispose of a certain series of locomotives to improve operating efficiencies and recorded an impairment charge of $80 million ($59 million after tax) based on an impairment test on these assets. Labour Restructuring In the fourth quarter of 2012, CP recorded a charge of $53 million ($39 million after tax) for a labour restructuring initiative. The majority of the resulting position reductions were completed in 2013 with the remaining positions to be eliminated by the end of 2014. As a result of favourable experience, the Company recorded a recovery of $7 million ($5 million after tax) in the fourth quarter of 2013 for the labour restructuring initiative recorded in 2012. 2012 TO 2011 COMPARATIVES Operating expense variances below compare 2012 to 2011 figures. Operating Expenses Operating expenses were $4,746 million in 2012, an increase of $536 million, or 13%, from $4,210 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ asset impairment and labour restructuring charges; ▫ higher volume variable expenses, such as fuel, crews and intermodal operations, as a result of an increase in workload; ▫ higher incentive and stock-based compensation expenses driven by improved operating and stock performance as compared to 2011; ▫ higher depreciation and amortization expenses; ▫ management transition costs, reflected in Compensation and benefits and Purchased services and other; ▫ higher IT costs associated with infrastructure and maintenance services; ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ higher fuel prices. This increase was partially offset by: ▫ improved operating performance, asset utilization and operating conditions; ▫ certain volume variable expenses saved as a result of the strike in the second quarter of 2012; and ▫ an insurance recovery recognized in the first quarter of 2012, related to flooding in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan in 2010. Compensation and Benefits Compensation and benefits expense was $1,506 million in 2012, an increase of $80 million, or 6%, from $1,426 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increased incentive and stock-based compensation expenses driven by improved operating and stock performance as compared to 2011; ▫ higher crew costs as a result of an increase in workload, measured by GTMs; ▫ an increase in the number of employees in the first half of 2012, to meet business demand and anticipated attrition; ▫ charges associated with management transition; ▫ labour and benefits inflation; and ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by: ▫ operational efficiencies which favourably impacted yard and road crew costs; ▫ savings from reduced overtime hours; ▫ crew and dispatching costs saved as a result of the strike; ▫ a reduction in training costs for running trade employees relative to 2011, due to fewer new hires; and ▫ a reduction in pension expense. 44 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Fuel Fuel expense was $999 million in 2012, an increase of $31 million, or 3%, from $968 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increased traffic volumes, as measured by GTMs; ▫ higher fuel prices; ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ the gain on settled diesel futures contracts recorded in 2011. This increase was partially offset by a favourable change in fuel efficiency, reflecting improved operational fluidity, storage of older less fuel efficient locomotives, and a continued focus on the Company’s fuel conservation strategies. Materials Materials expense was $238 million in 2012, a decrease of $5 million, or 2%, from $243 million in 2011. Improved operating conditions as compared to 2011 reduced the need for freight car repairs, and increased locomotive availability combined with the storage of less reliable and less efficient locomotives reduced locomotive repair costs. This decrease was partially offset by additional licensing, maintenance and support costs associated with software. Equipment Rents Equipment rents expense was $206 million in 2012, a decrease of $3 million, or 1%, from $209 million in 2011. This decrease reflects freight car and locomotive operating efficiencies and improved operating conditions which have contributed to improved asset velocity. As a result, the Company has required fewer freight cars and locomotives, reducing the payments made to foreign railways for the use of their freight cars and permitting the return of certain leased freight cars. These benefits were partially offset by: ▫ lower receipts, reflecting reduced usage of CP owned freight cars by foreign railways; ▫ higher freight car lease costs due to higher rates; and ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization expense was $539 million in 2012, an increase of $49 million, or 10%, from $490 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher depreciable assets as a result of our capital program and the acceleration of depreciation on certain legacy IT assets as we invest and renew our IT infrastructure. Purchased Services and Other Purchased services and other expense was $940 million in 2012, an increase of $66 million, or 8%, from $874 million in 2011. The increase was primarily due to: ▫ management transition costs of $22 million, included in Other; ▫ higher IT costs associated with infrastructure and maintenance services, reported in Support and facilities; ▫ increased third party repair costs for freight cars being returned to lessors and a higher number of overhauls performed on locomotives, included in Equipment; ▫ increased expenses related to higher workload, included in Track and operations, Intermodal and Equipment; ▫ termination costs of a warranty service agreement as part of our insourcing strategy, included in Equipment; and ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX. The increase was partially offset by: ▫ the favourable impact of improved operating conditions, impacting Support and facilities and Track and operations; ▫ an insurance recovery recognized in the first quarter of 2012, related to flooding in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan in 2010, included in Other; and ▫ lower relocation expenses, included in Track and operations. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 45 CANADIAN PACIFIC 10. OTHER INCOME STATEMENT ITEMS Other Income and Charges Other income and charges consists of gains and losses from the change in foreign exchange on long-term debt (“LTD”) and working capital, various costs related to financing, shareholder costs, gains and losses associated with changes in the fair value of non-hedging derivative instruments, equity income and other non-operating expenditures. Other income and charges was an expense of $17 million in 2013, compared to expense of $37 million in 2012. This decrease was primarily due to advisory fees related to shareholder matters in 2012, partially offset by FX losses on LTD and U.S. dollar denominated working capital compared to FX gains in 2012. Other income and charges was an expense of $37 million in 2012, compared to expense of $18 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to higher advisory fees related to shareholder matters in 2012 and lower gains on long-term floating rate notes. This increase was partially offset by FX gains on LTD and working capital compared to FX losses in 2011. Net Interest Expense Net interest expense includes interest on long-term debt and capital leases. Net interest expense was $278 million in 2013, an increase of $2 million, or 1%, from $276 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to the unfavourable impact of the change in FX rates on U.S. dollar denominated interest expense partially offset by higher interest income and the impact of principal repayments of debt securities. Net interest expense was $276 million in 2012, an increase of $24 million, or 10%, from $252 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to new debt issuances in 2011 as well as the unfavourable impact in the change in FX rates on U.S. dollar denominated interest expense. This was partially offset by the retirement of debt securities in 2011 and higher interest capitalized on capital projects in 2012. Debt issuances and retirements are discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. Income Taxes Income tax expense was $250 million in 2013, an increase of $98 million, or 64%, from $152 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher earnings in 2013 and the increase in the province of British Columbia’s corporate income tax rate in the third quarter of 2013. Income tax expense was $152 million in 2012, an increase of $25 million, or 20%, from $127 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to the impact of a tax recovery in the fourth quarter of 2011 of $37 million from the resolution of certain income tax matters and the impact of the province of Ontario’s corporate income tax rate change in 2012. This was partially offset by lower income before tax. The effective income tax rate for 2013 was 22%, compared with 24%, and 18% for 2012 and 2011 respectively. We expect a normalized 2014 income tax rate of approximately 28%. The 2014 outlook on our normalized income tax rate is based on certain assumptions about events and developments that may or may not materialize or that may be offset entirely or partially by other events and developments (discussed further in Section 21, Business Risks and Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates). We expect to have an increase in our cash tax payments in future years reflecting higher earnings. 11. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA For the quarter ended (in millions, except per share data) Total revenue Operating income Net income Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share 2013 2012 Dec. 31(1) Sep. 30(2) Jun. 30 Mar. 31(3) Dec. 31(4) Sep. 30 Jun. 30(5) Mar. 31(6) $1,607 114 82 $ 0.47 0.47 $1,534 524 324 $ 1.85 1.84 $1,497 420 252 $ 1.44 1.43 $1,495 362 217 $ 1.25 1.24 $1,502 60 15 $ 0.08 0.08 $1,451 376 224 $ 1.31 1.30 $1,366 239 103 $ 0.60 0.60 $1,376 274 142 $ 0.83 0.82 (1) Significant items included in the fourth quarter of 2013 were an asset impairment charge and accruals for future costs related to the anticipated sale of DM&E West totaling $435 million ($257 million after tax), a recovery of $7 million ($5 million after tax) for our 2012 labour restructuring initiative and $5 million ($4 million after tax) of management transition costs. (2) Significant items included in the third quarter of 2013 was an Income tax expense of $7 million as a result of the change in the province of British Columbia’s corporate income tax rate, which required the re-calculation of the Company’s Deferred income tax liability as at January 1, 2013, discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items. (3) Significant items included in the first quarter of 2013 was a recovery of US$9 million (US$6 million after tax) from a litigation settlement related to management transition. (4) Significant items included in the fourth quarter of 2012 were an impairment of the PRB and other investment of $185 million ($111 million after tax), an asset impairment of certain locomotives of $80 million ($59 million after tax) and a labour restructuring charge of $53 million ($39 million after tax). (5) Significant items included in the second quarter of 2012 were management transition costs of $42 million ($29 million after tax), advisory fees related to shareholder matters of $13 million ($10 million after tax) and the $11 million impact of the increase in the Ontario corporate income tax rate. (6) Significant item in the first quarter of 2012 was the advisory fees related to shareholder matters of $14 million ($10 million after tax). 46 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Quarterly Trends Volumes of and, therefore, revenues from certain goods are stronger during different periods of the year. First quarter revenues can be lower mainly due to winter weather conditions, closure of the Great Lakes ports and reduced transportation of retail goods. Second and third quarter revenues generally improve over the first quarter as fertilizer volumes are typically highest during the second quarter and demand for construction-related goods is generally highest in the third quarter. Revenues are typically strongest in the fourth quarter, primarily as a result of the transportation of grain after the harvest, fall fertilizer programs and increased demand for retail goods moved by rail. Operating income is also affected by seasonal fluctuations. Operating income is typically lowest in the first quarter due to lower freight revenue and higher operating costs associated with winter conditions. Net income is also influenced by seasonal fluctuations in customer demand and weather-related issues. 12. FOURTH-QUARTER SUMMARY For the three months ended December 31 (in millions) Revenues Grain Coal Fertilizers and sulphur Industrial and consumer products Automotive Forest products Intermodal Total freight revenues Other revenues Total revenues Operating expenses Compensation and benefits Fuel Materials Equipment rents Depreciation and amortization Purchased services and other Asset Impairments Labour restructuring Total operating expenses Operating income Operating Results 2013 2012 % Change $ $ 385 157 126 413 105 49 335 1,570 37 1,607 343 262 65 39 144 212 435 (7) 355 156 133 335 99 46 340 1,464 38 1,502 378 256 60 48 140 242 265 53 1,493 1,442 $ 114 $ 60 8 1 (5) 23 6 7 (1) 7 (3) 7 (9) 2 8 (19) 3 (12) 64 – 4 90 Operating income was $114 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $54 million, or 90%, from $60 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ efficiencies generated from improved operating performance, asset utilization and insourcing of certain IT activities; ▫ higher labour restructuring charges in 2012 and associated experience gains in 2013; ▫ higher freight rates; ▫ increased volumes of traffic, as measured by RTMs, generating higher freight revenue; 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 47 CANADIAN PACIFIC ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; ▫ higher land sales; ▫ a favourable adjustment in WCB liability primarily due to higher discount rate and favourable claims experience in 2013; and ▫ an insurance recovery related to flooding in 2011. This increase was partially offset by: ▫ a higher asset impairment charge in 2013; ▫ higher volume variable expenses as a result of an increase in workload and difficult winter conditions; ▫ wage and benefits inflation; and ▫ higher stock-based compensation expenses. Net income was $82 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $67 million, or 447%, from $15 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher Operating income partially offset by higher Income tax expense due to the impact of higher earnings and the increase in the province of British Columbia’s corporate income tax rate. Diluted Earnings per Share Diluted EPS was $0.47 in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $0.39, or 488%, from $0.08 in the same period of 2012. Diluted EPS, excluding significant items, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures, was $1.91 in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $0.63, or 49%, from $1.28 in the same period of 2012. These increases were primarily due to higher Net income. Operating Ratio Our operating ratio was 92.9% in the fourth quarter of 2013, compared with 96.0% in the same period of 2012. This decrease was primarily due to efficiency savings and lower labour restructuring charges in 2013 partially offset by a higher asset impairment charge. The operating ratio, excluding significant items, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures, was 65.9% in the fourth quarter of 2013, a decrease of 74.8% compared to the same period in 2012. This improvement was primarily due to an increase in efficiency savings, increased volumes of traffic and higher freight rates. 48 2013 ANNUAL REPORT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS For the three months ended December 31(1) Operations Performance Freight gross ton-miles (millions) Train miles (thousands) Average train weight – excluding local traffic (tons) Average train length – excluding local traffic (feet)(2) Average terminal dwell (hours)(3) Average train speed (mph)(4) Locomotive productivity (daily average GTMs/active HP) Fuel efficiency (U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed/1,000 GTMs)(5) Total employees (average)(6)(7) Workforce (end of period)(8) Safety indicators FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours FRA train accidents per million train-miles CANADIAN PACIFIC 2013 2012 % Change 2013 vs. 2012 68,531 9,341 7,844 6,668 7.9 17.6 223.2 1.06 14,677 14,977 66,204 10,046 7,014 6,198 7.4 17.6 197.1 1.14 16,369 16,907 1.77 1.35 2.05 1.68 4 (7) 12 8 7 – 13 (7) (10) (11) (14) (20) (1) Certain prior period figures have been revised to conform with current presentation or have been updated to reflect new information. (2) Incorporates a new reporting methodology where average train length is the sum of each car and locomotive’s equipment length multiplied by the distance travelled, divided by train miles. Local trains are excluded from this measure. (3) Incorporates a new reporting definition where average terminal dwell measures the average time a freight car resides within terminal boundaries. (4) Incorporates a new reporting definition where average train speed measures the line-haul movement from origin to destination including terminal dwell hours. (5) Includes gallons of fuel consumed from freight, yard and commuter service but excludes fuel used in capital projects and other non-freight activities. (6) An employee is defined as an individual, including trainees, who has worked more than 40 hours in a standard bi-weekly pay period. This excludes part time employees, contractors, and consultants. (7) 2012 average number of employees has been adjusted for the strike. (8) Workforce is defined as total employees plus part time employees, contractors and consultants. Operations Performance GTMs for the fourth quarter of 2013 were 68,531 million, which increased by 4% compared with 66,204 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher traffic volumes in Industrial and consumer products and Grain offset by lower traffic volumes in Intermodal and Automotive. Train miles for the fourth quarter of 2013 were 9,341 miles, a decrease of 7% compared with 10,046 miles in the same period of 2012. This decrease was driven by improvements in both train weights and lengths due to the Company’s successful execution of the operating plan, partially offset by higher workload as measured by GTMs. In the fourth quarter of 2013, average train weight increased by 830 tons or 12% and average train length increased by 470 feet or 8% from the same period of 2012. Average train weight and train length benefited from increased workload moving in existing train service and through ongoing network capacity and infrastructure investments which allowed for the operation of longer and heavier trains. Average terminal dwell increased by 7% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to 7.9 hours from 7.4 hours in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to yard processing workload and partially offset by our continued focus on improvements to yard productivity, terminal redesign and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Average train speed was 17.6 miles per hour in the fourth quarter of 2013, unchanged when compared to the same period of 2012. This was primarily due to challenging operating conditions and an increase in bulk commodities, which move at a slower average speed than intermodal and merchandise traffic, offset through ongoing network capacity and infrastructure investments and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. Locomotive productivity, which is daily average GTMs/active HP, increased in the fourth quarter of 2013 by 13% from the same period of 2012. This improvement is primarily the result of increased asset velocity due to more efficient operations, improved fleet reliability, and the successful execution of the Company’s operating plan. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 49 CANADIAN PACIFIC Fuel efficiency improved by 7% in the fourth quarter of 2013 compared to the same period of 2012. This improvement is primarily due to lower horsepower to ton ratios as a result of increased train weight and continued focus on the fuel conservation strategies of the Company’s operating plan. Safety Indicators The FRA personal injury rate per 200,000 employee-hours for CP was 1.77 in the fourth quarter of 2013 compared with 2.05 in same period of 2012. The FRA train accident rate for CP in the fourth quarter of 2013 was 1.35 accidents per million train-miles, compared with 1.68 in same period of 2012. Freight Revenues Freight revenues were $1,570 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $106 million, or 7%, from $1,464 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increased volumes of traffic, as measured by RTMs in Industrial and consumer products, Grain, Fertilizer and sulphur, and Automotive; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ higher freight rates. This increase was partially offset by lower shipments in Forest products, Coal, and Intermodal. Grain Grain revenue was $385 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $30 million, or 8%, from $355 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher Canadian originating shipments due to stronger export demand and record Canadian crop production; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ increased freight rates. This increase was partially offset by lower U.S. originating shipments. Coal Coal revenue was $157 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $1 million, or 1%, from $156 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher overall Canadian originating shipments of metallurgical coal due to increased demand; ▫ increased freight rates; and ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by lower U.S. originating thermal coal shipments as a result of soft market conditions. Fertilizers and Sulphur Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $126 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, a decrease of $7 million, or 5%, from $133 million in the same period of 2012. This decrease was primarily due to lower fertilizer shipments as a result of a late harvest and a narrow application window. This decrease was partially offset by higher export potash shipments and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Industrial and Consumer Products Industrial and consumer products revenue was $413 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $78 million, or 23%, from $335 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher volumes as a result of growth in movement of energy related commodities and energy related inputs; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ increased freight rates. 50 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Automotive Automotive revenue was $105 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $6 million, or 6%, from $99 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ movements of one-time dimensional loads of transformers and windmills in 2012; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ increased freight rates. Forest Products Forest products revenue was $49 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $3 million, or 7%, from $46 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to the favourable impact of the change in FX, and increased freight rates. This increase was partially offset by lower lumber and panel shipments due to the exit of certain customer contracts in western Canada, and lower pulp and paper shipments due to reduced plant production and production outages at customers on our lines. Intermodal Intermodal revenue was $335 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, a decrease of $5 million, or 1%, from $340 million in the same period of 2012. This decrease was primarily due to the exit of certain customer contracts and selected terminal closures. This decrease was partially offset by: ▫ increased domestic container volumes; ▫ the favourable impact of the change in FX; and ▫ increased freight rates. Other Revenue Other revenue was $37 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, essentially unchanged from $38 million in the same period of 2012. Operating Expenses Operating expenses were $1,493 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $51 million, or 4%, from $1,442 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ a higher asset impairment charge in 2013; ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX; ▫ higher volume variable expenses as a result of an increase in workload and difficult winter conditions; ▫ wage and benefit inflation; and ▫ higher stock-based compensation. This increase was partially offset by: ▫ efficiencies generated from improved operating performance, asset utilization, and insourcing of certain IT activities; ▫ higher labour restructuring charges in 2012 and associated experience gains in 2013; ▫ higher land sales in 2013; ▫ a favourable WCB adjustment mainly due to a higher discount rate and favourable claims experience in 2013; and ▫ an insurance recovery related to flooding in 2011. Compensation and Benefits Compensation and benefits expense was $343 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, a decrease of $35 million, or 9%, from $378 million in the same period of 2012. This decrease was primarily due to: ▫ lower costs achieved through job reductions; ▫ road and yard crew efficiencies as a result of continuing strong operational performance despite higher costs from difficult winter conditions; ▫ a reduction in train crew training costs resulting from a lower number of employees; 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 51 CANADIAN PACIFIC ▫ lower management transition costs in 2013; and ▫ reduced pension expense. This decrease was partially offset by: ▫ wage and benefit inflation; ▫ higher stock-based compensation expense; ▫ increase in personnel in certain areas of the business as part of our insourcing strategy, offset by efficiency savings recorded in Purchased services and other; and ▫ the unfavourable impact of the change in FX. Fuel Fuel expense was $262 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $6 million, or 2%, from $256 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to an unfavourable change in FX, the change in workload, as measured by GTMs, and difficult winter conditions, partially offset by improvement in fuel efficiency as a result of increased train weights and focus on the fuel conservation strategies of the Company’s operating plan. Materials Materials expense was $65 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $5 million, or 8%, from $60 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher third party freight car repair material costs, the majority of which were recovered through third party billings recorded in Purchased services and other and the unfavourable change in FX. This increase was partially offset by reduced maintenance and servicing costs for locomotives as higher locomotive availability, the storage of less reliable and efficient locomotives and improved fluidity across the network lowered costs. Equipment Rents Equipment rents expense was $39 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, a decrease of $9 million, or 19%, from $48 million in the same period of 2012. This decrease reflected freight car and locomotive operating efficiencies which have contributed to improved asset velocity. As a result, the Company required fewer freight cars and locomotives reducing the payments made to foreign railways for the use of their freight cars and permitting the return and sublease of certain leased freight cars and locomotives. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization expense was $144 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of $4 million, or 3%, from $140 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher depreciable assets as a result of our capital program. Purchased Services and Other For the three months ended December 31 (in millions) Purchased services and other Support and facilities Track and operations Intermodal Equipment Casualty Other Land sales Total purchased services and other 2013 2012 % Change $ $ 100 62 41 17 4 6 (18) 109 54 40 19 19 2 (1) $ 212 $ 242 (8) 15 3 (11) (79) 200 1,700 (12) Purchased services and other expense was $212 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, a decrease of $30 million, or 12%, from $242 million in the same period of 2012. This decrease was primarily due to: ▫ efficiencies generated from improved operating performance, asset utilization and insourcing of certain IT activities; ▫ higher land sales in 2013; 52 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC ▫ a favourable WCB adjustment mainly due to a higher discount rate and favourable claims experience in 2013, reported in Casualty; and ▫ an insurance recovery in the fourth quarter of 2013, related to flooding in 2011, reported in Other. This decrease was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of the change in FX and higher property and other taxes, included in Support and facilities. Other Income Statement Items Other Income and Charges Other income and charges was an expense of $6 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, compared with an expense of $3 million in the same period of 2012. The increase was primarily due to FX losses on LTD and U.S. dollar denominated working capital. Net Interest Expense Net interest expense was $70 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, essentially unchanged from $69 million in the same period of 2012. Income Taxes Income tax expense was a recovery of $44 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, compared to a recovery of $27 million in the same period of 2012. This increase was primarily due to the higher asset impairment charge incurred, partially offset by higher pre-tax income in the fourth quarter of 2013. Liquidity and Capital Resources During the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company generated cash and cash equivalents of $147 million, compared with $126 million generated in the same period of 2012. This increase in cash and cash equivalents was primarily due to improved pre-tax earnings and higher proceeds from the sale of properties and other assets. This increase in cash and cash equivalents was partially offset by: ▫ higher additions to properties in 2013; ▫ increase in Restricted cash and cash equivalents in 2013 related to the collateralization of letters of credit, discussed further in Section 21, Business Risks; and ▫ lower proceeds from the issuance of common shares in 2013 resulting from the exercising of options. 13. CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICY 2013 Accounting Change Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2013-02, Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, an amendment to FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 220. The update requires disclosure of amounts reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, an entity is required to present either on the face of the statement of operations or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of Net income but only if the amount reclassified is required to be reclassified to Net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For amounts not reclassified in their entirety to Net income, an entity is required to cross-reference to other disclosures that provide additional detail about those amounts. This ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2012. The disclosure requirements of this ASU for the year ended December 31, 2013 are presented as a note in the annual Consolidated Financial Statements. 14. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES The Company believes adequate amounts of cash and cash equivalents are available in the normal course of business to provide for ongoing operations, including the obligations identified in the tables in Section 19, Contractual Commitments and Section 20, Future Trends and Commitments. We are not aware of any trends or expected fluctuations in our liquidity that would create any deficiencies. Liquidity risk is discussed in Section 21, Business Risks. The following discussion of operating, investing and financing activities describes our indicators of liquidity and capital resources. Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities was $1,950 million in 2013, an increase of $622 million from cash provided by operating activities of $1,328 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to improved pre-tax earnings, partially offset by higher income tax payments and the purchase of material as part of the Company’s insourcing strategy. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 53 CANADIAN PACIFIC Cash provided by operating activities was $1,328 million in 2012, an increase of $816 million from cash provided by operating activities of $512 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ significantly lower pension contributions compared with 2011, which included $600 million of solvency deficit contributions all of which were represented by a voluntary prepayment to the Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan, discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates; and ▫ higher cash generating earnings: the labour restructuring and asset impairment charges in the fourth quarter of 2012 did not result in any significant cash outflows, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses. Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities was $1,597 million in 2013, an increase of $586 million from cash used in investing activities of $1,011 million in 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ increase in Restricted cash and cash equivalents related to the collateralizing of letters of credit, discussed further in Section 21, Business Risks; ▫ higher additions to properties associated with our capital program; ▫ proceeds from the sale of long-term floating rate notes in 2012, discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates; and ▫ a $20 million interest free loan made in 2013 pursuant to a court order to a corporation owned by a court appointed trustee. This amount will be held in trust until the resolution of legal proceedings with regard to CP’s entitlement to an exercised purchase option of a building. If successful in these proceedings, title to the building will transfer to CP with an additional payment of $20 million; otherwise the loan will be repaid. Cash used in investing activities was $1,011 million in 2012, a decrease of $33 million from cash used in investing activities of $1,044 million in 2011. This decrease was primarily due to higher proceeds from the sale of long-term floating rate notes, discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates, offset in part by higher additions to properties associated with our capital program. Additions to properties (“capital programs”) in 2014 are expected to be approximately $1.2 to $1.3 billion. Planned capital programs include approximately $850 million to preserve capacities through replacement or renewal of depleted assets, between $200 and $275 million for network capacity expansions, business development projects and productivity initiatives and between $50 and $75 million to address capital regulated by governments, principally Positive Train Control (“PTC”) and locomotive engine upgrades to meet emission standards. Capital Programs For the year ended December 31 (in millions, except for miles and crossties) Additions to properties Track and roadway Buildings Rolling stock Information systems Other Total – accrued additions to properties Less: Other non-cash transactions 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 831 48 169 110 107 $ 744 38 155 105 110 756 47 179 99 72 1,265 1,152 1,153 29 4 49 Cash invested in additions to properties (per Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows) $ 1,236 $ 1,148 $ 1,104 Track installation capital programs Track miles of rail laid (miles) Track miles of rail capacity expansion (miles) Crossties installed (thousands) 429 24 926 470 32 794 532 31 885 Of the total capital additions to properties noted in the table above, costs for the renewal of the railway, including track and roadway, buildings and rolling stock were approximately $905 million in 2013. The costs for renewal of the railway in 2012 and 2011 were $708 million and $680 million respectively. Costs related to normal repairs and maintenance of the railroad have been expensed and presented within operating expenses. Approximately $816 million, $830 million and $836 million were expensed during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Repairs and maintenance does not have a standardized definition and, therefore is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures of other companies and definitions applied by regulators. 