Cincinnati Financial
Annual Report 2021

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2021 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10–K CINCINNATI Cincinnati Financial Corporation stands among the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on net written premiums. A select group of independent agencies actively markets our business, home and auto insurance in 46 states. Within this select group, we also seek to become the life insurance carrier of choice and to help agents and their clients – our policyholders – by offering leasing and financing services. Three competitive advantages distinguish your company, positioning us to build shareholder value and long-term success: 1. Commitment to our network of professional independent insurance agencies and to their continued success 2. Operating structure that supports local decision making, showcasing the strength of our field claims service, field underwriting and field support services 3. Financial strength to fulfill our promises and be a consistent market for our agents’ business, supporting stability and confidence Learn more about where we are today and where we are headed by reviewing our publications on cinfin.com/investors. CINCINNATI Independent agents who work with The Cincinnati Insurance Company appreciate the ease with which they can reach us. Finding value in direct access to associates from all areas of the company, we often hear, “I love that you answer the phone.” However, we know it’s more than just easily reaching a real person – it’s reaching a person who can offer solutions and options. We’ve invested in talented associates who increase the capabilities we have and the resources we provide to agents and their clients when they have unique or challenging insurance situations. We answer the call for local independent insurance agents: • offering a breadth of products that create flexibility in responding to the needs of business owners, from entrepreneurs just starting out to those operating multi-million dollar businesses, as well as both middle market and high net worth personal lines clients. • connecting professional risk management associates to business leaders, large fleet operators, homeowners and collectors, helping them prevent loss or damage to their most important assets. • responding with fast, fair and empathetic claims service, supporting our agents’ reputations in their communities and making communities, businesses and families financially whole again. United States Securities and Exchange Commission Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. ☑ ☐ For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________. Commission file number 000-04604 Cincinnati Financial Corporation (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Ohio (State of incorporation) 31-0746871 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 6200 S. Gilmore Road Fairfield, Ohio 45014-5141 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) (513) 870-2000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common stock, $2.00 par CINF Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 if Regulation S-T(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 1 Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑ The aggregate market value of voting stock held by nonaffiliates of the Registrant based on the closing price of $116.62 per share as reported on Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2021, was $18,398,492,958. As of February 15, 2022, there were 160,433,769 shares of common stock outstanding. Document Incorporated by Reference Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 7, 2022, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 2 2021 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Part II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Business Cincinnati Financial Corporation – Introduction Our Business and Our Strategy Our Segments Other Regulation Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities [Reserved] Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Introduction Executive Summary Critical Accounting Estimates Recent Accounting Pronouncements Financial Results Liquidity and Capital Resources Safe Harbor Statement Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Responsibility for Financial Statements Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 5 5 5 6 14 27 28 32 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 52 58 59 93 109 112 118 118 119 120 122 123 124 125 126 127 174 174 174 174 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 3 Part III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Part IV Item 15. Item 16 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary 175 175 177 177 178 178 179 179 179 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 4 Part I ITEM 1. Business Cincinnati Financial Corporation – Introduction We are an Ohio corporation formed in 1968. Our lead subsidiary, The Cincinnati Insurance Company, was founded in 1950. Our main business is property casualty insurance marketed through independent insurance agencies in 46 states. Our headquarters is in Fairfield, Ohio. Cincinnati Financial Corporation owns 100% of four subsidiaries: The Cincinnati Insurance Company (Cincinnati Insurance), Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global), CSU Producer Resources Inc. and CFC Investment Company. In addition, the parent company has an investment portfolio, owns the headquarters property and is responsible for corporate borrowings and shareholder dividends. The Cincinnati Insurance Company owns 100% of four additional insurance subsidiaries. Our standard market property casualty insurance group includes two of those subsidiaries – The Cincinnati Casualty Company and The Cincinnati Indemnity Company. This group writes a broad range of business, homeowner and auto policies. The Cincinnati Insurance Company also conducts the business of our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re®. Other subsidiaries of The Cincinnati Insurance Company include: The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company (Cincinnati Life), which provides life insurance policies and fixed annuities; and The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company (Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters), which offers excess and surplus lines insurance products. In this report and elsewhere we often refer to any or all of these five companies as The Cincinnati Insurance Companies. Cincinnati Global owns 100% of Cincinnati Global Underwriting Agency Ltd.SM, a London-based, global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318, and Cincinnati Global Dedicated No. 2 Ltd.SM, a Lloyd’s corporate member and vehicle through which capital is provided by Cincinnati Financial Corporation and third-party names at Lloyd’s. The two noninsurance subsidiaries of Cincinnati Financial Corporation are CSU Producer Resources, which offers insurance brokerage services to our independent agencies so their clients can access our excess and surplus lines insurance products; and CFC Investment Company, which offers commercial leasing and financing services to our agencies, their clients and other customers. Our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) are available on our website, cinfin.com/investors, as soon as possible after they have been filed with the SEC. Reports filed with the SEC may also be viewed at sec.gov. These filings include annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and exhibits and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In this report we reference various websites. These websites, including our own, are not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Periodically, we refer to estimated industry data so that we can give information about our performance versus the overall U.S. insurance industry. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best, a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and insurer financial strength and credit rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory accounting basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory accounting basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 5 Our Business and Our Strategy Introduction The Cincinnati Insurance Company was founded more than 70 years ago by four independent insurance agents. They established the mission that continues to guide all of the companies in the Cincinnati Financial Corporation family – to grow profitably and enhance the ability of local independent insurance agents to deliver quality financial protection to the people and businesses they serve by: providing insurance market stability through financial strength producing competitive, up-to-date products and services developing associates committed to superior service At year-end 2021, a select group of independent agencies in 46 states actively marketed our property casualty insurance within their communities. Standard market commercial lines and excess and surplus lines policies were marketed in 41 of those states. Personal lines policies were marketed in 45 of those states. Within our select group of agencies, we also seek to become the life insurance carrier of choice and to help agents and their clients – our policyholders – by offering leasing and financing services. Three competitive advantages distinguish our company, positioning us to build shareholder value and to be successful overall: Commitment to our professional independent insurance agencies and to their continued success Financial strength to fulfill our promises and be a consistent market for our agents’ business, supporting stability and confidence • • • • • • Operating structure that supports local decision making, showcasing our claims excellence and allowing us to balance growth with underwriting discipline Management and our board of directors has developed an agency-focused strategy that we believe positions our company for long-term success and value creation, while managing difficult economic, market or pricing cycles. We broadly group our key strategic initiatives into two areas of focus – managing insurance profitability and driving premium growth, as summarized below. Our strategic priorities include meeting the wants and needs of our agent customers, attracting and developing talented associates, achieving best-in-class field service and continually enhancing operational efficiency and effectiveness. To help guide our strategic efforts, we have placed an emphasis on innovation to accelerate operational improvement and to also favorably position us for the future. We find innovative ideas in many places, including: internally through management and other associates, with our traditional business partners and in the start-up business community. • Manage insurance profitability – Implementation of these initiatives is intended to enhance underwriting expertise and knowledge, thereby increasing our ability to manage our business while also gaining efficiency. Better profit margins may be achieved with additional information and expanded pricing capabilities we can access with the use of technology and analytics. This includes segmentation efforts that emphasize identification and retention of insurance policies we believe have relatively stronger pricing, while seeking more aggressive renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing. In addition to enhancing company efficiency and more quickly deploying product or service enhancements, improving internal processes also supports the ability of the independent agencies that represent us to grow profitably by allowing them to serve clients faster and to more efficiently manage agency expenses as we make it easier for them to do business with us. • Drive premium growth – Implementation of these initiatives is intended to further penetrate each market we serve through our appointed independent agencies. Strategies aimed at specific market opportunities, along with service enhancements, can help our agents grow and increase our share of their business. This includes increasing opportunities for agencies to cross-serve their clients by providing updated products and services that aim to meet their life insurance needs. We continue to increase our capabilities to successfully underwrite both larger commercial policies, which we refer to as key accounts, or small business accounts that require greater efficiency. Premium growth initiatives also include expansion of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Diversified growth also may reduce variability of losses from weather-related catastrophes. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 6 Independent Insurance Agency Marketplace The U.S. property casualty insurance industry is a highly competitive marketplace with more than 2,000 stock and mutual companies (carriers) operating independently or in groups. For the most part, we compete with standard market insurance companies that market through independent insurance agents. Agencies marketing our commercial lines or personal lines products typically represent several standard market insurance carriers. We also compete with carriers that market through captive agents representing a single carrier or that market directly to consumers, sometimes offering a less broad range of insurance products. Some of our agencies describe their roles as brokers instead of agents. Distribution through independent insurance agents or brokers represents nearly 60% of overall U.S. property casualty insurance premiums and approximately 80% of commercial property casualty insurance premiums, according to studies by the Independent Insurance Agents and Brokers of America. We are fully committed to the independent agency channel for marketing our insurance policies. For marketing standard lines insurance products, we choose independent agencies that share our philosophies. They generally do business person to person; offer broad, value-added services; and manage their agencies professionally, targeting long-term success. We develop our relationships with agencies, providing important knowledge of local market trends, opportunities and challenges. Our associates work to support agencies with tools and resources that help communicate the value of choosing an independent insurance agent and our insurance policies to their clients and prospective clients. We help our agencies meet the broader needs of their clients and increase and diversify their revenues and profitability by offering insurance solutions beyond our standard market property casualty insurance products. We market life insurance products through the agencies that offer our property casualty products and through other independent life agencies that represent Cincinnati Life without also representing our other subsidiaries. We operate our own excess and surplus lines insurance brokerage firm and insurance carrier so that we can offer our excess and surplus lines products exclusively to the independent agencies who market our other property casualty insurance products. Insurers operating in the excess and surplus lines marketplace generally market business through nonaffiliated excess and surplus lines brokers. The specialized nature of our other insurance operations helps avoid conflicts with the independent agency distribution channel. Cincinnati Re typically markets through broker organizations or similar intermediaries that specialize in reinsurance. Cincinnati Global markets its business through brokers and coverholders. Coverholders are entities that can be authorized by a Lloyd's syndicate to underwrite policies, manage risks, collect premiums or arrange claims settlements up to agreed upon limits. The table below includes data about property casualty agency relationships that market our standard market insurance products. It does not include Lloyd's brokers or coverholders that source business for Cincinnati Global. Agency Data Property casualty agency relationships, January 1 New appointments that market all or most of The Cincinnati Insurance Companies' products New appointments that market only personal lines insurance products for Cincinnati Insurance Changes due to consolidation and other Property casualty agency relationships, December 31 Property casualty reporting locations New relationship appointments Active states Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 1,848 155 59 (141) 1,921 1,796 133 58 (139) 1,848 2,721 2,578 159 46 119 45 The annual total of agency new appointments may be partially offset by other changes in agency structures, such as consolidation through mergers or acquisitions. An increasing number of agencies have multiple, separately identifiable locations, reflecting their growth as well as consolidation of ownership within the independent Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 7 agency marketplace. The number of reporting agency locations indicates our agents’ regional scope and the extent of our presence within our active states. The difference between new appointments in total and the number of new relationships represents either: new branch offices opened by existing Cincinnati agencies; or agencies that merged with another Cincinnati agency and we still believed would produce a meaningful amount of new business premiums. On average, we have a 5.5% share of the standard lines property casualty insurance purchased through our reporting agency locations, according to 2020 data from agency surveys. Our share is 11.6% in reporting agency locations that have represented us for more than 10 years; 4.3% in agencies that have represented us for six to 10 years; 1.9% in agencies that have represented us for two to five years; and 0.3% in agencies that have represented us for one year or less. Our largest single agency relationship accounted for approximately 0.6% of our total property casualty earned premiums in 2021. No aggregate locations under a single ownership structure accounted for more than 5% of our earned premiums in 2021. Financial Strength We believe that our financial strength and strong capital and surplus position, reflected in our insurer financial strength ratings, are clear, competitive advantages in the segments of the insurance marketplace that we serve. This strength supports the consistent, predictable performance that our policyholders, agents, associates and shareholders have always expected and received, helping us withstand significant challenges. Effective capital management is an important part of creating long-term shareholder value, serving as a foundation to support other strategic areas focused on profitable growth of our insurance business. Our capital management philosophy is intended to preserve and build our capital while maintaining appropriate liquidity. While the potential exists for short-term financial performance variability due to our exposures to possible natural or man-made catastrophes or to significant capital market losses, the rating agencies consistently assert that we have built appropriate financial strength and flexibility to manage that variability. We remain committed to strategies that emphasize being a consistent, stable market for our agents’ business rather than seeking short-term benefits that might accrue by quick, opportunistic reaction to changes in market conditions. We use various principles and practices such as diversification and enterprise risk management to maintain strong capital. For example, we maintain a diversified investment portfolio by reviewing and applying specific parameters and tolerances. • Our $13.022 billion fixed-maturity portfolio is diversified and exceeds total insurance reserves. The portfolio had an average rating of A3/A, and its fair value exceeded total insurance reserve liabilities by approximately 26% at December 31, 2021. No corporate bond exposure accounted for more than 0.9% of our fixed-maturity portfolio, and no municipal exposure accounted for more than 0.2%. • The strength of our fixed-maturity portfolio provides an opportunity to invest for potential capital appreciation by purchasing equity securities. Our $11.315 billion equity portfolio minimizes concentrations in single stocks or industries. At December 31, 2021, no single security accounted for more than 8.0% of our portfolio of publicly traded common stocks, and no single sector accounted for more than 32%. Strong liquidity increases our flexibility through all periods to maintain our cash dividend and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations. At December 31, 2021, we held $5.099 billion of our cash and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $4.774 billion, or 93.6%, was invested in common stocks, and $211 million, or 4.1%, was cash and cash equivalents. We minimize reliance on debt as a source of capital, with a debt-to-total-capital ratio of 6.0% at year-end 2021. Long-term debt at year-end 2021 totaled $789 million, up $1 million from year-end 2020, and our short-term debt was $54 million, matching the end of the prior year. The long-term debt consists of three nonconvertible, noncallable debentures, two due in 2028 and one in 2034. Ratings for our long-term debt are discussed in Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt of Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 8 At year-end 2021 and 2020, risk-based capital (RBC) for our standard market property casualty insurance, excess and surplus lines insurance and life insurance subsidiaries was strong, far exceeding regulatory requirements. • We ended 2021 with a 0.9-to-1 ratio of property casualty premiums to surplus, a key measure of property casualty insurance company capacity and security. A lower ratio indicates more security for policyholders and greater capacity for growth by an insurer. We believe our ratio provides ample flexibility to diversify risk by expanding our operations into new geographies and product areas. The estimated industry average ratio was 0.7-to-1 at year-end 2021, based on industry data reported through the first nine months of 2021. On a statutory consolidated property casualty insurance basis, our ratio of investments in common stock, at fair value, to statutory capital and surplus was 83.6% at year-end 2021 compared with 82.6% at year-end 2020. • We ended 2021 with a 7.4% ratio of life statutory adjusted risk-based surplus to liabilities, a key measure of life insurance company capital strength. A higher ratio indicates an insurer’s stronger security for policyholders and capacity to support business growth. Our life insurance subsidiary’s RBC at year-end 2021 was 5.0 times the authorized control level RBC. (Dollars in millions) Statutory Information Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiary Statutory capital and surplus Risk-based capital Authorized control level risk-based capital Risk-based capital to authorized control level risk-based capital ratio Written premium to surplus ratio At December 31, 2021 2020 $ 7,247 $ 7,279 1,093 6.7 0.9 5,838 5,860 924 6.3 1.0 Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s senior debt is rated by four independent rating firms. In addition, the rating firms award our property casualty and life operations insurance financial strength ratings based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings assess an insurer’s ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to shareholders. Ratings may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the ratings agency, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. At February 23, 2022, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated. Rating agency Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiary Life insurance subsidiary Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary Outlook Insurer Financial Strength Ratings A.M. Best Company ambest.com A+ Superior Rating Tier 2 of 16 A+ Superior Rating Tier 2 of 16 A+ Superior Rating Tier 2 of 16 Fitch Ratings fitchratings.com Moody's Investors Service moodys.com S&P Global Ratings spratings.com A+ Strong 5 of 21 A+ Strong 5 of 21 A1 Good 5 of 21 - - - A+ Strong 5 of 21 A+ Strong 5 of 21 - - - - - - - - - Stable Stable Stable Stable On February 2, 2022, A.M. Best affirmed its ratings, continuing its stable outlook. On November 17, 2021, Fitch affirmed its ratings, continuing its stable outlook. On July 30, 2021, Moody's affirmed its ratings, continuing its stable outlook. On July 26, 2021, S&P affirmed its ratings, continuing its stable outlook. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 9 Operating Structure We offer our broad array of insurance products through the independent agency distribution channel. We recognize that locally based independent agencies have relationships in their communities and local marketplace intelligence that can lead to profitable business and policyholder satisfaction and loyalty. Several of our strategic initiatives are intended not only to help us compete but also to enhance support of agencies that represent us, thereby contributing to agency success. We seek to be a consistent and predictable property casualty carrier that agencies can rely on to serve their clients. In our 10 highest volume states for consolidated property casualty premiums, 1,359 reporting agency locations wrote 52.1% of our 2021 consolidated property casualty earned premium volume compared with 1,316 locations and 53.3% in 2020. We continue efforts to geographically diversify our property casualty risks. Our 10 largest states based on property casualty premium volume, excluding Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, are shown in the table below. (Dollars in millions) Year ended December 31, 2021 Ohio Illinois North Carolina Georgia Pennsylvania Indiana New York Tennessee Michigan Virginia Earned premiums % of total earned Agency locations Average premium per location $ 889 339 291 289 282 266 264 204 200 195 14.4 % 5.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 253 $ 173 110 110 152 113 160 69 143 76 3.5 2.0 2.6 2.6 1.9 2.4 1.7 3.0 1.4 2.6 Field Focus Emphasizing Service We rely on our force of 1,814 field associates to provide service and be accountable to our agencies for decisions we make at the local level. These associates live in the communities our agents serve, so they are readily available when agencies or policyholders need them. While their work is often conducted at the premises of the agency or policyholder, they also work from offices in their homes. Headquarters associates support agencies and field associates with underwriting, accounting, technology assistance, training and other services. Company executives and headquarters associates typically travel to visit agencies, strengthening the personal relationships we have with these organizations. Agents have opportunities for direct, personal conversations with our senior management team, and headquarters associates have opportunities to refresh their knowledge of marketplace conditions and field activities. The field team is coordinated by field marketing representatives responsible for underwriting new commercial lines business. They are joined by field representatives specializing in claims, loss control, commercial lines key accounts, personal lines, excess and surplus lines, machinery and equipment, management liability and surety, premium audit and life insurance. The field team provides a variety of services, such as recommending specific actions to improve the safety of the policyholder’s operations. We seek to develop long-term relationships by understanding the unique needs of each agency's clients, who are also our policyholders. Technology enhances our service to agencies, allowing them to more easily access our systems and process business transactions. Policyholders can conveniently access pertinent policy information online, helping to reduce costs for agencies and the company. Technology and ongoing training also help our associates collaborate and process business efficiently, providing more time for personal service to agencies and their clients. We also provide and continue to develop enhanced, tailored services offered at the time a claim is reported for an insured loss event. Those services include assisting with car rental or towing, arranging temporary housing and coordinating emergency repairs to homes so additional damage is minimized. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 10 Our claims philosophy reflects our belief that we prosper as a company by responding to claims person to person, paying covered claims promptly, preventing false claims from unfairly adding to overall premiums and building financial strength to meet future obligations. Our 894 locally based field claims associates work from their homes and are assigned to specific agencies. They respond personally to policyholders and claimants and are equipped to handle a claim from nearly anywhere. We believe we have a competitive advantage because of the person-to-person approach and the resulting high level of service that our field claims representatives and Express Claims Center associates deliver. For field claims associates handling excess and surplus lines claims, guidance is provided by headquarters-based excess and surplus lines claims managers. Claims may be reported directly to us by calling our claims call center, online via our company website or through the MyCincinnati app using a mobile device. Catastrophe response teams are comprised of our experienced field claims associates who have the authority they need to do their jobs. In times of widespread loss, our field claims representatives confidently and quickly resolve claims, with the ability to provide claims payments on the same day they inspect the loss. Technology helps to enable fast initial contact with policyholders and easy sharing of information and data among storm teams, headquarters associates and local field claims representatives. When hurricanes or other weather events are predicted, we can identify through mapping technologies the expected number of our policyholders that may be impacted by the event and choose to have catastrophe response team members travel to strategic locations near the expected impact area. They are then in position to quickly get to the affected area and begin providing service to policyholders. Our 31 associates working in the Special Investigations Unit (SIU) include former law enforcement and claims professionals whose qualifications make them well suited to gathering facts to uncover potential fraud. While we believe our job is to pay what is due under each policy contract, we also want to prevent false claims from unfairly increasing overall premiums. Our SIU also operates a computer forensics lab that supports field investigation efforts in various ways including assistance with video evidence and data recovery. We seek to attract and retain high-quality independent insurance agencies with knowledgeable, professional staffs. In turn, we make an exceptionally strong commitment to assist them in keeping their knowledge up to date and educating new people they bring on board as they grow. This includes offering classes, usually at no cost to agencies, except travel-related expenses they may incur, and other training support. We also offer noninsurance financial services. We believe that providing these services enhances agency relationships with the company and their clients, increasing loyalty while diversifying the agency’s revenues. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 11 Human Capital At the end of 2021, we employed 5,166 associates, including 3,284 headquarters associates who provide support to 1,814 field associates and 68 associates for Cincinnati Global. The associate voluntary turnover rate had been approximately 5% for several years prior to 2021, when it increased to approximately 10%. We believe our compensation, training, technology, inclusive culture and other support help to develop, attract and retain our associates, which is critical to our strategy that emphasizes superior service to agencies and their clients, as described in this report. Our goal is to hire job candidates with promise, matching their strengths to positions within the company and providing resources to help them meet professional and personal goals. We are committed to providing equal opportunity for all associates, encouraging a work environment free from unlawful discrimination and harassment. We use multiple channels to ensure we recruit a diverse workforce rich with ideas and knowledge. For example, we build relationships with future talent by partnering with career services departments, faculty and staff, and Diversity and Inclusion Offices at local and regional colleges and universities along with historically Black colleges and universities. We offer a base pay level for all roles that is competitive, market-based and re-evaluated on a recurring basis. The base pay is complemented by a matching 401(k) program, annual cash bonus and stock ownership opportunities along with healthcare benefits to provide a comprehensive compensation and benefits package. In addition, we have many special programs that appeal to associates while aligning with our corporate values. Despite an uptick during 2021 in our voluntary turnover rate, we believe it indicates overall associate satisfaction with their working environment, compensation and benefits. We strive to offer equal pay for equal work and use independent consultants to conduct gender and ethnic minority pay equity studies examining total direct compensation, which consists of base salary, cash bonus and equity awards. Using a multivariate regression analysis, the independent studies in 2021 showed that we administer pay fairly and equitably because the factors used to make compensation decisions, such as role, salary grade, tenure and performance do in fact drive compensation awarded to each associate. More information about the studies is available in our Environmental, Social and Governance Report available on the Sustainability page of our website, cinfin.com/sustainability, which is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We offer all regular, full- and part-time associates the opportunity to participate in the CFC Savings Plan, our 401(k) plan. We also offer all full-time associates the opportunity to purchase health, prescription, vision and dental insurance. Associates enrolled in our health plan can receive a free biometric screening – either onsite at our headquarters or with their personal physician. The screening helps associates learn about their health and identify risk factors while earning a company contribution into their Health Savings Account. While providing stock compensation at all levels of an organization may not be a common business practice, we firmly believe that stock ownership helps drive good decision making and encourages a long-term view by associates. We historically grant annual stock-based compensation to full-time, salaried associates in the form of stock options and restricted stock units that vest over time. In addition, each year all regular, full-time associates – salaried and hourly – are awarded one share of stock for each full calendar year of service, up to 10 shares, through our Holiday Stock Plan. Additional human capital information is available in our Environmental, Social and Governance Report available on the Sustainability page of our website, cinfin.com/sustainability. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 12 Insurance Products We provide well-designed property casualty and life insurance products to bring policyholders convenience, discounts and a reduced risk of coverage gaps or disputes. For most agencies that represent us, we believe we offer insurance solutions for approximately 75% of the typical insurable risks of their clients. Products for various business lines within our reporting segments include insurance coverages for business property and liability, automobiles and homes. The table below shows net written premiums by segment and business line at year-end 2021, 2020 and 2019. We discuss our insurance segments in their respective sections later in this report. (Dollars in millions) Segment: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance Other Total Business line: Commercial lines insurance: Commercial casualty Commercial property Commercial auto Workers' compensation Other commercial Total commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance: Personal auto Homeowner Other personal Total personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance: Term life insurance Universal life insurance Other life insurance and annuity products Subtotal Other Total 2021 2020 2019 Percent of total 2021 $ 3,811 $ 3,534 $ 1,594 426 346 648 1,503 348 328 479 3,410 1,435 303 318 368 55.8 % 23.4 6.2 5.1 9.5 $ 6,825 $ 6,192 $ 5,834 100.0 % $ 1,315 $ 1,205 $ 1,131 19.2 % 1,090 816 269 321 3,811 608 769 217 1,594 426 218 34 94 346 648 1,019 763 266 281 3,534 611 693 199 1,503 348 202 34 92 328 479 $ 6,825 $ 6,192 $ 985 735 294 265 3,410 620 631 184 1,435 303 196 37 85 318 368 5,834 16.0 12.0 3.9 4.7 55.8 8.9 11.3 3.2 23.4 6.2 3.2 0.5 1.4 5.1 9.5 100.0 % Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 13 Our Segments Consolidated financial results primarily reflect the results of our five reporting segments. These segments are defined based on financial information we use to evaluate performance and to determine the allocation of assets. • • • • • Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance Investments Revenues, income before income taxes and identifiable assets for each segment are shown in Item 8, Note 18 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Some of that information is discussed in this section, where we explain the business operations of each segment. The financial performance of each segment is discussed in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 14 Commercial Lines Insurance Segment In 2021, the commercial lines insurance segment contributed net earned premiums of $3.674 billion, representing 38.2% of consolidated total revenues. This segment reported profit before income taxes of $598 million. Commercial lines net earned premiums rose 6% in 2021 and 5% in 2020. We believe that our commercial lines business is best measured and evaluated on a segment basis. However, we also provide selected line of business data to summarize growth and profitability trends separately for our business lines. The five commercial business lines are: • • • Commercial casualty – Provides coverage to businesses against third-party liability from accidents occurring on their premises or arising out of their operations, including injuries sustained from products or liability related to professional services. Specialized casualty policies may include similar coverage such as umbrella liability or employment practices. The commercial casualty business line includes liability coverage written as part of commercial package policies. Commercial property – Provides coverage for loss or damage to buildings, inventory and equipment caused by covered causes of loss such as fire, wind, hail, water, theft and vandalism, as well as business interruption resulting from a covered loss. Commercial property also includes other coverages such as inland marine, which covers losses related to builder’s risk, cargo or equipment. Various property coverages can be written as stand-alone policies or can be added to a commercial package policy. Commercial auto – Protects businesses against liability to others for both bodily injury and property damage, medical payments to insureds and occupants of their vehicles, physical damage to an insured’s own vehicle from collision and various other perils, and damages caused by uninsured motorists. • Workers’ compensation – Covers employers for government-specified benefits from work-related injuries to employees. • Other commercial lines – This includes several other types of insurance products for businesses, including: ◦ Management liability and surety – Includes director and officer (D&O) liability insurance, which covers liability for actual or alleged errors in judgment, breaches of duty or other wrongful acts related to activities of organizations and can optionally include other liability coverages. We market primarily to nonprofit organizations, privately held businesses, healthcare organizations, financial institutions and educational institutions. The for-profit portion includes approximately 170 bank or savings and loan financial institutions, with none having assets of $1 billion or more. The surety portion includes contract and commercial surety bonds for losses resulting from dishonesty, failure to perform and other acts and also includes fidelity bonds for fraudulent acts by specified individuals or dishonest acts by employees. Management liability coverage can also include cyber insurance as an affirmative coverage option on various insurance policies. We cede all of the related premiums to a reinsurer, therefore transferring substantially all of that risk. Ceded premiums for 2021 included $37 million for cyber insurance. ◦ Machinery and equipment – Specialized coverage provides protection for loss or damage to boilers and machinery, including production and computer equipment and business interruption, due to sudden and accidental mechanical breakdown, steam explosion or artificially generated electrical current. Our history of emphasizing products and services that agencies can market to small or midsized businesses in their communities remains a critical piece of our strategy even as we expand our appetite to insure larger businesses. While some of our property casualty agencies market only our personal lines or management liability and surety products, approximately 84% offer some or all of our standard market commercial insurance products. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 15 In 2021, our 10 highest volume commercial lines states generated 56.7% of our earned premiums compared with 57.1% in 2020. The aggregate number of reporting agency locations in our 10 highest volume states increased to 1,174 in 2021 from 1,150 in 2020. Our 10 largest states based on commercial lines premium volume are shown in the table below. (Dollars in millions) Year ended December 31, 2021 Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania North Carolina Indiana Virginia Georgia Tennessee Missouri Michigan Earned premiums % of total earned Agency locations Average premium per location $ 539 225 219 195 183 152 151 146 137 136 14.7 % 6.1 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 242 $ 152 140 108 109 70 96 69 55 133 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.2 1.6 2.1 2.5 1.0 For new commercial lines business, policy-by-policy underwriting and pricing is coordinated by our locally based field marketing representatives who are also responsible for selecting new independent agencies. Our agents and our team of field associates get to know the people and businesses in their communities and can make informed decisions about each risk. Commercial lines policy renewals are managed by headquarters underwriters who are assigned to specific agencies and consult with local field associates as needed. As part of our team approach, headquarters underwriters also help oversee agency growth and profitability. They are responsible for formal issuance of all new business and renewal policies as well as policy endorsements. Further, the headquarters underwriters provide day-to-day customer service to agencies and our field marketing representatives by offering technical and industry expertise and product training, helping to determine underwriting eligibility and assisting with the mechanics of premium determination. We also continue a target markets emphasis to analyze opportunities and to develop new products and services, new coverage options and improvements to existing insurance products. Understanding evolving market conditions is a critical function for our success, accomplished through both informal commentary and formal reviews. Informally, our field marketing representatives, underwriters and product development associates routinely receive market intelligence from a variety of channels, including from the agencies with which they work. This market information helps identify the top competitors and our market strengths and weaknesses. The information obtained encompasses pricing, breadth of coverage and use of underwriting guidelines. Our historical emphasis on small to midsized businesses is reflected in the mix of our commercial lines premium volume by policy size. Approximately 75% of our commercial in-force policies have annual premiums of $10,000 or less, accounting in total for approximately 20% of our 2021 commercial lines premium volume. The remainder of policies have annual premiums greater than $10,000, including policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000 that account for approximately 30% of our 2021 commercial lines premium volume. Our average commercial lines policy size is approximately $13,000 in annual premiums. Our commercial lines packages typically are offered on a three-year policy term for most insurance coverages – a key competitive advantage. In our experience, multi-year packages appeal to the quality-conscious insurance buyers who we believe are typical clients of our independent agents. Customized insurance programs on a three- year term complement the long-term relationships these policyholders typically have with their agents and with our company. By reducing annual administrative efforts, multi-year policies lower expenses for our company and for our agents. The commitment we make to policyholders encourages long-term relationships and reduces their need to annually re-evaluate their insurance carrier or agency. We believe that the advantages of three-year policies in Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 16 terms of improved policyholder convenience, increased account retention and reduced administrative costs outweigh the potential disadvantage of these policies, even in periods of rising rates. Although we offer three-year policy terms, premiums for some coverages within those policies are adjustable at the anniversary for the next annual period, and policies may be canceled at any time at the discretion of the policyholder. Contract terms often provide that rates for property, general liability, inland marine and crime coverages, as well as policy terms and conditions, are fixed for the term of the policy. However, the exposure we insure is reviewed annually, near the policy anniversary date, and the amount of premiums may be adjusted based on changes to that exposure. The general liability exposure basis may be audited annually. Commercial auto, workers’ compensation, professional liability and most umbrella liability coverages within multi-year packages are rated at each of the policy’s annual anniversaries for the next one-year period. The annual pricing could incorporate rate changes approved by state insurance regulatory authorities between the date the policy was written and its annual anniversary date, as well as changes in risk exposures and premium credits or debits relating to loss experience and other underwriting judgment factors. We estimate that approximately 75% of 2021 commercial premiums were subject to annual rating or were written on a one-year policy term. That 75% includes approximately one-third of policies offered on a three-year policy term that expire during any given year. We believe our commercial lines insurance segment premiums reflect a higher concentration, relative to industry commercial lines premiums, in contractor-related businesses. Since economic activity related to construction, which can heavily influence insured exposures of contractors, may experience cycles that vary significantly with the economy as a whole, our commercial lines premium trends could vary from commercial lines premium trends for the property casualty insurance industry. In 2021, we estimated that 39% of our general liability premiums, and 37% of our workers’ compensation premiums, came from the construction industry based on North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 17 Personal Lines Insurance Segment The personal lines insurance segment contributed net earned premiums of $1.542 billion to 2021 consolidated total revenues, or 16.0% of the total, and reported profit before income taxes of $97 million. Personal lines net earned premiums rose 5% in 2021 and 4% in 2020. We prefer to write personal lines coverage in accounts that include both auto and homeowner coverages as well as coverages that are part of our other personal business line. At the end of 2021, for example, approximately 83% of our homeowner policies were accompanied by a personal auto policy in the same account. As a result of our account-based approach, we believe that our personal lines business is best measured and evaluated on a segment basis. However, we provide line of business data to summarize growth and profitability trends separately for three business lines: • • Personal auto – Protects against liability to others for both bodily injury and property damage, medical payments to insureds and occupants of their vehicle, physical damage to an insured’s own vehicle from collision and various other perils, and damages caused by uninsured motorists. In addition, many states require policies to provide first- party personal injury protection, frequently referred to as no-fault coverage. Homeowner – Protects against losses to dwellings and contents from a wide variety of perils, as well as liability arising out of personal activities both on and off the covered premises. We also offer coverage for condominium unit owners and renters. • Other personal lines – This includes the other types of insurance products we offer to individuals, including dwelling fire, inland marine, personal umbrella liability and watercraft coverages. At year-end 2021, we marketed personal lines insurance products through 1,974, or approximately 73%, of our 2,721 agency reporting locations. The 1,974 personal lines agency locations were in 45 of the 46 states in which we offered property casualty insurance. Those agencies produced approximately 1.0 million personal lines policies in force for us, representing approximately 385,000 policyholders. Expansion of our personal lines insurance segment includes marketing through independent agencies to profitably grow our premiums for products and services offered to their high net worth personal lines clients. In 2021, our appointed agencies produced for us approximately $663 million of net written premiums in total from policyholders with insured home values of $1 million or more, up 28% from 2020. We estimate those policyholders represent approximately 20% of our total personal lines policyholders. In 2021, our 10 highest volume personal lines states generated 64.8% of our earned premiums compared with 65.2% in 2020. In 2015, our 10 highest volume personal lines states generated 78.5% of our earned premiums. The reduction in that percentage indicates progress over time toward our long-term objective of geographic diversification through new states for our personal lines operation. The aggregate number of reporting agency locations in our 10 highest volume states increased to 1,002 in 2021 from 957 in 2020. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 18 Our 10 largest states based on personal lines premium volume are shown in the table below. (Dollars in millions) Year ended December 31, 2021 Ohio Georgia New York Illinois North Carolina California Indiana Alabama Michigan Kentucky Earned premiums % of total earned Agency locations Average premium per location $ 319 117 106 82 75 70 67 63 51 47 20.7 % 7.6 6.9 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.3 3.1 231 $ 91 105 123 88 70 92 49 100 53 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.5 0.9 New and renewal personal lines business reflects our risk-specific underwriting philosophy. Each agency selects personal lines business primarily from within the geographic territory that it serves, based in part on agency staff’s knowledge of the risks in those communities or familiarity with the policyholder. We have personal lines field marketing representatives who have underwriting authority and visit agencies on a regular basis. They focus primarily on key states targeted for growth, reinforcing the advantages of our personal lines products and offering training in the use of our policy processing system. Personal lines activities are further supported by headquarters associates assigned to individual agencies. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 19 Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Segment The excess and surplus lines segment contributed net earned premiums of $398 million to 2021 consolidated total revenues, or 4.1% of the total, and reported profit before income taxes of $44 million. Excess and surplus lines net earned premium increased 22% in 2021 and 17% in 2020. Our excess and surplus lines policies typically cover business risks with unique characteristics, such as the nature of the business or its claim history, that are difficult to profitably insure in the standard commercial lines market. Excess and surplus lines insurers have more flexibility in coverage terms and rates compared with standard lines companies, generally resulting in policies with higher rates and terms and conditions customized for specific risks, including restricted coverage where appropriate. We target small to midsized risks, and policyholders in many cases also have standard market insurance with one of our other subsidiaries. Our average excess and surplus lines policy size is approximately $8,000 in annual premiums, and the majority have coverage limits of $1 million or less. All of our excess and surplus lines policies are written for a maximum term of one year. Approximately 91% of our 2021 earned premiums for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment provided commercial casualty coverages and about 9% provided commercial property coverages. Those coverages are described below. • • Commercial casualty – Covers businesses for third-party liability from accidents occurring on their premises or arising out of their operations, including injuries sustained from products. Other coverages available include miscellaneous errors and omissions, professional liability and excess liability. Typical businesses covered include contractors, manufacturers, real estate owners and managers, retail, consultants, and bars or taverns. Policies covering liability at special events are also available. Commercial property – Insures buildings, inventory, equipment and business income from loss or damage due to causes such as fire, wind, hail, water, theft and vandalism. Examples of property we commonly insure with excess and surplus lines policies include temporarily vacant buildings, habitational, restaurants and relatively higher- hazard manufacturing classes. At the end of 2021, we marketed excess and surplus lines insurance products in each of the 41 states in which we offer standard market commercial lines insurance. Offering excess and surplus lines helps agencies representing The Cincinnati Insurance Companies meet the insurance needs of their clients when coverage is unavailable in the standard market. By providing outstanding service, we can help agencies grow and prosper while also profitably growing our property casualty business. In 2021, our 10 highest volume excess and surplus lines states generated 54.9% of our earned premiums, compared with 55.0% in 2020. Our 10 largest states based on excess and surplus lines premium volume are shown in the table below. (Dollars in millions) Year ended December 31, 2021 Illinois Ohio Texas New York Pennsylvania North Carolina Georgia Missouri Indiana Minnesota Earned premiums % of total earned $ 31 30 24 22 22 21 20 16 16 16 7.8 % 7.6 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 20 Agencies representing The Cincinnati Insurance Companies produce approximately $5 billion in annual premiums for all carriers writing excess and surplus lines policies for their clients. We estimate that approximately half of that premium volume matches the targeted business types and coverages we offer through our excess and surplus lines insurance segment. We structured the operations of this segment to meet the needs of these agencies and to market exclusively through them. Agencies have access to Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters' product line through CSU Producer Resources, the wholly owned insurance brokerage subsidiary of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. CSU Producer Resources has binding authority on all classes of business written through Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters and maintains appropriate agent and surplus lines licenses. We seek to earn a share of each agency’s best excess and surplus lines accounts by offering several unique benefits. Agency producers have direct access through CSU Producer Resources to a group of our underwriters who focus exclusively on excess and surplus lines business. Those underwriters can tap into broader services we offer to provide policyholders additional value and help producers build the relationship through experienced and responsive loss control services and claims handling. CSU Producer Resources gives extra support to our independent agency producers by remitting surplus lines taxes and stamping fees and retaining admitted market diligent search affidavits, where required. Agencies marketing through CSU Producer Resources instead of a competing brokerage generally receive a higher commission because use of our internal brokerage subsidiary eliminates some of the intermediary costs. This business is factored in their profit-sharing agreement with The Cincinnati Insurance Companies. We also offer prompt service, generally issuing approximately 95% of policies within 24 hours of a request to bind a policy. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 21 Life Insurance Segment The life insurance segment contributed $298 million of net earned premiums, representing 3.1% of 2021 consolidated total revenues, and reported a loss before income taxes of $16 million. Life insurance net earned premiums grew 3% in 2021 and 7% in 2020. The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company supports our agency-centered business model by deepening the relationships we have with agents while also diversifying revenue and profitability for both the agency and our company. We primarily focus on life products that feature a steady stream of premium payments and that have the potential for generating revenue growth through increasing demand. Life Insurance Business Lines Four lines of business that account for more than 99% of the life insurance segment’s revenues are: • Term life insurance – Policies under which a death benefit is payable only if the insured dies during a specific period of time. Policy options include a return of premium provision, a benefit equal to the sum of all paid base premiums that is payable if the insured person survives to the end of the term. The policies are fully underwritten using traditional and accelerated methods. • Worksite products – Term life insurance, return of premium term life insurance and whole life insurance offered to employees through their employer. Premiums are collected by the employer using payroll deduction. Policies are issued using a simplified underwriting approach and on a guaranteed issue basis. Worksite insurance products provide our property casualty agency force with excellent cross-serving opportunities for both commercial and personal accounts. • Whole life insurance – Policies that provide life insurance for the entire lifetime of the insured. The death benefit is guaranteed never to decrease and premiums are guaranteed never to increase. While premiums are fixed, they must be paid as scheduled. These policies provide guaranteed cash values that are available as loans collateralized by the cash surrender value. The policies are fully underwritten. • • • Universal life insurance – Long-duration life insurance policies that are fully underwritten. Contract premiums are neither fixed nor guaranteed; however, the contract does specify a minimum interest crediting rate and a maximum cost of insurance charge and expense charge. The cash values, available as loans collateralized by the cash surrender value, are not guaranteed and depend on the amount and timing of actual premium payments and the amount of actual contract assessments. In addition, Cincinnati Life markets: Deferred annuities that provide regular income payments that commence after the end of a specified period or when the annuitant attains a specified age. During the deferral period, any payments made under the contract accumulate at the crediting rate declared by the company but not less than a contract-specified guaranteed minimum interest rate. A deferred annuity may be surrendered during the deferral period for a cash value equal to the accumulated payments plus interest less the surrender charge, if any. Immediate annuities that provide some combination of regular income and lump-sum payments in exchange for a single premium. