Daimler AG
Annual Report 1990

Plain-text annual report

DAIMLERBENZ Annual Report 1990 Members of the Supervisory Board and the Board of Management Directors and Daimler-Benz Group Representatives To the Stockholders and Friends of our Company Report of the Board of Management Business Review The Group's Corporate Units and Divisions Mercedes-Benz Passenger Car Division Commercial Vehicle Division AEG Deutsche Aerospace debis Research and Technology Employees Finance Financial Statements Proposal for the Allocation of Unappropriated Profit Report of the Supervisory Board Daimler-Benz in Figures Principle Subsidiaries and Affiliated Companies The Daimler-Benz Share HERMANN J. ABS Frankfurt am Main Honorary Chairman, Deutsche Bank AG Honorary Chairman HlLMAR KOPPER Frankfurt am Main Member of the Board of Management, Deutsche Bank AG Chairman (from March 7, 1990) KARL FEUERSTEIN*) Mannheim Chairman of the Corporate Labor Council, Daimler-Benz AG Chairman of the Joint Labor Council, Mercedes-Benz AG Deputy Chairman (from April 25, 1990) PROF. DR. RER. NAT. GERD BINNIG Munich Head of IBM Physics Group (from July 4, 1990) DIPL.-ING. RICHARD BOLLMANN*) Mannheim Senior Departmental Manager (from September 2, 1990) PROF. DR.-ING. E.h. WERNER BREITSCHWERDT Stuttgart DR. RER. POL. HORST I, BURGARD Frankfurt am Main Member of the Board of Management, Deutsche Bank AG HELMUT FUNK*) Stuttgart Chairman of the Labor Council, Unterturkheim Plant and Main Office, Mercedes-Benz AG ERICH KLEMM*) Calw Chairman of the Labor Council, Sindelfingen Plant, Mercedes-Benz AG RUDOLF KUDA*) Frankfurt am Main Departmental Manager within the Board of Management, Metal-Workers' Union HUGO LOTZE*) Reinhardshagen Chairman of the Labor Council, Kassel Plant, Mercedes-Benz AG FRANZ STEINÜUHLER*) Frankfurt am Main First Chairman, Metal-Workers' Union HERMANN-JOSEF STRENGER Leverkusen Chairman of the Board of Management, Bayer AG BERNHARD WURL*) Mainz Departmental Manager within the Board of Management, Metal-Workers' Union Retired from the Supervisory Board: DlPL-ING. HANS-GEORG POHL Hamburg Chairman of the Board of Management, Deutsche Shell AG HERBERT LUCY*) Mannheim Chairman of the loint Labor Council, Daimler-Benz AG DR. RER. POL. WOLFGANG ROLLER Frankfurt am Main Speaker for the Board of Management, Dresdner Bank AG SIEGFRIED SAUTER*) Frankfurt am Main Deputy Chairman of the Corporate Labor Council, Daimler-Benz AG Chairman of the Joint Labor Council, AEG Aktiengesellschaft (from October 11, 1990) Deputy Chairman (on March 7, 1990) WILLI BOHM*) Kandel Member of the Labor Council, Worth Plant, Mercedes-Benz AG (on October 1, 1990) RICHARD HELKEN*) Bremen Chairman of the Labor Council, Bremen Plant, Mercedes-Benz AG (on October 1, 1990) PROF. DR. JUR. GERHARD TREMER Grafelfing near Munich Member of the Board of Management, Bayerische Landesbank Girozentrale (on July 4, 1990) DIPL.-ING. MARIA-CHRISTINE FURSTIN VON URACH*) Stuttgart Director (died September 2., 1990) DR. JUR. ROLAND SCHELLING Stuttgart Attorney at Law PETER SCHONFELDER*) Augsburg Member of the Labor Council, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH (from October 11, 1990) DR. JUR. WALTER SEIPP Frankfurt am Main Chairman of the Board of Management, Commerzbank AG PROF. DR. JUR. IOHANNES SEMLER Kronberg/Taunus Member of the Board of Management, Mercedes Aktiengesellschaft Holding Retired from the Board of Management: HEINZ DÜRR Frankfurt am Main AEG (on December 31, 1990) DR.-ING. RUDOLF HÖRNIG Stuttgart Research and Technology (on April 30, 1990) EDZARD REUTER Stuttgart Chairman DR. JUR. MANFRED GENTZ Stuttgart Daimler-Benz InterServices (debis) PROF. DR.-ING. E.h. DR. h.c. WERNER NIEFER Stuttgart Mercedes-Benz DR. RER. POL. GERHARD LIENER Stuttgart Finance and Materials Deputy Chairman JURGEN E. SCHREMPP Munich Deutsche Aerospace HELMUT WERNER Stuttgart Mercedes-Benz DR. JUR. HANS-WOLFGANG HIRSCHBRUNN (Deputy Member) Stuttgart Personnel (from July 1, 1990) ERNST GEORG STÖCKL (Deputy Member) Frankfurt am Main AEG (from January 1, 1991) PROF. DR.-ING. HARTMUT WEULE (Deputy Member) Stuttgart Research and Technology (from September 1, 1990) Directors DR. JUR. BOY-JüRGEN ANDRESEN Personnel and Social Policy MATTHIAS KLEINERT*) Public Relations and Economic Policy KONRAD STRAUB Group Accounting Control HANSJÖRG BAUMGART Daimler-Benz Art Possessions DR. MICHAEL KRÄMER (provisionally) Vehicle and Traffic Systems Research DR. OEC. PUBL. PAUL WICK* Finances and Taxes MARTIN BERGER Annual Accounts and Disclosure DR. RER. NAT. VOLKER LEHMANN Research Institutes AEG/Aerospace DR. JUR. SOLMS WITTIG*) Staff Lawyer DR. RER. POL. ROLF A. HANSSEN Consolidated Planning and Controlling WERNER POLLMANN (provisionally) Technology JÖRG SEIZER Subsidiaries and Affiliated Companies GERD WORIESCHECK Personnel Development for Senior Executives i With general power of procurement. Daimler-Benz Group Representatives BERLIN BRUSSELS TOKYO PETER-HANS KEILBACH Hohenzollerndamm 150 D-1000 Berlin 33 DR. JUR. HANNS R. GLATZ 133, Rue Froissart - Bte 29 B-1040 Brussels MICHAEL N. BASSERMANN P.O. Box 510, Ark Mori Bldg. Minato-Ku, Tokyo 107, Japan BONN DR. RER. POL. JURGEN MORLOK Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 26 D-5300 Bonn 1 HONG KONG KLAUS BEHRENDT 6th Floor, Ruttonjee House 11 Duddell Street, Central Hong Kong WASHINGTON D. C. RICHARD H. IMUS Suite 800, 1350 I Street, N.W. Washington D. C 2005, U.S.A. 1990 was a year with which