CSP
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ⌧⌧ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2020. ◻◻ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 000-10843 CSP Inc. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter) Massachusetts (State of incorporation) 04-2441294 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 175 Cabot Street, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854 (Address of principal executive offices) (978) 954-5038 (Registrant’s telephone number including area code) Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Trading Symbol(s) CSPI Name of each exchange on which registered Nasdaq Global Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ◻ Non-accelerated filer ⌧ Accelerated filer ◻ Smaller Reporting Company ⌧ Emerging Growth Company ◻ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ◻ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ◻ No ⌧ The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $45,061,070 based on the closing sale price of $6.99 as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on March 31, 2020. As of December 21, 2020, we had outstanding 4,276,814 shares of common stock. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain portions of the information required in Part III of this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Business Risk Factors Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary PART I. Item 1. Item 1A. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II. Item 5. Item 7. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV. Item 15. Item 16. Note: Items 1B, 6 and 7A are not required for Smaller Reporting Companies and therefore are not furnished. i Page 2 11 19 20 20 20 20 31 32 32 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 Table of Contents Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This information may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are difficult to predict and may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. The discussion below contains certain forward-looking statements related but not limited to, among others, statements concerning future revenues and future business plans. Forward-looking statements include statements in which we use words such as “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions. Although we believe the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, the forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and thus we cannot assure you that these expectations will prove to be correct, and actual results may vary from those contained in such forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks and uncertainties in Item 1A under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Factors that may cause such variances include, but are not limited to, our dependence on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue, our dependence on contracts with the U.S. federal government, our reliance in certain circumstances on single sources for supply of key product components, and intense competition in the market segments in which we operate. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, forward- looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this document. We have based the forward- looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K on information available to us on the date of this Annual Report, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, other than as required by law. 1 Table of Contents Item 1. Business PART I CSP Inc. ("CSPi" or "CSPI" or "the Company" or "we" or "our") was incorporated in 1968 and is based in Lowell, Massachusetts. To meet the diverse requirements of our commercial and defense customers worldwide, CSPi and its subsidiaries develop and market IT integration solutions, advanced security products, managed IT services, cloud services, purpose built network adapters, and high-performance cluster computer systems. Segments CSPI operates in two segments: Technology Solutions ("TS") and High Performance Products ("HPP"). TS Segment ● The TS segment consists of our wholly-owned Modcomp subsidiary, which operates in the United States and the United Kingdom. ● The TS segment generates product revenues by reselling third-party computer hardware and software as a value added reseller ("VAR"). The TS segment generates service revenues by the delivery of integration services for complex IT environments, including advanced security; unified communications and collaboration; wireless and mobility; data center solutions; and network solutions as well as managed IT services ("MSP") that primarily serve the small and mid- sized business market ("SMB"). ● Third party products and professional services are marketed and sold through the Company’s direct sales force into a variety of vertical markets, including; automotive; defense; health care; education; federal, state and local government; and maritime. ● ● HPP Segment The HPP segment revenue comes from four distinct product lines: (i) a cybersecurity solution marketed as ARIA™ Software-Defined Security (“SDS”), which is offered to commercial, original equipment manufacturers ("OEM") and government customers; (ii) the Myricom® network adapters for commercial, government and OEM customers; (iii) the nVoy Series of appliances for Managed Security Service Providers (“MSSPs”) and end-user customers; and (iv) the legacy Multicomputer product portfolio for digital signal processing ("DSP") applications within the defense markets. The ARIA SDS solution is a software portfolio starting with an underlying platform, comprised of an orchestrator (“SDSo”) and light-weight instances (“SDSi”), and hosted applications that reside on top, as well as supporting hardware, such as turn-key security appliances. All are developed to secure an organization’s network, enterprise-wide, to better protect critical devices, applications and high-value data, such as personally identifiable information ("PII"), from breaches. Revenue is derived from: (i) license sales of our software platform components, (ii) hosted applications, (iii) supporting hardware and (iv) the required support packages. The software licenses, as well as the support packages, are renewable on an annual basis. The ARIA SDS platform and applications can also be deployed on our Myricom SmartNIC adapters which can be directly inserted into our customers servers or integrated as part of our turn-key appliances. Either of these approaches can be deployed into a customer’s data center environments or on-premise servers to provide network security services. ● We anticipate that the ARIA SDS portfolio will be of value to regulated industries, such as financial services or healthcare, due to the rise of data-privacy regulations enforced at the federal, U.S. state, and international level, as well as industry entities. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the dramatic increase in remote workforce ARIA SDS will provide additional protection against exploits entering in from home-based computers and 2 Table of Contents networks. In addition, due to the complexities and high-costs associated with enterprise-wide security, particularly in the creation and operation of Security Operation Centers (“SOCs”), we believe that ARIA will be attractive to organizations that desire SOC level protections without incurring the procurement of disparate tools and the need to hire and retain highly-trained security analysts. We also believe the unique, patent-pending approach will be attractive to MSSPs and OEMs that pursue differentiated security services for their customers. While our initial offerings of the ARIA SDS portfolio are available now, the number of offerings will continue to expand over time. There was limited revenue for ARIA in fiscal year 2020. This was primarily due to COVID-19 limiting our ability to access prospect’s data centers for trials and deployments; however, our pipeline continues to build for FY 2021. As such, we expect to have additional revenue from ARIA starting in fiscal year 2021. The Myricom SmartNIC adapters (“ARC Series” and Myricom Secure Intelligent Adapters or “SIA”) are optimized for and sold into markets that require high-bandwidth and low-latency including (i) packet capture, (ii) financial transactions, (iii) machine vision and (iv) network security monitoring. Our SIA allow organizations to add advanced cybersecurity features to their production server deployments. Our primary customers for packet capture include government agencies that need to capture, inject, and analyze network traffic at line rate, and OEMs selling into vendors of computer security appliances. Financial institutions, such as banks, and brokerage firms use Myricom adapters to decrease transaction times. Our machine vision customers, primarily in the manufacturing industry, use our adapters and software for high fidelity video capture and processing. Organizations across all verticals can benefit from the network monitoring software that allows threats to be found within network data at wire rate on our SmartNICs. The ARIA SDS software applications run on our SIA adapters and on Intel X86 based servers, as well as cloud instances. These applications are primarily focused on helping security tools, such as security information and event management (“SIEM”), which are heavily used by today's SOC deployments, to find missed network-borne threats. We have integrated our ARIA Packet Intelligence (“PI”) with SIEM solutions from Splunk and Sumo Logic SIEM, and it assists our own advanced threat detection application ARIA Advanced Detection and Response (“ADR”). The nVoy Series of appliances (“Packet Recorder” and “Packet Broker”) can be deployed as part of an organization’s data security structure as a new component to complement existing systems and provides data breach verification and notification, as well as compliance reporting. The primary customers will be OEMs or MSSPs that are looking to expand their product and services offerings of industry regulation compliance and breach response solutions. ● ● ● ● ● Multicomputer products for DSP applications are no longer actively developed but will continue to be sold into established programs and supported for several years. Revenue flows come from servicing previously deployed products for a modest number of existing high-value defense customers. Therefore, the revenue from these products, as a percentage of overall Company revenue, is expected to decline over time. Sales Information by Industry Segment The following table details our sales by operating segment for fiscal years ending September 30, 2020 and 2019. Additional segment and geographical information are set forth in Note 17 Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements. Segment TS HPP Total Sales 2020 % 2019 % (Dollar amounts in thousands) $ 55,917 5,876 $ 61,793 90 % $ 71,159 10 % 7,902 100 % $ 79,061 90 % 10 % 100 % 3 Table of Contents TS Segment Products and Services Integration Solutions In the TS segment, we focus on value-added reseller ("VAR") integrated solutions including third-party hardware, software and technical computer-related consulting services and managed services. Our value proposition is our ability to integrate diverse third-party components together into a complete solution to install the system at the customer site and to offer high value IT consulting services to deliver solutions. Third-Party Hardware and Software We sell third-party hardware and software products in the information technology market, with a strategic focus on industry standard servers and data center infrastructure solutions, midrange data storage infrastructure products, network products, unified communications, and IT security hardware and software solutions. Our key offerings include products from Hewlett Packard (HPE)/Aruba, Cisco Systems, Palo Alto Networks, DellEMC, Juniper Networks, Citrix, Intel, VMWare, Fortinet, Microsoft and Checkpoint. Through our business relationships with these vendors, we are able to offer competitively priced robust products to meet our customers’ diverse technology needs, providing procurement and engineering expertise in server infrastructure, storage, security, unified communications and networking, to the small-to-medium sized businesses ("SMBs") and large enterprise businesses ("LEBs") with complex IT environments. We offer our customers a single point of contact for complex multi-vendor technology purchases. Many of our SMB customers have unique technology needs and may lack technical purchasing expertise or have very limited IT engineering resources on staff. We also provide installation, integration, logistical assistance and other value-added services that customers may require. Our current customers are in web and infrastructure hosting, education, telecommunications, healthcare services, distribution, financial services, professional services and manufacturing. We target SMB and LEB customers across all industries. Professional Services We provide professional IT consulting services in the following areas: ● Implementation, integration, migration, configuration, installation services and project management. ● Hyper-Converged Infrastructure ("HCI") - We assist our clients with designing and implementing HCI solutions from multiple vendors including DellEMC, Nutanix, HPE and Cisco. HCI is a software-centric architecture that tightly integrates compute, storage and virtualization resources in a single system. The benefits of an HCI solution are improved performance, scalability and flexibility all in a reduced footprint. ● Virtualization - We help our customers implement virtualization solutions using products from companies such as VMWare and Citrix that allow one computer to do the job of multiple computers by sharing resources of a single computer across multiple environments. Virtualization eliminates physical and geographical limitations and enables users to host multiple operating systems and applications on fewer servers. Benefits include energy cost savings, lower capital expenditure requirements, high availability of resources, better desktop management, increased security and improved disaster recovery. ● ● Enterprise security intrusion prevention, network access control and unified threat management. Using third-party products from companies like Palo Alto, Aruba Networks, Juniper Networks, Fortinet, Checkpoint and Cisco Systems, our services are designed to ensure data security and integrity through the establishment of virtual private networks, firewalls and other technologies. IT security compliance services. We provide services for IT security compliance with personal privacy laws such as the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ("PCI DSS"), the Health Insurance Portability and 4 Table of Contents Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), and internal control regulations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ("SOX"). ● Unified communications, wireless and routing and switching solutions using Cisco Systems and Aruba Networks products and services. ● Custom software applications and solutions development and support. We develop custom applications to customer specifications using industry standard platforms such as Microsoft.Net, SharePoint and OnBase. We are a Microsoft Gold Partner. ● Managed IT services that include monitoring, reporting and management of alerts for the resolution and preventive general IT and IT security support tasks. ● Maintenance and technical support for third-party products including hardware and software, operating system and user support. Managed and Cloud Services As consumption models continue to evolve in our industry, we have developed a robust managed and cloud services offering to provide alternative solutions to traditional capital expenditure investments in IT solutions and IT operations for our clients. Our value is to provide an elastic offering that will allow the client to scale and consume these offerings with monthly billing options that help control costs and provide economies of scale. We provide managed and cloud services in the following areas: ● Proactive monitoring and remote management of IT Infrastructure that includes network (both wired and wireless), data center (which includes compute, storage and virtualization), desktops, unified communications platforms and security. ● Managed and Hosted Unified Communication as a Service via a Cisco Collaboration offering under an annuity program. ● Managed Security (firewall, endpoint protection, malware, anti-virus and SIEM). ● Managed BackUp and Replication. ● Cloud services that include Microsoft Office 365, Azure, Greencloud and Amazon Web Services. Markets, Marketing and Dependence on Certain Customers We are an IT systems integrator and computer hardware and software VAR. We also provide technical services to achieve a value-add to our customers. We operate within the VAR sales channels of major computer hardware and software OEMs, primarily within the geographic areas of our sales offices and across the U.S. We provide innovative IT solutions, including a myriad of infrastructure products with customized integration consulting services and managed services to meet the unique requirements of our customers. We market the products and services we sell through sales offices in the U.S. and the U.K. using our direct sales force. Competition Our primary competition in the TS segment is other VARs ranging from small companies that number in the thousands, to large enterprises such as CDW, PC Connection, Insight, Presidio, Dimension Data, and Computacenter Limited. In addition, we compete directly with many of the companies that manufacture the third-party products we sell, including Cisco Systems, IBM, HPE, EMC (now part of Dell) and others. In the network management, security and 5 Table of Contents storage systems integration services business, our competitors are extensive and vary to a certain degree in each of the geographical markets, but they also include such national competitors as HP/EDS, IBM and Cap Gemini. Nearly all of our product offerings are available through other channels. Favorable competitive factors for the TS segment include procurement capability, product diversity which enables the delivery of complete and custom solutions to our customers and the strength of our key business relationships with the major IT OEMs. We also consider our ability to meet the unique and/or specialized needs of the SMB and LEB markets and our strong knowledge of the IT products that we sell to be a key competitive advantage. Our ability to provide managed services through our network operations center and the professional IT services required to design and install custom IT solutions to address our customers' IT needs are distinct competitive advantages. Unfavorable competitive factors include low name recognition, limited geographic coverage and pricing. Backlog The backlog of customer orders and contracts for the TS segment was approximately $4.3 million at September 30, 2020, as compared to $4.0 million at September 30, 2019. Our backlog can fluctuate greatly. These fluctuations can be due to the timing of receiving large orders for third-party products and/or IT services. It is expected that all of the customer orders in backlog will ship and/or be provided during fiscal year 2021. HPP Segment Products and Services The mission of the HPP team is to deliver a differentiated, smarter approach to cybersecurity. Our software-defined platform makes it easier for organizations to achieve enterprise-wide network security and protection of critical assets, applications and devices by improving their network visibility capabilities and accelerating their incident response. Products The ARIA SDS solution provides organizations an automated, central, and coordinated way to accelerate cyber threat detection and response, implement and enforce security policies, control which applications can access critical assets, and to protect applications and the associated data. The ARIA SDSo and SDSi, provide the foundation of the ARIA platform, so that a series of lightweight advanced security applications can be deployed, provisioned and managed uniformly across any sized organization. These instances can be deployed in a variety of scenarios including bare metal servers, virtual machines ("VMs"), and container-based computing environments, as well as on our own turn-key security appliances. The ARIA SDSo will automatically detect any instances and programmatically execute the specified applications security feature set strengthening an organization's security posture. For customers that desire a turnkey solution, a bundled offering can be created for deployment and opens the possibility for professional services and integration services offerings to our channel. ARIA SDS APPLICATIONS The deployment of hosted applications bring life to the ARIA SDS platform. Application availability will expand over time as new products are released. We believe our current offerings have significant market potential. 1) ARIA Advanced Detection and Response: The newest ARIA SDS, ARIA ADR, offering was released in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 and provides organizations with the ability to deploy SOC capabilities without the need for costly security tools or the skilled human resources. ARIA ADR is a single-platform solution driven by artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning (“ML”) to enable automated, comprehensive threat detection and response. 6 Table of Contents ARIA ADR is an attractive option for mid-sized organizations that need a complete cybersecurity solution. It can be deployed on customers’ premises as well as in the public cloud infrastructure. The ARIA ADR solution is offered as a SaaS service with multi-year monthly or annual subscription contracts for both the software and hardware components. The solution can be deployed through a turn-key security appliance in premises network, and data centers, and in virtual cloud instances. 2) ARIA Packet Intelligence: The ARIA Packet Intelligence ("PI") application directs an organization’s network traffic to existing intrusion detection systems (“IDS”) security tools such as SIEMs, Intrusion Prevention Systems or (“IPS"), as well as our ARIA ADR solution to make these tools effective at detecting network-borne threats. The ARIA PI application is available as a licensed functionality within a low-cost high-availability ("HA") security appliance, or probe, that taps into an organization’s network infrastructure, as well as on the Myricom SIA adapter. The probe mines data at 10-25G line rates and performs remedial actions to stop threats on a per-traffic stream basis while minimizing impact on network traffic performance. Built-in APIs allow compatible third party threat detection tools to take actions in order to stop detected threats. The ARIA PI application will be able to improve IPS or IDS performance by preprocessing the data feeds, allowing such solutions to run effectively at higher line rates. 3) ARIA Packet Capture: Our Sniffer10G ("SNF") software is used by intelligence agencies for packet capture, network surveillance applications, and to perform detailed cyber-threat analysis. It’s a recommended solution to increase the Zeek IDS (formerly known as Bro) to support 10G line rates rather than the standard 1G. 4) ARIA Key Management Server: The ARIA KMS application makes it easier to add encryption and decryption capabilities to those applications which leverage a standards-based key management interoperability protocol ("KMIP") client. For example, each of VMware’s vSphere and vSAN instances leverage a KMIP client to encrypt their application data output. As such, they need to be fed KMIP compatible keys to perform encryption. Depending upon the size of the environment, this could require hundreds of keys per minute. Our ARIA KMS application provides such KMIP keys securely and at rapid scale while ensuring that the key servers are highly available at all times. Our application was designed to solve the deployment complexity challenges currently associated with key management. MYRICOM SmartNIC ADAPTERS Myricom ARC Series product line includes a portfolio of SmartNIC ethernet adapters, as well as specialized software, which is branded as DBL for financial institutions and SNF for network monitoring. Both are compatible with Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and VMware ESX. Our adapters act as stand-alone Network Interface Cards ("NIC”) and support purpose-built for applications that provide high bandwidth, low latency and line-rate packet capture, and processing off load for high-frequency financial trading and network traffic analysis applications. Myricom Secure Intelligent Adapter ("SIA") is our next-generation adapter and provides additional compute capabilities and the specialized hardware necessary to optimally operate the ARIA SDS platform and applications. These advanced features allow organizations to achieve lossless packet inspection and policy based actions on network traffic at wire rate, which is required for network surveillance use cases and tools, such as lawful intercept, deep packet inspection, forensic tools, and threat detection applications. Customer verticals for the Myricom SIA include service providers, OEMs and MSSPs. ARIA SECURITY APPLIANCES ARIA Security Appliances provide a standalone solution that can be either deployed in-line to provide network security, or within a data center to provide security services. These appliances are built with one or multiple integrated Myricom SIA adapters. This allows for broader options to deploy our services in a turn-key fashion. nVoy Series is comprised of a 100G Packet Broker and a 10G Packet Recorder appliance optimized to run our ARIA applications. These tools assist customers in the deployment of our ARIA solution into higher speed networks, as 7 Table of Contents well as provide the compute and storage intensive functions needs to provide some of our services such as packet recording. MULTICOMPUTER PRODUCTS Multicomputer products portfolio includes the 2000 SERIES VME and the 3000 SERIES VXS systems. The 2000 SERIES products, based on PowerPC RISC processors with AltiVec™ technology, high-speed memory, and Myrinet-2000™ cluster interconnect, are currently in use by customers in the aerospace, commercial, and defense markets. The 3000 SERIES VXS product line, incorporating the Freescale QorIQ PowerPC processors with AltiVec technology, targets high-performance DSP, signal intelligence ("SIGINT"), and radar and sonar applications in airborne, shipboard, and unmanned aerial vehicle ("UAV") platforms where space, power, and cooling are at a premium. The HPP segment will continue to ship and repair existing Multicomputer products to its customer base and support an installed base of DSP systems. Royalties on Multicomputer products We license the design of certain 2000 SERIES computer processor boards and switch interconnect technology to third parties. In exchange for licensing this technology, we receive a royalty payment for each processor board that utilizes our design for these products. Markets, Marketing and Dependence on Certain Customers Aerospace & Defense Market Our focus for fiscal 2021 and beyond is to continue our support of established Multicomputer and Myricom products allowing system deployments to be made by government entities. These programs have support requirements that often extend beyond twenty years. Financial Transactions Market Myricom network adapters with DBL application software address the need for the ultra-low latency required in the world of financial trading. Running DBL on the Myricom ARC Series provides acceleration for 10G Ethernet environments, with benchmarked application-to-application latency in the single digit microsecond range for Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Packet Capture Market Myricom Sniffer software, running on Myricom ARC adapters, provides enterprise and government customers and partners the ability to capture, inject, and analyze network traffic at line rate for all Ethernet packet sizes, with low-cost CPU overhead. Sniffer10G serves the following market segments: network surveillance, monitoring and analysis, testing, measurement, and packet generation, as well as a technology component within intrusion detection systems ("IDS"), forensic tools, and threat detection and response solutions. Machine Vision Market Myricom ARC network adapters are used in a wide range of network applications, including those that connect machine vision camera systems using Ethernet. Many of these OEM customers require high-performance, low latency 10G networked video processing systems, which include our SmartNICs and software to assist with the video transmission. 