54 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC We intend to finance capital expenditures with available cash from operations, but may partially finance these expenditures with new debt, capital leases and temporary draws on our credit facility. Our decisions on funding equipment acquisitions will be influenced by such factors as optimizing our capital structure and maintaining our debt covenants and investment grade rating, as well as the amount of cash flow we believe can be generated from operations and the prevailing capital market conditions. Financing Activities Cash used in financing activities was $220 million in 2013, as compared to cash used in financing activities of $30 million in 2012 and cash provided by financing activities of $217 million in 2011. Cash used in financing activities in 2013 was primarily for the payment of dividends and the repayment of long-term debt. These uses of cash were partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of common shares resulting from the exercising of options. Cash used in financing activities in 2012 was primarily for the payment of dividends, the repayment of long-term debt and short-term borrowings. These uses of cash were largely offset by proceeds from the issuance of common shares resulting from the exercising of options and from the issuance of US$71 million 4.28% Senior Secured Notes due in 2027 for net proceeds of $71 million. Cash provided by financing activities in 2011 was primarily from: ▫ the issuance of CDN$125 million 5.10% 10-year Medium Term Notes, US$250 million 4.50% 10-year Notes and US$250 million 5.75% 30-year Notes for net proceeds of $618 million. These proceeds were largely used to make a $600 million voluntary prepayment to the Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan; ▫ the issuance of US$139 million 3.88% Series A and B Senior Secured Notes due in 2026 for net proceeds of $139 million; and ▫ $28 million in short-term borrowings. These proceeds were partially offset by; ▫ the redemption of US$246 million 6.25% 10-year Notes for a total cost of $251 million; ▫ the redemption of US$101 million 5.75% 5-year Notes pursuant to a call offer for a total cost of $113 million, which included a redemption premium paid to note holders to redeem the Notes; and ▫ the payments of dividends. The Company has available, as sources of financing, up to $1.2 billion under its revolving credit facility and up to $191 million under its bilateral letter of credit facilities, discussed further in Section 21, Business Risks. Debt to Total Capitalization Debt to total capitalization is the sum of long-term debt, long-term debt maturing within one year and short-term borrowing, divided by debt plus total Shareholders’ equity as presented on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2013, our debt to total capitalization decreased to 40.7%, compared with 47.9% at December 31, 2012. This decrease was largely due to an increase in equity driven by earnings and a decrease in Pension and other benefit liabilities. At December 31, 2012, our debt to total capitalization decreased to 47.9%, compared with 50.7% at December 31, 2011. This decrease was largely due to an increase in equity driven by earnings and an increase in share capital resulting from the exercise of options. Calculation of Interest Coverage Ratio For the year ended December 31 (in millions, except for coverage ratios) EBIT(1) Adjusted EBIT(1) Net interest expense Interest coverage ratio(1) Adjusted interest coverage ratio(1) 2013 2012 2011 $ 1,403 $ 912 $ 1,827 $ 1,299 $ 278 $ 276 $ $ $ 5.0 6.6 3.3 4.7 949 955 252 3.8 3.8 (1) Interest coverage ratio, Adjusted interest coverage ratio, EBIT and Adjusted EBIT have no standardized meanings prescribed by U.S. GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. These earnings measures are described in this section and are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 55 CANADIAN PACIFIC Interest coverage ratio is measured, on a rolling twelve month basis, EBIT divided by Net interest expense, discussed further in Section 15, Non- GAAP Measures. At December 31, 2013, our interest coverage ratio was 5.0, compared with 3.3 in 2012. This improvement was primarily due to a year-over-year increase in EBIT. In 2013 and 2012, EBIT was negatively impacted by asset impairment charges. In 2012, EBIT was further impacted by labour restructuring, advisory costs due to shareholder matters, and management transition costs, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Excluding these significant items from EBIT, Adjusted interest coverage ratio was 6.6 at December 31, 2013, compared with 4.7 in 2012. This increase was primarily due to an increase in Adjusted EBIT. Adjusted interest coverage ratio and significant items are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Our interest coverage ratio was 3.3 at December 31, 2012, compared with 3.8 in 2011. This reduction was primarily due to a year-over-year increase in Net interest expense and a reduction in EBIT which was negatively impacted by labour restructuring, asset impairment charges, advisory costs due to shareholder matters, and management transition costs in 2012, discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Excluding these significant items from EBIT, Adjusted interest coverage ratio was 4.7 at December 31, 2012, compared with 3.8 in 2011. This increase was primarily due to an increase in Adjusted EBIT. Adjusted interest coverage ratio and significant items are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Calculation of Free Cash(1) (Reconciliation of free cash to GAAP cash position) For the year ended December 31 (in millions) Voluntary prepayments to the main Canadian defined benefit pension plan Other operating cash flows Cash provided by operating activities Cash used in investing activities Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents used to collateralize letters of credit(2) Dividends paid Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents Free cash(1) Cash provided by financing activities, excluding dividend payment Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents used to collateralize letters of credit(2) Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents, as shown on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 2013 – 1,950 1,950 (1,597) 411 (244) 10 530 24 (411) 143 333 $ 2012 – 1,328 1,328 (1,011) – (223) (1) 93 193 – 286 47 $ 2011 (600) 1,112 512 (1,044) – (193) 1 (724) 410 – (314) 361 $ 476 $ 333 $ 47 (1) Free cash and cash provided by financing activities, excluding dividend payment have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Free cash is discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. (2) Changes in Restricted cash and cash equivalents related to collateralized letters of credit are discussed further in Section 21, Business Risks. There was positive free cash of $530 million in 2013, and positive free cash of $93 million in 2012. This improvement in free cash in 2013 was primarily due to improved pre-tax earnings partially offset by: ▫ higher additions to properties; ▫ higher income tax payments; ▫ the purchase of materials as part of the Company’s insourcing strategy; ▫ a loan made to a court appointed trustee to facilitate the acquisition of a building; and ▫ proceeds from the sale of long-term floating rate notes in 2012. There was positive free cash of $93 million in 2012, and negative free cash of $724 million in 2011. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ lower pension contributions compared with 2011, which included a $600 million voluntary prepayment to the Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan; ▫ higher cash generating earnings: the labour restructuring and asset impairment charges in the fourth quarter of 2012 did not result in any significant cash outflows; and ▫ higher proceeds from the sale of long-term floating rate notes in 2012. This increase was partially offset by higher additions to properties associated with our capital program. 56 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC 15. NON-GAAP MEASURES We present non-GAAP measures and cash flow information to provide a basis for evaluating underlying earnings and liquidity trends in our business that can be compared with the results of our operations in prior periods. These non-GAAP measures exclude other specified items that are not among our normal ongoing revenues and operating expenses. These non-GAAP measures have no standardized meaning and are not defined by GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Operating expenses, excluding significant items, provide relevant and useful information for evaluating the effectiveness of our operations and underlying business trends impacting our cost control strategy. Operating income, excluding significant items, provides a measure of the profitability of the railway on an ongoing basis. Operating ratio, excluding significant items, calculated as operating expenses, excluding significant items divided by revenues, provides the percentage of revenues used to operate the railway on an ongoing basis. Income, excluding significant items, provides management with a measure of income that allows a multi-period assessment of long-term profitability and also allows management and other external users of our consolidated financial statements to compare our profitability on a long-term basis with that of our peers. Diluted earnings per share, excluding significant items, provides the same information on a per share basis. Significant Items Significant items are material transactions that may include, but are not limited to, restructuring and asset impairment charges, gains and losses on non-routine sales of assets and other items that are not normal course business activities. In 2013, there were five significant items included in Net income as follows: ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded an asset impairment charge and accruals for future costs totaling $435 million ($257 million after tax) relating to the anticipated sale of DM&E West, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded management transition costs related to the retirement of our Chief Financial Officer and the appointment of our new Chief Financial Officer of $5 million ($4 million after tax), discussed further in Section 20, Future Trends and Commitments; ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded a recovery of $7 million ($5 million after tax) for our 2012 labour restructuring initiative due to favourable experience gains, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ in the third quarter, we recorded an income tax expense of $7 million as a result of the change in the province of British Columbia’s corporate income tax rate, discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items; and ▫ in the first quarter, we recorded a recovery of US$9 million (US$6 million after tax) related to settlement of certain management transition amounts which had been subject to legal proceedings. In 2012, there were six significant items included in Net income as follows: ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded an asset impairment charge of $185 million ($111 million after tax) with respect to the option to build into the Powder River Basin and another investment, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded an asset impairment charge of $80 million ($59 million after tax) related to a certain series of locomotives, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded a labour restructuring charge of $53 million ($39 million after tax) as part of a restructuring initiative, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ in the second quarter, we recorded a charge of $42 million ($29 million after tax) with respect to compensation and other management transition costs, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses; ▫ during the first and second quarters, we incurred advisory fees of $27 million ($20 million after tax) related to shareholder matters, discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items; and ▫ in the second quarter, we recorded an income tax expense of $11 million as a result of the change in the province of Ontario’s corporate income tax rate, discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items. In 2011, there were two significant items included in Net income: ▫ in the fourth quarter, we incurred advisory fees of $6 million ($5 million after tax) related to shareholder matters, discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items. ▫ in the fourth quarter, we recorded the $37 million benefit resulting from the resolution of certain tax matters, discussed further in Section 10, Other Income Statement Items. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 57 CANADIAN PACIFIC The following tables reconcile Operating expenses, excluding significant items, Operating income, excluding significant items and Income, excluding significant items to Operating expenses, Operating income and Net income, respectively, and Diluted earnings per share, excluding significant items and operating ratio, excluding significant items to Diluted earnings per share and operating ratio. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures to GAAP Measures (in millions) For the year ended December 31 2013 2012 2011 For the three months ended December 31 2013 2012 Operating expenses, excluding significant items(1) $ 4,289 $ 4,386 $ 4,210 $ 1,060 $ 1,124 Add (less) significant items: Labour restructuring Asset impairments Management transition costs Operating expenses as reported Operating income, excluding significant items(1) Less (add) significant items: Labour restructuring Asset impairments Management transition costs Operating income as reported Income, excluding significant items(1) Less (add) significant items, net of tax: Labour restructuring Asset impairments Management transition costs Advisory fees related to shareholder matters Resolution of certain tax matters Income tax rate change (7) 435 (4) 53 265 42 – – – (7) 435 5 53 265 – $ 4,713 $ 1,844 $ $ 4,746 1,309 $ $ 4,210 $ 1,493 967 $ 547 $ $ 1,442 378 (7) 435 (4) $ 1,420 $ 1,132 $ $ (5) 257 (2) – – 7 53 265 42 949 753 39 170 29 20 – 11 484 – – – $ $ 967 538 $ $ – – – 5 (37) – $ 570 $ (7) 435 5 114 338 (5) 257 4 – – – 82 53 265 – 60 224 39 170 – – – – 15 $ $ $ Net income as reported $ 875 $ (1) These earnings measures have no standardized meanings prescribed by U.S. GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. These earnings measures and other significant items are described in this section. Diluted earnings per share Excluding significant items Less (add) significant items: Labour restructuring Asset impairments Management transition costs Advisory fees related to shareholder matters Income tax rate change Diluted earnings per share as reported For the year ended December 31 2013 2012 2011 For the three months ended December 31 2013 2012 $ 6.42 $ 4.34 $ 3.15 $ 1.91 $ 1.28 (0.03) 1.46 (0.01) – 0.04 0.22 0.98 0.17 0.12 0.06 – – – 0.03 (0.22) (0.03) 1.45 0.02 – – 0.22 0.98 – – – $ 4.96 $ 2.79 $ 3.34 $ 0.47 $ 0.08 58 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Operating ratio Excluding significant items Add (less) significant items: Labour restructuring Asset impairments Management transition costs Operating ratio as reported CANADIAN PACIFIC For the year ended December 31 2013 2012 2011 For the three months ended December 31 2013 2012 69.9% 77.0% 81.3% 65.9% 74.8% (0.1)% 7.1% (0.1)% 0.9% 4.7% 0.7% – – – 76.8% 83.3% 81.3% (0.4)% 27.1% 0.3% 92.9% 3.5% 17.7% – 96.0% Free cash and cash flow before dividends are non-GAAP measures that management considers to be indicators of liquidity. The measures are used by management to provide information with respect to the relationship between cash provided by operating activities and investment decisions and provide comparable measures for period to period changes. Free cash is calculated as cash provided by operating activities, less cash used in investing activities, excluding changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents and investment balances used to collateralize letters of credit, and dividends paid, adjusted for changes in cash and cash equivalents balances resulting from FX fluctuations. Free cash is discussed further and is reconciled to the change in cash and cash equivalents as presented in the financial statements in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. Cash provided by financing activities, excluding dividend payments, reflects financing activities cash flows not included in the computation of free cash. Cash flow before dividends is calculated as cash provided by operating activities less cash used in investing activities, excluding changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents and investment balances used to collateralize letters of credit. Interest coverage ratio is used in assessing the Company’s debt servicing capabilities. This ratio provides an indicator of our debt servicing capabilities, and how these have changed, period over period and in comparison to our peers. The ratio, measured as EBIT divided by Net interest expense is reported quarterly and is measured on a twelve month rolling basis. Interest coverage ratio is discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. The interest coverage ratio, excluding significant items, also referred to as Adjusted interest coverage ratio, is calculated as Adjusted EBIT divided by Net interest expense. By excluding significant items which affect EBIT, Adjusted interest coverage ratio provides a metric that is more comparable on a period to period basis. Interest coverage ratio and Adjusted interest coverage ratio are discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. ROCE is a measure of performance which measures how productively the Company uses its assets. ROCE is defined as EBIT divided by the average for the twelve months of total assets, less current liabilities excluding the current portion of long-term debt. ROCE, excluding significant items, also referred to as Adjusted ROCE is calculated as Adjusted EBIT divided by the average for the twelve months of total assets, less current liabilities excluding the current portion of long-term debt. By excluding significant items which affect EBIT, Adjusted ROCE provides a metric that is more comparable on a period to period basis. ROCE and Adjusted ROCE are discussed further in Section 6, Operating Results. Interest coverage ratio and ROCE include EBIT, a non-GAAP measure, which can be calculated as Operating income, less Other income and charges. Adjusted EBIT is calculated as Operating income, excluding significant items less Other income and charges, excluding significant items that are reported in Other income and charges on our income statement. A reconciliation of Operating income for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 to EBIT and Adjusted EBIT, each for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, is presented below: Reconciliation of EBIT and Adjusted EBIT to Operating income (in millions) Adjusted EBIT for the year ended December 31(1) Less (add) significant items: Labour restructuring Asset impairments Management transition Advisory costs related to shareholder matters EBIT for the year ended December 31(1) Add (less): Other income and charges Operating income for the year ended December 31 2013 2012 2011 $ 1,827 $ 1,299 $ 955 (7) 435 (4) – 1,403 53 265 42 27 912 – – – 6 949 17 37 18 $ 1,420 $ 949 $ 967 (1) EBIT and Adjusted EBIT have no standardized meanings prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. These earnings measures and significant items are described in this section. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 59 CANADIAN PACIFIC 16. BALANCE SHEET Total Assets Total assets were $17,060 million at December 31, 2013, compared with $14,727 million at December 31, 2012. This increase was primarily due to increases in: ▫ discount rates and equity returns which resulted in a net asset position for our main Canadian defined benefit pension plan, shown as Pension asset; ▫ Properties due to our 2013 capital additions in excess of depreciation and changes in FX; ▫ Restricted cash and cash equivalents used to collateralize letters of credit, discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources; ▫ Deferred income taxes reflecting our current estimate of loss carry forward amounts expected to be utilized in 2014; ▫ Other assets driven by a loan to a court appointed trustee to facilitate the purchase of a building; and ▫ Materials and supplies to support our capital program, including the purchase of mechanical and engineering materials as part of the Company’s insourcing strategy. This increase was partially offset by the anticipated sale of DM&E West assets, shown as Assets held for sale at fair value, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses. Total Liabilities Total liabilities were $9,963 million at December 31, 2013, compared with $9,630 million at December 31, 2012. This increase was primarily due to higher Deferred income tax liabilities as a result of deferred income taxes on earnings and Other Comprehensive income, FX and higher current deferred income tax assets, as well as an increase in Long-term debt due to FX partly offset by debt payments. This increase was partially offset by lower Pension and other benefit liabilities primarily due to higher discount rates, favourable investment returns and pension plan amendments, discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. Shareholders’ Equity At December 31, 2013, our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflected $7,097 million in equity, compared with $5,097 million at December 31, 2012. This increase was primarily due to: ▫ higher Net income in excess of dividends; ▫ decrease in Accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our main Canadian defined benefit pension plan driven by an increase in discount rates, favourable investment returns, pension plan amendments as well as the amortization of pension plan losses; and ▫ increase in Share capital as stock options were exercised. Share Capital At February 28, 2014, 175,679,130 common shares and no preferred shares were issued and outstanding. In addition, CP has a Management Stock Option Incentive Plan (“MSOIP”) under which key officers and employees are granted options to purchase CP shares. Each option granted can be exercised for one Common Share. At February 28, 2014, 3.5 million options were outstanding under our MSOIP and Directors’ Stock Option Plan, as well as stand-alone option agreements entered into with Mr. E. Hunter Harrison, Mr. Keith Creel and Mr. Bart W. Demosky. 2.4 million additional options may be issued in the future under the MSOIP and Directors’ Stock Option Plan. 60 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Dividends Dividends declared by the Board of Directors in the last three years are as follows: Dividend amount $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3500 $0.3000 $0.3000 $0.3000 $0.3000 $0.2700 Record date March 28, 2014 December 27, 2013 September 27, 2013 June 28, 2013 March 28, 2013 December 28, 2012 September 28, 2012 June 22, 2012 March 30, 2012 December 30, 2011 September 30, 2011 June 24, 2011 March 25, 2011 CANADIAN PACIFIC Payment date April 28, 2014 January 27, 2014 October 28, 2013 July 29, 2013 April 29, 2013 January 28, 2013 October 29, 2012 July 30, 2012 April 30, 2012 January 30, 2012 October 31, 2011 July 25, 2011 April 25, 2011 17. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in line with the fair value hierarchy established by GAAP, that prioritizes, with respect to reliability, the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy consists of three broad levels. Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities and gives the highest priority to these inputs. Level 2 and 3 inputs are based on significant other observable inputs and significant unobservable inputs, respectively, and gives lower priority to these inputs. When possible, the estimated fair value is based on quoted market prices and, if not available, estimates from third party brokers. For non-exchange traded derivatives classified in Level 2, the Company uses standard valuation techniques to calculate fair value. Primary inputs to these techniques include observable market prices (interest, foreign exchange and commodity) and volatility, depending on the type of derivative and nature of the underlying risk. The Company uses inputs and data used by willing market participants when valuing derivatives and considers its own credit default swap spread as well as those of its counterparties in its determination of fair value. The techniques used to value the Company’s long-term floating rate notes, which were classified as Level 3, are discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. Carrying Value and Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying values of financial instruments equal or approximate their fair values with the exception of long-term debt which has a fair value of approximately $5,572 million and a carrying value of $4,876 million at December 31, 2013. At December 31, 2012, long-term debt had a fair value of approximately $5,688 million and a carrying value of $4,690 million. The estimated fair value of current and long-term borrowings has been determined based on market information where available, or by discounting future payments of interest and principal at estimated interest rates expected to be available to the Company at period end. All derivatives and long-term debt are classified as Level 2. Financial Risk Management Derivative Financial Instruments Derivative financial instruments may be used to selectively reduce volatility associated with fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, the price of fuel and stock-based compensation expense. Where derivatives are designated as hedging instruments, the relationship between the hedging instruments and their associated hedged items is documented, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for the use of the hedging instruments. This documentation includes linking the derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, commitments or forecasted transactions. At the time a derivative contract is entered into, and at least quarterly thereafter, an assessment is made whether the derivative item is effective in offsetting the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. The derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment if it is effective in substantially mitigating the risk it was designed to address. It is not the Company’s intent to use financial derivatives or commodity instruments for trading or speculative purposes. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 61 CANADIAN PACIFIC Credit Risk Management Credit risk refers to the possibility that a customer or counterparty will fail to fulfill its obligations under a contract and as a result create a financial loss for the Company. The railway industry predominantly serves financially established customers and the Company has experienced limited financial losses with respect to credit risk. The credit worthiness of customers is assessed using credit scores supplied by a third party, and through direct monitoring of their financial well-being on a continual basis. The Company establishes guidelines for customer credit limits and should thresholds in these areas be reached, appropriate precautions are taken to improve collectability. Counterparties to financial instruments expose the Company to credit losses in the event of non-performance. Counterparties for derivative and cash transactions are limited to high credit quality financial institutions, which are monitored on an on-going basis. Counterparty credit assessments are based on the financial health of the institutions and their credit ratings from external agencies. The Company does not anticipate non-performance that would materially impact the Company’s financial statements. In addition, the Company believes there are no significant concentrations of credit risk. Foreign Exchange Management The Company conducts business transactions and owns assets in both Canada and the United States. As a result, the Company is exposed to fluctuations in value of financial commitments, assets, liabilities, income or cash flows due to changes in FX rates. The Company may enter into foreign exchange risk management transactions primarily to manage fluctuations in the exchange rate between Canadian and U.S. currencies. FX exposure is primarily mitigated through natural offsets created by revenues, expenditures and balance sheet positions incurred in the same currency. Where appropriate, the Company may negotiate with customers and suppliers to reduce the net exposure. Occasionally the Company will enter into short-term FX forward contracts as part of its cash management strategy. Net Investment Hedge The FX gains and losses on long-term debt are mainly unrealized and can only be realized when U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt matures or is settled. The Company also has long-term FX exposure on its investment in U.S. affiliates. The majority of the Company’s U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt has been designated as a hedge of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries. This designation has the effect of mitigating volatility on net income by offsetting long-term FX gains and losses on U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt and gains and losses on its net investment. Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts The Company may enter into FX forward contracts to lock-in the amount of Canadian dollars it has to pay on U.S. denominated debt maturities. At December 31, 2013, the Company had FX forward contracts to fix the exchange rate on US$100 million of principal outstanding on a capital lease due in January 2014, US$175 million of its 6.50% Notes due in May 2018, and US$100 million of its 7.25% Notes due in May 2019, unchanged from December 31, 2012. These derivatives, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges, guarantee the amount of Canadian dollars that the Company will repay when these obligations mature. During 2013, an unrealized foreign exchange gain of $18 million was recorded in Other income and charges in relation to these derivatives, compared to an unrealized loss of $4 million in 2012 and a realized and unrealized gain of $8 million in 2011. Gains recorded in Other income and charges were largely offset by unrealized losses on the underlying debt which the derivatives were designated to hedge. Similarly, losses were largely offset by unrealized gains on the underlying debt. At December 31, 2013, the unrealized gain derived from these FX forwards was $25 million of which $6 million was included in Other current assets and $19 million in Other assets with the offset reflected as an unrealized gain of $5 million in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and as an unrealized gain of $20 million in Retained earnings. At December 31, 2012, the unrealized gain derived from these FX forwards was $8 million which was included in Other assets with the offset reflected as an unrealized gain of $6 million in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and as an unrealized gain of $2 million in Retained earnings. Interest Rate Management The Company is exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will vary as a result of changes in market interest rates. In order to manage funding needs or capital structure goals, the Company enters into debt or capital lease agreements that are subject to either fixed market interest rates set at the time of issue or floating rates determined by on-going market conditions. Debt subject to variable interest rates exposes the Company to variability in interest expense, while debt subject to fixed interest rates exposes the Company to variability in the fair value of debt. To manage interest rate exposure, the Company accesses diverse sources of financing and manages borrowings in line with a targeted range of capital structure, debt ratings, liquidity needs, maturity schedule, and currency and interest rate profiles. In anticipation of future debt issuances, the 62 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Company may enter into forward rate agreements such as treasury rate locks, bond forwards or forward starting swaps, designated as cash flow hedges, to substantially lock in all or a portion of the effective future interest expense. The Company may also enter into swap agreements, designated as fair value hedges, to manage the mix of fixed and floating rate debt. Interest Rate Swaps At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had no outstanding interest rate swaps, nor did it enter into or unwind any such transactions during 2013. During 2011, the Company amortized $5 million of deferred gains to Net interest expense relating to interest rate swaps previously unwound in 2010 and 2009. In addition, during 2011, the Company amortized $2 million of deferred gains to Other income and charges as a result of the redemption of 5.75% May 2013 Notes, discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. These gains were deferred as a fair value adjustment to the underlying debts that were hedged and were amortized to Net interest expense until the debts were redeemed in 2011. Treasury Rate Locks At December 31, 2013, the Company had net unamortized losses related to interest rate locks, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges, settled in previous years totaling $22 million, unchanged from December 31, 2012. This amount is composed of various unamortized gains and losses related to specific debts which are reflected in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and are amortized to Net interest expense in the period that interest on the related debt is charged. The amortization of these gains and losses resulted in a negligible increase to Net interest expense and Other comprehensive loss in 2013 and comparative periods. Fuel Price Management The Company is exposed to commodity risk related to purchases of diesel fuel and the potential reduction in net income due to increases in the price of diesel. Fuel expense constitutes a large portion of the Company’s operating costs and volatility in diesel fuel prices can have a significant impact on the Company’s income. Items affecting volatility in diesel prices include, but are not limited to, fluctuations in world markets for crude oil and distillate fuels, which can be affected by supply disruptions and geopolitical events. The impact of variable fuel expense is mitigated substantially through fuel cost recovery programs which apportion incremental changes in fuel prices to shippers through price indices, tariffs, and by contract, within agreed upon guidelines. While these programs provide effective and meaningful coverage, residual exposure remains as the fuel expense risk may not be completely recovered from shippers due to timing and volatility in the market. In the past, to address the residual portion of CP’s fuel costs not mitigated by its fuel cost recovery programs, CP had a systematic hedge program. As a result of improving coverage from its fuel cost recovery programs, CP exited its hedging program during the first quarter of 2013. Energy Futures During the first quarter of 2013, the Company settled its remaining diesel futures contracts, accounted for as cash flow hedges, to purchase 20 million U.S. gallons during 2013 for proceeds of $2 million. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, the impact of settled swaps decreased Fuel expense by $2 million, as a result of realized gains on diesel swaps compared to $1 million in 2012 and $8 million in 2011. At December 31, 2013, the Company had no outstanding diesel futures contracts. At December 31, 2012, the unrealized loss on these contracts was negligible. 18. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS Guarantees At December 31, 2013, the Company had residual value guarantees on operating lease commitments of $159 million. The maximum amount that could be payable under these and all of the Company’s other guarantees cannot be reasonably estimated due to the nature of certain of the guarantees. All or a portion of amounts paid under certain guarantees could be recoverable from other parties or through insurance. The Company has accrued for all guarantees that it expects to pay. As at December 31, 2013, these accruals amounted to $6 million and $6 million as at December 31, 2012. 19. CONTRACTUAL COMMITMENTS The accompanying table indicates our obligations and commitments to make future payments for contracts, such as debt, capital lease and commercial arrangements. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 63 CANADIAN PACIFIC Contractual Commitments At December 31, 2013 Payments due by period (in millions) Contractual commitments Long-term debt Capital lease Operating lease(1) Supplier purchase Other long-term liabilities(2) Total contractual commitments Total 2014 2015 & 2016 2017 & 2018 2019 & beyond $ $ 4,625 280 684 1,515 679 $ 50 139 121 195 126 $ 157 9 187 321 136 725 7 120 285 115 $ 3,693 125 256 714 302 $ 7,783 $ 631 $ 810 $ 1,252 $ 5,090 (1) Residual value guarantees on certain leased equipment with a maximum exposure of $159 million, discussed further in Section 18, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, are not included in the minimum payments shown above, as management believes that we will not be required to make payments under these residual guarantees. (2) Includes expected cash payments for restructuring, environmental remediation, asset retirement obligations, post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation benefits, long-term disability benefits, pension benefit payments for our non-registered supplemental pension plan, deferred income tax liabilities and certain other long-term liabilities. Projected payments for post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation benefits and long-term disability benefits include the anticipated payments for years 2014 to 2023. Pension contributions for our registered pension plans are not included due to the volatility in calculating them. Pension payments are discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. Deferred income tax liabilities may vary according to changes in tax rates, tax regulations and the operating results of the Company. As the cash impact in any particular year cannot be reasonably determined, all long-term deferred tax liabilities have been reflected in the “2019 & beyond” category in this table. Deferred income taxes are discussed further in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. 