we can well be pleased. There were indeed specific problems not anticipated in the form in which they emerged, and not least of all in parts of AEG. Nev ertheless, we made commendable pro gress. After overcoming the quality problems which appeared at times, our cars gained considerable ground again facing tough competition, and consoli dated their continued leading position. Our commercial vehicles were able to further improve their international leading position. Deutsche Aerospace is following the optimum course to wards uniformly organizing its fields of activity, and is thus becoming a sought-after partner for international cooperation ventures. Daimler-Benz InterServices can look proudly at the first steps it made on the services market. Most importantly, we can be confident that in the financial year under review we passed the point of maximum costs and investment which we consciously took on with the goal of restructuring our company to be come an integrated technology group. We must not, however, overlook the fact that from a general economic point of view many things have hap pened since last fall on a wide front and with considerable momentum, which we too were not able to avoid. Since we wish to remain true to our strategy of being traditionally oriented toward circumspection and adequate provisions, we are therefore proposing that the dividend should remain the same as in 1989, at DM 12.00 per DM 50 share. How have we reached this decision? First and foremost exchange rates have been considered. If the exchange rates of the D-mark to the US dollar and yen had remained unchanged with respect to 1989, we would have been able to achieve DM 2 billion more in sales revenue. Although measures to secure exchange rates may cause a certain cushioning effect over time, a shift of this nature must, of course, be reflected in our net result at the end of the day. For important export areas in Ger man industry, this means that an on going currency parity which is below actual purchasing power demands con siderable structural efforts in order to be able to balance out disadvantages on such a scale. In the long run they inevitably lead to the shifting abroad of parts of net product added which are of fundamental importance to the productive power of the whole of Ger man industry. It would be irrespons ible not to take this very seriously, particularly as there are enough sec tors of industry and products which will not be able to convert simply to the "Made in Europe" of the single European market. It is therefore difficult to compre hend which circumstances or interests could force German exchange rate pol icy to adopt a position which neces sarily leads in the long term to the in dustrial foundations of Germany being eroded. In other words, the people bearing political responsibility must take note that the currency pain threshold in the case of exchange rates has been considerably exceeded in terms of how the latter have devel oped into 1991. The only option open as a short-term counter measure to the export-oriented sectors is to take drastic action to reduce costs within their own com panies. Daimler-Benz is thus also applying measures to reduce costs, which have now been in force over a longer period of time, with added vigor and more ambitious aims. We have promised ourselves a sustained re duction in the volume of costs over the next four to five years on a scale of DM 4 billion throughout the group. Moreover, an important factor is that in Germany there is much public de bate about exports of defense technol ogy, which is energetically assisted by politicians, yet for the most part with out a clear direction; a debate which extensively confuses an honorable strength of conviction with the mis guided view that a world without secu rity through defense and without secu rity based on balance would be self- regulating and that this should be at the top of the agenda. However, as with the shifting of sourcing or of the company's own manufacturing facilities to other coun tries, measures taken by German industry on a comparable scale would have not only structural effects but also macro-economic consequences in the Federal Republic of Germany. Against such a background, it is not surprising that we at Daimler-Benz now look to the future with somewhat reserved expectations and are critically examining the availability of our re sources. In addition, even with a con tinued favorable situation in Germany, there will be sufficient difficulty in ad vancing the rebuilding of industry in the new Federal German states with out initial exertion. There are, however, other diffi culties. Developments in the Soviet Union and its former European satel lite countries conceal risks which have now emerged as being more than just purely economic factors. The additional effects of the Gulf Crisis are difficult to fathom in their entirety, and its spe cific effects for Germany in terms of important trade partners give rise to feelings of apprehension. This subject also includes the funda mentally justified and welcome in crease in export regulations for de fense technology, including threats of greater punishment. The force behind that is partly what we had already established as a guideline within our group for our own export practise. Counter to many claims which were publicly made, in some cases, against better knowledge, the companies within the Daimler-Benz group have in no