8 Table of Contents Cyber Security Products Market The ARIA SDS solution is targeted at organizations that need to get additional functionality out of their current cybersecurity solutions to find and stop intrusion threats, while also reducing their operating costs. At the present time, our ARIA SDS solutions are primarily offered through our direct sales channel, however, it is likely that future sales will come through channel partners such as independent reseller and MSSPs. These value added resellers will find the ARIA offerings an appealing way to expand their portfolio of security products and services while replacing less-effective tools and processes in their customer environments. OEM vendors in the cybersecurity market can benefit from integrating the ARIA applications and leveraging them as internal solutions to allow their applications to scale, add critical functionality, or solve particular problems, such as poor performance. OEMs are interested in the Myricom Adapters including our SIA running our ARIA SDS applications, for use as Smart NICs within their appliances. We believe this will be a large growing market we can participate in in the coming years. As mentioned, MSSPs require simple, yet differentiated, solutions that can be deployed across their customer bases. The detection, orchestration and automation capabilities found in ARIA SDS are valuable as they allow these security service providers to scale their offerings while increasing the productivity of their security operation center staff. Competition CSPi’s competition in the cybersecurity space comes primarily from the large, traditional security vendors like Dell, IBM, and McAfee. Due to the ARIA’s approach to network and data security, we also face competition from traditional security tools and current approaches to finding network based attacks. The competition includes common firewall manufacturers with broad portfolios such as Palo Alto or Cisco, and in the case of data packet brokers, Gigamon and Ixia. Competitors for ARIA SDS encryption include applications and appliances provided by Thales, HPE’s Voltaic group, and other smaller market players. In the crowded security products market, our history of supporting defense and government military programs, strong security application expertise, and the ability to develop optimized products for OEMs will set us apart. We must continually develop new features and solutions to stay abreast of evolving customer requirements and leverage advances in technology. One example is Intel’s chip-level roadmap that may provide additional functionality for our ARIA SDS solution, but our competitors could also attempt to leverage this. Some of these competitors may also be potential go-to-market partners or OEM customers looking to integrate our capabilities within their products and solutions. Manufacturing, Assembly and Testing Currently, all Multicomputer products are shipped to our customers directly from our plant in Lowell, Massachusetts. Our manufacturing activities consist mainly of final assembly and testing of printed circuit boards and systems that are designed by us and fabricated by outside third-party vendors. Upon our receipt of material and components from outside suppliers, our quality assurance technicians inspect these products and components. During manufacture and assembly, both sub-assemblies and completed systems are subjected to extensive testing, including burn-in and environmental stress screening designed to minimize equipment failure at delivery and over the useful service life of the system. We also use diagnostic programs to detect and isolate potential component failures. A comprehensive log is maintained of past failures to monitor the ongoing reliability of our products and improve design standards. Currently, Myricom products, including the nVoy appliances and Myricom network adapters, are shipped to our customers directly from our plant in Lowell, Massachusetts. The packet recorder and packet broker appliances are sourced from third-party partners, integrated with CSPi software and resold under the CSPi brand. Our network adapters are primarily designed and specified in-house and fabricated and sourced from outside third party vendors. Material and components received from outside suppliers are inspected by our quality assurance technicians. 9 Table of Contents The ARIA SDS solution (platform and applications) is licensed from servers or content-delivery services directly controlled by CSPi. The ARIA software can be sold in conjunction with the Myricom SIA, or our appliances, which may be preloaded with the appropriate images. We provide a warranty covering defects arising from the sale of Multicomputer and Myricom products, which varies from 90 days to three years, depending upon the particular unit in question. Sources and Availability of Raw Materials Several components used in our HPP segment products are obtained from sole-source suppliers. We are dependent on key vendors such as Xilinx, NXP, and BCRM for a variety of processors for certain products and Wind River Systems, Inc. for VxWorks operating system software. Despite our dependence on these sole-source suppliers, based on our current forecast and our projected sales obligations, we believe we have adequate inventory on hand and our current near-term requirements can be met in the existing supply chain. Research and Development For the year ended September 30, 2020, our expenses for R&D were approximately $2.8 million compared to approximately $2.8 million for the year ended September 30, 2019. Expenditures for R&D are expensed as they are incurred. Product development efforts in fiscal year 2020 involved development of the ARIA SDS product set, and enhancements to our Myricom products, in which we expect to continue to make investments related to the development of new hardware adapter products and the ARIA SDS software that enables the hardware to meet the needs of specific applications. Our current R&D plan is intended to extend the usefulness and marketability of these products by adding features and capabilities to meet the needs of our markets. Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights. We have pending patents for the ARIA SDS software and will be pursuing additional patent rights over time. Backlog The backlog of customer orders and contracts in the HPP segment was approximately $0.6 million at September 30, 2020 as compared to $0.5 million at September 30, 2019. Our backlog can fluctuate greatly. We can experience possible large fluctuations due to the timing of receipt of large orders often for purchases from prime contractors for sales to the government. It is expected that all of the customer orders in backlog will ship and/or be provided during fiscal year 2021. Significant Customers See Note 17 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for detailed information regarding customers which comprised more than 10% of consolidated revenues for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Employees As of September 30, 2020, we had approximately 112 full time equivalent employees worldwide for our consolidated operations. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we have had no work stoppages in the last three fiscal years. We consider relations with our employees to be good. 10 Table of Contents Company Website The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) maintains an internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Company’s internet address is http://www.cspi.com. Through that address, the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. The information contained on the Company’s website is not included in, nor incorporated by reference into, this annual report on Form 10-K. Financial Information about Geographic Areas Information regarding our sales by geographic area and percentage of sales based on the location to which the products are shipped or services rendered are in Note 17 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Item 1A. Risk Factors If any of the risks and uncertainties set forth below actually materialize, our business, financial condition and/or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, the trading price of our common stock could decline and a stockholder could lose all or part of its, his or her investment. The risks and uncertainties set forth below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also impair our business operations. We depend on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue and loss of any customer could significantly affect our business. Both the HPP and TS segments are reliant upon a small number of significant customers, and the loss of or significant reduction in sales to any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020, one customer accounted for approximately $6.5 million in revenue, or 10% of our total revenues for the fiscal year. In addition, our revenues are largely dependent upon the ability of our customers to continue to grow or need services or to develop and sell products that incorporate our products. No assurance can be given that our customers will not experience financial or other difficulties that could adversely affect their operations and, in turn, our results of operations. We depend on key personnel and skilled employees and face competition in hiring and retaining qualified employees. We are largely dependent upon the skills and efforts of our senior management, managerial, sales and technical employees. None of our senior management personnel or other key employees are subject to any employment contracts except Victor Dellovo, our Chief Executive Officer and President. The loss of services of any of our executives or other key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on our ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled technical professionals. Our ability to maintain and renew existing engagements and obtain new business depends, in large part, on our ability to hire and retain technical personnel with the skills that keep pace with continuing changes in our industry standards and technologies. The inability to hire additional qualified personnel could impair our ability to satisfy or grow our client base. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in retaining current or future employees. Our success depends in part on our timely introduction of new products and technologies and our results can be impacted by the effectiveness of our significant investments in new products and technologies We have made significant investments in our ARIA SDS cyber security products and services that may not achieve expected returns. We will continue to make significant investments in research, development, and marketing for ARIA products, services, and technologies. Commercial success depends on many factors, including innovativeness, developer support, and effective distribution and marketing. If customers do not perceive our latest offerings as 11 Table of Contents providing significant new functionality or other value, they may reduce their purchases of new software and hardware products or upgrades, unfavorably affecting revenue. We may not achieve significant revenue from new product, service, and distribution channel investments for several years. New products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for some new products and businesses may not be as high as the margins we have experienced historically. Developing new technologies and products is complex. It can require long development and testing periods. Significant delays in new releases or significant problems in creating new products or services could adversely affect our revenue. We depend on contracts with the federal government, primarily with the Department of Defense ("DoD"), for a portion of our revenue, and our business could be seriously harmed if the government significantly decreased or ceased doing business with us. We derived 6% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2020 and 4% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2019 from the DoD as a subcontractor. We expect that the DoD contracts will continue to be important to our business for the foreseeable future. If we were suspended or debarred from contracting with the federal government generally, the General Services Administration, or any significant agency in the intelligence community or the DoD, if our reputation or relationship with government agencies were to be impaired, or if the government otherwise ceased doing business with us or significantly decreased the amount of business it does with us, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be materially and adversely affected. To be successful, we must respond to the rapid changes in technology. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis our business could be materially adversely affected. Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to enhance our current products and to develop new commercial products on a timely and cost-effective basis in order to respond to technological developments and changing customer needs. The design-in process is typically lengthy and expensive and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to meet the product specifications of our customers in a timely and adequate manner. In addition, if we fail to anticipate or to respond adequately to changes in technology and customer preferences, or if there is any significant delay in product developments or introductions, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including the risk of inventory obsolescence. Because of the complexity of our products, we have experienced delays from time to time in completing products on a timely basis. If we are unable to design, develop or introduce competitive new products on a timely basis, our future operating results would be adversely affected, particularly in our HPP segment. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in developing new products or enhancing our existing products on a timely or cost- effective basis, or that such new products or product enhancements will achieve market acceptance. We rely on single sources for supply of certain components and our business may be seriously harmed if our supply of any of these components or other components is disrupted. Several components used in our HPP products are currently obtained from sole-source suppliers. We are dependent on key vendors like Mellanox Technologies for our high-speed interconnect components. Generally, suppliers may terminate our purchase orders without cause upon 30 days’ notice and may cease offering products to us upon 180 days’ notice. Although we do not consider the risk of interruption of supply to be a significant risk in the near term, if in the future, Mellanox Technologies were to limit or reduce the sale of such components to us, or if these or other component suppliers, some of which are small companies, were to experience future financial difficulties or other problems which could prevent them from supplying the necessary components, such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These sole source and other suppliers are each subject to quality and performance risks, materials shortages, excess demand, reduction in capacity and other factors that may disrupt the flow of goods to us or our customers, which thereby may adversely affect our business and customer relationships. We have no guaranteed supply arrangements with our suppliers and there can be no assurance that our suppliers will continue to meet our requirements. If our supply arrangements are interrupted, there can be no assurance that we would be able to find another supplier on a timely or satisfactory basis. Any shortage or interruption in the supply of any 12 Table of Contents of the components used in our products, or the inability to procure these components from alternate sources on acceptable terms, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that severe shortages of components will not occur in the future. Such shortages could increase the cost or delay the shipment of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Significant increases in the prices of these components would also materially adversely affect our financial performance since we may not be able to adjust product pricing to reflect the increase in component costs. We could incur set-up costs and delays in manufacturing should it become necessary to replace any key vendors due to work stoppages, shipping delays, financial difficulties or other factors and, under certain circumstances, these costs and delays could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our international operation is subject to a number of risks. We market and sell our products in certain international markets and we have established operations in the U.K. Foreign-based revenue is determined based on the location to which the product is shipped or services are rendered and represented 5% and 8% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. If revenues generated by foreign activities are not adequate to offset the expense of establishing and maintaining these foreign activities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, there are certain risks inherent in transacting business internationally, such as changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements, export and import restrictions, export controls relating to technology, tariffs and other trade barriers, longer payment cycles, problems in collecting accounts receivable, political instability, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, expatriation controls and potential adverse tax consequences, any of which could adversely impact the success of our international activities. In particular, it is possible activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities, including those related to tax, trade, and employee relations as a result of Brexit. A portion of our revenues are from sales to foreign entities, including foreign governments, which are primarily paid in the form of foreign currencies. There can be no assurance that one or more of such factors will not have a material adverse effect on our future international activities and, consequently, on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Systems failures may disrupt our business and have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Any systems failures, including network, software or hardware failures, whether caused by us, a third party service provider, unauthorized intruders and hackers, computer viruses, natural disasters, power shortages or terrorist attacks, could cause loss of data or interruptions or delays in our business or that of our clients and reputational harm as a security provider. Like other companies, we have experienced cyber security threats to our data and systems, our company sensitive information, and our information technology infrastructure, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, systems failures and temporary disruptions. We may experience similar security threats at customer sites that we operate and manage as a contractual requirement. Prior cyber attacks directed at us have not had a material adverse impact on our business or our financial results, and we believe that our continuing commitment toward threat detection and mitigation processes and procedures will help us minimize or avoid such impact in the future. Due to the evolving nature of these security threats, however, the impact of any future incident cannot be predicted. In addition, the failure or disruption of our email, communications or utilities could cause us to interrupt or suspend our operations or otherwise harm our business. Our property and business interruption insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur as a result of any system or operational failure or disruption and, as a result, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. The systems and networks that we maintain for our clients, although highly redundant in their design, could also fail. If a system or network we maintain were to fail or experience service interruptions, we might experience loss of revenue or face claims for damages or contract termination. Our errors and omissions liability insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all the damages that we might incur and, as a result, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. 13 Table of Contents We face competition that could adversely affect our sales and profitability. The markets for our products are highly competitive and are characterized by rapidly changing technology, frequent product performance improvements and evolving industry standards. Many of our competitors are substantially larger than we are and have greater access to capital and human resources and in many cases price their products and services less than ours. In addition, due to the rapidly changing nature of technology, new competitors may emerge. Competitors may be able to offer more attractive pricing or develop products that could offer performance features that are superior to our products, resulting in reduced demand for our products. Such competitors could have a negative impact on our ability to win future business opportunities. There can be no assurance that a new competitor will not attempt to penetrate the various markets for our products and services. Their entry into markets historically targeted by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business could be adversely affected by changes in budgetary priorities of the federal government. Because we derive a significant percentage of our revenue from contracts with the federal government, changes in federal government budgetary priorities could directly affect our financial performance. A significant decline in government expenditures, a shift of expenditures away from programs that we support or a change in federal government contracting policies could cause federal government agencies to reduce their purchases under contracts, to exercise their right to terminate contracts at any time without penalty or not to exercise options to renew contracts. In years when Congress does not complete its budget process before the end of its fiscal year (September 30), government operations are funded through a continuing resolution ("CR") that temporarily funds federal agencies. Recent CRs have generally provided funding at the levels provided in the previous fiscal year and have not authorized new spending initiatives. When the federal government operates under a CR, delays can occur in the procurement of products and services. Historically, such delays have not had a material effect on our business; however, should funding of the federal government by CR be prolonged or extended, it could have significant consequences to our business and our industry. Additionally, our business could be seriously affected if changes in DoD priorities reduces the demand for our services on contracts supporting some operations and maintenance activities or if we experience an increase in set-asides for small businesses, which could result in our inability to compete directly for contracts. U.S. Federal government contracts contain numerous provisions that are unfavorable to us. U.S. Federal government contracts contain provisions and are subject to laws and regulations that give the government rights and remedies, some of which are not typically found in commercial contracts, including allowing the government to: ● ● ● ● ● cancel multi-year contracts and related orders if funds for contract performance for any subsequent year become unavailable; claim rights in systems and software developed by us; suspend or debar us from doing business with the federal government or with a governmental agency; impose fines and penalties and subject us to criminal prosecution; and control or prohibit the export of our data and technology. If the government terminates a contract for convenience, we may recover only our incurred or committed costs, settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, we may be unable to recover even those amounts, and instead may be liable for excess costs incurred by the 14 Table of Contents government in procuring undelivered items and services from another source. Depending on the value of a contract, such termination could cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. As is common with government contractors, we have experienced and continue to experience occasional performance issues under certain of our contracts. Depending upon the value of the matters affected, a performance problem that impacts our performance of a program or contract could cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. We may be unsuccessful in protecting our intellectual property rights which could result in the loss of