20. FUTURE TRENDS AND COMMITMENTS Agreements and Recent Developments Changes in Executive Officers On November 29, 2013, the Company announced Mr. Bart W. Demosky was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer effective December 28, 2013. Mr. Demosky replaced Mr. Brian Grassby, who retired from his role as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer as announced on October 23, 2013. Stock Price The market value per CP common share, as listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange was $160.65 at December 31, 2013, an increase of $59.75 per share from $100.90 at December 31, 2012. The market value per CP common share, as listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange was $100.90 at December 31, 2012, an increase of $31.89 per share from $69.01 at December 31, 2011. Environmental Cash payments related to our environmental remediation program, described in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates, totaled $9 million in 2013, compared with $11 million in 2012 and $15 million in 2011. Cash payments for environmental initiatives are estimated to be approximately $14 million in 2014, $11 million in 2015, $10 million in 2016 and a total of approximately $55 million over the remaining years through 2023, which will be paid in decreasing amounts. All payments will be funded from general operations. We continue to be responsible for remediation work on portions of a property in the State of Minnesota and continue to retain liability accruals for remaining future expected costs. The costs are expected to be incurred over approximately 10 years. The state’s voluntary investigation and remediation program will oversee the work to ensure it is completed in accordance with applicable standards. Certain Other Financial Commitments In addition to the financial commitments mentioned previously in Section 18, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Section 19, Contractual Commitments, we are party to certain other financial commitments set forth in the table and discussed below. Letters of Credit Letters of credit are obtained mainly to provide security to third parties under the terms of various agreements, including workers’ compensation and supplemental pension. We are liable for these contractual amounts in the case of non-performance under these agreements. Letters of credit are accommodated through our bi-lateral letter of credit facility. 64 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Capital Commitments We remain committed to maintaining our current high level of plant quality and renewing our franchise. As part of this commitment, we have entered contracts with suppliers to make various capital purchases related to track programs. Payments for these commitments are due in 2014 through 2046. These expenditures are expected to be financed by cash generated from operations or by issuing new debt. At December 31, 2013 Amount of commitments per period (in millions) Commitments Letters of credit Capital commitments Total commitments Pension Plan Surplus And Deficit Total 2014 2015 & 2016 2017 & 2018 2019 & beyond $ 394 569 $ 394 367 $ – 143 $ 963 $ 761 $ 143 $ – 26 $ 26 $ – 33 $ 33 A description of our future expectations related to the Company’s pension plans are included in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. Restructuring Cash payments related to severance under all restructuring initiatives totaled $33 million in 2013, compared with $22 million in 2012 and $27 million in 2011. Cash payments for restructuring initiatives are estimated to be approximately $31 million in 2014, $10 million in 2015, $6 million in 2016, and a total of approximately $8 million over the remaining years through 2025. These amounts include residual payments to protected employees for previous restructuring plans that have been completed. 21. BUSINESS RISKS In the normal course of our operations, we are exposed to various business risks and uncertainties that can have an effect on our financial condition. While some financial exposures are reduced through risk management strategies including the insurance and hedging programs we have in place, there are certain circumstances where the financial risks are not fully insurable or are driven by external factors beyond our influence or control. As part of the preservation and delivery of value to our shareholders, we have developed an integrated Enterprise Risk Management framework to support consistent achievement of key business objectives through daily pro-active management of risk. The objective of the program is to identify events that result from risks, thereby requiring active management. Each event identified is assessed based on the potential impact and likelihood, taking account of financial, environmental, and reputational impacts, and existing management control. Risk mitigation strategies are formulated to accept, treat, transfer, or eliminate the exposure to the identified events. Readers are cautioned that the following is not an exhaustive list of all the risks to which we are exposed, nor will our mitigation strategies eliminate all risks listed. Competition We face significant competition for freight transportation in Canada and the U.S., including competition from other railways, and pipelines, trucking and barge companies. Competition is based mainly on price, quality of service and access to markets. Competition with the trucking industry is generally based on freight rates, flexibility of service and transit time performance. The cost structure and service of our competitors could impact our competitiveness and have a materially adverse impact on our business or operating results. Certain aspects of competition in Canada are also subject to regulation and are discussed further in Regulatory Authorities below. To mitigate competition risk, our strategies include: ▫ creating long-term value for customers and shareholders by profitably growing through collaborative supply chain solutions and aligned investments with our customers, delivering competitive and reliable service, developing markets that are consistent with our network’s strengths and enhancing our network capability, and selective use of long-term contracts; ▫ renewing and maintaining infrastructure to enable safe and efficient operations; ▫ improving handling through our operating plan to reduce costs and enhance quality and reliability of service; and ▫ exercising a disciplined yield approach to competitive contract renewals and bids. Liquidity Revolving Credit Facility During November of 2013, CP extended its revolving credit agreement, dated October 31, 2011, by 3 years to November 29, 2018. The amended agreement is with 13 highly rated financial institutions for a committed amount of $1.165 billion and also contains an uncommitted accordion 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 65 CANADIAN PACIFIC feature to a maximum size of $1.5 billion. The agreement can accommodate draws of cash and/or letters of credit at market competitive pricing. At December 31, 2013, the facility was undrawn. The weighted average annualized interest rate of the facility for drawn funds was nil in 2013 compared to 2.94% in 2012 and 1.98% in 2011. The agreement requires the Company not to exceed a maximum debt to total capitalization ratio. At December 31, 2013, the Company satisfied this threshold stipulated in the financial covenant. In addition, should our senior unsecured debt not be rated at least investment grade by Moody’s and S&P, the Company’s credit agreement will also require it to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. Bilateral Letter of Credit Facilities During 2013, the Company entered into a series of committed and uncommitted bilateral letter of credit facility agreements with financial institutions to support its requirement to post letters of credit in the ordinary course of business. The agreements have varying expiration dates with the earliest expiry in August 2014. Under these agreements, the Company has the option to post collateral in the form of cash or cash equivalents, equal at least to the face value of the letter of credit issued. Collateral provided includes highly liquid investments purchased three months or less from maturity and is stated at cost, which approximates market value and is shown separately as Restricted cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2013, under its bilateral facilities the Company had letters of credit drawn of $394 million from a total available amount of $585 million. Prior to these bilateral agreements letters of credit were drawn under the Company’s revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2013, Cash and cash equivalents of $411 million were pledged as collateral and recorded as Restricted cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company can largely withdraw this collateral during any month. Regulatory Authorities Regulatory Change Our railway operations are subject to extensive federal laws, regulations and rules in both Canada and the U.S. which directly affect how we manage many aspects of our railway operations and business activities. Our operations are primarily regulated by the Canadian Transportation Agency (“the Agency”) and Transport Canada in Canada and the Federal Railroad Administration and the Surface Transportation Board in the U.S. Various other federal regulators directly and indirectly affect our operations in areas such as health, safety, security and environmental and other matters. No assurance can be given to the content, timing or effect on CP of any anticipated additional legislation or future legislative action. The Canada Transportation Act (“CTA”) provides shipper rate and service remedies, including Final Offer Arbitration (“FOA”), competitive line rates and compulsory inter-switching in Canada. The Agency regulates the grain revenue entitlement, commuter and passenger access, FOA, and charges for ancillary services and railway noise. For the grain crop year beginning August 1, 2013 the Agency announced a 1.8% decrease in the Volume- Related Composite Price Index (“VRCPI”), a cost inflator used in calculating the grain maximum revenue entitlement for CP and Canadian National Railway. Grain revenues are impacted by several factors including volumes and VRCPI. Transport Canada regulates safety-related aspects of our railway operations in Canada through the Railway Safety Act (“RSA”). On October 7, 2011, the Government introduced amendments to the RSA. The Bill received Royal Assent on May 17, 2012. The amendments to the RSA do not have a material impact on CP’s operating practices. On August 12, 2008, Transport Canada announced a review focused on understanding the nature and extent of problems and best practices within the logistics chain, with a focus on railway performance in Canada. On March 18, 2011 the panel conducting the review released its final report and the Government of Canada announced its response. On the same day, the federal government announced a series of supply chain initiatives to take place over the next several months, including the intention to table a bill to give shippers the right to a service agreement. Prior to tabling legislation on rail service, the Minister appointed a facilitator to lead a process between railways and shippers to develop a service agreement template and a commercial dispute resolution. The facilitator’s report was issued on June 22, 2012. The report provides guidance on how rail service can be negotiated between a shipper and a railway, through a service agreement template, and a process for commercial dispute resolution. After the tragic accident in Lac-Megantic, Quebec in July of 2013, the Government of Canada implemented several measures pursuant to the Rail Safety Act and the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act. These modifications implemented changes with respect to rules associated with securing unattended trains, the classification of crude oil being imported, handled, offered for transport or transported and the provision of information to municipalities through which dangerous goods are transported by rail. These changes do not have a material impact on CP’s operating practices. On December 11, 2012 the Government of Canada introduced proposed legislation to amend the CTA to require a railway company, on a shipper’s request, to make the shipper an offer to enter into a contract respecting the manner in which the railway company must fulfill its service obligations to the shipper. To exercise the new right to a service contract, a shipper will first have to request one from the railway. The railway will then be obligated to respond within 30 days. If an agreement cannot be reached through commercial negotiations, service arbitration would be available to a shipper to establish the terms of service. To access the remedy, a shipper would have to satisfy the Agency that an attempt was made to resolve the matter with the railway. On June 26, 2013 this legislation received Royal Assent. It is too soon to determine if these actions will have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. 66 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC The FRA regulates safety-related aspects of our railway operations in the U.S. State and local regulatory agencies may also exercise limited jurisdiction over certain safety and operational matters of local significance. The Railway Safety Improvement Act (“RSIA”) requires, among other things, the implementation of Positive Train Control by the end of 2015, limits freight rail crews’ duty time, and requires development of a crew fatigue management plan. The requirements imposed by this legislation could have an adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The FRA filed a report to Congress in August 2012 stating the legislated implementation deadline is not feasible due to significant technical issues beyond the railroads’ control. As of May 2013, the concern arose that the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) process will not allow the railroads to complete the required self-certification for the approximately 22,000 needed radio antennae across the U.S. rail network in a timely fashion. There is ongoing discussion with Canadian and American regulators concerning amendments to the regulation for the transportation of hazardous commodities including the tank cars used for the transportation of crude oil. The freight rail industry petitioned the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”) in 2011 to adopt the industry’s new tank car standards and, in the absence of PHMSA action, required new cars be built to those standards for the transport of crude oil and ethanol. In November 2013, the industry renewed its request to PHMSA and also urged that existing cars used for crude oil and ethanol be retrofitted to the higher standard or phased out of flammable service. CP does not own any tank cars used for commercial transportation of hazardous commodities. Congress did not reauthorize the RSIA and the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act which expired at the end of September of 2013. It is uncertain whether legislation will be enacted in 2014. A separate Senate bill has been introduced in the current Congress to extend the PTC implementation deadline by five years. The Surface Transportation Board regulates commercial aspects of CP’s railway operations in the U.S. The STB is an economic regulatory agency that Congress charged with the fundamental mandate of resolving railroad rate and service disputes and reviewing proposed railroad mergers. The STB serves as both an adjudicatory and a regulatory body. Matters pending before the STB include proposed rules to address its rate case processes and a petition by the National Industrial Transportation League for new reciprocal switching rules. A new STB Commissioner is awaiting Senate confirmation. To mitigate statutory and regulatory impacts, we are actively and extensively engaged throughout the different levels of government and regulators, both directly and indirectly through industry associations, including the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) and the Railway Association of Canada. Security We are subject to statutory and regulatory directives in Canada and the U.S. that address security concerns. CP plays a critical role in the North American transportation system. Our rail lines, facilities, and equipment, including rail cars carrying hazardous materials, could be direct targets or indirect casualties of terrorist attacks. Regulations by the Department of Transportation and the Department of Homeland Security in the U.S. include speed restrictions, chain of custody and security measures which can impact service and increase costs for the transportation of hazardous materials, especially toxic inhalation materials. Legislative changes in Canada to the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act are expected to add new security regulatory requirements similar to those in the U.S. In addition, insurance premiums for some or all of our current coverage could increase significantly, or certain coverage may not be available to us in the future. While CP will continue to work closely with Canadian and U.S. government agencies, future decisions by these agencies on security matters or decisions by the industry in response to security threats to the North American rail network could have a materially adverse effect on our business or operating results. As we strive to ensure our customers have unlimited access to North American markets, we have taken the following steps to provide enhanced security and reduce the risks associated with the cross-border transportation of goods: ▫ to strengthen the overall supply chain and border security, we are a certified carrier in voluntary security programs, such as the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism and Partners in Protection; ▫ to streamline clearances at the border, we have implemented several regulatory security frameworks that focus on the provision of advanced electronic cargo information and improved security technology at border crossings, including the implementation of the Vehicle and Cargo Inspection System at five of our border crossings; ▫ to strengthen railway security in North America, we signed a revised voluntary Memorandum of Understanding with Transport Canada and worked with the AAR to develop and put in place an extensive industry-wide security plan to address terrorism and security-driven efforts seeking to restrict the routings and operational handlings of certain hazardous materials; ▫ to reduce toxic inhalation risk in high threat urban areas, we work with the Transportation Security Administration; and ▫ to comply with U.S. regulations for rail security sensitive materials, we have implemented procedures to maintain positive chain of custody and are performing annual route assessments to select and use the route posing the least overall safety and security risk. Positive Train Control In the U.S., the Rail Safety Improvement Act requires Class I railroads to implement, by December 31, 2015, interoperable PTC on main track in the U.S. that has passenger rail traffic or toxic inhalant hazard commodity traffic. The legislation defines PTC as a system designed to prevent train-to- train collisions, over-speed derailments, incursions into established work zone limits, and the movement of a train through a switch left in the wrong position. The FRA has issued rules and regulations for the implementation of PTC, and CP filed its PTC Implementation Plans in April 2010, which 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 67 CANADIAN PACIFIC outlined the Company’s solution for interoperability as well as its consideration of relative risk in the deployment plan. The Company is participating in industry and government working groups to evaluate the scope of effort that will be required to comply with these regulatory requirements, and to further the development of an industry standard interoperable solution that can be supplied in time to complete deployment. At this time CP estimates the cost to implement PTC as required for railway operations in the U.S. to be up to US$325 million. As at December 31, 2013, total expenditures related to PTC were approximately $146 million, including approximately $23 million and $51 million for the fourth quarter and full year of 2013 respectively, discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. Labour Relations Currently none of our union agreements are under renegotiation. All of the Canadian bargaining agreements are in place through at least December 31, 2014. All of our U.S. collective bargaining agreements are in place until the end of 2014, with the exception of two agreements on the DM&E which became amendable at the end of 2013. At December 31, 2013, approximately 77% of our workforce was unionized and approximately 75% of our workforce was located in Canada. Unionized employees are represented by a total of 39 bargaining units. Agreements are in place with all seven bargaining units that represent our employees in Canada and all 32 bargaining units that represent employees in our U.S. operations. Canada We are party to collective agreements with seven bargaining units in our Canadian operations. As of December 31, 2013, agreements were in place with all seven bargaining units. Of the collective agreements that are in effect, four expire at the end of 2017 (Canadian Pacific Police Association (“CPPA”) – representing CP police employees, United Steelworkers (“USW”) – representing clerical workers, Teamster Canada Rail Conference (“TCRC”) – Maintenance of Way Employees Division (“MWED”) – representing track maintenance employees and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (“IBEW”) – representing signals employees). Agreements with the TCRC, representing running trade employees (“TCRC-RTE”) and the TCRC-RCTC, representing rail traffic controllers, expire at the end of 2014. Our agreement with the Unifor, previously the Canadian Auto Workers (“CAW”) which represents our car and locomotive repair employees will also expire at the end of 2014. U.S. We are party to collective agreements with fourteen bargaining units of our Soo Line subsidiary, thirteen bargaining units of our Delaware & Hudson (“D&H”) subsidiary, and five bargaining units of our DM&E subsidiary. Soo Line has settled contracts with all fourteen bargaining units representing train service employees, car repair employees, locomotive engineers, yard supervisors, clerks, machinists, boilermakers and blacksmiths, electricians, sheet metal workers, and mechanical labourers as a result of national bargaining with the other U.S. Class I railroads. D&H has settled contracts for all thirteen bargaining units, including locomotive engineers, train service employees, car repair employees, signal maintainers, yardmasters, electricians, machinists, mechanical labourers, track maintainers, clerks, police, engineering supervisors and mechanical supervisors, as a result of stand-by agreements on wage, benefits, and rules negotiations at the national table. DM&E has agreements in place with five bargaining units which cover all DM&E engineers and conductors, signal and communication workers, mechanics and maintenance of way workers. The agreement with the bargaining unit covering track maintainers was ratified November 27, 2012, and was fully effective January 1, 2013. All collective bargaining agreements with our three U.S. subsidiaries become amendable December 31, 2014, except the locomotive engineers and conductors agreements on the DM&E which became amendable December 31, 2013. Notices were timely served for contract changes to the locomotive engineers and conductors on the DM&E represented by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen and the United Transportation Union pursuant to Section 6 of the Railway Labor Act. Schedules will be established with each organization for negotiations. Environmental Laws and Regulations Our operations and real estate assets are subject to extensive federal, provincial, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing emissions to the air, discharges to waters and the handling, storage, transportation and disposal of waste and other materials. If we are found to have violated such laws or regulations it could materially affect our business or operating results. In addition, in operating a railway, it is possible that releases of hazardous materials during derailments or other accidents may occur that could cause harm to human health or to the environment. Costs of remediation, damages and changes in regulations could materially affect our operating results and reputation. We have implemented a comprehensive Environmental Management System to facilitate the reduction of environmental risk. CP’s annual corporate Operations Environmental Plan states our current environmental goals, objectives and strategies. Specific environmental programs are in place to address areas such as air emissions, wastewater, management of vegetation, chemicals and waste, storage tanks and fuelling facilities. We also undertake environmental impact assessments and risk assessments. There is continued focus on 68 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC preventing spills and other incidents that have a negative impact on the environment. There is an established Strategic Emergency Response Contractor network and spill equipment kits are located across Canada and the U.S. to ensure a rapid and efficient response in the event of an environmental incident. In addition, emergency preparedness and response plans are regularly updated and tested. We have developed an environmental audit program that comprehensively, systematically and regularly assesses our facilities for compliance with legal requirements and our policies for conformance to accepted industry standards. Included in this is a corrective action follow-up process and five review meetings with the Safety, Operations and Environment Committee established by the Board of Directors. We focus on key strategies, identifying tactics and actions to support commitments to the community. Our strategies include: ▫ protecting the environment; ▫ ensuring compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations; ▫ promoting awareness and training; ▫ managing emergencies through preparedness; and ▫ encouraging involvement, consultation and dialogue with communities along our lines. Climate Change In both Canada and the U.S., the federal governments have not designated railway transportation as a large final emitter with respect to greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions. The railway transportation industry is currently not regulated with respect to GHG emissions, nor do we operate under a regulated cap of GHG emissions. Growing support for climate change legislation is likely to result in changes to the regulatory framework in Canada and the U.S. However, the timing and specific nature of those changes are difficult to predict. Specific instruments such as carbon taxes, and technical and fuel standards have the ability to significantly affect the Company’s capital and operating costs. Restrictions, caps and/or taxes on the emissions of GHG could also affect the markets for, or the volume of, the goods the Company transports. The fuel efficiency of railways creates a significant advantage over trucking, which currently handles a majority of the market share of ground transportation. Although trains are already three times more fuel efficient than trucks on a per ton-mile basis, we continue to adopt new technologies to minimize our fuel consumption and GHG emissions. Potential physical risks associated with climate change include damage to railway infrastructure due to extreme weather effects, (e.g. increased flooding, winter storms). Improvements to infrastructure design and planning are used to mitigate the potential risks posed by weather events. The Company maintains flood plans, winter operating plans, an avalanche risk management program and geotechnical monitoring of slope stability. Financial Risks Pension Funding Volatility A description of our pension funding volatility related to the Company’s pension plans are included in Section 22, Critical Accounting Estimates. Fuel Cost Volatility Fuel expense constitutes a significant portion of CP’s operating costs and can be influenced by a number of factors, including, without limitation, worldwide oil demand, international politics, weather, refinery capacity, unplanned infrastructure failures, labour and political instability and the ability of certain countries to comply with agreed-upon production quotas. Our mitigation strategy consists of fuel cost recovery programs which reflect changes in fuel costs that are included in freight rates. Freight rates will increase when fuel prices rise and will decrease when fuel costs decrease. While fluctuations in fuel cost are mitigated, the risk cannot be completely eliminated due to timing and the volatility in the market. Foreign Exchange Risk Although we conduct our business primarily in Canada, a significant portion of our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities including debt are denominated in U.S. dollars. The value of the Canadian dollar is affected by a number of domestic and international factors, including, without limitation, economic performance, and Canadian, U.S. and international monetary policies. Consequently, our results are affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between these currencies. On average, a $0.01 weakening (or strengthening) of the Canadian dollar increases (or reduces) EPS by approximately $0.05 per share. On an annualized basis, a $0.01 weakening (or strengthening) of the Canadian dollar positively (or negatively) impacts Freight revenues by approximately $35 million and negatively (or positively) impacts Operating expenses by approximately $20 million. To manage this exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates between Canadian and U.S. dollars, we may sell or purchase U.S. dollar forwards at fixed rates in future periods. In addition, changes in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and other currencies (including the U.S. dollar) make the goods transported by us more or less competitive in the world marketplace and may in turn positively or negatively affect our revenues. Foreign exchange management is discussed further in Section 17, Financial Instruments. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 69 CANADIAN PACIFIC Interest Rate Risk In order to meet our capital structure requirements, we may enter into long-term debt agreements. These debt agreements expose us to increased interest costs on future fixed debt instruments and existing variable rate debt instruments should market rates increase. In addition, the present value of our assets and liabilities will also vary with interest rate changes. To manage our interest rate exposure, we may enter into forward rate agreements such as treasury rate locks or bond forwards that lock in rates for a future date, thereby protecting ourselves against interest rate increases. We may also enter into swap agreements whereby one party agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest while the other party pays a floating rate. Contingent on the direction of interest rates, we may incur higher costs depending on our contracted rate. Interest rate management is discussed further in Section 17, Financial Instruments. General and Other Risks Transportation of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials Railways, including CP, are legally required to transport dangerous goods and hazardous materials as part of their common carrier obligations regardless of risk or potential exposure of loss. A train accident involving hazardous materials, including toxic inhalation hazard commodities such as chlorine and anhydrous ammonia could result in catastrophic losses from personal injury and property damage, which could have a material adverse effect on CP’s operations, financial condition and liquidity. Legal Proceedings Related to Lac-Megantic Rail Accident On July 6, 2013, a train carrying crude oil operated by Montreal Maine and Atlantic Railway (“MM&A”) derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec on a section of railway line owned by MM&A. The day before CP had interchanged the train to MM&A, but after the interchange MM&A exercised exclusive control over the train. Following this incident, the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks of Quebec issued an order directing named parties to recover the contaminants and to clean up and decontaminate the derailment site. CP was later added as a named party in the administrative action on August 14, 2013. A class action lawsuit has also been filed in the Superior Court of Quebec on behalf of a class of persons and entities residing in, owning or leasing property in, operating a business in or physically present in Lac-Megantic. The lawsuit seeks damages caused by the derailment including for wrongful deaths, personal injuries, and property damages. CP was added as a defendant on August 16, 2013. In the wake of the derailment and ensuing litigation, MM&A filed for bankruptcy in Canada and the United States. At this early stage in the legal proceedings, any potential liability and the quantum of potential loss cannot be determined. Nevertheless, CP denies liability for MM&A’s derailment and will vigorously defend itself in both proceedings or any proceeding that may be commenced in the future. Supply Chain Disruptions The North American transportation system is integrated. CP’s operations and service may be negatively impacted by service disruptions of other transportation links such as ports, handling facilities, customer facilities, and other railways. A prolonged service disruption at one of these entities could have a material adverse effect on CP’s operations, financial condition and liquidity. Reliance on Technology and Technological Improvements Information technology is critical to all aspects of our business. While we have business continuity and disaster recovery plans in place, a significant disruption or failure of one or more of our information technology or communications systems could result in service interruptions or other failures and deficiencies which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. If we are unable to acquire or implement new technology, we may suffer a competitive disadvantage, which could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Qualified Personnel Changes in employee demographics, training requirements, and the availability of qualified personnel, particularly locomotive engineers and train- persons, could negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet demand for rail service. We have workforce planning tools and programs in place and are undertaking technological improvements to assist with manual tasks. Unpredictable increases in the demand for rail services may increase the risk of having insufficient numbers of trained personnel, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. In addition, changes in operations and other technology improvements may significantly impact the number of employees. Severe Weather We are exposed to severe weather conditions including floods, avalanches, mudslides, extreme temperatures and significant precipitation that may cause business interruptions that can adversely affect our entire rail network and result in increased costs, increased liabilities, and decreased revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on CP’s operations, financial condition and liquidity. 