instance contravened the spirit or letter of existing laws. Nevertheless, that does not mean that the new conditions would be un- problematic without exception. Under the extended laws, export goods which include almost all products in the electro-technology and electronic sector and which are required for the most varied purposes are subject to controls. If the definition of civilian goods which can be used to military ends ranges though from light bulbs to trucks, then it must be obvious that the instru ments available for monitoring export goods not only become a frustrating bureaucratic tool, but one which must also fail due to being overstrained. All in all, the international economic scene has therefore altered drastically over a short period of time. In Ger many, 1991 should on the one hand still see positive growth rates, but on the other hand also considerable addi tional pressure on profits, which will not least of all be due to the new tax resolutions of the Federal government, however inevitable they may be. In order not to fall into a possibly sustained exchange rate trap in the face of such conditions, we will closely examine the nature of our cost struc ture beyond the saving measures intro duced. I cannot predict today the re sults which will emerge, but the stra tegic issues on the agenda are clear. Dogma regarding production locations or supplier preferences, taboos con cerning voluntary social payments, fi nancing means or company profiles in our group will not be permissible. We shall adhere to the fundamental expe rience that anyone will only have success with their strategy if they do their homework both resolutely and in good time, paying the necessary atten tion to proven traditions. Since we feel that we have the capacity required, we also remain able to make the necessary outlay towards becoming an integrated technology group. Obviously, in the long term this can only be on the basis of corporate units which are autonomously profita ble and capable of growth. We are working in that direction at full steam - which will become more apparent this year, after we were able to make such an impressive start in 1990 with the creation of debis. Daimler-Benz is only acting consis tently in also using this instrument within the framework of our business policy. We now have a series of alli ance partners in various fields, and with others, for example Mitsubishi, we are continuing promising discus sions. We attribute a particular signifi cance to the collaboration which has now been bindingly agreed between Deutsche Aerospace/MTU and United Technolgies/Pratt & Whitney in the domain of aircraft engines, which could open up interesting further possibilities with this important US technology partner. Moreover, and I feel this point is not one of inconsiderable importance, a partnership network of this nature can contribute within the framework of business alliances to solving problems not just in the economic and technical spheres of our lives. Relationships arise which promote, beyond the com panies concerned, growth towards one another for a community of interests with the spirit of good neighborliness. All of our efforts would of course founder without the employees who work for the future of Daimler-Benz with their ability, commitment and enthusiasm. You, as our shareholders, can place your trust in them in the same way as we are proud of this vital prerequisite for the success of the course we have chosen. However, a technology group always remains a mixture of deliberately toler ated losses, i.e. investment in new fields of activity, income sources used for innovations, i.e. "cash cows" and proceeds from planned disinvestment, i.e. from business coming to a close. The latter feature presupposes that analyses are constantly carried out in a company as to where things can be wound down before it becomes bla- tently obvious to all. Conversely that means from the purchaser's point of view that he can make more of the business concerned than the seller is able to. Only then can a reasonable, good sales price be achieved, and jobs in the new corporate network are more secure than before. We can also continue this work with improved accuracy because our inter nal planning system allows us to oper ate effectively calculated resource management. Following the imminent conclusion of what has in part been extremely elaborate, methodical pre liminary work, we will soon be in a position to control management resources, the promotion of up-and- coming employees, capital and liq uidity, research, and project-related investment in accordance with criteria of corporate strategy. We have proceeded with strategy projects of this kind in many fields of the group's activities, without making external announcements. It is indeed enough for the competitors to become acquainted with the resulting products. At any rate, this work confirms to us with each day that passes that the eco nomic world is very much in motion. Anyone wishing to be successful to morrow using today's product concept, with the exception of certain niches, will be bitterly disappointed. A study for an overall transport system which we have presented to united Berlin shows what it is all about. We have demonstrated through it our capacity to develop complex sys tems in context and to deduce the cor rect specifications for individual prod ucts from an understanding of the whole. Conditions are required for