a competitive advantage. Our ability to compete effectively against other companies in our industry depends, in part, on our ability to protect our current and future proprietary technology under patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and unfair competition laws. We cannot assure that our means of protecting our proprietary rights in the United States or abroad will be adequate, or that others will not develop technologies similar or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in attempting to protect our proprietary rights. Also, despite the steps taken by us to protect our proprietary rights, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy or reverse-engineer aspects of our products develop similar technology independently or otherwise obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary and we may be unable to successfully identify or prosecute unauthorized uses of our technology. Furthermore, with respect to our issued patents and patent applications, we cannot assure that patents from any pending patent applications (or from any future patent applications) will be issued, that the scope of any patent protection will exclude competitors or provide competitive advantages to us, that any of our patents will be held valid if subsequently challenged or that others will not claim rights in or ownership of the patents (and patent applications) and other proprietary rights held by us. If we become subject to intellectual property infringement claims, we could incur significant expenses and could be prevented from selling specific products. We may become subject to claims that we infringe the intellectual property rights of others in the future. We cannot assure that, if made, these claims will not be successful. Any claim of infringement could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim even if the claim is invalid, and could distract management from other business. Any judgment against us could require substantial payment in damages and could also include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering certain products. We need to continue to expend resources on research and development ("R&D") efforts in our HPP segment, to meet the needs of our customers. If we are unable to do so, our products could become less attractive to customers and our business could be materially adversely affected. Our industry requires a continued investment in R&D. As a result of our need to maintain or increase our spending levels for R&D in this area and the difficulty in reducing costs associated with R&D, our operating results could be materially harmed if our revenues fall below expectations. In addition, as a result of CSPi’s commitment to invest in R&D, spending as a percent of revenues may fluctuate in the future. Further, if we fail to invest sufficiently in R&D or our R&D does not produce competitive results, our products may become less attractive to our customers or potential customers, which could materially harm our business and results of operations. Our need for continued or increased investment in research and development may increase expenses and reduce our profitability. Our industry is characterized by the need for continued investment in research and development. If we fail to invest sufficiently in research and development, our products could become less attractive to potential customers and our business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. As a result of the need to maintain or 15 Table of Contents increase spending levels in this area and the difficulty in reducing costs associated with research and development, our operating results could be materially harmed if our research and development efforts fail to result in new products or if revenues fall below expectations. In addition, as a result of our commitment to invest in research and development, spending levels of research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues may fluctuate in the future. Our results of operations are subject to fluctuation from period to period and may not be an accurate indication of future performance. We have experienced fluctuations in operating results in large part due to the sale of products and services in relatively large dollar amounts to a relatively small number of customers. Customers specify delivery date requirements that coincide with their need for our products and services. Because these customers may use our products and services in connection with a variety of defense programs or other projects with different sizes and durations, a customer’s orders for one quarter generally do not indicate a trend for future orders by that customer. As such, we have not been able in the past to consistently predict when our customers will place orders and request shipments so that we cannot always accurately plan our manufacturing, inventory, and working capital requirements. As a result, if orders and shipments differ from what we predict, we may incur additional expenses and build excess inventory, which may require additional reserves and allowances and reduce our working capital and operational flexibility. Any significant change in our customers’ purchasing patterns could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and reported earnings per share for a particular quarter. Thus, results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. Our quarterly results may be subject to fluctuations resulting from a number of other factors, including: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● delays in completion of internal product development projects; delays in shipping hardware and software; delays in acceptance testing by customers; a change in the mix of products sold to our served markets; changes in customer order patterns; production delays due to quality problems with outsourced components; inability to scale quick reaction capability products due to low product volume; shortages and costs of components; the timing of product line transitions; declines in quarterly revenues from previous generations of products following announcement of replacement products containing more advanced technology; inability to realize the expected benefits from acquisitions and restructurings, or delays in realizing such benefits; potential asset impairment, including goodwill and intangibles, write-off of deferred tax assets or restructuring charges; and ● changes in estimates of completion on fixed price service engagements. 16 Table of Contents In addition, from time to time, we have entered into contracts, referred to as development contracts, to engineer a specific solution based on modifications to standard products. Gross margins from development contract revenues are typically lower than gross margins from standard product revenues. We intend to continue to enter into development contracts and anticipate that the gross margins associated with development contract revenues will continue to be lower than gross margins from standard product sales. Another factor contributing to fluctuations in our quarterly results is the fixed nature of expenditures on personnel, facilities and marketing programs. Expense levels for these programs are based, in significant part, on expectations of future revenues. If actual quarterly revenues are below management’s expectations, our results of operations will likely be adversely affected. Further, the preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and changes in estimates in subsequent periods could cause our results of operations to fluctuate. If we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, we may not be able to recover successfully, which could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm, or legal liability. If we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as a hurricane, earthquake, terrorist attack, pandemic or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities, and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. As we attempt to grow our operations, the potential for particular types of natural or man-made disasters, political, economic or infrastructure instabilities, or other country- or region-specific business continuity risks increases. If we suffer any data breaches involving the designs, schematics, or source code for our products or other sensitive information, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. We securely store our designs, schematics, and source code for our products as they are created. A breach, whether physical, electronic or otherwise, of the systems on which this sensitive data is stored could lead to damage or piracy of our products. If we are subject to data security breaches from external sources or from an insider threat, we may have a loss in sales or increased costs arising from the restoration or implementation of additional security measures, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Other potential costs could include loss of brand value, incident response costs, loss of stock market value, regulatory inquiries, litigation, and management distraction. In addition, a security breach that involved classified information could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, loss of a government contract, loss of access to classified information, or debarment as a government contractor. Similarly, a breach that involved loss of customer- provided data could subject us to loss of a customer, loss of a contract, litigation costs and legal damages, and reputational harm. Changes in regulations could materially adversely affect us. Our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected if laws, regulations, or standards relating to us or our products are newly implemented or changed. In addition, our compliance with existing regulations may have a material adverse impact on us. Under applicable federal securities laws, we are required to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control structure and procedures. If we have a material weakness in our internal controls, our results of operations or financial condition may be materially adversely affected, or our stock price may decline. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020, the Company concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. See details in Item 9A. 17 Table of Contents Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2020. Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting and we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. Our management identified a material weakness in internal controls as of September 30, 2020. The material weakness is in connection with internal controls over the revenue recognition process, specifically the failure to properly identify whether the Company was to be considered the principal or the agent in certain transactions. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely basis. Effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are necessary for us to provide reliable financial and other reports and effectively prevent fraud. These types of controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the proper preparation of our financial statements, as well as regarding the timely reporting of material information. If we cannot maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, or provide reliable financial statements or SEC reports or prevent fraud, investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information, our common stock could be subject to delisting on the stock exchange where it is traded, our operating results and the trading price of our common stock could suffer and we might become subject to litigation. We will take initiatives to improve our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls. For details on these initiatives, see Item 9A. While our management will continue to review the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, there is no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives, including the prevention and detection of fraud, all of the time. Our stock price may continue to be volatile Historically, the market for technology stocks has been extremely volatile. Our common stock has experienced and may continue to experience substantial price volatility. The following factors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● loss of a major customer; loss of a major supplier; the addition or departure of key personnel; variations in our quarterly operating results; announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, new products or product enhancements; acquisitions, distribution partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments; regulatory changes; sales of our common stock or other securities in the future; changes in market valuations of technology companies; and fluctuations in stock market prices and volumes. 18 Table of Contents In addition, the stock market in general and the NASDAQ Global Market and technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of such companies. These broad market and industry factors may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against such companies. If any shareholders were to issue a lawsuit, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of management could be diverted. Pandemics, epidemics or disease outbreaks, such as the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Pandemics, epidemics, or disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19 may cause harm to us, our employees, our clients, our vendors and supply chain partners, and financial institutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. The impact of a pandemic, epidemic, or other disease outbreak, such as COVID-19, may include, but would not be limited to: (i) disruption to operations due to the unavailability of employees due to illness, quarantines, risk of illness, travel restrictions or factors that limit our existing or potential workforce; (ii) volatility in the demand for or availability of our products and services, (iii) inability to meet our customers’ needs due to disruptions in the manufacture, sourcing and distribution of our products and services, or (iv) failure of third parties on which we rely, including our suppliers, clients, and external business partners, to meet their obligations to us, or significant disruptions in their ability to do so. As a result of the World Health Organization characterizing the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, national, state, and local governments have taken actions such as declaring a state of emergency, social distancing guidelines, and shutting down certain businesses which are not considered essential in part or entirely. The Company has complied with such actions causing most employees to work remotely in all locations. Such measures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Item 2. Properties Listed below are our principal facilities as of September 30, 2020. Management considers all facilities listed below to be suitable for the purpose(s) for which they are used, including manufacturing, research and development, sales, marketing, service and administration. Location Principal Use TS Segment Properties: Modcomp, Inc. 1182 East Newport Center Drive Deerfield Beach, FL 33442 Modcomp, Ltd. Trinity Court, Molly Millars Lane Wokingham, Berkshire United Kingdom HPP Segment Properties: CSP Inc. 175 Cabot Street, Suite 210 Lowell, MA 01854 Division Headquarters Sales, Marketing and Administration Sales, Marketing and Administration Corporate Headquarters Manufacturing, Sales, Marketing and Administration 19 Owned or Leased Approximate Floor Area Leased 11,815 S.F. Leased 916 S.F. Leased 13,515 S.F. Table of Contents Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not Applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market information. Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol CSPI. The following table provides the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market for the periods indicated. Fiscal Year: 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter 2020 2019 High Low High $ 13.60 $ 14.52 $ 11.40 9.85 $ $ 12.01 5.00 $ 6.21 $ 7.40 $ $ 13.45 $ 11.92 $ 15.50 $ 15.18 Low 8.78 $ $ 9.31 $ 10.30 $ 12.21 Stockholders. We had approximately 65 holders of record of our common stock as of December 23, 2020. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in a “nominee” or “street” name. We believe the number of beneficial owners of our shares of common stock (including shares held in street name) at that date was approximately 1,450. Dividends. As of May 14, 2020, we have suspended our stock repurchase program and the payment of quarterly cash dividends until further economic clarity. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company paid cash dividends as follows: Fiscal Year 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 Date Declared 12/27/2018 2/12/2019 5/8/2019 8/7/2019 12/10/2019 2/12/2020 Record Date 1/7/2019 2/28/2019 5/31/2019 8/30/2019 12/31/2019 2/28/2020 Date Paid 1/22/2019 3/14/2019 6/14/2019 9/13/2019 1/15/2020 3/13/2020 Amount Paid Per Share $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations and other portions of this filing contain forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking information. You should review the “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this annual report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing. 20 Table of Contents Observations on effects of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the novel coronavirus outbreak as a pandemic. The outbreak has and continues to adversely affect the economies of the U.S., U.K., and other international markets and economies in which we operate. As a result of the World Health Organization characterizing the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic, national, state, and local governments have and continue to take actions such as declaring a state of emergency, implementing social distancing and other guidelines, and shutting down and/or limiting the opening or operation of certain businesses which are not considered essential. The Company continues to comply with such actions causing most employees to work remotely in all locations. Due to the pandemic, revenue decreased significantly for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 compared to fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. The largest driver of this revenue decrease was our customers having budgetary cuts or holds. However, we do anticipate returning to a regular volume of business in the future when the economy is fully open. In our HPP segment, companies have delayed decisions to purchase ARIA due to the pandemic. The pandemic has also had an adverse effect on our ability to transact one-on-one business in both segments. Due to the uncertainty of the pandemic, including but not limited to, regulatory measures or voluntary actions that have and may be put in place to limit the spread of COVID-19 and the duration of such measures, the impact of any further spread of COVID-19, or the resurgence of COVID-19 in a given geographic region after it has hit its “peak,” at this time, and the timing and rollout of any approved vaccine to combat the spread of COVID-19, we cannot make a reasonable estimate on the extent or duration of the impacts on our business. Please refer to Item 1A Risk Factors located in Part I in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of the risks related to COVID-19 on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Overview of Fiscal 2020 Results of Operations Revenue decreased by approximately $17.3 million, or 22%, to $61.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 versus $79.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. Gross profit margin percentage increased, from 23% of revenues for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 to 28% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. We generated an operating loss of approximately $1.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to an operating loss of approximately $0.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. The Company recorded an income tax provision of approximately $384 thousand, which reflected an effective tax rate of (36.2%), for the year ended September 30, 2020. The provision is primarily driven by the recording of a partial valuation allowance against US deferred tax assets that are not more-likely-than-not to be realized, partially offset by current year federal R&D credits and the benefit resulting from the carryback of federal net operating losses to years in which the statutory federal tax rate was 34.0%. We identified an immaterial error in the first three quarters of fiscal year 2020 related to the recognition of certain revenue as “net,” when in fact the revenue should have been recorded on as “gross” basis. We revised the first three quarters of fiscal year 2020 for this error, which increased total sales and total cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for these periods. The revision did not affect total gross profit, net income, or earnings per share. There were no effects on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. A summary of revisions for our previously reported financial statements are disclosed within this Form 10-K under Note 20. 21 Table of Contents The following table details our results of operations in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the fiscal years ended: Sales Costs and expenses: Cost of sales Engineering and development Selling, general and administrative Total costs and expenses Operating loss Other income Loss before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net loss Revenues % September 30, 2020 of sales September 30, 2019 of sales (Dollar amounts in thousands) % $ 61,793 100 % $ 79,061 100 % 44,626 2,798 15,793 63,217 (1,424) 362 (1,062) 384 (1,446) 71 % 5 % 26 % 102 % (2)% —% (2)% —% (2)% $ 61,035 2,800 16,052 79,887 (826) 384 (442) (71) (371) 77 % 4 % 20 % 101 % (1)% —% (1)% —% (1)% $ Revenue decreased by approximately $17.3 million, or 22%, to $61.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 versus $79.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. Our TS segment revenue decreased by approximately $15.2 million, or 21%, consisting of a decrease of $11.3 million in our U.S. division combined with a decrease of $3.9 million in our U.K. division. Our HPP segment revenue decreased by approximately $2.0 million, or 26%, primarily due to decreased product revenue of $3.0 million, partially offset by increased service revenue of $1.0 million. TS segment revenue changes by products and services for the fiscal years ended September 30 were as follows: Products Services Total Decrease 2020 2019 $ % $ 44,588 11,329 $ 55,917 (Dollar amounts in thousands) $ (15,023) (219) $ (15,242) $ 59,611 11,548 $ 71,159 (25)% (2)% (21)% The decrease in TS segment product revenue of $15.0 million during the period was the result of an $11.0 million decrease in the U.S. division combined with a decrease of $4.0 million in the U.K. division. Customers’ budgets have been cut or put on hold in the short term due to the pandemic leading to significantly decreased sales. The decrease in our U.S. division product revenue year over year was primarily associated with several major customers, partially offset by a significant increase with one customer. The decrease in the U.K. division year over year was primarily associated with a decrease with one major customer. The decrease in TS segment service revenue of $0.2 million as compared to the prior year was due to a $0.3 million decrease in the U.S. division, partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in the U.K. division. In fiscal year 2020 as compared to the prior year, the U.S. division had a decrease of $2.2 million in internal services and a decrease of $0.4 million from third party maintenance and services, partially offset by an increase of $2.4 million in managed services. 22 Table of Contents HPP segment revenue changes by product and services for the fiscal years ended September 30 were as follows: 2020 2019 Increase (decrease) $ % Products Services Total $ $ 3,401 2,475 5,876 $ (Dollar amounts in thousands) $ (3,005) 979 $ (2,026) 6,406 1,496 7,902 $ (47)% 65 % (26)% The decrease in HPP product revenue of $3.0 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 was primarily the result of an approximately $1.8 million decrease in Myricom product line shipments combined with a $1.2 million decrease in Multicomputer product line shipments for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. This is primarily due to the pandemic affecting customers’ budgets. The increase in HPP service revenue of approximately $1.0 million for the period was primarily the result of an approximately a $1.0 million increase in royalty revenues on high-speed processing boards related to the E2D program during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. Our total revenues by geographic area based on the location to which the products were shipped or services rendered were as follows: Americas Europe Asia Totals 2020 % 2019 % (Dollar amounts in thousands) Decrease $ % $ 59,178 2,282 333 $ 61,793 95 % $ 72,522 4,056 4 % 2,483 1 % 100 % $ 79,061 92 % $ (13,344) (1,774) (2,150) 100 % $ (17,268) 5 % 3 % (18)% (44)% (87)% (22)% The $13.3 million decrease in the Americas revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 was primarily due to decreased revenue by our TS segment of approximately $13.0 million consisting of a decrease of $10.9 million from the U.S. division and a $2.1 million decrease from the U.K. division, combined with decreased sales by our HPP segment of approximately $0.3 million. The $1.8 million decrease in Europe revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the prior year period was primarily due to decreased sales by our TS-UK division of approximately $1.4 million, a decrease in sales by our TS-US division of approximately $0.3 million, and a decrease in sales by our HPP segment of approximately $0.1 million. The $2.2 million decrease in Asia revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the prior year period was primarily the result of decreased revenue by our HPP segment of $1.6 million combined with a $0.6 million decrease in our TS-U.K. division. Gross Margins Our gross margins ("GM") decreased by approximately $0.8 million to $17.2 million for fiscal year 2020 as compared to GM of $18.0 million for fiscal year 2019. The GM as a percentage of revenue increased to 28% for fiscal year 2020 from 23% for fiscal year 2019. The increase in GM as a percentage of revenue was primarily attributed to a higher percentage of service revenue relative to product revenue in the HPP segment and a large decrease in TS segment product revenue with significantly improved margins relative to a slight decrease in service revenue. The improved margins are from large lower margin deals in fiscal year 2019 that did not reoccur in fiscal year 2020. 