70 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Supplier Concentration Due to the complexity and specialized nature of rail equipment and infrastructure, there can be a limited number of suppliers of this equipment and material available. Should these specialized suppliers cease production or experience capacity or supply shortages, this concentration of suppliers could result in CP experiencing cost increases or difficulty in obtaining rail equipment and materials. While CP manages this risk by sourcing key products and services from multiple suppliers whenever possible, widespread business failures of suppliers could have a material adverse effect on CP’s operations, financial condition and liquidity. General Risks There are factors and developments that are beyond the influence or control of the railway industry generally and CP specifically which may have a material adverse effect on our business or operating results. Our freight volumes and revenues are largely dependent upon the performance of the North American and global economies, which remains uncertain, and other factors affecting the volumes and patterns of international trade. CP’s bulk traffic is dominated by grain, metallurgical coal, fertilizers and sulphur. Factors outside of CP’s control which affect bulk traffic include: ▫ with respect to grain volumes, domestic production-related factors such as weather conditions, acreage plantings, yields and insect populations; ▫ with respect to coal volumes, global steel production; ▫ with respect to fertilizer volumes, grain and other crop markets, with both production levels and prices being important factors; and ▫ with respect to sulphur volumes, gas production levels in southern Alberta, industrial production and fertilizer production, both in North America and abroad. The merchandise commodities transported by the Company include those relating to the forestry, energy, industrial, automotive and other consumer spending sectors. Factors outside of CP’s control which affect this portion of CP’s business include the general state of the North American economy, with North American industrial production, business investment and consumer spending being the general sources of economic demand. Housing, auto production and energy development are also specific sectors of importance. Factors outside of CP’s control which affect the Company’s intermodal traffic volumes include North American consumer spending and a technological shift toward containerization in the transportation industry that has expanded the range of goods moving by this means. Adverse changes to any of the factors outside of CP’s control which affect CP’s bulk traffic, the merchandise commodities transported by CP or CP’s intermodal traffic volumes or adverse changes to fuel prices could have a material adverse effect on CP’s operations, financial condition and liquidity. We are also sensitive to factors including, but not limited to, natural disasters, security threats, commodity pricing, global supply and demand, and supply chain efficiency. Other business risks include: potential increases in maintenance and operational costs, uncertainties of litigation, risks and liabilities arising from derailments and technological changes. 22. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES To prepare consolidated financial statements that conform with GAAP, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Using the most current information available, we review our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to environmental liabilities, pensions and other benefits, property, plant and equipment, deferred income taxes, legal and personal injury liabilities, long-term floating rate notes and goodwill. The development, selection and disclosure of these estimates, and this MD&A, have been reviewed by the Board of Directors’ Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors. Environmental Liabilities We estimate the probable cost to be incurred in the remediation of property contaminated by past railway use. We screen and classify sites according to typical activities and scale of operations conducted, and we develop remediation strategies for each property based on the nature and extent of the contamination, as well as the location of the property and surrounding areas that may be adversely affected by the presence of contaminants. We also consider available technologies, treatment and disposal facilities and the acceptability of site-specific plans based on the local regulatory environment. Site-specific plans range from containment and risk management of the contaminants through to the removal and treatment of the contaminants and affected soils and ground water. The details of the estimates reflect the environmental liability at each property. We are committed to fully meeting our regulatory and legal obligations with respect to environmental matters. Liabilities for environmental remediation may change from time to time as new information about previously untested sites becomes known. The net liability may also vary as the courts decide legal proceedings against outside parties responsible for contamination. These potential charges, which cannot be quantified at this time, are not expected to be material to our financial position, but may materially affect income in the period in which a charge is recognized. Material increases to costs would be reflected as increases to Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and to Purchased services and other within Operating expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Income. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 71 CANADIAN PACIFIC At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the accrual for environmental remediation on our Consolidated Balance Sheets amounted to $90 million and $89 million respectively, of which the long-term portion amounting to $76 million in 2013 and $77 million in 2012 was included in Other long-term liabilities and the short-term portion amounting to $14 million in 2013 and $12 million in 2012 was included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Total payments were $9 million in 2013 and $11 million in 2012. The U.S. dollar-denominated portion of the liability was affected by the change in FX, resulting in an increase in environmental liabilities of $4 million in 2013 and a decrease of $1 million in 2012. Pensions and Other Benefits We have defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. Other benefits include post-retirement medical and life insurance for pensioners, and some post-employment workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada. Workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits are discussed in the Legal and Personal Injury Liabilities section below. Pension and post-retirement benefits liabilities are subject to various external influences and uncertainties. Pension costs are actuarially determined using the projected-benefit method prorated over the credited service periods of employees. This method incorporates our best estimates of expected plan investment performance, salary escalation and retirement ages of employees. The expected return on fund assets is calculated using market-related asset values developed from a five-year average of market values for the fund’s investments in public equity securities and absolute return investments (with each prior year’s market value adjusted to the current date for assumed investment income during the intervening period) plus the market value of the fund’s fixed income, real estate and infrastructure investments, subject to the market-related asset value not being greater than 120% of the market value nor being less than 80% of the market value. The discount rate we use to determine the benefit obligation is based on market interest rates on high-quality corporate debt instruments with matching cash flows. Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation and the market-related value of plan assets are amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plan (approximately 10 years). Prior service costs arising from collectively bargained amendments to pension plan benefit provisions are amortized over the term of the applicable union agreement. Prior service costs arising from all other sources are amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active employees who were expected to receive benefits under the plan at the date of amendment. The obligations with respect to post-retirement benefits, including health care and life insurance, are actuarially determined and are accrued using the projected-benefit method prorated over the credited service periods of employees. The obligations with respect to post-employment benefits, including some workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada are the actuarial present value of benefits payable to employees on disability. 2013 Developments CP reached agreements with all of the unions with which it had been bargaining in Canada in 2012. The new agreements introduced amendments to pension plans. Among other changes, the amendments established a cap on pension for each year of pensionable service, including a cap on some non-union employees’ pensions. Under the amendments, plan participants will continue to earn additional pensionable years of service as before, but with a dollar limit on the pension amount for each year earned. Plan amendments resulting from collective bargaining are accounted for in the periods the new agreements are ratified. As a result of the plan amendments, the projected benefit obligation decreased by $135 million from December 31, 2012, with a corresponding increase to Other comprehensive income and reduction of Accumulated other comprehensive loss as prior service credits. The prior service credits are recognized in net periodic pension expense over the remaining terms of the applicable union agreements (averaging approximately two years), and over the expected average remaining service life of non-union employees. At the date of the plan amendments, we assessed the significance of such amendments to the consolidated financial statements and determined that a remeasurement of plan assets and obligations as of the date of the above plan amendments was not warranted. Pension Liabilities and Pension Assets We included pension benefit liabilities of $218 million in Pension and other benefit liabilities and $9 million in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on our December 31, 2013 Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also included post-retirement benefits accruals of $351 million in Pension and other benefit liabilities and $21 million in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on our December 31, 2013 Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accruals for self-insured workers compensation and long-term disability benefit plans are discussed in the Legal and Personal Injury Liabilities section below. We included pension benefit assets of $1,028 million in Pension asset on our December 31, 2013 Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net Periodic Benefit Costs Net periodic benefit costs for pensions and post-retirement benefits were included in Compensation and benefits on our December 31, 2013 Consolidated Statements of Income. Combined net periodic benefit costs for pensions and post-retirement benefits (excluding self-insured workers compensation and long-term disability benefits) were $77 million in 2013, compared with $76 million in 2012. 72 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC Net periodic benefit costs for pensions were $50 million in 2013, compared with $46 million in 2012. The portion of this related to defined benefit pensions was $43 million in 2013, compared with $41 million in 2012, and the portion related to defined contribution pensions (equal to contributions) was $7 million in 2013, compared with $5 million for 2012. Net periodic benefit costs for post retirement benefits were $27 million in 2013, compared with $30 million in 2012. We estimate net periodic benefit credits for defined benefit pensions to be approximately $50 million in 2014, and we estimate net periodic benefit costs for defined contribution pensions to be approximately $7 million in 2014. Net periodic benefit costs for post-retirement benefits in 2014 are not expected to differ materially from the 2013 costs. Pension Plan Contributions We made contributions of $98 million to the defined benefit pension plans in 2013, compared with $102 million in 2012. Our main Canadian defined benefit pension plan accounts for 96% of CP’s pension obligation and can produce significant volatility in pension funding requirements, given the pension fund’s size, the many factors that drive the pension plan’s funded status, and Canadian statutory pension funding requirements. Our 2011, 2010 and 2009 contributions included voluntary prepayments of $600 million in December 2011, $650 million in September 2010 and $500 million in December 2009 to our main Canadian defined benefit pension plan. We have significant flexibility with respect to the rate at which we apply these voluntary prepayments to reduce future years’ pension contribution requirements, which allows us to manage the volatility of future pension funding requirements. We estimate our aggregate pension contributions to be in the range of $90 million to $110 million per year from 2014 to 2016. These estimates reflect our current intentions with respect to the rate at which we will apply the December 2009, September 2010 and December 2011 voluntary prepayments against contribution requirements in the next few years. Future pension contributions will be highly dependent on our actual experience with such variables as investment returns, interest rate fluctuations and demographic changes, on the rate at which the voluntary prepayments are applied against pension contribution requirements, and on any changes in the regulatory environment. We will continue to make contributions to the pension plans that, at a minimum, meet pension legislative requirements. Pension Plan Risks Fluctuations in the deficit and net periodic benefit costs for pensions can result from favourable or unfavourable investment returns and changes in long-term interest rates. The impact of favourable or unfavourable investment returns is moderated by the use of a market-related asset value for the main Canadian defined benefit pension plan’s public equity securities. The impact of changes in long-term rates on pension obligations is partially offset by their impact on the pension funds’ investments in fixed income assets. If the rate of investment return on the plans’ public equity securities in 2013 had been 10 percentage points higher (or lower) than the actual 2013 rate of investment return on such securities, 2014 net periodic benefit costs for pensions would be lower (or higher) by $20 million. Changes in bond yields can result in changes to discount rates and to changes in the value of fixed income assets. If the discount rate as at December 31, 2013 had been higher (or lower) by 0.1% with no related changes in the value of the pension funds’ investment in fixed income assets, 2014 net periodic benefit costs for pensions will be lower (or higher) by $13 million. However, a change in bond yields would also lead to a change in the value of the pension funds’ investment in fixed income assets, and this change will partially offset the impact to net periodic benefit costs noted above. We estimate that a 1.0 percentage point increase (or decrease) in the discount rate would decrease (or increase) our defined benefit pension plans’ projected benefit obligations approximately by $1,350 million. Similarly, for every 1.0 percentage point the actual return on assets varies above by (or below) the estimated return for the year, the value of the defined benefit pension plans’ assets would increase (or decrease) by approximately $100 million. Adverse experience with respect to these factors could eventually increase funding and pension expense significantly, while favourable experience with respect to these factors could eventually decrease funding and pension expense significantly. Fluctuations in the post-retirement benefit obligation also can result from changes in the discount rate used. A 1.0 percentage point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would decrease (increase) the liability by approximately $50 million. CP continues to review its pensioner mortality experience to ensure that the mortality assumption continues to be appropriate, or to determine what changes to the assumption are needed. The plans’ investment policies provide a target allocation of between 35% and 50% of the plans’ assets to be invested in public equity securities. As a result, stock market performance is the key driver in determining the pension funds’ asset performance. Most of the plans’ remaining assets are invested in fixed income securities which, as mentioned above, provide a partial offset to the increase (or decrease) in our pension deficit caused by decreases (or increases) in the discount rate. The Finance Committee of the Board of Directors’ regularly reviews the asset allocation policy for the Company’s defined benefit pension plans. During 2013, allocation ranges were revised. Permitted investments currently includes public equity, fixed income, real estate and infrastructure, and absolute return investments. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 73 CANADIAN PACIFIC Property, Plant and Equipment CP performs depreciation studies of each property group approximately every three years to update depreciation rates. The depreciation studies are based on statistical analysis of historical retirements of properties in the group and incorporate engineering estimates of changes in current operations and of technological advances. We depreciate the cost of properties, net of salvage, on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the property group. We follow the group depreciation method under which a single depreciation rate is applied to the total cost in a particular class of property, despite differences in the service life or salvage value of individual properties within the same class. The estimates of economic lives are uncertain and can vary due to technological changes or in the rate of wear. Additionally, the depreciation rates are updated to reflect the change in residual values of the assets in the class. Under the group depreciation method, retirements or disposals of properties in the normal course of business are accounted for by charging the cost of the property less any net salvage to accumulated depreciation. For the sale or retirement of larger groups of depreciable assets that are unusual and were not included in our depreciation studies, CP records a gain or loss for the difference between net proceeds and net book value of the assets sold or retired. Due to the capital intensive nature of the railway industry, depreciation represents a significant part of our operating expenses. The estimated useful lives of properties have a direct impact on the amount of depreciation recorded as a component of Properties on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, accumulated depreciation was $6,184 million and $6,268 million, respectively. Revisions to the estimated useful lives and net salvage projections for properties constitute a change in accounting estimate and we address these prospectively by amending depreciation rates. It is anticipated that there will be changes in the estimates of weighted average useful lives and net salvage for each property group as assets are acquired, used and retired. Substantial changes in either the useful lives of properties or the salvage assumptions could result in significant changes to depreciation expense. For example, if the estimated average life of road locomotives, our largest asset group, increased (or decreased) by 5%, annual depreciation expense would decrease (or increase) by approximately $3 million. We review the carrying amounts of our properties when circumstances indicate that such carrying amounts may not be recoverable based on future undiscounted cash flows. When such properties are determined to be impaired, recorded asset values are revised to their fair values and an impairment loss is recognized. See Section 9, Operating Expenses for details of the impairment associated with the anticipated sale of DM&E West in 2013 and impairment on locomotives and the PRB in 2012. Deferred Income Taxes We account for deferred income taxes based on the liability method. This method focuses on a Company’s balance sheet and the temporary differences otherwise calculated from the comparison of book versus tax values. It is assumed that such temporary differences will be settled in the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. In determining deferred income taxes, we make estimates and assumptions regarding deferred tax matters, including estimating the timing of the realization and settlement of deferred income tax assets (including the benefit of tax losses) and liabilities. Deferred income taxes are calculated using enacted federal, provincial, and state future income tax rates, which may differ in future periods. Deferred income tax expense totalling $212 million was included in Income tax expense for 2013 and $140 million was included in Income tax expense in 2012. The increase in deferred income tax expense in 2013 was primarily due to higher earnings, partially offset by the higher asset impairment related to the anticipated sale of the DM&E West in 2013 compared to the impairment of various assets during 2012. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, deferred income tax liabilities of $2,903 million and $2,092 million, respectively, were recorded as a long-term liability and comprised largely of temporary differences related to accounting for properties. Deferred income tax benefits of $344 million realizable within one year were recorded as a current asset compared to $254 million at December 31, 2012. Legal and Personal Injury Liabilities We are involved in litigation in Canada and the U.S. related to our business. Management is required to establish estimates of the potential liability arising from incidents, claims and pending litigation, including personal injury claims and certain occupation-related and property damage claims. Accruals for incidents, claims and litigation, including WCB accruals, totaled $158 million, net of insurance recoveries, at December 31, 2013 and $172 million at December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 respectively, the total accrual included $89 million and $105 million in Pension and other benefit liabilities, $14 million and $13 million in Other long-term liabilities and $63 million and $55 million in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, offset by $7 million and $nil million in Accounts receivable, and $1 million and $1 million in Other assets. Legal Liabilities These estimates are determined on a case-by-case basis. They are based on an assessment of the actual damages incurred and current legal advice with respect to settlements in other similar cases. We employ experienced claims adjusters who investigate and assess the validity of individual claims made against us and estimate the damages incurred. A provision for incidents, claims or litigation is recorded based on the facts and circumstances known at the time. We accrue for likely claims when the facts of an incident become known and investigation results provide a reasonable basis for estimating the liability. The lower end of the range is 74 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC accrued if the facts and circumstances permit only a range of reasonable estimates and no single amount in that range is a better estimate than any other. Additionally, for administrative expediency, we keep a general provision for lesser value injury cases. Facts and circumstances related to asserted claims can change, and a process is in place to monitor accruals for changes in accounting estimates. Personal Injury Liabilities With respect to claims related to occupational health and safety in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and B.C., claims administered through the Workers’ Compensation Board are actuarially determined. In the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, we are assessed for an annual WCB contribution. As a result, this amount is not subject to estimation by management. Railway employees in the U.S. are not covered by a workers’ compensation program, but are covered by U.S. federal law for railway employees. Although we manage in the U.S. using a case-by-case comprehensive approach, for accrual purposes, a combination of case-by-case analysis and statistical analysis is utilized. Provisions for incidents, claims and litigation charged to income, which are included in “Purchased services and other” on our Consolidated Statements of Income, amounted to $40 million in 2013. The amount in 2012 was $60 million and $74 million in 2011. Long-term Floating Rate Notes At December 31, 2013 and at December 31, 2012, the Company had no remaining investment in long-term floating rate notes (Master Asset Vehicle (“MAV”)). During 2012, the Company sold all its remaining MAV 2 Class A-1 and A-2 Notes which had a carrying value of $81 million for proceeds of $81 million. These notes had an original cost of $105 million. Accretion, redemption of notes and other minor changes in market assumptions resulted in a net gain of $2 million in 2012 compared to $15 million in 2011, which were reported in Other income and charges. The valuation technique and assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of its investment in long-term floating rate notes during 2012 were similar to those used at December 31, 2011, and incorporated probability weighted discounted cash flows and considered the best available public information regarding market conditions and other factors that a market participant would consider for such investments. Goodwill As part of the acquisition of DM&E in 2007, CP recognized goodwill of US$147 million on the allocation of the purchase price, determined as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Since the acquisition, the operations of DM&E have been integrated with CP’s U.S. operations and the related goodwill is allocated to CP’s U.S. reporting unit. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least once per year as at October 1st. The goodwill impairment test determines if the fair value of the reporting unit continues to exceed its net book value, or whether an impairment charge is required. The fair value of the reporting unit is affected by projections of its profitability including estimates of revenue growth, which are inherently uncertain. The 2013 and 2012 annual test for impairment determined that the fair value of CP’s U.S. reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of the allocated goodwill by approximately 47% and 46% respectively. The impairment test was performed primarily using an income approach based on discounted cash flows. A discount rate of 10.0% was used, based on the weighted average cost of capital. The 2012 impairment test used a discount rate of 10.5%. A change in discount rates of 0.25% would change the valuation by 4.0 to 5.0%. The valuation used revenue growth projections ranging from 4.0% to 7.4% annually. The revenue growth projection in the 2012 impairment test was 3.0% to 16.5%. A change in the long term growth rate of 0.25% would change the valuation by 4.2% to 4.6%. These sensitivities indicate that a prolonged recession or increased borrowing rates could result in an impairment to the carrying value of goodwill in future periods. A secondary approach used in the valuation was a market approach which included a comparison of implied earnings multiples of CP U.S. to trading earnings multiples of comparable companies. The derived value of CP U.S. using the income approach compared favourably with the trading multiples of other Class I railroads. The income approach was chosen over the market approach however both approaches conclude that the assets of CP U.S. are fairly valued. Decreases to the profit projections, which could be caused by a prolonged economic recession, or increases to the discount rate used in the valuation could require an impairment in future periods. The carrying value of CP’s goodwill changes from period to period due to changes in the exchange rate. As at December 31, 2013 goodwill was $150 million and was $146 million in 2012, the increase was primarily due to the favourable impact of the change in FX partially offset by the asset impairment charge associated with the anticipated sale of the DM&E West, discussed further in Section 9, Operating Expenses. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 75 CANADIAN PACIFIC 23. SYSTEMS, PROCEDURES AND CONTROLS The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (as amended)) to ensure that material information relating to the Company is made known to them. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have a process to evaluate these disclosure controls and are satisfied that they are effective for ensuring that such material information is made known to them. 24. 2013 GUIDANCE UPDATES 2013 Guidance On January 29, 2013 and in the 2012 annual MD&A, the Company outlined that it expected revenue growth to be in the high single digits; operating ratio to be in the low 70s; and diluted EPS growth to be in excess of 40% from 2012 annual diluted EPS, excluding significant items, of $4.34. CP also outlined that it expected capital expenditures in the range of $1.0 to $1.1 billion in 2013. Update On May 7, 2013, the Company announced it would be increasing its 2013 capital expenditures by $75 to $100 million in order to accelerate the timing of certain capital projects originally targeted for future years. Variance from 2013 Guidance The Company’s 2013 results for revenue growth, operating ratio and diluted EPS growth were in line with guidance. Revenue growth was 8%, adjusted operating ratio was 69.9% and adjusted EPS was $6.42, an increase of 48%. Adjusted operating ratio and adjusted EPS are discussed further in Section 15, Non-GAAP Measures. Capital expenditures were also consistent with guidance and are discussed further in Section 14, Liquidity and Capital Resources. 25. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AAR: Association of American Railroads, representing North America’s freight railroads and Amtrak. Agency: The Canadian Transportation Agency, a regulatory agency under the Canada Transportation Act (“CTA”). The Agency regulates the grain revenue cap, commuter and passenger access, Final Offer Arbitration, and charges for ancillary services and railway noise. Average terminal dwell: The average time a freight car resides within terminal boundaries expressed in hours. The timing starts with a train arriving in the terminal, a customer releasing the car to us, or a car arriving that is to be transferred to another railway. The timing ends when the train leaves, a customer receives the car from us or the freight car is transferred to another railway. Freight cars are excluded if they are being stored at the terminal or used in track repairs. Average train length – excluding local traffic: The average train length is the sum of each car and locomotive’s equipment length multiplied by the distance travelled, divided by train miles. Local trains are excluded from this measure. Average train speed: The average speed measures the line-haul movement from origin to destination including terminal dwell hours calculated by dividing the total train miles traveled by the total hours operated. This calculation does not include the travel time or the distance traveled by: i) trains used in or around CP’s yards; ii) passenger trains; and iii) trains used for repairing track. Average train weight – excluding local traffic: The average gross weight of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This excludes trains in short haul service, work trains used to move CP’s track equipment and materials and the haulage of other railways’ trains on CP’s network. Car miles per car day: The total car-miles for a period divided by the total number of active cars. Total car-miles include the distance travelled by every car on a revenue-producing train and a train used in or around our yards. A car-day is assumed to equal one active car-day. An active car is a revenue-producing car that is generating costs to CP on an hourly or mileage basis. Excluded from this count are i) cars that are not on the track or are being stored; ii) cars that are in need of repair; iii) cars that are used to carry materials for track repair; iv) cars owned by customers that are on the customer’s tracks; and v) cars that are idle and waiting to be reclaimed by CP. Carloads: Revenue-generating shipments of containers, trailers and freight cars. Casualty expenses: Includes costs associated with personal injuries, freight and property damages, and environmental mishaps. Class I railroads: a railroad earning a minimum of US$433.2 million in revenues annually as defined by the Surface Transportation Board in the United States. CP, the Company: CPRL, CPRL and its subsidiaries, CPRL and one or more of its subsidiaries, or one or more of CPRL’s subsidiaries. 76 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC CPRL: Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. D&H: Delaware and Hudson Railway Company, Inc., a wholly owned indirect U.S. subsidiary of CPRL. DM&E: Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad Corporation, a wholly owned indirect U.S. Subsidiary of CPRL. Employee: An individual, including trainees, who has worked more than 40 hours in a standard biweekly pay period. This excludes part time employees, contractors and consultants. FRA: U.S. Federal Railroad Administration, a regulatory agency whose purpose is to promulgate and enforce rail safety regulations; administer railroad assistance programs; conduct research and development in support of improved railroad safety and national rail transportation policy; provide for the rehabilitation of Northeast Corridor rail passenger service; and consolidate government support of rail transportation activities. FRA personal injury rate per 200,000 employee-hours: The number of personal injuries multiplied by 200,000 and divided by total employee hours. Personal injuries are defined as injuries that require employees to lose time away from work, modify their normal duties or obtain medical treatment beyond minor first aid. FRA Employee-hours are the total hours worked, excluding vacation and sick time, by all employees, excluding contractors. FRA train accidents rate: The number of train accidents, multiplied by 1,000,000 and divided by total train-miles. Train accidents included in this metric meet or exceed the FRA reporting threshold of US$9,900 or CDN$9,960 in damage. Freight revenue per carload: The amount of freight revenue earned for every carload moved, calculated by dividing the freight revenue for a commodity by the number of carloads of the commodity transported in the period. Freight revenue per RTM: The amount of freight revenue earned for every RTM moved, calculated by dividing the total freight revenue by the total RTMs in the period. FX or Foreign Exchange: The value of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar (exclusive of any impact on market demand). GAAP: Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. GTMs or gross ton-miles: The movement of total train weight over a distance of one mile. Total train weight is comprised of the weight of the freight cars, their contents and any inactive locomotives. An increase in GTMs indicates additional workload. Locomotive productivity: The daily average GTMs divided by the active road horsepower. Active road horsepower excludes locomotives in yard and short haul service, in repair status, in storage and in use on other railways. Operating income: Calculated as total revenues less total operating expenses and is a common measure of profitability used by management. Operating ratio: The ratio of total operating expenses to total revenues. A lower percentage normally indicates higher efficiency. RTMs or revenue ton-miles: The movement of one revenue-producing ton of freight over a distance of one mile. Soo Line: Soo Line Railroad Company, a wholly owned indirect U.S. subsidiary of CPRL. STB: U.S. Surface Transportation Board, a regulatory agency with jurisdiction over railway rate and service issues and rail restructuring, including mergers and sales. U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed per 1,000 GTMs: The total fuel consumed in freight and yard operations for every 1,000 GTMs traveled. This is calculated by dividing the total amount of fuel issued to our locomotives, excluding commuter and non-freight activities, by the total freight-related GTMs. The result indicates how efficiently we are using fuel. Workforce: The total employees plus part time employees, contractors and consultants. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 77 Canadian Pacific Railway Limited CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2013 Accounting Principles Generally Accepted In the United States of America Except where otherwise indicated, all financial information reflected herein is expressed in Canadian dollars 78 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING The information in this report is the responsibility of management. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include some amounts based on management’s best estimates and careful judgment. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and all of its subsidiaries (the “Company”). The financial information of the Company included in the Company’s Annual Report is consistent with that in the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements have been approved by the Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors is responsible for reviewing and approving the consolidated financial statements and for overseeing management’s performance of its financial reporting responsibilities. The Board of Directors carries out its responsibility for the consolidated financial statements principally through its Audit Committee (the “Audit Committee”), consisting of four members, all of whom are independent directors. The Audit Committee reviews the consolidated financial statements with management and the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm prior to submission to the Board for approval. The Audit Committee meets regularly with management, internal auditors, and the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm to review accounting policies, and financial reporting. The Audit Committee also reviews the recommendations of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and internal auditors for improvements to internal controls, as well as the actions of management to implement such recommendations. The internal auditors and Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm have full access to the Audit Committee, with or without the presence of management. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in “InternalControl-IntegratedFramework(1992)”. Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 has been audited by Deloitte LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein. /s/ Bart W. Demosky Bart W. Demosky Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer March 5, 2014 /s/ E. Hunter Harrison E. Hunter Harrison Chief Executive Officer 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 79 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and the Shareholders of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited: We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”), which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. Management’s Responsibility for the Consolidated Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and subsidiaries as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 and the results of their operations and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013 in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Other Matter We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in InternalControl—IntegratedFramework(1992)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 5, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Deloitte LLP Chartered Accountants March 5, 2014 Calgary, Canada 80 2013 ANNUAL REPORT REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and the Shareholders of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited: We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in InternalControl—IntegratedFramework(1992)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in InternalControl—IntegratedFramework(1992)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have also audited, in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended December 31, 2013 of the Company and our report dated March 5, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. /s/ Deloitte LLP Chartered Accountants March 5, 2014 Calgary, Canada 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 81 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Year ended December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars, except per share data) 2013 2012 2011 Revenues Freight Other Total revenues Operating expenses Compensation and benefits (Note 28) Fuel Materials Equipment rents Depreciation and amortization Purchased services and other (Note 28) Asset impairments (Note 3) Labour restructuring (Note 4) Total operating expenses Operating income Less: Other income and charges (Note 5) Net interest expense (Note 6) Income before income tax expense Income tax expense (Note 7) Net income Earnings per share (Note 8) Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share $ 5,982 151 $ 6,133 1,418 1,004 249 173 565 876 435 (7) 4,713 1,420 17 278 1,125 250 $ 5,550 145 5,695 1,506 999 238 206 539 940 265 53 4,746 949 37 276 636 152 875 $ 484 $ 5,052 125 5,177 1,426 968 243 209 490 874 – – 4,210 967 18 252 697 127 570 5.00 4.96 $ $ 2.82 2.79 $ $ 3.37 3.34 $ $ $ Weighted-average number of shares (millions) (Note 8) Basic Diluted Dividends declared per share See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 174.9 176.5 171.8 173.2 169.5 170.6 $ 1.4000 $ 1.3500 $ 1.1700 82 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Year ended December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars) Net income Net gain in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedging activities Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges Change in pension and post-retirement defined benefit plans Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes Income tax (expense) recovery on above items (Note 9) Equity accounted investments Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 9) Comprehensive income (loss) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 875 3 (1) 1,681 1,683 (418) – 1,265 484 11 9 (50) (30) – (2) (32) $ 570 – (7) (883) (890) 240 – (650) $ 2,140 $ 452 $ (80) 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 83 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As at December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars) 2013 2012 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents (Note 11) Restricted cash and cash equivalents (Note 18) Accounts receivable, net (Note 12) Materials and supplies Deferred income taxes (Note 7) Other current assets Investments (Note 13) Properties (Note 14) Assets held for sale (Note 3) Goodwill and intangible assets (Note 15) Pension asset (Note 23) Other assets (Note 16) Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Note 17) Long-term debt maturing within one year (Note 18) Pension and other benefit liabilities (Note 23) Other long-term liabilities (Note 20) Long-term debt (Note 18) Deferred income taxes (Note 7) Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity Share capital (Note 22) Authorized unlimited common shares without par value. Issued and outstanding are 175.4 million and 173.9 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Authorized unlimited number of first and second preferred shares; none outstanding. Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 9) Retained earnings $ $ 476 411 580 165 344 53 2,029 92 13,327 222 162 1,028 200 333 – 546 136 254 60 1,329 83 13,013 – 161 – 141 $ 17,060 $ 14,727 $ $ 1,189 189 1,378 657 338 4,687 2,903 9,963 1,176 54 1,230 1,366 306 4,636 2,092 9,630 2,240 2,127 34 (1,503) 6,326 7,097 41 (2,768) 5,697 5,097 $ 17,060 $ 14,727 /s/ Paul G. Haggis Paul G. Haggis, Director, Chairman of the Board /s/ Richard C. Kelly Richard C. Kelly, Director, Chairman of Audit Committee Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity Commitments and contingencies (Note 26) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Approved on behalf of the Board: 84 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year ended December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars) 2013 2012 2011 Operating activities Net income Reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes (Note 7) Pension funding in excess of expense (Note 23) Asset impairments (Note 3) Labour restructuring, net (Note 4) Other operating activities, net Change in non-cash working capital balances related to operations (Note 10) Cash provided by operating activities Investing activities Additions to properties (Note 14) Proceeds from sale of properties and other assets Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents used to collateralize letters of credit (Note 18) Other Cash used in investing activities Financing activities Dividends paid Issuance of common shares (Note 22) Issuance of long-term debt (Note 18) Repayment of long-term debt (Note 18) Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowing (Note 18) Other Cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents Cash position Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year $ 875 $ 484 $ 570 565 212 (55) 435 (29) (51) (2) 539 140 (61) 265 50 (84) (5) 1,950 1,328 490 187 (647) – – (112) 24 512 (1,236) 73 (411) (1,148) 145 – (1,104) 71 – (23) (8) (11) (1,597) (1,011) (1,044) (244) 83 – (56) – (3) (220) 10 143 333 (223) 198 71 (50) (27) 1 (30) (1) 286 47 (193) 29 757 (401) 28 (3) 217 1 (314) 361 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year (Note 11) $ 476 $ 333 $ 47 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Income taxes paid (refunded) Interest paid See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. $ $ 31 295 $ $ (3) $ $ 278 4 271 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 85 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in millions of Canadian dollars) Balance at December 31, 2010 $ Net income Other comprehensive loss (Note 9) Dividends declared Effect of stock-based compensation expense Change to stock compensation awards (Note 24) Shares issued under stock option plans (Note 22) Balance at December 31, 2011 Net income Other comprehensive loss (Note 9) Dividends declared Effect of stock-based compensation expense Shares issued under stock option plans (Note 22) Balance at December 31, 2012 Net income Other comprehensive income (Note 9) Dividends declared Effect of stock-based compensation expense Shares issued under stock option plans (Note 22) Share capital Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity 1,813 – – – – – 41 1,854 – – – – 273 2,127 – – – – 113 $ 24 – – – 16 57 (11) 86 – – – 25 (70) 41 – – – 17 (24) $ (2,086) – (650) – – – – (2,736) – (32) – – – (2,768) – 1,265 – – – $ 5,073 570 – (198) – – – 5,445 484 – (232) – – 5,697 875 – (246) – – $ 4,824 570 (650) (198) 16 57 30 4,649 484 (32) (232) 25 203 5,097 875 1,265 (246) 17 89 Balance at December 31, 2013 $ 2,240 $ 34 $ (1,503) $ 6,326 $ 7,097 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 86 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2013 Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), through its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “CP” or “the Company”), operates a transcontinental railway in Canada and the United States. CP provides rail and intermodal transportation services over a network of approximately 14,400 miles, serving the principal business centres of Canada from Montreal, Quebec, to Vancouver, British Columbia, and the U.S. Northeast and Midwest regions. CP’s railway network feeds directly into the U.S. heartland from the East and West coasts. Agreements with other carriers extend the Company’s market reach east of Montreal in Canada, throughout the U.S. and into Mexico. CP transports bulk commodities, merchandise freight and intermodal traffic. Bulk commodities include grain, coal, fertilizers and sulphur. Merchandise freight consists of finished vehicles and automotive parts, as well as forest and industrial and consumer products. Intermodal traffic consists largely of retail goods in overseas containers that can be transported by train, ship and truck, and in domestic containers and trailers that can be moved by train and truck. 1 Summary of significant accounting policies Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) These consolidated financial statements are expressed in Canadian dollars and have been prepared in accordance with GAAP as codified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification. Principles of consolidation These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CP and all its subsidiaries. The Company’s investments in which it has significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Use of estimates The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year, the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Management regularly reviews its estimates, including those related to investments, restructuring and environmental liabilities, pensions and other benefits, depreciable lives of properties and intangible assets, goodwill, stock-based compensation, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, as well as legal and personal injury liabilities based upon currently available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Principal subsidiaries The following list sets out CPRL’s principal railway operating subsidiaries, including the jurisdiction of incorporation. All of these subsidiaries are wholly owned, directly or indirectly, by CPRL as at December 31, 2013. Principal subsidiary Canadian Pacific Railway Company Soo Line Railroad Company (“Soo Line”) Delaware and Hudson Railway Company, Inc. (“D&H”) Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad Corporation (“DM&E”) Mount Stephen Properties Inc. (“MSP”) Revenue recognition Incorporated under the laws of Canada Minnesota Delaware Delaware Canada Railway freight revenues are recognized based on the percentage of completed service method. The allocation of revenue between reporting periods is based on the relative transit time in each reporting period with expenses recognized as incurred. Volume rebates to customers are accrued as a reduction of freight revenues based on estimated volume and contract terms as freight service is provided. Other revenues, including passenger revenue, revenue from leasing certain assets and switching fees, are recognized as service is performed or contractual obligations are met. Revenues are presented net of taxes collected from customers and remitted to government authorities. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include highly-liquid short-term investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less, but exclude cash and cash equivalents pledged as collateral or subject to other restrictions. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 87 Restricted cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash and cash equivalents include a series of committed and uncommitted bilateral letter of credit facility agreements with financial institutions to support the Company’s requirement to post letters of credit in the ordinary course of business. Under these agreements, the Company has the option to post collateral in the form of cash or cash equivalents, equal at least to the face value of the letter of credit issued. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are shown separately on the balance sheets and include highly liquid investments purchased three months or less from maturity and are stated at cost, which approximates market value. Foreign currency translation Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, other than those held through foreign subsidiaries, are translated into Canadian dollars at the year-end exchange rate for monetary items and at the historical exchange rates for non-monetary items. Foreign currency revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rates in effect on the dates of the related transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses, other than those arising from the translation of the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries, are included in income. The accounts of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into Canadian dollars using the year-end exchange rate for assets and liabilities and the average exchange rates during the year for revenues, expenses, gains and losses. Foreign exchange gains and losses arising from translation of these foreign subsidiaries’ accounts are included in “Other comprehensive income (loss)”. The majority of U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt has been designated as a hedge of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries. As a result, unrealized foreign exchange (“FX”) gains and losses on this U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt are offset against foreign exchange gains and losses arising from translation of foreign subsidiaries’ accounts in “Other comprehensive income (loss)”. Pensions and other benefits Pension costs are actuarially determined using the projected-benefit method prorated over the credited service periods of employees. This method incorporates management’s best estimates of expected plan investment performance, salary escalation and retirement ages of employees. The expected return on fund assets is calculated using market-related asset values developed from a five-year average of market values for the fund’s public equity and absolute return investments (with each prior year’s market value adjusted to the current date for assumed investment income during the intervening period) plus the market value of the fund’s fixed income, real estate and infrastructure securities, subject to the market- related asset value not being greater than 120% of the market value nor being less than 80% of the market value. The discount rate used to determine the projected benefit obligation is based on blended market interest rates on high-quality corporate debt instruments with matching cash flows. Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation and the market-related value of plan assets are amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plan (approximately 10 years). Prior service costs arising from collectively bargained amendments to pension plan benefit provisions are amortized over the term of the applicable union agreement. Prior service costs arising from all other sources are amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active employees who are expected to receive benefits under the plan at the date of amendment. Costs for post-retirement and post-employment benefits other than pensions, including post-retirement health care and life insurance and some workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada, are actuarially determined on a basis similar to pension costs. The over or under funded status of defined benefit pension and other post-retirement benefit plans are recognized on the balance sheet. The over or under funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the benefit obligation. In addition, any unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits that arise during the period are recognized as a component of “Other comprehensive income (loss)”, net of tax. Gains and losses on post-employment benefits that do not vest or accumulate, including some workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada, are included immediately in income as “Compensation and benefits”. Materials and supplies Materials and supplies are carried at the lower of average cost or market. Properties Fixed asset additions and major renewals are recorded at cost, including direct costs, attributable indirect costs and carrying costs, less accumulated depreciation and any impairments. When there is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of property, a liability is initially recognized at its fair value and a corresponding asset retirement cost is added to the gross book value of the related asset and amortized to expense over the estimated term to retirement. The Company reviews the carrying amounts of its properties whenever changes in circumstances indicate that such carrying amounts may not be recoverable based on future undiscounted cash flows. When such properties are determined to be impaired, recorded asset values are revised to fair value. 88 2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company recognizes expenditures as additions to properties or operating expenses based on whether the expenditures increase the output or service capacity, lower the associated operating costs or extend the useful life of the properties and whether the expenditures exceed minimum physical and financial thresholds. Much of the additions to properties, both new and replacement properties, are self-constructed. These are initially recorded at cost, including direct costs and attributable indirect costs, overheads and carrying costs. Direct costs include, among other things, labour costs, purchased services, equipment costs and material costs. Attributable indirect costs and overheads include incremental long-term variable costs resulting from the execution of capital projects. Indirect costs include largely local crew facilities, highway vehicles, work trains and area management costs. Overheads primarily include a portion of the cost of the Company’s engineering department which plans, designs and administers these capital projects. These costs are allocated to projects by applying a measure consistent with the nature of the cost based on cost studies. For replacement properties, the project costs are allocated to dismantling and installation based on cost studies. Dismantling work is performed concurrently with the installation. Ballast programs including undercutting, shoulder ballasting and renewal programs which form part of the annual track program are capitalized as this work, and the related added ballast material, significantly improves drainage which in turn extends the life of ties and other track materials. These costs are tracked separately from the underlying assets and depreciated over the period to the next estimated similar ballast program. Spot replacement of ballast is considered a repair which is expensed as incurred. The costs of large refurbishments are capitalized and locomotive overhauls are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes development costs for major new computer systems. The Company follows group depreciation which groups assets which are similar in nature and have similar economic lives. The property groups are depreciated based on their expected economic lives determined by studies of historical retirements of properties in the group and engineering estimates of changes in current operations and of technological advances. Actual use and retirement of assets may vary from current estimates, which would impact the amount of depreciation expense recognized in future periods. When depreciable property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the normal course of business, the book value, less net salvage proceeds, is charged to accumulated depreciation and if different than the assumptions under the depreciation study could potentially result in adjusted depreciation expense over a period of years. However, when removal costs exceed the salvage value on assets and the Company has no legal obligation to remove the assets, the removal costs incurred are charged to income in the period in which the assets are removed and are not charged to accumulated depreciation. For the sale or retirement of larger groups of depreciable assets that are unusual and were not considered in depreciation studies, CP records a gain or loss for the difference between net proceeds and net book value of the assets sold or retired. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis at rates based on the estimated service life, taking into consideration the projected annual usage of depreciable property, except for rail and other track material in the U.S., which is based directly on usage. Equipment under capital lease is included in Properties and depreciated over the period of expected use. Assets held for sale Assets to be disposed that meet the held for sale criteria are reported at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value, less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. Goodwill and intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets upon acquisition of a business. Goodwill is assigned to the reporting units that are expected to benefit from the business acquisition which, after integration of operations with the railway network, may be different than the acquired business. The carrying value of goodwill, which is not amortized, is assessed for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently as economic events dictate. The fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value goodwill is potentially impaired. The impairment charge that would be recognized is the excess of the carrying value of the goodwill over the fair value of the goodwill, determined in the same manner as in a business combination. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Favourable leases, customer relationships and interline contracts have amortization periods ranging from 15 to 20 years. When there is a change in the estimated useful life of an intangible asset with a finite life, amortization is adjusted prospectively. Financial instruments Financial instruments are contracts that give rise to a financial asset of one party and a financial liability or equity instrument of another party. Financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value, which is the amount of consideration that would be agreed upon in an arm’s length transaction between willing parties. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 89 Subsequent measurement depends on how the financial instruments have been classified. Accounts receivable and investments, classified as loans and receivables, are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest method. Certain equity investments, classified as available for sale, are recognized at cost as fair value cannot be reliably established. Cash and cash equivalents are classified as held for trading and are measured at fair value. Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, short-term borrowings, dividends payable, other long-term liabilities and long-term debt, classified as other liabilities, are also measured at amortized cost. Derivative financial instruments Derivative financial and commodity instruments may be used from time to time by the Company to manage its exposure to risks relating to foreign currency exchange rates, stock-based compensation, interest rates and fuel prices. When CP utilizes derivative instruments in hedging relationships, CP identifies, designates and documents those hedging transactions and regularly tests the transactions to demonstrate effectiveness in order to continue hedge accounting. All derivative instruments are classified as held for trading and recorded at fair value. Any change in the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedges is recognized in the period in which the change occurs in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the line item to which the derivative instrument is related. On the Consolidated Balance Sheets they are classified in “Other assets”, “Other long-term liabilities”, “Other current assets” or “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” as applicable. Gains and losses arising from derivative instruments affect the following income statement lines: “Revenues”, “Compensation and benefits”, “Fuel”, “Other income and charges”, and “Net interest expense”. For fair value hedges, the periodic changes in values are recognized in income, on the same line as the changes in values of the hedged items are also recorded. For a cash flow hedge, the change in value of the effective portion is recognized in “Other comprehensive income”. Any ineffectiveness within an effective cash flow hedge is recognized in income as it arises in the same income account as the hedged item. Should a cash flow hedging relationship become ineffective, previously unrealized gains and losses remain within “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until the hedged item is settled and, prospectively, future changes in value of the derivative are recognized in income. The change in value of the effective portion of a cash flow hedge remains in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until the related hedged item settles, at which time amounts recognized in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” are reclassified to the same income or balance sheet account that records the hedged item. In the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash flows relating to derivative instruments designated as hedges are included in the same line as the related hedged items. The Company from time to time enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge anticipated sales in U.S. dollars, the related accounts receivable and future capital acquisitions. Foreign exchange translation gains and losses on foreign currency-denominated derivative financial instruments used to hedge anticipated U.S. dollar-denominated sales are recognized as an adjustment of the revenues when the sale is recorded. Those used to hedge future capital acquisitions are recognized as an adjustment of the property amount when the acquisition is recorded. The Company also occasionally enters into foreign exchange forward contracts as part of its short-term cash management strategy. These contracts are not designated as hedges due to their short-term nature and are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Changes in fair value are recognized in income in the period in which the changes occur. The Company enters into interest rate swaps to manage the risk related to interest rate fluctuations. These swap agreements require the periodic exchange of payments without the exchange of the principal amount on which the payments are based. Interest expense on the debt is adjusted to include the payments owing or receivable under the interest rate swaps. The Company from time to time enters into bond forwards to fix interest rates for anticipated issuances of debt. These agreements are usually accounted for as cash flow hedges with gains and losses recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and amortized to “Net interest expense” in the period that interest on the related debt is charged. The Company entered into derivatives called Total Return Swaps (“TRS”) to mitigate fluctuations in tandem share appreciation rights (“TSAR”), deferred share units (“DSU”) and restricted share units (“RSU”). These were not designated as hedges and were recorded at market value with the offsetting gain or loss reflected in “Compensation and benefits”. Restructuring accrual Restructuring liabilities are recorded at their present value. The discount related to liabilities is amortized to “Compensation and benefits” over the payment period. Provisions for labour restructuring are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”, except for the current portion, which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities”. Environmental remediation Environmental remediation accruals, recorded on an undiscounted basis, cover site-specific remediation programs. Provisions for environmental remediation costs are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”, except for the current portion, which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities”. 90 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Income taxes The Company follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in income tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period during which the change occurs. When appropriate, the Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reflect that these tax assets may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, CP considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of CP’s deferred tax assets will not be realized, based on management’s judgment using available evidence about future events. At times, tax benefit claims may be challenged by a tax authority. Tax benefits are recognized only for tax positions that are more likely than not sustainable upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement. A liability for “unrecognized tax benefits” is recorded for any tax benefits claimed in CP’s tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. Investment and other similar tax credits are deferred on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized to “Income tax expense” as the related asset is recognized in income. Earnings per share Basic earnings per share are calculated using the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are calculated using the treasury stock method for determining the dilutive effect of options. Stock-based compensation CP follows the fair value based approach to account for stock options. Compensation expense and an increase in additional paid-in capital are recognized for stock options over their vesting period, or over the period from the grant date to the date employees become eligible to retire when this is shorter than the vesting period, based on their estimated fair values on the grant date, as determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. With the granting of regular stock options, some employees have been simultaneously granted share appreciation rights, which provide the employee the choice to either exercise the stock option for shares, or to exercise the TSAR and thereby receive the intrinsic value of the stock option in cash. Options with TSARs are awards that may call for settlement in cash and, therefore, are recorded as liabilities. CP follows the fair value based approach, as determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model, to account for the TSAR liability. The liability is fair valued and changes in the liability are recorded in “Compensation and benefits” over the vesting period, or over the period from the grant date to the date employees become eligible to retire when this is shorter than the vesting period, until exercised. If an employee chooses to exercise the option, thereby cancelling the TSAR, both the exercise price and the liability are settled to “Share capital”. Forfeitures of options and tandem options are estimated at issuance and subsequently at the balance sheet date. Any consideration paid by employees on exercise of stock options is credited to share capital when the option is exercised and the recorded fair value of the option is removed from additional paid-in capital and credited to share capital. Compensation expense is also recognized for TSARs, DSUs, performance share units (“PSUs”) and RSUs using the fair value method. Forfeitures of TSARs, DSUs, PSUs and RSUs are estimated at issuance and subsequently at the balance sheet date. The employee share purchase plan (“ESPP”) gives rise to compensation expense that is recognized using the issue price by amortizing the cost over the vesting period or over the period from the grant date to the date employees become eligible to retire when this is shorter than the vesting period. 2 Accounting changes Accumulated other comprehensive income In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2013-02, Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, an amendment to FASB ASC Topic 220. The update requires disclosure of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, an entity is required to present either on the face of the income statement or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of net income but only if the amount reclassified is required to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For amounts not reclassified in their entirety to net income, an entity is required to cross-reference to other disclosures that provide additional detail about those amounts. This ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2012. The disclosure requirements of this ASU for the year ended December 31, 2013 are presented in Note 9. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 91 3 Asset impairments (in millions of Canadian dollars) Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad – West Powder River Basin impairment and other investment(1) Impairment loss on locomotives Asset impairment, before tax (1) Includes impairment of other investment of $5 million (a) Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad – West 2013 2012 2011 (a) $ 435 – (b) – (c) $ – 185 80 $ – – – $ 435 $ 265 $ – On January 2, 2014, the Company executed an agreement with Genesee & Wyoming Inc. (“G&W”) for the sale of a portion of CP’s DM&E line between Tracy, Minnesota and Rapid City, South Dakota, Colony, Wyoming and Crawford, Nebraska and connecting branch lines (“DM&E West”). The sale, which is subject to regulatory approval by the U.S. Surface Transportation Board, is expected to generate approximately US$215 million in gross proceeds, subject to closing adjustments, and is expected to close in 2014. At December 31, 2013, CP has classified DM&E West as an asset held for sale carried at CDN$222 million, being its estimated fair value less estimated direct selling costs. As a result, in the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company recorded an asset impairment charge and accruals for future costs associated with the sale totaling CDN$435 million ($257 million after-tax). The components of the asset impairment charge and charge for the accruals, which are subject to closing adjustments, that were recorded against income as “Asset impairments” are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets Goodwill Total asset impairment charge Accruals for future costs Total charge (b) Powder River Basin impairment 2013 $ 426 2 6 434 1 $ 435 As part of the acquisition of DM&E in 2007, CP acquired the option to build a 260 mile extension of its network into coal mines in the Powder River Basin (“PRB”). Due to continued deterioration in the market for domestic thermal coal, including a sharp deterioration in 2012, in the fourth quarter of 2012 CP deferred plans to extend its rail network into the PRB coal mines indefinitely. As a result of this decision and in light of the declined market conditions, CP has evaluated the recoverability of the carrying amount of PRB assets and determined that this exceeded the estimated fair value by $180 million. The estimated fair value represents the expected proceeds from the sale of the acquired land, as determined by a comparable market assessment. Other costs associated with the acquisition of DM&E and accumulated by CP since acquisition have been written down to $nil. The amount of the impairment associated with this indefinite deferral was $180 million ($107 million after-tax). The components of the PRB impairment that were charged against income as “Asset impairments” in 2012 are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Option impairment (Note 15) Construction plans, including capitalized interest Land, land option appraisals, including capitalized interest Total impairment (c) Impairment loss on locomotives $ 2012 26 134 20 $ 180 In the fourth quarter of 2012, CP reached a decision to dispose of a certain series of locomotives to improve operating efficiencies, and accordingly performed an impairment test on these assets. The impairment test determined that the net book value of these locomotives exceeded their estimated fair value by $80 million. The estimated fair value represents the expected future cashflows from the disposal of these locomotives. The impairment charge of $80 million ($59 million after tax) was recorded in “Asset impairments” and charged against income. 