this purpose which only Daimler-Benz can provide in such a combination: mas tery of all vehicle techologies on road, rail and in the air, together with infor mation technology and systems knowl edge. The companies still of course rely on politically favorable conditions for their conduct. We need open borders, since several projects such as the next gen eration of aircraft engines, space sys tems and traffic guidance technology, together with products such as road vehicles or helicopters, can only be mastered in an economically competi tive manner if there is an international division of work. This can also be seen from the ex ample of a more recent form of inter national cooperation between com panies, when they merge to become business alliances. Contrary to several misunderstandings which still exist in the public eye, it is not a matter of a new title for efforts which are ques tionable from the point of view of com petition, nor of indissoluble alliances. The common interest is actually based on the fact that neither of the partners is able to implement the economic or technical aim of the collaboration en tirely through their own efforts. The idea is therefore not to establish un restrained market power but rather to secure, through collaboration, advan tages comparable to those likewise secured by competitors through similar cooperation. units, slightly below the previous year's volume; this drop was mainly due to the taxation on discounts for company employees, which came into effect in 1990, and to the continuing fiscal discrimination against diesel cars. The compact-series models fa vored by our employees were partic ularly affected by this. By contrast, de mand from our customers for the mid- series cars grew. In the S-class new car registrations again reached last year's volume. Sales abroad went up by 3.0 % to 309,800 cars. Exports to the neighbor ing countries of the European Commu nity rose by 5.3 % to 131,800 units, which was again above average. We achieved high growth rates particularly in Italy and Spain, while we were not able to escape the weak state of the markets in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Outside the EC, our passenger cars benefited from the opening up of the East European markets. Worldwide Decline in Economic Growth Daimler-Benz: Worldwide Sales Over DM 85 billion The economic growth stimuli in the industrialized countries of the west slackened off perceptibly during the course of 1990. This development, which had already become noticeable before the Gulf crisis, was accelerated by the temporary rise in oil prices. North America, the United Kingdom and the Scandinavian countries are in recession, with demand declining, the utilization of production capacity fal ling, and inflation rising. At the same time, the competitiveness of European products in price terms was considera bly reduced by the weakness of the US dollar and the Yen. This resulted in a larger balance of trade deficit between the EC and the USA and Japan. The economy of the Federal Repub lic of Germany remained largely un affected by general trends in the world economy, experiencing an economic climate all of its own. As a result, par ticularly, of the enormous need to catch up in the new Federal German states, industry in the old Federal Ger man states was operating virtually at full capacity. Gross National Product increased by 4.6 %, a figure not achieved for over ten years. At the same time, however, exports were con siderably affected by falling demand in some important foreign markets and the rise in the value of the D-mark. The balance of trade surplus declined sharply for the first time since 1983, from DM 135 billion to DM 92 billion. The generally healthy condition of the old Federal German states, how ever, must not be allowed to conceal the fact that no reversal of the difficult economic trend in the new Federal states is discernible. In the 1990 financial year, Daimler- Benz continued its upward trend. Con solidated sales rose above the compa rable previous year's (i.e. including MBB) by 5.2 % to DM 85.5 billion. The increase in the domestic market, by 11 % to DM 36.7 billion, was well above average; in the other countries of the European Community our sales totaled DM 18.9 billion (+ 5.1 %). For the EC market as a whole, there was thus an 8.8 % rise, to DM 55.6 billion. Outside the EC the volume of business remained at the same level as in 1989, at DM 30.0 billion. This can be attrib uted above all to the rise in the value of the D-mark and the downturn in a number of major markets outside Europe. More than two thirds of consolidated sales were accounted for by the corpo rate unit Mercedes-Benz. AEG and Deutsche Aerospace each contributed about 15%; the newly founded Daimler-Benz InterServices accounted for 3.2 % of consolidated sales. Mercedes-Benz Cars: Considerable Increase in Production Output Despite a tendency to slacken on the part of some important automotive markets, the international passenger car industry in 1990 matched the high level of unit sales of the preceding years. One decidedly negative factor was the car market in the USA, which shrank by a further 4.8 %. In Japan, the already exceptionally high level of new-car registrations rose yet further; unit sales in Western Europe approx imately matched the previous year's. In the year under review, Mercedes- Benz sold 561,900 vehicles worldwide, 2.0 % more than in 