23 Table of Contents The following table summarizes GM changes by segment for fiscal years ended September 30: 2020 2019 (Dollar amounts in thousands) GM% GM$ Increase (Decrease) GM$ GM% GM$ GM% TS HPP Total follows: Products Services Total $ 13,553 3,614 $ 17,167 24 % $ 13,889 62 % 4,137 28 % $ 18,026 20 % $ 52 % 23 % $ (336) (523) (859) 4 % 10 % 5 % The impact of product mix within our TS segment on gross margins for the fiscal years ended September 30 was as 2020 2019 GM$ GM% GM$ GM% (Dollar amounts in thousands) Increase (Decrease) GM$ GM% $ 6,842 6,711 $ 13,553 7,462 15 % $ 6,427 59 % 24 % $ 13,889 13 % $ 56 % 20 % $ (620) 284 (336) 2 % 3 % 4 % The overall TS segment GM as a percentage of revenue increased to 24% in fiscal year 2020 from 20% in fiscal year 2020. The increase in GM as a percentage of revenue was primarily attributed to a large relative decrease in TS segment product revenue compared to a slight decrease in service revenue in fiscal year 2020 as compared to the prior year. Additionally, both product and service GM as a percentage of revenue increased from prior year. The $0.6 million decrease in our TS segment product GM in fiscal year 2020 as compared to the prior year resulted from a decrease in GM in the U.S. division of $0.3 million combined with a decrease in the U.K division of $0.3 million. The $0.3 million increase in the TS segment service GM in fiscal year 2020 as compared to the prior year primarily resulted from increased GM as a percentage of revenue in the U.S. division despite a slight decrease in service revenue. The impact of product mix on gross margins within our HPP segment for the fiscal years ended September 30 was as follows: Products Services Total 2020 2019 (Dollar amounts in thousands) GM% Increase (Decrease) GM$ GM% GM$ GM% $ $ 1,240 2,374 3,614 36 % $ 96 % 62 % $ GM$ 2,719 1,418 4,137 42 % $ (1,479) 956 95 % (523) 52 % $ (6)% 1 % 10 % The overall HPP segment GM as a percentage of revenue increased to 62% in fiscal year 2020 from 52% in fiscal year 2019. The 10% increase in GM as a percentage of sales in the HPP segment was primarily attributed to the impact of an increase of $1.0 million in high margin Multicomputer royalty revenues and decreased GM from product revenue as a result of decreased Multicomputer product revenue, which has a higher GM as a percentage of sales. The GM as a percentage of sales from products decreased primarily due to product mix in fiscal year 2020 as compared to the prior year. Engineering and Development Expenses Our engineering and development expenses are only in our HPP segment. These expenses remained relatively flat at $2.8 million for fiscal year 2020 as compared to fiscal year ended 2019. Fiscal year 2020 and 2019 expenses were primarily for product engineering expenses incurred in connection with the development of the ARIA SDS cyber security products. 24 Table of Contents Selling, General and Administrative The following table details our selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses by operating segment for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: By Operating Segment: TS segment HPP segment Total For the year ended September 30, 2020 % of Total 2019 % of Total $ Increase % Increase (decrease) (decrease) (Dollar amounts in thousands) $ 11,247 4,546 $ 15,793 71 % $ 11,630 29 % 4,422 100 % $ 16,052 72 % $ (383) 28 % 124 100 % $ (259) (3)% 3 % (2)% For fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019, the TS segment SG&A spending decrease of approximately $0.4 million was primarily due to a decrease in variable compensation and salaries of $0.3 million and a decrease of $0.1 million for travel expense. For fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019, the HPP segment SG&A spending increase of $0.1 million was primarily attributed to increased employees in the sales department. Other Income/Expenses The following table details our other income/expenses for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: Interest expense Interest income Foreign exchange (loss) gain Other income, net Total other income (expense), net For the year ended $ Increase September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 (Decrease) (Amounts in thousands) $ $ (228) $ 582 (2) 10 362 $ (99) $ 323 157 3 384 $ (129) 259 (159) 7 (22) The $22 thousand decrease to total other income (expense), net for the year ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the year ended September 30, 2019 is primarily driven by an increase of interest expense of $129 thousand and a decrease in foreign exchange gain of $159 thousand causing a foreign exchange loss of $2 thousand, partially offset by an increase in increase in interest income of $259 thousand. The increase in interest income of $259 thousand is primarily related to agreements that have payment terms in excess of one year (see Note 2 Accounts and Long-Term Receivables) from the U.S. division of the TS Segment. Income Taxes The Company recorded an income tax provision of approximately $384 thousand, which reflected an effective tax rate of (36.2%), for the year ended September 30, 2020. The provision is primarily driven by the recording of a partial valuation allowance against US deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized, partially offset by current year federal R&D credits and the benefit resulting from the carryback of federal net operating losses to years in which the statutory federal tax rate was 34.0%. For the year ended September 30, 2019, the income tax benefit was approximately $71 thousand, which reflected an effective tax rate of 16.1%. The tax benefit included an increase in the valuation allowance for net operating losses for state income tax related to the High Performance Products segment in which the Company also had a reversal of the uncertain tax position of $54 thousand as the statute of limitations have expired. 25 Table of Contents During the period ended September 30, 2020, management assessed the positive and negative evidence in the U.S. operations, and concluded that it is more likely than not that a portion of its deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2020 will not be realized in light of recent results, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting economic fallout. In determining the amount of the valuation allowance to record, the Company considered taxable income in prior carryback years for U.S. federal tax purposes and the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences as sources of taxable income against which a portion of its U.S. deferred tax assets is benefitted. The Company recorded a full valuation allowance against the remaining U.S. deferred tax assets in excess of these sources of taxable income. It should be noted however, that the amount of the deferred tax asset not to be realized could be adjusted in future years if estimates of taxable income during the carryforward periods are increased, or if there is objective positive evidence in the form of cumulative earnings. We also continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.K. deferred tax assets as we have experienced cumulative losses and do not have any indication that the operation will be profitable in the future to an extent that will allow us to utilize much of our net operating loss carryforwards. To the extent that actual experience deviates from our assumptions, our projections would be affected and hence our assessment of realizability of our deferred tax assets may change. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our primary source of liquidity is our cash and cash equivalents, which increased by approximately $1.2 million to $19.3 million as of September 30, 2020 from $18.1 million as of September 30, 2019. Significant sources of cash for the year ended September 30, 2020 included proceeds from debt of $4.2 million including a $0.8 million and $1.4 million at CSP Inc. and Modcomp, Inc., respectively, under the Payroll Protection Program (see details below), a decrease in accounts and long-term receivable of $3.4 million, a decrease in other assets of $2.1 million, and a decrease in inventories of $2.1 million. Partially offsetting these significant sources of cash for the year ended September 30, 2020 were a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $8.0 million, dividends paid of $1.3 million, repayments on debt of $1.1 million, and net payments under line-of-credit agreement of $0.9 million. On April 17, 2020, CSP, Inc. and Modcomp, Inc., its wholly owned subsidiary (collectively, the “Borrowers”) each received a loan in the form of a promissory note from Paragon Bank (“Lender”) in the amounts of $827,000 and $1,353,600, respectively (the “SBA Loans”) under the Paycheck Protection Program, which was established under the recently enacted Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The SBA Loans have a two-year term and carry an annual fixed interest rate of 1%. Under the Paycheck Protection Program, the SBA Loans provide for customary events of default, including, among others, those relating to failure to make payment, bankruptcy, materially false or misleading representations to Lender or SBA, and adverse changes in the financial condition or business operations that Lender believes may materially affect Borrowers’ ability to pay the SBA Loans. The Borrowers did not provide any collateral or guarantees for the SBA Loans and the Borrowers may prepay the principal of the SBA Loans at any time without penalty. The Borrowers applied to the Lender for forgiveness of an amount due on the SBA Loans in an amount equal to the sum of certain costs during the 24-week period beginning on the date of the first disbursement of the SBA Loans. Subsequent to September 30, 2020 and as of the date of this filing, we have received notice of forgiveness from the SBA for the SBA Loans. Cash held by our foreign subsidiary in the United Kingdom totaled approximately $9.9 million as of September 30, 2020, which consists of 0.8 million euros, 0.3 million British Pounds, and 8.5 million U.S. Dollars. This cash is included in our total cash and cash equivalents reported above. There were $1.5 million Euros converted to U.S. Dollars during the year ended September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, the Company maintained an inventory line of credit with a borrowing capacity of $15.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively. It may be used by the TS or HPP segment in the 26 Table of Contents U.S. to purchase inventory from approved vendors with payment terms which exceed those offered by the vendors. No interest accrues under the inventory line of credit when advances are paid within terms, however, late payments are subject to an interest charge published in the Wall Street Journal as the “prime rate” plus 5%. The prime rate was 3.25% as of September 30, 2020. The credit agreement for the inventory line of credit contains financial covenants which require the Company to maintain the following TS segment-specific financial ratios: (1) a minimum current ratio of 1.2, (2) tangible net worth of no less than $4.0 million, and (3) a maximum ratio of total liabilities to total net worth of less than 5.0:1. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, Company borrowings, all from the TS segment, under the inventory line of credit were $1.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and the Company was in compliance with all covenants. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, this line of credit also included availability of a limited cash withdrawal of up to $1.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 there were no cash withdrawals outstanding. The amount of the inventory line of credit and cash withdrawal was lowered to $15.0 million in September of 2020 primarily due to lack of need for full use of the line. If cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy working capital requirements, we may need to access funds through bank loans, the equity markets, or other means. There is no assurance that we will be able to raise any such capital on terms acceptable to us, on a timely basis or at all. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may not be able to complete development or enhancement of products, take advantage of future opportunities, respond to competition or continue to effectively operate our business. Based on our current plans and business conditions, management believes that the Company’s available cash and cash equivalents, the cash generated from operations and availability on our lines of credit will be sufficient to provide for the Company’s working capital and capital expenditure requirements for the foreseeable future. Critical Accounting Policies Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to uncollectible receivables, inventory valuation, goodwill and intangibles, income taxes, deferred compensation, revenue recognition, retirement plans, restructuring costs and contingencies. We base our estimates on historical performance and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: revenue recognition, valuation allowances, specifically the allowance for doubtful accounts and net deferred tax asset valuation allowance, inventory valuation, intangibles, and pension and retirement plans. Revenue Recognition On October 1, 2018 the Company adopted Accounting ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The standard outlines a five-step model whereby revenue is recognized as performance obligations within a contract are satisfied. The standard also requires new, expanded disclosures regarding revenue recognition. The ASU replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in GAAP. See Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our revenue recognition policies. The following areas involve significant judgment and estimates: 27 Table of Contents Allocating transaction price with agreements with multiple components including leasing and/or a financing component A financing component exists when at contract inception the period between the transfer of a promised good and/or service to the customer differs from when the customer pays for the good and/or service. As a practical expedient, the Company has elected not to adjust the amount of consideration for effects of a significant financing component when it is anticipated the promised good or service will be transferred and the subsequent payment will be one year or less. Certain contracts contain a financing component including managed services contracts with financing of hardware and software. The interest rate used reflects the approximate interest rate consistent with a separate financing transaction with the customer at the inception of the agreement. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, Leases. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. When product and non-managed services are sold together, the allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation is calculated using a budgeted cost-plus margin approach. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, there is significant judgment in allocating the transaction price. These estimates are periodically reviewed by project managers, engineers, and other staff involved to ensure estimates are appropriate. For items sold separately, including hardware, software, professional services, maintenance contracts, other services, and third-party service contracts, there is no allocation as there is one performance obligation. Professional Services Sold Without Products The input method using labor hours expended relative to the total expected hours is used to recognize revenue for professional services. Only the hours that depict the Company’s performance toward satisfying a performance obligation are used for progress. An estimate for professional services is made at the beginning of each contract based on prior experience and monitored throughout the services. This method is most appropriate as it depicts the measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation. Gross versus Net Revenue We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales, when the Company has fulfilled its obligation under its purchase order or contract depending on whether the Company is acting as a principal party to the transaction or simply acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing of the goods/services. The Company is a principal if it controls the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. We record revenue as gross when the Company is a principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of goods sold. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third-party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. We have determined the third-party services contracts are a single performance obligation in each sale. When the Company is an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time when the sale is complete. When the Company is the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. Product Warranty Accrual Our product sales generally include a 90-day to three-year hardware warranty. At time of product shipment, we accrue for the estimated cost to repair or replace potentially defective products. Estimated warranty costs are based upon prior actual warranty costs for substantially similar products. 28 Table of Contents Engineering and Development Expenses Engineering and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and other headcount-related expenses associated with product development. Engineering and development expenses also include third- party development and programming costs. We consider technological feasibility for our software products to be reached upon the release of the software, accordingly, no internal software development costs have been capitalized. Income Taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We also reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. This methodology requires estimates and judgments in the determination of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and in the calculation of certain tax liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded against the gross deferred tax assets that management believes, after considering all available positive and negative objective evidence, historical and prospective, with greater weight given to historical evidence, that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized. In addition, we are required to recognize in the consolidated financial statements, those tax positions determined to be more-likely-than-not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the positions as of the reporting date. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are recognized. In addition, the calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future. Intangible Assets Intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are also required to be tested annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. We did not have intangible assets with indefinite lives at any time during the two years ended September 30, 2020. Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized over their estimated useful lives, generally three to ten years, and are carried at net book value. The remaining useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis. Intangible assets subject to amortization are also tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the fair value of an intangible asset subject to amortization is determined to be less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded to write down that asset to its fair value. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. The recoverability of inventories is based upon the types and levels of inventories held, forecasted demand, pricing, competition and changes in technology. We write down our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write- downs may be required. 29 Table of Contents Pension and Retirement Plans The funded status of pension and other post-retirement benefit plans is recognized prospectively on the consolidated balance sheet. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts that have not yet been recognized through pension expense will be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic pension/post-retirement benefits expense. Additionally, plan assets and obligations are measured as of our fiscal year-end balance sheet date (September 30). We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plans in the U.K. are closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2020. In the U.S., the Company provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2020. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers. Pension expense is based on an actuarial computation of current future benefits using estimates for expected return on assets, expected compensation increases and applicable discount rates. Management has reviewed the discount rates and rates of return with our consulting actuaries and investment advisers and concluded they were reasonable. A decrease in the expected return on pension assets would increase pension expense. Expected compensation increases are estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense. The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheets. Inflation and Changing Prices Management does not believe that inflation and changing prices had significant impact on sales, revenues or income during fiscal years 2020 or 2019. There is no assurance that the Company’s business will not be materially and adversely affected by inflation and changing prices in the future. 30 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The consolidated financial statements are included herein. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 31 Page 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020. Our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and other members of our senior management team supervised and participated in this evaluation. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s ("SEC") rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. This is due to the fact that we are not yet able to conclude that the material weakness described in this Item 9A has been remediated by the changes we made in response to that material weakness. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervision of a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. It includes those policies and procedures that: ● ● ● pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of a company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that receipts and expenditures of a company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the board of directors of a company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2020. In making its assessment of internal control, management used the criteria described in “Internal Control- Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations ("COSO") of the Treadway Commission. As a result of its assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2020. 32 Table of Contents As of September 30, 2020, management has identified a material weakness. As defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, a material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely basis. The material weakness noted is in connection with internal controls over the revenue recognition process, specifically the failure to properly identify whether the Company was to be considered the principal or the agent in certain transactions. We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether the Company is acting as a principal party to the transaction or acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing of the goods/services. The Company is a principal if it controls the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. We record revenue as gross when the Company is a principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of goods sold. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third-party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. When the Company is an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time. When the Company is the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. The control failure was identified during the preparation of the fiscal year 2020 consolidated financial statements. The Company does business with many manufacturers and distributors. Included among the Company’s controls in the revenue recognition process are the review of key words in the item description and stock-keeping unit (“SKU”) to identify items which are consistent with the Company’s role as principal or agent followed by a judgmental review by sales and financial management, as necessary. During 2020, we determined that the design of these controls needed to be improved and the controls themselves were not operating effectively on a consistent basis. The primary control failure related to the key words identifying certain items where the Company was the principal, but the item was incorrectly recorded on a net basis. See Note 1 and Note 20 for details of the revision. We determined that controls over the revenue recognition process were not operating effectively and the resulting control gap amounted to a material weakness in our controls over financial reporting. As a result, we concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2020. Although we have implemented changes to our internal controls over financial reporting as described below, at this time we cannot conclude that the material weakness has been remediated. During the period following our initial identification of the material weakness referred to above, management assessed various alternatives to remediate this material weakness and we implemented changes to our system of internal controls. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2020 was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that call for the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended September 30, 2020, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We did, however, note that certain controls were not operating correctly as described above. 