92 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 4 Labour restructuring In 2013, CP recorded a recovery of $7 million ($5 million after tax) (2012 – a charge of $53 million, $39 million after tax) for a labour restructuring initiative which was included in “Labour restructuring” in the Consolidated Statements of Income, and “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The resulting position reductions are expected to be completed by the end of 2014, with the majority achieved in 2013. At December 31, 2013, the provision for restructuring was $50 million (2012 – $89 million). The restructuring accrual was primarily for labour liabilities arising for restructuring plans, including those from prior year initiatives. Payments are expected to continue in diminishing amounts until 2025. Set out below is a reconciliation of CP’s liabilities associated with its restructuring accrual: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Opening balance, January 1 Accrued(1) Payments Amortization of discount(2) Closing balance, December 31 2013 2012 $ 89 (8) (33) 2 $ 55 54 (22) 2 $ 50 $ 89 (1) Includes fourth quarter 2013 recovery of $7 million which is related to the fourth quarter 2012 labour restructuring initiative charge of $53 million. (2) Amortization of discount is charged to income as “Compensation and benefits”. 5 Other income and charges (in millions of Canadian dollars) Accretion income on long-term floating rate notes (Note 19) Loss (gain) in fair value of long-term floating rate notes (Note 19) Net loss on repurchase of debt (Note 18) Other foreign exchange losses (gains) Foreign exchange loss (gain) on long-term debt Advisory fees (related to shareholder matters) Other Total other income and charges 6 Net interest expense (in millions of Canadian dollars) Interest cost Interest capitalized to Properties Interest expense Interest income Net interest expense 2013 2012 2011 $ – – – 2 2 – 13 $ (3) $ 1 – (1) (2) 27 15 (5) (10) 10 3 3 6 11 $ 17 $ 37 $ 18 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 296 (13) 283 (5) $ 294 (15) 279 (3) 266 (11) 255 (3) $ 278 $ 276 $ 252 Interest expense includes interest on capital leases of $19 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 (2012 – $19 million; 2011 – $19 million). 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 93 7 Income taxes The following is a summary of the major components of the Company’s income tax expense: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Current income tax expense (recovery)(1) Deferred income tax expense Origination and reversal of temporary differences Effect of tax rate increases Effect of hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries Tax credits Other Total deferred income tax expense Total income taxes Income before income tax expense Canada Foreign Total income before income tax expense Income tax expense (recovery) Current Canada Foreign Total current income tax expense (recovery) Deferred Canada Foreign Total deferred income tax expense Total income taxes 2013 2012 2011 $ 38 $ 12 $ (60) 183 7 29 – (7) 212 144 11 (9) (4) (2) 140 194 – 8 (15) – 187 $ 250 $ 152 $ 127 $ 1,019 106 $ 464 172 $ 430 267 $ 1,125 $ 636 $ 697 $ $ 4 34 38 256 (44) 212 6 6 12 120 20 140 $ (59) (1) (60) 115 72 187 $ 250 $ 152 $ 127 (1) Current income tax recovery in 2011 includes a reduction to the Company’s uncertain tax positions. The provision for deferred income taxes arises from temporary differences in the carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes and the effect of loss carry forwards. The items comprising the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Deferred income tax assets Restructuring liability Amount related to tax losses carried forward Liabilities carrying value in excess of tax basis Future environmental remediation costs Tax credits carried forward including minimum tax Other Total deferred income tax assets 94 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 2013 2012 $ 16 96 66 31 72 46 327 $ 24 322 295 31 122 71 865 (in millions of Canadian dollars) Deferred income tax liabilities Properties carrying value in excess of tax basis Other long-term assets carrying value in excess of tax basis Other Total deferred income tax liabilities Total net deferred income tax liabilities Current deferred income tax assets Long-term deferred income tax liabilities 2013 2012 2,847 9 30 2,886 2,559 344 2,676 7 20 2,703 1,838 254 $ 2,903 $ 2,092 The Company’s consolidated effective income tax rate differs from the expected statutory tax rates. Expected income tax expense at statutory rates is reconciled to income tax expense as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage) Statutory federal and provincial income tax rate Expected income tax expense at Canadian enacted statutory tax rates Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from: Items not subject to tax Canadian tax rate differentials Foreign tax rate differentials Effect of tax rate increases Tax credits Other(1) Income tax expense 2013 2012 2011 26.32% 26.09% 28.75% $ 296 $ 166 $ 200 (6) (1) (36) 7 – (10) (4) (1) (17) 11 (4) 1 (3) (8) (4) – (15) (43) $ 250 $ 152 $ 127 (1) Substantially all amounts relate to uncertain tax positions. The Company has no unrecognized tax benefits from capital losses at December 31, 2013 and 2012. The Company has not provided a deferred liability for the income taxes, if any, which might become payable on any temporary difference associated with its foreign investments because the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest in its foreign investments and has no intention to realize this difference by a sale of its interest in foreign investments. During the third quarter of 2013, legislation was enacted to increase the province of British Columbia’s corporate income tax rate. As a result, the Company recalculated its deferred income taxes as at January 1, 2013 based on this change and recorded an income tax expense of $7 million in the third quarter of 2013. During the second quarter of 2012, legislation was enacted to cancel the previously planned province of Ontario’s corporate income tax rate reductions. As a result of these changes, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $11 million in the second quarter of 2012, based on its deferred income tax balances as at December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2013, the Company had income tax operating losses carried forward of $339 million, which have been recognized as a deferred tax asset. Certain of these losses carried forward will begin to expire in 2015, with the majority expiring between 2029 and 2031. The Company also has minimum tax credits of approximately $47 million that will begin to expire in 2016 as well as investment tax credits of $40 million, certain of which will begin to expire in 2018, and track maintenance credits of $16 million which will begin to expire in 2032. It is more likely than not that the Company will realize the majority of its deferred income tax assets from the generation of future taxable income, as the payments for provisions, reserves and accruals are made and losses and tax credits carried forward are utilized. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 95 The following table provides a reconciliation of uncertain tax positions in relation to unrecognized tax benefits for Canada and the United States for the year ended December 31, 2013: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1 Increase in unrecognized: Tax benefits related to the current year Gross uncertain tax benefits related to prior years Dispositions: Gross uncertain tax benefits related to prior years Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 2013 2012 2011 $ 19 $ 19 $ 60 4 – 2 – 3 1 (7) (2) (45) $ 16 $ 19 $ 19 If these uncertain tax positions were recognized, all of the amount of unrecognized tax positions as at December 31, 2013 would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties in 2013 was a credit of $1 million (2012 – $nil; 2011 – credit of $15 million). The total amount of accrued interest and penalties associated with the unrecognized tax benefit at December 31, 2013 was $4 million (2012 – $5 million; 2011 – $5 million). The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to either Canadian federal and provincial income tax, U.S. federal, state and local income tax, or the relevant income tax in other international jurisdictions. The Company has substantially concluded all Canadian federal and provincial income tax matters for the years through 2009. The federal and provincial income tax returns filed for 2010 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the taxation authorities. All U.S. federal income tax returns and generally all U.S. state and local income tax returns are closed to 2006. The income tax returns for 2007 and subsequent years continue to remain subject to examination by the taxation authorities. The Company does not anticipate any material changes to the unrecognized tax benefits previously disclosed within the next twelve months as at December 31, 2013. 8 Earnings per share Basic earnings per share have been calculated using net income for the year divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share have been calculated using the treasury stock method, which assumes that any proceeds received from the exercise of in- the-money options would be used to purchase Common Shares at the average market price for the period. For purposes of this calculation, at December 31, 2013, there were 3.2 million dilutive options outstanding (2012 – 4.2 million; 2011 – 4.7 million). These option totals at December 31, 2013 exclude no options (2012 – 0.2 million; 2011 – 0.3 million) for which there are TSARs outstanding (Note 24), as these are not included in the dilution calculation. The number of shares used in the earnings per share calculations is reconciled as follows: (in millions) Weighted average shares outstanding Dilutive effect of weighted average number of stock options Weighted average diluted shares outstanding 2013 2012 2011 174.9 1.6 171.8 1.4 169.5 1.1 176.5 173.2 170.6 In 2013, the number of options excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, because their effect was not dilutive, was nil (2012 – 0.2 million; 2011 – 1.4 million). 96 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 9 Other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive loss The components of “Accumulated other comprehensive loss”, net of tax, are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Unrealized foreign exchange loss on translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries Unrealized foreign exchange gain on translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries Deferred loss on settled hedge instruments Unrealized effective gains (losses) on cash flow hedges Amounts for defined benefit pension and other post-retirement plans not recognized in income Equity accounted investments Accumulated other comprehensive loss 2013 2012 $ (88) $ (308) 193 (16) 3 (1,593) (2) 382 (1) (11) (2,828) (2) $ (1,503) $ (2,768) Components of other comprehensive income (loss) and the related tax effects are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2013 Unrealized foreign exchange gain (loss) on: Translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries Translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries (Note 19) Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Realized loss on cash flow hedges recognized in income Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges Change in pension and other benefits actuarial gains and losses Change in prior service pension and other benefit costs Other comprehensive income For the year ended December 31, 2012 Unrealized foreign exchange (loss) gain on: Before tax amount Income tax recovery (expense) Net of tax amount $ 220 $ – $ 220 (217) 28 (189) (19) 18 1,603 78 – – (427) (19) (19) 18 1,176 59 $ 1,683 $ (418) $ 1,265 Translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries Translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of $ (58) $ – $ (58) the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries (Note 19) Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Realized gain on cash flow hedges recognized in income Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges Change in pension and other benefits actuarial gains and losses Change in prior service pension and other benefit costs Equity accounted investments Other comprehensive loss 69 6 3 (62) 12 (2) (32) $ (9) (1) – 12 (2) – $ – $ 60 5 3 (50) 10 (2) (32) 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 97 (in millions of Canadian dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2011 Unrealized foreign exchange gain (loss) on: Before tax amount Income tax recovery (expense) Net of tax amount Translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries Translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of $ 59 $ the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries (Note 19) Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Realized loss on cash flow hedges recognized in income Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges Change in pension and other benefits actuarial gains and losses Change in prior service pension and other benefit costs Other comprehensive loss Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) by component: – 8 3 (1) 232 (2) $ 59 (51) (14) 9 (660) 7 (59) (17) 10 (892) 9 $ (890) $ 240 $ (650) Foreign currency net of hedging activities(1) Derivatives and other(1) Pension and post- retirement defined benefit plans(1)(a) (in millions of Canadian dollars) Opening balance, 2013 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Closing balance, 2013 Opening balance, 2012 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Closing balance, 2012 (a) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss Amortization of prior service costs(2) Recognition of net actuarial loss(2) Total before income tax Income tax recovery Net of income tax (1) Amounts are presented net of tax. (2) Impacts Compensation and benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Income. 10 Change in non-cash working capital balances related to operations (in millions of Canadian dollars) (Use) source of cash: Accounts receivable, net Materials and supplies Other current assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Change in non-cash working capital 98 2013 ANNUAL REPORT $ 74 31 – 31 $ 105 $ $ 72 2 – 2 74 $ (14) 17 (18) (1) $ (15) $ (20) 1 5 6 $ (14) $ (2,828) $ (2,768) $ (2,828) 1,078 157 Total(1) $ (2,768) 1,126 139 1,235 1,265 $ (1,593) $ (1,503) $ (2,788) (199) 159 (40) $ (2,736) (196) 164 (32) 2013 2012 $ (58) $ 272 $ 214 (57) $ 2 214 216 (57) $ 157 $ 159 2013 2012 2011 $ (29) $ (40) $ (19) 5 41 7 15 13 (69) (15) (8) 116 $ (2) $ (5) $ 24 11 Cash and cash equivalents (in millions of Canadian dollars) Cash Short-term investments: Deposits with financial institutions Total cash and cash equivalents 12 Accounts receivable, net (in millions of Canadian dollars) Freight Non-freight Allowance for doubtful accounts Total accounts receivable, net 2013 2012 $ 109 $ 24 367 309 $ 476 $ 333 2013 2012 $ $ 408 192 600 (20) 410 155 565 (19) $ 580 $ 546 The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based on expected collectability of accounts receivable. Credit losses are based on specific identification of uncollectible accounts, the application of historical percentages by aging category and an assessment of the current economic environment. At December 31, 2013, allowances of $20 million (2012 – $19 million) were recorded in “Accounts receivable, net”. During 2013, $3 million of doubtful accounts (2012 – $3 million; 2011 – $2 million) were expensed and recorded within “Purchased services and other”. 13 Investments (in millions of Canadian dollars) Rail investments accounted for on an equity basis Other investments Total investments 14 Properties 2013 2012 $ 67 $ 61 22 25 $ 92 $ 83 (in millions of Canadian dollars) Track and roadway Buildings Rolling stock Information systems(1) Other Total 2013 Average annual depreciation rate 2013 2012 Accumulated depreciation Net book value Cost Accumulated depreciation Net book value Cost 2.6% $ 13,459 535 2.9% 3,466 2.3% 679 12.7% 1,372 5.0% $ 3,877 138 1,338 338 493 $ 9,582 $ 13,273 476 3,320 746 1,466 397 2,128 341 879 $ 3,845 244 1,318 389 472 $ 9,428 232 2,002 357 994 $ 19,511 $ 6,184 $ 13,327 $ 19,281 $ 6,268 $ 13,013 (1) During 2013, CP capitalized costs attributable to the design and development of internal-use software in the amount of $85 million (2012 – $105 million; 2011 –$91 million). Current year depreciation expense related to internal use software was $84 million (2012 – $78 million; 2011 – $56 million). Capital leases included in properties (in millions of Canadian dollars) Buildings Rolling stock Other Total assets held under capital lease 2013 Accumulated depreciation Net book value $ 1 195 – $ – 316 – $ Cost 1 510 2 2012 Accumulated depreciation $ – 179 2 Net book value $ 1 331 – $ 196 $ 316 $ 513 $ 181 $ 332 Cost 1 511 – 512 $ $ 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 99 15 Goodwill and intangible assets (in millions of Canadian dollars) Balance at December 31, 2011 Amortization Foreign exchange impact PRB option impairment (Note 3) Balance at December 31, 2012 Amortization Foreign exchange impact DM&E West impairment (Note 3) Balance at December 31, 2013 Goodwill Cost $ $ 150 – (4) – 146 – 10 (6) $ $ 50 – – (26) 24 – – (2) Intangible assets accumulated amortization Net carrying amount $ (8) (1) – – $ (9) (1) – – $ $ 42 (1) – (26) 15 (1) – (2) $ 150 $ 22 $ (10) $ 12 As part of the acquisition of DM&E in 2007, CP recognized goodwill of US$147 million on the allocation of the purchase price, determined as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Since the acquisition, the operations of DM&E have been integrated with CP’s U.S. operations and the related goodwill is allocated to CP’s U.S. reporting unit. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least once per year as at October 1st. The goodwill impairment test determines if the fair value of the reporting unit continues to exceed its net book value, or whether an impairment charge is required. The fair value of the reporting unit is affected by projections of its profitability including estimates of revenue growth, which are inherently uncertain. Intangible assets of $12 million (2012 – $15 million), acquired in the acquisition of DM&E, includes favourable leases, customer relationships and interline contracts. At December 31, 2013, CP has classified DM&E West as an asset held for sale, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $6 million and an intangible assets impairment charge of $2 million (Note 3). Due to continued deterioration in the market for domestic thermal coal, including a sharp deterioration in 2012, in the fourth quarter of 2012 CP deferred plans to extend its rail network into the PRB coal mines indefinitely. The amount of the impairment associated with the option to expand the track network, previously included in intangible assets, was $26 million (Note 3). The estimated amortization expense for intangible assets for 2014 to 2018 is insignificant each year. 16 Other assets (in millions of Canadian dollars) Unamortized fees on long-term debt Contracted customer incentives Long-term materials Long-term receivables (Note 26) Prepaid leases Deferred hedging gains (Note 19) Other Total other assets $ 2013 2012 $ 44 6 31 28 9 19 63 45 8 18 3 9 8 50 $ 200 $ 141 Fees on long-term debt and contracted customer incentives are amortized to income over the term of the related debt and over the term of the related revenue contract, respectively. 100 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 17 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (in millions of Canadian dollars) Trade payables Accrued charges Payroll-related accruals Accrued interest Accrued vacation Provision for environmental remediation (Note 20) Provision for restructuring (Note 4) Dividends payable Personal injury and other claims provision Income and other taxes payable Stock-based compensation liabilities Other Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities 18 Long-term debt (in millions of Canadian dollars) 6.500% 10-year Notes (A) 6.250% 10-year Medium Term Notes (A) 7.250% 10-year Notes (A) 9.450% 30-year Debentures (A) 5.100% 10-year Medium Term Notes (A) 4.500% 10-year Notes (A) 4.450% 12.5-year Notes (A) 7.125% 30-year Debentures (A) 5.750% 30-year Debentures (A) 5.950% 30-year Notes (A) 6.450% 30-year Notes (A) 5.750% 30-year Notes (A) Secured Equipment Loan (B) 5.41% Senior Secured Notes (C) 6.91% Secured Equipment Notes (D) 5.57% Senior Secured Notes (E) 7.49% Equipment Trust Certificates (F) 3.88% Senior Secured Notes Series A & B (G) 4.28% Senior Secured Notes (H) Other long-term loans (nil% – 5.50%) Obligations under capital leases (6.313% – 6.99%) (I) Obligations under capital leases (12.77%) (I) Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock (J) Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock (J) Less: Long-term debt maturing within one year $ 2013 2012 $ 358 343 67 79 67 14 29 62 57 46 20 47 321 325 95 75 74 12 59 61 54 36 21 43 $ 1,189 $ 1,176 Currency in which payable 2013 2012 Maturity May 2018 Jun. 2018 May 2019 Aug. 2021 Jan. 2022 Jan. 2022 Mar. 2023 Oct. 2031 Mar. 2033 May 2037 Nov. 2039 Jan. 2042 Aug. 2015 Mar. 2024 Oct. 2024 Dec. 2024 Jan. 2021 Oct./Dec. 2026 Mar. 2027 2014 - 2025 $ US$ CDN$ US$ US$ CDN$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ CDN$ US$ CDN$ US$ CDN$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ 2014 - 2026 US$ Jan. 2031 CDN$ US$ GB£ $ 292 374 371 266 125 262 371 372 258 471 400 260 80 116 167 62 96 140 73 2 277 273 374 347 249 125 244 347 348 241 440 400 243 98 113 176 60 96 134 70 2 271 3 4,838 32 6 4,876 189 $ 4,687 $ 3 4,654 30 6 4,690 54 4,636 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 101 At December 31, 2013, the gross amount of long-term debt denominated in U.S. dollars was US$3,527 million (2012 – US$3,538 million). Annual maturities and principal repayments requirements, excluding those pertaining to capital leases, for each of the five years following 2013 are (in millions): 2014 – $50; 2015 – $127; 2016 – $31; 2017 – $28; 2018 – $697. A. These debentures and notes pay interest semi-annually and are unsecured, but carry a negative pledge. On September 30, 2011, the Company redeemed US$101 million 5.75% Notes due in May 2013 with a carrying amount of $107 million pursuant to a call offer for a total cost of $113 million. Upon redemption of the Notes a net loss of $9 million was recognized to “Other income and charges”. The loss consisted largely of a redemption premium paid to note holders to redeem the Notes. On September 13, 2011, the Company announced a cash tender offer and consent solicitation for any or all its outstanding US$246 million 6.25% Notes due October 15, 2011. Notes tendered with a principal value of US$204 million were redeemed on October 12, 2011, and the remaining US$42 million Notes not tendered were redeemed on October 17, 2011. Upon redemption of the Notes a net loss of $1 million was recognized to “Other income and charges”. During December 2011, the Company issued $125 million 5.10% 10-year Medium Term Notes, US$250 million 4.50% 10-year Notes and US$250 million 5.75% 30-year Notes. Net proceeds from these offerings were $618 million and were largely used to make a $600 million voluntary prepayment to the Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan. B. The Secured Equipment Loan is collateralized by specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $65 million at December 31, 2013. The floating interest rate is calculated based on a six-month average Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (calculated based on an average of Bankers’ Acceptance rates) plus 53 basis points (2013 – 1.93%; 2012 – 1.97%; 2011 – 1.94%). The Company makes blended payments of principal and interest semi- annually. Final repayment of the remaining principal balance of $53 million is due in August 2015. C. The 5.41% Senior Secured Notes are collateralized by specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $141 million at December 31, 2013. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest. Final repayment of the remaining principal of US$44 million is due in March 2024. D. The 6.91% Secured Equipment Notes are full recourse obligations of the Company collateralized by a first charge on specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $139 million at December 31, 2013. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest up to and including October 2024. E. The 5.57% Senior Secured Notes are secured by specific locomotive units and other rolling stock with a combined carrying value of $59 million at December 31, 2013. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest up to and including December 2024. Final repayment of the remaining principal of US$33 million is due in December 2024. F. The 7.49% Equipment Trust Certificates are secured by specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $104 million at December 31, 2013. The Company makes semi-annual payments that vary in amount and are interest-only payments or blended principal and interest payments. Final repayment of the remaining principal of US$11 million is due in January 2021. G. During 2011, the Company issued US$139 million 3.88% Series A and B Senior Secured Notes due in 2026 for net proceeds of $139 million. These Notes are secured by locomotives previously acquired by the Company with a carrying value of $131 million at December 31, 2013. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest up to and including December 2026. Final repayment of the remaining principal of US$69 million is due in the fourth quarter of 2026. H. During 2012, the Company issued US$71 million 4.28% Senior Secured Notes due in 2027 for net proceeds of $71 million. These Notes are secured by locomotives previously acquired by the Company with a carrying value of $68 million at December 31, 2013. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest up to and including March 2027. Final repayment of the remaining principal of US$35 million is due in March 2027. 102 2013 ANNUAL REPORT I. At December 31, 2013, capital lease obligations included in long-term debt were as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Minimum lease payments in: Total minimum lease payments Less: Imputed interest Present value of minimum lease payments Less: Current portion Long-term portion of capital lease obligations Year Capital leases $ 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter 160 14 15 13 13 159 374 (94) 280 (139) $ 141 During the year the Company had no additions to property, plant and equipment under capital lease obligations (2012 – $nil; 2011 – $nil). The carrying value of the assets collateralizing the capital lease obligations was $316 million at December 31, 2013. J. The Consolidated Debenture Stock, authorized by an Act of Parliament of 1889, constitutes a first charge upon and over the whole of the undertaking, railways, works, rolling stock, plant, property and effects of the Company, with certain exceptions. K. During November 2013, CP extended its revolving credit agreement, dated October 31, 2011, by three years to November 29, 2018. The amended agreement is with 13 highly rated financial institutions for a committed amount of $1.165 billion and also contains an uncommitted accordion feature to a maximum size of $1.5 billion. The agreement can accommodate draws of cash and/or letters of credit at pre-agreed pricing. At December 31, 2013, the facility was undrawn. The weighted average annualized interest rate of the facility for drawn funds was not applicable in 2013 compared to 2.94% in 2012 and 1.98% in 2011. The agreement requires the Company not to exceed a maximum debt to total capitalization ratio. At December 31, 2013, the Company satisfied this threshold stipulated in the financial covenant. In addition, should CP’s senior unsecured debt not be rated at least investment grade by Moody’s and S&P, the Company’s credit agreement will also require it to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. L. During 2013, the Company entered into a series of committed and uncommitted bilateral letter of credit facility agreements with financial institutions to support its requirement to post letters of credit in the ordinary course of business. The agreements have varying expiration dates with the earliest expiry in August 2014. Under these agreements, the Company has the option to post collateral in the form of cash or cash equivalents, equal at least to the face value of the letter of credit issued. Collateral provided includes highly liquid investments purchased three months or less from maturity and is stated at cost, which approximates market value and is shown separately on the balance sheet as “Restricted cash and cash equivalents”. At December 31, 2013, under its bilateral facilities the Company had letters of credit drawn of $394 million from a total available amount of $585 million. Prior to these bilateral agreements, letters of credit were drawn under the Company’s revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2013, cash and cash equivalents of $411 million were pledged as collateral and recorded as “Restricted cash and cash equivalents”, $nil in 2012. The Company can withdraw this collateral during any month. 19 Financial Instruments A. Fair values of financial instruments The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in line with the fair value hierarchy established by GAAP that prioritizes, with respect to reliability, the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy consists of three broad levels. Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities and give the highest priority to these inputs. Level 2 and 3 inputs are based on significant other observable inputs and significant unobservable inputs, respectively, and give lower priority to these inputs. When possible, the estimated fair value is based on quoted market prices and, if not available, estimates from third party brokers. For non-exchange traded derivatives classified in Level 2, the Company uses standard valuation techniques to calculate fair value. Primary inputs to these techniques include observable market prices (interest, foreign exchange and commodity) and volatility, depending on the type of derivative and nature of the underlying risk. The Company uses inputs and data used by willing market participants when valuing derivatives and considers its own credit default swap spread as well as those of its counterparties in its determination of fair value. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 103 The carrying values of financial instruments equal or approximate their fair values with the exception of long-term debt which has a fair value of approximately $5,572 million at December 31, 2013 (December 31, 2012 – $5,688 million) with a carrying value of $4,876 million (December 31, 2012 – $4,690 million). The estimated fair value of current and long-term borrowings has been determined based on market information where available, or by discounting future payments of interest and principal at estimated interest rates expected to be available to the Company at period end. All derivatives and long-term debt are classified as Level 2. B. Fair values of non-financial assets At December 31, 2013, CP classified DM&E West as an asset held for sale carried at its estimated fair value less estimated direct selling costs (Note 3). During 2012, CP reviewed certain properties, goodwill, and certain related intangible assets for impairment (Note 3) and estimated the fair values of those properties. These estimated fair values were based on measurements classified as Level 3 which resulted in the recording of total impairment charges in 2013 of $434 million and in 2012 of $265 million (Note 3). CP used third party information that was corroborated with other internal information to estimate the fair value of these properties. The techniques used to value long-term floating rate notes, which were classified as Level 3, is discussed below: Long-term floating rate notes At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had no remaining investment in long-term floating rate notes. During 2012, the Company sold its remaining investment in long-term floating rate notes (Master Asset Vehicle (“MAV”) 2 Class A-1 and A-2 Notes) which had a carrying value of $81 million (original cost – $105 million) for proceeds of $81 million. Accretion, redemption of notes and other minor changes in market assumptions resulted in a net gain of $2 million in 2012 (2011 – $15 million), which was reported in “Other income and charges”. The valuation technique and assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of its investment in long-term floating rate notes during 2012 and 2011 incorporated probability weighted discounted cash flows considered the best available public information regarding market conditions and other factors that a market participant would have considered for such investments. C. Financial risk management Derivative financial instruments Derivative financial instruments may be used to selectively reduce volatility associated with fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange (“FX”) rates, the price of fuel and stock-based compensation expense. Where derivatives are designated as hedging instruments, the relationship between the hedging instruments and their associated hedged items is documented, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for the use of the hedging instruments. This documentation includes linking the derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, commitments or forecasted transactions. At the time a derivative contract is entered into, and at least quarterly thereafter, an assessment is made whether the derivative item is effective in offsetting the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. The derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment if it is effective in substantially mitigating the risk it was designed to address. It is not the Company’s intent to use financial derivatives or commodity instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Credit risk management Credit risk refers to the possibility that a customer or counterparty will fail to fulfil its obligations under a contract and as a result create a financial loss for the Company. The railway industry predominantly serves financially established customers and the Company has experienced limited financial losses with respect to credit risk. The credit worthiness of customers is assessed using credit scores supplied by a third party, and through direct monitoring of their financial well-being on a continual basis. The Company establishes guidelines for customer credit limits and should thresholds in these areas be reached, appropriate precautions are taken to improve collectability. Counterparties to financial instruments expose the Company to credit losses in the event of non-performance. Counterparties for derivative and cash transactions are limited to high credit quality financial institutions, which are monitored on an on-going basis. Counterparty credit assessments are based on the financial health of the institutions and their credit ratings from external agencies. The Company does not anticipate non-performance that would materially impact the Company’s financial statements. In addition, the Company believes there are no significant concentrations of credit risk. Foreign exchange management The Company conducts business transactions and owns assets in both Canada and the United States. As a result, the Company is exposed to fluctuations in value of financial commitments, assets, liabilities, income or cash flows due to changes in FX rates. The Company may enter into 104 2013 ANNUAL REPORT foreign exchange risk management transactions primarily to manage fluctuations in the exchange rate between Canadian and U.S. currencies. FX exposure is primarily mitigated through natural offsets created by revenues, expenditures and balance sheet positions incurred in the same currency. Where appropriate, the Company may negotiate with customers and suppliers to reduce the net exposure. Occasionally the Company will enter into short-term FX forward contracts as part of its cash management strategy. Net investment hedge The FX gains and losses on long-term debt are mainly unrealized and can only be realized when U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt matures or is settled. The Company also has long-term FX exposure on its investment in U.S. affiliates. The majority of the Company’s U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt has been designated as a hedge of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries. This designation has the effect of mitigating volatility on net income by offsetting long-term FX gains and losses on U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt and gains and losses on its net investment. The effective portion recognized in “Other comprehensive income (loss)” in 2013 was an unrealized foreign exchange loss of $217 million (2012 – unrealized gain of $69 million; 2011 – unrealized loss of $59 million) (Note 9). There was no ineffectiveness during 2013 (2012 – $nil; 2011 – $nil). Foreign exchange forward contracts The Company may enter into FX forward contracts to lock-in the amount of Canadian dollars it has to pay on U.S. denominated debt maturities. At December 31, 2013, the Company had FX forward contracts to fix the exchange rate on US$100 million of principal outstanding on a capital lease due in January 2014, US$175 million of its 6.50% Notes due in May 2018, and US$100 million of its 7.25% Notes due in May 2019, unchanged from December 31, 2012. These derivatives, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges, guarantee the amount of Canadian dollars that the Company will repay when these obligations mature. During 2013, an unrealized foreign exchange gain of $18 million (2012 – unrealized loss of $4 million; 2011 – realized and unrealized gain of $8 million) was recorded in “Other income and charges” in relation to these derivatives. Gains recorded in “Other income and charges” were largely offset by unrealized losses on the underlying debt which the derivatives were designated to hedge. Similarly, losses were largely offset by unrealized gains on the underlying debt. At December 31, 2013, the unrealized gain derived from these FX forwards was $25 million (2012 – $8 million) of which $6 million (2012 – $nil) was included in “Other current assets” and $19 million (2012 – $8 million) in “Other assets” with the offset reflected as an unrealized gain of $5 million (2012 – $6 million) in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and as an unrealized gain of $20 million (2012 – $2 million) in “Retained earnings”. During 2011, in anticipation of a cash tender to offer to redeem the Company’s US$101 million 5.75% May 2013 Notes, the Company unwound a similar amount of FX forward contracts to fix the exchange rate on these Notes for total proceeds of $2 million (Note 18). At December 31, 2013, the Company expected that, during the next twelve months, unrealized pre-tax losses of $1 million would be reclassified to “Other income and charges”. Interest rate management The Company is exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will vary as a result of changes in market interest rates. In order to manage funding needs or capital structure goals, the Company enters into debt or capital lease agreements that are subject to either fixed market interest rates set at the time of issue or floating rates determined by on-going market conditions. Debt subject to variable interest rates exposes the Company to variability in interest expense, while debt subject to fixed interest rates exposes the Company to variability in the fair value of debt. To manage interest rate exposure, the Company accesses diverse sources of financing and manages borrowings in line with a targeted range of capital structure, debt ratings, liquidity needs, maturity schedule, and currency and interest rate profiles. In anticipation of future debt issuances, the Company may enter into forward rate agreements such as treasury rate locks, bond forwards or forward starting swaps, designated as cash flow hedges, to substantially lock in all or a portion of the effective future interest expense. The Company may also enter into swap agreements, designated as fair value hedges, to manage the mix of fixed and floating rate debt. Interest rate swaps At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had no outstanding interest rate swaps, nor did it enter into or unwind any such transactions during 2013. During 2011, the Company amortized $5 million of deferred gains to “Net interest expense” relating to interest rate swaps previously unwound in 2010 and 2009. In addition, during 2011, the Company amortized $2 million of deferred gains to “Other income and charges” as a result of the redemption of 5.75% May 2013 Notes (Note 18). These gains were deferred as a fair value adjustment to the underlying debts that were hedged and were amortized to “Net interest expense” until the debts were redeemed in 2011. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 105 Treasury rate locks At December 31, 2013, the Company had net unamortized losses related to interest rate locks, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges, settled in previous years totalling $22 million (December 31, 2012 – $22 million). This amount is composed of various unamortized gains and losses related to specific debts which are reflected in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and are amortized to “Net interest expense” in the period that interest on the related debt is charged. The amortization of these gains and losses resulted in a negligible increase to “Net interest expense” and “Other comprehensive income (loss)” in 2013 (2012 – negligible; 2011 – negligible). At December 31, 2013, the Company expected that, during the next twelve months, a negligible amount of loss related to these previously settled derivatives would be reclassified to “Net interest expense”. Fuel price management The Company is exposed to commodity risk related to purchases of diesel fuel and the potential reduction in net income due to increases in the price of diesel. Fuel expense constitutes a large portion of the Company’s operating costs and volatility in diesel fuel prices can have a significant impact on the Company’s income. Items affecting volatility in diesel prices include, but are not limited to, fluctuations in world markets for crude oil and distillate fuels, which can be affected by supply disruptions and geopolitical events. The impact of variable fuel expense is mitigated substantially through fuel cost recovery programs which apportion incremental changes in fuel prices to shippers through price indices, tariffs, and by contract, within agreed upon guidelines. While these programs provide effective and meaningful coverage, residual exposure remains as the fuel expense risk may not be completely recovered from shippers due to timing and volatility in the market. In the past, to address the residual portion of CP’s fuel costs not mitigated by its fuel cost recovery programs, CP had a systematic hedge program. As a result of improving coverage from its fuel cost recovery programs, CP exited its hedging program during the first quarter of 2013. Energy futures During the first quarter ended March 31, 2013, the Company settled its remaining diesel futures contracts, accounted for as cash flow hedges, to purchase 20 million U.S. gallons during 2013 for proceeds of $2 million. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, the impact of settled swaps decreased “Fuel” expense by $2 million, as a result of realized gains on diesel swaps (2012 – realized gains $1 million; 2011 – realized gains $8 million). At December 31, 2013, the Company had no outstanding diesel futures contracts. At December 31, 2012, the unrealized loss on these contracts was negligible. Stock-based compensation expense management Total return swaps (“TRS”) The Company is exposed to stock-based compensation risk, which is the probability of increased compensation expense when the Company’s share price rises. The TRS was a derivative that provided a gain to offset increased compensation expense as the share price increased and a loss to offset reduced compensation expense when the share price declined. If stock-based compensation share units fall out of the money after entering the program, the loss associated with the swap would no longer be fully offset by the compensation expense reductions, which would reduce the effectiveness of the swap. This derivative was not designated as a hedge and changes in fair value were recognized in net income in the period in which the change occurred. At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had no share units remaining in the TRS. During 2012, the Company exited the TRS program and unwound 0.6 million of its remaining share units for proceeds of $3 million. During the same period of 2011, the program was reduced by 0.5 million share units at minimal cost. “Compensation and benefits” expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income included a net gain on these swaps of $6 million in 2012 (2011 – $3 million). There was no impact to “Compensation and benefits” expense in 2013. 106 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 20 Other long-term liabilities (in millions of Canadian dollars) Provision for environmental remediation, net of current portion(1) Provision for restructuring, net of current portion(2) (Note 4) Deferred gains on sale leaseback transactions Deferred revenue on rights-of-way license agreements, net of current portion Stock-based compensation liabilities, net of current portion Asset retirement obligations (Note 21) Deferred retirement compensation (Note 28) Other, net of current portion Total other long-term liabilities $ 2013 2012 $ 76 21 31 31 69 24 16 70 77 27 34 33 26 23 16 70 $ 338 $ 306 (1) As at December 31, 2013, the aggregate provision for environmental remediation, including the current portion was $90 million (2012 – $89 million). (2) As at December 31, 2013, the aggregate provision for restructuring, including the current portion was $50 million (2012 – $89 million). The deferred revenue on rights-of-way license agreements, and deferred gains on sale leaseback transactions are being amortized to income on a straight-line basis over the related lease terms. Deferred income credits are being amortized over the life of the related asset. Environmental remediation accruals Environmental remediation accruals cover site-specific remediation programs. Environmental remediation accruals are measured on an undiscounted basis and are recorded when the costs to remediate are probable and reasonably estimable. The estimate of the probable costs to be incurred in the remediation of properties contaminated by past railway use reflects the nature of contamination at individual sites according to typical activities and scale of operations conducted. CP has developed remediation strategies for each property based on the nature and extent of the contamination, as well as the location of the property and surrounding areas that may be adversely affected by the presence of contaminants, considering available technologies, treatment and disposal facilities and the acceptability of site-specific plans based on the local regulatory environment. Site-specific plans range from containment and risk management of the contaminants through to the removal and treatment of the contaminants and affected soils and ground water. The details of the estimates reflect the environmental liability at each property. Provisions for environmental remediation costs are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”, except for the current portion which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities”. Payments are expected to be made over ten years to 2023. The accruals for environmental remediation represent CP’s best estimate of its probable future obligation and include both asserted and unasserted claims, without reduction for anticipated recoveries from third parties. Although the recorded accruals include CP’s best estimate of all probable costs, CP’s total environmental remediation costs cannot be predicted with certainty. Accruals for environmental remediation may change from time to time as new information about previously untested sites becomes known, environmental laws and regulations evolve and advances are made in environmental remediation technology. The accruals may also vary as the courts decide legal proceedings against outside parties responsible for contamination. These potential charges, which cannot be quantified at this time, may materially affect income in the particular period in which a charge is recognized. Costs related to existing, but as yet unknown, or future contamination will be accrued in the period in which they become probable and reasonably estimable. Changes to costs are reflected as changes to “Other long-term liabilities” or “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and to “Purchased services and other” within operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The amount charged to income in 2013 was $6 million (2012 – $4 million; 2011 – $3 million). 21 Asset retirement obligations Asset retirement obligations are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”. The majority of these liabilities are discounted at 6.25%. Accretion expense is included in “Depreciation and amortization” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. (in millions of Canadian dollars) Opening balance, January 1 Accretion Liabilities settled Closing balance, December 31 2013 2012 $ 23 1 – $ 23 1 (1) $ 24 $ 23 Upon the ultimate retirement of grain-dependent branch lines, the Company has to pay a fee, levied under the CanadaTransportationAct, of $30,000 per mile of abandoned track. The undiscounted amount of the liability was $39 million at December 31, 2013 (2012 – $39 million), which, when present valued, was $21 million at December 31, 2013 (2012 – $20 million). The payments are expected to be made in the 2014 – 2044 period. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 107 The Company also has a liability on a joint facility that will have to be settled upon retirement based on a proportion of use during the life of the asset. The estimate of the obligation at December 31, 2013, was $20 million (2012 – $19 million), which, when present valued, was $3 million at December 31, 2013 (2012 – $3 million). For purposes of estimating this liability, the payment related to the retirement of the joint facility is anticipated to be made in 31 years. 22 Shareholders’ equity Authorized and issued share capital The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares, an unlimited number of First Preferred Shares and unlimited number of Second Preferred Shares. At December 31, 2013, no First or Second Preferred Shares had been issued. An analysis of Common Share balances is as follows: (number of shares in millions) Share capital, January 1 Shares issued under stock option plans Share capital, December 31 2013 2012 2011 173.9 1.5 170.0 3.9 169.2 0.8 175.4 173.9 170.0 The change in the “Share capital” balances includes $5 million (2012 – $6 million; 2011 – $1 million) related to the cancellation of the TSARs liability on exercise of tandem stock options, and $24 million (2012 – $70 million; 2011 – $11 million) of stock-based compensation transferred from “Additional paid-in capital”. 23 Pensions and other benefits The Company has both defined benefit (“DB”) and defined contribution (“DC”) pension plans. At December 31, 2013, the Canadian pension plans represent approximately 99% of total combined pension plan assets and approximately 98% of total combined pension plan obligations. The DB plans provide for pensions based principally on years of service and compensation rates near retirement. Pensions for Canadian pensioners are partially indexed to inflation. Annual employer contributions to the DB plans, which are actuarially determined, are made on the basis of being not less than the minimum amounts required by federal pension supervisory authorities. CP reached agreements with all of the unions which it had been bargaining with in Canada in 2012. The new agreements introduced amendments to pension plans. Among other changes, the amendments established a cap on pension for each year of pensionable service, including a cap on some non-union employees’ pensions. Under the amendments, plan participants will continue to earn additional pensionable years of service as before, but with a dollar limit on the pension amount for each year earned. Plan amendments resulting from collective bargaining are accounted for in the periods the new agreements are ratified. The plan amendments resulting from the December 2012 arbitration award were contingent on CP making plan amendments for non-union employees, and consequently were accounted for in the period CP made such amendments. As a result of the plan amendments, the projected benefit obligation decreased by $135 million from December 31, 2012, with a corresponding increase to “Other comprehensive income” and a reduction of “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” as prior service credits. The prior service credits are recognized in net periodic pension expense over the remaining terms of the applicable union agreements (averaging approximately two years), and over the expected average remaining service life of non-union employees. The Company has other benefit plans including post-retirement health and life insurance for pensioners, and post-employment long-term disability and workers’ compensation benefits, which are based on Company-specific claims. At December 31, 2013, the Canadian other benefits plans represent approximately 96% of total combined other plan obligations. The Finance Committee of the Board of Directors has approved an investment policy that establishes long-term asset mix targets which take into account the Company’s expected risk tolerances. Pension plan assets are managed by a suite of independent investment managers, with the allocation by manager reflecting these asset mix targets. Most of the assets are actively managed with the objective of outperforming applicable benchmarks. In accordance with the investment policy, derivative instruments may be used to hedge or adjust existing or anticipated exposures. At December 31, 2013, derivatives were primarily being used to partially hedge foreign currency exposures. To develop the expected long-term rate of return assumption used in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost applicable to the market-related value of assets, the Company considers the expected composition of the plans’ assets, past experience and future estimates of long-term investment returns. Future estimates of investment returns reflect the expected annual yield on applicable fixed income capital market indices, and the long-term return expectation for public equity, real estate, infrastructure and absolute return investments and the expected added value (relative to applicable benchmark indices) from active management of pension fund assets. The Company has elected to use a market-related value of assets for the purpose of calculating net periodic benefit cost, developed from a five-year average of market values for the plans’ public equity and absolute return investments (with each prior year’s market value adjusted to the current date for assumed investment income during the intervening period) plus the market value of the plans’ fixed income, real estate and infrastructure securities. The benefit obligation is discounted using a discount rate that is a blended interest rate for a portfolio of high-quality corporate debt instruments with matching cash flows. The discount rate is determined by management with the aid of third-party actuaries. 108 2013 ANNUAL REPORT The elements of net periodic benefit cost for DB pension plans and other benefits recognized in the year included the following components: Pensions Other benefits (in millions of Canadian dollars) 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 Current service cost (benefits earned by employees in the year) Interest cost on benefit obligation Expected return on fund assets Recognized net actuarial loss (gain) Amortization of prior service costs Net periodic benefit cost $ 135 445 (746) 267 (58) $ 131 452 (752) 208 2 $ 105 460 (674) 142 13 $ $ 16 21 – (11) – $ 43 $ 41 $ 46 $ 26 $ 19 24 – 3 – 46 $ 17 26 (1) 8 (1) $ 49 Information about the Company’s DB pension plans and other benefits, in aggregate, is as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Change in projected benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at January 1 Current service cost Interest cost Employee contributions Benefits paid Foreign currency changes Plan amendments and other Actuarial (gain) loss Projected benefit obligation at December 31 Change in fund assets: Fair value of fund assets at January 1 Actual return on fund assets Employer contributions Employee contributions Benefits paid Foreign currency changes Fair value of fund assets at December 31 Funded status – plan surplus (deficit) Pensions Other benefits 2013 2012 2013 2012 $ $ 10,647 135 445 50 (602) 13 (135) (632) 10,099 131 452 58 (525) (4) (11) 447 9,921 $ 10,647 $ $ $ 9,763 1,404 98 50 (602) 9 $ 10,722 $ 801 $ $ 9,215 916 102 58 (525) (3) 9,763 $ $ $ $ $ $ 535 16 21 – (33) 2 – (58) 483 9 – 32 – (33) – $ 8 $ 536 19 24 – (35) (1) – (8) 535 11 (1) 34 – (35) – 9 (884) $ (475) $ (526) Projected benefit obligation at December 31 Fair value of fund assets at December 31 Funded status All Other benefits plans were in a deficit position at December 31, 2013 and 2012. Amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Pension asset Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Pension and other benefit liabilities Total amount recognized 2013 2012 Pension plans in surplus Pension plans in deficit $ (9,533) $ (388) 161 10,561 $ 1,028 $ (227) Pension plans in surplus $ – – $ – Pension plans in deficit $ $ (10,647) 9,763 (884) Pensions 2013 $ $ 1,028 (9) (218) 2012 – (8) (876) Other benefits $ 2013 – (36) (439) $ 2012 – (36) (490) $ 801 $ (884) $ (475) $ (526) 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 109 The defined benefit pension plans’ accumulated benefit obligation as at December 31, 2013 was $9,578 million (2012 – $10,122 million). The accumulated benefit obligation is calculated on a basis similar to the projected benefit obligation, except no future salary increases are assumed in the projection of future benefits. The measurement date used to determine the plan assets and the accrued benefit obligation is December 31. The most recent actuarial valuation for pension funding purposes for the Company’s main Canadian pension plan was performed as at January 1, 2013. During 2014, the Company expects to file a new valuation with the pension regulator. Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Net actuarial loss: Other than deferred investment losses Deferred investment (gains) losses Prior service cost Deferred income tax Total (Note 9) Pensions Other benefits 2013 2012 2013 2012 $ 2,982 (738) (88) (613) $ 3,761 40 (11) (1,045) $ 61 – 5 (16) $ 108 – 5 (30) $ 1,543 $ 2,745 $ 50 $ 83 The unamortized actuarial loss and the unamortized prior service cost included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” that are expected to be recognized in net periodic benefit cost during 2014 are $190 million and a recovery of $68 million, respectively, for pensions and $2 million and $nil, respectively, for other post-retirement benefits. Weighted-average actuarial assumptions used were approximately: (percentages) Benefit obligation at December 31: Discount rate Projected future salary increases Health care cost trend rate Benefit cost for year ended December 31: Discount rate Expected rate of return on fund assets Projected future salary increases Health care cost trend rate 2013 2012 2011 4.90 3.00 8.00(1) 4.28 3.00 8.00(1) 4.28 7.75 3.00 8.00(1) 4.55 7.75 3.00 8.00(1) 4.55 3.00 8.00(1) 5.20 7.75 3.00 8.00(2) (1) The health care cost trend rate is assumed to be 7.5% in 2014 (8.0% in 2013), and then decreasing by 0.5% per year to an ultimate rate of 5.0% per year in 2019 and thereafter. (2) The health care cost trend rate was previously projected to decrease by 0.5% per year to approximately 5.0% per year in 2017. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in the assumed health care cost trend rate would have the following effects: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Favourable (unfavourable) Effect on the total of service and interest costs Effect on post-retirement benefit obligation Plan assets One percentage point increase One percentage point decrease – (7) – 6 Plan assets are recorded at fair value. The major asset categories are public equity securities, debt securities, and real estate, infrastructure and absolute return investments. The fair values of the public equity and debt securities are primarily based on quoted market prices. Real estate values are based on annual valuations performed by external parties, taking into account current market conditions and recent sales transactions where practical and appropriate. Infrastructure values are based on the fair value of each fund’s assets as calculated by the fund manager, generally using a discounted cash flow analysis that takes into account current market conditions and recent sales transactions where practical and appropriate. Absolute return investments are a portfolio of units of externally managed hedge funds, which are valued by the fund administrators. 110 2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company’s pension plan asset allocation, the current weighted average asset allocation targets and the current weighted average policy range for each major asset class, were as follows: Asset allocation (percentage) Cash and cash equivalents Fixed income Public equity Real estate and infrastructure Absolute return Total Current asset allocation target 0.5 29.5 46.0 12.0 12.0 100.0 Current policy range 0 – 5 20 – 40 35 – 50 8 – 20 0 – 18 Percentage of plan assets at December 31 2013 4.1 20.6 49.6 10.8 14.9 2012 0.8 41.9 45.9 11.4 – 100.0 100.0 The following is a summary of the assets of the Company’s DB pension plans at fair values at December 31, 2013 and a comparative summary at December 31, 2012: (in millions of Canadian dollars) December 31, 2013 Cash and cash equivalents Government bonds(1) Corporate bonds(1) Mortgages(1) Public equities • Canada • U.S. and international Real estate(2) Infrastructure(2) Absolute return(3) • Funds of hedge funds • Multi-strategy funds • Credit funds • Equity funds Derivative liabilities(4) December 31, 2012 Cash and cash equivalents Government bonds(1) Corporate bonds(1) Mortgages(1) Public equities • Canada • U.S. and international Real estate(2) Infrastructure(2) Absolute return(3) Derivative liabilities(4) Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) $ 155 – – – 1,304 3,979 – – – – – – – $ $ 282 1,314 849 52 37 20 – – – – – – (24) $ – – – – – – 847 314 563 403 434 193 – Total 437 1,314 849 52 1,341 3,999 847 314 563 403 434 193 (24) $ 5,438 $ 2,530 $ 2,754 $ 10,722 $ 70 – – – 1,130 3,316 – – – – $ $ 7 2,810 1,249 34 28 13 – – – (6) $ – – – – – – 779 333 – – 77 2,810 1,249 34 1,158 3,329 779 333 – (6) $ 4,516 $ 4,135 $ 1,112 $ 9,763 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 111 (1) Government & Corporate Bonds: Fair values for bonds are based on market prices supplied by independent pricing sources as of the last trading day. Mortgages: The fair value measurement of $52 million (2012 – $34 million) of mortgages categorized as Level 2 is based on current market yields of financial instruments of similar maturity, coupon and risk factors. (2) Real Estate: The fair value of real estate investments of $847 million (2012 – $779 million) is based on property appraisals which use a number of approaches that typically include a discounted cash flow analysis, a direct capitalization income method and/or a direct comparison approach. Appraisals of real estate investments are generally performed semi-annually by qualified external accredited appraisers. There are no unfunded commitments for real estate as at December 31, 2013. Infrastructure: Infrastructure fund values of $314 million (2012 – $333 million) are based on the fair value of the fund assets as calculated by the fund manager, generally using a discounted cash flow analysis that takes into account current market conditions and recent sales transactions where practical and appropriate. As at December 31, 2013, unfunded commitments for the infrastructure funds were $23 million (2012 – $24 million). (3) Absolute Return: The fair value of absolute return investments is based on the net asset value reported by the fund administrators. The funds have different redemption policies and periods. All hedge fund investments have contractual redemption frequencies, ranging from monthly to tri-annually, and redemption notice periods varying from 30 to 95 days. Hedge fund investments that have redemption dates less frequent than every four months or have restrictions on contractual redemption features at the reporting date are classified as Level 3. There are no unfunded commitments for absolute return fund investments as at December 31, 2013. ▫ Funds of hedge funds invest in a portfolio of hedge funds that allocate capital across a broad array of funds and/or investment managers. ▫ Multi-strategy funds include funds that invest in broadly diversified portfolios of equity, fixed income and derivative instruments. ▫ Credit funds invest in an array of fixed income securities. ▫ Equity funds invest primarily in U.S. and global equity securities. (4) At December 31, 2013, derivatives were primarily being used to partially hedge foreign currency exposures. The Company’s pension funds may utilize the following derivative instruments: equity futures to replicate equity index returns (Level 2); currency forwards to partially hedge foreign currency exposures (Level 2); bond forwards to reduce asset/liability interest rate risk exposures (Level 2); interest rate swaps to manage duration and interest rate risk (Level 2); credit default swaps to manage credit risk (Level 2); and options to manage interest rate risk and volatility (Level 2). During 2012 and 2013, the portion of the assets of the Company’s DB pension plans measured at fair value using unobservable inputs (Level 3) changed as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) As at January 1, 2012 Contributions Disbursements Net transfer out of Level 3 Net realized gains Increase in net unrealized gains As at December 31, 2012 Contributions Disbursements Net realized gains Increase in net unrealized gains As at December 31, 2013 Mortgages Real Estate Infrastructure Absolute Return Total $ $ 4 – (1) (3) – – – – – – – $ $ 691 39 (36) – 19 66 779 – (22) 22 68 $ $ 294 27 – – – 12 333 – (42) 3 20 $ $ $ $ – – – – – – – 1,500 – (2) 95 989 66 (37) (3) 19 78 1,112 1,500 (64) 23 183 $ – $ 847 $ 314 $ 1,593 $ 2,754 Level 3 fair value measurements for absolute return, real estate and infrastructure investments are based on the net asset value reported by the fund administrator, property appraisals and discounted cash flow analysis, of which there are no reasonable alternative assumptions. Therefore it is not practicable to provide a sensitivity analysis. The Company’s expected long-term target return is 7.75%, net of all fees and expenses. In identifying the asset allocation ranges, consideration was given to the long-term nature of the underlying plan liabilities, the solvency and going-concern financial position of the plan, long-term return expectations and the risks associated with key asset classes as well as the relationships of returns on key asset classes with each other, inflation and interest rates. When advantageous and with due consideration, derivative instruments may be utilized, provided the total value of the underlying assets represented by financial derivatives, excluding currency forwards, is limited to 30% of the market value of the fund. 112 2013 ANNUAL REPORT When investing in foreign securities, the plans are exposed to foreign currency risk; the effect of which is included in the valuation of the foreign securities. Net of the above hedging, the plans were 24% exposed to the U.S. dollar, 5% exposed to European currencies, and 5% exposed to various other currencies, as at December 31, 2013. At December 31, 2013, fund assets consisted primarily of listed stocks and bonds, including 129,444 of the Company’s Common Shares (2012 – $nil) at a market value of $21 million (2012 – $nil) and 6.25% Unsecured Notes issued by the Company at a par value of $2 million (2012 – $2 million) and a market value of $2 million (2012 – $2 million). At December 31, 2012, the fund assets also held 6.91% Secured Equipment Notes issued by the Company at a par value of $2 million and a market value of $3 million. Cash flows In 2013, the Company contributed $105 million to its pension plans (2012 – $107 million; 2011 – $698 million), including $7 million to the DC plans (2012 – $5 million; 2011 – $5 million), $86 million to the Canadian registered and U.S. qualified DB pension plans (2012 – $89 million; 2011 – $696 million), and $12 million to the Canadian non-registered supplemental pension plan (2012 – $13 million contribution; 2011 – $3 million net refund). Contributions to the main Canadian registered DB plan included voluntary prepayments of $600 million in 2011. In addition, the Company made payments directly to employees, their beneficiaries or estates or to third-party benefit administrators of $32 million in 2013 (2012 – $35 million; 2011 – $35 million) with respect to other benefits. Estimated future benefit payments The estimated future defined benefit pension and other benefit payments to be paid by the plans for each of the next five years and the subsequent five-year period are as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 – 2023 Pensions Other benefits $ 535 554 572 590 607 3,216 $ 37 37 37 37 36 175 The benefit payments from the Canadian registered and U.S. qualified DB pension plans are payable from their respective pension funds. Benefit payments from the supplemental pension plan and from the other benefits plans are payable directly from the Company. Defined contribution plan Canadian non-unionized employees hired prior to July 1, 2010 had the option to participate in the Canadian DC plan. All Canadian non-unionized employees hired after such date must participate in this plan. Employee contributions are based on a percentage of salary. The Company matches employee contributions to a maximum percentage each year. Effective July 1, 2010, a new U.S. DC plan was established. All U.S. non-unionized employees hired after such date must participate in this plan. Employees do not contribute to the plan. The Company annually contributes a percentage of salary. The DC plans provide a pension based on total employee and employer contributions plus investment income earned on those contributions. In 2013, the net cost of the DC plans, which generally equals the employer’s required contribution, was $7 million (2012 – $5 million; 2011 – $5 million). Contributions to multi-employer plans Some of the Company’s unionized employees in the U.S. are members of a U.S. national multi-employer benefit plan. Contributions made by the Company to this plan in 2013 in respect of post-retirement medical benefits were $5 million (2012 – $6 million; 2011 – $6 million). 24 Stock-based compensation At December 31, 2013, the Company had several stock-based compensation plans, including stock option plans, various cash settled liability plans and an employee stock savings plan. These plans resulted in an expense in 2013 of $92 million (2012 – $64 million; 2011 – $43 million). Accelerated vesting due to changes in the composition of the Board of Directors Most of the stock-based compensation plans include a provision whereby vesting is accelerated should certain changes in the composition of the Board of Directors occur. These provisions were triggered on June 26, 2012 and the recognition of the revised vesting terms as outlined in the stock- based compensation plans resulted in a credit to “Compensation and benefits” of $8 million in the second quarter of 2012. From February 28, 2012, accelerated vesting will only occur when the definition of change of control under the stock-based compensation plans is triggered and the holder of the award is terminated without cause. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 113 A. Stock Option Plans Regular options and TSARs With the granting of regular options, employees may be simultaneously granted TSARs equivalent to the number of regular options granted (stock options granted prior to January 2009 were simultaneously granted TSARs equivalent to one-half the regular options granted). The last issue of TSARs was in April 2010. A TSAR entitles the holder to receive payment of an amount equal to the excess of the market value of a Common Share at the exercise date of the TSAR over the related option exercise price. The liability for TSARs is recognized and measured at its fair value. Pursuant to the employee plans, regular options and TSARs vest between 12 and 48 months after the grant date, and will expire after 10 years. Certain of these options granted are only exercisable after employment is terminated. Where an option granted is a tandem award, the holder can choose to exercise an option or a TSAR of equal intrinsic value. As a result of changes to Canadian tax legislation, which eliminated the favourable tax treatment on cash settled compensation awards, the Company offered employees the option of cancelling the outstanding SAR and keeping in place the outstanding option. During 2011, the Company cancelled 3.5 million SARs and reclassified the fair value of the previously recognized liability ($75 million) and the recognized deferred tax asset ($18 million) to “Additional paid-in capital”. The terms of the awards were not changes and as a result no incremental cost was recognized. The weighted-average fair value of the units cancelled was $23.75. Summary of options The following table summarizes the Company’s fixed stock option plans (that do not have a TSAR attached to them) as of December 31: Outstanding, January 1, 2013 New options granted Exercised Vested Forfeited Expired Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2013(1) Exercisable at December 31, 2013 Options outstanding Nonvested options Number of options 4,226,641 576,430 (1,406,818) N/A (20,737) (15,033) 3,360,483 Weighted average exercise price $ 63.69 124.18 55.06 N/A 105.25 105.89 77.15 Number of options 1,428,596 576,430 N/A (235,960) (20,387) (14,833) 1,733,846 3,347,274 1,626,637 $ $ 77.04 60.43 N/A N/A Weighted average grant date fair value $ 20.70 35.40 N/A 21.14 29.31 29.00 25.35 N/A N/A (1) As at December 31, 2013, the weighted-average remaining term of vested or expected to vest options was 6.8 years with an aggregate intrinsic value of $280 million. The following table provides the number of stock options outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2013 by range of exercise price and their related intrinsic aggregate value, and for options outstanding, the weighted-average years to expiration. The table also provides the aggregate intrinsic value for in-the-money stock options, which represents the amount that would have been received by option holders had they exercised their options on December 31, 2013 at the Company’s closing stock price of $160.65. Range of exercise prices $32.50 – $65.47 $65.48 – $74.93 $74.94 – $159.62 Total(1) Options outstanding Options exercisable Weighted average years to expiration 4.2 7.1 8.1 6.5 Weighted average exercise price $ $ 54.05 72.82 100.11 77.15 Aggregate intrinsic value (millions) $ $ 120 81 79 280 Number of options 1,130,230 920,400 1,309,853 3,360,483 Weighted average exercise price $ $ 54.05 72.18 93.47 60.43 Aggregate intrinsic value (millions) $ $ 120 38 4 162 Number of options 1,130,230 431,400 65,007 1,626,637 (1) As at December 31, 2013, the total number of in-the-money stock options outstanding was 3,360,483 with a weighted-average exercise price of $77.15. The weighted-average years to expiration of exercisable stock options is 4.7 years. 