1989. In Germany, new-car registrations totaled 245,600 Note: The Business Review is combined for Daimler- Benz AG and the group as a whole. In the largest foreign market, the USA, we once more succeeded in sell ing more Mercedes-Benz cars, despite keener competition in the upper mar ket segment. In Japan we continued the expansive trends of the last few years with a 23 % increase; this made us the highest-selling import make. In Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore we sold over 70 % more cars than the year before and thus could reach a volume of 6,500 units. With all available facilities working to full capacity, we raised production output in 1990 by 5.9 % to 574,200 cars. Growth was achieved above all by the mid-series - including the T-models - and by the coupes and the roadsters. The proportion of diesels to total cars produced fell yet again, to 23.6% (24.5% in 1989). Our subsidiary in Mexico nearly doubled its sales and considerably improved its market share. Despite generally weaker demand in the USA, Freightliner also increased its market share in the class 8, from 16 to 19 %. Mercedes-Benz of South Africa and Mercedes-Benz Espana suffered a drop in sales; Mercedes-Benz Turk, by con trast, achieved significant growth in the case of both trucks and buses. Altogether, our foreign commercial vehicle companies cut back their out put in 1990 by 10 % to 90,100 vehi cles. For that reason, production output for the group as a whole was slightly below the previous year's high level, at 258,900 worldwide. In the fall of 1990, Mercedes-Benz entered into a joint venture with Auto- mobilwerk Ludwigsfelde GmbH (IFA) and the Treuhandanstalt (Federal Ger man agency in charge of privatizing industry in the former East Germany), based in Berlin. For a transitional period, the agreement provides for the assembly of vans and trucks on a com mission basis. For the medium term, we plan to build a new assembly plant in the Ludwigsfelde area, south of Berlin, which is to reach an annual capacity of 40,000 commercial vehicles by the mid-90's. Mercedes-Benz: Leading Position with Commercial Vehicles Improved In 1990 most of the commercial ve hicles markets abroad were affected by a general weakening of the economic situation. Demand-related cuts in out put were necessary particularly in lapan, the USA and South America, while commercial vehicle production in Germany and Mexico experienced strong growth. Mercedes-Benz consolidated its posi tion of world leadership as a manufac turer of trucks of over 6 tonnes GVW. In Germany our new-vehicle registra tions went up by a total of 20 %; of these, registrations of trucks over 6 tonnes rose by 24 %, and those of heavy-duty trucks of 16 tonnes and above by 26 %. Due to a decline in some European markets our exports out of our German plants decreased by 14 %, as compared with the previous year, to 87,100 units; among heavy- duty trucks over 16 tonnes, the de cline amounted to 22 %. Nonetheless, we succeeded in improving our posi tion in important countries like France and Italy. For trucks over 6 tonnes, Mercedes-Benz increased its market share by 3.0 percentage points to 26 % and thereby considerably expanded its leading market position. Domestic manufacturing plants were operating at full capacity and produced 168,800 units, again 5.0 % more than in 1989. Output of kits for production abroad went up by 66 % to 21,200 units. The fall in demand for commercial vehicles in South America made it necessary to cut the output of our sub sidiaries in Brazil and Argentina by 18 % and 11 %, respectively. While this also resulted in a loss of market share in Brazil, the market share of Mercedes-Benz vehicles in Argentina increased. AEG: Further Increase in Sales and Incoming Orders In the German electrical industry the pleasing development of former years continued on a high level. The AEG group fully participated in this growth and in some areas performed better than the sector as a whole. The increase in sales is principally attribu table to domestic business. The fields of activity Rail Systems, Electrotechni cal Systems and Components, Office and Communication Systems, and Do mestic Appliances contributed two- figure growth rates to this increase. New acquisitions also added to total sales volume. Our microelectronics subsidiary TELEFUNKEN electronic and the divisions AEG Electrocom and Components boosted their volume of foreign business. In both the domestic and foreign markets, sales of Industrial Systems, in the Automation field of activity, were clearly above average. Incoming orders for the AEG group exceeded the previous year's high level in 1990, at DM 14.2 billion. The 1.9 % rise came entirely from the domestic market. Here, AEG achieved growth of 11 %, to DM 7.9 billion, while orders from abroad were 7.2 % down on those for 1989. The increase in orders for Germany is due mainly to the fields of activity Rail Systems, Electrotechnical Systems and Components, as well as Office and Communication Systems. In Rail Sys tems, this is partly the result of ac quiring the track-bound vehicle sector of MAN GHH. In the field of activity Electrotechnical Systems and Compo nents, increases were achieved espe cially by the divisions Components, and Power Transmission and Distribu tion; a gratifyingly high number of im portant orders were also received in the Industrial Systems sector of Auto mation. The drop in export sales was due