33 Table of Contents Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned “Nominees for Election”, “Our Board of Directors”, “Our Executive Officers”, “Delinquent Section 16(a) reports” and “Corporate Governance” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. Item 11. Executive Compensation We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned “Compensation of Executive Officers” and “Compensation of Non-Employee Directors” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans. The equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders consist of the CSP, Inc. 1997 Incentive Stock Option Plan, the 2003 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") and the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. In fiscal 2020 and 2019, the Company granted to certain key employees, certain officers including its Chief Executive Officer and non-employee directors’ shares of non-vested common stock instead of stock options. The non- vested common stock has a four-year vesting period for key employees, officers including the Chief Executive Officer. There is a one-year vesting period for the non-employee directors. The following table sets forth information as of September 30, 2020 regarding the total number of securities outstanding under these equity compensation plans. Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (a) (1)(2) (b) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights Weighted average exercise price of outstanding stock options, warrants and rights (c) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)(3) 203,742 $ 3.64 288,696 (1) Includes 202,742 non-vested shares issued and 1,000 stock options issued. (2) Does not include purchase rights under the ESPP, as the purchase price and number of shares to be purchased under the ESPP are not determined until the end of the relevant purchase period. (3) Includes 223,965 shares available for future issuance under the stock incentive and stock option plans and 64,731 under the ESPP. We incorporate additional information required by this Item by reference to the section captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. 34 Table of Contents Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the section captioned “Corporate Governance” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned “Fees for Professional Services” and “Pre-approval Policies and Procedures” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) (1) Financial statements filed as part of this report: Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (2) Financial statement schedules All other financial statements and schedules not listed have been omitted since the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto included in Item 8, or is not applicable, material or required. (3) Exhibits Exhibit No. Description 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3* 10.4* Articles of Organization and amendments thereto By-laws, as amended December 13, 2012 Description of Securities Form of Employee Invention and Non-Disclosure Agreement CSPI Supplemental Retirement Income Plan 2007 Stock Incentive Plan 2014 Variable Compensation (Executive Bonus) and Base Programs dated November 12, 2013 35 Incorporated by Reference Form Filing Date Exhibit No. 10-K 10-K December 26, 2007 December 20, 2012 3.1 3.2 Filed with this Form 10-K X 10-K 10-K DEF 14A November 22, 1996 December 29, 2008 March 30, 2007 10.3 10.2 B 10-K December 23, 2014 10.10 10-K December 24, 2013 10.11 10-K DEF 14A DEF 14RA 10-K 10-K December 23, 2010 January 6, 2014 January 25, 2019 December 24, 2015 December 24, 2015 10.11 A A 10.21 10.20 10.1 10.2 2.1 February 14, 2018 February 14, 2018 June 27, 2018 April 23, 2020 10.1 April 23, 2020 10.2 10-Q 10-Q 8-K 8-K 8-K X X X X X Table of Contents 10.6* 10.5* 10.15 10.12* 10.13 10.14 10.7* 10.8* 10.9 10.10 10.11* Death Benefit and Retirement Benefit Agreement between the Company and Victor Dellovo dated September 13, 2013 Form of Change of Control Agreement with Gary W. Levine dated January 11, 2008 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 2015 Stock Incentive Plan 2015 Lowell, MA Lease 2015 Deerfield Beach, FL Lease Executive Retention and Service Agreement with Victor Dellovo, dated September 4, 2012 Forms of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement Share Purchase and Assignment Agreement Note, dated as of April 17, 2020, by, and between Paragon Bank and CSP, Inc. Note, dated as of April 17, 2020, by, and between Paragon Bank and Modcomp, Inc. Subsidiaries Consent of RSM LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 XBRL Instance 101.INS 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Schema 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation 21.1 23.1 31.1 32.1 31.2 * Management contract or compensatory plan. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 36 Table of Contents Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CSP INC. By: /s/ Victor Dellovo Victor Dellovo Chief Executive Officer and President Date: December 28, 2020 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Title Date /s/ Victor Dellovo Victor Dellovo /s/ Gary W. Levine Gary W. Levine /s/ Mike Newbanks Mike Newbanks /s/ C. Shelton James C. Shelton James /s/ Raymond Charles Blackmon Raymond Charles Blackmon /s/ Marilyn T. Smith Marilyn T. Smith /s/ Izzy Azeri Izzy Azeri Chief Executive Officer, President and Director December 28, 2020 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President of Finance (Chief Accounting Officer) December 28, 2020 December 28, 2020 Director December 28, 2020 Director December 28, 2020 Director December 28, 2020 Director December 28, 2020 37 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ RSM US LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007. Boston, Massachusetts December 28, 2020 38 Table of Contents CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in thousands, except par value) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $181 and $138 Investment in lease, net-current portion Inventories Refundable income taxes Other current assets Total current assets Property, equipment and improvements, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Intangibles, net Investment in lease, net-less current portion Long-term receivable Deferred income taxes Cash surrender value of life insurance Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Line of credit Notes payable - current portion Deferred revenue Pension and retirement plans Total current liabilities Pension and retirement plans Notes payable - noncurrent portion Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion Income taxes payable Other noncurrent liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity: Common stock, $.01 par value per share; authorized, 7,500 shares; issued and outstanding 4,276 and 4,154 shares, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 $ $ $ $ 19,264 13,362 336 5,285 807 2,535 41,589 1,047 2,014 28 81 3,642 1,149 3,948 147 53,645 8,523 1,573 1,613 947 321 12,977 6,471 2,485 1,390 586 202 24,111 43 16,994 24,492 (11,995) 29,534 53,645 $ $ $ $ 18,099 15,114 367 7,818 487 4,649 46,534 1,273 — 37 417 5,328 1,946 3,718 116 59,369 16,175 2,459 317 741 335 20,027 6,904 684 — 694 632 28,941 42 15,733 27,246 (12,593) 30,428 59,369 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 39 CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Amounts in thousands, except for per share data) Table of Contents Sales: Product Services Total sales Cost of sales: Product Services Total cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses: Engineering and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Operating loss Other income (expense): Foreign exchange (loss) gain Interest expense Interest income Other income, (expense) net Total other income (expense) Loss before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net loss Net loss attributable to common stockholders Net loss per share – basic Weighted average shares outstanding – basic Net loss per share – diluted Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted For the year ended September 30, September 30, 2020 2019 $ $ 47,989 13,804 61,793 66,017 13,044 79,061 39,907 4,719 44,626 55,836 5,199 61,035 17,167 18,026 2,798 15,793 18,591 (1,424) 2,800 16,052 18,852 (826) (2) (228) 582 10 362 (1,062) 384 (1,446) $ (1,446) $ (0.36) $ 4,028 (0.36) $ 4,028 $ $ $ $ 157 (99) 323 3 384 (442) (71) (371) (371) (0.09) 3,924 (0.09) 3,924 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 40 Table of Contents CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Amounts in thousands) Net loss Other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized actuarial gain (loss) on minimum pension liability, net of tax effect Foreign currency translation gain (loss) adjustments Other comprehensive gain (loss) Total comprehensive loss For the Year Ended September 30, September 30, 2020 (1,446) $ 2019 (371) 183 415 598 (848) $ (1,003) (765) (1,768) (2,139) $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 41 Table of Contents CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY For the Years Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: (Amounts in thousands) For the year ended September 30, 2019: Balance as of September 30, 2018 Adoption of ASU 2014-09 Net loss Other comprehensive loss Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation Restricted stock cancellation Restricted stock issuance Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.60 per share) Balance as of September 30, 2019 For the year ended September 30, 2020: Balance as of September 30, 2019 Net loss Other comprehensive income Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation Restricted stock issuance Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan Purchase of common stock Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.30 per share) Balance as of September 30, 2020 Retained Earnings $ 29,926 158 (371) $ Additional Paid-in Shares Amount Capital $ 14,661 — — — 3 792 — — 4,017 — — — 1 — (3) 108 40 — — — — — — 1 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (10,825) $ $ Total Shareholders’ Equity — — (1,768) — — — — 33,802 158 (371) (1,768) 3 792 — 1 31 1 277 — 278 — $ 4,154 — 42 — (2,467) $ 27,246 — (12,593) $ (2,467) 30,428 $ $ 15,733 Additional Paid-in Shares Amount Capital $ 15,733 4,154 $ — — — — 97 42 — — — — 1 — — 2 982 — Retained Earnings $ 27,246 (1,446) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (12,593) $ — $ Total Shareholders’ Equity 30,428 (1,446) 598 2 982 1 277 (46) 598 — — — — — 32 (7) — — 277 — — (46) — $ 4,276 — 43 — (1,262) $ 24,492 — (11,995) $ (1,262) 29,534 $ $ 16,994 — — — — — — — — — — See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 42 Table of Contents CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in thousands) Operating activities Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation Amortization of intangibles Loss on sale of fixed assets, net Foreign exchange loss (gain) Non-cash changes in accounts receivable Non-cash changes in inventories Non-cash lease expense Stock-based compensation expense on stock options and restricted stock awards Deferred income taxes Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance Non-cash other Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable Decrease in life insurance receivable Decrease (increase) in inventories Increase in refundable income taxes Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets Decrease (increase) in other assets Decrease in investment in lease Decrease (increase) in long-term receivable (Decrease) increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses Increase in operating lease liabilities Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue Decrease in pension and retirement plans liabilities Decrease in income taxes payable (Decrease) increase in other long-term liabilities Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Investing activities Life insurance premiums paid Purchases of property, equipment and improvements Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities Dividends paid Net payments under line-of-credit agreement Proceeds from debt Repayments on debt Principal payments on finance leases Purchase of common stock Proceeds from issuance of shares under equity compensation plans Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effects of exchange rate on cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Supplementary cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes Cash paid for interest Supplementary non-cash financing and investing activities: Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a lease liability Non-cash purchases of property and equipment For the year ended September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 $ (1,446) $ (371) 443 9 14 2 42 430 653 982 797 (115) 16 1,755 — 2,105 (320) (2,667) 2,089 367 1,685 (8,030) 2,068 206 (305) (108) (428) 244 (115) (230) (345) (1,262) (886) 4,217 (1,137) (333) (46) 279 832 434 1,165 18,099 19,264 22 277 $ $ $ 216 $ — $ 405 11 — (157) 53 503 — 792 (209) (134) — (2,128) 256 (777) 585 — (3,091) 26 (5,328) 7,232 — (244) (353) (500) 100 (3,329) (144) (832) (976) (2,467) (788) 1,001 — (276) — 280 (2,250) (453) (7,008) 25,107 18,099 52 68 — 141 $ $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 43 Table of Contents CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2020 AND 2019 Organization and Business CSP Inc. ("CSPi" or "CSPI" or "the Company" or "we" or "our") was founded in 1968 and is based in Lowell, Massachusetts. To meet the diverse requirements of commercial and defense customers worldwide, CSPI and its subsidiaries develop and market IT integration solutions, advanced security products, managed IT services, purpose built network adapters, and high-performance cluster computer systems. The Company operates in two segments, its Technology Solutions ("TS") segment and its High Performance Products ("HPP") segment. 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. For additional information, these Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with CSPI’s notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Foreign Currency Translation The U.S. Dollar is the reporting currency for all periods presented. The financial information for entities outside the United States is measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the period. The resulting translation adjustment is reflected as accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. Currency transaction gains and losses are recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. Cash Equivalents For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition are considered cash equivalents. Research and Development Expense For the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, our expenses for research and development were approximately $2.8 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Expenditures for research and development are expensed as they are incurred. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Management assesses the recoverability of the long-lived assets (other than goodwill) by comparing the estimated undiscounted cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets against their respective carrying amounts. The amount of impairment, if any, is calculated based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those 44 Table of Contents assets. Intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are also required to be tested annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. We did not have intangible assets with indefinite lives at any time during the two years ended September 30, 2020. Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally three to ten years, and are carried at net book value. The remaining useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis. Intangible assets subject to amortization are also tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the fair value of an intangible asset subject to amortization is determined to be less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded to write down that asset to its fair value. There was no impairment as of September 30, 2020. Leases as Lessee At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement contains a lease. This includes arrangements with goods and services to determine if there is an embedded lease. An arrangement containing a lease would allow the Company the right to control an implicitly or explicitly identified asset. If there is a lease in an arrangement, the classification is determined at inception of the arrangement. Certain leases may contain transfer of ownership or an option to purchase the underlying asset. The most relevant criterion for our lease classification is transfer of ownership, which if included in the arrangement makes the lease a finance lease rather than an operating lease. The discount rate used to assess classification is the incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date due to the implicit rate not being readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The lease term includes periods where we are reasonably certain we will exercise the renewal option. The Company has elected not to apply Subtopic ASC 842-25 to short-term leases, which are defined as a lease that has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Therefore, there are no right-of-use assets or lease liabilities related to short-term leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases are typically not able to be terminated without penalty. None of our lease arrangements contain residual value guarantees, restrictions, or covenants. None of the Company’s current leases are with related parties. In fiscal year 2020 the office lease in Lowell, Massachusetts was renewed through February 2022. Additionally, the office lease in Deerfield Beach, FL was renewed through June 2025. The right-of-use asset and lease liability was adjusted for the Lowell lease. The Deerfield Beach lease renewal period was included in the right-of- use asset and lease liability upon adoption of ASC 842 on October 1, 2019 because it was reasonably certain this renewal period would be exercised by the Company. There are no lease arrangements that we have entered into as of September 30, 2020 that have not yet commenced. See Note 9 Leases for additional information. Operating leases The Company has operating leases for office space, data centers, and other information technology equipment under various leases. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date using the present value of the fixed lease payments over the lease term. We do not have leases with variable consideration. The incremental borrowing rate is used in determining present value. Certain operating leases, primarily office space and IT equipment, have an option to extend the lease. Renewal periods related to certain lease agreements related to office buildings are included in the lease term for lease accounting. The Company has operating lease agreements with lease components (e.g. fixed payments including rent, real estate taxes, and insurance costs) as well as nonlease components (e.g. common-area maintenance, colocation services). The Company has elected to account for lease and nonlease components as one single lease component for all classes of assets. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. 45 Table of Contents Finance leases The Company has finance leases for information technology equipment and subleases all this equipment (see Lessor section below for details). All finance leases transfer ownership to the Company, which meets the criterion to be a finance lease. Due to our finance leases being subleases, there are no finance right-of-use assets because instead there is a net investment in lease in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Leases as Lessor The Company is a lessor, but only as a sublessor. The process for identifying and classifying a lease is similar to the process described above in the lessee section. Additionally, the most relevant criteria to classification is transfer of ownership and present value of the total lease payments in relation to fair value of the underlying asset. The Company as a lessor has both sales- type and direct financing leases. The Company as a lessor does not have operating leases. All the Company’s sublease agreements are bundled agreements containing managed services, software, and other services. The fixed payments under bundled agreements are allocated based on the relative standalone selling prices of the lease and non-lease deliverables are consistent with ASC 606. The allocation of the fixed payments may be calculated using a budgeted cost-plus margin approach if there are other services in addition to managed services. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, there is significant judgment in allocating the fixed payments. There is no variable consideration in these agreements. The discount rate used as a lessor pertaining to the lease component is the implicit rate. As sublessor, lease agreements contain an option to purchase the underlying asset or transfers ownership at the end of the lease. The leases typically do not have any residual value to the Company. In the Company’s sublessor agreements, the payments allocated to the lease component cannot be terminated. There were no new agreements where the Company was a lessor for the year ended September 30, 2020. See Note 9 Leases for additional information. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. The recoverability of inventories is based upon the types and levels of inventories held, forecasted demand, pricing, competition and changes in technology. We write down our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. As of September 30, 2020, and September 30, 2019, the Company maintained inventory reserves of $4.1 million and $3.8 million, respectively. Property, Equipment and Improvements The components of property, equipment and improvements are stated at cost. The Company provides for depreciation by use of the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (three to seven years). Leasehold improvements are amortized by use of the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Trade Accounts Receivable, Long Term Receivable, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Trade accounts receivable are stated at amounts that have been billed to customers less an allowance for doubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts are recorded for the estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. The estimates for the allowance for doubtful accounts are based on the length of time the receivables are past due, current business environment, and our historical experience. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Accounts receivable are charged off against the reserve when management has determined they are uncollectible. Within trade accounts receivable and long-term receivable are financing agreements with an original payment term of greater than one year. Interest income earned on these receivables is recognized using the effective interest method. See Note 2 Accounts and Long-Term Receivables for further details on financing arrangements. 46 Table of Contents Pension and Retirement Plans The funded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized on the consolidated balance sheet. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts that have not yet been recognized through pension expense will be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic pension/postretirement benefits expense. Additionally, plan assets and obligations are measured as of our fiscal year-end balance sheet date (September 30). We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) and in the U.S. In the U.K. the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is closed to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2020. In the U.S., the Company also provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2020. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post- retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers. Pension expense is based on an actuarial computation of current future benefits using estimates for expected return on assets, expected compensation increases and applicable discount rates. Management has reviewed the discount rates and rates of return with our consulting actuaries and investment advisor and concluded they were reasonable. A decrease in the expected return on pension assets would increase pension expense. Expected compensation increases are estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense. The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheets. Segment Information We have two operating segments: (i) Technology Solutions ("TS") and (ii) High Performance Products ("HPP"). In the TS segment, we focus on value added reseller ("VAR") integrated solutions including third party hardware, software and technical computer-related consulting and managed services. In the HPP segment, we design, manufacture and deliver products and services to customers that require specialized cyber security services, networking and signal processing products. The operations and assets of our TS segment are located in the United States and the United Kingdom. The operations and assets of our HPP segment are located in the United States. Revenue Recognition We derive revenue from the sale of integrated hardware and software, third-party service contracts, professional services, managed services, financing of hardware and software, and other services. We recognize revenue from hardware upon transfer of control, which is at a point in time typically upon shipment when title transfers. Revenue from software is recognized at a point in time when the license is granted. 47 Table of Contents We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether the Company is acting as a principal party to the transaction or simply acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing. The Company is a principal if it controls the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. We record revenue as gross when the Company is a principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of goods sold. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third-party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. When the Company is an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time. When the Company is the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. We have concluded we are the agent in sales of third-party maintenance, software or hardware support, and certain security software that is sold with integral third-party delivered software maintenance that include critical updates. Professional services generally include implementation, installation, and training services. Professional services are considered a series of distinct services that form one performance obligation and revenue is recognized over time as services are performed. Revenue generated from managed services is recognized over the term of the contract. Certain managed services contracts include financing of hardware and software. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, Leases. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Other services generally include revenue generated through our royalty, extended warranty, multicomputer repair, and maintenance contracts. Royalty revenue is sales-based and recognized on date of subsequent sale of the product, which occurs on the date of customer shipment. Revenue from extended warranty contracts is recognized evenly over the period of the warranty. Multicomputer repair services revenue is recognized upon control transfer when the customer takes possession of the computer at time of shipping. Revenue generated from maintenance services is recognized evenly over the term of the contract. Variable consideration is immaterial. The right of return risk lies with the original manufacturer of the product. Managed service contracts contain the right to refund if canceled within 30 days of inception. Any products with a standard warranty are treated as a warranty obligation under ASC 460, Guarantees. The following policies are applicable to our major categories of segment revenue transactions: TS Segment Revenue TS Segment revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, professional services, third-party service contracts, maintenance contracts, managed services, and financing of hardware and software. Financing revenue pertaining to the portion of an arrangement containing a lease is recognized in accordance with ASC 842. Financing revenue related to the lease is recorded in revenue as equipment leasing is part of the Company’s operations. Third-party service contracts are evaluated to determine whether such service revenue should be recorded as gross or net sales and whether over time or at point in time. HPP Segment Revenue HPP segment revenue is derived from the sale of integrated hardware and software, maintenance, and other services through the Multicomputer and Myricom product lines. Myricom revenue is derived from the sale of products, which are comprised of both hardware and embedded software which is essential to the products’ functionality, and post contract maintenance and support. Post contract 48 Table of Contents maintenance and support is considered immaterial in the context of the contract and therefore is not a separate performance obligation. See disaggregated revenues below by products/services and geography. For the year ended September 30, 2020 Sales: Product Service Finance * Total sales For the year ended September 30, 2019 Sales: Product Service Finance * Total sales Technology Solutions Segment High Performance Products Segment United Kingdom U.S. Total (Amounts in thousands) Consolidated Total $ $ 3,401 2,475 — 5,876 $ 943 440 — $ 1,383 $ 43,562 10,889 83 $ 54,534 $ 44,505 11,329 83 $ 55,917 $ $ 47,906 13,804 83 61,793 Technology Solutions Segment High Performance Products Segment United Kingdom U.S. Total (Amounts in thousands) Consolidated Total $ $ 6,406 1,496 — 7,902 $ 4,936 380 — $ 5,316 $ 54,540 11,168 135 $ 65,843 $ 59,476 11,548 135 $ 71,159 $ $ 65,882 13,044 135 79,061 * Finance revenue is related to equipment leasing and is not subject to the guidance on revenue from contracts with customers (ASC 606). Significant Judgments Allocating transaction price with agreements with multiple components including leasing and/or a financing component A financing component exists when at contract inception the period between the transfer of a promised good and/or service to the customer differs from when the customer pays for the good and/or service. As a practical expedient, the Company has elected not to adjust the amount of consideration for effects of a significant financing component when it is anticipated the promised good or service will be transferred and the subsequent payment will be one year or less. Certain contracts contain a financing component including managed services contracts with financing of hardware and software. The interest rate used reflects the approximate interest rate consistent with a separate financing transaction with the customer at the inception of the agreement. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, Leases. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. When product and non-managed services are sold together, the allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation is calculated based on the estimated relative selling price or a budgeted cost-plus margin approach, as appropriate. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, there is significant judgment in allocating the transaction price. These estimates are periodically reviewed by project managers, engineers, and other staff involved to 49 Table of Contents ensure estimates are appropriate. For items sold separately, including hardware, software, professional services, maintenance contracts, other services, and third-party service contracts, there is no allocation as there is one performance obligation. Professional Services Sold Without Products The input method using labor hours expended relative to the total expected hours is used to recognize revenue for professional services. Only the hours that depict the Company’s performance toward satisfying a performance obligation are used for progress. An estimate for professional services is made at the beginning of each contract based on prior experience and monitored throughout the services. This method is most appropriate as it depicts the measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation. Gross versus Net Revenue We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether the Company is acting as a principal party to the transaction or simply acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing of the goods/services. The Company is a principal if it controls the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. We record revenue as gross when the Company is a principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third- party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of goods sold. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third- party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. When the Company is an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time when the sale is complete. When the Company is the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. We have concluded we are the agent in sales of third-party maintenance, software or hardware support, and certain security software that is sold with integral third-party delivered software maintenance that include critical updates. Contract Assets and Liabilities When the Company has performed work but does not have an unconditional right to payment, a contract asset is recorded. When the Company has the right to bill a customer, accounts receivable is recorded as an unconditional right exists. Current contract assets were $1.0 million and $0.6 million as of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. The current portion is recorded in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. There were no non-current contract assets as of September 30, 2020 and 2019. The difference in the balances is due to regular timing differences between when work is performed and having an unconditional right to payment. Contract liabilities arise when payment is received before the Company transfers a good or service to the customer. Current contract liabilities were $0.9 million and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portion of contract liabilities were $0.2 million and $0.3 million as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These non-current liabilities are recorded in other noncurrent liabilities. Revenue recognized for the year ended September 30, 2020 that was included in contract liabilities as of the beginning of the period was $0.5 million. Contract Costs Incremental costs of obtaining a contract involving customer transactions where the revenue and the related transfer of goods and services are equal to or less than a one-year period, are expensed as incurred, utilizing the practical expedient in ASC 340-40-25-4. For a period greater than one year, incremental contract costs are capitalized if the Company expects to recover these costs. The costs are amortized over the contract term and expected renewal periods. The period of amortization is generally three to six years. Incremental costs are related to commissions in the TS portion of the business. Current capitalized contract costs are within the other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and 2019. The portion of current capitalized costs were $130 thousand and $85 thousand as of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. There are no non-current capitalized costs on the 50 Table of Contents consolidated balance sheets as these commissions are paid annually even when the contract extends beyond a one-year period. The amount of incremental costs amortized for the year ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were $332 thousand and $235 thousand, respectively. This is recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses. There was no impairment related to incremental costs capitalized during the year ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Costs to fulfill a contract are capitalized when the costs are related to a contract or anticipated contract, generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future, and costs are recoverable. Costs to fulfill a contract are related to the TS portion of the business and involve activities performed before managed services can be completed. Current capitalized fulfillment costs are in the other current assets and noncurrent costs are in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The portion of current capitalized costs were $13 thousand and $47 thousand as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The portion of noncurrent capitalized costs were $22 thousand as of September 30, 2020 and there were not any as of September 30, 2019. The amount of fulfillment costs amortized for the year ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $13 thousand and $13 thousand, respectively. These costs are recorded in cost of sales. There was no impairment related to fulfillment costs capitalized. Other Projects are typically billed upon completion or at certain milestones. Product and services are typically billed when shipped or as services are being performed. Payment terms are typically 30 days to pay in full except in Europe where it could be up to 90 days. Most of the Company’s contracts are less than one year. As a practical expedient, the Company has elected not to adjust the amount of consideration for effects of a significant financing component when it is anticipated the promised good or service will be transferred and the subsequent payment will be one year or less. There are certain contracts that do contain a financing component. See Note 2 Accounts and Long-Term Receivables to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. The Company elected to use the optional exemption to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that have an original expected duration of one year or less. This is due to a low amount of performance obligations, which are less than one year from being unsatisfied at each period end. Most of these contracts are related to product sales. The Company has certain contracts that have an original term of more than one year. The royalty agreement is longer than one year, but not included in the table below as the royalties are sales-based. Managed service contracts are generally longer than one year. For these contracts the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of September 30, 2020 is set forth in the table below: Fiscal 2021 Fiscal 2022 Fiscal 2023 Fiscal 2024 Product Warranty Accrual (Amounts in thousands) 1,341 $ 604 210 30 2,185 $ Our product sales generally include a hardware warranty which ranges from 90-days to three-years. At time of product shipment, we accrue for the estimated cost to repair or replace potentially defective products. Estimated warranty costs are based upon prior actual warranty costs for substantially similar products. See Note 10 Product Warranties for balances as of September 30, 2020 and 2019. Engineering and Development Expenses Engineering and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and other headcount-related expenses associated with product development. Engineering and development expenses also include third- party development and programming costs. We consider technological feasibility for our software products 51 Table of Contents to be reached upon the release of the software, accordingly, no internal software development costs have been capitalized. Income Taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We also reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. This methodology requires estimates and judgments in the determination of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and in the calculation of certain tax liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded against the gross deferred tax assets that management believes, after considering all available positive and negative objective evidence, historical and prospective, with greater weight given to historical evidence, that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized. In addition, we are required to recognize in the consolidated financial statements, those tax positions determined to be more-likely-than-not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the positions as of the reporting date. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are recognized. In addition, the calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future. Earnings per Share of Common Stock Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per common share reflects the maximum dilution that would have resulted from the assumed exercise and share repurchase related to dilutive stock options and is computed by dividing net income by the assumed weighted average number of common shares outstanding. We are required to present earnings per share ("EPS") utilizing the two-class method because we had outstanding, non- vested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, which are considered participating securities. 52 Table of Contents Basic and diluted earnings per share computations for the Company’s reported net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders are as follows: Net loss Less: net loss attributable to nonvested common stock Net loss attributable to common stockholders Weighted average total shares outstanding – basic Less: weighted average non–vested shares outstanding Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – basic Potential common shares from non–vested stock awards and the assumed exercise of stock options Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted Net loss per share – basic Net loss per share – diluted For the year ended September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands except per share data) $ $ $ $ (1,446) $ — (1,446) $ 4,028 — 4,028 — 4,028 (0.36) $ (0.36) $ (371) — (371) 3,924 — 3,924 — 3,924 (0.09) (0.09) All anti-dilutive securities, including stock options, are excluded from the diluted income per share computation. Non- vested restricted stock awards of 201,000 and 179,000 shares were excluded from net loss per share for the year ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Stock-Based Compensation We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors including stock options and nonvested shares of restricted common stock based on estimated fair values of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock option grants. The fair value of nonvested restricted share awards is equal to the quoted market price of our common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. The fair value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Because stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures and will be revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 consisted of options and restricted stock granted pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive and employee stock purchase plans of approximately $1.0 million and $0.8 million, respectively. 53 Table of Contents Concentrations of Credit Risk Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions in the U.S. and the U.K. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. Subsequent Events The Company recognizes in the consolidated financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the statement of financial position, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of this filing. Revision of Prior Period Financial Statements During the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2020, we identified an immaterial error in the first three quarters of fiscal year 2020 related to the recognition of certain revenue as “net,” when in fact the revenue should have been recorded on as “gross” basis. We referred to the Codification of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletins (“SAB”) Topics 1.M Materiality and 1.N Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements to assess the materiality of the misstatements by quarter. Our analysis included a materiality assessment of both quantitative and qualitative factors. As a result of evaluating the error, we determined the impact was not material to our financial statements in any prior interim period. However, management has revised the first three quarters of fiscal year 2020. A summary of these revisions is presented in Note 20. Accounting standards adopted in fiscal year 2020 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), an amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This ASU requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for most lease arrangements, which excludes leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease. The Company adopted this standard on October 1, 2019 using a modified retrospective transition method with an adjustment to the assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet with no adjustment to any prior period. Additionally, prior comparative periods were not restated. A package of three practical expedients that is applicable to all leases as lessee or lessor was adopted. This includes not reassessing whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases, not reassessing lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and not reassessing initial direct cost for any existing lease under ASC Topic 840. The Company also elected the practical expedient as a lessee to not separate lease and non-lease components for operating leases. The statement of operations for year ended September 30, 2020 was not materially affected. However, there was a material impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 due to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases. The initial impact to the balance sheet as a result of the adoption is shown in the following table: Assets: Operating lease right-of-use assets Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion As reported ASC 842 September 30, 2019 Adjustment As of October 1, 2019 (In thousands) — $ 2,448 16,175 $ — $ 665 1,783 $ $ $ 2,448 16,840 1,783 $ $ $ In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allow a 54 Table of Contents reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts at the date of enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “2017 Tax Act”). The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Beginning October 1, 2019, the Company adopted the ASU and it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718), Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, an amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. Under this ASU companies will no longer be required to value non-employee awards differently from employee awards, but the accounting remains different for attribution and a contractual term election for valuing nonemployee equity share options. Equity-classified awards to nonemployees will now be measured at the grant date using fair value of the equity instruments the company is obligated to issue and recognition is associated with the probable outcome. Awards are subsequently measured using stock compensation guidance unless they are modified after the nonemployee stops providing goods or services. Existing disclosure requirements within the stock compensation guidance also apply to nonemployee awards. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Beginning October 1, 2019, the Company adopted the ASU and it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. New accounting standards not adopted as of September 30, 2020 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), an amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This ASU will change how entities account for credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For trade receivables, loans and held-to-maturity debt securities entities will be required to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities entities will be required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than a reduction to the carrying value of the asset. Additionally, there will be a significant increase in the amount of disclosures by year of origination for certain financing receivables. For smaller reporting public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022 (as amended by ASU 2019-10), including interim periods within that annual period. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20), Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, an amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. Under this ASU existing disclosures not considered cost beneficial are removed, disclosures identified as relevant are added, and there is added clarification regarding specific existing disclosures. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2020 and to be applied retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2018-14 will have on its disclosures. 2. Accounts and Long-Term Receivable Within accounts receivable and long-term receivable there are amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. This financing is separate from agreements with a leasing component, see Note 9 Leases for financing through leases. These receivables are included in Accounts Receivable and Long-Term Receivable in the amount of $2.3 million and $3.5 million as of September 30, 2020, respectively. These receivables are included in Accounts Receivable and Long-Term Receivable in the amount of $2.1 million and $5.0 million as of September 30, 2019, respectively. The receivables with a payment term exceeding one year carry an average weighted interest rate of 6.1% as of September 30, 2020, which reflects the approximate interest rate consistent with a separate financing transaction with the customer at the inception of the agreement. There is not an allowance for credit losses nor impairments for accounts and long-term receivables with a contractual maturity of over one year. All accounts had no past amounts due as of September 30, 2020 or 2019, respectively. There was no activity in the allowance for credit losses of these receivables for the years ended 55 Table of Contents September 30, 2020 or 2019, respectively. All these agreements are looked at as one portfolio in determining credit losses. There are various factors that are considered in extending a customer payment terms longer than one year including payment history, economic conditions, and capacity to pay. The credit quality of customers is monitored by payment activity. The unearned income represents a rate similar to market at the inception of the agreement. The amount of interest income earned from sales whose payment terms exceed one year for the year ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $453 thousand and $75 thousand, respectively. Interest income from these agreements is recorded in Other income, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Receivables whose payment terms exceed one year are placed on nonaccrual status, meaning interest income stops being recorded, when the customer has a past due amount in excess of 30 days or reasonable doubt exists in collecting all interest and principal. A payment due in excess of 30 days is considered delinquent. If a payment is received for a receivable on nonaccrual status the payment is first applied to interest and then principal. Recording interest income resumes once no reasonable doubt exists regarding collecting all interest and principal. Contractual maturities of outstanding financing with an original contractual maturity over one year are as follows: Fiscal year ending September 30: 2021 2022 2023 Total payments Less: unearned income Total, net of unearned income 3. Inventories Inventories consist of the following: Raw materials Work-in-process Finished goods Total $ (Amounts in thousands) 2,678 2,300 1,423 6,401 562 5,839 $ September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ $ 574 213 4,498 5,285 $ 671 93 7,054 7,818 4. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows: Balance as of September 30, 2018 Change in period Tax effect of change in period Balance as of September 30, 2019 Change in period Tax effect of change in period Balance as of September 30, 2020 Effect of Foreign Currency Translation Minimum Pension Liability Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Amounts in thousands) (4,346) $ (765) — (5,111) $ 415 — (4,696) $ (6,479) $ (1,063) 60 (7,482) $ 150 33 (7,299) $ (10,825) (1,828) 60 (12,593) 565 33 (11,995) $ $ $ 56 Table of Contents The changes in the minimum pension liability are net of amortization of net loss of $102 thousand in 2020 and net loss of $127 thousand in 2019 included in net periodic pension cost. 5. Income Taxes The components of loss before income tax and income tax (benefit) expense are comprised of the following: Loss before income tax (benefit) expense U.S. Foreign Income tax (benefit) expense: Current: Federal State Foreign Deferred: Federal State Foreign For the Years Ended September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ $ $ (941) $ (121) (1,062) $ (435) $ 21 — (414) 548 250 — 798 384 $ (663) 221 (442) (141) 122 — (19) (73) 21 — (52) (71) The effective income tax rate differed from the statutory federal income tax rate due to the following: Computed “expected” tax benefit Increases (reductions) in taxes resulting from: State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit Foreign operations Permanent differences Change in valuation allowance Deferred revenue Payable true up Uncertain tax liability adjustment Research and development credit Benefit of US Federal NOL carryback Other items Income tax (benefit) expense For the Years Ended September 30, 2019 2020 (Dollar amounts in thousands) $ (225) 21.2 % $ (93) 21.0 % (7) 2 (3) 1,005 — — — (107) (222) (59) 384 $ 0.7 % (0.2)% 0.3 % (94.7)% —% —% —% 10.1 % 20.9 % 5.5 % (36.2)% $ (73) (46) 31 235 (48) 17 (41) (90) — 37 (71) 16.5 % 10.4 % (7.0)% (53.2)% 10.9 % (3.8)% 9.3 % 20.4 % —% (8.4)% 16.1 % 57 Table of Contents Significant components of the Company's net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 are as follows: Deferred tax assets: Pension Intangibles Other reserves and accruals Inventory reserves and other Federal and state tax credits Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards Foreign net operating loss carryforwards Foreign exchange on intercompany loan Depreciation and amortization Gross deferred tax assets Less: valuation allowance Realizable deferred tax asset Gross deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets September 30, September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ 1,410 94 1,131 684 391 3 1,766 — (244) 5,235 (4,086) 1,149 — $ 1,149 $ 1,378 81 291 619 380 928 1,393 7 (232) 4,845 (2,899) 1,946 — 1,946 The Company regularly assesses the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets to determine, based on the weight of available evidence, whether it is more-likely-than-not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider taxable income in prior carryback years, as permitted under the tax law, our forecasted taxable earnings, tax planning strategies, and the expected timing of the reversal of temporary differences. This determination requires significant judgment, including assumptions about future taxable income that are based on historical and projected information and is performed on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. The valuation allowance against deferred tax assets increased by approximately $1,187 thousand for the year ended September 30, 2020, which was primarily due to the recording of a partial valuation allowance against the U.S. deferred tax assets during the year. During the period ended September 30, 2020, management assessed the positive and negative evidence in the U.S. operations, and concluded that it is more likely than not that a portion of its deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2020 will not be realized in light of recent results, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting economic fallout. In determining the amount of the valuation allowance to record, the Company considered taxable income in prior carryback years for U.S. federal tax purposes and the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences as sources of taxable income against which a portion of its U.S. deferred tax assets is benefitted. The Company recorded a full valuation allowance against the remaining U.S. deferred tax assets in excess of these sources of taxable income. We continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.K. deferred tax assets as we have experienced cumulative losses and do not have any indication that the operation will be profitable in the future to an extent that will allow us to utilize much of our net operating loss carryforwards. To the extent that actual experience deviates from our assumptions, our projections would be affected and hence our assessment of realizability of our deferred tax assets may change. As of 2019, the Company had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards for federal purposes of approximately $2 million. Due to changes in federal tax law enacted as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act during fiscal year 2020, the Company is carrying back all of its available federal net operating losses to recover federal taxes paid in prior periods. As a result, there is no federal net operating loss carryforwards as of September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company had U.S. tax credit carryforwards for federal purposes of $0 and $279 58 Table of Contents thousand, respectively. The fiscal year 2020 federal R&D credit and all carried forward credits were applied to offset the current period federal tax liability. As of September 30, 2020, and 2019, the Company had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards for state purposes of approximately $76 thousand and $4.8 million, respectively, which are available to offset future taxable income through 2040. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of $495 thousand available to reduce future state tax expense, of which $54 thousand has unlimited carryover status and the remainder of the credits are available through fiscal year 2035. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had U.K. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $9.3 million that have an indefinite life with no expiration. Undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $10.3 million and $11.0 million as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company is considering cash distribution of undistributed foreign earnings in the future and will continue to assess the potential impact of any future distributions on U.S. taxes. The state tax impact of a distribution of foreign earnings and profits would not be material. In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future. As of September 30, 2020, the total amount of uncertain tax liabilities relates to state tax credit carryforwards and are all recorded net in deferred taxes. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Balance, beginning of year Additions for tax positions of current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Accrued penalties and interest Reversal for statute of limitations Balance, end of period For the Year Ended September 30, 2020 For the Year Ended September 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) — $ 78 265 — — $ 343 220 — — 13 (233) — $ $ We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has reviewed the tax positions taken on returns filed domestically and in its foreign jurisdictions for all open years, generally fiscal 2017 through 2020, and believes that tax adjustments in any audited year will not be material. 59 Table of Contents 6. Property, Equipment and Improvements, Net Property, equipment and improvements, net consist of the following: Leasehold improvements Equipment Automobiles Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Property, equipment and improvements, net September 30, September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ 224 8,603 116 8,943 (7,896) 1,047 $ $ 224 8,397 98 8,719 (7,446) 1,273 The Company uses the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets to record depreciation expense. Depreciation expense was $443 thousand and $405 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 7. Acquired Intangible Assets As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, intangible assets are as follows: September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 Weighted Average Remaining Amortization Period Accumulated Gross Amortization Net Weighted Average Remaining Amortization Period (Amounts in thousands) Accumulated Gross Amortization Net Customer list 4 years $ 90 $ 62 $ 28 5 years $ 90 $ 53 $ 37 Amortization expense on these intangible assets was $9 thousand and $11 thousand for fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively. Annual amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the following successive fiscal years is as follows: Fiscal year ending September 30: 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total (Amounts in thousands) 9 9 9 1 28 $ 60 Table of Contents 8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following: Accounts payable Commissions Compensation and fringe benefits Professional fees and shareholders’ reporting costs Taxes, other than income Finance lease liability Operating lease liability Warranty Other 9. Leases Information related to both lessee and lessor $ $ September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ 5,604 335 1,024 368 161 274 679 78 — $ 8,523 13,495 359 992 369 353 334 — 105 168 16,175 The following table specifies where the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and October 1, 2019 (adoption date): Consolidated Balance Sheets Location September 30, 2020 October 1, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) (Amounts in thousands) Assets Operating leases Lease receivable - current Lease receivable - noncurrent Total lease receivable Operating lease right-of-use assets Investment in lease, net-current portion Investment in lease, net-less current portion Liabilities Current operating lease liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses Non-current operating lease liabilities Total operating lease liabilities Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion Current finance lease liabilities Non-current finance lease liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities Total finance lease liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,014 $ 2,448 336 $ 81 417 $ 679 $ 1,390 2,069 $ 274 $ 52 326 $ 367 417 784 746 1,783 2,529 334 324 658 61 Table of Contents The components of lease costs for the twelve months ended September 30, 2020 are as follows: Consolidated Statements of Operations Location Consolidated Statements of Operations Location Finance Lease: Interest on lease liabilities Operating Lease: Operating lease cost Short-term lease cost Total lease costs Less sublease interest income Total lease costs, net of sublease interest income Selling, general, and administrative Selling, general, and administrative Selling, general, and administrative Revenue Twelve months ended September 30, 2020 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ $ 30 735 12 777 (83) 694 Future lease payments under our non-cancellable leases and payments to be received as a sublessor as of September 30, 2020 are in the following table: Fiscal year ending September 30: Operating lease Costs Finance lease Costs Sublease Payments received 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Total Less imputed interest Total (Amounts in thousands) $ $ $ 749 613 439 240 182 2,223 (154) 2,069 $ $ $ 285 51 5 — — 341 (15) 326 $ $ $ 356 67 12 3 — 438 (21) 417 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 is below: Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases Operating cash flows from short-term leases Operating cash flows from finance leases Financing cash flows from finance leases Lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities Operating leases Cash received from subleases 62 Twelve months ended September 30, 2020 (Amounts in thousands) $ 757 38 30 333 216 451 Table of Contents Information as a lessee related to weighted averages of lease term and discount rate as of September 30, 2020 is below: Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) Operating leases Finance leases Weighted-average discount rate Operating leases Finance leases 10. Product Warranties September 30, 2020 3.5 1.1 September 30, 2020 4.0% 6.5% Product warranty activity for the years ended September 30 was as follows: 2020 2019 Balance at the beginning of the period Accruals for warranties for products sold in the period Fulfillment of warranty obligations Balance at the end of the period $ $ $ (Amounts in thousands) 108 34 (37) 105 105 7 (34) 78 $ These amounts are within accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. 11. Line of Credit As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, the Company maintained an inventory line of credit with a borrowing capacity of $15.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively. The amount of the inventory line of credit and cash withdrawal was lowered in June of 2020 primarily due to lack of need for full use of the line. It may be used by the TS or HPP segment in the U.S. to purchase inventory from approved vendors with payment terms which exceed those offered by the vendors. No interest accrues under the inventory line of credit when advances are paid within terms, however, late payments are subject to an interest charge of the rate published in the Wall Street Journal as the “prime rate” plus 5%. The prime rate was 3.25% as of September 30, 2020. The credit agreement for the inventory line of credit contains financial covenants which require the Company to maintain the following TS segment-specific financial ratios: (1) a minimum current ratio of 1.2, (2) tangible net worth of no less than $4.0 million, and (3) a maximum ratio of total liabilities to total net worth of less than 5.0:1. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, Company borrowings, all from the TS segment, under the inventory line of credit were $1.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and the Company was in compliance with all covenants. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, this line of credit also included availability of a limited cash withdrawal of up to $1.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, there were no cash withdrawals outstanding. 12. Notes Payable In September 2019, the Company borrowed $1.0 million with a 5.0% rate of interest related to a multi-year agreement with a customer. See Note 2 for the disclosure related to the receivables. In October 2019, the Company borrowed $2.0 million with a 5.1% rate of interest related to a multi-year agreement with a customer. On April 17, 2020, CSP, Inc. and Modcomp, Inc., its wholly owned subsidiary (collectively, the “Borrowers”) each received a loan in the form of a promissory note from Paragon Bank (“Lender”) in the amounts of $827,000 and $1,353,600, respectively (the “SBA Loans”) under the Paycheck Protection Program, which was established under the 63 Table of Contents recently enacted Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The SBA Loans have a two-year term and carry an annual fixed interest rate of 1%. The SBA Loans provide for customary events of default, including, among others, those relating to failure to make payment, bankruptcy, materially false or misleading representations to Lender or SBA, and adverse changes in the financial condition or business operations that Lender believes may materially affect Borrowers’ ability to pay the SBA Loans. The Borrowers did not provide any collateral or guarantees for the SBA Loans and the Borrowers may prepay the principal of the SBA Loans at any time without penalty. The Borrowers may apply to the Lender for forgiveness of an amount due on the SBA Loans in an amount equal to the sum of certain costs during the 8 or 24-week period beginning on the date of the first disbursement of the SBA Loans. The Company elected to use the 24-week period. However, based on guidance from the SBA the borrowers may submit a loan forgiveness application any time on or before the maturity date of the loan – including before the end of the covered period – if the borrower has used all of the loan proceeds for which the borrower is requesting forgiveness, which is our intention. The amount of SBA Loans forgiveness shall be calculated in accordance with the requirements of the Paycheck Protection Program, including provisions of Section 1106 of the CARES Act. We intend to use the SBA Loans proceeds in accordance with the applicable SBA guidelines. Subsequent to September 30, 2020 and as of the date of this filing, we have received forgiveness for the SBA Loans from the SBA. Interest expense related to the notes for the year ended September 30, 2020 was $131 thousand. There was no interest expense related to a note for the year ended September 30, 2019 as only one note was taken out, which was at the end of the period. Below are details of the notes payable. Fiscal year ending September 30: 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total Less: note discount Total Current Less: notes discount Notes payable - current portion Noncurrent Less: notes discount Notes payable - noncurrent portion 13. Pension and Retirement Plans (Amounts in thousands) 1,702 $ 1,662 449 449 4,262 164 4,098 $ September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 1,702 89 1,613 2,559 74 2,485 $ $ $ $ 359 42 317 718 34 684 $ $ $ $ We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plans in the U.K. are closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2020. In the U.S., the Company also provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2020. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company 64 Table of Contents expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers. Defined Benefit Plans The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheet. The domestic supplemental retirement plans have life insurance policies which are not considered plan assets but were purchased by the Company as a vehicle to fund the costs of the plan. These insurance policies are included in the balance sheet at their cash surrender value, net of policy loans, aggregating $2.4 million and $2.2 million as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The loans against the policies have been taken out by the Company to pay the premiums. The costs and benefit payments for these plans are paid through operating cash flows of the Company to the extent that they cannot be funded through the use of the cash values in the insurance policies. The Company expects that the recorded value of the insurance policies will be sufficient to fund all of the Company’s obligations under these plans. Assumptions: The following table provides the weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine the actuarial present value of projected benefit obligations at: Discount rate: Expected return on plan assets: Rate of compensation increase: Domestic September 30, International September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 2.50 % 3.00 % 1.60 % 3.80 % —% 1.90 % 3.40 % —% The following table provides the weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended: Discount rate: Expected return on plan assets: Rate of compensation increase: Domestic September 30, International September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 3.00 % 4.00 % 1.60 % 3.80 % —% 1.90 % 3.40 % —% For domestic plans, the discount rate was determined by comparison against the FTSE pension liability index for AA rated corporate instruments. The Company monitors other indices to assure that the pension obligations are fairly reported on a consistent basis. The international discount rates were determined by comparison against country specific AA corporate indices, adjusted for duration of the obligation. The periodic benefit cost and the actuarial present value of projected benefit obligations are based on actuarial assumptions that are reviewed on an annual basis. The Company revises these assumptions based on an annual evaluation of long-term trends, as well as market conditions that may have an impact on the cost of providing retirement benefits. 65 Table of Contents The components of net periodic benefit costs related to the U.S. and international plans are as follows: Pension: Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of past service costs Amortization of net gain (loss) Net periodic benefit cost Post Retirement: Service cost Interest cost Amortization of net loss Net periodic cost U.K. 2020 U.S. Year Ended September 30, Total U.K. (Amounts in thousands) 2019 U.S. Total $ $ $ $ 263 (289) 7 190 171 $ $ $ 15 — — 3 18 $ 278 (289) 7 193 189 — $ — — — $ 38 46 24 108 $ $ 38 46 24 108 $ $ $ $ 362 (327) — 149 184 $ $ $ 24 — — (3) 21 $ 386 (327) — 146 205 — $ — — — $ 34 53 (20) 67 $ $ 34 53 (20) 67 Pension: Increase (decrease) in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income (loss) Post Retirement: Increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income Total: Increase (decrease) in minimum liability included in comprehensive income (loss) $ (231) 2 $ (229) $ 914 18 $ 932 — 79 79 — 131 131 $ (231) $ 81 $ (150) $ 914 $ 149 $ 1,063 66 Table of Contents The following table presents an analysis of the changes in 2020 and 2019 of the benefit obligation, the plan assets and the funded status of the plans: Foreign 2020 U.S. Years Ended September 30 Total Foreign (Amounts in thousands) 2019 U.S. Total Pension: Change in projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) Balance beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Changes in actuarial assumptions Foreign exchange impact Benefits paid Projected benefit obligation at end of year Changes in fair value of plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual gain on plan assets Company contributions Foreign exchange impact Benefits paid Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status \ net amount recognized Post Retirement: Change in projected benefit obligation (“PBO”): Balance beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Changes in actuarial assumptions Projected benefit obligation at end of year Funded status \ net amount recognized 514 $ 13,961 $ 12,874 585 $ 13,447 $ — 263 324 629 (260) $ 14,403 $ 8,238 929 437 396 (260) $ 9,740 $ (4,663) $ $ $ $ — — 15 7 — (110) 426 278 331 629 (370) $ 14,829 — $ — 110 — (110) — $ (426) 8,238 929 547 396 (370) 9,740 $ (5,089) $ — 362 1,273 (772) (290) $ 13,447 $ 8,270 194 545 (481) (290) $ 8,238 $ (5,209) $ $ $ $ 13,459 — 386 1,288 (772) (400) $ 13,961 — 24 15 — (110) 514 — $ — 110 — (110) — $ $ (514) 8,270 194 655 (481) (400) 8,238 (5,723) $ $ $ 1,516 — $ 38 — 46 — 103 — — $ 1,703 — $ (1,703) $ 1,516 38 46 103 $ 1,703 $ (1,703) $ $ $ 1,318 — $ 34 — 53 — 111 — — $ 1,516 — $ (1,516) $ $ $ 1,318 34 53 111 1,516 (1,516) 67 Table of Contents The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet consist of: Foreign 2020 U.S. Years Ended September 30 Total (Amounts in thousands) Foreign 2019 U.S. Total Pension: Accrued benefit liability Deferred tax Accumulated other comprehensive income Net amount recognized Post Retirement: Accrued benefit liability Deferred tax Accumulated other comprehensive income Net amount recognized Total pension and post retirement: Accrued benefit liability Deferred tax Accumulated other comprehensive income Net amount recognized Accumulated Benefit Obligation: Pension Post Retirement Total accumulated benefit obligation $ (4,663) $ — 5,934 1,271 $ (426) 14 26 (386) $ (5,089) 14 5,960 885 $ $ (5,209) $ — 6,165 956 $ (514) 15 24 (475) — $ (1,703) 10 — — 160 — $ (1,533) $ (1,703) 10 160 $ (1,533) — $ (1,516) 41 — — 113 — $ (1,362) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (4,663) — 5,934 1,271 $ $ (2,129) 24 186 $ (1,919) $ (14,403) $ (14,403) $ — (426) (1,703) $ (2,129) $ (6,792) 24 6,120 (648) $ $ (14,829) (1,703) $ (16,532) $ (5,209) — 6,165 956 $ $ (2,030) 56 137 $ (1,837) $ (13,447) $ (13,447) $ — (514) (1,516) $ (2,030) $ $ $ $ $ $ (5,723) 15 6,189 481 (1,516) 41 113 (1,362) (7,239) 56 6,302 (881) $ (13,961) (1,516) $ (15,477) Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets are attributable to unfunded domestic supplemental retirement plans, and our U.K. retirement plan. Accrued benefit liability reported as: Current accrued benefit liability Non-current accrued benefit liability Total accrued benefit liability September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ 321 6,471 6,792 $ $ 335 6,904 7,239 As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, consisted of deferred net losses totaling approximately $6.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively. The amount of net deferred loss expected to be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost for the year ending September 30, 2021, is approximately $152 thousand. Contributions The Company expects to contribute $0.4 million to its pension plans for fiscal 2021. 68 Table of Contents Estimated Future Benefit Payments The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (amounts in thousands): Fiscal year ending September 30: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Plan Assets (Amounts in thousands) 409 447 483 524 522 924 $ $ $ $ $ $ At September 30, 2020, our pension plan in the U.K. was the only plan with assets, holding investments of approximately $9.7 million. Pension plan assets are managed by a fiduciary committee. The Company’s investment strategy for pension plan assets is to maximize the long-term rate of return on plan assets within an acceptable level of risk while maintaining adequate funding levels. Local regulations, local funding rules, and local financial and tax considerations are part of the funding and investment process. In deciding on the investments to be held, the trustees take into account the risk of possible fluctuations in income from, and market values of, the assets as well as the risk of departing from an asset profile which broadly matches the liability profile. The committee has invested the plan assets in a single pooled fund with an authorized investment company (the “Fund”). The Fund selected by the trustees is consistent with the plan’s overall investment principles and strategy described herein. There are no specific targets as to asset allocation other than those contained within the Fund that is managed by the authorized investment company. The fair value of the assets held by the U.K. pension plan by asset category are as follows: Fair Values as of Asset Category Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 September 30, 2020 Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as September 30, 2019 Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Total Cash on deposit Pooled funds Total plan assets $ $ 471 9,269 9,740 $ $ 471 9,269 9,740 $ $ (Amounts in thousands) 279 — $ 7,959 — 8,238 — $ — $ — — $ $ $ 279 7,959 8,238 $ $ — $ — — $ — — — The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are equal to the yields to maturity of appropriate indices for government and corporate bonds and by adding a premium to the government bond return for equities. The expected rate of return on cash is the Bank of England base rate in force at the effective date. Level 1 investments represent mutual funds for which a quoted market price is available on an active market. These investments primarily hold stocks or bonds, or a combination of stocks and bonds. Defined Contribution Plans The Company has defined contribution plans in domestic and international locations under which the Company matches a portion of the employee’s contributions and may make discretionary contributions to the plans. The Company’s contributions were $156 thousand and $178 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 69 Table of Contents 14. Stock Based Incentive Compensation In 2015, the Company adopted the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2015 Plan") and authorized 300,000 shares of common stock to be reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2015 Plan. During 2019 an additional 300,000 shares of common stock were authorized to be reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2015 Plan. As of September 30, 2020, there were 223,965 shares available to be granted under the 2015 Plan. Under all of the stock incentive plans, both incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options may be granted to officers, key employees and other persons providing services to the Company. All of the Company’s stock incentive plans have a ten-year life. Awards issued under any of the stock option plans are not affected by termination of the plan. The Company issues stock options at their fair market value on the date of grant. Vesting of stock options granted pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plans is determined by the Company’s compensation committee. Generally, options granted to employees vest over four years and expire ten years from the date of grant. Options granted to non-employee directors have historically included cliff vesting after six months from the date of grant and expire three years from the date of grant. In fiscal years 2016 through 2020, the Company granted certain officers including its Chief Executive Officer and non-employee directors, and key employees shares of nonvested common stock instead of stock options. The vesting periods for the officers’, the Chief Executive Officer’s and the non-employee directors’ nonvested stock awards are four years, three years and one year, respectively. The vesting period for the key employees’ awards is four years. We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors including employee stock options and awards of nonvested stock based on estimated fair values, as described in Note 1. Stock- based compensation expense incurred and recognized for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 related to stock options and nonvested stock granted to employees and non-employee directors under the Company’s stock incentive and employee stock purchase plans totaled approximately $982 thousand and $792 thousand, respectively. The classification of the cost of stock- based compensation, in the consolidated statements of operations, is consistent with the nature of the services being rendered in exchange for the share-based payment. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations: Cost of sales Engineering and development Selling, general and administrative Total Years Ended September 30, September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) $ $ 8 83 891 982 $ $ 7 49 736 792 For the year ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted 36,750 nonvested shares to certain key employees, 40,000 nonvested shares to certain officers including 30,000 shares granted to the Chief Executive Officer, and 20,000 nonvested shares to its non-employee directors. For the year ended September 30, 2019, the Company granted 33,000 nonvested shares to certain key employees, 55,000 nonvested shares to certain officers including 35,000 to its Chief Executive Officer and 20,000 nonvested shares to its non-employee directors. The Company measures the fair value of nonvested stock awards based upon the market price of its common stock as of the date of grant. The Company used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value stock options. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the Company’s stock price, the weighted average risk-free interest rate and the weighted average expected life of the options, at the time of grant. The expected dividend yield is equal to the divided per share declared, divided by the closing share price on the date the options were granted. All equity compensation awards granted for the years ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 were nonvested stock awards. 70 Table of Contents As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, expense for grants beginning upon adoption on October 1, 2005 has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The forfeiture rates for the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were based on actual forfeitures. No cash was used to settle equity instruments granted under share-base payment arrangements in any of the years in the two-year period ended September 30, 2020. The following tables provide summary data of stock option award activity: Number of Options Weighted average exercise price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Outstanding at September 30, 2018 Granted Expired Forfeited Exercised Outstanding at September 30, 2019 Granted Expired Forfeited Exercised Outstanding at September 30, 2020 Exercisable at September 30, 2020 Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2020 $ 3,500 — (500) — (1,000) 2,000 $ — $ — (500) (500) 1,000 1,000 1,000 $ $ $ 3.42 — 2.99 — 2.99 3.75 — 3.85 — 3.85 3.64 3.64 3.64 — — — — — — — — — — .75 Years .75 Years .75 Years $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — 5 5 5 There were no stock options granted in the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $5 thousand and $8 thousand, respectively. The following table provides summary data of nonvested stock award activity: Number of nonvested shares Weighted Average grant date Fair Value Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Nonvested shares outstanding at September 30, 2018 Activity in 2019: Granted Vested Forfeited Nonvested shares outstanding at September 30, 2019 Activity in 2020: Granted Vested Forfeited Nonvested shares outstanding at September 30, 2020 154,352 108,000 (68,867) (2,750) 190,735 $ $ $ $ $ 96,750 (84,743) $ $ — $ $ 202,742 10.34 2.11 Years $ 2,025 9.98 10.39 8.91 10.12 13.28 9.66 — 11.82 — — — $ 2.21 Years — — — $ 2.18 Years — — — 2,560 — — — 1,750 As of September 30, 2020, there was $1.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock- based compensation arrangements (including nonvested stock awards) granted under the Company’s stock 71 Table of Contents incentive plans. This cost is expected to be expensed over a weighted average period of approximately 2.50 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $819 thousand and $716 thousand, respectively. 15. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In December 2013, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan covering up to 250,000 shares of Common Stock (the "ESPP"), which was ratified by a vote of the Company’s shareholders in February 2014. Under the ESPP, the Company’s employees may purchase shares of common stock at a price per share that is currently 95% of the lesser of the fair market value as of the beginning or end of semi-annual option periods. Pursuant to the ESPP, the Company issued 32,222 and 29,238 shares for the two years ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. 16. Repurchase of Common Stock On February 8, 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to purchase up to 250 thousand shares of the Company's outstanding common stock at market price. The plan does not expire. Pursuant to the aforementioned authorization, the Company repurchased 6.4 thousand shares of its outstanding common stock on the open market during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. There were no purchases during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019. As of September 30, 2020, approximately 194 thousand shares remain authorized to repurchase under the stock repurchase program. As of May 14, 2020, we have suspended our stock repurchase program until further economic clarity. 72 Table of Contents 17. Segment Information The following table presents certain operating segment information. Technology Solutions Segment For the year ended September 30, 2020 Sales: Product Service Total sales Income (loss) from operations Total assets Capital expenditures Depreciation and amortization 2019 Sales: Product Service Total sales Income (loss) from operations Total assets Capital expenditures Depreciation and amortization High Performance Products Segment United Kingdom U.S. (Amounts in thousands) Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,401 2,475 5,876 (3,730) $ 9,915 89 218 $ 943 440 $ 1,383 $ 43,645 10,889 $ 54,534 (168) $ 2,474 $ 33,434 141 231 — 3 $ 10,296 6,406 1,496 7,902 (3,085) $ 11,548 310 230 $ 4,936 380 $ 5,316 $ 54,675 11,168 $ 65,843 (62) $ 2,321 $ 37,291 516 180 $ 10,530 6 6 $ 44,588 11,329 $ 55,917 $ 2,306 $ 43,730 141 234 $ 59,611 11,548 $ 71,159 $ 2,259 $ 47,821 522 186 Consolidated Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 47,989 13,804 61,793 (1,424) 53,645 230 452 66,017 13,044 79,061 (826) 59,369 832 416 Profit (loss) from operations is sales less cost of sales, engineering and development, selling, general and administrative expenses but is not affected by either non-operating charges/income or by income taxes. Non-operating charges/income consists principally of investment income and interest expense. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Over 99% of long- lived assets are located in North America. The following table details the Company’s sales by operating segment for fiscal years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The Company’s sales by geographic area based on the location of where the products were shipped or services rendered are as follows: 2020 2019 TS HPP Total % of Total TS HPP Total % of Total Americas Europe Asia (Amounts in thousands) Total % of Total $ 54,177 $ 1,645 $ 5,001 637 $ 59,178 $ 95 % 2,282 $ 4 % 95 238 333 $ 55,917 5,876 $ 61,793 1 % 100 % $ 67,228 $ 3,285 $ 5,294 771 $ 72,522 $ 92 % 4,056 $ 5 % 646 1,837 2,483 $ 71,159 7,902 $ 79,061 3 % 100 % 90 % 10 % 100 % 90 % 10 % 100 % 73 Table of Contents Deferred tax assets by geographic location at years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows: September 30, September 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) North America Europe Totals $ $ 1,149 $ — $ 1,149 1,946 — 1,946 The following table lists customers from which the Company derived revenues in excess of 10% of total revenues for the years ended years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. For the year ended September 30, 2020 2019 Customer Revenues % of Total Revenues Customer Revenues % of Total Revenues Customer A $ 6,485 10 % $ 10,186 13 % In addition, accounts receivable from Customer A totaled approximately $4.7 million, or 28%, and approximately $7.4 million, or 36%, of total consolidated accounts receivable as of September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. We believe that the Company is not exposed to any significant credit risk with respect to the accounts receivable with this customer as of September 30, 2020. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of total consolidated accounts receivable as of September 30, 2020. 18. Fair Value Disclosures Under the fair value standards fair value is based on the exit price and defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement should reflect all the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. A fair value hierarchy is established in the authoritative guidance outlined in three levels ranking from Level 1 to level 3 with Level 1 being the highest priority. Level 1: observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly Level 3: unobservable inputs (e.g., a reporting entity’s or other entity’s own data) The Company had no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring (except our pension plan assets, see Note 13) or non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019. 74 Table of Contents To estimate fair value of the financial instruments below quoted market prices are used when available and classified within Level 1. If this data is not available, we use observable market-based inputs to estimate fair value, which are classified within Level 2. If the preceding information is unavailable, we use internally generated data to estimate fair value which is classified within Level 3. As of September 30, 2020 As of September 30, 2019 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount (Amounts in thousands) Fair Value Fair Value Level Reference $ 19,264 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts and long-term receivable* Liabilities: Notes payable 4,098 *Original maturity over one year 5,839 $ 19,264 $ 18,099 $ 18,099 5,839 7,087 7,087 4,098 1,001 1,001 1 3 2 Consolidated Balance Sheets Note 2 Note 12 Cash and cash equivalents Carrying amount approximated fair value. Accounts and long-term receivable with original maturity over one year Fair value was estimated by discounting future cash flows based on the current rate with similar terms. Note Payable Fair value was estimated based on quoted market prices. Fair value of accounts receivable with an original maturity of one year or less and accounts payable was not materially different from their carrying values at September 30, 2020, and 2019. 19. Dividend As of May 14, 2020, we have suspended our stock repurchase program until further economic clarity. For the years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company paid cash dividends as follows: Fiscal Year 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 Date Declared 12/27/2018 2/12/2019 5/8/2019 8/7/2019 12/10/2019 2/12/2020 Record Date 1/7/2019 2/28/2019 5/31/2019 8/30/2019 12/31/2019 2/28/2020 Date Paid 1/22/2019 3/14/2019 6/14/2019 9/13/2019 1/15/2020 3/13/2020 Amount Paid Per Share $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 75 Table of Contents 20. Revision of Prior Period Financial Statements (Unaudited) We identified an immaterial error in the first three quarters of fiscal year 2020 related to the recognition of certain revenue as “net,” when in fact the revenue should have been recorded on as “gross” basis. We revised the first three quarters of fiscal year 2020 for this error. A summary of revisions for our previously reported financial statements are presented below (in thousands, except per share data). There were no effects on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the periods below. Sales: Product Services Total sales Cost of sales: Product Services Total cost of sales Gross profit Operating loss Net loss Net loss per share – basic Net loss per share – diluted Sales: Product Services Total sales Cost of sales: Product Services Total cost of sales Gross profit Operating loss Net loss Net loss per share – basic Net loss per share – diluted For the three months ended December 31, 2019 As revised Adjustment As reported $ 13,222 3,350 16,572 $ 337 (51) 286 13,559 3,299 16,858 11,318 1,223 12,541 286 — 286 11,604 1,223 12,827 4,031 $ — $ 4,031 (402) $ — $ (402) (540) $ — $ (540) (0.14) $ (0.14) $ — $ — $ (0.14) (0.14) $ $ $ $ $ $ For the three months ended March 31, 2020 As revised Adjustment As reported For the six months ended March 31, 2020 Adjustment As revised As reported $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 12,296 3,799 16,095 $ 850 (62) 788 13,146 3,737 16,883 $ 25,518 7,149 32,667 $ $ 1,187 (113) 1,074 26,705 7,036 33,741 10,245 1,367 11,612 788 — 788 11,033 1,367 12,400 21,563 2,590 24,153 1,074 — 1,074 22,637 2,590 25,227 4,483 $ — $ 4,483 $ 8,514 $ — $ 8,514 (143) $ — $ (143) $ (545) $ — $ (545) (732) $ — $ (732) $ (1,272) $ — $ (1,272) (0.18) $ (0.18) $ — $ — $ (0.18) $ (0.18) $ (0.32) $ (0.32) $ — $ — $ (0.32) (0.32) 76 Table of Contents Sales: Product Services Total sales Cost of sales: Product Services Total cost of sales Gross profit Operating loss Net loss Net loss per share – basic Net loss per share – diluted 21. Subsequent Events For the three months ended June 30, 2020 Adjustment As revised As reported For the nine months ended June 30, 2020 Adjustment As revised As reported $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 10,294 3,238 13,532 8,361 947 9,308 105 143 248 239 9 248 $ $ 10,399 3,381 13,780 35,812 10,387 46,199 $ $ 1,292 30 1,322 37,104 10,417 47,521 8,600 956 9,556 29,924 3,537 33,461 1,313 9 1,322 31,237 3,546 34,783 4,224 $ — $ 4,224 $ 12,738 $ — $ 12,738 (393) $ — $ (393) $ (938) $ — $ (938) (210) $ — $ (210) $ (1,482) $ — $ (1,482) (0.05) $ (0.05) $ — $ — $ (0.05) $ (0.05) $ (0.37) $ (0.37) $ — $ — $ (0.37) (0.37) As of the date of this filing, we received forgiveness of the SBA loans from the SBA, which totaled around $2.2 million. This amount will be recognized in income in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021. See Note 12 for further details of the SBA loans. 77 DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 EXHIBIT 4.1 CSP, Inc. has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended: our common stock. In this Exhibit 4.1, when we refer to “CSP,”, “CSPI”, the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”, we mean CSP, Inc., excluding, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context requires, our subsidiaries. All references to “common stock” refer only to common stock issued by CSP and not to any common stock issued by any subsidiary. The general terms and provisions of our common stock are summarized below. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by express reference to, the provisions of our articles of organization and bylaws, each of which is filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.1 is a part. We encourage you to read our articles of organization and bylaws and the applicable provisions of the Massachusetts Business Corporation Act (“MBCA”) for additional information. Authorized Shares Under our articles of organization, we have the authority to issue 7,500,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share. Dividends Holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our Board of Directors, in its discretion, out of assets legally available, subject to any preferences that may be applicable to any preferred stock outstanding at the time. Payment of dividends on the common stock may be restricted by loan agreements, indentures and other transactions entered into by us from time to time. Voting Rights Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters voted on generally by the stockholders, including the election of directors, and, except as otherwise required by law or except as provided with respect to any series of preferred stock, the holders of common stock possess all voting power. Our articles of organization does not provide for cumulative voting for the election of directors. Directors are elected by a plurality of votes cast at the annual meeting of stockholders (or special meeting in lieu thereof). If an incumbent director in an uncontested election does not receive more votes “for” than “withheld”, the director is expected to promptly offer the Board his or her resignation as a Director for consideration. The resignation will be considered by the Nominating Committee and acted upon by the Board within 90 days following the certification of the stockholder vote. At any meeting of stockholders, a majority in interest of all stock issued, outstanding and entitled to vote upon a question to be considered at such meeting shall constitute a quorum. When a quorum is present at any meeting, a majority in interest of the stock present or represented and entitled to vote on a matter, (or if there are two or more classes of stock entitled to vote as separate classes, then in the case of each such class, a majority in interest of the stock of that class present or represented and entitled to vote on a matter) shall decide any matter to be voted on by the stockholders, except where a larger vote is required by law, the articles of organization or our bylaws. CSP, by vote of a two-thirds of the stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon (or if there are two or more classes of stock entitled to vote as separate classes, then by vote of a two-thirds of each such class of stock outstanding), may (i) authorize any amendment to our articles of organization pursuant to Section 10.03 of Chapter 156D of the MBCA, as amended from time to time, (ii) authorize the sale, lease, or exchange of all or substantially all of its property and assets, including its goodwill, pursuant to Section 12.02 of Chapter 156D of the Massachusetts General Laws, as amended from time to time, and (iii) approve an agreement of merger or consolidation pursuant to Section 11.04 of Chapter 156D of the Massachusetts General Laws, as amended from time to time. Advance notice provisions for stockholder proposals and stockholder nominations of directors Our bylaws provide that, for nominations to the Board of Directors or for other business to be properly brought by a holder of common stock before a meeting of stockholders, the stockholder must first have given notice of the proposal in writing to the Company’s Clerk within the deadlines set forth in the bylaws. Detailed requirements as to the form of the notice and information required in the notice are specified in the bylaws. If it is determined that business was not properly brought before a meeting in accordance with the bylaws, such business will not be conducted at the meeting. The bylaws may have the effect of precluding the conduct of some business at a stockholders’ meeting if the proper procedures are not followed or may discourage or defer a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. Limitations on Stockholder action without a meeting and the ability of stockholders to call a meeting. Although our articles of organization and bylaws allow stockholders to act by written consent, such written consent must be signed by all stockholders entitled to vote on the matter to be approved. This essentially requires that stockholders may act only at a duly called stockholders’ meeting. In addition, under the bylaws, special meetings of stockholders may be called only by our President, the Board of Directors, and by our Clerk upon written application of or one or more stockholders holding at least 40% of the capital of stock entitled to vote at the meeting. Liquidation Rights Upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolutions, or winding up, holders of shares of common stock are entitled to share ratably in our assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preferences of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock. Absence of Other Rights Holders of common stock have no preferential, preemptive, conversion, redemption or exchange rights. Massachusetts Law If in the future the Company were to have more than 200 stockholders of record (as determined by the statute), the Company would be subject to the provisions of Chapter 110F and 110D of the Massachusetts General Laws, the so-called Business Combination Statute and Control Share Acquisition Act, respectively. Under Chapter 110F, a Massachusetts corporation with at least 200 shareholders of record (as determined by the statute), which is otherwise subject to the statute, may not engage in a “business combination” with an “interested shareholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person becomes an interested shareholder, unless (i) the interested shareholder obtains the approval of the Board of Directors of the Company prior to becoming an interested shareholder, (ii) the interested shareholder acquires 90% of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (excluding shares held by certain affiliates of the Company) at the time it becomes an interested shareholder, or (iii) the business combination is approved by both the Board of Directors of the Company and the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (excluding shares held by the interested shareholder), which in the case of the shareholder approval is authorized at an annual or special meeting of shareholders, and not by written consent. An “interested shareholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or at any time within the prior three years did own) 5% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (which 5% number is adjusted to 15% for such person so long as such person is eligible to file Schedule 13-G under the Securities Exchange Act) . A “business combination” includes a merger, a stock or asset sale, and other transactions resulting in a financial benefit to the shareholder. Under Chapter 110D, a Massachusetts corporation with at least 200 shareholders of record (as determined by the statute), generally provides, with certain exceptions, that any person, including his, her or its affiliates who acquires shares of a corporation that are subject to the Control Share Acquisition Act, and whose shares represent one-fifth or more, one-third or more, or a majority or more of the voting power of the corporation in the election of directors cannot exercise any voting power with respect to those shares, unless those voting rights are authorized by the stockholders of the corporation. The authorization of voting rights requires the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting shares, excluding shares owned by: (i) the person making the acquisition of this nature, (ii) any officer of the corporation, and (iii) any employee who is also a director of the corporation. Our bylaws provide a provision which permits the Company to effect redemptions of shares acquired in a control share acquisition under certain circumstances. Each of the below listed subsidiaries is 100% directly owned by CSP Inc. except as otherwise indicated, and all are included in the SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT Exhibit 21.1 consolidated financial statements. NAME OF SUBSIDIARY CSP Securities Corp. 175 Cabot Street, Suite 210 Lowell, MA 01854 CSP Inc. Foreign Sales Corp., Ltd. 175 Cabot Street, Suite 210 Lowell, MA 01854 Modcomp, Inc (1). 1182 East Newport Center Drive Deerfield Beach, FL 33442 (1) Modcomp has one subsidiary operating in Europe STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION OF INCORPORATION/ ORGANIZATION Massachusetts U.S. Virgin Islands Delaware Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in these Registration Statements (Nos. 333-64493, 333-124030, 333-124031, 333- 151024, 333-197608, 333-207229, and 333-231650) on Form S-8 of CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries of our report dated December 28, 2020, relating to the consolidated financial statements of CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10- K of CSP Inc. for the year ended September 30, 2020. EXHIBIT 23.1 /s/ RSM US LLP Boston, Massachusetts December 28, 2020 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 31.1 I, Victor Dellovo, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. December 28, 2020 /s/ Victor Dellovo Victor Dellovo Chief Executive Officer and President CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 31.2 I, Gary W. Levine, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. December 28, 2020 /s/Gary W. Levine Gary W. Levine Chief Financial Officer 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of CSP Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certifies, to the best knowledge and belief of the signatory, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. December 28, 2020 December 28, 2020 By: /s/ Victor Dellovo Victor Dellovo Chief Executive Officer and President By: /s/ Gary W. Levine Gary W. Levine Chief Financial Officer 

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