114 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Under the fair value method, the fair value of options at the grant date was approximately $20 million for options issued in 2013 (2012 – $28 million; 2011 – $12 million). The weighted-average fair value assumptions were approximately: Expected option life (years)(1) Risk-free interest rate(2) Expected stock price volatility(3) Expected annual dividends per share(4) Estimated forfeiture rate(5) Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the year 2013 6.25 1.60% 30% $ 1.40 1.2% $ 35.40 2012 6.03 1.47% 31% 1.40 1.2% 19.04 $ $ 2011 6.30 2.79% 31% 1.20 0.7% 19.44 $ $ (1) Represents the period of time that awards are expected to be outstanding. Historical data on exercise behaviour or, when available, specific expectations regarding future exercise behaviour were used to estimate the expected life of the option. (2) Based on the implied yield available on zero-coupon government issues with an equivalent remaining term at the time of the grant. (3) Based on the historical stock price volatility of the Company’s stock over a period commensurate with the expected term of the option. (4) Determined by the current annual dividend at the time of grant. The Company does not employ different dividend yields throughout the contractual term of the option. (5) The Company estimated forfeitures based on past experience. The rate is monitored on a periodic basis. Certain of the Company’s stock option plans are subject to post-vesting restrictions prior to expiry. The discount for these restrictions resulted in a reduction of the fair value at grant date of options issued in 2012 of $2 million. This discount was estimated using the fair value of put options that, together with the granted call options, mimicked the characteristics of the post-vesting restriction. The post-vesting restrictions do not relate to grants in 2013. In 2013, the expense for stock options (regular and performance) was $17 million (2012 –$24 million; 2011 –$15 million). At December 31, 2013, there was $17 million of total unrecognized compensation related to stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.2 years. At December 31, 2013, there were 2,426,425 (2012 – 2,728,685; 2011 – 3,459,831) Common Shares available for the granting of future options under the stock option plans, out of the 18,966,842 (2012 – 18,728,642; 2011 – 15,578,642) Common Shares currently authorized for issuance. Summary of TSARs The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s TSARs as of December 31: Outstanding, January 1, 2013 Exercised as TSARs Exercised as Options Vested Expired Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Vested at December 31, 2013(1) Exercisable at December 31, 2013 TSARs outstanding Weighted average exercise price $ $ $ $ 53.28 54.75 52.94 N/A 31.45 53.89 53.89 53.89 Number of TSARs 168,075 (350) (104,305) N/A (200) 63,220 63,220 63,220 (1) As at December 31, 2013, the weighted average remaining term of vested TSARs was 2.3 years with an aggregate intrinsic value of $7 million. As at December 31, 2012, all TSARs outstanding were vested. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 115 The following table provides the number of TSARs outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2013 by range of exercise price and their related intrinsic value, and for TSARs outstanding, the weighted-average years to expiration. The table also provides the aggregate intrinsic value for in-the- money TSARs, which represents the amount that would have been received by TSAR holders had they exercised their TSAR on December 31, 2013 at the Company’s closing stock price of $160.65. Range of exercise prices $32.50 – $49.88 $49.89 – $60.13 $60.14 – $71.69 Total(1) TSARs outstanding TSARs exercisable Weighted average years to expiration 0.8 1.9 3.6 2.1 Weighted average exercise price $ 39.06 57.70 67.43 $ 53.89 Aggregate intrinsic value (millions) $ $ 3 2 2 7 Number of TSARs 25,095 14,825 23,300 63,220 Weighted average exercise price $ 39.06 57.70 67.43 Number of TSARs 25,095 14,825 23,300 63,220 $ 53.89 Aggregate intrinsic value (millions) $ $ 3 2 2 7 (1) As at December 31, 2013, the total number of in-the-money TSARs outstanding was 63,220 with a weighted-average exercise price of $53.89. The weighted- average years to expiration of exercisable TSARs is 2.10 years. In 2013, the expense for TSARs was $6 million (2012 – $7 million; 2011 – $4 million). Summary of stock option plans The following table refers to the total fair value of shares vested for all stock option plans (including TSARs) during the years ended December 31: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Regular stock option plan TSARs Total 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 5 – 5 $ $ 33 1 34 $ $ 8 1 9 The following table provides information related to all options exercised in the stock option plans during the years ended December 31: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Total intrinsic value Cash received by the Company upon exercise of options B. Other Share-based Plans Performance share unit (“PSU”) plan 2013 2012 2011 $ 103 83 $ 118 198 $ 17 29 During 2013, the Company issued 206,405 PSUs. These units attract dividend equivalents in the form of additional units based on the dividends paid on the Company’s Common Shares. PSUs vest and are settled in cash, or in CP common shares approximately three years after the grant date, contingent upon CP’s performance (performance factor). The fair value of PSUs is measured, both on the grant date and each subsequent quarter until settlement, using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the performance and market conditions stipulated in the grant. In the second quarter of 2012, changes to the Board resulted in the immediate vesting of a pro-rata portion of all unvested PSUs. The number of units that vested was based on the number of months of the total performance period that had passed and the fair value of the units to be settled was based on the average closing price of the 30 trading days prior to June 26, 2012. The payout of $31 million occurred in the third quarter of 2012. The performance period for the PSUs issued in the fourth quarter of 2012 and in 2013 is January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. The performance factors for these PSUs are Operating ratio, Free cash flow, Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) compared to the S&P/TSX60 index, and TSR compared to Class I railways. The performance period for the first grant of PSUs issued in 2009 ended December 31, 2011. These PSUs were earned based on TSR compared to the S&P/TSX60 index, and Return on Capital Employed (“ROCE”). The TSR for the three-year period exceeded target, while ROCE targets were not met. The TSR component of the plan resulted in a total PSU payout equal to 200% for half of the award, in effect resulting in a target payout. The payout of $24 million occurred in March 2012 and was calculated using the Company’s average share price during the last 30 trading days ending on December 31, 2011. 116 2013 ANNUAL REPORT The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s PSUs as at December 31: Outstanding, January 1 Granted Units, in lieu of dividends Vested Forfeited Outstanding at December 31 2013 2012 200,702 206,405 3,498 – (60,680) 930,311 479,372 2,143 (610,568) (600,556) 349,925 200,702 Under the fair value method, the fair value of PSUs at the grant date was $26 million for PSUs issued in 2013 (2012 – $38 million; 2011 – $16 million). In 2013, the expense for PSUs was $25 million (2012 – expense recovery of $1 million; 2011 – expense of $15 million). At December 31, 2013, there was $58 million of total unrecognized compensation related to PSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years. Deferred share unit plan The Company established the DSU plan as a means to compensate and assist in attaining share ownership targets set for certain key employees and Directors. A DSU entitles the holder to receive, upon redemption, a cash payment equivalent to the market value of a Common Share at the redemption date. DSUs vest over various periods of up to 48 months and are only redeemable for a specified period after employment is terminated. Senior Managers may elect to receive DSUs in lieu of cash payments for certain incentive programs. In addition, when acquiring common shares to meet ownership targets, Senior Managers were granted with a 25% company match of the amount elected. Beginning in 2013, the 25% company match now only applies to DSUs granted. The election to receive eligible payments in DSUs is no longer available to a participant when the value of the participant’s DSUs is sufficient to meet the Company’s stock ownership guidelines. Senior Managers have five years to meet their ownership targets. An expense to income for DSUs is recognized over the vesting period for both the initial subscription price and the change in value between reporting periods. The following table summarizes information related to the DSUs as of December 31: Outstanding, January 1 Granted Units, in lieu of dividends Forfeited Redeemed Outstanding, December 31 2013 2012 357,740 76,035 4,145 (2,372) (103,327) 396,306 167,435 6,821 – (212,822) 332,221 357,740 During 2013, the Company granted 76,035 DSUs with a grant date fair value of $10 million. In 2013, the expense for DSUs was $32 million (2012 – expense of $23 million; 2011 – expense of $5 million). At December 31, 2013, there was $6 million of total unrecognized compensation related to DSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.2 years. Restricted share unit plan The Company did not issue RSUs in 2013 (2012 – 113,408; 2011 – 64,470). The RSUs are notional full value shares that attract dividend equivalents in the form of additional units based on the dividends paid on the Company’s Common Shares. RSUs have no performance factors attached to them and are subject to time vesting over various periods of up to 36 months. RSUs are settled in cash up to three years after the grant date. An expense to income for RSUs is recognized over the vesting period for both the initial subscription price and the change in value between reporting periods. In 2013, the expense for RSUs was $10 million (2012 – $7 million; 2011 – $nil). At December 31, 2013, there was $5 million of total unrecognized compensation related to RSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.0 years. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 117 The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s RSUs as at December 31: Outstanding, January 1 Granted Units, in lieu of dividends Exercised Forfeited Outstanding, December 31 Summary of share based liabilities paid The following table summarizes the total share based liabilities paid for each of the years ended December 31: (in millions of Canadian dollars) Plan DSUs PSUs RSUs Total 2013 2012 173,234 – 1,304 (70,211) (11,994) 64,470 113,408 1,639 – (6,283) 92,333 173,234 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 17 – 9 $ 26 $ 19 55 – 74 $ $ 4 – – 4 C. Employee share purchase plan The Company has an employee share purchase plan whereby both employee and Company contributions are used to purchase shares on the open market for employees. The Company’s contributions are expensed over the one-year vesting period. Under the plan, the Company matches $1 for every $3 contributed by employees up to a maximum employee contribution of 6% of annual salary. The total number of shares purchased in 2013 on behalf of participants, including the Company contribution, was 271,934 (2012 – 445,951; 2011 – 630,480). In 2013, the Company’s contributions totalled $5 million (2012 – $4 million; 2011 – $4 million) and the related expense was $5 million (2012 – $4 million; 2011 – $4 million). 25 Variable interest entities The Company leases equipment from certain trusts, which have been determined to be variable interest entities financed by a combination of debt and equity provided by unrelated third parties. The lease agreements, which are classified as operating leases, have a fixed price purchase option which create the Company’s variable interest and result in the trusts being considered variable interest entities. Responsibility for maintaining and operating the leased assets according to specific contractual obligations outlined in the terms of the lease agreements and industry standards is the Company’s. The rigor of the contractual terms of the lease agreements and industry standards are such that the Company has limited discretion over the maintenance activities associated with these assets. As such, the Company concluded these terms do not provide the Company with the power to direct the activities of the variable interest entities in a way that has a significant impact on the entities’ economic performance. The financial exposure to the Company as a result of its involvement with the variable interest entities is equal to the fixed lease payments due to the trusts. In 2013, lease payments after tax were $9 million. Future minimum lease payments, before tax, of $207 million will be payable over the next 17 years. The Company does not guarantee the residual value of the assets to the lessor, however, it must deliver to the lessor the assets in good operating condition, subject to normal wear and tear, at the end of the lease term. As the Company’s actions and decisions do not significantly affect the variable interest entities’ performance, and the Company’s fixed price purchase option is not considered to be potentially significant to the variable interest entities, the Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary, and does not consolidate these variable interest entities. 26 Commitments and contingencies In the normal course of its operations, the Company becomes involved in various legal actions, including claims relating to injuries and damage to property. The Company maintains provisions it considers to be adequate for such actions. While the final outcome with respect to actions outstanding or pending at December 31, 2013, cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management that their resolution will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. 118 2013 ANNUAL REPORT On July 6, 2013, a train carrying crude oil operated by Montreal Maine and Atlantic Railway (“MM&A”) derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec on a section of railway line owned by MM&A. The day before CP had interchanged the train to MM&A, but after the interchange MM&A exercised exclusive control over the train. Following this incident, the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks of Quebec issued an order directing named parties to recover the contaminants and to clean up and decontaminate the derailment site. CP was later added as a named party in the administrative action on August 14, 2013. A class action lawsuit has also been filed in the Superior Court of Quebec on behalf of a class of persons and entities residing in, owning or leasing property in, operating a business in or physically present in Lac-Megantic. The lawsuit seeks damages caused by the derailment including for wrongful deaths, personal injuries, and property damages. CP was added as a defendant on August 16, 2013. In the wake of the derailment and ensuing litigation, MM&A filed for bankruptcy in Canada and the United States. At this early stage in the legal proceedings, any potential liability and the quantum of potential loss cannot be determined. Nevertheless, CP denies liability for MM&A’s derailment and will vigorously defend itself in both proceedings or any proceeding that may be commenced in the future. At December 31, 2013, the Company had committed to total future capital expenditures amounting to $569 million and operating expenditures relating to supplier purchase obligations, such as locomotive maintenance and overhaul agreements, as well as agreements to purchase other goods and services amounting to approximately $1.5 billion for the years 2014-2046, of which CP estimates approximately $0.8 billion will be incurred within the next 5 years. As at December 31, 2013, the Company’s commitments under operating leases were estimated at $684 million in aggregate, with minimum annual payments in each of the next five years and thereafter as follows: (in millions of Canadian dollars) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments Operating leases $ $ 121 102 85 66 54 256 684 Expenses for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2013 were $154 million (2012 – $182 million; 2011 – $161 million). During the three months ended March 31, 2013, CP provided an interest free loan pursuant to a court order in the amount of $20 million to a corporation owned by a court appointed trustee to facilitate the acquisition of a building. The building will be held in trust until the resolution of legal proceedings with regard to CP’s entitlement to an exercised purchase option of the building. If CP is successful in these proceedings, title to the building will transfer to CP with an additional payment of $20 million; otherwise the loan will be repaid. 27 Guarantees In the normal course of operating the railway, the Company enters into contractual arrangements that involve providing certain guarantees, which extend over the term of the contracts. These guarantees include, but are not limited to: ▫ residual value guarantees on operating lease commitments of $159 million at December 31, 2013; ▫ guarantees to pay other parties in the event of the occurrence of specified events, including damage to equipment, in relation to assets used in the operation of the railway through operating leases, rental agreements, easements, trackage and interline agreements; and ▫ indemnifications of certain tax-related payments incurred by lessors and lenders. The maximum amount that could be payable under these guarantees, excluding residual value guarantees, cannot be reasonably estimated due to the nature of certain of these guarantees. All or a portion of amounts paid under guarantees to other parties in the event of the occurrence of specified events could be recoverable from other parties or through insurance. The Company has accrued for all guarantees that it expects to pay. At December 31, 2013, these accruals amounted to $6 million (2012 – $6 million), recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities”. Indemnifications Pursuant to a trust and custodial services agreement with the trustee of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan, the Company has undertaken to indemnify and save harmless the trustee, to the extent not paid by the fund, from any and all taxes, claims, liabilities, damages, costs and expenses arising out of the performance of the trustee’s obligations under the agreement, except as a result of misconduct by the trustee. The indemnity includes liabilities, costs or expenses relating to any legal reporting or notification obligations of the trustee with respect to the defined 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 119 contribution option of the pension plans or otherwise with respect to the assets of the pension plans that are not part of the fund. The indemnity survives the termination or expiry of the agreement with respect to claims and liabilities arising prior to the termination or expiry. At December 31, 2013, the Company had not recorded a liability associated with this indemnification, as it does not expect to make any payments pertaining to it. 28 Management transition On May 17, 2012, following a proxy contest, Mr. Fred Green left his position as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. That same day, Mr. Stephen Tobias, a new Board member elected at the Company’s annual shareholders meeting held on May 17, 2012, was appointed by the Board as Interim Chief Executive Officer and served in that role until June 28, 2012. On June 28, 2012, Mr. E. Hunter Harrison was appointed by the Board as President and Chief Executive Officer. As a result of the appointment of Mr. Harrison, the Company recorded a charge of $38 million with respect to compensation and other transition costs, including $2 million of associated costs, in the second quarter of 2012. This charge was recorded in the Company’s financial statements in “Compensation and benefits” and “Purchased services and other”, in the amounts of $16 million and $22 million, respectively. Included in this charge were amounts totalling $16 million in respect of deferred retirement compensation for Mr. Harrison and $20 million to Pershing Square Capital Management, L.P. (“Pershing Square”) and related entities. In 2012, Pershing Square and related entities owned or controlled approximately 14% of the Company’s outstanding shares, and two Board members, Mr. William Ackman and Mr. Paul Hilal, are partners of Pershing Square. The amount payable to Pershing Square and related entities was to reimburse them, on behalf of Mr. Harrison, for certain amounts they had previously paid to or incurred on behalf of Mr. Harrison pursuant to an indemnity in favour of Mr. Harrison in connection with losses suffered in legal proceedings commenced against Mr. Harrison by his former employer. The terms of Pershing Square’s indemnity required Mr. Harrison to return any funds advanced under the indemnity in the event he accepted employment at CP. As a result, Mr. Harrison made it a precondition of accepting the Company’s offer of employment that CP assumes the indemnity obligations and return the funds advanced by Pershing Square. As a result of the payment, the Company would have been entitled to enforce Mr. Harrison’s rights in the aforementioned legal proceedings, allowing it to recover to the extent of Mr. Harrison’s success in those proceedings; however on February 3, 2013 the Company and Mr. Harrison settled the legal proceedings with Mr. Harrison’s former employer, providing the Company with partial recovery (US$9 million) of the amounts in the dispute. The Company may receive repayment in other circumstances in the event of certain breaches by Mr. Harrison of his obligations under an employment agreement with the Company. Mr. Harrison was also granted stock options and DSUs upon commencing employment that had a grant date fair value of $12 million (Note 24). In addition, the Company agreed to indemnify Mr. Harrison for certain other amounts, to a maximum of $3 million plus legal fees, but as a result of the settlement of the aforementioned legal proceedings, such indemnity is no longer applicable. Accordingly, no amount was accrued at December 31, 2012. The Company also recorded a charge of $4 million in the second quarter of 2012 with respect to a retirement allowance for Mr. Green. On February 5, 2013, as part of its long-term succession plan, the Company appointed Mr. Keith Creel as President and Chief Operating Officer. In connection with this appointment, Mr. Harrison’s title changed to Chief Executive Officer. 29 Segmented information Operating segment The Company operates in only one operating segment: rail transportation. Operating results by geographic areas, railway corridors or other lower level components or units of operation are not reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker to make decisions about the allocation of resources to, or the assessment of performance of, such geographic areas, corridors, components or units of operation. In 2013, 2012 and 2011, no one customer comprised more than 10% of total revenues and accounts receivable. Geographic information (in millions of Canadian dollars) 2013 Revenues Long-term assets excluding financial instruments, mortgages receivable and deferred tax assets 2012 Revenues Long-term assets excluding financial instruments, mortgages receivable and deferred tax assets 2011 Revenues Long-term assets excluding financial instruments, mortgages receivable and deferred tax assets Canada United States Total $ 4,330 $ 9,842 $ 1,803 $ 6,133 $ 4,237 $ 14,079 $ $ $ $ 4,095 9,138 3,766 8,854 $ $ $ $ 1,600 $ 4,249 $ 5,695 13,387 1,411 $ 4,309 $ 5,177 13,163 120 2013 ANNUAL REPORT C A N A D I A N PA C I F I C E X E C U T I V E L E A D E R S H I P L to R: Michael Redeker, Vice-President, Chief Information Ofﬁcer; Peter Edwards, Vice-President, Human Resources & Labour Relations; Mark Wallace,Vice-President, Corporate Affairs and Chief of Staff; E. Hunter Harrison, Chief Executive Ofﬁcer; Jeff Kampsen, Vice-President and Comptroller; Bart W. Demosky, Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Ofﬁcer; Paul A. Guthrie, Chief Legal Ofﬁcer and Corporate Secretary L to R: Tony Marquis, Vice-President Operations, Eastern Region; Jane O’Hagan, Executive Vice-President and Chief Marketing Ofﬁcer; Scott MacDonald, Senior Vice-President Operations (System); Keith Creel, President and Chief Operating Ofﬁcer; Guido De Ciccio, Senior Vice- President Operations, Western Region; Robert Johnson, Vice-President Operations, Southern Region 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 121 Richard C. Kelly* (1)*(3) Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer Xcel Energy, Inc. Denver, Colorado * Retiring May 1, 2014 (2)(5)* Jim Prentice, P.C., Q.C. Senior Executive Vice-President and Vice-Chairman Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Calgary, Alberta Krystyna T. Hoeg, C.A. (2)*(4) Former President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer Corby Distilleries Limited Corporate Director Toronto, Ontario Isabelle Courville (1)(5)* Corporate Director Montreal, Quebec Gary F. Colter (1)(3) President CRS Inc. Mississauga, Ontario Andrew F. Reardon (4)(5)* Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, TTX Corporate Director Marco Island, Florida Paul C. Hilal (3)(4)* Partner Pershing Square Capital Management, L.P. New York, New York C H A I R M A N ’ S M E S S A G E DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS: It has been a year of extraordinary accomplishment With President and COO Keith Creel, and the addition for our company. Hunter Harrison and his team of Bart Demosky as CFO in December of 2013, the Board have done an outstanding job of delivering on the is highly conﬁdent that we have the right executive promise of a new, high-performing CP, both for team in place to lead this company to 2016 and beyond. customers and for you, our shareholders. On behalf of the Board, I would like to commend that team for the leadership and clarity of vision they have The Board of Directors and I could not be more pleased displayed thus far in our journey. with the company’s progress against the goals we established for 2016. Record 2013 performance in Equally as important, the Board would like to recognize revenue, free cash ﬂow and operating ratio has CP on the skills, passion and dedication of the CP workforce, track to achieve many of those goals well ahead of without whose efforts the rapid progress we have plan, and has us poised to become the new standard seen so far would never have been possible. We know of leadership among North American railroads. fundamental changes of the kind we have put in motion can be stressful—we deeply appreciate the role each and every employee is playing in the creation of a new CP. 122 2 01 3 ANNUAL RE PO RT C A N A D I A N PA C I F I C B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S E. Hunter Harrison (5) Chief Executive Ofﬁcer Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Limited Wellington, Florida Paul G. Haggis Chairman Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Limited Canmore, Alberta Dr. Anthony R. Melman (3)*(5) President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer Acasta Capital Toronto, Ontario Stephen C. Tobias (2)(4)(5)* Former Vice-Chairman and Chief Operating Ofﬁcer Norfolk Southern Corporation Garnett, South Carolina (2)(4) Rebecca MacDonald Founder, Executive Chair Just Energy Group Inc. Toronto, Ontario William A. Ackman (2)(3) Founder, Chief Executive Ofﬁcer Pershing Square Capital Management, L.P. New York, New York Linda J. Morgan (1)(5) Partner Nossaman LLP Bethesda, Maryland Image not shown (1) Audit Committee (2) Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee (3) Finance Committee (4) Management Resources and Compensation Committee (5) Safety, Operations and Environment Committee *Denotes Chair of the Committee My Board colleagues and I would also like to express I am proud and honoured to serve as Chairman our sincere thanks to Richard Kelly, who will retire from during this historic time of positive change. It is deeply the Board on May 1, 2014, for his ﬁve years of service, gratifying to be a part of CP’s great Canadian success including three as Chairman of the Audit Committee. story, and I have no doubt that the accomplishments We will miss his wise counsel and commitment to CP of 2013 represent but a start to what this company success. We welcomed Jim Prentice to the Board of will achieve in the years ahead. Directors in June of 2013. With his unique combination of government and corporate experience, Jim has With appreciation, been a valuable addition to the Board. Paul G. Haggis Chairman of the Board Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Limited 20 13 A NN UAL REPORT 123 S H A R E H O L D E R I N F O R M AT I O N Common Share Market Prices Shareholder Administration Toronto Stock Exchange (Canadian dollars) High Low High Low 2013 2012 First Quarter 132.92 102.14 79.29 67.99 Second Quarter 144.43 118.25 77.89 71.61 Third Quarter 134.90 121.39 85.66 72.66 Fourth Quarter 167.00 126.42 101.81 81.29 Year 167.00 102.14 101.81 67.99 New York Stock Exchange (U.S. dollars) High Low High Low 2013 2012 First Quarter 130.81 103.82 79.91 66.23 Second Quarter 139.99 113.82 79.00 68.69 Third Quarter 129.81 115.54 88.23 71.22 Fourth Quarter 156.96 122.50 102.80 82.75 Year 156.96 103.82 102.80 66.23 Number of registered shareholders at year end: 15,632 Closing market prices at year end: Toronto Stock Exchange: $160.65 (CDN) New York Stock Exchange: $151.32 (US) Common Shares Computershare Investor Services Inc., with transfer facilities in Montreal, Toronto, Calgary and Vancouver, serves as transfer agent and registrar for the Common Shares in Canada. Computershare Trust Company NA, Denver, Colorado, serves as co-transfer agent and co-registrar for the Common Shares in the United States. For information concerning dividends, lost share certiﬁcates, estate transfers or for change in share registration or address, please contact the transfer agent and registrar by telephone at 1-877-4-CP-RAIL (1-877-427-7245) toll free North America or International (514) 982-7555, visit their website at www.investorcentre.com/cp; or write to: Computershare Investor Services Inc. 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor Toronto, Ontario Canada M5J 2Y1 Information Regarding Direct Registration The Direct Registration System, or DRS, allows registered holders to hold securities in “book entry” form without having a physical certiﬁcate issued as evidence of ownership. Instead, securities are held in the name of the registered holder and registered electronically on the issuer’s records maintained by the issuer’s transfer agent. If you are a registered holder of shares and wish to hold your shares using the DRS, please contact the transfer agent at the phone number or address shown above; or for more information about direct registration, log on to Computershare’s website at www.investorcentre.com/cp and click on “Got a question? Ask Penny”. Direct Deposit of Dividends Registered shareholders are offered the option of having their Canadian and U.S. dollar dividends directly deposited into their personal bank accounts in Canada and the United States on the dividend payment dates. Shareholders can enroll for direct deposit either by phone or by completing a direct deposit enrolment form. For more information about direct deposit, please contact Computershare Investor Services Inc. at 1-877-4-CP-RAIL (1-877-427-7245). 124 2 01 3 ANNUAL RE PO RT S H A R E H O L D E R I N F O R M AT I O N 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock Governance Standards Inquiries with respect to Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Company’s Any signiﬁcant differences between the Corporation’s corporate 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock should be directed as follows: governance practices and the corporate governance listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE Listing Standards”) are set For stock denominated in U.S. currency – forth on CP’s website at www.cpr.ca under About CP, “Executive The Bank of New York Mellon at (212) 815-2719 or by e-mail Leadership & Governance”. at lesley.daley@bnymellon.com; and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer For stock denominated in pounds sterling – and Chief Financial Ofﬁcer Certiﬁcations BNY Trust Company of Canada at (416) 933-8504 or by e-mail The certiﬁcations of the Chief Executive Ofﬁcer and the Executive at marcia.redway@bnymellon.com. Vice-President and Chief Financial Ofﬁcer of each of Canadian Market for Securities Paciﬁc Railway Limited and Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Company required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the The Common Shares of Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Limited “302 Certiﬁcations”) and the rules promulgated by the U.S. Securities are listed on the Toronto and New York stock exchanges. and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) thereunder, have been ﬁled The Debenture Stock of Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Company is with the SEC as an exhibit to the 2013 Annual Report of Canadian listed on the London Stock Exchange (UK pounds sterling) Paciﬁc Railway Limited and Canadian Paciﬁc Railway Company on and on the New York Stock Exchange (U.S. currency). Form 40-F. The 302 Certiﬁcations have also been ﬁled in fulﬁllment Trading Symbol Common Shares – CP of the requirements of CSA National Instrument 52-109 Certiﬁcation of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings. 2014 Annual Meeting Duplicate Annual Reports The Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held on Thursday, While every effort is made to avoid duplication, some Canadian May 1, 2014, at the Telus Convention Centre, Calgary, Alberta. Paciﬁc Railway Limited registered shareholders may receive multiple copies of shareholder information mailings such as this Annual Shareholder Services Report. Registered shareholders who wish to consolidate any Shareholders having inquiries or wishing to obtain copies of the duplicate accounts that are registered in the same name are Corporation’s Annual Information Form may contact Shareholder requested to write to Computershare Investor Services Inc. Services at 1-866-861-4289 or (403) 319-7538, or by e-mail at shareholder@cpr.ca, or by writing to: Corporate Governance CP’s Board of Directors and management are committed Shareholder Services to a high standard of corporate governance. They believe Ofﬁce of the Corporate Secretary effective corporate governance calls for the establishment of 7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E. processes and structures that contribute to the sound direction Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2C 4X9 and management of the Corporation’s business, with a view to enhancing shareholder value. Investor Information Financial information is available under the “Invest in CP” section A detailed description of CP’s approach to corporate governance on CP’s website at www.cpr.ca. is contained in its Management Proxy Circular issued in connection with the 2014 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and in its Corporate Communications and Public Affairs Governance Principles and Guidelines which are available on Contact Communications and Public Affairs, Canadian Paciﬁc CP’s website at www.cpr.ca. 7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2C 4X9. Canadian Pacific 7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E. Calgary, AB T2C 4X9 Canada

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