primarily to the fact that we had re ceived a number of major orders in the field of activity Rail Systems in the previous year; moreover, the cyclical downturn in some important foreign markets, together with unfavorable trends in the dollar exchange rate, had an adverse effect on business. DASA: Progress Despite increased Competition Under the umbrella organization of Deutsche Aerospace (DASA), the com panies Dornier, Messerschmitt-Bölkow- Blohm (MBB), MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union and Telefunken Sys- temtechnik (TST) have been integrated to form an efficient network. In bring ing this about, we are catering for the growing globalization of markets, in which the only companies to survive are those with comprehensive know- how, coupled with the capability of as suming a leading role in international programs. Both as a competent partner and as a main contractor, the DASA group is participating in a number of international joint ventures, partic ularly in the fields of aviation and space technology, defense systems and propulsion units. 377,000 Employees in the Daimler-Benz Group At the end of 1990, the Daimler- Benz group employed 376,785 people worldwide (1989: 368,226); of these, 303,404 were in Germany and 73,381 abroad. Of the total workforce, 17,565 young people were trainees or appren tices (1989: 17,032). Daimler-Benz AG and holding companies alone had 2,707 employees. The increase in the workforce in Germany of 5,205 was due primarily to the taking on of new personnel which became necessary in the Pas senger Car and Commercial Vehicle di visions of Mercedes-Benz AG. Abroad, employment levels of the production and assembly companies in some countries were affected by a more dif ficult economic and political environ ment. The increase by 3,354 em ployees is primarily attributable to the first-time inclusion of employees from Mercedes-Benz Turk. At corporate unit level, Mercedes- Benz had 230,974 employees at year- end (1989: 223,219), AEG had 76,949 (1989: 77,722) and Deutsche Aero space 61,276 (1989: 62,959). Follow ing its foundation as a new company, debis took over staff from Daimler- Benz AG as well as from Mercedes- Benz, AEG and DASA; at the end of the year 4,879 people were working for the new corporate unit. At Dornier, the Space Systems sector showed strong growth in sales turnover due to the settlement of in voices within the programs for the Eu ropean Earth Reconnaissance Satellite ERS-1 and the X-ray satellite Rosat. Other contributors were the Dornier 228 regional aircraft, assemblies for the Airbus program, as well as further development work on the JF90/EFA fighter aircraft. In Defense Systems, major deliveries of the CL 289 recon naissance drone were invoiced. In the Medical Systems division, the rise in sales did not meet expectations. MBB achieved almost half of its sales in the Aviation sector, mainly due to the Tornado, the Airbus pro gram and the helicopter types BO 105, BK 117 and Tiger (PAH-2). The Space Systems division invoiced products and services in the programs Ariane, Columbus, DFS Kopernikus and Hermes. In defense technology, the main sources of revenue were the Ro land air defense weapons system and the Pars 3 and Milan anti-tank sys tems. At MTU, the proportion of foreign business to the slightly lower total sales stabilized at the previous year's high level, although sales of diesel en gines and of aero-engines for civil avi ation suffered considerably due to a weak dollar. Activities centered around aero-engines for the Tornado and the IF90/EFA fighter aircraft, as well as on various civilian aircraft programs. In the Diesel Engines division, the main volume of business was accounted for by marine engines. TST hived off the Marine Systems division at the beginning of 1990; at the same time, the company took over Telefunken Sendertechnik GmbH from AEG. When adjustment is made for these structural changes, TST achieved an increase in sales. The chief focus of business was in radar systems for the army and air force, increased scopes of delivery for remote reconnaissance systems, and large transmitting sta tions. Altogether, at the end of 1990 Deut sche Aerospace had an extensive order backlog of DM 25 billion, which also reflects incoming orders for major pro jects from 1989. Good Start for debis The new Daimler-Benz InterServices (debis) AG started actual trading at the beginning of 1990, as the fourth corpo rate unit in the Daimler-Benz group; legally, it has been operating as a joint stock company since July 1, 1990. The company initially consists of five divi sions, incorporating the services already existing in the Daimler-Benz group: Software House, Financial Ser vices, Insurance, Trading and Market ing Services. Despite considerable initial diffi culties and keener international com petition in 1990 the first year of trad ing, was generally encouraging. Total output was higher than originally ex pected. The reasons for this were the generally positive trend in business and a number of acquisitions made in 1990. The latter include the purchasing of majority interests in Systemhaus Cur- adata GmbH, Hamburg, and in Metall- gesellschaft Informationsverarbeitung GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, as well as the foundation of the new companies Mercedes-Benz Finance Ltd in the United Kingdom and sfi Systemhaus fur Informationsverarbeitung GmbH, Berlin. Also, debis took over the