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 22 Life Insurance Distribution Cincinnati Life is licensed in 49 states and the District of Columbia. At year-end 2021, approximately 80% of our 1,921 property casualty agency relationships offered Cincinnati Life products to their clients. We also develop life business from approximately 356 other independent life insurance agencies. We are careful to solicit business from these other agencies in a manner that does not conflict with or compete with the marketing and sales efforts of our property casualty agencies. When marketing through our property casualty agencies, we have specific competitive advantages: • Because our property casualty operations are held in high regard, property casualty agency management is predisposed to consider selling our life products. • Marketing efforts for both our property casualty and life insurance businesses are directed by our field marketing department, coordinated with our life field marketing representatives, which assures consistency of communication and operations. Life field marketing representatives are available to meet face-to-face with agency personnel and their clients as well. Our life headquarters underwriters and other associates are available to the agents and field team to assist in the placement of business. We continue to emphasize the cross-serving opportunities of our life insurance, including term and worksite products, for the property casualty agency’s personal and commercial accounts. In both the property casualty and independent life agency distribution systems, we enjoy the advantages of offering competitive, up-to-date products and providing personal attention in combination with financial strength and stability. • Term life insurance is our largest life insurance product line. We continue to develop and offer term products with features our agents indicate are important, such as a return of premium benefit and an accelerated underwriting option. • We also offer products addressing the needs of businesses with key person and buy-sell coverages. We offer quality, personal life insurance coverage to personal and commercial clients of our agencies. Because of our strong capital position, we can offer a competitive product portfolio, including guaranteed products, giving our agents a marketing edge. Our life insurance company maintains strong insurer financial strength ratings: A.M. Best, A+ (Superior); Fitch, A+ (Strong); and S&P, A+ (Strong). Our life insurance company has chosen not to establish a Moody’s rating. In 2021, our five highest volume states for life insurance premiums, based on information contained in statements filed with state insurance departments, are shown in the table below. (Dollars in millions) Year ended December 31, 2021 Ohio Pennsylvania Illinois Indiana Georgia Premiums % of total $ 57 27 22 21 19 15.7 % 7.4 6.0 5.7 5.3 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 23 Investments Segment Revenues of the investments segment are primarily from net investment income and from net investment gains and losses from investment portfolios managed for the holding company and each of the operating subsidiaries. Our investment department operates under risk guidelines set forth in our investment policy along with oversight of the investment committee of our board of directors. These guidelines set parameters for risk tolerances governing, among other items, the allocation of the portfolio as well as security and sector concentrations. These parameters are part of an integrated corporate risk management program. When allocating cash to various asset classes, we consider market-based factors such as risk adjusted after-tax yields as well as internal measures based in part on insurance department regulations and rating agency guidance. The fair value of our investment portfolio was $24.337 billion and $21.194 billion at year-end 2021 and 2020, respectively, as shown in the table below. The overall portfolio increased, reflecting an unrealized gain position and fair value increase. The fair value increased largely due to equity markets that rose during 2021. The unrealized gain position in our fixed-maturity investments decreased in 2021, primarily due to an increase in interest rates such as U.S. Treasury yields. (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 At December 31, 2020 Cost or amortized cost Percent of total Fair value Percent of total Cost or amortized cost Percent of total Fair value Percent of total Taxable fixed maturities $ 8,344 51.0 % $ 8,858 36.4 % $ 7,363 48.3 % $ 8,053 38.0 % Tax-exempt fixed maturities Common equities Nonredeemable preferred equities 3,886 23.8 3,697 22.6 4,164 17.1 10,862 44.6 3,949 25.9 3,640 23.9 4,285 20.2 8,541 40.3 424 2.6 453 1.9 287 1.9 315 1.5 Total $ 16,351 100.0 % $ 24,337 100.0 % $ 15,239 100.0 % $ 21,194 100.0 % The cash we generate from insurance operations historically has been invested in two broad categories of investments: • • Fixed-maturity investments – Includes taxable and tax-exempt bonds and redeemable preferred stocks. During 2021, net purchases offset the combined effect of a net decrease in unrealized gains, sales and calls of fixed-maturity securities in our portfolio. During 2020, net purchases and a net increase in unrealized gains offset sales and calls. Equity investments – Includes common and nonredeemable preferred stocks. During 2021, the combined effect of purchases and a net increase in fair value offset sales of equity securities in our portfolio. During 2020, purchases and a net increase in fair value offset sales. In addition to securities held in our investment portfolio at year-end 2021, other invested assets included $227 million of private equity investments, $36 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States, $35 million held on deposit at Lloyd's and $31 million of life policy loans. Our investment portfolio is further described below. Additional information about the composition and valuation of investments is included in Item 8, Note 2, Investments, and Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, of the Consolidated Financial Statements. A detailed listing of our portfolio is updated on our website, cinfin.com/investors, each quarter when we report our quarterly financial results. Fixed-Maturity Securities Investments By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to manage overall interest rate, reinvestment, credit and liquidity risk. We pursue a buy-and-hold strategy and do not attempt to make large-scale changes to the portfolio in anticipation of rate movements. By investing new money on a regular basis and analyzing risk-adjusted after-tax yields, we work to achieve a general laddering effect to our portfolio that may mitigate some of the effects of adverse interest rate movements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 24 At December 31, 2021, our investment-grade and noninvestment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 80.2% and 5.3% of the portfolio, respectively. The remaining 14.5% represented fixed-maturity securities that were not rated by Moody’s or S&P. Our nonrated securities include smaller municipal issues and private placement corporate securities. Many of these, although not rated by Moody’s or S&P, are rated by the Securities’ Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). Also included in this category are smaller public corporate securities, many of which carry a rating by an agency other than Moody’s or S&P, such as Fitch or Kroll. Other selected attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio are shown in the table below. Additional maturity periods and other information for our fixed-maturity portfolio are shown in Item 8, Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost Weighted average maturity Effective duration At December 31, 2021 2020 4.02 % 4.12 % 8.0 yrs 4.8 yrs 7.5 yrs 4.5 yrs The fair values of our taxable fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of the last two years were: (Dollars in millions) Investment-grade corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Noninvestment-grade corporate Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Total At December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ 6,807 $ 931 690 273 123 26 8 8,858 $ 6,416 712 479 285 120 29 12 8,053 While our strategy typically is to buy and hold fixed-maturity investments to maturity, we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of U.S. agency issues, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 1.3% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at year-end 2021. Investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa1 by Moody’s or BBB by S&P at year-end 2021. Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio included $273 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA at year-end 2021. Relative to a broad bond market index such as the Barclay’s Aggregate, we are most heavily exposed to the investment grade corporate bond asset class. Within that asset class, we have a weighting of 41.2% for the financial sector, higher than the 34.0% weighting for the financial sectors of the Bank of America Merrill Lynch U.S. Corporate Index. Relative to the Barclay’s Aggregate, we are overweight in the commercial mortgage-backed securities asset class while having no exposure to the much larger residential mortgage-backed market. At December 31, 2021, we had $4.164 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities with an average rating of Aa2/ AA by Moody’s and S&P. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,700 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at year-end 2021. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 25 Equity Securities Investments After covering both our intermediate and long-range insurance obligations with fixed-maturity investments, we historically have used some available cash flow to invest in equity securities. Our equity securities portfolio includes common stocks and nonredeemable preferred stocks. Investment in equity securities has played an important role in achieving our portfolio objectives and has contributed to both growth of investment income and portfolio appreciation. We remain committed to our long-term equity focus, which we believe is key to our company’s long-term growth and stability. We believe our strategy of primarily investing in a diversified selection of larger-capitalization, high-quality, dividend-increasing companies generally results in reduced volatility relative to the broader equity markets. For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at year-end 2021 consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $7.194 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value of our equity securities. At year-end 2021, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL) was our largest single common stock investment, comprising 7.9% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 3.5% of the entire investment portfolio. The parent company held 43.9% of our common stock holdings (measured by fair value). The distribution of the portfolio among industry sectors is shown in the table below. Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution Sector: Information technology Financial Healthcare Industrials Consumer discretionary Consumer staples Materials Energy Real estate Utilities Telecomm services Total Percent of common stock portfolio At December 31, 2021 At December 31, 2020 Cincinnati Financial S&P 500 Industry Weightings Cincinnati Financial S&P 500 Industry Weightings 31.1 % 14.2 13.5 11.1 8.3 6.9 4.4 4.0 2.7 2.2 1.6 100.0 % 29.2 % 10.7 13.3 7.8 12.5 5.9 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.5 10.1 100.0 % 28.3 % 14.2 13.3 12.3 8.9 6.7 5.1 3.8 2.7 2.6 2.1 100.0 % 27.6 % 10.4 13.5 8.4 12.7 6.5 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.8 10.8 100.0 % We evaluate nonredeemable preferred stocks in a manner similar to our evaluation of fixed-maturity investments, seeking attractive relative yields. We generally focus on investment-grade nonredeemable preferred stocks issued by companies with strong histories of paying common dividends, providing us with another layer of protection. Consideration is also given to nonredeemable preferred stocks that offer a dividend received deduction for income tax purposes. We purchased $173 million and $79 million of nonredeemable preferred stocks in this portfolio during 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 26 Other What we report as Other includes the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. At year-end 2021, this subsidiary had $98 million in receivables related to its commercial leasing and financing services, compared with $95 million in receivables at year-end 2020. We also report as Other the results of Cincinnati Re, which has contracts, also referred to as treaties, with other insurance or reinsurance companies to assume a portion of their insured risk in exchange for a portion of premiums from insurance policies covering those risks. The treaties and their exposure to losses are diverse in nature, including various lines of business and geographies for the reinsured risks. Some of our treaties reflect a type of contract commonly referred to as participating or proportional, typically sharing premiums and losses between the reinsured entity and us, as reinsurer, on a pro rata basis. Some are a contract type commonly referred to as excess of loss, where we indemnify the reinsured entity only for losses exceeding a predetermined amount. Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re totaled $461 million in 2021, compared with $302 million in 2020. Approximately 32% of 2021 net written premiums was for property exposures that include risk of loss from natural catastrophes and approximately 55% was for casualty exposures from various liability risks. The remainder of approximately 13% was a combination of what we consider to be more specialized coverages that include, but are not limited to, credit risk transfer related to residential mortgages, marine and energy risks and cyber risks. Also reported as Other are the results of Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318, which we acquired on February 28, 2019. We expect it to contribute to future earnings and book value growth. We also believe it should provide opportunities to support business produced by our independent agencies in new geographies and lines of business. Net written premiums for Cincinnati Global totaled $187 million in 2021, compared with $177 million in 2020. Most of the 2021 premiums were for U.S. and international property exposures that include risk of loss from natural catastrophes, including approximately 65% classified as direct and facultative and 23% as binder, where binding authority has been granted to various coverholders. The coverholders are mostly in the U.S., and we believe they have the ability to successfully underwrite and manage risks. The remainder, approximately 12%, was for other classes of business that include trade credit, terrorism, specie coverage for high-value portable property and contingency insurance with coverage for film and entertainment risks or event cancellation. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 27 Regulation The business of insurance in the United States (U.S.) is primarily regulated by state law. All of our U.S. insurance company subsidiaries are domiciled in the state of Ohio except The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company, which is domiciled in the state of Delaware. Each domestic insurance subsidiary is primarily governed by the insurance laws and regulations in its respective state of domicile. We also are subject to regulatory authorities of all states in which we write insurance. The state laws and regulations that have the most significant effect on our insurance operations and financial reporting are discussed below. • • • • Insurance Holding Company Regulation – We are regulated as an insurance holding company system in the respective states of domicile of our lead standard market property casualty company subsidiary and its surplus lines insurance subsidiary. These regulations require that we annually furnish financial and other information about the governance and operations of the individual companies within the holding company system. Information about the risks posed by any noninsurance company subsidiaries must also be disclosed. All transactions within a holding company system affecting insurers must be fair and equitable. Notice to the state insurance commissioner is required prior to the consummation of transactions affecting the ownership or control of an insurer and prior to certain material transactions between an insurer and any person or entity in its holding company group. In addition, some of those transactions cannot be consummated without the commissioner’s prior approval. Subsidiary Dividends – The Cincinnati Insurance Company is fully owned by Cincinnati Financial Corporation. The dividend-paying capacity of The Cincinnati Insurance Company and its fully owned subsidiaries is regulated by the laws of the applicable state of domicile. Under these laws, our domestic insurance subsidiaries must provide a 10-day advance informational notice to the insurance commissioner for the domiciliary state prior to payment of any dividend or distribution to its shareholders. Generally, the most our domestic insurance subsidiary can pay without prior regulatory approval is the greater of 10% of statutory capital and surplus or 100% of statutory net income for the prior calendar year. The domestic insurance company subsidiaries must give 30 days of notice to, and obtain prior approval from, the state insurance commissioner before the payment of an extraordinary dividend as defined by the state’s insurance code. You can find information about the dividends paid by our insurance subsidiary during 2021 in Item 8, Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Insurance Operations – All of our domestic insurance subsidiaries are subject to licensing and supervision by departments of insurance in the states in which they do business. The nature and extent of such regulations vary, but generally are rooted in statutes that delegate regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers to state insurance departments. Such regulations, supervision and administration of the domestic insurance subsidiaries include: the standards of solvency that must be met and maintained; the licensing of insurers and their agents and brokers; the nature and limitations on investments; deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders; regulation of standard market policy forms and premium rates; policy cancellations and nonrenewals; test audit programs; periodic examination of the affairs of insurance companies; annual and other reports required to be filed on the financial condition of insurers or for other purposes; requirements regarding reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other matters; the nature of and limitations on dividends to policyholders and shareholders; the nature and extent of required participation in insurance guaranty funds; the involuntary assumption of hard-to- place or high-risk insurance business, primarily workers’ compensation insurance; and the collection, remittance and reporting of certain taxes and fees. Our primary insurance regulators in the U.S. have adopted the Model Audit Rule for annual statutory financial reporting. This regulation closely mirrors the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on matters such as auditor independence, corporate governance and internal controls over financial reporting. The regulation permits the audit committee of Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s board of directors to also serve as the audit committee of each of our insurance subsidiaries for purposes of this regulation. Insurance Guaranty Associations – For certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants, states assess each member insurer in an amount relative to the insurer’s proportionate share of business written by all member insurers in the state. While the amount of such assessments has not been material in recent years, we cannot predict the amount and timing of any future assessments or refunds on our insurance subsidiaries under these laws. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 28 • • • • • Shared Market and Joint Underwriting Plans – Assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations are mechanisms that generally provide applicants with various basic insurance coverages when they are not available in voluntary markets. States can require participation based upon the amount of an insurance company’s voluntary market share, and underwriting results related to these pools could be adverse to our company. Statutory Accounting – For public reporting, domestic insurance companies prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. However, certain data also must be calculated according to statutory accounting rules as defined in the NAIC’s Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual. While not a substitute for any GAAP measure of performance, statutory data frequently is used by industry analysts and other recognized reporting sources to facilitate comparisons of the performance of insurance companies. Insurance Reserves – State insurance laws require that property casualty and life insurers annually analyze the adequacy of reserves. Our appointed actuaries must submit an opinion that reserves are adequate for policy claims-paying obligations and related expenses. Investment Regulation – Insurance company investments must comply with laws and regulations pertaining to the type, quality and concentration of investments. Such laws and regulations permit investments in federal, state and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, preferred and common equity securities, mortgage loans, real estate and certain other investments, subject to specified limits and other qualifications. Risk-Based Capital Requirements – The NAIC’s risk-based capital (RBC) requirements for property casualty and life insurers serve as an early warning tool for the NAIC and state regulators to identify companies that may be undercapitalized and may merit further regulatory action. The NAIC has a standard formula for annually assessing RBC. The formula for calculating RBC for property casualty companies takes into account asset and credit risks but places more emphasis on underwriting factors for reserving and pricing. The formula for calculating RBC for life insurance companies takes into account factors relating to insurance, business, asset and interest-rate risks. Although the federal government and its regulatory agencies generally do not directly regulate the business of insurance, federal legislation and administrative rules adopted can affect our business. Privacy laws, such as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act (HIPAA) are the federal laws that most affect our day-to-day operations. These apply to us because we gather and use personal nonpublic information to underwrite insurance and process claims. We also are subject to other federal laws, such as the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA), anti-money laundering statute (AML), the Nonadmitted and Reinsurance Reform Act (NRRA), the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), and the rules and regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Title V of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank) created the Federal Insurance Office to monitor the insurance industry and gather information to identify issues or gaps in the regulation of insurers that could contribute to a systemic crisis in the insurance industry that affects the United States’ financial system and to recommend to the Financial Stability Oversight Council that it designate an insurer as a systemically significant entity requiring additional supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. We do not expect Dodd-Frank to result in federal oversight of our operations as a systemically significant entity. We do not expect to have any material effects on our expenditures, earnings or competitive position as a result of compliance with any federal, state or local provisions enacted or adopted relating to the protection of the environment. We currently do not have any material estimated capital expenditures for environmental control facilities. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 29 We operate in limited foreign jurisdictions. Our foreign insurance subsidiary Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd., based in the United Kingdom (U.K.), holds a group of companies led by our managing agency, Cincinnati Global Underwriting Agency Ltd., of Lloyd’s Syndicate 318, which is regulated by The Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) and The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The PRA’s primary objective with respect to insurers is to promote the safety and soundness of insurers for the protection of policyholders, while the FCA has three operational objectives: (i) to secure an appropriate degree of protection for consumers; (ii) to protect and enhance the integrity of the U.K. financial system; and (iii) to promote effective competition in the interests of consumers in the financial services markets. The PRA/FCA’s Senior Managers and Certification Regime provides regulatory frameworks for standards of fitness and propriety, conduct and accountability for individuals in positions of responsibility at insurers. The PRA and FCA have also delegated certain additional regulatory responsibilities to the Council of Lloyd’s. By virtue of Lloyd’s international licenses, we can write business in various countries throughout the world. In each such country, we are subject to the laws and insurance regulations of that jurisdiction. Our operations in the U.K. are further subject to regulation by the European Union (EU). Generally, EU requirements are adopted by the EU and then implemented by enabling legislation in the member countries. Significant areas of oversight and influence from the EU include capital, solvency and risk management requirements (Solvency II), competition law and antitrust regulation, intermediary and distribution regulation, gender discrimination and data protection and privacy (General Data Protection Regulation). The applicability of EU regulation to our U.K. business is likely to change in ways yet to be fully determined as a result of the U.K.’s exit from the EU. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 30 Enterprise Risk Management We manage enterprise risk through formal risk management programs overseen by an executive officer of the company. Our ERM framework includes an enterprise risk management committee, which is responsible for overseeing risk activities and is comprised of senior executive-level risk owners from across the enterprise. The risk committee's activities are supported by a team of representatives from business areas that focus on identifying, evaluating and developing risk plans for emerging risks. A comprehensive report is provided quarterly to our chairman, president and chief executive officer and also to our board of directors and our senior executive team, as appropriate, on the status of risk metrics relative to identified tolerances and limits, risk assessments and risk plans. The use of operational audits, strategic plans and departmental business plans, as well as our culture of open communications and fundamental respect for our Code of Conduct, continue to help us manage risks on an ongoing basis. We understand that a cybersecurity incident is just one example of an event that could affect our future performance. We work to keep our systems and data secure while continuing to increase our understanding of cybersecurity risk through risk management efforts and testing by third-party experts of our cybersecurity program structure and capabilities. Those efforts include blocking attempted cyber intrusions, defending against denial of service attacks, performing frequent vulnerability assessments and maintaining procedures to ensure timely notification of critical cybersecurity incidents and related disclosure controls. We also have developed procedures and reporting processes when we identify an attempted cyber intrusion to the system of one of our independent agents. Cybersecurity matters are an important part of reporting to our executive management team, risk committee, disclosure committee and the board of directors, including its audit committee. Effects of cyberattacks can happen to any corporation and they can be significant, including additional costs for remediation, litigation and reputational damage. Our risk management programs include a formalized risk appetite element and a risk identification and quantification process. The overall enterprise objective is to appropriately balance risk and reward to achieve an appropriate return on risk capital. Our key risks are discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors, including risks related to natural catastrophes, investments and operations. We continue to study emerging risks, including climate change risk and its potential financial effects on our results of operations and on those we insure. These effects include deterioration in the credit quality of our municipal or corporate bond portfolios and increased losses without sufficient corresponding increases in premiums. As with any risk, we seek to identify the extent of the risk exposure and possible actions to mitigate potential negative effects of risk at an enterprise level. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 31 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Our business involves various risks and uncertainties that may affect achievement of our business objectives. Many of the risks could have ramifications across our organization. For example, while risks related to setting insurance rates and establishing and adjusting loss reserves are insurance activities, actual results differing from our assumptions, judgments or estimates in these areas could have an impact on our investment activities, growth and overall results. The following discussion should be viewed as a starting point for understanding the significant risks we face. It is not a definitive summary of their potential impacts or of our strategies to manage and control the risks. Please see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for a discussion of those strategies. If any risks or uncertainties discussed here develop into actual events, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In that case, the market price of our common stock could decline materially. The failure of our risk management strategies could have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Readers should carefully consider this information together with the other information we have provided in this report and in other reports and materials we file periodically with the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as news releases and other information we disseminate publicly. Risks related to insurance operations We rely primarily on independent insurance agents to distribute our products. We market our main products, insurance policies for businesses and individuals, through independent, nonexclusive insurance agents. These agents are not obligated to promote our products and can and do sell our competitors’ products. We must offer insurance products that meet the needs of these agents and their clients. We need to maintain good relationships with the agents who market our products. If we do not, these agents may market our competitors’ products instead of ours, which may lead to us having a less desirable mix of business and could affect our results of operations. In addition to our marketing of insurance policies for businesses and individuals, Cincinnati Re reinsures policies written by other insurance companies. This business is marketed through reinsurance intermediaries and is generally not offered by the typical independent agents who market our insurance policies. Certain events or conditions could diminish our agents’ desire to produce business for us and the competitive advantage that our independent agents enjoy, including: • • Downgrade of the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries. We believe our strong insurer financial strength ratings, in particular, the A+ (Superior) ratings from A.M. Best for our standard market property casualty insurance group and each subsidiary in that group, are an important competitive advantage. See Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, for additional discussion of our financial strength ratings. Concerns that doing business with us is difficult or not profitable, perceptions that our level of service is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace, perceptions that our products do not meet the needs of our agents’ clients or perceptions that our business practices are not compatible with agents’ business models. • Mergers and acquisitions could result in a concentration of a significant amount of premium in one agency. • Delays in the development, implementation, performance and benefits of technology systems and enhancements or independent agent perceptions that our technology solutions do not match their needs. A reduction in the number of independent agencies marketing our products, the failure of agencies to successfully market our products or pay amounts due to us, changes in the strategy or operations of agencies or the choice of agencies to reduce their writings of our products could affect our results of operations if we were unable to replace them with agencies that produce adequate and profitable premiums. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 32 Further, policyholders may choose a competitor’s product rather than our own because of real or perceived differences in price, terms and conditions, coverage or service. If the quality of the independent agencies with which we do business were to decline, that also might cause policyholders to purchase their insurance through different agencies or channels. Consumers, especially in the personal insurance industry segment, may increasingly choose to purchase insurance from distribution channels other than independent insurance agents, such as direct marketers. Increased advertising by insurers, especially direct marketers, could cause consumers to shift their buying habits, bypassing independent agents altogether. Innovation, new or changing technologies and/or buying trends or consumer preferences could reduce or eliminate the need or demand for products we sell. Our credit ratings or financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries could be downgraded. A downgrade in one or more of our company’s credit or debt ratings could adversely impact our borrowing costs or limit our access to capital. Financial strength ratings reflect a rating agency’s opinion of our insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet obligations to policyholders. Our ratings are subject to periodic review and there is no assurance that our ratings will not be changed. Rating agencies could change or expand their requirements or could find that our insurance subsidiaries no longer meet the criteria established for current ratings. If our property casualty or life insurance subsidiary insurer financial strength ratings were to be downgraded, our agents might find it more difficult to market our products or might choose to emphasize the products of other carriers. We could experience an unusually high level of losses due to catastrophic, terrorism or epidemic events or risk concentrations. In the normal course of our business, both in our insurance and reinsurance operations, we provide coverage against perils for which estimates of losses are highly uncertain, in particular catastrophic and terrorism events. Catastrophes can be man-made or caused by natural perils. Man-made catastrophes to which we may be exposed include, but are not limited to, industrial accidents, terrorist attacks, social unrest and riot. Natural peril catastrophe events to which we may be exposed include, but are not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, landslides, hailstorms, flooding, severe winter weather and wildfires. Due to the nature of these events, we are unable to predict precisely the frequency or potential cost of catastrophe occurrences. Various scientists and other experts believe that changing climate conditions have added to the unpredictability, frequency and severity of such natural disasters in certain parts of the world and have created additional uncertainty as to future trends and exposures. We cannot predict the impact that changing climate conditions may have on our results of operations nor can we predict how any legal, regulatory or social responses to concerns about climate change may impact our business. Additionally, man-made events, such as hydraulic fracturing, could cause damage from earth movement or create environmental and/or health hazards. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured and reinsured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Our ability to appropriately manage catastrophe risk depends partially on catastrophe models, which may be affected by inaccurate or incomplete data, the uncertainty of the frequency and severity of future events and the uncertain impact of climate change. Additionally, these models are recalibrated and changed over time, with more data availability and changing opinions regarding the effect of current or emerging loss patterns and conditions. According to these models, probable maximum loss estimates from a single hurricane event that combine the effects of property casualty insurance written on a direct basis by The Cincinnati Insurance Companies, the Cincinnati Re reinsurance portfolio and risks insured by Cincinnati Global include the following amounts, net of amounts recoverable through reinsurance ceded and also income taxes, and including the effects of estimated reinstatement premiums: $428 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $602 million for a once-in-a-250-year event. Please see Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2022 Reinsurance Programs, for a discussion of modeled losses considered in evaluating our risk mitigation strategy, which includes our ceded reinsurance program. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 33 The geographic regions in which we market insurance and reinsurance are exposed to numerous natural catastrophes, such as: • • • Hurricanes in the gulf, eastern, southeastern and northeastern coastal regions. Earthquakes in many regions, most particularly in the New Madrid fault zone, California, the Northwest and Southwest. Tornadoes, wind and hail in the Midwest, South, Southeast, Southwest and the mid-Atlantic. • Wildfires. • On a worldwide basis, in the event of a severe catastrophic event or terrorist attack we may be exposed to material losses through our Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global operations. The occurrence of terrorist attacks in the geographic areas we serve could result in substantially higher claims under our insurance policies than we have anticipated. Our insurance policies provide coverage for terrorism risk in all areas we serve, including Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities. We have exposure to small co-op utilities, water utilities, wholesale fuel distributors, small shopping malls and small colleges throughout our 46 active states and, because of the number of associates located there, our Fairfield, Ohio, headquarters. Additionally, our life insurance subsidiary could be adversely affected in the event of a terrorist event or an epidemic, particularly if the epidemic were to affect a broad range of the population, or affects the overall economy. Our associate health plan is self-funded and could similarly be affected. Our results of operations would be adversely affected if the level of losses we experience over a period of time were to exceed our actuarially determined expectations. In addition, our financial condition may be adversely affected if we were required to sell securities prior to maturity or at unfavorable prices to pay an unusually high level of loss and loss expenses. Securities pricing might be even less favorable if a number of insurance or other companies and other investors needed to sell securities during a short period of time because of unusually high losses from catastrophic events. Our geographic concentration ties our performance to business, economic, environmental and regulatory conditions in certain states. We market our standard market property casualty insurance products in 46 states, but our business is concentrated in the Midwest and Southeast. We also have exposure in states where we do not actively market insurance when clients of our independent agencies have businesses or properties in multiple states. The Cincinnati Insurance Company continues to expand its Cincinnati Re reinsurance assumed operations and has staffed it with seasoned underwriting and analytical talent who strive to assume risks that we understand well, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Business written includes treaties that provide coverage for property catastrophe and terrorism events on a worldwide basis. Based on treaties in effect at January 1, 2022, the largest loss exposure to us for Cincinnati Re is from natural catastrophe events. That exposure includes probable maximum loss estimates, on a marginal basis, of the following amounts: $174 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $167 million for a once-in-a-250-year event. Those effects represent a single hurricane event and include the effects of income taxes, estimated reinstatement premiums and applicable reinsurance ceded, including any retrocessions for reinsurance assumed, and estimated reinstatement premiums. They are based on probable maximum loss estimates from the Applied Insurance Research Touchstone® version 8.0 catastrophe model. The marginal basis reflects diversification effects of the Cincinnati Re reinsurance portfolio and property casualty insurance written on a direct basis by The Cincinnati Insurance Companies. Ignoring diversification effects provided by those two components, on a standalone basis, probable maximum loss estimates for Cincinnati Re include the following amounts: $201 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $230 million for a once-in-a-250-year event. If there is a high frequency of large property catastrophe or terrorism events, or a single extreme event, during the coverage period of these treaties, our financial position and results of operations could be materially affected. We are also expanding Cincinnati Global, our global specialty underwriter with premiums primarily for U.S. and international property exposures, given its seasoned underwriting talent. At January 1, 2022, the largest loss exposure to us for Cincinnati Global is from natural catastrophe events. That exposure includes probable maximum loss estimates of the following amounts: $49 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $78 million for a once-in-a-250-year event. Those effects are on a standalone basis and represent a single hurricane event and include the effects of income taxes, applicable reinsurance ceded and estimated reinstatement premiums. They are based on probable maximum loss estimates from the Applied Insurance Research Touchstone version 8.0 catastrophe model. If there is a high frequency of large property catastrophe or terrorism events, or a single extreme Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 34 event, during the coverage period of its policies, our financial position and results of operations could be materially affected. Additionally, the companies we invest in might be severely affected by a severe catastrophic event, terrorist attack, or epidemic event which could affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our reinsurers might experience significant losses, potentially jeopardizing their ability to pay losses we cede to them. It could also reduce the availability of reinsurance. If we cannot obtain adequate coverage at a reasonable cost, it could constrain where we can write business or reduce the amount of business we can write in certain areas. We also may be exposed to state guaranty fund assessments if other carriers in a state cannot meet their obligations to policyholders. A catastrophe or epidemic event also could affect our operations by damaging our headquarters facility, injuring associates and visitors at our Fairfield, Ohio, headquarters or disrupting our associates’ ability to perform their assigned tasks. The outbreak of COVID-19 could result in an unusually high level of losses. In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19, also known as the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The outbreak was widespread in the United States, including in the markets in which we operate. Like many companies in the property casualty insurance industry, our property casualty subsidiaries were named as defendants in lawsuits seeking insurance coverage under commercial property insurance policies issued by the company for alleged losses resulting from the shutdown or suspension of their businesses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Risks to our business include legislation or court decisions that extend business interruption insurance in commercial property coverage forms to cover claims for pure economic loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Legislative initiatives and pending litigation are ongoing in numerous jurisdictions, and we cannot provide assurance that we will not be impacted by adverse legislation or adverse judicial rulings in certain of these jurisdictions. These actions seek to extend coverage beyond the terms and conditions we intended for those policies, including policies that do not contain specific virus exclusions. Therefore we could be forced to pay claims when no coverage was contemplated and for which no premium was collected. If these actions are successful, the aggregate amount of these claims could have a material, adverse impact on our business, financial condition, reputation, results of operations and cash flows. Our net losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimates and actual net losses could be higher. Our estimates for COVID-19 losses and loss adjustment expenses represent our best estimates as of December 31, 2021, based upon information currently available. These estimates are based on reported claims, policy level reviews and recent judicial rulings. However, assumptions about coverage, liability and reinsurance continue to be subject to on-going judicial review and may be subject to further government action. While we believe our net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses for COVID-19 as of December 31, 2021, are adequate based on information available at this time, we continue to closely monitor reported claims, government actions, judicial decisions and changes in the levels of worldwide social disruption and economic activity arising from the pandemic and will adjust our estimates of gross and net losses as new information becomes available. Factors that affect our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses or our ability to reasonably estimate such losses include the continuing duration of the pandemic and governmental actions to limit the spread of the virus that may produce additional economic losses; the number of policyholders that will ultimately submit claims or file lawsuits; the lack of submitted proofs of loss for allegedly covered claims; judicial rulings in similar litigation involving other companies in the insurance industry; difference in state law and developing case law; litigation trends, including varying legal theories advanced by policyholders; whether and to what degree any class of policyholders may be certified; and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. Such adjustments to our reserves for COVID-19 losses and loss adjustment expenses may be material to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our ability to properly underwrite and price risks and increased competition could adversely affect our results. Our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows depend on our ability to underwrite and set rates accurately for a full spectrum of risks. We establish our pricing based on assumptions about the level of losses that may occur within classes of business, geographic regions and other criteria. To properly price our products, we must collect, properly analyze and use data to make decisions and take appropriate action; the data must be sufficient, reliable and accessible; we need to develop appropriate rating methodologies and formulae; and we may need to identify and respond to trends quickly. We may overestimate or underestimate loss cost trends or these trends may unexpectedly change, leading to losing business by pricing risks above our competitors or charging rates too low to maintain profitability. Inflation trends, especially outside of Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 35 historical norms, may make it more difficult to determine adequate pricing. If rates are not accurate, we may not generate enough premiums to offset losses and expenses, or we may not be competitive in the marketplace. Our ability to set appropriate rates could be hampered if states where we write business refuse to allow rate increases that we believe are necessary to cover the risks insured. A state could also hamper our ability to set appropriate rates if it no longer allowed us to use factors that we believe are predictive of loss, such as credit-based factors. Multiple states require us to purchase reinsurance from a mandatory reinsurance fund. Such reinsurance funds can create a credit risk for insurers if not adequately funded by the state and, in some cases, the existence of a reinsurance fund could affect the prices charged for our policies. The effect of these and similar arrangements could reduce our profitability in any given period or limit our ability to grow our business. The insurance industry is cyclical and intensely competitive. From time to time, the industry goes through prolonged periods of intense competition during which it is more difficult to attract new business, retain existing business and maintain profitability. Competition in our insurance business is based on many factors, including: Competitiveness of premiums charged Relationships among carriers, agents, brokers and policyholders Underwriting and pricing methodologies that allow insurers to identify and flexibly price risks Compensation provided to agents Underwriting discipline Terms and conditions of insurance coverage Speed with which products are brought to market Product and marketing innovations, including advertising Technological competence and innovation Ability to control expenses Adequacy of financial strength ratings by independent rating agencies such as A.M. Best • • • • • • • • • • • • Quality of services and tools provided to agents and policyholders • Claims satisfaction and reputation We compete with major U.S., Bermudian, European, and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. Recent industry consolidation, including business combinations among insurance and other financial services companies, has resulted in larger competitors with even greater financial resources. We also compete with new companies that continue to enter the insurance and reinsurance markets. In addition, capital market participants have created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products that we sell through Cincinnati Re. Increased competition could result in fewer submissions, lower premium rates, and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could reduce our underwriting margins and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If our pricing was incorrect or we were unable to compete effectively because of one or more of these factors, our premium writings could decline and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Large competitors could intentionally disrupt the market by targeting certain lines or underpricing the market. Please see the discussion of our Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, Excess and Surplus Lines and Life Insurance Segments in Item 1, Our Segments, for a discussion of our competitive position in the insurance marketplace. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 36 Our pricing and capital models could be flawed. We use various actuarial pricing methods, predictive pricing and underwriting models, stochastic models and/or forecasting techniques to help us understand our business, analyze risk and estimate future trends. The output of these techniques and models is used to assist us in making underwriting, pricing, reinsurance, reserving and capital decisions and helps us set our strategic direction. These models contain numerous assumptions, including the assumption that the data used is sufficient and accurate. They are also subject to uncertainties and limitations inherent in any statistical analysis. Actual results may be materially different from modeled output, resulting in pricing our products incorrectly, overestimating or underestimating reserves, or inaccurately forecasting the impact of modeled events on our results. This could materially adversely impact the results of our operations. Our loss reserves, our largest liability, are based on estimates and could be inadequate to cover our actual losses. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared using GAAP. These principles require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. For a discussion of the significant accounting policies we use to prepare our financial statements, the material implications of uncertainties associated with the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying our critical accounting policies and the process used to determine our loss reserves, please refer to Item 8, Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves and Life Insurance Policy Reserves. Our most critical accounting estimate is loss reserves. Loss reserves are the amounts we expect to pay for covered claims and expenses we incur to settle those claims. The loss reserves we establish in our financial statements represent an estimate of amounts needed to pay and administer claims arising from insured events that have already occurred, including events that have not yet been reported to us. Loss reserves are estimates and are inherently uncertain; they do not and cannot represent an exact measure of liability. Inflationary scenarios, especially scenarios outside of historical norms or regulatory changes that affect the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates, may make it more difficult to estimate loss reserves. Accordingly, our loss reserves for past periods could prove to be inadequate to cover our actual losses and related expenses. Any changes in these estimates are reflected in our results of operations during the period in which the changes are made. An increase in our loss reserves would decrease earnings, while a decrease in our loss reserves would increase earnings. Unforeseen losses, the type and magnitude of which we cannot predict, may emerge. These additional losses could arise from changes in the legal environment, laws and regulations, climate change, catastrophic events, increases in loss severity or frequency, environmental claims, mass torts or other causes such as social inflation. Such future losses could be substantial. Inflationary scenarios may cause the cost of claims, especially medical claims, to rise, impacting reserve adequacy and our results of operations. In addition to the risks stated above, Cincinnati Re reserves are subject to uncertainty because a reinsurer relies on the original underwriting decisions and claims reserving practices of ceding companies. As a result, we are subject to the risk that our ceding companies may not have adequately evaluated the risks reinsured by us and the premiums ceded may not adequately compensate us for the risks we assume. In addition, there is generally a longer lapse of time from the occurrence of the event to the reporting of the loss or benefit to the reinsurer and ultimate resolution or settlement of the loss. Similar risks exist for Cincinnati Global due to reliance on coverholders in underwriting parts of its business. The anticipated benefits may not be realized for our acquisition of Cincinnati Global. Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318, was acquired on February 28, 2019. We can provide no assurance that the anticipated benefits of the transaction will be fully realized in the time frame anticipated or at all, or that the costs or difficulties related to further developing its operations will not be greater than expected. The success of the transaction will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated business opportunities and growth prospects from acquiring Cincinnati Global. We may never realize these business opportunities and growth prospects, and our management might have its attention diverted while trying to further develop ongoing operations. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 37 Cincinnati Global’s international operations subject us to additional regulation and could expose us to additional investment, political and economic risks. We have international operations that could expose us to a number of additional risks. These risks include restrictions such as price controls, capital controls, currency exchange limits, ownership limits and other restrictive or anti-competitive governmental actions or requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our business and reputation. Our business activities outside the United States, including the United Kingdom (U.K.), could also be subject to political and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk. Additionally, Cincinnati Global’s operations will expand the products offered by us and could expose us to additional regulation or other risks. Additionally, business activities outside the United States will subject us to additional domestic and foreign laws and regulations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar laws in other countries that prohibit the making of improper payments to foreign officials. In addition, insurers in the U.K. (including managing agents and members of Lloyd’s of London) are subject to Solvency II and the U.K. regulatory regime, which itself includes rules promulgated by Lloyd's. Although we have policies and controls in place that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulatory requirements, if those controls are ineffective and an employee or intermediary fails to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could suffer civil and criminal penalties and our business and reputation could be adversely affected. Some countries have laws and regulations that lack clarity and, even with local expertise and effective controls, it can be difficult to determine the exact requirements of, and potential liability under, the local laws. Failure to comply with local laws in a particular market may result in substantial liability and could have a significant and negative effect not only on our business in that market but also on our reputation generally. Business activities at Cincinnati Global are subject to Lloyd's approval of a business plan each year. There is risk that plans will not be approved or will be limited. As a Lloyd’s managing agent and syndicate, Cincinnati Global is exposed to various risks and the uncertainties associated, including its obligation to maintain funds at Lloyd’s to support its underwriting activities and periodic assessment of its capital, governance and other aspects of its business. Developments relating to the United Kingdom’s leaving the European Union could adversely affect Cincinnati Global’s operations. The terms of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit) and the relationship between the U.K. and the European Union going forward can affect economic conditions, including the terms of trade between them. The ultimate impact of Brexit is uncertain and will depend on any agreements that the U.K. makes to retain access to European Union markets. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate. These or other adverse consequences from Brexit could adversely affect the operations and business opportunities of Cincinnati Global. With a view to mitigating the potential effects of Brexit on business underwritten through it, Lloyd’s has set up an insurance company subsidiary in Belgium, with the intention of underwriting European Economic Area insurance business via that subsidiary. It is uncertain how effective Lloyd's proposed Brexit contingency plan will be. Our ability to obtain or collect on our reinsurance protection could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We buy property casualty and life reinsurance coverage to mitigate the liquidity risk and earnings volatility risk of an unexpected rise in claims severity or frequency from catastrophic events or a single large loss. The availability, amount and cost of reinsurance depend on market conditions and may vary significantly. If we were unable to obtain reinsurance on acceptable terms and in appropriate amounts, our business and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, we are subject to credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. Although we purchase reinsurance to manage our risks and exposures to losses, this reinsurance does not discharge our direct obligations under the policies we write. We would remain liable to our policyholders even if we were unable to recover what we believe we are entitled to receive under our reinsurance contracts. Reinsurers might refuse or fail to pay losses that we cede to them, or they might delay payment. For long-tail claims, the creditworthiness of our reinsurers may change before we can recover amounts to which we are entitled. A reinsurer’s insolvency, inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with our insurance subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 38 Please see Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2022 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, for a discussion of selected reinsurance transactions. Risks related to investments or other financial matters Financial disruption or a prolonged economic downturn could materially and adversely affect our investment performance. The outbreak of COVID-19 contributed to significant disruption and volatility for financial markets and decreased economic activity. Many companies experienced uncertainty and reduced liquidity. In the event that these conditions recur or result in a prolonged economic downturn, they could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Such adverse impacts may be material. These market conditions could also cause our investment income or the value of securities we own to decrease. Our ability to achieve our performance objectives could be affected by changes in the financial, credit and capital markets or the general economy. We invest premiums received from policyholders and other available cash to generate investment income and capital appreciation, while also maintaining sufficient liquidity to pay covered claims and operating expenses, service our debt obligations and pay dividends. The value of our invested assets is an important component of shareholders’ equity, also known as book value. Changes in the valuation of invested assets can significantly affect changes in book value per share, a key performance objective as discussed in Item 7, Executive Summary of Management’s Discussion and Analysis. For fixed-maturity investments such as bonds, which represented 53.5% of the fair value of our investment portfolio at the end of 2021, the inverse relationship between interest rates and bond prices leads to falling bond values during periods of increasing interest rates. A significant increase in the general level of interest rates could have an adverse effect on our shareholders’ equity. Investment income is an important component of our revenues and net income. The ability to increase investment income and generate longer-term growth in book value is affected by factors beyond our control, such as: inflation, economic growth, interest rates, world political conditions, changes in laws and regulations, epidemic events, terrorism attacks or threats, adverse events affecting other companies in our industry or the industries in which we invest, market events leading to credit constriction, and other widespread unpredictable events. These events may adversely affect the economy generally and could cause our investment income or the value of securities we own to decrease. A significant decline in our investment income could have an adverse effect on our net income, and thereby on our shareholders’ equity and our statutory capital and surplus. For a more detailed discussion of risks associated with our investments, please refer to Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. We have issued life contracts with guaranteed minimum returns, referred to as bank-owned life insurance contracts (BOLIs). BOLI investment assets must meet certain criteria established by the regulatory authorities in the jurisdiction for which the group contract holder is subject. Therefore, sales of investments may be mandated to maintain compliance with these regulations, possibly requiring gains or losses to be recorded. We could experience losses if the assets in the accounts were less than liabilities at the time of maturity or termination. Our investment performance also could suffer because of the types of investments, industry groups and/or individual securities in which we choose to invest. Market value changes related to these choices could cause a material change in our financial condition or results of operations. At year-end 2021, common stock holdings made up 44.6% of our investment portfolio. Adverse news or events affecting the global or U.S. economy or the equity markets could affect our net income, book value and overall results, as well as our ability to pay our common stock dividend. See Item 7, Investments Results, and Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, for a discussion of our investment activities. Deterioration in the banking sector or in banks with which we have relationships could affect our results of operations. Our ability to maintain or obtain short-term lines of credit could be affected if the banks from which we obtain these lines are acquired, fail or are otherwise negatively affected. We may lose premium revenue if a bank that owns appointed agencies were to change its strategies. We could experience increased losses in our director and officer liability line of business if claims were made against insured financial institutions. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 39 A deterioration of credit and market conditions could also impair our ability to access credit markets and could affect existing or future lending arrangements. Our overall results could be affected if a significant portion of our commercial lines policyholders, including those purchasing surety bonds, are adversely affected by marked or prolonged economic downturns and events such as a downturn in construction and related sectors, tightening credit markets and higher fuel costs. Such events could make it more difficult for policyholders to finance new projects, complete projects or expand their businesses, leading to lower premiums from reduced payrolls and sales and lower purchases of equipment and vehicles. These events could also cause claims, including surety claims, to increase due to a policyholder’s inability to secure necessary financing to complete projects or to collect on underlying lines of credit in the claims process. Such economic downturns and events could have a greater impact in the construction sector where we have a concentration of risks and in geographic areas that are hardest hit by economic downturns. Deteriorating economic conditions could also increase the degree of credit risk associated with amounts due from independent agents who collect premiums for payment to us and could hamper our ability to recover amounts due from reinsurers. Our status as an insurance holding company with no direct operations could affect our ability to pay dividends in the future. Cincinnati Financial Corporation is a holding company that transacts substantially all of its business through its subsidiaries. Our primary assets are the stock in our operating subsidiaries and our investments. Consequently, our cash flow to pay cash dividends and interest on our long-term debt depends on dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries and income earned on investments held at the parent-company level. Dividends received from our lead insurance subsidiary are restricted by the insurance laws of Ohio, its domiciliary state. These laws establish minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds and limits. In 2022, the maximum dividend that may be paid without prior regulatory approval is limited to the greater of 10% of statutory capital and surplus or 100% of statutory net income for the prior calendar year, up to the amount of statutory unassigned capital and surplus as of the end of the prior calendar year. Dividends exceeding these limitations may be paid only with prior approval of the Ohio Department of Insurance. We might not be able to receive dividends from our insurance subsidiaries, or we might not receive dividends in the amounts necessary to meet our debt obligations or to pay dividends on our common stock without liquidating securities. This could affect our financial position. Please see Item 1, Regulation, and Item 8, Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, for a discussion of insurance holding company dividend regulations. General risk factors Our business depends on the uninterrupted operation of our facilities, systems and business functions. Our business depends on our associates’ ability to perform necessary business functions, such as processing new and renewal policies and handling claims. We increasingly rely on technology and systems to accomplish these business functions in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion. Our inability to access our headquarters facilities for certain critical functions or a failure of technology, telecommunications or other systems or the loss or failure of services provided by key vendors, could significantly impair our ability to perform such functions on a timely basis or affect the accuracy of transactions. If sustained or repeated, such a business interruption or system failure could result in a deterioration of our ability to write and process new and renewal business, serve our agents and policyholders, pay claims in a timely manner, collect receivables or perform other necessary business functions. If our disaster recovery and business continuity plans did not sufficiently consider, address or reverse the circumstances of an interruption or failure, this could result in a materially adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. This risk is exacerbated because approximately 64% of our associates typically work at our Fairfield, Ohio, headquarters. As stay-at-home actions were enacted in 2020, we promptly and effectively transitioned most of our headquarters associates to working from home. Our ability to successfully execute business functions also depends on hiring and retaining qualified associates. Competition for high-quality executives and other key associates occurs within the insurance industry and from other industries. We also must effectively develop and manage associates, including providing training and resources. Such tools and information can allow them to effectively perform critical business functions and Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 40 adapt to changing business needs. Many markets in which we operate are experiencing a low unemployment rate and labor shortages are affecting many industries. If we were unable to attract and retain certain associates, or if we fail to provide adequate training or resources, we could limit the success of executing our strategic plans and vital business functions. The effects of changes in industry practices, laws and regulations on our business are uncertain. As industry practices and legal, judicial, legislative, regulatory, political, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to insurance pricing, claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by impeding our ability to obtain adequate rates for covered risks or otherwise extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent, by increasing the number or size of claims, by varying assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates or by increasing duties owed to policyholders beyond contractual obligations. In some instances, unforeseeable emerging and latent claim and coverage issues and court decisions or legislative changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued the insurance policies that could be affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance contracts may not be known for many years after a policy is issued and our pricing and reserve estimates may not accurately reflect its effect. We are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative organizations, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the SEC. Future changes required to be adopted could change the current accounting treatment that we apply and could result in material adverse effects on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Our investment income benefits from tax rate preferences for municipal bond interest and dividend income from equity securities. Market valuations for these securities also benefit from the tax-preference aspect of current tax laws, affecting the value of our investment portfolio and also shareholders’ equity. Future changes in tax laws could result in material adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition. The NAIC, state insurance regulators and state legislators continually re-examine existing laws and regulations governing insurance companies and insurance holding companies, specifically focusing on modifications to statutory accounting principles, interpretations of existing laws, regulations relating to product forms and pricing methodologies and the development of new laws and regulations that affect a variety of financial and nonfinancial components of our business. Any proposed or future legislation, regulation or NAIC initiatives, if adopted, may be more restrictive on our ability to conduct business than current regulatory requirements or may result in higher costs. The loss or significant restriction on the use of a particular variable, such as credit, in pricing and underwriting our products could lead to future unprofitability and increased costs. Federal laws and regulations and the influence of international laws and regulations, including those that may be enacted in the wake of the financial and credit crises, may have adverse effects on our business, potentially including a change from a state-based system of regulation to a system of federal regulation, the repeal of the McCarran Ferguson Act, and/or measures under the Dodd-Frank Act that establish the Federal Insurance Office and provide for a determination that a nonbank financial company presents systemic risk and therefore should be subject to heightened supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. It is not known how this federal office will coordinate and interact with the NAIC and state insurance regulators. Adoption or implementation of any of these measures may restrict our ability to conduct our insurance business, govern our corporate affairs or increase our cost of doing business. The effects of such changes could adversely affect our results of operations. Please see Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves and Life Insurance Policy Reserves, for a discussion of our reserving practices. Managing technology initiatives and meeting data security requirements are significant challenges. We use technology to process, store, retrieve, evaluate and utilize customer and company data and information. Our information technology and telecommunications systems, in turn, interface with and rely upon third-party systems. We must be able to access our systems to provide insurance quotes, process premium payments, make changes to existing policies, file and pay claims, provide customer support, manage our investment portfolios, report on financial results and perform other necessary business functions. Systems failures or outages could compromise our ability to perform these business functions in a timely manner, which could harm our ability to conduct business and hurt our relationships with our business partners and customers. In the event of a disaster such as a natural Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 41 catastrophe, a pandemic, civil unrest, an industrial accident, a cyber-attack, a blackout, a terrorist attack (including conventional, nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological) or war, systems upon which we rely may be inaccessible to our employees or independent agents for an extended period of time. Even if our employees and independent agents are able to report to work, they may be unable to perform their duties for an extended period of time if our data or systems used to conduct our business are disabled or destroyed. While technology can streamline many business processes and ultimately reduce the costs of operations, technology initiatives present short-term cost and also have implementation and operational risks. In addition, we may have inaccurate expense projections, implementation schedules or expectations regarding the effectiveness and user acceptance of the end product. These issues could escalate over time. If we were unable to find and retain associates with key technical knowledge, our ability to develop and deploy key technology solutions could be hampered. We necessarily collect, use and hold data concerning individuals and businesses with whom we have a relationship. Threats to data security, including unauthorized access and cyberattacks, rapidly emerge and change, exposing us to additional costs for protection or remediation and competing time constraints to secure our data in accordance with customer expectations and statutory and regulatory requirements. Our systems have been, and will likely continue to be, subject to viruses or other malicious codes, unauthorized access, cyber attacks, cyber frauds or other computer related penetrations. While we take commercially reasonable measures to keep our systems and data secure, it is difficult or impossible to defend against every risk being posed by changing technologies as well as criminal and state-sponsored cybercrime and cyber threats. While we are not aware of having experienced a material breach of our cybersecurity systems, administrative, internal accounting and technical controls as well as other preventative actions may be insufficient to prevent security breaches to our systems or those of third parties with whom we do business. Increasing sophistication of cyber criminals and terrorists make keeping up with new threats difficult and could result in a breach. Patching and other measures to protect existing systems and servers could be inadequate, especially on systems that are being retired. Controls employed by our U.S., off-shore and cloud vendors could prove inadequate. We could also experience a breach by intentional or negligent conduct on the part of associates or other internal sources. Our systems and those of our third-party vendors may become vulnerable to damage or disruption due to circumstances beyond our or their control, such as from catastrophic events, power anomalies or outages, natural disasters, network failures, and viruses, ransomware and malware. A breach of our security or the security of a vendor that results in unauthorized access to our data could expose us to a disruption or challenges relating to our daily operations as well as to data loss, litigation, damages, fines and penalties, significant increases in compliance costs and reputational damage. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 42 ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None ITEM 2. Properties Cincinnati Financial Corporation owns our headquarters building located on 107 acres of land in Fairfield, Ohio. This building has 1,508,200 square feet of total space. The property, including land is recorded in our financial statements at $131 million at December 31, 2021, and is classified as Land, building and equipment, net, for company use. John J. & Thomas R. Schiff & Co. Inc., a related party, occupies 8,991 square feet (less than 1%). This property is used for the operations described in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes. Cincinnati Financial Corporation owns Gilmore Pointe, located on the northwest corner of our headquarters property. This four-story building contains approximately 103,000 square feet of usable space. The property is recorded in the financial statements at $4 million at December 31, 2021, and is classified as investment property in Other invested assets. At December 31, 2021, unaffiliated tenants occupied 86%, Cincinnati Financial affiliates occupied 14%. The Cincinnati Insurance Company owns the CFC Winton Center used for multiple operations with approximately 48,000 square feet of total space, located approximately six miles from our headquarters. The property, including land, is recorded in our financial statements at $8 million at December 31, 2021, and is classified as Land, building and equipment, net, for company use. We lease office space located in London, United Kingdom, for our Cincinnati Global operations. We also lease office space throughout the United States to support our insurance operations. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures This item is not applicable to the company. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 43 Part II ITEM 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Cincinnati Financial Corporation had approximately 243,000 shareholders of record as of December 31, 2021. While approximately 13,500 shareholders are registered, the majority of shareholders are beneficial owners whose shares are held in “street name” by brokers and institutional accounts. We believe many of our independent agent representatives and most of the 5,166 associates of our subsidiaries own the company’s common stock. Our common shares are traded under the symbol CINF on Nasdaq. Cumulative Total Return As depicted in the graph below, the five-year total return on a $100 investment made December 31, 2016, assuming the reinvestment of all dividends, was 72.8% for Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s common stock compared with 82.3% for the S&P Composite 1500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index and 133.4% for the S&P 500 Index. The following graph depicts $100 invested on December 31, 2016, in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. The years shown represent each respective fiscal year ending December 31. Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Return The S&P 500 Index includes a representative sample of 500 leading companies in a cross section of industries of the U.S. economy. At year-end 2021, the S&P Composite 1500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index included 28 companies. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 44 Issuances and Purchases of Equity Securities The following summarizes securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2021: Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights at December 31, 2021 Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) at December 31, 2021 (a) (b) (c) 3,552,336 $ — 3,552,336 $ 78.52 — 78.52 5,867,608 — 5,867,608 The number of securities remaining available for future issuance includes: 5,538,245 shares available for issuance under the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (the 2016 Plan), 74,411 shares available for issuance under the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (the 2012 Plan), and 254,952 shares available for issuance of share grants under the Director’s Stock Plan of 2018. The number of securities remaining available for future issuance assumes the number of securities to be issued from performance-based awards are issued at the target-level performance level. Both the 2016 Plan and 2012 Plan allow for issuance of stock options, service-based or performance-based restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights or other equity-based grants. Awards other than stock options granted from the 2016 and 2012 plans are counted as three shares against the plan for each one share of common stock actually issued. Additional information about share-based associate compensation granted under our equity compensation plans is available in Item 8, Note 17 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. We discuss the factors that affect our ability to pay cash dividends and repurchase shares in Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources. Regulatory restrictions on dividends our insurance subsidiaries can pay to the parent company are discussed in Item 8, Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following summarizes shares purchased under our repurchase programs: Period October 1-31, 2021 November 1-30, 2021 December 1-31, 2021 Totals Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs — 715,913 $ 150,000 865,913 — 120.27 116.21 119.56 — 715,913 150,000 865,913 11,942,698 11,226,785 11,076,785 We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during 2021. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. Our repurchase program was expanded on January 26, 2018, by 15 million shares. We have 11,076,785 shares available for purchase under our programs at December 31, 2021. During 2021, we repurchased 1,250,000 shares at an average price of $115.19. ITEM 6. [Reserved] Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 45 ITEM 7. Results of Operations Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Introduction The purpose of Management’s Discussion and Analysis is to provide an understanding of Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis should be read in conjunction with Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes. We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and stock dividends. We begin with an executive summary of our results of operations, followed by other highlights and details about critical accounting estimates. In several instances, we refer to estimated industry data so that we can provide information on our performance within the context of the overall insurance industry. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best, a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory accounting basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory accounting basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on net written premium volume for the first nine months of 2021, among approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies in 46 states as discussed in Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy. The U.S. economy, the insurance industry and our company continue to face many challenges. Our long-term perspective has allowed us to address immediate challenges while also focusing on the major decisions that best position the company for success through all market cycles. We believe that this forward-looking view consistently benefits our shareholders, agents, policyholders and associates. To measure our progress, we have defined a measure of value creation that we believe captures the contribution of our insurance operations, the success of our investment strategy and the importance we place on paying cash dividends to shareholders. We refer to this measure as our value creation ratio (VCR) and it is made up of two primary components: (1) our rate of growth in book value per share plus (2) the ratio of dividends declared per share to beginning book value per share. This measure, intended to be all-inclusive regarding changes in book value per share, uses originally reported book value per share in cases where book value per share has been adjusted, such as after the adoption of Accounting Standards Updates with a cumulative effect of a change in accounting. The primary sources of our company’s net income are summarized below. We discuss contributions to net income and VCR by source in Corporate Financial Highlights, followed by more detailed discussion in Financial Results. • • • Underwriting profit (loss) – Includes revenues from earned premiums for insurance and reinsurance policies or contracts, reduced by losses and loss expenses from associated insurance coverages. Those revenues are further reduced by underwriting expenses associated with marketing policies or related to administration of our insurance operation. The net result represents an underwriting profit when revenues exceed losses and expenses. Investment income – Is generated primarily from investing the premiums collected for insurance policies sold, until funds are needed to pay losses for insurance claims or other expenses. Interest income from bonds or dividend income from stocks are the main categories of our investment income, with additional contribution from compounding effects over time. Investment gains and losses – Occur from appreciation or depreciation of invested assets over time. Gains or losses are generally recognized from changes in market values of equity securities without a sale or when invested assets are sold or become impaired. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 46 Executive Summary Our value creation ratio, defined above, is our primary performance target. VCR trends are shown in the table below. Value creation ratio: As of December 31, 2021 As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31, 2019 One year Three-year % average Five-year % average 25.7 % 14.7 30.5 23.6 % 15.0 17.8 18.7 % 16.5 14.2 We are targeting an annual value creation ratio averaging 10% to 13% over the next five-year period. At 25.7% for 2021, our performance exceeded the high end of that range. We also exceeded the high end of the range for both the three-year and five-year periods that ended in December 2021. The table below shows the primary components of our value creation ratio on a percentage basis. Analysis of the components aids understanding of our financial performance. Our financial results are further analyzed in the Corporate Financial Highlights section below. Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 2021-2020 Pt. Change 2020-2019 Pt. Change Value creation ratio major components: Net income before investment gains Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains Change in equity securities, investment gains Other Value creation ratio 9.7 % 5.5 % 8.9 % 3.0 (1.5) 7.5 16.8 0.7 (1.3) 25.7 % 14.7 % 30.5 % 5.5 16.6 (0.5) 4.2 (4.5) 9.3 2.0 11.0 (3.4) (2.5) (9.1) (0.8) (15.8) The 2021 value creation ratio increased by 11.0 percentage points, compared with 2020, including improved operating results and a higher valuation for our investment portfolio, as shown in the table above. The decrease in 2020, compared with 2019, was primarily due to a less favorable valuation for our investment portfolio. We believe our value creation ratio is a useful measure. The table below shows calculations for VCR. (Dollars are per share) Value creation ratio: End of period book value* Less beginning of period book value Change in book value Dividend declared to shareholders Total value creation Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 81.72 $ 67.04 $ 60.55 67.04 14.68 2.52 $ 17.20 $ 60.55 6.49 2.40 8.89 48.10 12.45 2.24 $ 14.69 Value creation ratio from change in book value** Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders*** Value creation ratio 21.9 % 3.8 25.7 % 10.7 % 4.0 14.7 % 25.9 % 4.6 30.5 % * Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding ** Change in book value divided by the beginning of year book value *** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of year book value Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 47 When looking at our longer-term objectives, we see three primary performance drivers for our value creation ratio: • • • Premium growth – We believe over any five-year period our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate that exceeds the industry average. The compound annual growth rate of our net written premiums was 7.2% over the five-year period 2017 through 2021, exceeding the 5.8% estimated growth rate for the property casualty insurance industry, with 2021 representing industry data reported through the first nine months of 2021. The industry’s growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business. Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can drive performance to achieve our underwriting profitability target of a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that consistently averages within the range of 95% to 100%. Our GAAP combined ratio averaged 94.8% over the five-year period 2017 through 2021, slightly better than the performance target range. Performance as measured by the combined ratio is discussed in Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Results. Our statutory combined ratio averaged 94.2% over the five-year period 2017 through 2021, compared with an estimated 100.3% for the property casualty industry, with 2021 representing industry data reported through the first nine months of 2021. The industry’s ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business. Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year total return of the S&P 500 Index. ◦ Investment income growth, on a pretax basis, had a compound annual growth rate of 3.7% over the five- year period 2017 through 2021. ◦ Over the five years ended December 31, 2021, our equity portfolio compound annual total return was 18.0% compared with a compound annual total return of 18.5% for the Index. Our equity portfolio favors larger-capitalization, high-quality, dividend-growing stocks with a slight value orientation. For the year 2021, our equity portfolio total return was 29.6%, compared with 28.7% for the Index. The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and share repurchase authorizations. Through 2021, the company has increased the annual cash dividend rate for 61 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other publicly traded U.S. companies. In addition to regular dividends, strong capital and excellent company performance has provided opportunities to further reward shareholders. The board regularly evaluates relevant factors in dividend-related decisions, and the 2021 increase to the regular dividend reflected confidence in our strong capital, liquidity and financial flexibility, as well as progress of our initiatives to improve earnings performance while growing insurance premium revenues. We discuss our financial position in more detail in Liquidity and Capital Resources. Our view of the shareholder value we can create over the next five years relies largely on three assumptions – each highly dependent on the external environment. First, we anticipate our property casualty average insurance prices will increase in proportion to, or in excess of, our loss cost trends. Second, we assume that the economy can maintain a long-term growth track. Third, we assume that valuations of our marketable securities will vary within a typical range over time, based on historical trends. If those assumptions prove to be inaccurate, we may not be able to achieve our performance targets even if we accomplish our strategic objectives. We discuss in Item 1A, Risk Factors, many potential risks to our business and our ability to achieve our qualitative and quantitative objectives. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 48 Corporate Financial Highlights In addition to the value creation ratio discussion and analysis in the Executive Summary, we further analyze our financial results in the sections below. Balance Sheet Data (Dollars in millions, except share data) Total investments Total assets Short-term debt Long-term debt Shareholders' equity Book value per share Debt-to-total-capital ratio At December 31, 2021 At December 31, 2020 $ $ 24,666 31,387 54 789 13,105 81.72 21,542 27,542 54 788 10,789 67.04 6.0 % 7.2 % Total investments increased by 15% during 2021 on a fair value basis, with an increase in our securities portfolio valuation that added to a 7% increase in its cost basis. Entering 2022, we believe the portfolio continues to be well diversified and is well positioned to withstand short-term fluctuations. We discuss our investment strategy in Item 1, Investments Segment, and results for the segment in Investments Results. Total assets rose 14%. Shareholders’ equity increased by 21% and book value per share increased by 22%, for reasons discussed in the preceding Executive Summary. The amount of our debt obligations increased by $1 million in 2021, compared with 2020. Our 6.0% ratio of debt to total capital (debt plus shareholders’ equity) at year-end 2021 decreased by 1.2 percentage points compared with the prior-year ratio. Income Statement and Per Share Data (In millions, except per share data) Earned premiums Investment income, net of expenses (pretax) Investment gains and losses, net (pretax) Total revenues Net income Comprehensive income Net income per share - diluted Cash dividends declared per share Diluted weighted average shares outstanding Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ 6,482 $ 714 2,409 9,630 2,946 2,825 18.10 2.52 162.7 5,980 $ 670 865 7,536 1,216 1,537 7.49 2.40 162.4 5,604 646 1,650 7,924 1,997 2,423 12.10 2.24 165.1 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 7 8 4 7 (48) 178 (5) 28 (39) 142 (37) 84 (38) 142 7 5 (2) 0 Net income rose by $1.730 billion or 142% in 2021, compared with 2020, including a $1.220 billion increase for 2021 net investment gains after taxes. The improved 2021 net income also included an increase in property casualty underwriting income of $483 million after taxes, as discussed below, and a $37 million increase in investment income after taxes. Our investment operation’s performance is discussed further in Investments Results. Net income in 2020 decreased by $781 million, compared with 2019, including a $620 million decrease for 2020 net investment gains after taxes. The decrease in 2020 net income also included a decrease in property casualty underwriting income of $175 million after taxes and was partially offset by a $21 million increase in investment income after taxes. During 2021, SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, continued to cause dampening economic effects in some areas where we operate, while many areas experienced strengthening economic effects due to increased business activity and consumer spending. In 2020, it caused significant effects, including temporary closures of many businesses and reduced consumer spending due Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 49 to shelter-in-place, stay-at-home and other governmental actions. Those orders and the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19 had broad financial market effects and caused significant market disruption and volatility. As the pandemic unfolded in 2020 and continued into 2021, management met with the board of directors frequently to discuss matters such as our response to prioritize the health and safety of our associates, agents and policyholders. Discussion also included near-term and longer-term financial effects. As stay-at-home orders were enacted, we promptly and effectively transitioned most of our headquarters associates to working from home. We provided the technology necessary to keep the business running, as associates continued writing and collecting insurance premiums, responding to claims and performing other operational functions. They joined our field associates who already worked from home, providing agents and policyholders with outstanding service. At the end of 2021, most of our associates continued to work from home. We believe the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our premium revenues for the last three quarters of 2021, while it had a modestly slowing effect on premium growth for the first quarter of the year. In 2020, the pandemic slowed the growth of our premium revenues, including new business written premiums. Premium growth by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. For future periods, renewal premium or new business premium amounts could decline if the basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of the pandemic and a weakening economy. We are not able to determine premium effects for future periods. During 2021, changes to our estimates for incurred losses and expenses related to the pandemic included a $2 million increase in Cincinnati Re® losses, a $1 million decrease in Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global) losses and an $8 million decrease in ultimate credit losses related to uncollectible premiums. For full-year 2020, pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses totaled $85 million. The total included $30 million for legal expenses in defense of business interruption claims, $19 million for Cincinnati Re losses, $12 million for Cincinnati Global losses, $8 million for credit losses related to uncollectible premiums and $16 million for the Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies. Factors used in estimating reserves for business interruption legal expenses included estimates for attorney fees associated with the defense of such lawsuits filed against the company; litigation trends of such cases, including responding to amended and replead cases and cases on appeal; and trends in judicial decisions in cases filed against the company and other insurers. Approximately half of the losses for Cincinnati Re represent its estimated share from reinsurance treaties with companies that provided affirmative coverage for pandemic-related business interruption, and most of the remainder is an estimated share of treaties covering professional liability. Most of the losses for Cincinnati Global represent its share of potential losses from business interruption coverage for large risks with customized policy terms and conditions. Most of our commercial property policies are written to preclude coverage for business interruption claims unless there is direct physical loss or damage to property. For this reason, most of our standard market commercial property policies in states where we actively write business do not contain a specific virus exclusion. Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors, as discussed in Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves. Because of various factors that affect exposure to certain insurance losses, such as less miles driven for vehicles or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, there could be a reduction in future losses, and in some cases a generally corresponding reduction in premiums. Also, there could be losses or legal expenses that increase or otherwise occur independently of changes in sales or payrolls of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors. We are not able to determine loss effects for future periods. As discussed in Investments Results, we reported a net investment gain in 2021, primarily due to a $2.278 billion net favorable change in fair value for equity securities still held. In both 2020 and 2019, we reported net investment gains, including $841 million in 2020 and $1.626 billion in 2019 from net favorable changes in fair value for equity securities still held. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 50 Contribution from Insurance Operations (Dollars in millions) Consolidated property casualty data: Net written premiums Earned premiums Underwriting profit GAAP combined ratio Statutory combined ratio Written premium to statutory surplus Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % $ 6,479 6,184 731 $ 5,864 5,691 119 $ 5,516 5,334 341 10 9 514 6 7 (65) Pt. Change 88.3 % 98.1 % 87.9 0.9 96.7 1.0 93.8 % 93.4 1.0 (9.8) (8.8) (0.1) Pt. Change 4.3 3.3 0.0 Property casualty net written premiums grew 10% and earned premiums grew 9% in 2021. The growth reflected average renewal price increases, premium growth initiatives and a higher level of insured exposures, including a contribution to net written premium growth of 3 percentage points from Cincinnati Re. The 2020 growth rate for net written premiums was slower, reflecting the pandemic and related economic effects. Trends and related factors are discussed in Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Results, respectively. Our property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit for each of the three years ending in 2021. The $612 million improvement in 2021, compared with 2020, included a $195 million decrease in losses from natural catastrophe events and $265 million more benefit from net favorable reserve development on prior accident years before catastrophe losses. The $222 million decrease in 2020, compared with 2019, included a $370 million increase in losses from catastrophe events and $121 million less benefit from net favorable reserve development on prior accident years before catastrophe losses. We measure property casualty underwriting profitability primarily by the combined ratio. Our combined ratio measures the percentage of each earned premium dollar spent on claims plus all expenses related to our property casualty operations, all on a pretax basis. A lower ratio indicates more favorable results and better underlying performance. A ratio below 100% represents an underwriting profit. Initiatives to improve our combined ratio are discussed in Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Strategic Initiatives. In 2021, 2020 and 2019, favorable development on reserves for claims that occurred in prior accident years helped offset other incurred losses and loss expenses. Reserve development is discussed further in Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves. Losses from weather-related catastrophes are another important item influencing the combined ratio and are discussed along with other factors in Financial Results for our property casualty business and related segments. Our life insurance segment reported a loss of $16 million in 2021 and profit of $11 million in 2020. We discuss results for the segment in Life Insurance Results. Most of this segment’s investment income is included in our investments segment results. In addition to investment income, investment gains from the life insurance investment portfolio are also included in our investments segment results. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 51 Critical Accounting Estimates Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s financial statements are prepared using U.S. GAAP. These principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the financial statements are discussed in Item 8, Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. In conjunction with that discussion, material implications of uncertainties associated with the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying the company’s critical accounting policies are discussed below. The audit committee of the board of directors reviews the annual financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm. These discussions cover the quality of earnings, review of reserves and accruals, reconsideration of the suitability of accounting principles, review of highly judgmental areas including critical accounting estimates, audit adjustments and such other inquiries as may be appropriate. Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves We establish loss and loss expense reserves for our property casualty insurance business as balance sheet liabilities. Unpaid loss and loss expenses are the estimated amounts necessary to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. These reserves account for unpaid loss and loss expenses as of a financial statement date. For some lines of business that we write, a considerable and uncertain amount of time can elapse between the occurrence, reporting and payment of insured claims. The amount we will actually have to pay for such claims also can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. Gross loss and loss expense reserves were $7.229 billion at year-end 2021 compared with $6.677 billion at year-end 2020. How Reserves Are Established Our field claims representatives establish case reserves when claims are reported to the company to provide for our unpaid loss and loss expense obligation associated with known claims. Field claims managers supervise and review all claims with case reserves less than $100,000. Additionally, a headquarters supervisor and regional claims manager review claims under $100,000 if litigation or a certain specialty claim is involved. All claims with case reserves of $100,000 or greater are reviewed and approved by experienced headquarters supervisors and regional claims managers. Upper-level headquarters claims managers also review case reserves of $175,000 or more. Our claims representatives base their case reserve estimates primarily upon case-by-case evaluations that consider: • • • • • type of claim involved circumstances surrounding each claim policy provisions pertaining to each claim potential for subrogation or salvage recoverable general insurance reserving practices Case reserves of all sizes are subject to review on a 90-day cycle, or more frequently if new information about a loss becomes available. As part of the review process, we monitor industry trends, cost trends, relevant court cases, legislative activity and other current events in an effort to ascertain new or additional loss exposures. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 52 We also establish IBNR reserves to provide for all unpaid loss and loss expenses not accounted for by case reserves: • • • • • For events designated as natural catastrophes resulting in losses incurred related to premiums written on a direct basis by The Cincinnati Insurance Companies, we calculate IBNR reserves directly as a result of an estimated IBNR claim count and an estimated average claim amount for each event. Once case reserves are established for a catastrophe event, we reduce the IBNR reserves. Our claims department management coordinates the assessment of these events and prepares the related IBNR reserve estimates. Such an assessment involves a comprehensive analysis of the nature of the event, of policyholder exposures within the affected geographic area and of available claims intelligence. Depending on the nature of the event, available claims intelligence could include surveys of field claims associates within the affected geographic area, feedback from a catastrophe claims team sent into the area, as well as data on claims reported as of the financial statement date. To determine whether an event is designated as a catastrophe, related to premiums written on a direct basis by The Cincinnati Insurance Companies, we generally use the catastrophe definition provided by Property Claims Service (PCS), a division of Insurance Services Office. PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes U.S., Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands damage of $25 million or more in insured property losses and affects a significant number of policyholders and insureds. For events designated as natural catastrophes resulting in losses for Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, we begin with a review of in-force policies, treaties and related limits likely to be affected by each event. For both Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, use of information from third-party catastrophe models, industry estimates, and our own proprietary adjustments are used for the estimate of ultimate losses for each catastrophe event. Incurred losses from catastrophe events for both Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global can be designated catastrophes by PCS, or deemed as a catastrophe by the international insurance industry or, for Cincinnati Re, as reported by ceding companies. IBNR reserves are calculated as the difference between the estimate of the ultimate loss and loss expenses and the sum of total loss and loss expense payments and total case reserves. For asbestos and environmental claims, we calculate IBNR reserves by deriving an actuarially-based estimate of total unpaid loss and loss expenses. We then reduce the estimate by total case reserves. We discuss the reserve analysis that applies to asbestos and environmental reserves in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Asbestos and Environmental Loss and Loss Expense Reserves. For loss expenses that pertain primarily to salaries and other costs related to our claims department associates, also referred to as adjusting and other expense or AOE, we calculate reserves based on an analysis of the relationship between paid losses and paid AOE. Reserves for AOE are allocated to company, line of business and accident year based on a claim count algorithm. Claim counts reported and used in the reserving process are primarily measured by insurance coverages that are triggered when a loss occurs and a reserve is established. Coverages are defined as unique combinations of certain attributes such as line of business and cause of loss. Claims that are opened and closed without payment are included in the reported claim counts. Claim counts are presented on a direct basis only and do not reflect any assumed or ceded reinsurance. For all other claims and events, including reinsurance assumed or ceded, IBNR reserves are calculated as the difference between an actuarial estimate of the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses incurred reduced by the sum of total loss and loss expense payments and total case reserves estimated for individual claims. Reserve amounts for those other claims and events are significant, and represent the majority of amounts shown as IBNR reserves and loss expense reserves in the table included in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves. We discuss below the development of actuarially based estimates of the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses incurred. Our actuarial staff applies significant judgment in selecting models and estimating model parameters when preparing reserve analyses. Unpaid loss and loss expenses are inherently uncertain as to timing and amount. Uncertainties relating to model appropriateness, parameter estimates and actual loss and loss expense amounts are referred to as model, parameter and process uncertainty, respectively. Our management and actuarial staff address these uncertainties in the reserving process in a variety of ways. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 53 Our actuarial staff bases its IBNR reserve estimates for these losses primarily on the indications of methods and models that analyze accident year data. Accident year is the year in which an insured claim, loss or loss expense occurred. The specific methods and models that our actuaries have used for the past several years are: paid and reported loss development methods paid and reported loss Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods individual and multiple probabilistic trend family models Our actuarial staff uses diagnostics provided by stochastic reserving software to evaluate the appropriateness of the models and methods listed above. The software’s diagnostics have indicated that the appropriateness of these models and methods for estimating IBNR reserves for our lines of business tends to depend on a line’s tail. Tail refers to the time interval between a typical claim’s occurrence and its settlement. For our long-tail lines such as workers’ compensation, commercial casualty and certain other liability lines, models from the probabilistic trend family tend to provide superior fits and to validate well, compared with models underlying the loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. The loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, particularly the reported loss variations, tend to produce the more appropriate IBNR reserve estimates for our short-tail lines such as homeowner and commercial property. For our mid-tail lines such as personal and commercial auto liability, all models and methods provide useful insights. Our actuarial staff also devotes significant time and effort to the estimation of model and method parameters. The loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods require the estimation of numerous loss development factors. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods also involve the estimation of numerous expected loss ratios by accident year. Models from the probabilistic trend family require the estimation of development trends, calendar year inflation trends and exposure levels. Consequently, our actuarial staff monitors a number of trends and measures to gain key business insights necessary for exercising appropriate judgment when estimating the parameters mentioned, such as: company and industry pricing company and industry exposure company and industry loss frequency and severity past large loss events company and industry premium company in-force policy count These trends and measures also support the estimation of expected accident year loss ratios needed for applying the Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and for assessing the reasonability of all IBNR reserve estimates computed. Our actuarial staff reviews these trends and measures quarterly, updating parameters derived from them as necessary. Quarterly, our actuarial staff summarizes their reserve analysis by preparing an actuarial best estimate and a range of reasonable IBNR reserves intended to reflect the uncertainty of the estimate. An inter-departmental committee that includes our actuarial management team reviews the results of each quarterly reserve analysis. The committee establishes management’s best estimate of IBNR reserves, which is the amount that is included in each period’s financial statements. In addition to the information provided by actuarial staff, the committee also considers factors such as: large loss activity and trends in large losses new business activity judicial decisions general economic trends such as inflation trends in litigiousness and legal expenses product and underwriting changes changes in claims practices • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 54 The determination of management’s best estimate, like the preparation of the reserve analysis that supports it, involves considerable judgment. Changes in reserving data or the trends and factors that influence reserving data may signal fundamental shifts or may simply reflect single-period anomalies. Even if a change reflects a fundamental shift, the full extent of the change may not become evident until years later. Moreover, since our methods and models do not explicitly relate many of the factors we consider directly to reserve levels, we typically cannot quantify the precise impact of such factors on the adequacy of reserves prospectively or retrospectively. Due to the uncertainties described above, our ultimate loss experience could prove better or worse than our carried reserves reflect. To the extent that reserves are inadequate and increased, the amount of the increase is a charge in the period that the deficiency is recognized, raising our loss and loss expense ratio and reducing earnings. To the extent that reserves are redundant and released, the amount of the release is a credit in the period that the redundancy is recognized, reducing our loss and loss expense ratio and increasing earnings. Key Assumptions – Loss Reserving Our actuarial staff makes a number of key assumptions when using their methods and models to derive IBNR reserve estimates. Appropriate reliance on these key assumptions essentially entails determinations of the likelihood that statistically significant patterns in historical data may extend into the future. The four most significant of the key assumptions used by our actuarial staff and approved by management are: • • • • Emergence of loss and defense and cost containment expenses, also referred to as DCCE, on an accident year basis. Historical paid loss, reported loss and paid DCCE data for the business lines we analyze contain patterns that reflect how unpaid losses, unreported losses and unpaid DCCE as of a financial statement date will emerge in the future. Unless our actuarial staff or management identifies reasons or factors that invalidate the extension of historical patterns into the future, these patterns can be used to make projections necessary for estimating IBNR reserves. Our actuaries significantly rely on this assumption in the application of all methods and models mentioned above. Calendar year inflation. For long-tail and mid-tail business lines, calendar year inflation trends for future paid losses and paid DCCE do not vary significantly from a stable, long-term average. Our actuaries base reserve estimates derived from probabilistic trend family models on this assumption. Exposure levels. Historical earned premiums, when adjusted to reflect common levels of product pricing and loss cost inflation, can serve as a proxy for historical exposures. Our actuaries require this assumption to estimate expected loss ratios and expected DCCE ratios used by the Bornhuetter-Ferguson reserving methods. They may also use this assumption to establish exposure levels for recent accident years, characterized by “green” or immature data, when working with probabilistic trend family models. Claims having atypical emergence patterns. Characteristics of certain subsets of claims, such as high frequency, high severity, or mass tort claims, have the potential to distort patterns contained in historical paid loss, reported loss and paid DCCE data. When testing indicates this to be the case for a particular subset of claims, our actuaries segregate these claims from the data and analyze them separately. Subsets of claims that could fall into this category include hurricane claims or claims for other weather events where total losses we incurred were very large, individual large claims and asbestos and environmental claims. These key assumptions have not changed since 2005, when our actuarial staff began using probabilistic trend family models to estimate IBNR reserves. Paid losses, reported losses and paid DCCE are subject to random as well as systematic influences. As a result, actual paid losses, reported losses and paid DCCE are virtually certain to differ from projections. Such differences are consistent with what specific models for our business lines predict and with the related patterns in the historical data used to develop these models. As a result, management does not closely monitor statistically insignificant differences between actual and projected data. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 55 Reserve Estimate Variability Management believes that the standard error of a reserve estimate, a measure of the estimate’s variability, provides the most appropriate measure of the estimate’s sensitivity. The reserves we establish depend on the models we use and the related parameters we estimate in the course of conducting reserve analyses. However, the actual amount required to settle all outstanding insured claims, including IBNR claims, as of a financial statement date depends on stochastic, or random, elements as well as the systematic elements captured by our models and estimated model parameters. For the lines of business we write, process uncertainty – the inherent variability of loss and loss expense payments – typically contributes more to the imprecision of a reserve estimate than parameter uncertainty. Consequently, a sensitivity measure that ignores process uncertainty would provide an incomplete picture of the reserve estimate’s sensitivity. Since a reserve estimate’s standard error accounts for both process and parameter uncertainty, it reflects the estimate’s full sensitivity to a range of reasonably likely scenarios. The table below provides standard errors and reserve ranges by major property casualty lines of business and in total for net loss and loss expense reserves as well as the potential effects on our net income, assuming a 21% federal tax rate. Standard errors and reserve ranges for assorted groupings of these lines of business cannot be computed by simply adding the standard errors and reserve ranges of the component lines of business, since such an approach would ignore the effects of product diversification. See Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Range of Reasonable Reserves, for more details on our total reserve range. While the table reflects our assessment of the most likely range within which each line’s actual unpaid loss and loss expenses may fall, one or more lines’ actual unpaid loss and loss expenses could nonetheless fall outside of the indicated ranges. (Dollars in millions) Net loss and loss expense range of reserves Carried reserves Low point High point Standard error Net income effect At December 31, 2021 Total Commercial casualty Commercial property Commercial auto Workers' compensation Personal auto Homeowners Excess and surplus $ 6,902 $ 6,446 $ 7,014 $ 284 $ $ 2,464 $ 2,222 $ 2,655 $ 314 708 815 272 282 521 456 759 965 292 299 562 527 798 989 313 316 603 217 $ 107 45 87 21 17 43 224 171 85 36 69 17 13 34 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 56 Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience adjusted for historical trends in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality and morbidity. We use our own experience and historical trends for setting our assumptions for expected withdrawal rates and expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future expected economic conditions. We establish reserves for our universal life, deferred annuity and investment contracts equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life insurance policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments. Asset Impairment Our investment portfolio is our largest asset. We monitor the fixed-maturity portfolio and all other assets for signs of credit-related or other impairment. We monitor decreases in the fair value of invested assets and the need for an allowance for credit losses for our fixed-maturity portfolio; allowances for expected credit losses on receivable and recoverable assets considering past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts; an accumulation of company costs in excess of the amount originally expected to acquire or construct an asset; or other factors such as bankruptcy, deterioration of creditworthiness, failure to pay interest; and changes in legal factors or in the business climate. The application of our invested assets impairment policy resulted in write-downs of impaired securities intended to be sold that reduced our income before income taxes by $1 million in 2021 and $78 million in 2020, and other-than- temporary impairment (OTTI) charges of $9 million in 2019. Write-downs and OTTI losses represent noncash charges to income and are reported as investment losses. The application of our non-invested assets impairment policy did not have a material effect on our financial condition in 2021 or 2020. Our internal investment portfolio managers monitor their assigned portfolios. If a fixed-maturity security is valued below amortized cost, the portfolio managers undertake additional reviews. Such declines often occur in conjunction with events taking place in the overall economy and market, combined with events specific to the industry or operations of the issuing organization. Managers review quantitative measurements such as a declining trend in fair value and the extent of the fair value decline, as well as qualitative measures such as pending events, credit ratings and issuer liquidity. We are even more proactive when these declines in valuation are greater than might be anticipated when viewed in the context of overall economic and market conditions. We provide detailed information about fixed-maturity securities fair valued in a continuous loss position at year-end 2020 in Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. An available for sale fixed maturity is impaired if the fair value of the security is below amortized cost. The impaired loss is charged to net income when we have the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost. For impaired securities we intend to hold, an allowance for credit related losses is recorded in investment losses when the company determines a credit loss has been incurred based on certain factors such as adverse conditions, credit rating downgrades or failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments. A credit loss is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis by comparing the present value of expected cash flows with the amortized cost basis, limited to the difference between fair value and amortized cost. Noncredit losses are recognized in other comprehensive income as a change in unrealized gains and losses on investments. We provide information about valuations of our invested assets in Item 8, Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 57 Fair Value Measurements Valuation of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the exit price or the amount that would be (1) received to sell an asset or (2) paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants at the measurement date. When determining an exit price, we must, whenever possible, rely upon observable market data. We have categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. While we consider pricing data from outside services, we ultimately determine whether the data or inputs used by these outside services are observable or unobservable. Financial assets and liabilities recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as described in Item 8, Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Level 1 and Level 2 Valuation Techniques Substantially all of the $24.337 billion of securities in our investment portfolio at year-end 2021, measured at fair value, are classified as Level 1 or Level 2. Financial assets that fall within Level 1 and Level 2 are priced according to observable data from identical or similar securities that have traded in the marketplace. Also within Level 2 are securities that are valued by outside services or brokers where we have evaluated and verified the pricing methodology and determined that the inputs are observable. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Information about recent accounting pronouncements is provided in Item 8, Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 58 Financial Results Consolidated financial results primarily reflect the results of our five reporting segments. These segments are defined based on financial information we use to evaluate performance and to determine the allocation of assets. • • • • • Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance Investments We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. In addition, Other includes the financial results of our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re, and our London-based global specialty underwriter known as Cincinnati Global. We measure profit or loss for our commercial lines, personal lines, excess and surplus lines and life insurance segments based upon underwriting results (profit or loss), which represent net earned premium less loss and loss expenses, or contract holders’ benefits incurred, and underwriting expenses on a pretax basis. We also evaluate results for our consolidated property casualty insurance operations. That is the total of our standard market segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines insurance segment, Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. For analysis of our consolidated property casualty insurance results, it is important to include the earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and also underwriting expenses reported as Other. Underwriting results and segment pretax operating income are not substitutes for net income determined in accordance with GAAP. For our consolidated property casualty insurance operations as well as the insurance segments, statutory accounting data and ratios are key performance indicators that we use to assess business trends and to make comparisons to industry results, since GAAP-based industry data generally is not as readily available. Investments held by the parent company and the investment portfolios for the insurance subsidiaries are managed and reported as the investments segment, separate from our underwriting business. Net investment income and net investment gains and losses for our investment portfolios are discussed in the Investments Results. The calculations of segment data are described in more detail in Item 8, Note 18, of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following sections provide analysis and discussion of results of operations for each of the five segments. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 59 Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Results Earned and net written premiums for our consolidated property casualty operations grew in 2021, reflecting average renewal price increases, a higher level of insured exposures and strategic initiatives for targeted growth. A key measure of property casualty profitability is underwriting profit or loss. Our 2021 underwriting profit of $731 million was $612 million more than in 2020, including a $195 million favorable effect from a lower amount of catastrophe losses, mostly caused by severe weather. Prior accident year loss experience before catastrophes during 2021 was more favorable than in 2020, and represented $265 million of the 2021 underwriting profit increase. Improved profitability also included other factors, such as higher pricing and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices. Pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses of $85 million in 2020 were discussed in more detail in Corporate Financial Highlights of Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Underwriting profit trends are discussed further below. The table below highlights property casualty results, with analysis and discussion in the sections that follow. That analysis and discussion includes sections by segment. Overview – Three-Year Highlights (Dollars in millions) Earned premiums Fee revenues Total revenues Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Underwriting profit Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Combined ratio Combined ratio: Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 5,334 $ 5,691 $ 6,184 11 9 10 5,345 5,700 6,194 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 7 (18) 7 9 11 9 3,462 562 (363) (65) 3,596 1,867 $ 731 3,243 725 (98) (33) 3,837 1,744 $ 119 3,249 351 (219) (29) 3,352 1,652 $ 341 7 (22) (270) (97) (6) 7 514 0 107 55 (14) 14 6 (65) Pt. Change Pt. Change 56.0 % 57.0 % 9.1 (5.9) (1.1) 58.1 30.2 88.3 % 98.1 % 12.7 (1.7) (0.6) 67.4 30.7 60.9 % 6.6 (4.1) (0.6) 62.8 31.0 93.8 % 88.3 % 98.1 % 93.8 % 2.1 10.4 1.9 86.2 % 87.7 % 91.9 % (1.0) (3.6) (4.2) (0.5) (9.3) (0.5) (9.8) (9.8) (8.3) (1.5) (3.9) 6.1 2.4 0.0 4.6 (0.3) 4.3 4.3 8.5 (4.2) We believe the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our consolidated property casualty premium revenues for the last three quarters of 2021, while it had a modestly slowing effect on premium growth for the first quarter. The pandemic and a weakened economy reduced premium volume during the first quarter of 2021 and during much of 2020. A strengthening economy in 2021 contributed to premium growth, compared with the same period a year ago. Consolidated property casualty net written premiums grew 10% in 2021, compared with 2020, including a contribution of 3% from Cincinnati Re. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 60 Consolidated property casualty new business written premiums increased 12% in 2021, compared with 2020. For policies that renewed during 2021, higher average pricing also contributed to premium growth. Regardless of pricing changes, new business and renewal premium amounts could decline if the exposure basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy. Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors as discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. For future periods, factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as fewer vehicular miles driven or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, could cause a reduction in future losses that generally correspond to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in mileage, sales or payrolls of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors. Performance highlights for consolidated property casualty operations also included: • Premiums – Agency renewal written premiums rose $351 million in 2021 and continued to contribute to growth in earned premiums and net written premiums that rose in each of our property casualty segments. The renewal premium increase was largely due to average renewal price increases and a higher level of insured exposures. Price increases with enhanced precision continue to benefit operating results. New business written premiums produced through agencies increased $98 million in 2021, compared with 2020. Agents appointed during 2021 or 2020 produced a 2021 increase in standard lines new business of $50 million. Growth initiatives also favorably affect growth in subsequent years, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time. Expansion of Cincinnati Re produced $461 million of 2021 net written premiums and contributed $159 million of the growth in other written premiums, compared with 2020. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions. In 2021, earned premiums for Cincinnati Re totaled $392 million. Cincinnati Global also contributed to the increase in other written premiums. Net written premiums were $187 million in 2021, and contributed $10 million of the growth in other written premiums, compared with 2020. In 2021, earned premiums for Cincinnati Global totaled $178 million. Other written premiums also include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our ceded reinsurance program. An increase in ceded premiums, other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global premiums, reduced net written premium growth by $15 million in 2021. The table below analyzes premium revenue components and trends. (Dollars in millions) Agency renewal written premiums Agency new business written premiums Other written premiums Net written premiums Unearned premium change Earned premiums Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 5,091 $ 4,740 $ 4,519 778 219 5,516 (182) $ 6,184 $ 5,691 $ 5,334 799 325 5,864 (173) 897 491 6,479 (295) 2020-2019 2021-2020 Change % Change % 5 3 48 6 5 7 7 12 51 10 (71) 9 • Combined ratio – The combined ratio improved by 9.8 percentage points in 2021, compared with 2020, including a 4.1 percentage-point decrease in the ratio for catastrophe losses. The 2021 ratio for current accident year losses and loss expenses before catastrophes improved by 1.0 percentage point, largely reflecting what we believe are improvements to some of our loss experience due to recent-year initiatives to improve pricing precision and claims and loss control practices. The remainder of the 2021 combined ratio improvement included 4.2 percentage points more benefit in the ratio for prior accident year losses and loss expenses before catastrophes. We further discuss ratios related to reserve development in the sections that follow the Catastrophe Losses Incurred table below. Our statutory combined ratio was 87.9% in 2021 compared with 96.7% in 2020 and 93.4% in 2019. The estimated statutory combined ratio for the property casualty industry, with the industry’s ratio excluding its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business and based on industry data reported through the first nine months of 2021, Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 61 was 99.5% in 2021, 99.1% in 2020 and 99.2% in 2019. The contribution of catastrophe losses to our statutory combined ratio was 7.6 percentage points in 2021, 11.2 percentage points in 2020 and 6.0 percentage points in 2019, compared with industry estimates of 8.2, 7.5 and 4.1 percentage points, respectively, with 2021 representing industry data reported through the first nine months of 2021. Components of the combined ratio are discussed below. Catastrophe loss trends are an important factor in assessing trends for overall underwriting results. Our 10-year historical annual average contribution of catastrophe losses to the combined ratio was 7.3 percentage points at December 31, 2021. Our five-year average was 8.2 percentage points. Effective June 1, 2021, we nonrenewed our combined property catastrophe occurrence excess of loss treaty that provided coverage for business written on a direct basis and by Cincinnati Re. We determined that the coverage was no longer cost effective. A restructured reinsurance program became effective for Cincinnati Re only, providing retrocession coverages with various triggers and unique features. Before any recoveries, that program included property catastrophe excess of loss coverage with a total available aggregate limit of $48 million in excess of $80 million per loss. It provided a recovery based on Hurricane Ida losses estimated as of December 31, 2021. The estimated recovery from the program was $16 million, with a net incurred loss of $80 million for Cincinnati Re in 2021, excluding the benefit of reinstatement premiums estimated at approximately $11 million. The following table shows catastrophe losses incurred for the past two calendar years, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe reserves. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $10 million. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 62 South, West $ 9 $ 5 $ — $ 34 $ 48 Catastrophe Losses Incurred (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Dates 2021 Feb. 12-15 Feb. 16-20 Mar. 24-26 Mar. 27-29 May 3-4 Events Regions Flood, Freeze, Ice, Snow, Wind Flood, Freeze, Ice, Snow, Wind Midwest, Northeast, South Flood, Hail, Wind Midwest, Northeast, South Flood, Hail, Wind Midwest, Northeast, South Flood, Hail, Wind South Jun. 17-20 Jun. 24 - Jul. 1 Flood, Hail, Wind Flood, Hail, Wind Midwest Midwest, Northeast, South, West Jul. 8-10 Flood, Hail, Wind Midwest Aug. 10-13 Flood, Hail, Wind Midwest, Northeast, South Aug. 29 - Sep. 2 Flood, Hail, Wind Northeast, South (Ida) Dec. 10-12 Dec. 13-16 Flood, Hail, Wind Flood, Lightning, Wind Midwest, Northeast, South Midwest, West All other 2021 catastrophes Development on 2020 and prior catastrophes Calendar year incurred total 2020 Commercial lines Personal lines Excess and surplus lines Other Total 18 12 4 8 10 4 5 5 14 40 10 29 (44) 27 18 9 4 16 10 6 8 36 22 9 48 (7) 1 — — — — — — — — — — 2 — 8 — — — — — — — 118 — — 13 54 30 13 12 26 14 11 13 168 62 19 92 (14) (65) $ 124 $ 211 $ 3 $ 159 $ 497 Jan. 10-12 Flood, hail, wind Midwest, Northeast, South $ 6 $ 4 $ — $ — $ Feb. 5-8 Mar. 2-4 Flood, hail, wind Northeast, South Flood, hail, wind Midwest, South Mar. 27-30 Flood, hail, wind Midwest, Northeast, South Apr. 7-9 Apr. 10-14 Flood, hail, wind Midwest, Northeast, South Flood, hail, wind Midwest, Northeast, South May 4-5 May 26 - Jun. 8 Flood, hail, wind Civil unrest Jul. 10-12 Jul. 30 - Aug. 5 Flood, hail, wind Flood, hail, wind Midwest, South Midwest, Northeast, South, West Midwest, South International, South, Northeast Aug. 8-11 Aug. 26-28 Sep. 7-16 Sep. 14-18 Oct. 9-12 Oct. 28-29 Flood, hail, wind Midwest Flood, hail, wind South (Laura) Wildfire West Flood, hail, wind South (Sally) Flood, hail, wind South (Delta) Flood, hail, wind South (Zeta) Nov. 15-16 Flood, hail, wind Midwest, Northeast, South Dec. 25 Explosion South All other 2020 catastrophes 9 58 21 29 22 22 16 15 6 84 2 9 8 — 7 4 20 38 Development on 2019 and prior catastrophes (14) 5 8 14 29 27 5 — 13 19 20 2 4 4 1 15 6 — 57 (8) — — — — — — 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — 3 — — 5 — — 1 — 5 — 1 — 41 — 25 14 9 — — 10 (11) 10 14 71 35 58 50 27 22 28 26 105 45 13 37 15 31 10 20 108 (33) Calendar year incurred total $ 362 $ 225 $ 5 $ 100 $ 692 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 63 Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expenses Loss and loss expenses include both net paid losses and reserve changes for unpaid losses as well as the associated loss expenses. For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2021, were $502 million higher than at year-end 2020, including $202 million for incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves. The $502 million reserve increase raised year-end 2020 net loss and loss expense reserves by 8%, compared with a 9% increase in 2021 earned premiums. Most of the incurred losses and loss expenses shown in the consolidated property casualty insurance results three- year highlights table are for the respective current accident years, with reserve development on prior accident years shown separately. Since less than half of our consolidated property casualty current accident year incurred losses and loss expenses represents net paid amounts, the majority represents reserves for our estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses. These reserves develop over time, and we re-estimate previously reported reserves as we learn more about the development of the related claims. The table below illustrates that development. For example, the 69.7% accident year 2020 loss and loss expense ratio reported as of December 31, 2020, developed favorably by 4.9 percentage points to 64.8% due to claims settling for less than previously estimated, or due to updated reserve estimates for unpaid claims, as of December 31, 2021. Accident years 2020 and 2019 have both developed favorably, as indicated by the progression over time for the ratios in the table. (Dollars in millions) Accident year loss and loss expenses incurred and ratios to earned premiums: Accident year: as of December 31, 2021 as of December 31, 2020 as of December 31, 2019 2019 2021 2020 $ 4,024 $ 3,686 $ 3,463 3,519 3,600 3,968 2021 65.1 % 64.8 % 64.9 % 2020 2019 69.7 66.0 67.5 Catastrophe loss trends, discussed above, accounted for some of the movement in the current accident year loss and loss expense ratio for 2020, compared with 2019. Catastrophe losses added 9.1 percentage points in 2021, 12.7 points in 2020 and 6.6 points in 2019 to the respective consolidated property casualty current accident year loss and loss expense ratios in the table above. The 56.0% ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for 2021 decreased 1.0 percentage points compared with the 57.0% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of December 31, 2020. The decrease was partially offset by a 1.5 percentage-point increase in the ratio for current accident year losses of $1 million or more per claim, shown in the table below. Reserve development on prior accident years continued to net to a favorable amount in 2021, and was primarily due to less-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. We recognized $428 million of favorable development in 2021, compared with $131 million in 2020 and $248 million in 2019. Of the $297 million increase in 2021, compared with 2020, $207 million was attributable to our commercial casualty, commercial property and commercial auto lines of business. Approximately 66% of our net favorable reserve development on prior accident years recognized during 2021 occurred in our commercial casualty, commercial property and workers’ compensation lines of business. In 2020, our commercial casualty, workers' compensation and commercial property lines of business were responsible for approximately 83% of the favorable reserve development. As discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year, commercial casualty and workers' compensation are considered long-tail lines with the potential for revisions inherent in estimating reserves. Favorable development recognized during 2018 was primarily from our commercial casualty, commercial property and workers’ compensation lines of business. Development by accident year is further discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 64 Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 $ 112 $ 50 $ 27 Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large losses incurred Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total losses incurred Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large loss ratio Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total loss ratio 257 95 464 (19) 202 42 294 310 243 50 320 50 2,062 1,909 2,118 472 670 309 $ 2,979 $ 3,183 $ 2,797 124 27 126 58 nm 8 (30) (6) 85 (17) (16) (8) nm (10) 117 14 Pt. Change Pt. Change 1.8 % 4.2 0.9 % 3.6 1.5 7.5 (0.3) 33.4 7.6 48.2 % 55.9 % 0.7 5.2 5.5 33.4 11.8 0.5 % 4.6 0.9 6.0 0.9 39.7 5.8 52.4 % 0.9 0.6 0.8 2.3 (5.8) 0.0 (4.2) (7.7) 0.4 (1.0) (0.2) (0.8) 4.6 (6.3) 6.0 3.5 In 2021, total large losses incurred increased by $170 million, or 58%, net of reinsurance, primarily due to an increase for our commercial lines insurance segment. The corresponding ratio increased 2.3 percentage points. The large loss data included in the table above does not include Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Our analysis of large losses incurred indicated no unexpected concentration of these losses and reserve increases by geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. We believe the inherent volatility of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the volatility in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 65 Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Underwriting Expenses (Dollars in millions) Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Policyholder dividends Total underwriting expenses Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Policyholder dividends Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 989 $ 1,042 $ 1,168 651 692 694 12 10 5 $ 1,652 $ 1,744 $ 1,867 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 5 6 (17) 6 12 0 (50) 7 18.9 % 18.3 % 11.2 0.1 12.2 0.2 Pt. Change 0.6 (1.0) (0.1) 18.6 % 12.2 0.2 Pt. Change (0.3) 0.0 0.0 (0.3) Total underwriting expense ratio 30.2 % 30.7 % 31.0 % (0.5) Consolidated property casualty commission expenses rose $126 million, or 12%, in 2021, with profit-sharing commissions for agencies increasing by $53 million. The 2021 ratio of commission expenses as a percent of earned premiums increased by 0.6 percentage points, compared with 2020. The 2021 ratio for other underwriting expenses decreased by 1.0 percentage points, compared with 2020 that included a $16 million Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies and higher levels of uncollectible premiums. Earned premiums rose at a slightly faster pace than other underwriting expenses during 2021, and we continued to carefully manage expenses while also making strategic investments that include enhancement of underwriting expertise. Commission expenses include our profit-sharing commissions, which are primarily based on one-year and three- year profitability of an agency’s business. The aggregate profit trend for agencies that earn these profit-based commissions can differ from the aggregate profit trend for all agencies reflected in our consolidated property casualty results. Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes for our associates account for approximately half of our property casualty other underwriting expenses. Most of our associates either provide direct service to the property casualty portion of our agencies’ businesses or provide support to those associates. Discussions below of our property casualty insurance segments provide additional details about our results. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 66 Commercial Lines Insurance Results Overview – Three-Year Highlights (Dollars in millions) Earned premiums Fee revenues Total revenues Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Underwriting profit Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Combined ratio Combined ratio: Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Years ended December 31, 2021-2020 2020-2019 2021 $ 3,674 4 3,678 2,125 168 (309) (44) 1,940 1,140 $ 598 2020 $ 3,476 3 3,479 2,055 376 (81) (14) 2,336 1,079 64 $ 2019 $ 3,319 5 3,324 2,046 176 (167) (25) 2,030 1,053 $ 241 Change % Change % 5 (40) 5 6 33 6 3 (55) (281) (214) (17) 6 834 0 114 51 44 15 2 (73) Pt. Change Pt. Change 57.8 % 59.2 % 4.6 (8.4) (1.2) 52.8 31.0 83.8 % 98.3 % 10.8 (2.3) (0.4) 67.3 31.0 61.7 % 5.3 (5.0) (0.8) 61.2 31.7 92.9 % (1.4) (6.2) (6.1) (0.8) (14.5) 0.0 (14.5) 83.8 % 98.3 % 92.9 % (14.5) (5.0) 8.1 (0.5) (13.1) (2.5) 5.5 2.7 0.4 6.1 (0.7) 5.4 5.4 8.6 88.8 % 90.2 % 93.4 % (1.4) (3.2) Commercial lines insurance segment earned premiums grew 6% in 2021. The pandemic and a weakened economy reduced premium volume during the first quarter of 2021 and during much of 2020. A strengthening economy during the rest of 2021 contributed to net written premium growth, compared with the year-ago period. Net written premiums grew 8% in 2021, compared with the same period of 2020, with new business written premiums increasing 11%. New business and renewal premium amounts could decline if the exposure basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy. Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors, including lower catastrophe losses that contributed to lower overall commercial lines losses in 2021. Loss experience before catastrophe effects for our commercial lines insurance segment continued to improve during 2021. The main driver of the improvement was the ratio for reserve development on prior accident years before catastrophe losses. For future periods, factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as fewer vehicular miles driven or reduced sales results and payrolls for businesses, could cause a reduction in future losses that generally correspond to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in mileage, sales or payrolls of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 67 Performance highlights for the commercial lines insurance segment also included: • • Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums rose in 2021, including a $212 million increase in renewal written premiums that continued to include higher average pricing and a higher level of insured exposures. New business written premiums in 2021 increased $56 million, or 11%, compared with 2020. Combined ratio – The 2021 combined ratio improved by 14.5 percentage points compared with 2020, including a 7.0 percentage-point decrease in the ratio component for catastrophe losses. Development on prior accident years’ loss and loss expense reserves before catastrophes during 2021 was 6.1 percentage points more favorable than in 2020. Pricing precision and other initiatives to improve commercial lines underwriting profitability complement our business practices that continue to leverage the local presence of our field associates. Field marketing representatives meet with local agencies to assess each risk, determine limits of insurance and establish appropriate terms and conditions. They underwrite new business, with collaboration and expertise from headquarters associates as needed, while field loss control, machinery and equipment and claims representatives conduct on-site inspections. Field claims representatives also assist underwriters by preparing full reports on their first-hand observations of risk quality. Our commercial lines statutory combined ratio was 83.2% in 2021, compared with 97.5% in 2020 and 92.3% in 2019. The contribution of catastrophe losses to our commercial lines statutory combined ratio was 3.4 percentage points in 2021, 10.4 percentage points in 2020 and 4.5 percentage points in 2019. Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Agency renewal written premiums Agency new business written premiums Other written premiums Net written premiums Unearned premium change Earned premiums Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 3,334 $ 3,122 $ 2,998 510 (98) 3,410 (91) $ 3,674 $ 3,476 $ 3,319 515 (103) 3,534 3,811 (137) 571 (94) (58) 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 4 1 (5) 4 36 5 7 11 9 8 (136) 6 We continue to refine our use of predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision as we further segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of policies we believe have relatively stronger price adequacy. These tools better align individual insurance policy pricing to risk attributes, providing our underwriters with enhanced abilities to target profitability and to discuss pricing impacts with our agencies. We also continue to leverage our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We believe our field focus is unique and has several advantages, including providing us with quality intelligence on local market conditions. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as management continues to emphasize the importance of our agencies and underwriters assessing account quality to make careful decisions on a case-by-case basis whether to write or renew a policy. Premium rate credits may be used to retain renewals of quality business and to earn new business, but we do so selectively in order to avoid commercial accounts that we believe have insufficient profit margins. Our 7% increase in 2021 agency renewal written premiums included higher average pricing. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies. In 2021, our standard commercial lines policies averaged an estimated pricing change at a percentage in the mid-single-digit range, similar to 2020. Our average commercial lines pricing change includes the flat pricing effect of certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the period being measured. Therefore, the average commercial lines pricing change we report reflects a blend of policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 68 For only those commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during 2021, we estimate that the average price increase was near the high end of the mid-single-digit range. During 2021, we continued to further segment our commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of policies we believed had relatively stronger price adequacy. Conversely, we continued to seek more aggressive renewal terms and conditions on policies we believed had relatively weaker pricing, in turn retaining fewer of those policies. Changes in the economy can affect insured exposures that directly relate to premium amounts charged for some policies. For commercial accounts, we usually calculate initial estimates for general liability premiums based on estimated sales or payroll volume, while we calculate workers’ compensation premiums based on estimated payroll volume. A change in sales or payroll volume generally indicates a change in demand for a business’s goods or services, as well as a change in its exposure to risk. Policyholders who experience sales or payroll volume changes due to economic factors may also have other exposures requiring insurance, such as commercial auto or commercial property. Premium levels for these other types of coverages generally are not linked directly to sales or payroll volumes. Premiums resulting from audits of actual sales or payrolls that confirmed or adjusted initial premium estimates are part of net written premiums and earned premiums. The contribution to our commercial lines earned premiums was $47 million, $41 million and $65 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The contribution on a net written premium basis was $44 million, $53 million and $65 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These net written premium amounts are included with agency renewal written premiums in the Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums table above. In 2021, our commercial lines new business premiums written by our agencies increased $56 million, or 11%, compared with 2020. New business premium volume in recent years has been significantly influenced by new agency appointments. Agencies appointed since the beginning of 2020 produced commercial lines new business written premiums of $53 million, in aggregate, during 2021, up $41 million from what they produced during 2020. All other agencies contributed the remaining $518 million, up $15 million from the $503 million they produced in 2020. For new business, our field associates are frequently in our agents’ offices to: help judge the quality of each account; emphasize the Cincinnati value proposition; call on sales prospects with those agents; carefully evaluate risk exposure; and provide their best quotes. Some of our new business comes from accounts that are not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that is new to us and the agency. As we appoint new agencies who choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business to us. Other written premiums primarily consist of premiums that are ceded to reinsurers and lower our net written premiums. An increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premium growth by $10 million in 2021. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 69 Commercial Lines Insurance Loss and Loss Expenses Loss and loss expenses include both net paid losses and reserve changes for unpaid losses as well as the associated loss expenses. Most of the incurred losses and loss expenses shown in the commercial lines insurance segment three-year highlights table are for the respective current accident years, with reserve development on prior accident years shown separately. Since less than half of our commercial lines insurance segment current accident year incurred losses and loss expenses represents net paid amounts, the majority represents reserves for our estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses. These reserves develop over time, and we re-estimate previously reported reserves as we learn more about development on the related claims. The table below illustrates that development. For example, the 70.0% accident year 2020 loss and loss expense ratio reported as of December 31, 2020, developed favorably by 6.2 percentage points to 63.8% due to claims settling for less than previously estimated, or due to updates to reserve estimates for unpaid claims, as of December 31, 2021. Accident years 2020 and 2019 for the commercial lines insurance segment have both developed favorably, as indicated by the progression over time of the ratios in the table. (Dollars in millions) Accident year loss and loss expenses incurred and ratios to earned premiums: Accident year: as of December 31, 2021 as of December 31, 2020 as of December 31, 2019 2019 2021 2020 $ 2,293 $ 2,216 $ 2,113 2,171 2,222 2,431 2021 62.4 % 63.8 % 63.7 % 2019 2020 70.0 65.4 67.0 Catastrophe losses, as discussed in Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Results, explain some of the movement in the current accident year loss and loss expense ratio for accident year 2021, compared with 2020. Catastrophe losses added 4.6 percentage points in 2021, 10.8 points in 2020 and 5.3 points in 2019 to the respective commercial lines current accident year loss and loss expense ratios in the table above. The 57.8% ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for 2021 decreased 1.4 percentage points compared with the 59.2% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of December 31, 2020. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in large losses incurred, described below, and the corresponding ratios for new losses above $1 million, with a 2.2 percentage-point increase in the 2021 ratio. Other contributions included favorable effects from various initiatives, such as those to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices. Commercial lines reserve development on prior accident years of $353 million in 2021 continued to net to a favorable amount and provided a larger benefit than the $95 million recognized in 2020. The $258 million net increase in 2021, compared with 2020, included $81 million, $66 million and $60 million from our commercial property, commercial casualty and commercial auto lines of business, respectively. Most of our commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years recognized during 2021 occurred in our commercial casualty, commercial property and workers’ compensation lines of business. Favorable development recognized during 2020 and 2019 was also mostly from our commercial casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business. As discussed in Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, stable historical paid loss patterns are a key assumption used to make projections necessary for estimating IBNR reserves. Development by accident year and other trends for commercial lines loss and loss expenses and the related ratios are further discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 70 Commercial Lines Insurance Losses by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 $ 97 $ 50 $ 27 Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large losses incurred Losses incurred but not reported 185 96 378 (83) 135 36 221 240 185 49 261 26 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 1,131 1,073 1,222 Catastrophe losses Total losses incurred 116 350 142 $ 1,542 $ 1,884 $ 1,651 94 37 167 71 nm 5 (67) (18) 85 (27) (27) (15) nm (12) 146 14 Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large loss ratio Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total loss ratio Pt. Change Pt. Change 2.6 % 5.0 1.4 % 4.0 2.7 10.3 (2.3) 30.8 3.2 42.0 % 54.2 % 1.0 6.4 6.9 30.8 10.1 0.8 % 5.6 1.5 7.9 0.8 36.7 4.3 49.7 % 1.2 1.0 1.7 3.9 (9.2) 0.0 (6.9) (12.2) 0.6 (1.6) (0.5) (1.5) 6.1 (5.9) 5.8 4.5 In 2021, total large losses incurred increased by $157 million, or 71%, net of reinsurance. The corresponding ratio increased 3.9 percentage points. The 2021 increases on both a dollar and ratio basis were largely due to higher amounts for our commercial casualty and commercial property lines of business. In 2020, total large losses incurred and the corresponding ratio were lower than in 2019, largely due to lower amounts of large losses for our commercial casualty and commercial property lines of business. Our analysis indicated no unexpected concentration of these losses and reserve increases by geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. We believe the inherent volatility of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the volatility in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Commercial Lines Insurance Underwriting Expenses (Dollars in millions) Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Policyholder dividends Total underwriting expenses Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Policyholder dividends Total underwriting expense ratio Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 614 $ 625 $ 684 427 444 451 12 10 5 $ 1,053 $ 1,079 $ 1,140 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 2 4 (17) 2 9 2 (50) 6 18.6 % 18.0 % 12.2 0.2 31.0 % 31.0 % 12.7 0.3 Pt. Change 0.6 (0.5) (0.1) 0.0 18.5 % 12.9 0.3 31.7 % Pt. Change (0.5) (0.2) 0.0 (0.7) Commercial lines commission expenses as a percent of earned premiums increased in 2021, compared with 2020, primarily due to an increase in the ratio for profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratio for 2020 decreased compared with 2019, including a decrease in the ratio for profit-sharing commissions for agencies that reflected a higher amount of catastrophe losses. In 2021, other underwriting expenses as a percent of earned premiums decreased, compared with 2020, primarily due to lower levels of uncollectible premiums, in addition to ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums. In 2020, other underwriting expenses as a percent of Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 71 earned premiums decreased, compared with 2019, primarily due to a lower level of business travel spending for associates and earned premiums that rose at a slightly faster pace than other underwriting expense. Commercial Lines Insurance Outlook Renewal and new business pricing for commercial risks continues to experience significant competitive pressure, reinforcing the need for enhanced pricing analytics and careful risk selection. Despite challenging market conditions from strong competition, we believe we can manage our business and execute strategic initiatives to offset market pressures and profitably grow our commercial lines insurance segment. We are building commercial lines for an even larger percentage of our agencies' total portfolio, whether through expansion of our local field presence, enhanced expertise or flexibility in processes and service. Our goal is to provide an industry-leading agency experience as we work to be the first and last solution when our agencies are considering business placement. We intend to keep marketing our products to a broad range of business classes with a total account approach, while also continuing improvement of our pricing precision and further segmentation among commercial lines policies. We intend to maintain our underwriting discipline and carefully manage our rate levels as well as our programs that seek to accurately match exposures with appropriate premiums. We will continue to evaluate each risk on a policy-by-policy basis, making decisions about rates, terms and conditions based on each account’s individual characteristics. We believe that our initiatives to improve pricing precision and lower loss costs will continue to benefit commercial lines profitability during 2022, and that recent-year premium growth initiatives will continue to grow commercial lines premiums at a healthy pace. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 72 Personal Lines Insurance Results Overview – Three-Year Highlights (Dollars in millions) Earned premiums Fee revenues Total revenues Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Underwriting profit Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Combined ratio Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 1,404 $ 1,463 $ 1,542 4 4 4 1,408 1,467 1,546 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 4 0 4 5 0 5 824 218 (43) (7) 992 457 97 $ 762 233 (10) (8) 977 443 47 $ 875 137 (29) 2 985 415 8 $ 8 (6) (330) 13 2 3 106 53.4 % 52.1 % 14.2 (2.8) (0.5) 64.3 29.7 94.0 % 97.1 % 16.0 (0.7) (0.6) 66.8 30.3 Pt. Change 1.3 (1.8) (2.1) 0.1 (2.5) (0.6) (3.1) 62.4 % 9.7 (2.1) 0.2 70.2 29.6 99.8 % (13) 70 (66) nm (1) 7 488 Pt. Change (10.3) 6.3 1.4 (0.8) (3.4) 0.7 (2.7) (2.7) 6.9 (9.6) Combined ratio: 94.0 % 97.1 % 99.8 % Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 10.9 14.7 7.8 83.1 % 82.4 % 92.0 % (3.1) (3.8) 0.7 The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our personal lines insurance segment premiums. Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors. During 2021, loss experience for our personal auto line of business drove the increase in the personal lines insurance segment loss and loss expenses for the current accident year before catastrophe effects, compared with 2020. Reduced driving in 2020 related to the pandemic contributed to a reduction in reported claims, while driving patterns in 2021 moved towards pre-pandemic levels. Because of factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, there could be a reduction in future losses that generally corresponds to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in miles driven for autos we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors. Performance highlights for the personal lines insurance segment also included: • • Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow in 2021, largely due to increases in renewal written premiums that reflected higher average pricing. Renewal written premiums rose $70 million, or 5%, in 2021, compared with 2020. Net written premiums from high net worth policies in 2021 totaled approximately $663 million, compared with $519 million in 2020. Combined ratio – The 2021 combined ratio improved by 3.1 percentage points, compared with 2020, including a 1.7 percentage-point decrease in the ratio for 2021 catastrophe losses. Development on prior accident years’ loss and loss expense reserves before catastrophes during 2021 was 2.1 percentage points more favorable than in 2020. We have increased our pricing precision and implemented numerous rate increases in recent years to improve our personal lines insurance segment results. In addition, we have made greater use of higher minimum loss Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 73 deductibles and enhanced our property inspection processes to verify condition and insurance to value. We have worked to improve our geographic diversification by expanding our personal lines operation to several states less prone to catastrophes. Our personal lines statutory combined ratio was 93.5% in 2021, compared with 96.4% in 2020 and 99.3% in 2019. The contribution of catastrophe losses to our personal lines statutory combined ratio was 13.7 percentage points in 2021, 15.4 percentage points in 2020 and 9.9 percentage points in 2019. Personal Lines Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Agency renewal written premiums Agency new business written premiums Other written premiums Net written premiums Unearned premium change Earned premiums Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ 1,434 $ 202 (42) 1,364 $ 174 (35) 1,594 1,503 (52) 1,542 $ (40) 1,463 $ $ 1,312 158 (35) 1,435 (31) 1,404 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 4 10 0 5 (29) 4 5 16 (20) 6 (30) 5 Personal lines insurance is a strategic component of our overall relationship with most of our agencies and is an important component of our agencies’ relationships with their clients. We believe agents recommend our personal insurance products to their clients who seek to balance quality and price and who are attracted by our superior claims service and the benefits of our package approach. We also believe our continuing efforts to improve pricing precision are helping us attract and retain more of our agencies’ preferred business, while also obtaining higher rates for more thinly priced business. The 5% increase in agency renewal written premiums in 2021 reflected various rate changes. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages near the high end of the low-single-digit range during 2021, with some individual policies experiencing lower or higher rate changes based on enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models that consider characteristics of specific risks. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that rate increases during 2021 averaged in the mid-single-digit range. Similar to our personal auto line of business, that average varied widely by state, and some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on pricing precision and current rate level indications that helped determine appropriate premium rates. Personal lines new business written premiums grew by $28 million, or 16%, during 2021, compared with 2020. We believe underwriting and pricing discipline was maintained in recent quarters, and the growth reflects expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools, including excess and surplus lines homeowner policies we began offering in early 2020. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents’ seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them. Other written premiums primarily consist of premiums that are ceded to reinsurers and lower our net written premiums. An increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premium growth by $5 million in 2021. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 74 Personal Lines Insurance Loss and Loss Expenses Loss and loss expenses include both net paid losses and reserve changes for unpaid losses as well as the associated loss expenses. Most of the incurred losses and loss expenses shown in the personal lines insurance segment three-year highlights table are for the respective current accident years, with reserve development on prior accident years shown separately. Since approximately two-thirds of our personal lines current accident year incurred losses and loss expenses represent net paid amounts, the remaining one-third represents reserves for our estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses. These reserves develop over time, and we re-estimate previously reported reserves as we learn more about the development of the related claims. The table below illustrates that development. For example, the 68.1% accident year 2020 loss and loss expense ratio reported as of December 31, 2020, developed favorably by 3.6 percentage points to 64.5% due to claims settling for less than previously estimated, or due to updated reserve estimates for unpaid claims, as of December 31, 2021. Accident years 2020 and 2019 for the personal lines insurance segment have both developed favorably, as indicated by the progression over time for the ratios in the table. (Dollars in millions) Accident year loss and loss expenses incurred and ratios to earned premiums: Accident year: as of December 31, 2021 as of December 31, 2020 as of December 31, 2019 2021 2020 2019 $ 1,042 $ 943 $ 995 990 991 1,012 2021 67.6 % 2020 64.5 % 68.1 2019 70.6 % 70.6 72.1 Catastrophe losses, as discussed in Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Results, explain some of the movement in the current accident year loss and loss expense ratio for accident year 2021, compared with accident year 2020. Catastrophe losses added 14.2 percentage points in 2021, 16.0 points in 2020 and 9.7 points in 2019 to the respective personal lines current accident year loss and loss expense ratios in the table above. Personal lines catastrophe losses for 2021 resulted in a ratio higher than our 11.2% 10-year annual average for personal lines that included 22.8% for 2011. Personal lines catastrophe losses are inherently volatile, as discussed above and in Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Results. The 53.4% ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for 2021 increased 1.3 percentage points compared with the 52.1% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of December 31, 2020. The ratio for 2020 was unusually low due to reduced driving related to the pandemic that contributed to a reduction in reported claims. The increase included a 0.6 percentage-point increase in the ratio for current accident year losses of $1 million or more per claim, shown in the table below. Other contributions included favorable effects from various initiatives, such as those to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices. Personal lines loss and loss expense reserve development on prior accident years recognized in 2021 was favorable by $50 million, in aggregate, compared with $18 million in 2020. The 2021 net favorable reserve development included $31 million for our personal auto line of business and $14 million for our homeowner line of business. The 2020 net favorable reserve development included $15 million for our personal auto line of business and $5 million for our homeowner line of business. Development by accident year and other trends for personal lines loss and loss expenses and the related ratios are further discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 75 Personal Lines Insurance Losses by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 $ Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large losses incurred Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total losses incurred $ Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large loss ratio Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total loss ratio Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 15 56 (4) 67 11 588 198 864 1.0 % 3.6 (0.2) 4.4 0.7 38.1 12.8 56.0 % $ — $ — $ $ 59 6 65 39 523 216 843 0.0 % 4.0 0.4 4.4 2.7 35.8 14.7 57.6 % 51 (1) 50 17 662 135 864 0.0 % 3.6 (0.1) 3.5 1.2 47.2 9.6 61.5 % 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % nm (5) nm 3 (72) 12 (8) 2 nm 16 nm 30 129 (21) 60 (2) Pt. Change Pt. Change 1.0 (0.4) (0.6) 0.0 (2.0) 2.3 (1.9) (1.6) 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 (11.4) 5.1 (3.9) In 2021, personal lines total large losses incurred increased by $2 million, or 3%, net of reinsurance. The ratio for 2021 large losses as a percent of earned premiums matched 2020. The 2021 increase on a dollar basis was primarily due to a higher amount for umbrella coverage in our other personal line of business that was partially offset by a lower amount for our homeowner line of business. In 2020, total large losses increased, compared with 2019, primarily due to higher amounts for our homeowner line of business and umbrella coverage in our other personal line of business. Our analysis indicated no unexpected concentration of these losses and reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. We believe the inherent volatility of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the volatility in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Personal Lines Insurance Underwriting Expenses (Dollars in millions) Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Total underwriting expenses Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Total underwriting expense ratio $ $ Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 266 177 443 $ $ 259 156 415 2021 292 165 457 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 3 13 7 10 (7) 3 19.0 % 10.7 29.7 % 18.2 % 12.1 30.3 % Pt. Change 0.8 (1.4) (0.6) 18.5 % 11.1 29.6 % Pt. Change (0.3) 1.0 0.7 Personal lines commission expense as a percent of earned premiums increased in 2021, compared with 2020, primarily due to an increase in the ratio for profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratio for 2020 decreased compared with 2019, largely due to a decrease in the ratio for profit-sharing commissions for agencies that reflected a higher amount of catastrophe losses. In 2021, other underwriting expenses as a percent of earned premiums decreased, compared with 2020 that included a $16 million Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies. We also continued expense management efforts in 2021 and premium growth outpaced growth in other expenses. Other underwriting expenses as a percent of earned premiums in 2020 increased, compared with 2019, primarily due to the 15% policyholder credit applied to each personal auto policy for the months of April and May 2020. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 76 Personal Lines Insurance Outlook A.M. Best indicates 2021 personal lines direct written premiums for the U.S. property casualty industry grew approximately 5%, based on industry data reported through the first nine months of 2021. Growth for our personal lines insurance segment net written premiums in 2021 exceeded the industry by approximately one percentage point, and we believe it will likely be higher than industry projections for 2022. Drivers of our growth include rate increases, an accelerated pace of new agency appointments in recent years and increased focus on the high net worth personal lines market. Our high net worth initiative, along with various other actions to improve performance in our personal lines insurance segment, is discussed in greater detail in Personal Lines Insurance Results and also in Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Strategic Initiatives and Our Segments, Personal Lines Insurance Segment. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 77 Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Results Overview – Three-Year Highlights (Dollars in millions) Earned premiums Fee revenues Total revenues Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Underwriting profit Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year before catastrophe losses Current accident year catastrophe losses Prior accident years before catastrophe losses Prior accident years catastrophe losses Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Combined ratio Combined ratio: Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development Years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ 278 $ 325 $ 398 2 2 2 280 327 400 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 17 0 17 22 0 22 240 3 7 — 250 106 44 $ 187 5 7 — 199 94 34 $ 152 1 (11) — 142 85 53 $ 28 (40) 0 0 26 13 29 23 400 nm 0 40 11 (36) 60.3 % 57.7 % 0.6 1.9 0.0 62.8 26.7 89.5 % 90.0 % 1.3 2.1 0.2 61.3 28.7 Pt. Change 2.6 (0.7) (0.2) (0.2) 1.5 (2.0) (0.5) Pt. Change 3.1 0.9 6.2 0.0 10.2 (1.7) 8.5 54.6 % 0.4 (4.1) 0.2 51.1 30.4 81.5 % 89.5 % 90.0 % 81.5 % 2.5 3.6 (3.5) 87.0 % 86.4 % 85.0 % (0.5) (1.1) 0.6 8.5 7.1 1.4 The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our excess and surplus lines insurance segment premiums during 2021, as net written premiums grew 22%. Premium growth could slow significantly if the basis for policy premiums, such as the sales results of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy. Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors. We have not determined any material effect on our excess and surplus lines insurance loss experience for 2021 as a result of the pandemic. Because of factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as reduced sales results for businesses, there could be a reduction in future losses that generally corresponds to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in sales of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors. Our excess and surplus lines insurance segment includes results of The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company and CSU Producer Resources Inc. Performance highlights for this segment also included: • • Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during 2021, including higher renewal written premiums that included average renewal estimated price increases in the high-single-digit range. New business written premiums rose 13% in 2021, compared with 2020, and also contributed to premium growth. Combined ratio – The combined ratio improved by 0.5 percentage points in 2021, as lower ratios for underwriting expenses and catastrophe losses offset higher current accident year losses and loss expenses before catastrophes. The higher current accident year losses and loss expenses before catastrophes reflected what we believe are now adequate reserves for estimated ultimate losses and loss expenses, as claims on average are Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 78 remaining open longer than previously expected. Components of the 2.4 percentage-point increase in 2021 for the total of loss and loss expense ratios before catastrophe losses, shown in the table above, include an IBNR portion that increased by 6.5 points and a case incurred portion that decreased by 4.1 points. The paid component of the case incurred portion decreased by 3.8 percentage points. Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 Agency renewal written premiums Agency new business written premiums Other written premiums Net written premiums Unearned premium change Earned premiums $ $ 323 $ 124 (21) 426 (28) 398 $ 254 $ 110 (16) 348 (23) 325 $ 209 110 (16) 303 (25) 278 2020-2019 2021-2020 Change % Change % 22 0 0 15 8 17 27 13 (31) 22 (22) 22 The $69 million increase in 2021 renewal premiums reflected the opportunity to renew many policies for the first time as well as higher renewal pricing. Average renewal estimated price increases were in the high-single-digit range during 2021. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies. New business written premiums grew by $14 million during 2021, compared with 2020, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Lack of growth in 2020 was largely due to our underwriters seeing fewer opportunities to write policies with annual premiums of $10,000 or more at pricing levels that we believed were adequate. Other written premiums in 2021 reduced net written premium growth by $5 million more than in 2020, and are primarily premiums that are ceded to reinsurers and therefore reduce our net written premiums. Excess and Surplus Lines Loss and Loss Expenses Loss and loss expenses include both net paid losses and reserve changes for unpaid losses, as well as the associated loss expenses. The majority of the total incurred losses and loss expenses shown above in the three-year highlights table are for the respective current accident years, with reserve development on prior accident years shown separately. Since less than 20% of our excess and surplus lines current accident year incurred losses and loss expenses represents net paid amounts, a large majority represents reserves for our estimate of unpaid losses and loss expenses. These reserves develop over time, and we update our estimates of previously reported reserves as we learn more about the development of the related claims. The table below illustrates that development. For example, the 55.0% accident year 2019 loss and loss expense ratio reported as of December 31, 2019, developed favorably by 0.7 percentage points to 54.3% due to claims settling for less than previously estimated, or due to updated reserve estimates for unpaid claims, as of December 31, 2020. Accident year 2019 for this segment developed unfavorably during 2021, as indicated by the progression over time of the ratios in the table. (Dollars in millions) Accident year loss and loss expenses incurred and ratios to earned premiums: Accident year: as of December 31, 2021 as of December 31, 2020 as of December 31, 2019 2021 2020 2019 $ 243 $ 192 $ 192 158 151 153 2021 60.9 % 2020 59.0 % 59.0 2019 56.9 % 54.3 55.0 Catastrophe losses, as discussed in Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Results, explain some of the movement among components of the current accident year loss and loss expense ratio for accident year 2021, compared with 2020. Catastrophe losses added 0.6 percentage points in 2021, 1.3 percentage points in 2020 and 0.4 percentage points in 2019 to the respective excess and surplus lines current accident year loss and loss expense ratios in the table above. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 79 The 60.3% ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for 2021 increased by 2.6 percentage points compared with the 57.7% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of December 31, 2020. The increase included a 1.6 percentage-point increase in the ratio for current accident year losses of $1 million or more per claim, shown in the table below. Excess and surplus lines reserve development on prior accident years was a net unfavorable $7 million for both 2020 and 2021. Nearly all of the net amount for 2021 was for accident year 2019. The unfavorable reserve development on prior accident years reflected what we believe are now adequate reserves for estimated ultimate losses and loss expenses, as claims on average are remaining open longer than previously expected. We believe the loss and loss expense reserves for our excess and surplus lines business are adequate. The amount of outstanding reserves for our excess and surplus lines operation can be seen in a table in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves. One indication of how long it takes for most of the outstanding reserves to be settled is to measure outstanding reserves by accident year at different points in time, using Item 8, Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. For example, for accident years 2014, 2013 and 2012, in aggregate, after subtracting cumulative paid amounts from incurred amounts at December 31, 2014, reserves for estimated unpaid losses, plus the portion of loss expenses known as ALAE, equaled $168 million. For those same accident years, at December 31, 2021, the reserve estimate for the remaining unpaid amount equaled $7 million. The inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves is discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves. Development trends by accident year are further discussed in Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year. Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 $ — $ — $ — Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large losses incurred Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total losses incurred Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Current accident year losses greater than $5,000,000 Current accident year losses $1,000,000-$5,000,000 Large loss prior accident year reserve development Total large loss ratio Losses incurred but not reported Other losses excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Total loss ratio 16 3 19 53 97 2 8 — 8 31 95 5 $ 171 $ 139 $ 0.0 % 4.1 0.6 4.7 13.4 24.3 0.6 43.0 % 0.0 % 2.5 0.0 2.5 9.5 29.3 1.4 42.7 % 7 2 9 7 76 2 94 0.0 % 2.5 0.6 3.1 2.4 27.7 0.5 33.7 % 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % nm 100 nm 138 71 2 (60) 23 nm 14 (100) (11) 343 25 150 48 Pt. Change Pt. Change 0.0 1.6 0.6 2.2 3.9 (5.0) (0.8) 0.3 0.0 0.0 (0.6) (0.6) 7.1 1.6 0.9 9.0 In 2021, total large losses increased by $11 million, net of reinsurance. The ratio for 2021 large losses as a percent of earned premiums increased by 2.2 percentage points. That ratio for 2020 decreased by 0.6 points, compared with 2019. Our analysis indicated no unexpected concentration of these losses and reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. We believe the inherent volatility of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the volatility in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 80 Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Underwriting Expenses (Dollars in millions) Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Total underwriting expenses Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Commission expenses Other underwriting expenses Total underwriting expenses ratio $ $ Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 58 36 94 $ $ 53 32 85 2021 70 36 106 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 9 13 11 Pt. Change 21 0 13 Pt. Change 17.5 % 9.2 26.7 % 17.6 % 11.1 28.7 % 18.9 % 11.5 30.4 % (0.1) (1.9) (2.0) (1.3) (0.4) (1.7) Excess and surplus lines commission expense as a percent of earned premiums for 2021 decreased slightly compared with 2020, despite a slight increase in the ratio for profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratio for 2020 decreased compared with 2019, largely due to a decrease in the ratio for profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratio for other underwriting expenses decreased in 2021, largely due to ongoing expense management efforts and premium growth outpacing growth in expenses. In 2020, the ratio decreased, reflecting lower levels of business travel spending for associates, in addition to higher earned premiums and ongoing expense management efforts. Excess and Surplus Lines Outlook The excess and surplus lines market is expected to see the magnitude of rate increases moderate for risks that are casualty-driven. For property risks involving catastrophe exposures, premium rates in the foreseeable future are expected to be firm. New business opportunities are expected to increase as standard market insurance companies continue to re-underwrite business they previously took from the excess and surplus lines market and as larger excess and surplus lines companies re-underwrite their business with an emphasis on underwriting profitability. Firming is expected to continue for specific classes of business where loss costs are exceeding rates, such as habitational for property and general liability coverages, liquor liability for general liability coverages and hired and non-owned for general liability coverages. Industry reports suggest that there are opportunities for profitability and growth through greater use of technology. Technology and data are also being used by excess and surplus lines insurance companies to identify new exposures in emerging businesses that need insurance protection or other value-added services. Our strategy of providing superior service is expected to continue to grow our excess and surplus lines insurance segment and to achieve profitability despite challenging market conditions. We intend to keep carefully selecting and pricing risks, providing prompt delivery of insurance quotes and policies and giving outstanding claims and loss control service from local field representatives who also handle the standard lines business for their assigned agencies. These local representatives are supported by headquarters underwriters and claims managers who specialize in excess and surplus lines. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 81 Life Insurance Results Overview – Three-Year Highlights (Dollars in millions) Earned premiums Fee revenues Total revenues Contract holders' benefits incurred Investment interest credited to contract holders Underwriting expenses incurred Total benefits and expenses Life insurance segment profit (loss) Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ 298 $ 5 303 340 (105) 84 319 (16) $ 289 $ 2 291 297 (102) 85 280 11 $ 270 4 274 286 (99) 86 273 1 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 7 (50) 6 4 (3) (1) 3 nm 3 150 4 14 (3) (1) 14 nm The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our life insurance segment earned premiums or underwriting expenses in 2021. However, the pandemic did contribute to an increase in death claims during 2021. It is possible we may continue to experience higher than projected future death claims due to the pandemic. Performance highlights for the life insurance segment also included: • • Revenues – Earned premiums rose 3% for the year 2021, as shown in the table below that includes details by major line of business. Our largest life insurance product line, term life insurance, rose 7%. Net in-force policy face amounts rose 5% to $77.493 billion at year-end 2021 from $73.475 billion at year-end 2020 and $69.984 billion at year-end 2019. Profitability – The life insurance segment frequently reports only a small profit or loss because most of its investment income is included in the investments segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in life insurance segment results. A $16 million loss for our life insurance segment in 2021, compared with a profit of $11 million in 2020 and $1 million in 2019, was primarily due to less favorable mortality results as a result of higher death claims. The life insurance segment has averaged an annual profit of less than $1 million over the past five years. Earned premiums rose $9 million in 2021, primarily due to growth in our term life insurance business, as shown in the table below. Growth in 2020 was also primarily due to term life insurance. Universal life insurance earned premiums can vary, including from changes in interest rate or other actuarial assumptions, and decreased by $5 million in 2021 after increasing $5 million in 2020. (Dollars in millions) Term life insurance Universal life insurance Other life insurance and annuity products Net earned premiums Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ 210 $ 39 49 298 $ 197 $ 44 48 289 $ 186 39 45 270 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 6 13 7 (11) 2 3 7 7 Products we market include term, whole and universal life insurance and also fixed annuities. In addition, we offer term and whole life insurance to employees at their worksite. These products provide our property casualty agency force with excellent cross-serving opportunities for both commercial and personal accounts. Over the past several years, we have worked to maintain a portfolio of simple, yet competitive, products. Our product development efforts emphasize death benefit protection and guarantees. Distribution expansion within our property casualty insurance agencies remains a high priority. Our 34 life field marketing representatives work in partnership with our property casualty field marketing representatives. Approximately 65% of our term and other life insurance product premiums were generated through our property casualty insurance agency relationships. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 82 Life insurance segment expenses consist principally of: • • Contract holders’ benefits incurred, related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products, accounted for 80.2% of 2021 total benefits and expenses compared with 77.7% in 2020 and 76.9% in 2019. Total contract holders’ benefits increased as net death claims were higher in 2021, compared with 2020, and were above our mortality projections. Underwriting expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs, accounted for 19.8% of 2021 total benefits and expenses compared with 22.3% in 2020 and 23.1% in 2019. Expenses in 2021 decreased by 1%, compared with 3% growth in earned premiums. Expenses in 2020 also decreased 1%, compared with 7% growth in earned premiums. In both 2021 and 2020, unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions decreased the amount of expenses deferred to future periods, increasing underwriting expenses. Life insurance segment profitability depends largely on premium levels, the adequacy of product pricing, underwriting skill and operating efficiencies. This segment’s results include only investment interest credited to contract holders (interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations). The remaining investment income is reported in the investments segment results. The life investment portfolio is managed to earn target spreads between earned investment rates on general account assets and rates credited to policyholders. We consider the value of assets under management and investment income for the life investment portfolio as key performance indicators for the life insurance segment. We seek to maintain a competitive advantage with respect to benefits paid and reserve increases by consistently achieving better than average claims experience due to skilled underwriting. We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluation of the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life insurance-related invested assets, our life insurance subsidiary reported net income of $44 million in 2021, compared with $32 million in 2020 and $39 million in 2019. The life insurance subsidiary portfolio had after-tax net investment gains of $8 million in 2021 and after-tax net investment losses of $21 million in 2020 and $4 million in 2019. Investment gains and losses are discussed under Investments Results. We exclude most of our life insurance company investment income from investments segment results. Life Insurance Outlook The desire for our products remains strong, influenced in no small part by the COVID-19 waves we continue to endure. Millennials and Generation Z are now more inclined to consider life insurance than ever before, and we believe the independent agent is best-positioned to sell it to them. We will continue to benefit from new distribution as our property casualty company appoints new agencies across the country. The voluntary life insurance market remains strong as well. We plan to expand our enrollment services with both internal and external options for our property casualty agencies to choose from if they are unable to do it themselves. Inflation is raising the possibility that the yield curve will be on the rise. While it will take time for an increase to have a material effect on our investment income, it would bode well for pricing. We also will monitor legislation to change the tax code and will position our products accordingly. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 83 Investments Results Overview – Three-Year Highlights Investments Results (Dollars in millions) Years ended December 31, 2021-2020 2020-2019 2021 2020 2019 Change % Change % Total investment income, net of expenses $ 714 $ 670 $ 646 Investment interest credited to contract holders Investment gains and losses, net Investments profit, pretax (105) (102) (99) 2,409 865 1,650 $ 3,018 $ 1,433 $ 2,197 7 (3) 178 111 4 (3) (48) (35) We believe the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our investments results in 2021. During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic effects caused volatility in fair values of securities. Our fixed- maturity and equity portfolios experienced a decrease in valuation during the first quarter of 2020, in large part due to the volatility and economic uncertainty caused by the coronavirus outbreak that affected various sectors of our portfolio. During the first quarter of 2020, already low oil prices and the sudden demand drop in related products due to governmental actions, such as shelter-in-place orders, contributed to the energy sector accounting for most of the write-downs of impaired securities in the tables below. During the last three quarters of 2020, valuations increased for a significant portion of our fixed-maturity and equity portfolios. The investments segment contributes investment income and investments gains and losses to results of operations. Investment income is generally our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits. Investment income – Pretax investment income grew $44 million, or 7%, in 2021, due to increases from dividends and interest income. Dividend income grew 12%, reflecting rising dividend rates and net purchases of equity securities from available funds. Interest income grew 5% in 2021, compared with 2020, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities offset the continuing effects of the low interest rate environment on bond yields. Pretax investment income rose 4% in 2020, including increases in interest and dividend income. Average yields in the investment income table below are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value. Investment gains and losses – We reported an investment gain in 2021, 2020 and 2019, primarily due to favorable changes in fair values of equity securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. • • We believe it is useful to analyze our overall investment performance by using total investment return over several years. Total investment return considers changes in unrealized gains and losses that are not included in net income, in addition to net investment income and investment gains and losses that are included in net income. Changes in unrealized gains and losses shown in the table below include other invested assets. Considering total investment gains and losses over several years helps evaluate performance since gains and losses may experience typical variability during shorter periods of time. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 84 The table below shows total return based on assumptions that simplify cash flow timing that is commonly used in total return measures. This simplified calculation uses data shown in our consolidated financial statements or notes to those statements. Added to invested asset amounts from our consolidated balance sheets are 50% of annual amounts pertaining to invested asset categories included in net cash used in investing activities from our consolidated statements of cash flows. The cash flow amounts are reduced by net gains from investment portfolio securities sales or called bonds, with the net result reduced by 50% to represent estimated new cash invested during each respective year. All new cash is assumed to be invested at the midpoint of the year. Total investment return of 13.1% in 2021 was 3.3 percentage points more than in 2020. Both the 2021 and 2020 contributions from the investment income component were enhanced by the net favorable effect of the investment gains and losses components. Comparing contributions for 2021 with 2020, investment income rose $44 million, investment gains were $1.544 billion more favorable and the invested assets change in unrealized gains and losses decreased by $670 million. The base component of the return calculation, annual average invested assets, was up 10% in 2021. For 2020 compared with 2019, total investment return decreased by 6.8 percentage points, primarily due to a less favorable net effect of the investment gains and losses. The base component of the return calculation, annual average invested assets, increased 17% in 2020. 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 5 14 18 9 74 10 7 178 nm 47 9 31 141 18 (10) 17 4 (48) (20) (31) (Dollars in millions) Invested assets beginning balance: Fixed maturities Equity securities Other invested assets Invested assets beginning balance Average acquisitions (dispositions), net Annual average invested assets Total investment return: Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ 12,338 8,856 348 21,542 538 $ 22,080 $ 11,698 7,752 296 19,746 309 $ 20,055 $ 10,689 5,920 123 16,732 343 $ 17,075 Investment income, net of expenses Investment gains and losses, net Total invested assets change in unrealized gains and losses Total $ 714 2,409 (234) $ 2,889 $ 670 865 436 $ 1,971 $ 646 1,650 544 $ 2,840 Total return on invested assets, pretax 13.1 % 9.8 % 16.6 % Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 85 Investment Income The primary drivers of investment income are highlighted below, followed by additional details of our investment results. • • Interest income increased by $22 million, or 5%, in 2021, compared with 2020. The average fixed-maturity pretax yield declined by approximately 1 basis point but was offset by a larger average fixed-maturity portfolio that rose 8% on an amortized cost basis. Interest income in 2020 increased by $9 million, compared with 2019, when that yield declined by approximately 4 basis points while the portfolio rose 2% on an amortized cost basis. Dividend income rose $26 million, or 12%, in 2021, after rising 9% in 2020. Increases in dividend payment rates for most of the holdings in our common stock portfolio during both 2021 and 2020 drove the increases in dividend income. An increase in funds invested in that portfolio during both 2021 and 2020 also favorably affected dividend income. (Dollars in millions) Investment income: Interest Dividends Other Less investment expenses Investment income, pretax Less income taxes Years ended December 31, 2021-2020 2020-2019 2021 2020 2019 Change % Change % $ 477 $ 455 $ 446 246 5 14 714 111 220 8 13 670 104 201 12 13 646 101 5 12 (38) 8 7 7 7 2 9 (33) 0 4 3 4 Total investment income, after-tax $ 603 $ 566 $ 545 Investment returns: Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents $ 23,215 $ 20,670 $ 18,697 Average yield pretax Average yield after-tax Effective tax rate Fixed-maturity returns: Average amortized cost Average yield pretax Average yield after-tax Effective tax rate 3.08 % 3.24 % 3.46 % 2.60 15.5 2.74 15.5 2.91 15.6 $ 11,771 $ 11,210 $ 10,876 4.05 % 4.06 % 4.10 % 3.37 16.8 3.39 16.6 3.42 16.6 In 2021, we continued to invest available cash flow in both fixed income and equity securities in a manner that we believe balances current income needs with longer-term invested asset growth goals. While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We position our portfolio with consideration to both the challenges presented by the current low interest rate environment and the risks presented by potential future inflation. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will be challenged to replace their current yield. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 86 The table below summarizes pretax yield to amortized costs excluding any book value adjustments due to impairment for bonds in our fixed-maturity portfolio by various maturity periods. At December 31, 2021 Fixed-maturity yield profile: Expected to mature during 2022 Expected to mature during 2023 Expected to mature during 2024 Average yield and total expected redemptions from 2022 through 2024 % Yield Principal redemptions 3.65 % $ 3.78 4.27 3.94 $ 771 809 1,024 2,604 The average pretax yield of 3.47% for fixed-maturity securities acquired during 2021, shown in the table below, was lower than the 4.02% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2021. Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed maturities: Acquired taxable fixed maturities Acquired tax-exempt fixed maturities Average total fixed maturities acquired Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 3.52 % 4.23 % 2.65 3.47 2.71 3.97 We discussed our portfolio strategies in Item 1, Investments Segment. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in Item 7a, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 87 Total Investment Gains and Losses Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held is reported in net income, as disclosed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Total investment gains and losses in 2021 included $2.278 billion of gains from the recognition of fair value changes of equity securities still held that prior to 2018 would have been reported in other comprehensive income (OCI) instead of net income. Change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of OCI. Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses and other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charges for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The factors we consider when evaluating impairments are also discussed in Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment. The timing of gains or losses from sales can have a material effect on results in any given period. However, such gains or losses usually have little, if any, effect on total shareholders’ equity because most equity and fixed-maturity investments are carried at fair value. As appropriate, we buy, hold or sell both fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We generally purchase fixed-maturity securities with the intention to hold until maturity. If they no longer meet our investment criteria, they are divested. Sales of fixed-maturity securities are usually due to a change in credit fundamentals. Pretax total investment gains in 2021, 2020 and 2019 were largely due to favorable changes in fair values of equity securities even though we continue to hold the securities. Additional information about investment gains or losses is included in Item 8, Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes. (Dollars in millions) Investment gains and losses Equity securities: Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net $ 4 $ 79 $ Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net Subtotal Fixed-maturity securities: Gross realized gains Gross realized losses Write-down of impaired securities Subtotal Other Total investment gains and losses reported in net income Change in unrealized investment gains and losses reported in OCI Fixed-maturity securities Total $ $ 2,278 2,282 36 (5) (1) 30 97 2,409 $ (234) 2,175 $ 841 920 16 (3) (78) (65) 10 865 $ 436 1,301 $ 26 1,626 1,652 13 (3) (9) 1 (3) 1,650 544 2,194 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 88 Write-downs of impaired securities or OTTI charges from the investment portfolio by the asset classes we described in Item 1, Our Segments, Investments Segment, are summarized below: (Dollars in millions) Taxable fixed maturities: Impairment amount New amortized cost Percent to total amortized cost owned Number of impaired securities written down Percent to number of securities owned Tax-exempt fixed maturities: Impairment amount New amortized cost Percent to total amortized cost owned Number of impaired securities written down Percent to number of securities owned Totals: Impairment amount New amortized cost Percent to total amortized cost owned Number of impaired securities written down Percent to number of securities owned Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — % — — % 1 2 — % 5 — % 1 2 — % 5 — % $ $ $ $ $ $ 77 78 1 % 13 2 % 1 1 — % 1 — % 78 79 1 % 14 1 % 9 20 — % 3 — % — — — % — — % 9 20 — % 3 — % Write-downs of impaired securities or OTTI charges from the investment portfolio by industry are summarized as follows: (Dollars in millions) Fixed maturities: Energy Real estate Consumer goods Municipal Technology & Electronics Total fixed maturities Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ — $ — — 1 — 1 $ 62 $ 13 1 1 1 78 $ 6 3 — — — 9 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 89 Investments Outlook The year 2021 saw a continuation of the economic recovery that began in the second half of 2020. Most bond markets experienced declines as interest rates rose. In 2022, we will likely see the Federal Reserve take rate actions that could further pressure existing bond values while at the same time provide opportunities to invest at potentially higher yields. Periods in which the central bank moves to a less accommodating or tightening position can also lead to increased equity market volatility. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth. In 2022, we expect to continue to allocate a portion of cash available for investment to equity securities, taking into consideration corporate liquidity and income requirements, as well as insurance department regulations and rating agency comments. We discuss our portfolio strategies in Item 1, Our Segments, Investments Segment. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 90 Other Total revenues in 2021 and 2020 for our Other operations increased, compared with the respective prior-year periods, primarily due to earned premiums of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Other also includes noninvestment operations of the parent company and its commercial leasing and financial services subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. Total expenses for Other also increased in 2021 and 2020, primarily due to losses and loss expenses and underwriting expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Other loss in the table below represents losses before income taxes. For each year shown, Other loss was largely driven by interest expense from debt of the parent company. Net results for the combination of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global were an underwriting loss of approximately $8 million in 2021 and $26 million in 2020 and an underwriting profit of approximately $39 million in 2019. The underwriting loss in 2020 included $31 million of pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses, as discussed in Corporate Financial Highlights of Management’s Discussion and Analysis. (Dollars in millions) Interest and fees on loans and leases Earned premiums Other revenues Total revenues Interest expense Loss and loss expenses Underwriting expenses Operating expenses Total expenses Other loss 2021-2020 2020-2019 Change % Change % 17 33 (25) 33 (2) 27 28 0 24 21 20 28 0 28 2 67 29 (13) 42 (221) Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 $ $ 7 $ 570 3 580 53 414 164 20 651 (71) $ 6 $ 427 4 437 54 325 128 20 527 (90) $ 5 333 4 342 53 195 99 23 370 (28) Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 91 Taxes We had a $724 million income tax expense in 2021, compared with $283 million in 2020 and $475 million in 2019. The corporate effective tax rate for 2021 was 19.7% compared with 18.9% in 2020 and 19.2% in 2019. The changes in our effective tax rate between periods were primarily due to large changes in our net investment gains and losses, included in income for the periods, as well as changes in underwriting income. Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Item 1, Our Segments, Fixed-Maturity Securities Investments, for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For tax years after 2017, for our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax- advantaged, fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Our effective tax rate reconciliation is found in Item 8, Note 11 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 92 Liquidity and Capital Resources We seek to maintain prudent levels of liquidity and financial strength for the protection of our policyholders, creditors and shareholders. We manage liquidity at two levels to meet the short- and long-term cash requirements of business obligations and growth needs. The first is the liquidity of the parent company. The second is the liquidity of our lead insurance subsidiary. Management of liquidity at both levels is essential because each has different funding needs and sources, and each is subject to certain regulatory guidelines and requirements. We believe the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our cash flows during 2021. In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities if such need arises or sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below. Parent Company Liquidity At December 31, 2021, the parent company had $5.053 billion in cash and marketable securities, providing strong liquidity to fund cash outflows, as needed. The payment of dividends to shareholders is largely based upon receiving subsidiary dividends. Alternatively, we could sell investments or use our line of credit to support the dividend payment. The parent company’s primary sources of cash inflows are dividends from our lead insurance subsidiary, investment income and sale proceeds from investments. The parent company’s cash outflows are primarily interest and principal payments on long- and short-term debt, dividends to shareholders, common stock repurchases, deposits at Lloyd's and general operating expenses. The table below shows a summary, by the direct cash flow method, of the major sources and uses of cash flow of the parent company. (Dollars in millions) Sources of liquidity: Subsidiary dividends received Investment income received Proceeds from stock options exercised Return of funds on deposit from Lloyd's Uses of liquidity: Shareholders' dividend payments Share repurchases Debt interest payments Payment of funds on deposit at Lloyd's Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ 598 $ 90 13 117 395 $ 144 52 14 550 $ 81 7 5 375 $ 261 54 47 625 75 11 — 355 67 52 67 We expect 2022 parent company sources of cash flow to be similar to 2021. Use of liquidity for share repurchases are discretionary depending on cash availability and capital management decisions. In addition, the subsidiaries have the discretion to pay dividends to the parent company. Cincinnati Global is required to maintain certain capital funding requirements with Lloyd’s, which the parent company may deposit on their behalf. These funding requirements may fluctuate based on the profitability of Cincinnati Global and syndicate solvency capital requirements as set by Lloyd's, which may result in return of funds on deposit. Other than share repurchases and funding at Lloyd's, the majority of expenditures for the parent company have been consistent during the last three years, and we expect future expenditures to remain stable. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 93 Insurance Subsidiary Liquidity The parent company’s lead insurance subsidiary largely represents the operations of the property casualty segments. The primary sources of cash inflows are collection of premiums, investment income, maturity of fixed- income securities and sale proceeds from investments. Property casualty insurance premiums generally are received before losses are paid under the policies purchased with those premiums. Cash outflows are primarily loss and loss expenses, commissions, salaries, taxes, operating expenses and investment purchases. Over the three- year period ended December 31, 2021, premium receipts and investment income have been more than sufficient to pay claims and operating expenses. Excess cash flows were partially used to pay dividends to the parent company. We are not aware of any known trends that would materially change historical cash flow results, other than fluctuations in catastrophe claims and other large losses, either individually or in aggregate. The table below shows a summary of operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method). Historically, annual variation in operating cash flow has been largely related to changes in amounts of catastrophe losses. (Dollars in millions) Premiums collected Loss and loss expenses paid Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid Cash flow from underwriting Investment income received Cash flow from operations Other Sources of Liquidity Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ 6,309 $ (3,094) (1,842) 1,373 497 1,870 $ 5,828 $ (3,183) (1,785) 860 456 1,316 $ 5,495 (3,260) (1,639) 596 451 1,047 Cash in excess of operating requirements is invested in fixed-maturity and equity securities. Cash generated from investment income provides an important investment contribution to cash flow and liquidity. The sale of investments could provide an additional source of liquidity at either the parent company or insurance subsidiary level, if required. In addition to possible sales of investments, proceeds of calls or maturities of fixed-maturity securities also can provide liquidity. During the five-year period beginning in 2022, fair value of $4.568 billion, or 35.1%, of our fixed-maturity portfolio is scheduled to mature. At December 31, 2021, we had $10.862 billion of common stock securities, with $4.774 billion, or 44.0%, held by the parent company. Financial resources of the parent company also could be made available to our insurance subsidiaries, if circumstances required it. This flexibility would include our ability to access the capital markets and short-term bank borrowings. We generally have minimized our reliance on debt financing, although we may use the line of credit to fund short-term cash needs. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 94 • • • • • Long-Term Debt We provide details of our three long-term notes in Item 8, Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers. The total principal amount of our long-term debt at December 31, 2021, was $793 million and included: $28 million aggregate principal amount of 6.900% senior debentures due 2028. $391 million aggregate principal amount of 6.920% senior debentures due 2028. $374 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior debentures due 2034. The company’s senior debt is rated investment grade by four independent rating agencies. None of the rating agencies made changes to our debt ratings in 2021. At February 23, 2022, our debt ratings from the rating agencies were: a from A.M. Best, A- from Fitch, A3 from Moody’s and BBB+ from S&P. Note Payable At December 31, 2021, we had a $300 million line of credit with commercial banks, with $54 million borrowed at both December 31, 2021 and 2020. That unsecured revolving line of credit has an accordion feature giving us the option to double the $300 million amount, under the same terms and conditions. Terms and conditions of the agreement include a debt-to-total capital maximum of 35% and the agreement has no net worth covenant. It was due to expire on February 4, 2024, with the option of two one-year extensions. We exercised both one-year options to extend the term of the line of credit by two additional years to February 4, 2026. At year-end 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants under the credit agreement and believe we will remain in compliance. The credit agreement provides alternative interest charges based on the type of borrowing and our debt rating. The interest rate charged is adjusted LIBOR plus an applicable margin. The agreement contains successor LIBOR rate language, which will require an amendment to reflect the new replacement rate. We could be impacted to the extent the replacement rate differs materially from the LIBOR rate. Capital Resources Capital resources, consisting of shareholders’ equity and total debt, represent our overall financial strength to support current obligations and growth in our insurance businesses. At December 31, 2021, we had total capital of $13.948 billion. Shareholders’ equity was $13.105 billion, an increase of $2.316 billion, or 21%, from the prior year. Our total debt was $843 million, up $1 million from a year ago. We seek to maintain a solid financial position and provide capital flexibility by keeping our ratio of debt to total capital moderate. At year-end 2021, the ratio was 6.0%, compared with 7.2% at year-end 2020. At times we enter into letter of credit agreements to support our Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global operations. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement to provide a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $94 million with no amounts drawn at December 31, 2021. At the discretion of the board of directors, the company can return capital directly to shareholders as discussed below. Dividends to shareholders – The ability of our company to continue paying cash dividends is subject to factors the board of directors deems relevant. While the board and management believe there is merit to sustaining the company’s long record of dividend increases, our first priority is the company’s financial strength. Over the past 10 years, the company has paid an average of 51% of net income as dividends. Through 2021, the board had increased our cash dividend for 61 consecutive years. The board's decision in January 2022 to increase the dividend demonstrated confidence in the company’s strong capital, liquidity, financial flexibility and initiatives to grow earnings. Common stock repurchase – Generally, our board believes that share repurchases can help fulfill our commitment to enhancing shareholder value. Consequently, the board has authorized the repurchase of outstanding shares, giving management discretion to purchase shares at reasonable prices in light of circumstances at the time of purchase. Our approach has been to hold capital adequate to support future growth of our insurance operations and repurchase shares at management's discretion. Repurchases are intended to offset the issuance of shares through equity compensation plans, primarily due to vesting of service-based restricted stock units of equity awards granted in the past. The amount of future repurchases may be more, or less, than the past, depending on circumstances and discretion exercised by management. Our corporate Code of Conduct restricts Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 95 repurchases during certain time periods. The details of the repurchase authorizations and activity are described in Item 5, Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Obligations We pay obligations to customers, suppliers and associates in the normal course of our business operations. Some are contractual obligations that define the amount, circumstances and/or timing of payments. We have other commitments for business expenditures; such as $294 million we expect to fund for our private equity and real estate investments, however, the amount, circumstances and/or timing of our other commitments are not dictated by contractual arrangements. Contractual Obligations At December 31, 2021, we estimated our significant future contractual obligations as follows: (Dollars in millions) Payment due by period Year 2022 Years 2023-2026 There- after Total Gross property casualty loss and loss expense payments $ 2,627 $ 3,695 $ 907 $ Gross life policyholder obligations Long-term debt Interest on long-term debt Profit-sharing commissions Other liabilities Total 87 — 52 195 122 335 — 208 — 40 5,500 793 215 — 5 7,229 5,922 793 475 195 167 $ 3,083 $ 4,278 $ 7,420 $ 14,781 Liquidity and Capital Resources Outlook At December 31, 2021, we had $1.139 billion in cash and cash equivalents. During 2022, our lead insurance subsidiary may pay $929 million in dividends to our parent company without regulatory approval. That strong liquidity and our consistent cash flows give us the flexibility to meet current obligations and commitments while building value by prudently investing where we see potential for both current income and long-term return. Our cash and cash equivalents provide adequate financial cushion when short-term operating results do not meet our objectives. A long-term perspective governs our liquidity and capital resources decisions, with the goal of benefiting our policyholders, agents, shareholders and associates over time. Our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can drive performance to achieve our underwriting profitability target of a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that consistently averages within the range of 95% to 100%. Our GAAP combined ratio averaged 94.8% over the five-year period 2017 through 2021, resulting in strong underwriting profits. In any year, we consider the most likely source of pressure on liquidity would be an unusually high level of catastrophe loss payments within a short period of time. There could be additional obligations for our insurance operations due to increasing severity or frequency of noncatastrophe claims. To address the risk of unusually large insurance loss obligations, including catastrophe events, we maintain property casualty reinsurance contracts with highly rated reinsurers, as discussed under 2022 Reinsurance Ceded Programs. We also monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers because their insolvency could jeopardize a portion of our $570 million reinsurance recoverable asset at December 31, 2021. Parent-company liquidity could also be constrained by Ohio regulatory requirements that restrict the dividends insurance subsidiaries can pay. Economic weakness also has the potential to affect our liquidity and capital resources in a number of different ways, including delinquent payments from agencies, defaults on interest payments by fixed-maturity holdings in our portfolio, dividend reductions by holdings in our equity portfolio or declines in the market value of holdings in our portfolio. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 96 LIBOR Discontinuation We have identified our population of contracts that contain a LIBOR reference and determined our exposure to be minimal. Our identification is primarily related to our line of credit, an unsecured letter of credit agreement to provide a portion of the capital needed to support obligations at Lloyd's, investments in floating rate securities and late fee provisions. We will continue to work with counterparties to determine alternative rates for each contract identified. Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance-sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company’s financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves Our estimate of future gross property casualty loss and loss expense payments of $7.229 billion is lower than loss and loss expense reserves of $7.305 billion reported on our balance sheet at December 31, 2021. The $76 million difference is due to certain life and health loss reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves. For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and for other parts of our property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation. The $552 million increase in total gross reserves was primarily due to a $307 million increase in case loss reserves and a $178 million increase in IBNR loss reserves. The increase in total gross reserves included $125 million for our commercial casualty line of business, $131 million for excess and surplus lines and $216 million for Cincinnati Re. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 97 Property Casualty Gross Loss and Loss Expense Reserves (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Commercial lines insurance: Commercial casualty Commercial property Commercial auto Workers' compensation Other commercial Subtotal Personal lines insurance: Personal auto Homeowner Other personal Subtotal Excess and surplus lines Cincinnati Re Cincinnati Global Total At December 31, 2020 Commercial lines insurance: Commercial casualty Commercial property Commercial auto Workers' compensation Other commercial Subtotal Personal lines insurance: Personal auto Homeowner Other personal Subtotal Excess and surplus lines Cincinnati Re Cincinnati Global Total Loss reserves Case reserves IBNR reserves Loss expense reserves Total gross reserves Percent of total $ $ $ $ 1,059 $ 357 419 442 91 2,368 211 168 84 463 233 117 150 3,331 $ 955 $ 338 391 402 92 2,178 205 166 61 432 190 77 147 3,024 $ 734 $ 82 220 503 9 1,548 53 102 87 242 186 460 97 2,533 $ 764 $ 127 209 534 13 1,647 56 47 90 193 133 287 95 2,355 $ 704 $ 62 124 85 116 1,091 60 44 5 109 158 5 2 1,365 $ 653 $ 69 141 89 104 1,056 68 41 5 114 123 2 3 1,298 $ 2,497 501 763 1,030 216 5,007 324 314 176 814 577 582 249 7,229 2,372 534 741 1,025 209 4,881 329 254 156 739 446 366 245 6,677 34.5 % 6.9 10.6 14.3 3.0 69.3 4.5 4.3 2.4 11.2 8.0 8.1 3.4 100.0 % 35.5 % 8.0 11.1 15.4 3.1 73.1 4.9 3.8 2.3 11.0 6.7 5.5 3.7 100.0 % Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 98 Asbestos and Environmental Loss and Loss Expense Reserves We carried $88 million of net loss and loss expense reserves for asbestos and environmental claims at year-end 2021, compared with $85 million year-end 2020. The asbestos and environmental claims amounts for each respective year constituted 1.3% of total net loss and loss expense reserves at these year-end dates. We believe our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims is limited, largely because our reinsurance retention was $500,000 or below prior to 1987. We also were predominantly a personal lines company in the 1960s and 1970s, when asbestos and pollution exclusions were not widely used by commercial lines insurers. During the 1980s and early 1990s, commercial lines grew as a percentage of our overall business and our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims grew accordingly. Over that period, we endorsed to or included in most policies an asbestos and environmental exclusion. Additionally, since 2002, we have revised policy terms where permitted by state regulation to limit our exposure to mold claims prospectively and further reduce our exposure to other environmental claims generally. Finally, we have not engaged in any mergers or acquisitions through which such a liability could have been assumed. We continue to monitor our claims for evidence of material exposure to other mass tort classes, but we have found no such credible evidence to date. Reserving data for asbestos and environmental claims has characteristics that limit the usefulness of the methods and models used to analyze loss and loss expense reserves for other claims. Specifically, asbestos and environmental loss and loss expenses for different accident years do not emerge independently of one another as loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods assume. In addition, asbestos and environmental loss and loss expense data available to date did not reflect a well-defined tail, greatly complicating the identification of an appropriate probabilistic trend family model. At year-end 2021, we used a weighted average of a paid survival ratio method and report year method to estimate reserves for IBNR asbestos and environmental claims. Our exposure to such claims is limited; we believe a weighted average of both methods produces a sufficient level of reserves. Gross Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Payments While we believe that historical performance of property casualty and life loss payment patterns is a reasonable source for projecting future claim payments, there is inherent uncertainty in this estimate of contractual obligations. We believe that we could meet our obligations under a significant and unexpected change in the timing of these payments because of the liquidity of our invested assets, strong financial position and access to lines of credit. Our estimates of gross property casualty loss and loss expense payments do not include reinsurance receivables or ceded losses. As discussed in 2022 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, we purchase reinsurance to mitigate our property casualty risk exposure. Ceded property casualty reinsurance unpaid receivables of $327 million at year- end 2021 are an offset to our gross property casualty loss and loss expense obligations. Our reinsurance program mitigates the liquidity risk of a single large loss or an unexpected rise in claim severity or frequency due to a catastrophic event. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our obligation to pay covered claims. The financial strength of our reinsurers is important because our ability to recover losses under our reinsurance agreements depends on the financial viability of the reinsurers. We direct our associates to settle claims and pay losses as quickly as is practical, and we made $3.094 billion of net claim payments during 2021. At year-end 2021, total net property casualty reserves of $6.902 billion reflected $3.133 billion in unpaid amounts on reported claims (case reserves), $1.352 billion in loss expense reserves and $2.417 billion in estimates of claims that were incurred but had not yet been reported (IBNR). The specific amounts and timing of obligations related to case reserves and associated loss expenses are not set contractually. The amounts and timing of obligations for IBNR claims and related loss expenses are unknown. We discuss our methods of establishing loss and loss expense reserves and our belief that reserves are adequate in Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 99 The historical pattern of using premium receipts for the payment of loss and loss expenses has enabled us to extend slightly the maturities of our investment portfolio beyond the estimated settlement date of the loss reserves. The effective duration of our consolidated property casualty fixed-maturity portfolio was 4.5 years at year-end 2021. By contrast, the duration of our loss and loss expense reserves was approximately 3.1 years. We believe this difference in duration does not affect our ability to meet current obligations because cash flow from operations is sufficient to meet these obligations. In addition, investment holdings could be sold, if necessary, to meet higher than anticipated loss and loss expenses. Range of Reasonable Reserves The company established a reasonably likely range for net loss and loss expense reserves of $6.446 billion to $7.014 billion at year-end 2021, with the company carrying net reserves of $6.902 billion. The range was $5.859 billion to $6.543 billion at year-end 2020, with the company carrying net reserves of $6.400 billion. Our loss and loss expense reserves are not discounted for the time-value of money, but we have reduced the reserves by an estimate of the amount of salvage and subrogation payments we expect to recover. The low point of each year’s range corresponds to approximately one standard error below each year’s mean reserve estimate, while the high point corresponds to approximately one standard error above each year’s mean reserve estimate. We discussed management’s reasons for basing reasonably likely reserve ranges on standard errors in Critical Accounting Estimates, Reserve Estimate Variability. The ranges reflect our assessment of the most likely unpaid loss and loss expenses at year-end 2021 and 2020. However, actual unpaid loss and loss expenses could nonetheless fall outside of the indicated ranges. Management’s best estimate of total loss and loss expense reserves as of year-end 2021 and 2020 was consistent with the corresponding actuarial best estimate. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 100 Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year The following table shows net reserve changes at year-end 2021, 2020 and 2019 by property casualty segment and accident year: (Dollars in millions) As of December 31, 2021 2020 accident year 2019 accident year 2018 accident year 2017 accident year 2016 accident year 2015 accident year 2014 and prior accident years (Favorable)/unfavorable As of December 31, 2020 2019 accident year 2018 accident year 2017 accident year 2016 accident year 2015 accident year 2014 accident year 2013 and prior accident years (Favorable)/unfavorable As of December 31, 2019 2018 accident year 2017 accident year 2016 accident year 2015 accident year 2014 accident year 2013 accident year 2012 and prior accident years (Favorable)/unfavorable Commercial lines Personal lines E&S lines Other Totals $ $ $ $ $ $ (215) $ (58) (42) (19) (11) — (8) (353) $ (51) $ (44) (4) 4 (10) 4 6 (95) $ (67) $ (48) (4) (27) (16) (16) (14) (192) $ (52) $ — 5 4 (1) (1) (5) (50) $ (22) $ (3) 3 1 — 1 2 (18) $ (10) $ (6) (5) (1) (3) (2) — (27) $ — $ 7 — 1 1 (1) (1) 7 $ (2) $ — (1) 8 1 1 — 7 $ (6) $ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) — (11) $ (16) $ (5) (7) 2 (6) — — (32) $ (5) $ (9) (6) (5) — — — (25) $ (7) $ (6) (5) — — — — (18) $ (283) (56) (44) (12) (17) (2) (14) (428) (80) (56) (8) 8 (9) 6 8 (131) (90) (61) (15) (29) (20) (19) (14) (248) Overall favorable development for consolidated property casualty reserves of $428 million in 2021 illustrated the potential for revisions inherent in estimating reserves, especially for long-tail lines such as commercial casualty and workers’ compensation. As noted in Critical Accounting Estimates, Key Assumptions Loss Reserving, our models predict that actual loss and loss expense emergence will differ from projections, and we do not attempt to monitor or identify such normal variations. The table in Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves shows reserves by segment and lines of business and the components of gross reserves among case, IBNR and loss expense reserves. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 101 Favorable reserve development was $120 million for our commercial casualty line of business, $97 million for our commercial property line of business and $66 million for our workers’ compensation line of business, together accounting for approximately 66% of the overall total. Drivers of significant reserve development typically reflect loss emergence on known claims that was more favorable or less favorable than previously anticipated for various lines of business and are discussed below. • Commercial casualty – During 2021 and 2020, we continued to experience favorable development on prior accident years in aggregate. We continue to watch this line so we can detect unfavorable trends should they reoccur. • Workers’ compensation – We continue to see favorable reserve development, for all prior accident years in aggregate. During 2021 and 2020, the trend for estimated payments to be made in future calendar years was stable compared with 2019. However, we continue to monitor this line closely, as a sudden increase in trend for future payments has a highly leveraged effect. • Commercial auto – Ultimate losses developed favorably during calendar year 2021, for all prior accident years in aggregate, after several years of unfavorable reserve development. During the U.S. economic recession several years ago, slowing business activity influenced our estimates of reserves for ultimate losses and loss expenses during that period. As the economy recovered, we believe we were slow to recognize some of the higher loss cost effects in reserve estimates for at least part of that period. As claims that occurred during that period have become more mature, loss cost trends resulted in increased estimated ultimate losses for the accident years impacted by the recession. In consideration of the data’s credibility, we analyze commercial and personal umbrella liability reserves together and then allocate the derived total reserve estimate to the commercial and personal coverages. Consequently, the umbrella factors that contributed to commercial lines reserve development also contributed to personal lines reserve development through the other personal line, of which personal umbrella coverages are a part. For the excess and surplus lines insurance segment, the table showing reserves by segment and lines of business in Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, shows the components of gross reserves among case, IBNR and loss expense reserves. Total gross reserves increased $131 million from year-end 2020, largely due to the increase in premiums and exposures for this segment, as we discussed in Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Results. More prudent reserving, as claims on average are remaining open longer than previously expected, also contributed to the increase. Adverse, or unfavorable, reserve development netted to $7 million during 2021, following adverse development during 2020 of $7 million for excess and surplus lines insurance segment reserves, shown in the table above, illustrates the potential for revisions inherent in estimating reserves. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 102 Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves Gross Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations Our estimates of life, annuity and disability policyholder obligations reflect future estimated cash payments to be made to policyholders for future policy benefits, policyholders’ account balances and separate account liabilities. These estimates include death and disability income claims, policy surrenders, policy maturities, annuity payments, minimum guarantees on separate account products, commissions and premium taxes offset by expected future deposits and premiums on in-force contracts. Further, these estimates are based on mortality, morbidity and lapse assumptions reflective of our recent experience and expectations of future payment obligations. Our estimates of gross life, annuity and disability obligations do not reflect net recoveries from reinsurance agreements. Ceded life reinsurance receivables were $214 million at year-end 2021. As discussed in 2022 Reinsurance Programs, we purchase reinsurance to mitigate our life insurance risk exposure. At year-end 2021, ceded death benefits represented approximately 33.6% of our total gross policy face amounts in force. These estimated cash outflows are undiscounted with respect to interest. As a result, the sum of the cash outflows for all years of $5.922 billion (total of life insurance obligations) exceeds the liabilities recorded in life policy and investment contract reserves and separate accounts for future policy benefits and claims of $3.960 billion (total of life insurance policy reserves and separate account policy reserves). A significant portion of the difference can be attributed to the time value of money and changes in mortality, morbidity and lapse assumptions between the date the liabilities were originally established and the current date. We have made significant assumptions to determine the estimated undiscounted cash flows of these policies and contracts that include mortality, morbidity, timing of claims, future lapse rates and interest crediting rates. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, the amounts presented could materially differ from actual results. Life Insurance Reserves Gross life policy reserves were $3.014 billion at year-end 2021, compared with $2.915 billion at year-end 2020. The increase was primarily due to reserves for traditional life insurance contracts. We establish reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience adjusted for historical trends in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality and morbidity. We use our own experience and historical trends for setting our assumptions for expected withdrawal rates and expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future expected economic conditions. We establish reserves for our universal life, deferred annuity and investment contracts equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life insurance policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments. We regularly review our life insurance business to ensure that any deferred acquisition cost associated with the business is recoverable and that our actuarial liabilities (life insurance segment reserves) make sufficient provision for future benefits and related expenses. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 103 2022 Reinsurance Ceded Programs A single large loss or an unexpected rise in claims severity or frequency due to a catastrophic event is a risk to the company's liquidity and financial strength. To control such losses, we limit marketing property casualty insurance in specific geographic areas and monitor our exposure in certain coastal regions. Examples of this include the reduction in recent years of our homeowner policies in the southeastern U.S. coastal region or limiting our earthquake writings in the New Madrid region. Loss exposures in these areas have been identified as a major contributor to our catastrophe probable maximum loss estimates. The table below includes probable maximum loss estimates for the peril of hurricane. These estimates were subsequently reduced, in large part due to less exposure from southeastern U.S. homeowner policies. We also continually review aggregate exposures to large disasters and purchase reinsurance protection to cover these exposures. For business other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, we use the Risk Management Solutions (RMS) and Applied Insurance Research (AIR) models to evaluate exposures to a once-in-a-100-year and a once-in-a-250-year event to help determine appropriate reinsurance coverage programs. In conjunction with these activities, we also continue to evaluate information provided by our reinsurance broker. Examples include deterministic modeling of probable maximum loss contribution from growth in new geographic territories. To help determine appropriate reinsurance coverage for hurricane, earthquake and tornado/hail exposures, for business other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global we use the RMS and AIR models to estimate the probable maximum loss from a single event or multiple events occurring in a one-year period. The models are proprietary in nature, and the vendors that provide them periodically update the models, sometimes resulting in significant changes to their estimate of probable maximum loss. As of the end of 2021, both models indicated that a hurricane event represents our largest amount of exposure to losses. The table below summarizes estimated probabilities and the corresponding probable maximum loss from a single hurricane event occurring in a one-year period, for business other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, and indicates the effect of such losses on consolidated shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2021. Net losses are net of reinsurance, estimated reinstatement premiums and income taxes, assuming a 21% federal tax rate, and assume our 2022 reinsurance programs apply. (Dollars in millions) RMS Model AIR Model Probability at December 31, 2021 2.0% (1 in 50 year event) 1.0% (1 in 100 year event) 0.4% (1 in 250 year event) 0.2% (1 in 500 year event) Gross losses Net losses $ 427 $ 682 1,161 1,638 168 204 468 842 Percent of total equity Gross losses Net losses 1.3 % $ 1.6 3.6 6.4 455 $ 692 1,084 1,482 169 202 386 689 Percent of total equity 1.3 % 1.5 2.9 5.3 The modeled losses according to RMS in the table are based on its RiskLink version 18.1 catastrophe model and use a long-term storm catalog methodology. The modeled losses according to AIR in the table are based on its AIR Touchstone® version 8.2.5 catastrophe model and use a long-term methodology. The AIR and RMS storm catalogs include decades of documented weather events used in simulations for probable maximum loss projections. Reinsurance mitigates the risk of highly uncertain exposures and limits the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks concentrated in areas of exposure. Management’s decisions about the appropriate structure of reinsurance protection and level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our obligation to pay covered claims. The financial strength of our reinsurers is important because our ability to recover for losses covered under any reinsurance agreement depends on the financial viability of the reinsurer. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 104 For 2022, the primary participants on our standard market property and casualty per-risk and per-occurrence reinsurance ceded programs include Munich Reinsurance America, Hannover Re, Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation, Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S. and Transatlantic Reinsurance Company, all of which had A.M. Best insurer financial strength ratings of A (Excellent) or better as of December 31, 2021. Our property catastrophe program is subscribed through a broker by reinsurers from the United States, Bermuda, London and the European markets. The largest participant in our property catastrophe program, representing approximately 28% of total participation, is the Lloyd's of London placement that features numerous syndicates. Some of the other reinsurers with large participation in the program include Lancashire Insurance Company Limited, Mapfre Re, Partner Reinsurance Company Ltd. and R&V Versicherung AG. The following table shows our five largest property casualty reinsurance receivable amounts by reinsurer at year- end 2021 and 2020. Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association is a mandatory nonprofit association which runs a reinsurance program funded by an annual premium assessment per vehicle. This assessment covers Michigan’s automobile no-fault policies, which provide unlimited lifetime coverage for medical expenses resulting from auto accidents. The A.M. Best insurer financial strength ratings as of the end of the two most recent years are also shown for each of those reinsurers that have an applicable rating. (Dollars in millions) Name of reinsurer Munich Reinsurance America Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association General Reinsurance Corporation Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Company 2021 2020 Total receivable 52 $ 41 39 30 23 A.M. Best Rating A+ A+ NA A++ A++ Total receivable 44 $ 41 39 28 14 A.M. Best Rating A+ A+ NA A++ A++ Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 105 • • • • • • Primary components of the 2022 property and casualty reinsurance program are summarized below. The premium estimates below occurred near the beginning of each respective year, when direct written premiums that were subject to applicable reinsurance treaties were also estimated. Property per risk treaty – The primary purpose of the property treaty is to provide capacity up to $50 million, adequate for the majority of the risks we write. It also includes protection for extra-contractual liability coverage losses. We retain the first $10 million of each loss. Losses between $10 million and $50 million are reinsured at 100%. The 2022 ceded premium estimate was $41 million, compared with $36 million for the 2021 estimate. Property excess treaty – We purchased a property reinsurance treaty that provides an additional $50 million in protection for certain property losses. This treaty, along with the property per risk treaty, provides a total of $100 million of protection. The 2022 ceded premium estimate was approximately $4 million, essentially unchanged from the 2021 estimate. Casualty per occurrence treaty – The casualty treaty provides capacity up to $25 million. Similar to the property treaty, it provides sufficient capacity to cover the vast majority of casualty accounts we insure and also includes protection for extra-contractual liability coverage losses. We retain the first $10 million of each loss. Losses between $10 million and $25 million are reinsured at 100%. The 2022 ceded premium estimate was $15 million, compared with $13 million for the 2021 estimate. Casualty excess treaty – We purchase a casualty reinsurance treaty that provides an additional $45 million in protection for certain casualty losses. This treaty, along with the casualty per occurrence treaty, provides a total of $70 million of protection for workers’ compensation, extra-contractual liability coverage and clash coverage losses, which would apply when a single occurrence involves multiple policyholders of The Cincinnati Insurance Companies or multiple coverages for one insured. The 2022 ceded premium estimate was approximately $3 million, essentially unchanged from the 2021 estimate. Property catastrophe treaty – To protect against catastrophic events such as wind and hail, hurricanes or earthquakes, we purchased property catastrophe reinsurance with a limit up to $900 million. To promote pricing stability over changing market conditions, parts of this treaty are written on a multi-year basis. This treaty and our property and casualty treaties contain exclusions for communicable disease and cyber losses. Aggregation of losses into one event, sometimes referred to as an hours clause, varies by peril. For example, the general provision in this treaty is 168 hours, but it is 120 hours for a wind event and 96 hours for a riot or civil commotion event. Losses from the same occurrence can be aggregated into one limit over the hour period applicable to the peril causing the loss and applied to the treaty towards recovery. The treaty contains one reinstatement provision. The 2022 ceded premium estimate was $47 million, compared with $47 million for the 2021 estimate. We retain the first $100 million of any loss, and a share of losses up to $900 million. The percentage share we retain for each layer of coverage is indicated below: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 54.4% of losses between $100 million and $200 million 14.6% of losses between $200 million and $300 million 10.1% of losses between $300 million and $400 million 10.6% of losses between $400 million and $600 million 23.1% of losses between $600 million and $800 million 52.9% of losses between $800 million and $900 million Effective June 1, 2021, we nonrenewed our combined property catastrophe occurrence excess of loss treaty that provided coverage for business written on a direct basis and by Cincinnati Re. We determined that the coverage was no longer cost effective. A restructured reinsurance program became effective for Cincinnati Re only, providing retrocession coverages with various triggers and unique features. That program included property catastrophe excess of loss coverage with a total available aggregate limit of $48 million in excess of $80 million per loss. Coverage for Cincinnati Re only with a total available aggregate limit of $30 million expired during the second quarter of 2021. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 106 After reinsurance, our maximum exposure to a catastrophic event that causes $900 million in covered losses in 2022 would be $299 million, compared with our retention of $202 million for 2021 for an event causing $800 million in covered losses. The largest catastrophe loss event in our history occurred during 2011 from a May 20-27 storm system that included a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, and that also included significant losses from hail in the Dayton, Ohio, area. Our losses from that storm were estimated to be $226 million before reinsurance, based on updated estimates as of December 31, 2017. Individual risks with insured values in excess of $100 million, as identified in the policy, are handled through a different reinsurance mechanism. We typically reinsure property coverage for individual risks with insured values between $100 million and $225 million under an automatic facultative agreement. For risks with property values exceeding $225 million, we negotiate the purchase of facultative coverage on an individual certificate basis. For casualty coverage on individual risks with limits exceeding $25 million, facultative reinsurance coverage is placed on an individual certificate basis. For risks with casualty limits that are between $25 million and $27 million, we sometimes forego facultative reinsurance and retain an additional $2 million of loss exposure. Terrorism coverage at various levels has been secured in most of our reinsurance agreements. The broadest coverage for this peril is found in the property and casualty working treaties, the property per risk treaty and the casualty per occurrence treaty, which provide coverage for commercial and personal risks. Our property catastrophe treaty provides terrorism coverage for personal risks, and coverage for commercial risks with total insured values of $15 million or less. For insured values between $15 million and $100 million, there also may be coverage in the property working treaty. A form of reinsurance is also provided through The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA). TRIA was originally signed into law on November 26, 2002, and extended on several occasions. The most recent extension was signed into law on December 20, 2019, and is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2027. TRIA provides a temporary federal backstop for losses related to the writing of the terrorism peril in property casualty insurance policies. Under regulations promulgated under this statute, insurers are required to offer terrorism coverage for certain lines of property casualty insurance, including property, commercial multi-peril, fire, ocean marine, inland marine, liability, aircraft and workers’ compensation. In the event of a terrorism event defined by TRIA, the federal government would reimburse terrorism claim payments subject to the insurer’s deductible. The deductible is calculated as a percentage of subject written premiums for the preceding calendar year. Our deductible in 2021 was $610 million (20% of 2020 subject premiums), and we estimate it is $658 million (20% of 2021 subject premiums) for 2022. Reinsurance protection for the company’s surety business is covered under a separate treaty with many of the same reinsurers that write the property casualty working treaties. Reinsurance protection for cyber coverage is also through a separate treaty. We offer cyber insurance as an affirmative coverage option on various insurance policies written on a direct basis and subsequently cede all of the related premiums to a reinsurer, therefore transferring substantially all of that risk. Reinsurance protection for Cincinnati Global's business is also provided through separate treaties. The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company has separate property and casualty reinsurance treaties for 2022 through its parent, The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Primary components of the treaties include: • • • • Property per risk treaty – The property treaty provides limits up to $5 million, which is adequate capacity for the risk profile we insure. It also includes protection for extra-contractual liability coverage losses. Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters retains the first $1 million of any policy loss. Losses between $1 million and $5 million are reinsured at 100% by The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Casualty treaties – The casualty treaty is written on an excess of loss basis and provide limits up to $6 million, which is adequate capacity for the risk profile we insure. A second treaty layer of $5 million excess of $6 million is written to provide coverage for extra contractual obligations or clash exposures. The maximum retention for any one casualty loss is $2 million by Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters. Losses on a per occurrence basis between $2 million and $6 million and extra contractual and clash losses between $6 million and $11 million are reinsured at 100% by The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Basket retention – Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters has purchased this coverage to limit their retention to $2 million in the event that the same occurrence results in both a property and a casualty loss. Property catastrophe treaty – As a subsidiary of The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters is a named insured under our corporate property catastrophe treaty. All terms and conditions of this reinsurance coverage apply to policies underwritten by Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 107 For property risks with limits exceeding $5 million or casualty risks with limits exceeding $6 million, underwriters place facultative reinsurance coverage on an individual certificate basis. Cincinnati Life, our life insurance subsidiary, purchases reinsurance under separate treaties with many of the same reinsurers that write the property casualty working treaties. Our corporate retention is $1 million on a single life. For most of our core term life insurance line of business, we retain no more than a $500,000 exposure on a single policy, ceding the balance using excess over retention mortality coverage, and retaining the policy reserve. Because of the conservative nature of statutory reserving principles, retaining the policy reserve unduly depresses our statutory earnings and requires a large commitment of our capital. Effective November 1, 2015, we increased our retention to $1 million for issue ages up to 61 years on new term life insurance sales. For issue ages 61 years or older, our retention remains $500,000. For term life insurance business written prior to 2005, we retain 10% to 25% of each term policy, not to exceed $500,000, ceding the balance of mortality risk and policy reserve. We also have catastrophe reinsurance coverage on our life insurance operations that reimburses us for covered net losses in excess of $13 million. Our recovery is capped at $75 million for losses involving our associates. The following table shows our five largest life reinsurance receivable amounts by reinsurer at year-end 2021 and 2020. Insurer financial strength ratings are also shown. (Dollars in millions) Name of reinsurer Swiss Re Life & Health America, Inc. General Re Life Corporation Lincoln National Life Insurance Company Security Life of Denver Insurance Company Employers Reassurance Corporation Total receivable $ 2021 Rating agency 66 A.M. Best 44 A.M. Best 30 A.M. Best 19 15 S&P S&P Total receivable $ 2020 Rating Agency 71 A.M. Best 43 A.M. Best 31 A.M. Best 22 15 S&P S&P Rating A+ A++ A+ A+ BBB+ Rating A+ A++ A+ A+ BBB+ Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 108 Safe Harbor Statement This is our “Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to: • Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that could affect results for reasons such as: ◦ ◦ ◦ Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity and continued supply chain disruptions that affect our investment portfolio and book value An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation- related expenses An unusually high level of insurance losses, including risk of legislation or court decisions extending business interruption insurance in commercial property coverage forms to cover claims for pure economic loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic ◦ Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity ◦ Inability of our workforce, agencies or vendors to perform necessary business functions • Ongoing developments concerning business interruption insurance claims and litigation related to the COVID-19 pandemic that affect our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses or our ability to reasonably estimate such losses, such as: ◦ The continuing duration of the pandemic and governmental actions to limit the spread of the virus that may produce additional economic losses Judicial rulings in similar litigation involving other companies in the insurance industry The number of policyholders that will ultimately submit claims or file lawsuits The lack of submitted proofs of loss for allegedly covered claims ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Differences in state laws and developing case law ◦ ◦ Whether and to what degree any class of policyholders may be certified ◦ The inherent unpredictability of litigation Litigation trends, including varying legal theories advanced by policyholders • Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns (whether as a result of global climate change or otherwise), environmental events, terrorism incidents, civil unrest or other causes • Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance, due to inflationary trends or other causes Inadequate estimates or assumptions, or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates • • Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting our equity portfolio and book value • Prolonged low interest rate environment or other factors that limit our ability to generate growth in investment income or interest rate fluctuations that result in declining values of fixed-maturity investments, including declines in accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets • Domestic and global events resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to: ◦ ◦ ◦ Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s) Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities Significant rise in losses from surety or director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 109 • Our inability to manage Cincinnati Global or other subsidiaries to produce related business opportunities and growth prospects for our ongoing operations • Recession or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies • Ineffective information technology systems or discontinuing to develop and implement improvements in technology may impact our success and profitability • Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our or our agents’ ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws • Difficulties with our operations and technology that may negatively impact our ability to conduct business, including cloud-based data information storage, data security, cyberattacks, remote working capabilities, and/or outsourcing relationships and third-party operations and data security • Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products • Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness • Intense competition, and the impact of innovation, technological change and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which we operate, could harm our ability to maintain or increase our ability to maintain or increase our business volumes and profitability • Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies could alter our competitive advantages • • • • • Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels Events or conditions that could weaken or harm our relationships with our independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on our opportunities for growth, such as: ◦ Downgrades of our financial strength ratings ◦ Concerns that doing business with us is too difficult ◦ Perceptions that our level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace ◦ Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that: ◦ ◦ Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations ◦ Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business ◦ Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes ◦ ◦ Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law Increase our other expenses Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 110 Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates ◦ ◦ ◦ Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings, including effects of social inflation on the size of litigation awards Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce our future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 • • • Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others • Our inability, or the inability of our independent agents, to attract and retain personnel in a competitive labor market, impacting the customer experience and altering our competitive advantages • Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location or work effectively in a remote environment Further, our insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. We also are subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for our common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 111 ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Introduction Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as inflation, economic growth, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact. The company accepts and manages risks in its investment portfolio as part of the means of achieving portfolio objectives. Some of the risks are: Political – the potential for a decrease in value due to the real or perceived impact of governmental policies or conditions Regulatory – the potential for a decrease in value due to the impact of legislative proposals or changes in laws or regulations Economic – the potential for a decrease in value due to changes in general economic factors (recession, inflation, deflation, etc.) Revaluation – the potential for a decrease in value due to a change in relative value (change in market multiple) of the market brought on by general economic factors Interest-rate – the potential for a decrease in value of a security or portfolio due to its sensitivity to changes (increases or decreases) in the general level of interest rates Company-specific risk is the potential for a particular issuer to experience a decline in value due to the impact of sector or market risk on the holding or because of issues specific to the firm: Fraud – the potential for a negative impact on an issuer’s performance due to actual or alleged illegal or improper activity of individuals it employs Credit – the potential for deterioration in an issuer’s financial profile due to specific company issues, problems it faces in the course of its operations or industry-related issues Default – the possibility that an issuer will not make a required payment (interest payment or return of principal) on its debt. Generally this occurs after its financial profile has deteriorated (credit risk) and it no longer has the means to make its payments • • • • • • • • The investment committee of the board of directors monitors the investment risk management process primarily through its executive oversight of our investment activities. We take an active approach to managing market and other investment risks, including the accountabilities and controls over these activities. Actively managing these market risks is integral to our operations and could require us to change the character of future investments purchased or sold or require us to shift the existing asset portfolios to manage exposure to market risk within acceptable ranges. Sector risk is the potential for a negative impact on a particular industry due to its sensitivity to factors that make up market risk. Market risk affects general supply or demand factors for an industry and affects companies within that industry to varying degrees. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 112 Risks associated with the asset classes described in Item 1, Our Segments, Investments Segment, can be summarized as follows (H – high, A – average, L – low): Political Regulatory Economic Revaluation Interest rate Fraud Credit Default Taxable Tax-exempt fixed maturities fixed maturities A A A A H A A A H A A A H L L L Common equities A A H H A A A A Nonredeemable preferred equities A A A A H A A A Fixed-Maturity Securities Investments For investment-grade corporate bonds, the inverse relationship between interest rates and bond prices leads to falling bond values during periods of increasing interest rates. We address this risk by attempting to construct a generally laddered maturity schedule that allows us to reinvest cash flows at prevailing rates. Although the potential for a worsening financial condition, and ultimately default, does exist with investment-grade corporate bonds, we address this risk by performing credit analysis and monitoring as well as maintaining a diverse portfolio of holdings. The primary risk related to high-yield corporate bonds is credit risk. A weak financial profile can lead to rating downgrades from the credit rating agencies, which can put further downward pressure on bond prices. Interest rate risk, while significant, is less of a factor with high-yield corporate bonds, as valuation is related more directly to underlying operating performance than to general interest rates. This puts more emphasis on the financial results achieved by the issuer rather than on general economic trends or statistics within the marketplace. We address this concern by analyzing issuer- and industry-specific financial results and by closely monitoring holdings within this asset class. The primary risks related to tax-exempt bonds are interest rate risk and political risk associated with the specific economic environment within the political boundaries of the issuing municipal entity. We address these concerns by focusing on municipalities’ general-obligation debt and on essential-service bonds. Essential-service bonds derive a revenue stream from municipal services that are vital to the people living in the area (water service, sewer service, etc.). Another risk related to tax-exempt bonds is regulatory risk or the potential for legislative changes that would negate the benefit of owning tax-exempt bonds. We monitor regulatory activity for situations that may negatively affect current holdings and our ongoing strategy for investing in these securities. The final, less significant risk is our exposure to credit risk for a portion of the tax-exempt portfolio that has support from corporate entities. Examples are bonds insured by corporate bond insurers or bonds with interest payments made by a corporate entity through a municipal conduit or authority. Our decisions regarding these investments primarily consider the underlying municipal situation. The existence of third-party insurance is intended to reduce risk in the event of default. In circumstances in which the municipality is unable to meet its obligations, risk would be increased if the insuring entity were experiencing financial duress. Because of our diverse exposure and selection of higher-rated entities with strong financial profiles, we do not believe this is a material concern as we discuss in Item 1, Our Segments, Investments Segment. Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis Because of our strong shareholders’ equity, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments to maturity, we believe the company is well-positioned if interest rates were to rise. A higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings fair valued below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed- maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 113 Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements. The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on fair value of our fixed- maturity portfolio. (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 At December 31, 2020 $ $ -100 Effect from interest rate change in basis points — 13,022 $ 12,338 $ 100 12,399 $ 11,774 $ 13,656 $ 12,900 $ -200 14,327 $ 13,493 $ 200 11,768 11,195 The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio was 4.8 years at year-end 2021, up from 4.5 years at year-end 2020. A 100-basis-point movement in interest rates would result in an approximately 4.8% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads. In the dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our views of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 114 Equity Securities Investments Our equity portfolio is subject to a variety of risk factors encompassed under the umbrella of market risk. General economic swings influence the performance of the underlying industries and companies within those industries. Industry- and company-specific risks also have the potential to substantially affect the value of our portfolio. Our investment guidelines help address these risks by diversifying the portfolio and establishing parameters to help manage exposures. The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio. (Dollars in millions) Effect from market price change in percent At December 31, 2021 At December 31, 2020 $ 7,921 $ 9,052 $ 10,184 $ 11,315 $ 12,447 $ 13,578 $ 14,710 $ 6,199 $ 7,085 $ 7,970 $ 8,856 $ 9,742 $ 10,627 $ 11,513 -30% -20% -10% — 10% 20% 30% Our equity holdings represented $11.315 billion in fair value and accounted for approximately 90.1% of the net unrealized gains and losses of the entire portfolio at year-end 2021. No holding had a fair value greater than 8.0% of our $10.862 billion publicly traded common stock portfolio. We had 42 holdings among 10 different sectors each with a fair value greater than $100 million. See Item 1, Our Segments, Investments Segment and Item 8, Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional details on our holdings. The primary risks related to preferred stocks are similar to those related to investment-grade corporate bonds. Rising interest rates adversely affect market values due to the normal inverse relationship between interest rates and bond prices. Credit risk exists due to the subordinate position of preferred stocks in the capital structure. We minimize this risk by primarily purchasing investment-grade preferred stocks of issuers with a strong history of paying a common stock dividend. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 115 Application of Asset Impairment Policy As discussed in Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, our fixed-maturity investment portfolio is evaluated for credit-related impairments. The company’s asset impairment committee monitors a number of significant factors for indications of investments with a fair value below the carrying amount that may not be recoverable. The application of our impairment policy resulted in write-downs of impaired securities intended to be sold that reduced our income before income taxes by $1 million in 2021, $78 million in 2020 and OTTI charges of $9 million in 2019. Impairments are discussed in Item 7, Investments Results. We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities with a fair value below 100% of amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, cost or amortized cost for some securities have been revised due to impairment charges recognized in prior periods. At year-end 2021, 278 of the 4,329 fixed-maturity securities we owned had a fair value below 100% of cost or amortized cost compared with 128 of the 4,128 at year-end 2020 and 157 of the 3,911 at year-end 2019. The 278 holdings fair valued below cost or amortized cost at year-end 2021 represented 8.3% of our fixed-maturity portfolio and $16 million in unrealized losses. • • • 274 of these holdings were fair valued between 90% and 100% of cost or amortized cost. The value of these securities fluctuates primarily because of changes in interest rates. The fair value of these 274 securities was $1.069 billion at year-end 2021, and they accounted for $15 million in unrealized losses. 4 of these holdings were fair valued between 70% and 90% of cost or amortized cost. The fair value of these holdings was $6 million, and they accounted for $1 million in unrealized losses. No fixed-maturity securities had a fair value below 70% of cost or amortized cost. The following table summarizes the length of time securities in the investment portfolio have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Fixed-maturity securities: Less than 12 months Unrealized losses Fair value 12 months or more Fair value Unrealized losses Total Fair value Unrealized losses Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government $ Government-sponsored enterprises 861 $ 105 10 48 16 7 Total At December 31, 2020 Fixed-maturity securities: Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Total $ 1,047 $ $ $ 330 $ 31 23 12 10 — 406 $ 13 $ 2 — — — — 15 $ 5 $ 2 1 — — — 8 $ 15 $ 2 11 — — — 28 $ 46 $ 2 6 — — — 54 $ — $ 1 — — — 876 $ 107 21 48 16 — 1 $ 1,075 $ 7 2 $ — — — — — 2 $ 376 $ 33 29 12 10 — 460 $ 13 3 — — — — 16 7 2 1 — — — 10 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 116 The following table summarizes and classifies securities based on fair values relative to amortized cost: Number of issues Amortized cost Fair value Gross unrealized gain (loss) Gross investment income (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Taxable fixed maturities: Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost Investment income on securities sold in current year Total Tax-exempt fixed maturities: Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost Investment income on securities sold in current year Total Fixed-maturities summary: Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost Investment income on securities sold in current year Total At December 31, 2020 Fixed-maturities summary: — $ 258 1,820 — 2,078 — 20 2,231 — 2,251 — $ — $ 1,059 7,285 — 8,344 — 32 3,854 — 3,886 1,044 7,814 — 8,858 — 31 4,133 — 4,164 — — — 278 4,051 — 1,091 11,139 — 4,329 $ 12,230 $ 13,022 $ 1,075 11,947 — — $ (15) 529 — 514 — (1) 279 — 278 — (16) 808 — 792 $ — 16 307 30 353 — 1 120 3 124 — 17 427 33 477 — 18 414 23 455 Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost — $ — $ — $ — $ Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost Investment income on securities sold in current year Total 128 4,000 — 470 10,842 — 4,128 $ 11,312 $ 12,338 $ 460 11,878 — (10) 1,036 — 1,026 $ Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 117 ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Responsibility for Financial Statements We have prepared the consolidated financial statements of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and our subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2021, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). We are responsible for the integrity and objectivity of these financial statements. The amounts, presented on an accrual basis, reflect our best estimates and judgment. These statements are consistent in all material aspects with other financial information in the Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our accounting system and related internal controls are designed to assure that our books and records accurately reflect the company’s transactions in accordance with established policies and procedures as implemented by qualified personnel. Our board of directors has established an audit committee of independent outside directors. We believe these directors are free from any relationships that could interfere with their independent judgment as audit committee members. The audit committee meets periodically with management, our independent registered public accounting firm and our internal auditors to discuss how each is handling its respective responsibilities. The audit committee reports its findings to the board of directors. The audit committee recommends to the board the annual appointment of the independent registered public accounting firm. The audit committee reviews with this firm the scope of the audit assignment and the adequacy of internal controls and procedures. Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, audited the consolidated financial statements of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2021. Deloitte & Touche LLP met with our audit committee to discuss the results of its audit. They have the opportunity to discuss the adequacy of internal controls and the quality of financial reporting without management present. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 118 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The management of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: • • • Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the company; and Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention of overriding controls. Accordingly, even effective internal control can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal control may vary over time. The company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Management’s assessment was based on the criteria established in the Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and was designed to provide reasonable assurance that the company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. The assessment led management to conclude that, as of December 31, 2021, the company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. The company’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. /S/ Steven J. Johnston Steven J. Johnston, FCAS, MAAA, CFA, CERA Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer /S/ Michael J. Sewell Michael J. Sewell, CPA Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 24, 2022 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 119 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Cincinnati Financial Corporation Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(c) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 120 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Property and Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves - Refer to Note 4 to the financial statements. Critical Audit Matter Description The Company’s property and casualty insurance loss and loss expense reserves for long-tailed lines of business, such as workers’ compensation, commercial casualty and certain other liability lines (referred to as “loss and loss expense reserves”), are determined by the Company using actuarial methods, models, assumptions, and judgment to estimate the reserves ("actuarial estimates") required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of the financial statement date. The actuarial estimates of loss and loss expense reserves are subject to review and adjustment by Company management. Loss and loss expense reserves are inherently uncertain as to timing and amount and the recorded loss and loss expense reserves may vary materially from the actual ultimate cost of claims. Given the subjectivity in estimating ultimate loss and loss expense reserves, due to uncertainties concerning the future emergence of loss and loss expenses, inflation trends, and the judicial environment, among other factors, auditing loss and loss expense reserves involved an especially high degree of auditor judgment, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to loss and loss expense reserves included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of controls related to loss and loss expense reserves, including those over the review of methods, models, assumptions and judgments used, and management’s review of the estimates. • We tested the underlying data that served as the basis for the actuarial analysis, including historical claims data, to test the reasonableness of key inputs to the actuarial estimates. • With the assistance of our actuarial specialists, we used the Company’s claims data and other inputs, to develop a range of independent estimates for the loss and loss expense reserves. We used these independent estimates to assess the reasonableness of the Company’s reserves by comparing our estimates to the Company’s recorded loss and loss expense reserves. • We compared the Company’s prior year estimates of expected incurred losses to actual experience during the current year to identify potential bias in the determination of loss and loss expense reserves. /S/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Cincinnati, Ohio February 24, 2022 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1980. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 121 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (Dollars in millions, except per share data) Assets Investments Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2021—$12,230; 2020—$11,312) Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2021—$4,121; 2020—$3,927) Other invested assets Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Investment income receivable Finance receivable Premiums receivable Reinsurance recoverable Prepaid reinsurance premiums Deferred policy acquisition costs Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation: 2021—$303; 2020—$285) Other assets Separate accounts Total assets Liabilities Insurance reserves Loss and loss expense reserves Life policy and investment contract reserves Unearned premiums Other liabilities Deferred income tax Note payable Long-term debt and lease obligations Separate accounts Total liabilities Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 16) Shareholders' Equity Common stock, par value—$2 per share; (authorized: 2021 and 2020—500 million shares; issued: 2021 and 2020—198.3 million shares) Paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock, at cost (2021—38.0 million shares and 2020—37.4 million shares) Total shareholders' equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 122 December 31, December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ $ $ 13,022 $ 11,315 329 24,666 1,139 144 98 2,053 570 78 905 205 570 959 31,387 $ 7,305 $ 3,014 3,271 1,092 1,744 54 843 959 18,282 12,338 8,856 348 21,542 900 136 95 1,879 517 65 805 213 438 952 27,542 6,746 2,915 2,960 982 1,299 54 845 952 16,753 397 1,356 12,625 648 (1,921) 13,105 31,387 $ 397 1,328 10,085 769 (1,790) 10,789 27,542 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Income (Dollars in millions, except per share data) Revenues Earned premiums Investment income, net of expenses Investment gains and losses, net Fee revenues Other revenues Total revenues Benefits and Expenses Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses Interest expense Other operating expenses Total benefits and expenses Income Before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Current Deferred Total provision for income taxes Net Income Per Common Share Net income—basic Net income—diluted Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ $ 6,482 $ 714 2,409 15 10 9,630 5,980 $ 670 865 11 10 7,536 3,936 1,951 53 20 5,960 3,670 4,134 1,829 54 20 6,037 1,499 247 477 724 2,946 $ 147 136 283 1,216 $ 18.29 $ 18.10 7.55 $ 7.49 5,604 646 1,650 15 9 7,924 3,638 1,738 53 23 5,452 2,472 132 343 475 1,997 12.24 12.10 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 123 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Dollars in millions) Net Income Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Change in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $(50), $92 and $114, respectively Amortization of pension actuarial gains and losses and prior service cost, net of tax (benefit) of $14, $(7) and $2, respectively Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax (benefit) of $2, $1 and $(3), respectively Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive Income Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 2,946 $ 1,216 $ 1,997 (184) 344 430 54 9 (121) 2,825 $ $ (25) 2 321 1,537 $ 5 (9) 426 2,423 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 124 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions) Common Stock Beginning of year Share-based awards End of year Paid-In Capital Beginning of year Share-based awards Share-based compensation Other End of year Retained Earnings Beginning of year Cumulative effect of change in accounting for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 Adjusted beginning of year Net income Dividends declared End of year Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Beginning of year Other comprehensive income (loss) End of year Treasury Stock Beginning of year Share-based awards Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans Other End of year Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ 397 $ — 397 397 $ — 397 397 — 397 1,328 (14) 33 9 1,356 1,306 (15) 31 6 1,328 10,085 9,257 — 10,085 2,946 (406) 12,625 (2) 9,255 1,216 (386) 10,085 769 (121) 648 448 321 769 1,281 (12) 30 7 1,306 7,625 — 7,625 1,997 (365) 9,257 22 426 448 (1,790) 18 (144) (8) 3 (1,921) (1,544) 15 (261) (5) 5 (1,790) (1,492) 21 (67) (9) 3 (1,544) Total Shareholders' Equity $ 13,105 $ 10,789 $ 9,864 (In millions) Common Stock - Shares Outstanding Beginning of year Share-based awards Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans Other End of year 160.9 0.6 (1.2) (0.1) 0.1 160.3 162.9 0.5 (2.5) (0.1) 0.1 160.9 162.8 0.7 (0.6) (0.1) 0.1 162.9 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 125 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in millions) Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Investment gains and losses, net Share-based compensation Interest credited to contract holders Deferred income tax expense Changes in: Investment income receivable Premiums and reinsurance receivable Deferred policy acquisition costs Other assets Loss and loss expense reserves Life policy and investment contract reserves Unearned premiums Other liabilities Current income tax receivable/payable Net cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows From Investing Activities Sale of fixed maturities Call or maturity of fixed maturities Sale of equity securities Purchase of fixed maturities Purchase of equity securities Investment in finance receivables Collection of finance receivables Investment in buildings and equipment Change in other invested assets, net Net cash used in investing activities Cash Flows From Financing Activities Payment of cash dividends to shareholders Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization Changes in note payable Proceeds from stock options exercised Contract holders' funds deposited Contract holders' funds withdrawn Other Net cash used in financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Interest paid Income taxes paid Noncash Activities Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations Share-based compensation Other assets and other liabilities Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 $ 2,946 $ 1,216 $ 1,997 93 (2,353) 33 45 477 (8) (240) (73) (11) 559 99 311 128 (25) 1,981 118 1,343 136 (2,388) (313) (39) 37 (15) 64 (1,057) (395) (144) — 13 85 (146) (98) (685) 239 900 1,139 $ 52 $ 257 12 $ 26 87 81 (851) 31 43 136 (3) (23) (39) (26) 599 116 172 (5) 44 1,491 179 912 515 (1,382) (699) (50) 35 (20) (50) (560) (375) (261) 15 7 85 (159) (110) (798) 133 767 900 $ 53 $ 84 19 $ 19 57 72 (1,640) 30 44 343 (1) (174) (61) (22) 163 107 184 74 92 1,208 102 1,241 203 (1,742) (382) (34) 29 (24) (72) (679) (355) (67) 7 11 86 (174) (54) (546) (17) 784 767 53 34 14 9 29 $ $ $ Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 126 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements NOTE 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations Cincinnati Financial Corporation (CFC) operates through The Cincinnati Insurance Company and Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global) insurance subsidiaries and two complementary subsidiary companies. Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter, was acquired effective February 28, 2019. The Cincinnati Insurance Company leads our insurance group that also includes two subsidiaries: The Cincinnati Casualty Company and The Cincinnati Indemnity Company. This group markets a broad range of standard market commercial and personal policies. The group focuses on delivery of quality customer service to our select group of 1,921 independent insurance agencies with 2,721 reporting locations across 46 states. Other subsidiaries of The Cincinnati Insurance Company include: The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company, which markets life insurance and fixed annuities; and The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company, which offers excess and surplus lines property casualty insurance products. The Cincinnati Insurance Company also conducts the business of our reinsurance assumed operations, Cincinnati Re®. The two CFC complementary subsidiaries are CSU Producer Resources Inc., which provides insurance brokerage services to our independent agencies so their clients can access our excess and surplus lines insurance products, and CFC Investment Company, which offers commercial leasing and financing services to our agents, their clients and other customers. Beginning in mid-March 2020, the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) pandemic outbreak, and unprecedented actions taken to contain the virus, caused an economic downturn on a global scale as well as market disruption and volatility. The estimated pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses were negative $7 million and positive $85 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The company continues to monitor the impact of the pandemic as it unfolds. The company cannot predict the impact the pandemic will have on its future consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, however the impact could be material. Basis of Presentation Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the parent and its wholly owned subsidiaries and are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The 2019 consolidated financial statements include Cincinnati Global's results for the period from February 28, 2019, through December 31, 2019. Foreign exchange rates related to Cincinnati Global's operations did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Investments Our portfolio investments are primarily in publicly traded fixed-maturity and equity security investments. Fixed- maturity investments (taxable bonds, tax-exempt bonds, redeemable preferred equities and commercial mortgage- backed securities) classified as available for sale and equity investments (common and nonredeemable preferred equities) are recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements. Changes in fair value of fixed-maturity securities are reported in other comprehensive income while equity securities are reported in net income. The number of fixed-maturity securities with fair values below 100% of amortized cost can be expected to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall. Because of our strong capital and long-term investment horizon, our general intent is to hold fixed-maturity investments until maturity, regardless of short-term fluctuations in fair values. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 127 An available for sale fixed maturity is impaired if the fair value of the security is below amortized cost. The impaired loss is charged to net income when we have the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost. For impaired securities we intend to hold, an allowance for credit related losses is recorded in investment losses when the company determines a credit loss has been incurred based on certain factors such as adverse conditions, credit rating downgrades or failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments. A credit loss is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis by comparing the present value of expected cash flows with the amortized cost basis, limited to the difference between fair value and amortized cost. Noncredit losses are recognized in other comprehensive income as a change in unrealized gains and losses on investments. As securities are sold, we recognize the gain or loss in income based on the trade date. Included within our other invested assets were $227 million and $128 million of private equity investments, $36 million and $25 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States, $35 million and $162 million held on deposit at Lloyd's and $31 million and $33 million of life policy loans at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The private equity investments provide their financial statements to us and generally report investments on their balance sheets at fair value. We use the equity method of accounting for private equity and real estate development investments. Lloyd's deposits primarily consist of highly liquid short-term investment instruments. Life policy loans are carried at the receivable value. Investment income, net of expenses, consists mainly of interest and dividends. We record interest on an accrual basis and record dividends at the ex-dividend date. We amortize premiums and discounts on fixed-maturity securities using the effective interest method over the expected life of the security. Fair Value Disclosures Fair value is defined as the exit price or the amount that would be (1) received to sell an asset or (2) paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants at the measurement date. When determining an exit price, we rely upon observable market data whenever possible. We primarily base fair value for investments in equity and fixed-maturity securities (including redeemable preferred stock and assets held in separate accounts) on quoted market prices or on prices from the company’s nationally recognized pricing vendors, outside resources that supply global securities pricing, dividend, corporate action and descriptive information to support fund pricing, securities operations, research and portfolio management. The company obtains and reviews the pricing services' valuation methodologies and related inputs and validates these prices by replicating a sample across each asset class using a discounted cash flow model. When a price is not available from these sources, as in the case of securities that are not publicly traded, we determine the fair value using various inputs including quotes from independent brokers. The fair value of investments not priced by the company’s nationally recognized pricing vendors is immaterial. For the purpose of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 825, Financial Instruments disclosure, we estimate the fair value of our long-term senior notes on market pricing of similar debt instruments that are actively trading. We estimate the fair value of our note payable on the year-end outstanding balance because it is short term and tied to a variable interest rate. We estimate the fair value of liabilities for investment contracts and annuities using discounted cash flow calculations across a wide range of economic interest rate scenarios with a provision for our nonperformance risk. We estimate the fair value for policyholder loans on insurance contracts using a discounted cash flow model. Determination of fair value for structured settlements assumes the discount rates used to calculate the present value of expected payments are the risk-free spot rates plus an A3 rated bond spread for financial issuers at December 31, 2021, to account for nonperformance risk. See Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for further details. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid instruments that include liquid debt instruments with original maturities of less than three months. These are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. Property Casualty Insurance The consolidated property casualty companies actively write property casualty insurance through independent agencies in 46 states. Our 10 largest states generated 52.1% and 53.3% of total earned premiums in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Ohio, our largest state, accounted for 14.4% and 14.8% of total earned premiums in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Illinois, North Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Indiana and New York each accounted for between 4% and 6% of total earned premiums in 2021. Our largest single agency relationship accounted for Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 128 approximately 0.6% of our total property casualty earned premiums in 2021. No aggregate agency relationship locations under a single ownership structure accounted for more than 5% of our total property casualty earned premiums in 2021. We record revenues for installment charges as fee revenues in the consolidated statements of income. Property casualty written premiums are deferred and recorded as earned premiums primarily on a pro rata basis over the terms of the policies. We record as unearned premiums the portion of written premiums that applies to unexpired policy terms. Expenses associated with successfully acquiring insurance policies – commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We assess recoverability of deferred acquisition costs at a level consistent with the way we acquire, service and manage insurance policies and measure profitability. We analyze our acquisition cost assumptions to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate potential premium deficiencies. Certain property casualty policies are not entered into policy underwriting systems as of the effective date of coverage. An estimate is recorded for these unprocessed written premiums. A large majority of the estimate is unearned and has no material impact on earned premiums. An allowance for credit losses on uncollectible property casualty premiums is updated and reviewed on a quarterly basis. The allowance for credit losses was $14 million, $19 million and $9 million at December 31, 2021, 2020 and January 1, 2020 (date of adoption), respectively. A significant portion of the increase in the allowance to $19 million at December 31, 2020 was due to consideration of pandemic-related factors. Other changes in the amount for each period were immaterial. We establish reserves to cover the expected cost of claims, losses and expenses related to investigating, processing and resolving claims. Although the appropriate amount of reserves is inherently uncertain, we base our decisions on past experience and current facts. Reserves are based on claims reported prior to the end of the year and estimates of incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. We regularly review and update reserves using the most current information available. Any resulting adjustments are reflected in current calendar year insurance losses and policyholder benefits. We estimate that we may recover some of our costs through salvage and subrogation. Policyholder Dividends Certain workers’ compensation policies include the possibility of a policyholder earning a return of a portion of premium in the form of a policyholder dividend. The dividend generally is calculated by determining the profitability of a policy year along with the associated premium. We reserve for all probable future policyholder dividend payments. We record policyholder dividends as other underwriting expenses. Life Insurance We offer several types of life insurance and we account for each according to the duration of the contract. Short- duration life and health contracts are written to cover claims that arise during a short, fixed term of coverage. We generally have the right to change the amount of premium charged or cancel the coverage at the end of each contract term. We record premiums for short-duration life and health contracts similarly to property casualty contracts. Long-duration contracts are written to provide coverage for an extended period of time. Traditional long-duration contracts require policyholders to pay scheduled gross premiums, generally not less frequently than annually, over the term of the coverage. Premiums for these contracts, such as whole life insurance are recognized as revenue when due. Some traditional long-duration contracts, such as ten-pay whole life insurance, have premium payment periods shorter than the period over which coverage is provided. For these contracts, the excess of premium over the amount required to pay expenses and benefits is recognized over the term of the coverage rather than over the premium payment period. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 129 We establish a liability for traditional long-duration contracts as we receive premiums. The amount of this liability is the present value of future expenses and benefits less the present value of future net premiums. Net premium is the portion of gross premium required to provide for all expenses and benefits. We estimate future expenses and benefits and net premium using assumptions for expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates and investment income. We include a provision for deviation, meaning we allow for some uncertainty in making our assumptions. We establish our assumptions when the contract is issued, and we generally maintain those assumptions for the life of the contract. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates. We use our own experience and historical trends for setting our assumption for expected expenses. We base our assumption for expected investment income on our own experience, adjusted for current and future economic conditions. We capitalize acquisition costs for traditional long-duration contracts. We charge these capitalized costs associated with successfully acquiring traditional long-duration contract insurance policies in proportion to premium revenue recognized. We use the same assumptions used in establishing the liability for the contract. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate our deferred acquisition costs for recoverability. Universal life contracts are long-duration contracts for which contractual provisions are not fixed, unlike whole life insurance. Universal life contracts allow policyholders to vary the amount of premium, within limits, without our consent. However, we may vary the mortality, expense charges and the interest crediting rate, within limits, used to accumulate policy values. We do not record universal life premiums as revenue. Instead we recognize as revenue the mortality charges, administration charges and surrender charges when received. Some of our universal life contracts assess administration charges in the early years of the contract that are compensation for services we will provide in the later years of the contract. These administration charges are deferred and are recognized over the period when we provide those future services. We maintain a policy reserve liability equal to the policyholder account value. There is no provision for adverse deviation. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments. We capitalize acquisition costs associated with successfully acquiring universal life long-duration contracts. We charge these capitalized costs to expenses over the term of coverage of the contract in accordance with the recognition of gross profit from the contract or notional benefit base. When we charge deferred policy acquisition costs to expenses, we use assumptions based on our best estimates of long-term experience. We review and modify these assumptions on a regular basis. An allowance for credit losses on uncollectible life insurance premiums is updated and reviewed on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the allowance, including changes in the amount for each period, was immaterial. Separate Accounts We have issued universal life contracts with guaranteed minimum returns, referred to as bank-owned life insurance contracts (BOLIs). A BOLI is designed so the bank is the policy owner and the policy beneficiary. We legally segregate and record as separate accounts the assets and liabilities for some of our BOLIs, based on the specific contract provisions. We guarantee minimum investment returns, account values and death benefits for our separate account BOLIs. Our other BOLIs are general account products. We carry the assets of separate account BOLIs at fair value. The liabilities on separate account BOLIs primarily are the contract holders’ claims to the related assets and are carried at an amount equal to the contract holders’ account value. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the current fair value of the BOLI invested assets and cash exceeded the current fair value of the contract holders’ account value by approximately $79 million and $99 million, respectively. If the BOLI projected fair value were to fall below the value we guaranteed, a liability would be established with a corresponding charge to the company’s earnings. Generally, investment income and investment gains and losses of the separate accounts accrue directly to the contract holder, and we do not include them in the consolidated statements of income. Revenues and expenses related to separate accounts consist of contractual fees and mortality, surrender and expense risk charges. Also, each separate account BOLI includes a negotiated capital gain and loss sharing arrangement between the company and the bank. A percentage of each separate account’s investment gains and losses representing contract Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 130 fees and assessments accrues to us and is transferred from the separate account to our general account and is recognized as revenue or expense. We record as revenues separate account investment management fees in fee revenues of the consolidated statements of income. Reinsurance The Cincinnati Insurance Company offers reinsurance assumed for casualty (predominantly domestic exposure), specialty and property (worldwide exposure). Treaties are written on a pro rata and excess of loss basis. We also continue to assume risk with limited exposure as a reinsurer for involuntary state pools. Written premium is recorded, net of contract specific retrocessions, on an ultimate estimate basis and primarily earned on a pro rata basis over the coverage period of the treaty. Expenses are recorded as per contract terms and deferred over the earning period of the premium. We establish known loss reserves when reported. We establish reserves for losses in excess of reported activity in the form of IBNR. Reserves are established using actuarial analysis, which includes models and methods traditionally used for the types of exposures written. We establish reserves for event specific occurrences using modeling data and company specific data when available. We enter into other reinsurance transactions to reduce risk and uncertainty by buying property casualty reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance as well as life reinsurance. Reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance contracts do not relieve us from our obligation to policyholders, but rather help protect our financial strength to perform that duty. All of these ceded reinsurance contracts transfer the economic risk of loss. Premiums that we cede are deferred and recorded as earned premiums on a pro rata basis over the terms of the contracts. We estimate loss amounts recoverable from our reinsurers based on the reinsurance policy terms. Historically, our claims with reinsurers have been paid. An allowance for credit losses on uncollectible reinsurance premiums and recoverable assets is updated and reviewed on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the allowances, including changes in the amount for each period, were immaterial. Income Taxes We calculate deferred income tax liabilities and assets using tax rates in effect when temporary differences in taxable income and financial statement income are expected to reverse. We recognize deferred income taxes for numerous temporary differences between our taxable income and financial statement income and other changes in shareholders’ equity. Such temporary differences relate primarily to unrealized gains and losses on investments and differences in the recognition of deferred acquisition costs, unearned premiums, insurance reserves, international earnings and basis differences in the carrying value of investments held. We charge deferred income taxes associated with balances that impact other comprehensive income, such as unrealized gains and losses of fixed- maturity investments, to shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). We charge deferred taxes associated with other differences to income. See Note 11, Income Taxes, for further detail on our uncertain tax positions and other income tax items. Although no Internal Revenue Service (IRS) penalties currently are accrued, if incurred, they would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. Earnings per Share Net income per common share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each of the respective years. We calculate net income per common share (diluted) assuming the exercise or conversion of share‑based awards using the treasury stock method. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 131 Land, Building and Equipment We record land at cost, and record building and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation. Equipment held under finance leases also is classified as property and equipment with the related lease obligations recorded as liabilities. We capitalize and amortize costs for internally developed computer software during the application development stage. These costs generally consist of external consulting fees and internal payroll-related costs. Our depreciation is based on estimated useful lives (ranging from three to 39.5 years) using straight-line and accelerated methods. Depreciation expense was $33 million for 2021, $33 million for 2020 and $25 million for 2019. We review our accumulated depreciation for our building, equipment and software assets and write off fully depreciated assets for obsolescence and nonuse. We monitor land, building and equipment and software assets for potential impairments. Indicators of potential impairments may include a significant decrease in the fair values of the assets, considerable cost overruns on projects, a change in legal factors or business climate or other factors that indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable or useful. There were no recorded land, building and equipment impairments for 2021, 2020 or 2019. Finance Receivables Our leasing subsidiary provides auto and equipment direct financing (leases and loans) to commercial and individual clients. We generally transfer ownership of the property to the client as the terms of the leases expire. Our lease contracts contain bargain purchase options. We account for these leases and loans as sales-type leases. We capitalize and amortize lease or loan origination costs over the life of the financing, using the effective interest method. These costs may include, but are not limited to finder fees, broker fees, filing fees and the cost of credit reports. We record income as other revenues over the financing term using the effective interest method in the consolidated statements of income. An allowance for credit losses on finance receivables is updated and reviewed on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the allowance, including changes in the amount for each period, was immaterial. Employee Benefit Pension Plan We sponsor a qualified defined benefit pension plan that was modified during 2008. We closed entry into the pension plan, and only participants 40 years of age or older could elect to remain in the plan. Our pension expenses are based on certain actuarial assumptions and also are composed of several components that are determined using the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. Refer to Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, for more information about our defined benefit pension plan. Share-Based Compensation We grant qualified and nonqualified share-based compensation under authorized plans. The stock options generally vest on a graded scale over three years following the date of grant and are exercisable over 10-year periods. We grant service-based restricted stock units that cliff vest three years after the date of grant as well as service- based restricted stock units that vest ratably over the three-year vesting term. We also grant performance-based restricted stock units that vest if certain market conditions are attained. In 2021, the CFC compensation committee approved share-based awards including incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, service-based restricted and performance-based restricted stock units. See Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, for further details. Goodwill and Intangible Assets We recognize goodwill and intangible assets generated through acquisitions within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Goodwill arises when the fair value of consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired at the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite life are not amortized. Intangible assets with a definite life are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows: broker relationships, 15 years; internally developed technology, five years; value of business acquired, over the remaining coverage period of the underlying insurance contracts, which expired during 2020. We test for impairments on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The company performed its annual impairment test on goodwill and intangibles at September 30, which did not result in the recognition of an impairment loss. The company held goodwill of $30 million and intangible assets with an indefinite life of $31 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Subsequent Events There were no subsequent events requiring adjustment to the consolidated financial statements or disclosure. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 132 Pending Accounting Updates ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. ASU 2018-12 requires changes to the measurement and disclosure of long-duration contracts. In November 2020, the FASB issued an ASU that delayed the effective date of ASU 2018-12 to interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. We plan to adopt these ASUs on a modified retrospective basis on January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021. Related to the company's term and whole life products included in life policy reserves, the new guidance requires that cash flow assumptions be reviewed at least annually to determine any necessary updates. Additionally, the discount rate assumption is required to be updated quarterly based on upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields (market value discount rates). The life policy reserves balance is adjusted through insurance losses and contract holders' benefits for cash flow assumption updates and through AOCI for discount rate updates. These ASUs also amend the previous guidance related to life deferred policy acquisition costs by requiring amortization of those costs on a constant level basis for a group of contracts that approximates straight-line and the removal of shadow deferred policy acquisition costs for universal life and deferred annuity products. These ASUs also require entities to provide additional disclosures including disaggregated rollforwards of the life policy and investment contract reserves, separate account liabilities and life deferred policy acquisition costs. Management has identified that the requirement to measure term and whole life policy reserves using updated discount rates is expected to have a material impact on shareholders' equity, through an increase to life policy reserves and a decrease to AOCI, at the transition date. The company is in the process of addressing necessary implementation-related items, including modifications to reporting and analysis capabilities as well as actuarial systems and associated data processes. Further, the company continues to refine its accounting policy decisions associated with the new guidance. Additional impacts of these ASUs on our company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows are being further evaluated by management. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 133 NOTE 2 – Investments The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity securities: (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Fixed-maturity securities: Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Total At December 31, 2020 Fixed-maturity securities: Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Total Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains losses Fair value $ $ $ $ 7,043 $ 4,768 264 121 26 8 12,230 $ 6,281 $ 4,604 271 115 29 12 11,312 $ 467 $ 330 9 2 — — 808 $ 621 $ 395 15 5 — — 1,036 $ 13 $ 3 — — — — 16 $ 7 $ 2 1 — — — 10 $ 7,497 5,095 273 123 26 8 13,022 6,895 4,997 285 120 29 12 12,338 The net unrealized investment gains in our fixed-maturity portfolio at December 31, 2021, are primarily the result of the continued low interest rate environment that increased the fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio. Our commercial mortgage-backed securities had an average rating of Aa2/AA and Aa1/AA at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 134 The table below provides fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the securities’ continuous unrealized loss positions: (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Fixed-maturity securities: Less than 12 months Unrealized losses Fair value 12 months or more Fair value Unrealized losses Total Fair value Unrealized losses $ Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises 861 $ 105 10 48 16 7 Total At December 31, 2020 Fixed-maturity securities: Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Total $ 1,047 $ $ $ 330 $ 31 23 12 10 — 406 $ 13 $ 2 — — — — 15 $ 5 $ 2 1 — — — 8 $ 15 $ 2 11 — — — 28 $ 46 $ 2 6 — — — 54 $ 876 $ 107 21 48 16 7 — $ 1 — — — — 1 $ 1,075 $ 2 $ — — — — — 2 $ 376 $ 33 29 12 10 — 460 $ 13 3 — — — — 16 7 2 1 — — — 10 Contractual maturity dates for fixed-maturity investments were: (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Maturity dates: Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Total Amortized cost Fair value % of fair value $ 689 $ 3,675 3,404 4,462 12,230 $ $ 697 3,871 3,678 4,776 13,022 5.4 % 29.7 28.2 36.7 100.0 % Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the company had fixed-maturity investments with a fair value of $119 million and $121 million, respectively, on deposit with various states in compliance with regulatory requirements. In addition, cash and fixed-maturity investments deposited with third parties used as collateral to secure liabilities on behalf of insureds, cedants and other creditors had a fair value of $116 million and $98 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2021, the company had common equities with a fair value of $84 million held in Lloyd's trust accounts to provide a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's operations. In the normal course of investing activities, the company enters into investments in limited partnerships, including private equity, real estate investments and asset-backed securities issued by third-parties. The company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the investment carrying values included in the company’s consolidated balance sheets and any unfunded commitments. The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses: Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 135 (Dollars in millions) Investment income: Interest Dividends Other Total Less investment expenses Total Investment gains and losses, net: Equity securities: Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net Subtotal Fixed-maturity securities: Gross realized gains Gross realized losses Write-down of impaired securities Subtotal Other Total $ $ $ Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 477 $ 246 5 728 14 714 $ 455 $ 220 8 683 13 670 $ 446 201 12 659 13 646 4 $ 2,278 2,282 79 $ 841 920 26 1,626 1,652 36 (5) (1) 30 16 (3) (78) (65) 13 (3) (9) 1 97 2,409 $ $ 10 865 $ (3) 1,650 The fair value of our equity portfolio was $11.315 billion and $8.856 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, Apple, Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), an equity holding, was our largest single investment holding with a fair value of $862 million and $644 million, which was 7.9% and 7.5% of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 3.5% and 3.0% of the total investment portfolio, respectively. During 2021, the allowance for credit losses on fixed-maturity securities, including changes in the amount during the period, was immaterial. There were five fixed-maturity securities that were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold, for holdings in the municipal sector. At December 31, 2021, 278 fixed-maturity investments with a total unrealized loss of $16 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity investments had fair values below 70% of amortized cost. During 2020, there were no fixed-maturity securities with an allowance for credit losses. There were 14 fixed- maturity securities that were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold, for holdings in the energy, real estate, consumer goods, municipal and technology & electronics sectors. At December 31, 2020, 128 fixed-maturity investments with a total unrealized loss of $10 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed- maturity investments had fair values below 70% of amortized cost. During 2019, we other-than-temporarily impaired three securities. At December 31, 2019, 38 fixed-maturity investments with a total unrealized loss of $3 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, no fixed-maturity investments had fair values below 70% of amortized cost. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 136 NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Hierarchy The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2020, and ultimately management determines fair value. Financial instruments reported at fair value in our consolidated financial statements are categorized based upon the following characteristics or inputs to the valuation techniques: • • Level 1 – Financial assets and liabilities for which inputs are observable and are obtained from reliable quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. This is the most reliable fair value measurement and includes, for example, active exchange-traded equity securities. Level 2 – Financial assets and liabilities for which values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which values are based on similar assets and liabilities that are actively traded. This also includes pricing models for which the inputs are corroborated by market data. The technique used for the Level 2 fixed-maturity securities is the application of market based modeling. The inputs used for all classes of fixed-maturity securities listed in the table below include relevant market information by asset class, trade activity of like securities, marketplace quotes, benchmark yields, spreads off benchmark yields, interest rates, U.S. Treasury or swap curves, yield to maturity and economic events. Specific to commercial mortgage-backed securities, key inputs also include prepayment and default projections based on past performance of the underlying collateral and current market data. Level 2 fixed- maturity securities are priced by a nationally recognized pricing vendor. The Level 2 nonredeemable preferred equities technique used is the application of market based modeling. The inputs used, similar to those used by the pricing vendor for our fixed-maturity securities, include relevant market information, trade activity of like securities, yield to maturity, corporate action notices and economic events. Level 2 nonredeemable preferred equities are priced by a nationally recognized pricing vendor. • Level 3 – Financial assets and liabilities for which values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Level 3 inputs include the following: ◦ Quotes from brokers or other external sources that are not considered binding; ◦ Quotes from brokers or other external sources where it cannot be determined that market participants would in fact transact for the asset or liability at the quoted price; or ◦ Quotes from brokers or other external sources where the inputs are not deemed observable. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 137 The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021 and 2020. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value. (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Fixed maturities, available for sale: Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Subtotal Common equities Nonredeemable preferred equities Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets) Total At December 31, 2020 Fixed maturities, available for sale: Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Commercial mortgage-backed United States government Foreign government Government-sponsored enterprises Subtotal Common equities Nonredeemable preferred equities Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets) Total Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Total $ $ $ — $ — — 123 — — 123 10,862 — — 7,497 $ 5,095 273 — 26 8 12,899 — 453 948 64 11,049 $ — 14,300 $ — $ — — 120 — — 120 8,541 — — 6,895 $ 4,997 285 — 29 12 12,218 — 315 903 $ 51 8,712 $ — 13,436 $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — $ 7,497 5,095 273 123 26 8 13,022 10,862 453 948 64 25,349 6,895 4,997 285 120 29 12 12,338 8,541 315 903 51 22,148 We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $1.139 billion and $900 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Level 3 assets reported at fair value in our consolidated financial statements are not material, and therefore no further disclosures are provided. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 138 Fair Value Disclosure for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our consolidated financial statements. The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt: (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Note payable 6.900% senior debentures, due 2028 6.920% senior debentures, due 2028 6.125% senior notes, due 2034 Total At December 31, 2020 Note payable 6.900% senior debentures, due 2028 6.920% senior debentures, due 2028 6.125% senior notes, due 2034 Total Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Total $ $ $ $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — — — — $ 54 $ 34 501 510 1,099 $ 54 $ 35 515 522 1,126 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — — — — $ 54 34 501 510 1,099 54 35 515 522 1,126 Fair value of the note payable was determined based upon the outstanding balance at December 31, 2021 and 2020, because it is short term and tied to a variable interest rate. Fair value of the long-term debt was determined under the fair value measurements and disclosure accounting rules based on market pricing of similar debt instruments that are actively trading. We determine fair value for our debt the same way that we value corporate fixed maturities in our investment portfolio. Fair value can vary with macroeconomic conditions. Regardless of the fluctuations in fair value, the outstanding principal amount of our long-term debt is $793 million at both December 31, 2021 and 2020. None of the long-term debt is encumbered by rating triggers. The note payable and long-term debt were classified as Level 2 as an active market does not exist, but fair value is determined based on observable inputs. The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans, included in other invested assets: (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Life policy loans At December 31, 2020 Life policy loans Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) $ $ — $ — $ 44 $ — $ — $ 49 $ Total 44 49 Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $31 million and $33 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. To determine the fair value, we make the following significant assumptions: (1) the discount rates used to calculate the present value of expected payments are the risk-free spot rates, as nonperformance risk is minimal; and (2) the loan repayment rate by which policyholders pay off their loan balances is in line with past experience. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 139 The following table shows fair value of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves: (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Deferred annuities Structured settlements Total At December 31, 2020 Deferred annuities Structured settlements Total Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) $ $ $ $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ — $ 201 201 $ — $ 227 227 $ 778 $ — 778 $ 836 $ — 836 $ Total 778 201 979 836 227 1,063 Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $762 million and $761 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $136 million and $145 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Fair values for deferred annuities were calculated based upon internally developed models because active markets and observable inputs do not exist. To determine the fair value, we made the following significant assumptions: (1) the discount rates used to calculate the present value of expected payments are the risk-free spot rates plus an A3 rated bond spread for financial issuers at December 31, 2021 and 2020, to account for nonperformance risk; (2) the rate of interest credited to policyholders is the portfolio net earned interest rate less a spread for expenses and profit; and (3) additional lapses occur when the credited interest rate is exceeded by an assumed competitor credited rate, which is a function of the risk-free rate of the economic scenario being modeled. Fair values for structured settlements were calculated based on internally developed models which assume the discount rates used to calculate the present value of expected payments are the risk-free spot rates plus an A3 rated bond spread for financial issuers at December 31, 2021 and 2020, to account for nonperformance risk. The structured settlements were classified as Level 2 as an active market does not exist, but fair value is based on observable inputs. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 140 NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses We use actuarial methods, models, assumptions and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including IBNR claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter- departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and finance management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. Our reserving process takes into account known facts and interpretations of circumstances and factors including the type of claim, policy provisions pertaining to each claim, potential subrogation or salvage recoverable, large loss activity and trends, new business activity, judicial decisions, economic conditions, changes in law and regulation and product and underwriting changes. There have been no significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used in calculating loss and loss expense reserves for all years presented. There were no material additional premiums or return premiums accrued for as a result of prior-year effects. Our claims representatives establish case reserves when claims are reported to provide for our unpaid loss and loss expense obligation associated with individual claims. For events designated as natural catastrophes resulting in losses incurred related to direct premiums, we calculate IBNR reserves directly as a result of an estimated claim counts and estimated average dollar amount per claim for each event. Once individual case reserves are established for a catastrophe event, we reduce the IBNR reserves. Our actuarial staff uses generally accepted actuarial methods and models to derive ultimate loss and IBNR reserve estimates. The time interval between a claims occurrence and its settlement is one of the crucial attributes when estimating ultimate losses and IBNR reserves. Due to the uncertainties inherent with loss reserves, our ultimate loss experience could prove better or worse than what our carried reserves reflect. To the extent that reserves are inadequate and are required to be increased, the amount of the increase is a charge in that period, raising our loss and loss expense ratio and reducing earnings. To the extent that reserves are redundant and are required to be released, the amount of the release is a credit in that period, reducing our loss and loss expense ratio and increasing earnings. This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves: (Dollars in millions) Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Gross loss and loss expense reserves, January 1 $ 6,677 $ 6,088 $ Less reinsurance recoverable Net loss and loss expense reserves, January 1 277 6,400 342 5,746 5,646 238 5,408 Net loss and loss expense reserves related to acquisition of Cincinnati Global at February 28, 2019 — — 246 Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to: Current accident year Prior accident years Total incurred Net paid loss and loss expenses related to: Current accident year Prior accident years Total paid Net loss and loss expense reserves, December 31 Plus reinsurance recoverable 4,024 (428) 3,596 1,379 1,715 3,094 6,902 327 3,968 (131) 3,837 1,493 1,690 3,183 6,400 277 Gross loss and loss expense reserves, December 31 $ 7,229 $ 6,677 $ Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 141 3,600 (248) 3,352 1,462 1,798 3,260 5,746 342 6,088 In 2021, 2020 and 2019, the reserve for loss and loss expense in the consolidated balance sheets also included $76 million, $69 million and $59 million, respectively, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves. Additional disclosures for reserves related to these health claims are not material and therefore not provided. During 2021, we experienced $428 million of favorable development on prior accident years including $353 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $50 million of favorable development in personal lines and $7 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable development of $120 million for the commercial casualty line, $97 million for the commercial property line, $66 million for the workers' compensation line and $43 million for the commercial auto line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $31 million in personal auto and $14 million for the homeowner line of business. During 2020, we experienced $131 million of favorable development on prior accident years including $95 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $18 million of favorable development in personal lines and $7 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable development of $54 million for the commercial casualty line, $39 million for the workers' compensation line and $16 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable development of $17 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $15 million in personal auto and $5 million for the homeowner line of business. During 2019, we experienced $248 million of favorable development on prior accident years including $192 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $27 million of favorable development in personal lines and $11 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable development $78 million for the commercial casualty line, $77 million for the workers' compensation line, $25 million for the commercial property line and $6 million for the commercial auto line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $26 million in personal auto. We recognized unfavorable reserve development of $11 million for the homeowner line of business due primarily to higher-than-anticipated loss development on known claims. Included in our lines of business are asbestos and environmental claims. We carried $88 million and $85 million of net loss and loss expense reserves for asbestos and environmental claims at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The asbestos and environmental claims amounts for each respective year constituted less than 2.0% of total net loss and loss expense reserves at these year-end dates. We believe our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims is limited, largely because our reinsurance retention was $500,000 or below prior to 1987. We also were predominantly a personal lines company in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s and early 1990s, commercial lines grew as a percentage of our overall business and our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims grew accordingly. Over that period, we included an asbestos and environmental exclusion in almost all policies or endorsed the exclusion to the policies. We have no exposure to asbestos and environmental claims related to our acquisition of Cincinnati Global. We continue to monitor our claims for evidence of material exposure to other mass tort classes but have found no such credible evidence to date. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 142 The following table provides a reconciliation of the property casualty incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAE) development and paid losses and ALAE development information at December 31, 2021. (Dollars in millions) Cumulative incurred losses and ALAE as reported within the triangles, net of reinsurance Cumulative paid losses and ALAE as reported within the triangles, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE for accident years not presented in the triangles, net of reinsurance Total liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses Total liabilities for gross loss and loss expense reserves Commercial casualty $ 5,383 $ 3,146 $ 90 $ 2,327 $ 33 $ Workers' compensation Commercial auto Commercial property Personal auto Homeowner Excess and surplus Other lines 1,923 2,203 3,118 1,802 2,169 1,021 1,279 1,515 2,698 1,552 1,893 496 301 34 17 10 5 1 945 722 437 260 281 526 65 4 46 32 8 21 2,360 1,010 726 483 292 289 547 1,210 6,917 312 $ 7,229 Total liabilities for loss and ALAE reserves Unallocated loss adjustment expense reserves Gross loss and loss expense reserves For all lines of business, the claim counts reported are primarily measured by insurance coverages that are triggered when a loss occurs and a reserve is established. For this purpose, coverages are defined as unique combinations of certain attributes such as line of business and cause of loss. Claims that are opened and closed without payment are included in the reported claim counts. Claim counts are presented on a direct basis only and do not reflect any assumed or ceded reinsurance. In the following tables, commercial casualty, workers' compensation and excess and surplus lines each disclose 10 accident years of loss and ALAE reserves and the cumulative number of reported claims. Commercial auto, commercial property, personal auto and homeowner each disclose five accident years of loss and ALAE reserves and the cumulative number of reported claims consistent with the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 143 Commercial Casualty The following table shows the commercial casualty incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Unaudited $ 466 $ 414 $ 417 $ 394 $ 394 $ 404 $ 399 $ 397 $ 397 $ 397 $ 448 443 431 416 413 407 391 386 503 496 479 476 479 465 469 533 526 529 516 508 502 563 574 557 555 554 610 597 577 571 650 641 622 672 643 674 385 466 504 538 555 588 607 629 714 $ 5,383 10 17 22 42 58 68 101 141 307 492 18 20 21 21 22 21 22 20 14 10 Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 27 $ 88 $ 170 $ 232 $ 288 $ 330 $ 346 $ 364 $ 374 $ 383 35 90 34 159 232 286 312 337 348 97 38 172 287 338 390 409 108 200 287 362 404 46 126 228 331 395 48 122 234 320 44 148 253 39 134 33 355 421 424 434 392 345 259 102 31 3,146 90 $ 2,327 All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the commercial casualty line of business: Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average annual percentage payout 7.2% 14.4% 18.8% 18.1% 13.2% 8.8% 4.6% 3.4% 2.3% 1.7% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 144 Workers’ Compensation The following table shows the workers’ compensation incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Unaudited $ 265 $ 245 $ 234 $ 220 $ 213 $ 211 $ 209 $ 208 $ 207 $ 209 $ 264 246 221 212 208 205 202 201 261 233 214 203 201 198 197 246 220 208 195 179 173 230 218 206 188 183 218 208 190 183 222 207 199 224 215 204 204 202 173 183 172 186 202 190 202 $ 1,923 20 17 17 26 24 31 34 50 68 72 21 20 19 17 16 15 15 14 11 10 Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 62 $ 121 $ 147 $ 162 $ 171 $ 175 $ 178 $ 180 $ 182 $ 183 61 119 144 157 164 168 170 174 56 110 134 148 157 162 165 47 93 46 115 129 134 137 97 45 119 131 141 88 48 106 114 95 49 115 94 37 177 168 139 146 119 127 115 68 37 1,279 301 $ 945 All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the workers’ compensation line of business: Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average annual percentage payout 25.3% 25.3% 11.6% 6.5% 3.9% 2.3% 1.4% 1.3% 1.3% 0.3% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 145 As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims Commercial Auto The following table shows the commercial auto incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, Accident Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Unaudited 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 $ 451 $ 441 $ 443 $ 444 $ 449 $ 453 442 452 442 451 424 440 453 391 470 $ 2,203 8 15 34 86 154 51 49 46 36 36 Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total $ 187 $ 266 $ 334 $ 381 $ 184 266 183 337 268 154 All outstanding liabilities before 2017, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 411 378 333 214 179 1,515 34 722 The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the commercial auto line of business. Commercial auto includes both physical damage and liability losses. A majority of the incurred losses paid after year 2 are the result of liability losses. Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years Average annual percentage payout 1 40.3% 2 17.7% 3 15.2% 4 9.8% 5 6.7% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 146 As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims Commercial Property The following table shows the commercial property incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, Accident Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Unaudited 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 $ 587 $ 560 $ 556 $ 565 $ 572 $ 630 603 621 590 606 855 597 600 742 607 $ 3,118 2 6 9 43 49 18 18 17 23 13 Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total $ 395 $ 522 $ 547 $ 560 $ 386 559 413 576 561 489 All outstanding liabilities before 2017, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 567 589 579 637 326 2,698 17 437 The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the commercial property line of business: Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years Average annual percentage payout 1 64.4% 2 24.0% 3 3.4% 4 2.2% 5 1.3% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 147 Personal Auto The following table shows the personal auto incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, Accident Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Unaudited 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 $ 412 $ 394 $ 391 $ 393 $ 393 $ 424 398 399 395 383 305 398 380 281 350 $ 1,802 1 — 2 18 51 109 111 102 71 75 As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total $ 256 $ 324 $ 358 $ 374 $ 262 327 250 358 314 186 All outstanding liabilities before 2017, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 383 379 346 225 219 1,552 10 260 The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the personal auto line of business. Personal auto includes both physical damage and liability losses. A majority of the incurred losses paid after year 2 are the result of liability losses. Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years Average annual percentage payout 1 65.1% 2 16.1% 3 8.3% 4 4.8% 5 2.2% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 148 Homeowner The following table shows the homeowner incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, Accident Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Unaudited 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 $ 356 $ 383 $ 385 $ 387 $ 389 $ 370 386 432 387 421 497 388 422 475 495 $ 2,169 1 5 7 16 95 27 24 22 23 17 As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total $ 277 $ 356 $ 378 $ 384 $ 268 368 303 378 391 326 All outstanding liabilities before 2017, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 386 381 407 434 285 1,893 5 281 The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the homeowner line of business: Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years Average annual percentage payout 1 67.6% 2 22.4% 3 4.0% 4 1.2% 5 0.5% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 149 Excess and Surplus Lines The following table shows the excess and surplus lines incurred and paid losses and ALAE development by accident year. The table also shows the IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported losses and claim frequency: (Dollars in millions, reported claims in thousands) Incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance for the years ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021 Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported losses Cumulative number of reported claims 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Unaudited $ 67 $ 56 $ 49 $ 40 $ 37 $ 36 $ 35 $ 36 $ 35 $ 35 $ 74 64 95 54 82 96 45 75 81 93 42 64 73 87 104 41 60 67 84 95 41 59 65 82 95 41 59 66 90 94 116 109 110 137 135 172 40 58 65 91 94 108 141 172 217 $ 1,021 — 1 3 4 8 13 23 41 78 129 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 9 $ 15 $ 19 $ 25 $ 29 $ 31 $ 32 $ 33 $ 34 $ 7 12 9 20 17 8 27 27 19 10 32 37 29 21 11 34 43 41 39 23 11 37 48 51 51 41 26 13 39 51 54 62 57 50 34 16 34 39 53 56 75 68 62 55 37 17 All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance Liabilities for loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance 496 1 $ 526 Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total The following table shows the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment. Excess and surplus lines consist mostly of commercial casualty and commercial property coverages. A majority of the incurred losses paid after year 2 are the result of commercial casualty losses. Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average annual percentage payout 13.1% 13.9% 17.6% 15.6% 12.3% 8.4% 4.3% 3.0% 1.1% 0.4% Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 150 NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates, timing of claim presentation and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as for expected expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future economic conditions. We establish reserves for the company’s universal life, deferred annuity and structured settlement policies equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments. This table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves: (Dollars in millions) Life policy reserves: Ordinary/traditional life Other Subtotal Investment contract reserves: Deferred annuities Universal life Structured settlements Other Subtotal Total life policy and investment contract reserves At December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ 1,376 $ 52 1,428 762 679 136 9 1,586 3,014 $ 1,301 52 1,353 761 647 145 9 1,562 2,915 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 151 NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate the costs for recoverability. The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation: (Dollars in millions) Property casualty: Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, January 1 Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, December 31 Life: Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, January 1 Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, December 31 Consolidated: Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, January 1 Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, December 31 Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ $ $ 542 $ 1,211 (1,151) 602 $ 512 $ 1,087 (1,057) 542 $ 263 $ 59 (46) 27 303 $ 262 $ 58 (49) (8) 263 $ 805 $ 1,270 (1,197) 27 905 $ 774 $ 1,145 (1,106) (8) 805 $ 464 1,034 (986) 512 274 61 (48) (25) 262 738 1,095 (1,034) (25) 774 No premium deficiencies were recorded in the consolidated statements of income in 2021, 2020 and 2019, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 152 NOTE 7 – Note Payable We have one unsecured revolving credit facility through multiple commercial banks which expires on February 4, 2026. The borrowing capacity is $300 million with an additional $300 million accordion feature. Terms and conditions of the agreement include a debt-to-total capital maximum of 35%. We had no compensating balance requirements on short-term debt for either 2021 or 2020. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, $54 million was drawn on the line of credit. The interest rate charged on our borrowings on this credit agreement ranged from 0.97% to 1.03% during 2021 and ranged from 1.03% to 4.25% during 2020. In addition, we have letters of credit related to our Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global operations with no amounts drawn at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 153 NOTE 8 – Long-Term Debt and Lease Obligations This table summarizes the principal amounts of our long-term debt excluding unamortized discounts, none of which are encumbered by rating triggers: (Dollars in millions) Interest rate 6.900% 6.920% 6.125% Year of issue 1998 2005 2004 Book value At December 31, Principal amount At December 31, 2021 2020 2021 2020 Senior debentures, due 2028 Senior debentures, due 2028 Senior notes, due 2034 Total $ $ 27 $ 391 371 789 $ 27 $ 391 370 788 $ 28 $ 391 374 793 $ 28 391 374 793 The finance lease term for equipment and autos is three to six years while the operating lease term for real estate properties is typically five years. Lease obligations totaled $54 million and $57 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Below are the lease obligations we expect to pay through years 2027 and thereafter including $3 million of interest for finance and operating leases: (Dollars in millions) Years ended December 31, Finance lease obligations Operating lease obligations Total lease obligations 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 $ $ 14 $ 4 18 $ 12 $ 2 14 $ 8 $ 2 10 $ 6 $ 2 8 $ 2027 and thereafter 2 1 3 3 $ 1 4 $ The following table provides lease cost and other information: (Dollars in millions) Lease cost: Finance lease cost Operating lease cost Total lease cost Other information finance leases: Finance cash outflows Weighted average discount rate Weighted average remaining lease term in years Other information operating leases: Operating cash outflows Weighted average discount rate Weighted average remaining lease term in years Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 15 4 19 15 2.46% 3.45 4 2.86% 4.37 $ $ $ $ 15 4 19 15 2.62% 3.67 8 3.65% 4.84 9 4 13 15 2.96% 3.65 8 3.69% 4.71 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 154 NOTE 9 – Shareholders’ Equity and Dividend Restrictions Declared cash dividends per share were $2.52, $2.40 and $2.24 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our lead insurance subsidiary, The Cincinnati Insurance Company, paid dividends to the parent company of $583 million in 2021, $550 million in 2020 and $625 million in 2019. State regulatory requirements restrict the dividends insurance subsidiaries can pay. Generally, the most our lead insurance subsidiary can pay without prior regulatory approval is the greater of 10% of statutory capital and surplus or 100% of statutory net income for the prior calendar year. Dividends exceeding these limitations may be paid only with approval of the insurance department of the domiciliary state. During 2022, the total that our lead insurance subsidiary may pay in dividends is approximately $929 million. Dividend payments from Cincinnati Global to the parent company are subject to regulation by U.K. law. Cincinnati Global paid no dividends to the parent company in 2021, 2020 or 2019. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The table below shows beginning and end of year accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) for investments, pension obligations, life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other. The changes from the beginning of year to the end of year are the result of changes to other comprehensive income or loss (OCI). Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 155 (Dollars in millions) Investments: AOCI, January 1 OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income OCI AOCI, December 31 Pension obligations: AOCI, January 1 OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income Amortization recognized in net income OCI AOCI, December 31 Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other: AOCI, January 1 OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income OCI AOCI, December 31 Summary of AOCI: AOCI, January 1 Investments OCI Pension obligations OCI Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI Total OCI AOCI, December 31 Before tax 2021 Income tax Net Before tax 2020 Income tax Net Before tax 2019 Income tax Net $ 1,026 $ 215 $ 811 $ 590 $ 123 $ 467 $ 46 $ 9 $ 37 (204) (44) (160) 371 78 293 545 115 430 (30) (234) (24) (184) $ 792 $ 165 $ 627 (6) (50) 65 436 51 344 $ 1,026 $ 215 $ 811 14 92 (1) (1) — 430 $ 590 $ 123 $ 467 544 114 $ (41) $ (7) $ (34) $ (9) $ — $ (9) $ (16) $ (2) $ (14) 62 12 6 68 27 $ 2 14 7 $ $ 50 4 54 20 $ (35) (7) (28) 6 2 — 3 (32) (41) $ (7) (7) $ 3 (25) (34) $ — 2 1 7 (9) $ — $ 4 1 5 (9) $ (10) $ (2) $ (8) $ (13) $ (3) $ (10) $ (1) $ — $ (1) 11 2 9 3 1 2 (15) (3) (12) — 2 — 11 1 $ — $ — 9 1 $ $ 975 $ 206 $ 769 (184) 54 (234) 68 (50) 14 11 (155) 9 (121) $ 820 $ 172 $ 648 2 (34) — 3 (10) $ — 1 (2) $ — 2 (8) $ $ 3 (12) (13) $ — (3) (3) $ 3 (9) (10) $ 568 $ 120 $ 448 344 (25) 436 (32) 92 (7) $ 29 $ 544 7 7 $ 114 2 22 430 5 3 407 2 321 $ 975 $ 206 $ 769 1 86 (3) (12) 539 (9) 426 $ 568 $ 120 $ 448 113 Investments gains and losses, net, and life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the consolidated statements of income. Amortization on pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line items in the consolidated statements of income. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 156 NOTE 10 – Reinsurance Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed as well as contracts from our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and catastrophe bonds and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management’s decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions. The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses: (Dollars in millions) Direct written premiums Assumed written premiums Ceded written premiums Net written premiums Direct earned premiums Assumed earned premiums Ceded earned premiums Earned premiums Direct incurred loss and loss expenses Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses Incurred loss and loss expenses Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 2019 $ $ $ $ $ $ 6,229 $ 515 (265) 6,479 $ 5,996 $ 443 (255) 6,184 $ 3,352 $ 366 (122) 3,596 $ 5,756 $ 335 (227) 5,864 $ 5,623 $ 285 (217) 5,691 $ 3,699 $ 184 (46) 3,837 $ 5,477 244 (205) 5,516 5,340 199 (205) 5,334 3,402 117 (167) 3,352 Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles. The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred: (Dollars in millions) Direct earned premiums Ceded earned premiums Earned premiums Direct contract holders' benefits incurred Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred Contract holders' benefits incurred Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ 374 $ (76) 298 $ 423 $ (83) 340 $ 362 $ (73) 289 $ 359 $ (62) 297 $ 341 (71) 270 359 (73) 286 The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 157 NOTE 11 – Income Taxes The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31 were as follows: (Dollars in millions) Deferred tax assets: Unearned premiums Loss and loss expense reserves Net operating loss on international earnings Deferred international earnings Other Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance Valuation allowance for international operations Deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Investment gains and other, net Deferred acquisition costs Life policy reserves Investments Other Total gross deferred tax liabilities Net deferred income tax liability At December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ 131 $ 92 34 31 50 338 53 285 1,684 155 116 38 36 2,029 1,744 $ 119 81 26 45 41 312 56 256 1,240 143 121 13 38 1,555 1,299 Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amount recognized for tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, we believe it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations will be realized. As a result, we have no valuation allowance at December 31, 2021 and 2020 for our U.S. domestic operations. As more fully discussed below, we do carry a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets related to Cincinnati Global. For financial reporting purposes, income (loss) before income taxes includes the following components: (Dollars in millions) United States International Total income before income taxes For the years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ $ 3,644 $ 26 3,670 $ 1,521 $ (22) 1,499 $ 2,440 32 2,472 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 158 The provision for income taxes consists of: (Dollars in millions) Provision (benefit) for income taxes: Current – United States federal International Total current Deferred – United States federal International Total deferred Total provision for income taxes For the years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2021 $ $ 248 $ (1) 247 477 — 477 724 $ 147 $ — 147 136 — 136 283 $ 137 (5) 132 338 5 343 475 The differences between the 21% statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows: (Dollars in millions) Tax at statutory rate: Increase (decrease) resulting from: Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds Dividend received exclusion Other Provision for income taxes 2021 Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ 771 21.0 % $ 315 21.0 % $ 519 21.0 % (20) (20) (7) 724 (0.5) (0.5) (0.3) 19.7 % $ (20) (17) 5 283 (1.3) (1.1) 0.3 18.9 % $ (19) (16) (9) 475 (0.8) (0.6) (0.4) 19.2 % $ The provision for federal income taxes is based upon the filing of a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries within the United States. At December 31, 2021 and 2020 we had no operating or capital loss carryforwards in the United States. As more fully discussed below, Cincinnati Global, has operating loss carryforwards in the United Kingdom. As more fully discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak began in mid-March 2020. In response to the pandemic, various stimulus legislation was enacted in 2021 and 2020. We have evaluated the pandemic-related legislation enacted in 2021 and 2020 and believe any impact to our financial statements, as a result of such legislation, is immaterial. Unrecognized Tax Benefits At December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we had a gross unrecognized tax benefit of $34 million. Additionally, there was no change in the amount for 2021, 2020 or 2019. The unrecognized tax benefit liability is carried in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. If recognized, the unrecognized tax benefit liability would affect the effective tax rate in the period of the release. Although no interest and penalties currently are accrued, if incurred, they would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefit could change when the IRS completes its examination of the tax year ended December 31, 2018. The statute of limitations for federal tax purposes has closed for tax years ended December 31, 2016 and earlier. However, as a result of certain net operating loss carryback claims we have filed related to the tax year ended December 31, 2017, the IRS has a limited ability to assess tax for the 2015 tax year. In 2019, the IRS began its examination of the tax year ended December 31, 2017 and they have expanded their scope to include tax year ended December 31, 2018. At this time, no adjustments have been proposed. In addition to our IRS filings, we file income tax returns with immaterial amounts in various state jurisdictions and record these amounts in our provision for income taxes for both current and deferred taxes. The statute of limitations for state income tax purposes has closed for tax years ended December 31, 2017 and earlier. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 159 Cincinnati Global operates in the United Kingdom and as such, is subject to tax in that jurisdiction. The statute of limitations for tax return review by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) has closed for tax years ended December 31, 2019 and earlier. There are currently no tax returns under review by HMRC. Income taxes paid in our consolidated statements of cash flows are shown net of refunds received. We received no refunds in either 2021 or 2020 and $94 million in 2019. Cincinnati Global Cincinnati Global's operating results for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreased their net deferred assets by $3 million with an offsetting decrease of $3 million to their valuation allowance. At December 31, 2021, Cincinnati Global had a net deferred tax asset of $53 million and an offsetting valuation allowance of $53 million. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence, we believe it was appropriate to set up a valuation allowance for purposes of our opening Cincinnati Global balance sheet and is appropriate to carry a valuation allowance at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of our Cincinnati Global valuation allowance. (Dollars in millions) Valuation allowance, January 1 Acquisition accounting amount Current year operations Valuation allowance, December 31 Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ 56 $ — (3) 53 $ 41 $ — 15 56 $ — 55 (14) 41 At December 31, 2021, and 2020, Cincinnati Global had operating loss carryforwards in the United States of $8 million and $26 million and in the United Kingdom of $130 million and $108 million, respectively. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within the Cincinnati Global group in both the United States and in the United Kingdom and cannot offset the income of our domestic operations in the United States. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 160 NOTE 12 – Net Income Per Common Share Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share: (In millions, except per share data) Numerator: Net income—basic and diluted Denominator: Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding Effect of share-based awards: Stock options Nonvested shares Diluted weighted-average shares Earnings per share: Basic Diluted Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 2,946 $ 1,216 $ 1,997 161.0 161.2 163.2 1.1 0.6 162.7 0.7 0.5 162.4 $ 18.29 $ 18.10 0.8 7.55 $ 7.49 1.4 1.2 0.7 165.1 12.24 12.10 — The sources of dilution of our common shares are certain equity-based awards as discussed in Note 17, Share- Based Associate Compensation Plans. The above table includes the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards at year-end 2021, 2020 and 2019. We did not include these share-based awards in the computation of net income per common share (diluted) because their exercise would have anti-dilutive effects. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 161 NOTE 13 – Employee Retirement Benefits We sponsor a qualified defined benefit pension plan that we closed entry into for new associates as of June 30, 2008, and only participants 40 years of age or older as of August 31, 2008, could elect to continue to participate. During 2008, we changed the form of retirement benefit we offer some associates to a company match on contributions to a 401(k) plan as further explained below. For participants remaining in the pension plan, we continue to fund future benefit obligations. Benefits for the defined benefit pension plan are based on years of credited service and compensation level. Contributions are based on the prescribed method defined in the Pension Protection Act. Our net periodic benefit cost is based on certain actuarial assumptions and also is composed of several components that are determined using the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. The qualified plan has been amended to allow for distribution of vested balances to terminated participants. We sponsor a defined contribution plan (401(k) plan) for eligible associates with matching company contributions totaling $22 million, $22 million and $19 million during the years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Associates who are not accruing benefits under the pension plan are eligible to receive the company match of up to 6% of cash compensation. Participants vest in the company match for the 401(k) plan after three years of eligible service. We maintain a supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) with a benefit obligation of $9 million at year-end 2021 and $10 million at year-end 2020, which is included in the projected benefit obligation. The company also makes available to a select group of associates the CFC Top Hat Savings Plan, a nonqualified deferred compensation plan, which had a fair value of $64 million and $51 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Company matching contributions to the CFC Top Hat Savings Plan totaled approximately $1 million for the years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Defined Benefit Pension Plan Assumptions We evaluate our pension plan assumptions annually and update them as necessary. This is a summary of the weighted-average assumptions used to determine our benefit obligations at December 31 for the plans: Discount rate Rate of compensation increase Qualified Pension Plan SERP 2021 2.97 % 2.25-3.25 2020 2.68 % 2.25-3.25 2021 2.90 % 2.25-3.25 2020 2.52 % 2.25-3.25 To determine the discount rate for each plan, a theoretical settlement portfolio of high-quality rated corporate bonds was chosen to provide payments approximately matching the plan’s projected benefit payments. A single interest rate for each plan was determined resulting in a discounted value of the plan's benefit payments that equates to the market value of the selected bonds. The discount rate is reflective of current market interest rate conditions and our plan's liability characteristics. Based on this analysis, we increased the rate from the prior year by 0.29 percentage points for the qualified pension plan and by 0.38 percentage points for the SERP. Compensation increase assumptions reflect anticipated rates of inflation, real return on wage growth and merit and promotional increases. The mortality assumption is updated annually to reflect the updated mortality scales. The Pri-2012 tables with Scale MP-2021, Scale MP-2020, and Scale MP-2019 were used for the years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The updated mortality table did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements as our qualified plan assumes the majority of benefits will be paid in the form of lump sums. This is a summary of the weighted-average assumptions used to determine our net periodic benefit cost for the plans: Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase Qualified Pension Plan 2021 2.68 % 7.00 2.25-3.25 2020 3.40 % 7.00 2.25-3.25 2019 4.34 % 7.00 2.25-3.25 2021 2.52 % n/a 2.25-3.25 SERP 2020 3.33 % n/a 2.25-3.25 2019 4.25 % n/a 2.25-3.25 The discount rate was decreased by 0.72 percentage points for the qualified pension plan and 0.81 percentage points for the SERP due to market interest rate conditions at the beginning of 2021. The discount rate assumptions for our benefit obligation generally track with high-quality rated corporate bond yields chosen in our theoretical Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 162 settlement portfolio, and yearly adjustments reflect any changes to those bond yields. We believe the expected return on plan assets is representative of the expected long-term rate of return on these assets, which is consistent with 2021 expectations of interest rates and based partially on the fact that the plan’s common stock holdings pay dividends. We review historical actual return on plan assets when determining our expected long-term rate of return. Total portfolio return for 2021 was 24.5% and for 2020 was 11.4%. Our compensation increase assumptions in 2021 reflect anticipated rates of inflation, real return on wage growth and merit and promotional increases. Benefit obligation activity using an actuarial measurement date for our qualified pension plan and SERP at December 31 follows: (Dollars in millions) Change in projected benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, January 1 Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss Benefits paid Other Projected benefit obligation, December 31 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, January 1 Actual return on plan assets Employer contribution Benefits paid Fair value of plan assets, December 31 Funded status, December 31 Accumulated benefit obligation At December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ $ $ $ $ 387 $ 10 10 (5) (41) 1 362 $ 357 $ 78 3 (41) 397 $ 35 $ 338 $ 350 9 12 51 (35) — 387 354 34 4 (35) 357 (30) 360 Our funded status for 2021 compared to 2020 improved primarily due to a higher return on plan assets and increases in actuarial gain from increases in discount rates. Effective January 1, 2021, the lump sum basis was changed from a Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) rate, which is no longer being published by the PBGC after December 31, 2020, and mortality rates based on GAM83 tables with minor adjustments, to Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 417(e) interest rates and IRC Section 417(e) mortality rates, updated annually and projected into the future. The lump sum annual update resulted in an immaterial change at December 31, 2021, but the basis change resulted in an increase to our actuarial loss at December 31, 2020. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 163 A reconciliation follows of the funded status for our qualified plan and SERP at the end of the measurement period to the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31: (Dollars in millions) Pension amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: Other assets (liability) Total Pension amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income: Net actuarial (gain) loss Total At December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ $ $ 35 $ 35 $ (27) $ (27) $ (30) (30) 41 41 Below are the components of our net periodic benefit cost, as well as other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income for our qualified plan and SERP at December 31: (Dollars in millions) Net periodic benefit cost: Service cost Non-service costs (benefit): Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost Other Net periodic benefit cost Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income: Current year actuarial (gain) loss Amortization of actuarial loss Current year prior service cost Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive (income) loss Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 10 $ 9 $ 8 10 (21) 6 1 6 $ (62) $ (7) 1 (68) $ 12 (21) 3 3 6 $ 38 $ (6) — 32 $ (62) $ 38 $ 13 (20) 1 1 3 (5) (2) — (7) (4) $ $ $ $ The 2021 change in the amount recognized in other comprehensive income from 2020 is largely due to changes in the actuarial gain resulting from actual return on plan assets being greater than expected and increases in discount rates. Service costs and non-service costs (benefit) are allocated in the same proportion primarily to underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the consolidated statements of income for 2021, 2020 and 2019. Defined Benefit Pension Plan Assets The pension plan assets are managed to maximize total return over the long term while providing sufficient liquidity and current return to satisfy the cash flow requirements of the plan. The plan’s day-to-day investment decisions are managed by our internal investment department; however, overall investment strategies are discussed with our employee benefits committee. Our investment strategy is to weight our portfolio towards large-cap, high-quality, dividend-growing equities that we have historically favored. As our plan matures and interest rates normalize, we expect a greater allocation to fixed-income securities to better align asset and liability market risks. Our fixed- maturity bond portfolio is investment grade. The plan does not engage in derivative transactions. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 164 Excluding cash, during 2021 we held approximately 87% of our pension portfolio in domestic common equity investments. The remainder of the portfolio consisted of 8% in United States government fixed-maturity investments, 3% in domestic corporate fixed-maturity investments and 2% in states, municipalities and taxable political subdivisions fixed-maturity investments. Our common equity portfolio consisted of 32% in the information technology sector, 20% in the financial sector, 13% in the healthcare sector, and 12% in the industrial sector, at year-end 2021. No additional sectors accounted for 10% or more of our common equity portfolio balance at year-end 2021. Investments in securities are valued based on the fair value hierarchy outlined in Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. The pension plan did not have any liabilities carried at fair value during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The following table shows the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Excluded from the table below is cash on hand of $16 million and $31 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. (Dollars in millions) At December 31, 2021 Fixed maturities, available for sale: United States government Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Total fixed maturities, available for sale Common equities Total At December 31, 2020 Fixed maturities, available for sale: United States government Corporate States, municipalities and political subdivisions Total fixed maturities, available for sale Common equities Total Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Total $ $ $ $ 31 $ — — 31 332 363 $ 31 $ — — 31 266 297 $ — $ 11 7 18 — 18 $ — $ 20 9 29 — 29 $ — $ — — — — — $ — $ — — — — — $ 31 11 7 49 332 381 31 20 9 60 266 326 Our pension plan assets included 202,337 shares of the company’s common stock at both December 31, 2021 and 2020, which had a fair value of $23 million and $18 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The defined benefit pension plan did not purchase any of our common stock during 2021 or 2020. The defined benefit pension plan did not sell any shares during 2021 and sold 29,776 shares of our common stock during 2020. The company paid less than $1 million in both 2021 and 2020 in cash dividends on our common stock to the pension plan. We estimate $6 million of benefit payments from the SERP during 2022. We expect to make the following benefit payments for our qualified plan and SERP, reflecting expected future service: (Dollars in millions) 2022 2023 2024 2025 Years ended December 31, Expected future benefit payments $ 29 $ 25 $ 27 $ 29 $ 2026 2027 - 2031 162 34 $ Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 165 NOTE 14 – Statutory Accounting Information Insurance companies’ statutory financial statements are presented on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by applicable state insurance departments of domicile. Insurance companies use statutory accounting practices (SAP) as recognized by various states. We have adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ (NAIC) Accounting Practices and Procedures manual, version effective January 1, 2001, and updates through the current year as a component of prescribed or permitted practices by laws of the state of domicile. The primary differences between SAP and GAAP include the valuation of investment gains and losses, expensing of policy acquisition costs, actuarial assumptions for life insurance reserves and deferred income taxes based on differences in statutory and taxable income. Statutory net income and capital and surplus are determined in accordance with SAP prescribed or permitted by insurance regulatory authorities for five legal entities, our lead insurance subsidiary and its four insurance subsidiaries. Statutory capital and surplus for our insurance subsidiary, The Cincinnati Insurance Company, includes capital and surplus of its four insurance subsidiaries. All capital and surplus amounts exceed statutory risk-based capital requirements. The statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus are presented below: (Dollars in millions) Net income Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Casualty Company The Cincinnati Indemnity Company $ 929 $ 15 5 466 $ 14 3 The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company 47 41 42 27 558 13 3 62 19 Capital and surplus At December 31, 2021 2020 $ 7,247 $ 5,838 456 115 500 126 571 270 528 241 NOTE 15 – Transactions With Affiliated Parties We paid certain officers and directors, or insurance agencies of which they are shareholders, commissions of $8 million in 2021, $7 million in 2020 and $8 million in 2019, on premium volume of $47 million, $45 million and $48 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 166 NOTE 16 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities The company, through its insurance subsidiaries, is involved in claims litigation arising in the ordinary course of conducting its business, both as a liability insurer defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against insureds and as an insurer defending coverage claims brought against it. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Subject to the uncertainties discussed in Note 4, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses, and in the discussion in the balance of this Note, we believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses, costs of defense, and reinsurance recoveries, is immaterial to our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Beginning in April 2020, like many companies in the property casualty insurance industry, the company’s property casualty subsidiaries, were named as defendants in lawsuits seeking insurance coverage under commercial property insurance policies issued by the company for alleged losses resulting from the shutdown or suspension of their businesses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the allegations vary, the plaintiffs generally seek a declaration of insurance coverage, damages for breach of contract in unspecified amounts for claim denials, interest and attorney fees. Some of the lawsuits also allege that the insurance claims were denied in bad faith or otherwise in violation of state laws and seek extra-contractual or punitive damages. The company denies the allegations in these lawsuits and intends to continue to vigorously defend the lawsuits. The company maintains that it has no coverage obligations with respect to these lawsuits for business income allegedly lost by the plaintiffs due to the COVID-19 pandemic based on the terms of the applicable insurance policies. Although the policy terms vary, in general, the claims at issue in these lawsuits were denied because the policyholder identified no direct physical loss or damage to property at the insured premises, and the governmental orders that led to the complete or partial shutdown of the business were not due to the existence of any direct physical loss or damage to property in the immediate vicinity of the insured premises and did not prohibit access to the insured premises, as required by the terms of the insurance policies. Depending on the individual policy, additional policy terms and conditions may also prohibit coverage, such as exclusions for pollutants, ordinance or law, loss of use, and acts or decisions. The company’s standard commercial property insurance policies generally did not contain a specific virus exclusion. In addition to the inherent difficulty in predicting litigation outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic business income coverage lawsuits present a number of uncertainties and contingencies that are not yet known, including how many policyholders will ultimately file claims, the number of lawsuits that will be filed, the extent to which any class may be certified, and the size and scope of any such classes. The legal theories advanced by plaintiffs vary by case as do the state laws that govern the policy interpretation. These lawsuits are at various stages of litigation; many complaints continue to be amended; several have been dismissed voluntarily and may be refiled; and others have been dismissed by trial courts and appealed. While early appellate decisions have been favorable, many remain to be decided. In some jurisdictions, many cases have been stayed pending appellate decisions in their state or federal circuit. Accordingly, little discovery has occurred on pending cases. In addition, business income calculations depend upon a wide range of factors that are particular to the circumstances of each individual policyholder and, here, virtually none of the plaintiffs have submitted proofs of loss or otherwise quantified or factually supported any allegedly covered loss. Moreover, the company’s experience shows that demands for damages often bear little relation to a reasonable estimate of potential loss. Accordingly, management cannot now reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any. Nonetheless, given the number of claims and potential claims, the indeterminate amounts sought, and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that adverse outcomes, if any, in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a national class. Such proceedings have alleged, for example, breach of an alleged duty to search national databases to ascertain unreported deaths of insureds under life insurance policies. The company’s insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 167 On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 168 NOTE 17 – Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans Four equity compensation plans currently permit us to grant various types of equity awards. We currently grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, service-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units to associates, including some with market-based performance objectives under our shareholder-approved plans. We also have a Holiday Stock Plan that permits annual awards of one share of common stock to each full-time associate for each full calendar year of service up to a maximum of 10 shares. One of our equity compensation plans permits us to grant stock to our outside directors as a component of their annual compensation. We used treasury shares for share-based compensation award issues or exercises during 2021 and 2020. Share-based compensation cost after tax was $26 million, $25 million and $24 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The related income tax benefit recognized was $6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, had intrinsic value of $24 million, $15 million and $26 million, respectively. Intrinsic value is the market price less the exercise price. Options vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, had total intrinsic value of $15 million, $7 million and $23 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had $35 million of unrecognized total compensation cost related to nonvested stock options and restricted stock unit awards. That cost will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years. Stock Options Stock options are granted to associates at an exercise price equal to the fair value as determined by the average high and low sales price reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market for the grant date and are exercisable over 10-year periods. The stock options generally vest ratably over a three-year period. In determining the share-based compensation amounts, we estimate the fair value of each option granted on the date of grant using the Black Scholes pricing model. We make the following assumptions to develop the Black Scholes pricing model as follows: • Weighted-average expected term is based on historical experience of similar awards with consideration for current exercise trends. • • • Expected volatility is based on our stock price over a historical period that approximates the expected term. Dividend yield is determined by dividing the annualized per share dividend by the stock price on the date of grant. Risk-free rates are the implied yield currently available on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining term approximating the expected term. The following weighted average assumptions were used in determining fair value for option grants issued: Weighted-average expected term Expected volatility Dividend yield Risk-free rates Weighted-average fair value of options granted during the period 2021 7-9 years 2020 7-8 years 2019 7-8 years 25.56-27.81% 16.89-17.13% 14.49-15.39% 2.15% 1.40-1.41% $15.45 2.62% 0.97-1.26% $19.64 2.61% 2.62-2.64% $11.73 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 169 Below is a summary of option information for the year 2021: (Dollars in millions, except exercise price. Shares in thousands) Outstanding option shares at January 1, 2021 Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Outstanding option shares at December 31, 2021 Weighted- average exercise price Aggregate intrinsic value Shares Weighted- average remaining contractual life 3,601 $ 464 (415) (98) 3,552 72.55 96.32 50.51 62.00 78.52 $ 126 5.97 years Options exercisable at end of period 2,599 $ 70.99 $ 112 5.07 years Cash received from the exercise of options was $13 million, $7 million and $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We acquired 77,947, 50,751 and 103,237 shares totaling $8 million, $5 million and $9 million, respectively, from associates in consideration for option exercises during 2021, 2020 and 2019. The weighted-average remaining contractual life for options expected to vest as of December 31, 2021, was 8.41 years. Under all active shareholder approved plans, a total of 17.3 million shares were authorized to be granted. At December 31, 2021, 5.9 million shares remained available for future issuance under the plans. During 2021, we granted 17,018 shares of common stock to our directors for 2020 board service fees. Restricted Stock Units Service-based restricted stock units granted to associates are valued at fair value of the shares on the date of grant less the present value of the dividends that holders of restricted stock units do not receive on the shares underlying the restricted stock units during the vesting period. Service-based restricted stock units generally cliff vest three years after the date of grant. We also grant restricted stock units which vest on a three year ratable vesting schedule. Service-based restricted stock units vested during the year had an intrinsic value of $26 million, $30 million and $25 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We have performance-based awards that vest on the first day of March after a three-calendar-year performance period. These awards vest according to the level of three-year total shareholder return achieved compared with a peer group over a three-year performance period with payouts ranging from 0% to 200% for awards granted in 2021, 2020 and 2019. Three-year total shareholder return is calculated by using annualized total return of a stock to an investor due to capital gain appreciation plus reinvestment of all dividends. For the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2021, our total shareholder return exceeded six of our nine peers. We expect payout of these shares at the target level to occur in March of 2022. During 2021, we issued 113,648 shares of performance-based restricted stock units at the maximum-level performance hurdle for the three- year performance period ended December 31, 2020, as our total shareholder return exceeded eight of nine peers in our 2018 peer group. We issued 56,722 shares of performance-based restricted stock units during 2020 at the target-level performance hurdle for the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2019, as our total shareholder return exceeded five of nine peers in our 2017 peer group. Performance-based awards vested during the year had an intrinsic value of $11 million, $5 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These performance-based awards are valued using a Monte-Carlo valuation on the date of grant, which uses a risk-neutral framework to model future stock price movements based upon the risk-free rate of return, the volatility of each peer and the pairwise correlations of each peer being modeled. Compensation cost is recognized regardless of whether the market-based performance objective has been satisfied. We make assumptions to develop the Monte-Carlo model as follows: • Correlation coefficients are based upon the stock price data used to calculate the historical volatilities. The correlation coefficients are used to model the way the price of each entity's stock tends to move in relation to each other. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 170 • • • Expected volatility is based on each company's historical volatility using daily stock price observations with the period commensurate with the performance measurement period. Dividend yield has been modeled assuming dividends are reinvested in additional shares of the issuing entity on the ex-dividend date during the performance period. Risk-free rates are equal to the yield, as of the measurement date, of the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bill that is commensurate with the performance measurement period. The following assumptions were used in determining fair value for performance-based grants issued: Expected term Expected volatility Dividend yield Risk-free rates 2021 2.85 years 29.50-47.26% 2.62% 0.20% 2020 2.86 years 15.88-25.13% 2.15% 1.30% 2019 2.86 years 15.10-25.00% 2.61% 2.48% Below is a summary of service-based and performance-based share information, assuming a target payout for performance-based shares, for the year 2021: Performance-based shares Weighted- average grant date fair value 84.64 86.13 63.29 — 103.16 147 $ 106 (114) — 139 (Shares in thousands) Nonvested at January 1, 2021 Granted Vested Forfeited or canceled Nonvested at December 31, 2021 Service-based shares Weighted- average grant date fair value 81.56 89.29 67.96 89.73 90.01 696 $ 243 (274) (31) 634 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 171 NOTE 18 – Segment Information We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance Investments We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Revenues come primarily from unaffiliated customers: All four insurance segments record revenues from insurance premiums earned. Fee revenues for the commercial, personal and excess and surplus insurance segments primarily represent installment fees. Fee revenues for the life insurance segment represent separate account investment management fees. • • • • • • • • Our investments’ revenues consist of pretax net investment income and investment gains and losses. • Other revenues are primarily finance income and earned premiums of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Income or loss before income taxes for each segment is reported based on the nature of that business area’s operations: • Income before income taxes for the insurance segments is defined as underwriting profit or loss. ◦ ◦ For commercial lines, personal lines and excess and surplus lines insurance segments, we calculate underwriting profit or loss as premiums earned and fee revenue minus loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses incurred. For the life insurance segment, we calculate underwriting profit or loss as premiums earned and fee revenue, minus contract holders’ benefits and expenses incurred, plus investment interest credited to contract holders. • • Income before income taxes for the investments segment is net investment income plus investment gains and losses for investments of the entire company, minus investment interest credited to contract holders of the life insurance segment. Loss before income taxes for the Other category is primarily due to interest expense from debt of the parent company, operating expenses of our headquarters and premiums earned minus loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. We do not separately report the identifiable assets of property casualty insurance for the commercial, personal and excess and surplus lines segments or for Cincinnati Re because we do not use that measure to analyze performance. We include all investment portfolio assets, regardless of ownership, in the investments segment. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 172 Segment information is summarized in the following table: (Dollars in millions) Revenues: Commercial lines insurance Commercial casualty Commercial property Commercial auto Workers' compensation Other commercial Commercial lines insurance premiums Fee revenues Total commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Personal auto Homeowner Other personal Personal lines insurance premiums Fee revenues Total personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Fee revenues Total excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance premiums Fee revenues Total life insurance Investments Investment income, net of expenses Investment gains and losses, net Total investment revenue Other Premiums Other Total other revenue Total revenues Income (loss) before income taxes: Insurance underwriting results Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Life insurance Investments Other Total income before income taxes Identifiable assets: Property casualty insurance Life insurance Investments Other Total Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 1,102 958 707 300 252 3,319 5 3,324 621 607 176 1,404 4 1,408 278 2 280 270 4 274 646 1,650 2,296 333 9 342 7,924 241 8 53 1 2,197 (28) 2,472 $ $ $ $ 1,270 $ 1,043 794 268 299 3,674 4 3,678 1,165 $ 1,010 755 271 275 3,476 3 3,479 609 726 207 1,542 4 1,546 398 2 400 298 5 303 714 2,409 3,123 570 10 580 9,630 $ 598 $ 97 44 (16) 3,018 (71) 3,670 $ 615 658 190 1,463 4 1,467 325 2 327 289 2 291 670 865 1,535 427 10 437 7,536 $ 64 $ 47 34 11 1,433 (90) 1,499 $ December 31, December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ 4,421 $ 1,590 24,481 895 31,387 $ 3,838 1,661 21,332 711 27,542 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 173 ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure We had no disagreements with the independent registered public accounting firm on accounting and financial disclosure during the last two fiscal years. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)). Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company’s management, with the participation of the company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021. Based upon that evaluation, the company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that: • • information required to be disclosed in the company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and such information is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended December 31, 2021, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There was no significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting while the majority of our associates are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are continually monitoring and assessing any potential impact on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, caused by or related to the pandemic. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and the Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are set forth in Item 8. ITEM 9B. Other Information None ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections This item is not applicable to the company. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 174 Part III Our Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC no later than April 30, 2022, in preparation for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for May 7, 2022. As permitted in Paragraph G(3) of the General Instructions for Form 10-K, we are incorporating by reference, to that statement, portions of the information required by Part III as noted in Item 10 through Item 14 below. ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance a) The following sections of our Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 7, 2022, are incorporated herein by reference: “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Information about the Board of Directors,” and “Governance of Your Company.” b) Information about the “Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers” appeared in the 2004 Proxy Statement as an appendix and is available at cinfin.com/investors. Our Code of Ethics applies to those who are responsible for preparing and disclosing our financial information. This includes our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and others performing similar functions. c) Set forth below is information concerning the company’s executive officers who are not also directors of the company, as of February 24, 2022. Name and Age as of February 24, 2022 Roger A. Brown, FSA, MAAA, CLU (50) Teresa C. Cracas, Esq. (56) Angela O. Delaney (53) Donald J. Doyle, Jr., CPCU, AIM (55) Sean M. Givler, CIC, CRM (46) Theresa A. Hoffer (60) Martin F. Hollenbeck, CFA, CPCU (62) John S. Kellington (60) Primary Title(s) and Business Responsibilities Since February 2017 Senior vice president and chief operating officer of The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company. Responsible for life insurance underwriting and operations. Chief risk officer and executive vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Senior vice president until 2022. Responsible for strategic planning and risk management, including oversight of modeling for financial analysis, property casualty reserving and pricing, strategic innovation, reinsurance assumed operations and the activities of Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd., a London-based, global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318. Senior vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Responsible for property casualty insurance sales and marketing operations since 2019, including management of field underwriters and independent agency relationships. Field sales supervisor for Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota and Washington from 2017 to 2019. Senior vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Responsible for excess and surplus lines underwriting and operations of The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company and CSU Producer Resources Inc. Senior vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Responsible for standard market commercial lines underwriting and operations, including management liability and surety insurance, machinery and equipment insurance, loss control and premium audit. Until 2019, responsible for sales and marketing, including management of field underwriters and independent agency relationships. Senior vice president and treasurer of The Cincinnati Insurance Company since 2016. Responsible for corporate accounting and SEC reporting operations. Chief investment officer, senior vice president, assistant secretary and assistant treasurer of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. Chief investment officer and executive vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Senior vice president until 2022. Responsible for all investment operations. Chief information officer and executive vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Senior vice president until 2022. Responsible for enterprise strategic technology and oversight of all technology activities. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 175 Executive Officer Since 2016 2011 2020 2008 2017 2017 2008 2010 Name and Age as of February 24, 2022 Lisa A. Love, Esq. (62) Michael J. Sewell, CPA (58) Stephen M. Spray (55) William H. Van Den Heuvel (55) Primary Title(s) and Business Responsibilities Since February 2017 Senior vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. Chief legal officer, executive vice president and corporate secretary of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Senior vice president until 2022. Responsible for corporate legal, governance and compliance activities, including oversight of regulatory and compliance, shareholder services, government relations, litigation and contract administration. Chief financial officer, principal accounting officer, senior vice president and treasurer of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. Chief financial officer and executive vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Senior vice president until 2022. Chief operating officer of CFC Investment Company, a commercial lease and finance subsidiary. Responsible for oversight of all accounting, finance, financial reporting, purchasing, investor relations, administrative services and facilities maintenance and security. President of The Cincinnati Insurance Company and its subsidiaries; CFC Investment Company; and CSU Producer Resources Inc. since 2022. Chief insurance officer of The Cincinnati Insurance Company and its property casualty subsidiaries since 2019. Responsible for executive oversight of commercial and personal standard market and excess and surplus lines property and casualty insurance sales, marketing, underwriting, related field services, relationships with independent agents, ceded reinsurance programs, corporate communications and human resources. Until 2019, senior vice president responsible for commercial lines underwriting and operations. Senior vice president of The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Responsible for all aspects of personal lines operations, including underwriting, insurance regulatory filings, product management and risk management. Executive Officer Since 2011 2011 2012 2014 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 176 ITEM 11. Executive Compensation The “Compensation of Named Executive Officers and Directors,” section of our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 7, 2022, is incorporated herein by reference. It includes the “Report of the Compensation Committee,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis.” ITEM 12. Related Stockholder Matters Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and a) The “Security Ownership of Principal Shareholders and Management” section of our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 7, 2022, is incorporated herein by reference. b) Information on securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans appears in Part II, Item 5, Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Additional information on share-based compensation under our equity compensation plans is available in Item 8, Note 17 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 177 ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The following sections of our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 7, 2022, are incorporated herein by reference: “Governance of Your Company – Director Independence” and “Governance of Your Company – Certain Relationships and Transactions.” ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The “Audit-Related Matters,” section of our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 7, 2022, is incorporated herein by reference. It includes the “Proposal 3 – Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” “Report of the Audit Committee,” “Fees Billed by the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and “Services Provided by the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 178 Part IV ITEM 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules a) Financial Statements – information contained in Part II, Item 8, of this report, Page 118 to Page 173 b) Exhibits – see Index of Exhibits, Page 191 c) Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I – Summary of Investments – Other Than Investments in Related Parties, Page 180 Schedule II – Condensed Financial Statements of Parent Company, Page 182 Schedule III – Supplementary Insurance Information, Page 185 Schedule IV – Reinsurance, Page 187 Schedule V – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts, Page 188 Schedule VI – Supplementary Information Concerning Property Casualty Insurance Operations, Page 189 ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary This item is not applicable to the company. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 179 Schedule I (Dollars in millions) Type of investment Fixed maturities: Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties Cost or amortized cost At December 31, 2021 Fair value Balance sheet States, municipalities and political subdivisions: The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Casualty Company The Cincinnati Indemnity Company The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company Cincinnati Financial Corporation Total United States government: The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Casualty Company The Cincinnati Indemnity Company Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. Total Foreign government: The Cincinnati Insurance Company Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. Total Government-sponsored enterprises: Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. Total All other corporate bonds: The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Casualty Company The Cincinnati Indemnity Company The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company CSU Producer Resources Inc. Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. Cincinnati Financial Corporation Total Total fixed maturities $ $ 3,343 $ 230 49 446 643 57 4,768 3,583 $ 246 53 471 685 57 5,095 69 1 1 50 121 10 16 26 8 8 71 1 1 50 123 10 16 26 8 8 3,443 102 33 3,339 300 1 82 7 7,307 12,230 $ 3,628 106 35 3,595 316 1 82 7 7,770 13,022 $ 3,583 246 53 471 685 57 5,095 71 1 1 50 123 10 16 26 8 8 3,628 106 35 3,595 316 1 82 7 7,770 13,022 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 180 Schedule I (continued) Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties (Dollars in millions) Type of investment Equity securities: Common equities: The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Casualty Company The Cincinnati Indemnity Company The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company CSU Producer Resources Inc. Cincinnati Financial Corporation Total Nonredeemable preferred equities: The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company Cincinnati Financial Corporation Total Total equity securities Other invested assets: Policy loans: The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company Deposits at Lloyd's: Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. Cincinnati Financial Corporation Private equity: The Cincinnati Insurance Company (1) Cincinnati Financial Corporation (1) Real estate: The Cincinnati Insurance Company (1) The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company (1) Cincinnati Financial Corporation (1) Total other invested assets Total investments Cost or amortized cost At December 31, 2021 Fair value Balance sheet $ $ $ $ $ 1,848 $ 59 18 101 15 1,656 3,697 407 13 4 424 4,121 $ 31 29 6 191 36 27 5 4 329 16,680 5,543 $ 186 44 287 28 4,774 10,862 436 13 4 453 11,315 $ — $ — — — — 5,543 186 44 287 28 4,774 10,862 436 13 4 453 11,315 31 29 6 191 36 — — — — $ — $ 27 5 4 329 24,666 Notes to Schedule I: (1) These other invested assets are accounted for under the equity method. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 181 Schedule II (Dollars in millions) Assets Cincinnati Financial Corporation (parent company only) Condensed Balance Sheets Investments Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2021—$64; 2020—$69) Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2021—$1,660; 2020—$1,607) Other invested assets Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Equity in net assets of subsidiaries Investment income receivable Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation: 2021—$147; 2020—$138) Income tax receivable Other assets Due from subsidiaries Total assets Liabilities Dividends declared but unpaid Deferred federal income tax Long-term debt Other liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' Equity Common stock Paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock, at cost Total shareholders' equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity At December 31, 2021 2020 $ 64 $ 4,778 46 4,888 211 9,292 9 140 — 108 106 14,754 $ 101 $ 664 789 95 1,649 397 1,356 12,625 648 (1,921) 13,105 14,754 $ $ $ $ 68 3,687 145 3,900 16 7,982 8 143 5 53 110 12,217 97 429 788 114 1,428 397 1,328 10,085 769 (1,790) 10,789 12,217 This condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in Part II, Item 8. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 182 Schedule II (continued) Cincinnati Financial Corporation (parent company only) Condensed Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Dollars in millions) Revenues Investment income, net of expenses Investment gains and losses, net Other revenue Total revenues Expenses Interest expense Other expenses Total expenses Income Before Income Taxes and Earnings of Subsidiaries Provision for Income Taxes Net Income Before Earnings of Subsidiaries Increase in equity of subsidiaries Net Income Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Taxes Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 91 $ $ 1,058 15 1,164 81 $ 556 15 652 75 728 15 818 53 32 85 54 34 88 52 37 89 729 1,079 146 217 583 862 2,084 1,414 $ 2,946 $ 1,216 $ 1,997 564 111 453 763 Change in unrealized gain on securities Amortization of pension actuarial gains (losses) and prior service costs 1 54 — — 5 (25) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Taxes Before Other Comprehensive Income of Subsidiaries Other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive Income 55 (176) (121) 5 421 426 $ 2,825 $ 1,537 $ 2,423 (25) 346 321 This condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in Part II, Item 8. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 183 Schedule II (continued) Cincinnati Financial Corporation (parent company only) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in millions) Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Investment gains and losses, net Dividends from subsidiaries Changes in: Increase in equity of subsidiaries Investment income receivable Current federal income taxes Deferred income tax Other assets Other liabilities Intercompany receivable for operations Net cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows From Investing Activities Sale of fixed maturities Call or maturity of fixed maturities Sale of equity securities Purchase of fixed maturities Purchase of equity securities Investment in buildings and equipment Cash paid for acquisition Change in other invested assets, net Net cash (used in) received from investing activities Cash Flows From Financing Activities Payment of cash dividends to shareholders Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization Proceeds from stock options exercised Other Net cash used in financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 2,946 $ 1,216 $ 1,997 11 12 (1,034) (552) 598 550 10 (720) 625 (2,084) (763) (1,414) (1) 6 220 5 — 5 672 4 18 25 (19) (82) (6) — 108 48 (1) (3) 91 — 1 34 585 — 1 307 (23) (372) (11) — (42) (140) (395) (144) (375) (261) 13 1 (525) 195 16 7 3 (626) (181) 197 $ 211 $ 16 $ (1) (1) 146 4 4 20 670 3 21 122 (39) (237) (13) (63) (67) (273) (355) (67) 11 2 (409) (12) 209 197 This condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in Part II, Item 8. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 184 Schedule III (Dollars in millions) Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Supplementary Insurance Information Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Deferred policy acquisition costs: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Gross future policy benefits, losses, claims and expense losses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total (1) Gross unearned premiums: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total (1) Other policy claims and benefits payable: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total (1) Earned premiums: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 345 $ 145 33 79 602 303 905 $ 5,007 $ 814 577 831 7,229 3,037 10,266 $ 1,857 $ 850 207 356 3,270 1 3,271 $ — $ — — — — 53 53 $ 317 $ 136 28 61 542 263 805 $ 4,881 $ 739 446 611 6,677 2,938 9,615 $ 1,714 $ 797 175 273 2,959 1 2,960 $ — $ — — — — 46 46 $ 3,674 $ 1,542 398 570 6,184 298 6,482 $ 3,476 $ 1,463 325 427 5,691 289 5,980 $ 311 130 25 46 512 262 774 4,569 687 351 481 6,088 2,859 8,947 1,665 757 152 213 2,787 1 2,788 — — — — — 35 35 3,319 1,404 278 333 5,334 270 5,604 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 185 Schedule III (continued) Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Supplementary Insurance Information (Dollars in millions) Investment income, net of expenses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance (2) Life insurance Total Benefits, claims losses and settlement expenses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total (3) Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total (3) Net written premiums: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Accident and health insurance Total Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 — $ — — — 457 166 623 $ 1,940 $ 992 250 414 3,596 340 3,936 $ 703 $ 276 63 109 1,151 46 1,197 $ 437 $ 181 43 55 716 38 754 $ 3,811 $ 1,594 426 648 6,479 2 6,481 $ — $ — — — 431 158 589 $ 2,336 $ 977 199 325 3,837 297 4,134 $ 664 $ 256 51 86 1,057 49 1,106 $ 415 $ 187 43 42 687 36 723 $ 3,534 $ 1,503 348 479 5,864 2 5,866 $ — — — — 419 152 571 2,030 985 142 195 3,352 286 3,638 631 251 47 57 986 48 1,034 422 164 38 42 666 38 704 3,410 1,435 303 368 5,516 2 5,518 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Notes to Schedule III: (1) The sum of gross future policy benefits, losses, claims and expense losses, gross unearned premiums and other policy claims and benefits payable is equal to the sum of Loss and loss expense reserves, Life policy reserves and investment contract reserves and Unearned premiums reported in the company’s consolidated balance sheets. (2) This segment information is not regularly allocated to segments and reviewed by company management in making decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments or to assess their performance. (3) The sum of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other underwriting and insurance expenses is equal to Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 186 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Reinsurance Schedule IV (Dollars in millions) Gross amounts: Life insurance in force Earned premiums Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Ceded amounts to other companies: Life insurance in force Earned premiums Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Assumed amounts from other companies: Life insurance in force Earned premiums Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Net amounts: Life insurance in force Earned premiums Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Percentage of amounts assumed to net: Life insurance in force Earned premiums Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total property casualty insurance Life insurance Total Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 $ 116,697 $ 111,756 $ 108,130 $ $ 3,777 1,586 417 216 5,996 374 6,370 $ $ 3,578 1,503 341 201 5,623 362 5,985 $ 39,204 $ 38,281 $ $ $ $ $ 115 45 19 76 255 76 331 — 12 1 — 430 443 — 443 $ $ $ $ $ 109 41 16 51 217 73 290 — 7 1 — 277 285 — 285 $ 77,493 $ 73,475 $ $ 3,674 1,542 398 570 6,184 298 6,482 $ $ 3,476 1,463 325 427 5,691 289 5,980 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,421 1,446 292 181 5,340 341 5,681 38,146 109 43 14 39 205 71 276 — 7 1 — 191 199 — 199 69,984 3,319 1,404 278 333 5,334 270 5,604 — % — % — % 0.3 % 0.1 — 75.4 7.2 — 6.8 0.2 % 0.1 — 64.9 5.0 — 4.8 0.2 % 0.1 — 57.4 3.7 — 3.6 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 187 Schedule V (Dollars in millions) Allowance for credit losses (1): Beginning balance, January 1 Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Valuation and Qualifying Accounts At December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Cumulative effect of change in accounting for credit losses as of January 1, 2020, pretax Additions charged to costs and expenses Deductions Ending balance, December 31 Deferred tax valuation allowance: Beginning balance, January 1 Additions charged to costs and expenses Deductions Ending balance, December 31 Total valuation and qualifying accounts $ $ $ 22 $ 8 $ — 14 3 19 (20) (8) 16 $ 22 $ 6 — 8 (6) 8 56 $ 41 $ — — (3) 53 15 — 56 $ 69 $ 78 $ 55 (14) 41 49 Notes to Schedule V: (1) Includes allowances for credit losses related to premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable, finance receivables and fixed-maturity securities. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 188 Schedule VI (Dollars in millions) Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Supplementary Information Concerning Property Casualty Insurance Operations Deferred policy acquisition costs: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Reserves for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Reserve discount deducted Gross unearned premiums: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Earned premiums: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Investment income, net of expenses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total (1) Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 345 $ 317 $ 145 33 79 136 28 61 $ 602 $ 542 $ 311 130 25 46 512 $ 5,007 $ 4,881 $ 4,569 814 577 831 739 446 611 687 351 481 7,229 $ 6,677 $ 6,088 — $ — $ — $ $ $ 1,857 $ 1,714 $ 1,665 850 207 356 797 175 273 757 152 213 $ 3,270 $ 2,959 $ 2,787 $ 3,674 $ 3,476 $ 1,542 398 570 1,463 325 427 3,319 1,404 278 333 $ 6,184 $ 5,691 $ 5,334 $ — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — $ 457 $ 431 $ 419 Note to Schedule VI: (1) This segment information is not regularly allocated to segments and not reviewed by company management in making decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments or to assess their performance. Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 189 Schedule VI (continued) Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries Supplementary Information Concerning Property Casualty Insurance Operations (Dollars in millions) Loss and loss expenses incurred related to current accident year: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Loss and loss expenses incurred related to prior accident years: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Paid loss and loss expenses: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total Net written premiums: Commercial lines insurance Personal lines insurance Excess and surplus lines insurance Other Total $ $ Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 2,293 $ 2,431 $ 1,042 243 446 995 192 350 2,222 1,012 153 213 $ 4,024 $ 3,968 $ 3,600 $ (353) $ (95) $ (192) (50) 7 (32) (18) 7 (25) (27) (11) (18) (428) $ (131) $ (248) 703 $ 664 $ 276 63 109 256 51 86 $ 1,151 $ 1,057 $ 631 251 47 57 986 $ 1,806 $ 1,969 $ 2,023 914 118 256 921 112 181 966 90 181 $ 3,094 $ 3,183 $ 3,260 $ 3,811 $ 3,534 $ 1,594 426 648 1,503 348 479 3,410 1,435 303 368 $ 6,479 $ 5,864 $ 5,516 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 190 Index of Exhibits Exhibit No. 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 Exhibit Description Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Cincinnati Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to the company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, Exhibit 3.1) Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Cincinnati Financial Corporation, as of May 5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, Exhibit 3.2) Indenture with The Bank of New York Trust Company (incorporated by reference to the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 2, 2004, filed with respect to the issuance of the company’s 6.125% Senior Notes due November 1, 2034) Supplemental Indenture with The Bank of New York Trust Company (incorporated by reference to the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 2, 2004, filed with respect to the issuance of the company’s 6.125% Senior Notes due November 1, 2034) Second Supplemental Indenture with The Bank of New York Trust Company (incorporated by reference to the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 9, 2005, filed with respect to the completion of the company’s exchange offer and rescission offer for its 6.90% senior debentures due 2028) Form of 6.125% Exchange Note Due 2034 (included in Exhibit 4.2) Form of 6.92% Debentures Due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.3) Indenture with the First National Bank of Chicago (subsequently assigned to The Bank of New York Trust Company) (incorporated by reference to the company’s registration statement on Form S-3 filed on May 20, 1998 (File No. 333-51677)) Form of 6.90% Debentures Due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.6) Description of Registered Securities Cincinnati Financial Corporation Nonemployee Director Stock Plan of 2018 (incorporated by reference to the company’s definitive Proxy Statement dated March 21, 2018) First Amendment to Cincinnati Financial Corporation Nonemployee Director Stock Plan of 2018 Cincinnati Financial Corporation Nonemployee Director Deferred Compensation Plan Cincinnati Financial Corporation Stock Option Plan No. VII (incorporated by reference to the company’s definitive Proxy Statement dated March 8, 2002) (File No. 000-04604) Cincinnati Financial Corporation Annual Incentive Compensation Plan of 2009, Amended and Restated on January 29, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 filed with the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K dated February 25, 2021) Cincinnati Financial Corporation Annual Incentive Compensation Plan of 2009, Amended and Restated on January 29, 2022 Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2006 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to the company’s definitive Proxy Statement dated March 30, 2006) Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to the company’s definitive Proxy Statement dated March 16, 2012) Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to the company’s Definitive Proxy Statement dated March 16, 2016, Appendix B) First Amendment of Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Company’s current report on Form 8-K dated April 11, 2016) Amended and Restated Cincinnati Financial Corporation Supplemental Retirement Plan dated January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 filed with the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated February 27, 2013) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for Stock Option Plan VII (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 20, 2006) Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for Stock Option Plan VII (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 20, 2006) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for the 2006 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 20, 2006) Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 191 Exhibit No. 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 Exhibit Description Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for the 2006 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 20, 2006) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 21, 2013) Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 21, 2013) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (service based) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 21, 2013) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (service based/ratable) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 13, 2015) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (performance based) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 21, 2013) Form of Incentive Compensation Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation Incentive Compensation Plan of 2009 (as amended January 31, 2014) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (service based/cliff) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (service based/ratable) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (performance-based) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (service based/cliff) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (service based/ratable) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (performance based) for the Cincinnati Financial Corporation 2016 Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017) Amended and Restated Cincinnati Financial Corporation Top Hat Savings Plan dated January 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 filed with the company's Form 10-K dated February 23, 2018) Cincinnati Financial Corporation Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement by and between the Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Michael J. Sewell, dated as of October 25, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011) Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 192 Exhibit No. 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 11 14 21 23 31A Exhibit Description Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A. as Administrative Agent, PNC Capital Markets LLC, as Sole Bookrunner and Joint Lead Arranger, Fifth Third Bank, N.A., as Joint Lead Arranger and Syndication Agent, The Huntington National Bank and U.S. Bank, N.A., as Documentation Agents, dated May 13, 2014 (incorporated by reference to the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 13, 2014, Exhibit 10.1) First Amendment of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A. as Administrative Agent, PNC Capital Markets LLC, as Sole Bookrunner and Joint Lead Arranger, Fifth Third Bank, N.A., as Joint Lead Arranger and Syndication Agent, The Huntington National Bank and U.S. Bank, N.A., as Documentation Agents, dated February 8, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 8, 2016) Second Amendment of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, PNC Capital Markets, LLC, as Sole Bookrunner and Joint Lead Arranger, Fifth Third Bank, N.A. as Joint Lead Arranger and Syndication Agent, The Huntington National Bank and U.S. Bank, N.A. as Documentation Agents, dated March 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 4, 2016) Third Amendment of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, PNC Capital Markets, LLC, as Sole Bookrunner and Joint Lead Arranger, Fifth Third Bank, N.A. as Joint Lead Arranger and Syndication Agent, The Huntington National Bank and U.S. Bank, N.A. as Documentation Agents, dated February 4, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 6, 2019) Fourth Amendment of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, PNC Capital Markets, LLC, as Sole Bookrunner and Joint Lead Arranger, Fifth Third Bank, N.A. as Joint Lead Arranger and Syndication Agent, The Huntington National Bank and U.S. Bank, N.A. as Documentation Agents, dated February 26, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 28, 2019) Limited Consent to Credit Agreement, dated December 6, 2019, among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A., Fifth Third Bank, N.A., The Huntington National Bank, U.S. Bank, N.A., and Branch Banking and Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 6, 2019) Limited Consent to Credit Agreement, dated December 11, 2020, among Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CFC Investment Company, PNC Bank, N.A., Fifth Third Bank, N.A., The Huntington National Bank, U.S. Bank, N.A., and Branch Banking and Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 11, 2020) Reimbursement Agreement for Letters of Credit by and between Bank of Nova Scotia and The Cincinnati Insurance Company, dated October 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 17, 2018) Letter of Credit Facility Agreement by and between Cincinnati Financial Corporation, as Borrower, and The Bank of Nova Scotia, as Bank, dated February 25, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 28, 2019) Amendment Letter No. 1 to the Letter of Credit Facility Agreement, dated November 4, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 5, 2019) Amendment Letter No. 2 to the Letter of Credit Facility Agreement, dated October 30, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 2, 2020) Amendment Letter No. 3 to the Letter of Credit Facility Agreement, dated November 2, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 3, 2021) Statement re: Computation of per share earnings for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, contained in Part II, Item 8, Note 12, to the Consolidated Financial Statements Cincinnati Financial Corporation Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers (incorporated by reference to the company’s definitive Proxy Statement dated March 18, 2004 (File No. 000-04604)) Cincinnati Financial Corporation subsidiaries contained in Part I, Item 1, of this report Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 193 Exhibit No. 31B Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Financial Officer Exhibit Description 32 Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 101.INS The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 194 Signatures Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Cincinnati Financial Corporation /S/ Michael J. Sewell By: Title: Date: Michael J. Sewell, CPA Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 24, 2022 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been duly signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature /S/ Steven J. Johnston Steven J. Johnston /S/ Michael J. Sewell Michael J. Sewell /S/ Thomas J. Aaron Thomas J. Aaron /S/ William F. Bahl William F. Bahl /S/ Nancy C. Benacci Nancy C. Benacci /S/ Linda W. Clement-Holmes Linda W. Clement-Holmes /S/ Dirk J. Debbink Dirk J. Debbink /S/ Kenneth C. Lichtendahl Kenneth C. Lichtendahl /S/ David P. Osborn David P. Osborn /S/ Jill P. Meyer Pratt Jill P. Meyer Pratt /S/ Gretchen W. Schar Gretchen W. Schar /S/ Charles O. Schiff Charles O. Schiff /S/ Douglas S. Skidmore Douglas S. Skidmore /S/ John F. Steele, Jr. John F. Steele, Jr. /S/ Larry R. Webb Larry R. Webb Title Date Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 February 24, 2022 Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2021 10-K - Page 195 EXHIBIT 31A CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Steven J. Johnston, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cincinnati Financial Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 24, 2022 /S/ Steven J. Johnston Steven J. Johnston, FCAS, MAAA, CFA, CERA Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer EXHIBIT 31B CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Michael J. Sewell, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cincinnati Financial Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 24, 2022 /S/ Michael J. Sewell Michael J. Sewell, CPA Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer) EXHIBIT 32 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES OXLEY ACT OF 2002 The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with this report on Form 10-K for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code. Steven J. Johnston, the chief executive officer, and Michael J. Sewell, the chief financial officer, of Cincinnati Financial Corporation each certifies that, to the best of his knowledge: 1. 2. the report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and the information contained in the report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. Date: February 24, 2022 /S/ Steven J. Johnston Steven J. Johnston, FCAS, MAAA, CFA, CERA Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer /S/ Michael J. Sewell Michael J. Sewell, CPA Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer) CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION DIRECTORS As of February 24, 2022 T.J. Aaron W.F. Bahl N.C. Benacci L.W. Clement-Holmes D.J. Debbink S.J. Johnston K.C. Lichtendahl J.P. Meyer D.P. Osborn G.W. Schar C.O. Schiff D.S. Skidmore J. F. Steele, Jr. L.R. Webb (A) Audit Committee (C) Compensation Committee (E) Executive Committee (I) Investment Committee (N) Nominating Committee *Committee Chair **Lead Director Thomas J. Aaron, CPA Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Ret.) Community Health Systems (Operator of general acute care hospitals) Director since 2019 (A) William F. Bahl, CFA, CIC Chairman of the Board Bahl & Gaynor Investment Counsel Inc. (Independent registered investment adviser) Director** since 1995 (A)(E)(I)(N*) Nancy C. Benacci, CFA Head of Equity Research (Ret.) KeyBanc Capital Markets (Investment bank) Director since 2020 (A)(I) Linda W. Clement-Holmes Chief Information Officer (Ret.) The Procter & Gamble Company (Consumer products) Director since 2010 (A)(C)(N) Dirk J. Debbink Chairman and Chief Executive Officer MSI General Corporation (Design/build construction firm) Director since 2012 (A)(N) Steven J. Johnston, FCAS, MAAA, CFA, CERA Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Cincinnati Financial Corporation Director since 2011 (E*)(I*) Kenneth C. Lichtendahl Director of Development and Sales (Ret.) Heliosphere Designs LLC (Solar product marketing) Director since 1988 (C) Jill P. Meyer, Esq. President and Chief Executive Officer Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber (Metro business chamber) Director since 2019 (N) David P. Osborn, CFA President Osborn Williams & Donohoe LLC (Independent registered investment adviser) Director since 2013 (A)(C*)(I) Gretchen W. Schar Executive Vice President and Chief Financial and Administrative Officer (Ret.) Arbonne International LLC (Beauty and nutritional products) Director since 2002 (A*)(C)(N) Charles O. Schiff Executive Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer John J. & Thomas R. Schiff & Co. Inc. (Independent insurance agency) Director since 2020 (I) Douglas S. Skidmore Chief Executive Officer Skidmore Sales & Distributing Company Inc. (Food ingredient distributor) Director since 2004 (E)(N) John F. Steele, Jr. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Hilltop Basic Resources Inc. (Supplier of aggregates and concrete) Director since 2005 (E) Larry R. Webb, CPCU President Webb Insurance Agency Inc. (Independent insurance agency) Director since 1979 (E)(I) OFFICERS Steven J. Johnston, FCAS, MAAA, CFA, CERA Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Michael J. Sewell, CPA Chief Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer Martin F. Hollenbeck, CFA, CPCU Chief Investment Officer, Senior Vice President, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Lisa A. Love, Esq. Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary DIRECTORS EMERITI James E. Benoski Gregory T. Bier, CPA (Ret.) Michael Brown W. Rodney McMullen John J. Schiff, Jr., CPCU Thomas R. Schiff Frank J. Schultheis David B. Sharrock John M. Shepherd Kenneth W. Stecher Alan R. Weiler, CPCU E. Anthony Woods William H. Zimmer KENNETH C. LICHTENDAHL Kenneth Lichtendahl, our director since 1988, is retiring from the board in May. During his tenure, Ken served on our audit (former chair), nominating and compensation committees. He contributed valuable insights in developing customer relationships, ethical practices, high-quality associates and product differentiators. As a long-serving board member, he brought institutional continuity with company and industry knowledge accumulated through all phases of industry and economic cycles. We thank him for his many years of service. SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION ANNUAL MEETING Shareholders are invited to attend the Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Cincinnati Financial Corporation at 9:30 a.m. ET, on Saturday, May 7, 2022, at the Cincinnati Art Museum, 953 Eden Park Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio. You may listen to an audio webcast of the event by visiting cinfin.com/investors. INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Deloitte & Touche LLP 50 West Fifth St., Suite 200 Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 COMMON STOCK PRICE AND DIVIDEND DATA Common shares are traded under the symbol CINF on the Nasdaq Global Select Stock Market. (Source: Nasdaq Global Select Market) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Year-end closing price ............................. $113.93 $87.37 $105.15 $77.42 $74.97 Ordinary cash dividends declared ...... $2.52 2.40 2.24 2.12 2.00 Special cash dividends declared and paid ............................................... — — — — 0.50 SHAREHOLDER SERVICES Equiniti Trust Company is the transfer agent and administrator for all registered shareholder accounts. Services available to registered shareholder accounts include dividend direct deposit, Shareholder Investment Plan (including dividend reinvestment), direct registration of shares and electronic delivery. Registered shareholders may also access your individual account at shareowneronline.com, where you can complete transactions online at any time, including changing your address, opting out of receiving paper statements, changing your current dividend reinvestment option and viewing recent transactions. CONTACT INFORMATION You may direct communications to Cincinnati Financial Corporation’s Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary Lisa A. Love, Esq. for sharing with the appropriate individual(s). Or, you may directly contact the following areas: Investors: Investor Relations responds to investor inquiries about the company and its performance. Dennis E. McDaniel, CPA, CMA, CFM, CPCU – Vice President, Investor Relations Officer 513-870-2768 or investor_inquiries@cinfin.com Shareholders: Shareholder Services administers the company’s stock compensation plans and fulfills requests for shareholder materials. C. Brandon McIntosh, CEP, CPA – Assistant Vice President, Shareholder Services 513-870-2639 or shareholder_inquiries@cinfin.com Equiniti Trust Company provides the company’s stock transfer and recordkeeping services, including assisting registered shareholders with updating account information or enrolling in shareholder plans. 1110 Centre Pointe Curve, Suite 101, Mendota Heights, MN 55120 866-638-6443 or visit shareowneronline.com then Contact Us Media: Corporate Communications assists media representatives seeking information or comment from the company or its subsidiaries. Betsy E. Ertel, CPCU, AIM, API – Vice President, Corporate Communications 513-603-5323 or media_inquiries@cinfin.com CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION The Cincinnati Insurance Company The Cincinnati Casualty Company The Cincinnati Indemnity Company The Cincinnati Life Insurance Company MAILING ADDRESS P.O. Box 145496 Cincinnati, Ohio 45250-5496 The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company CSU Producer Resources Inc. CFC Investment Company Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. STREET ADDRESS 6200 South Gilmore Road Fairfield, Ohio 45014-5141 Phone: 888-242-8811 or 513-870-2000 Email: cfc_corporate@cinfin.com Web: cinfin.com

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