sys temhaus GEI - Gesellschaft fur Elek- tronische Informationsverarbeitung mbH, Aachen, from AEG. Further Rise in Group Purchasing Volume In 1990, the Daimler-Benz group worldwide purchased goods and ser vices to a value of over DM 50 billion (1989: DM 45 billion). More than two thirds of the total volume was ac counted for by Mercedes-Benz, 14 % by AEG and 13 % by Deutsche Aerospace. The price situation in the procure ment markets was marked by higher personnel costs on the part of sup pliers, and by falling raw materials prices. As a result of the Gulf crisis, oil-dependent products became signifi cantly more expensive in the latter half of the year. Our efforts to internationalize pur chasing ("global sourcing") reduced costs. In future we will make greater use of foreign manufacturing bases belonging to domestic suppliers and thereby create new purchasing poten tial. We have incorporated the new Federal German states to a greater extent into our procurement policy; in the medium term, we expect important stimuli from this region in particular. We aim to further intensify business relations with our suppliers by acquir ing complex systems and components, extending quality assurance measures and increasing the scope of parts re quired from them. We are already in cluding a growing number of them in product development at an early stage. In our decision-making on procure ment, we are according more and more importance to the environmental compatibility of products and manufac turing processes, as well as to the re- cyclability of externally sourced parts. In the year under review we further improved communication concerning goods and services to be purchased, by applying an integrated material re quirements planning system and by making greater use of remote data transmission. The logistics from the supplier through to the final destina tion of the procured material in our factories have been optimized so as to ensure that production facilities are supplied smoothly. At this point, we would like to ex press our thanks to all supply, trans port and service-rendering companies for their good cooperation. Our sup pliers, above all the medium-sized firms, showed a high degree of flex ibility and innovative capability in 1990. Substantial Investment to Secure the Future In the year under review, substantial funds were again invested to secure the future existence of the companies in the Daimler-Benz group. Despite good capacity utilization, we were able to implement our investment program smoothly and according to schedule. Additions to fixed assets amounted to DM 5.7 billion in 1990; the previous year's figure of DM 5.9 billion in cluded the fixed assets taken over from MBB (DM 1.2 billion). Daimler- Benz invested DM 0.3 billion both in intangible and in financial assets. Following the restructuring of the Daimler-Benz group, a goodwill amount of DM 124 million has been shown; this is being written down as planned. Additions to intangible, fixed and financial assets were again fully financed from the cash flow of DM 6.7 billion. The goodwill of DM 591 million aris ing particularly from the acquisition of a further interest in MBB raised the total volume of investments to DM 6.9 billion. This was directly offset against the stockholders' equity of the group, since it arises from the group's restructuring. In future, acquired goodwill amounts will be depreciated in instalments. Of the investments made by the Daimler-Benz group in fixed assets, DM 3.5 billion (1989: DM 3.0 billion) was accounted for by Mercedes-Benz. The main focus was again on the pas senger car division and pertained ad vance outlay for the production start up of the new S-class in particular. On the commercial vehicle side, nearly DM 1 billion was invested. Additions In the two divisions of Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles, Mercedes-Benz spent a total of DM 3.1 billion on research and development. On the passenger car side, the 190 E 1.8, a model for first-time Mer cedes buyers, received a positive re sponse both in Germany and abroad. At the beginning of 1991 we further improved standard equipment and en gine capacities in our compact class. In the mid-series, the Mercedes-Benz 500 E was launched as a new top model in October 1990; with its 5-liter, V8, 4-valve engine it is the most pow erful car in this series. In the spring of 1990 we introduced a new emission control system for our diesel cars consisting of exhaust gas recirculation and an oxidation catalytic converter; this is being offered as an optional extra. The system makes it possible to further reduce the already low emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulates. At the Geneva Motor Show in March 1991, two years after the premiere of our roadster, we presented the new S-class. It met with an exceptionally positive response internationally. This standard-setting automobile will fur ther consolidate our leadership in the to fixed assets totaled DM 774 million for AEG, DM 938 million for DASA and DM 333 million for debis. Efforts by all the corporate units concentrated on new products and features, intro ducing new technology and raising productivity. Investment in the vehicle leasing ac tivities of Daimler-Benz InterServices amounted to DM 3.6 billion (1989: DM 3.1 billion), financed by depreciation and disposals of fixed assets, and by sequential additions to liabilities. For the refinancing of our entire leasing and sales financing business, we bor rowed DM 6.2 billion. DM 8.2 Billion for Research and Development Expenditure on research and devel opment in the Daimler-Benz group - including MBB for the first time - rose to DM 8.2 billion (DM 7.5 billion in 1989). Worldwide, more than 36,000 people are employed in research, de velopment and testing, to consolidate and further improve our position as an integrated technology enterprise. "Research" at Daimler-Benz comes under the auspices of the executive holding company as a task which goes beyond corporate unit areas of compe tence. Accordingly, we devised re search institutes which belong to the central "Research and Technology" di vision, but which are geared to the re quirements of the individual corporate units and their fields of activity. In "Technology" we have concentrated all the instruments of knowledge and technology transfer, to ensure rapid and efficient exchange within Research and between the corporate units. automotive upper class. With an abun dance of innovations in vehicle and en vironmental engineering, it sets new standards in comfort, motoring enjoy ment and handling, without neglecting our basic values of solidity, security and high quality. In order to reconcile the desire for top-quality individual mobility with the demands of society and the environment, we have devoted particular attention to achieving the maximum ecological compatibility of all features and design criteria. On the commercial vehicle side, we launched the models 1324 and 1524 from the "LK" or light Worth series, fitted with the 177 kW/240 horse power OM 366 LA engine. In the equally new models of the Worth "MK", or medium-heavy series, with gross vehicle weights of 12, 14 and 17 tonnes, major technical elements from the heavy-duty series have been incor porated. The Diisseldorf-made T2 van range was extended by the addition of vehicles with permanent all-wheel drive, and by the introduction of the anti-lock braking system, ABS, as an optional extra. With a view especially to safety and ecology, Mercedes-Benz has developed an engine brake of considerably im proved efficiency; this not only raises active safety, it also reduces both wear and noise, and relieves stress on the wheel brake. For Mercedes-Benz com mercial vehicles already in operation, our retail branches and agencies are offering an "eco-check", with low-cost repairs and environment-friendly retro fit packages. More noise-damping equipment is also being developed for all Mercedes-Benz commercial vehi cles, and in some cases this can also be retrofitted. At AEG, expenditure on research and development, at DM 782 million, nearly equaled the previous year's level and represented 5.9 % of the AEG group's total sales. A sum of DM 112 million was spent on research and de velopment work related to specific or ders. A total of 4,750 employees were working on the development of new products and processes. In 1990, AEG participated in 35 national and interna tional research projects; these mainly involved the fields of activity Micro electronics, Automation, Rail Systems and Communication Systems. The companies of the DASA group altogether spent DM 4.2 billion on re search and development, representing 34 % of sales. Of this sum, DM 0.8 bil lion was accounted for by free re search and development projects not related to specific orders. In the avia tion sector, development effort was concentrated on the 30-seater Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft, the A321 and A330/A340 Airbus programs, and on the IF90/EFA European fighter aircraft. Work on the BO 108 light helicopter made good progress. In the space tech nology sector, the Rosat X-ray satellite was put into orbit, and the Ulysses space probe launched. In the Defense Systems division, we continued to de velop the second and third-generation anti-tank systems as commissioned. Work on the engines for commercial and executive aircraft, and on military fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters was continued. In September 1990 we in troduced the completely new 595- series diesel engines. Consolidated Net Income DM 1.8 Billion The 1990 consolidated statement of income shows the generally satisfac tory amount of DM 1.8 billion. The slight increase over the calculated, no tional net income of the previous year (DM 1.7 billion) can be attributed to the lower taxes on income in the year under review. Operating income, at DM 4.2 billion, was 10 % below the comparable figure for the previous year. The mainstay of income in the Daimler-Benz group continues to be automotive business. However, the strength of the D-mark, which ham pered exports, together with uncer tainty regarding the international political situation, had a perceptible damping effect. This contrasted with positive stimuli resulting from the unique upturn in the German market, from increased sales in a number of major volume markets abroad, from a more favorable model mix, and from cost-reduction programs. At AEG, losses incurred in current business, coupled with investments which had to be made in the interest of the group as a whole, depressed re sults considerably. Deutsche Aerospace shows a negative result in its state ment of income, although this is entirely due to the year's net loss incurred by Deutsche Airbus GmbH. Because of provisions made the year before, this loss does not affect the consolidated statement of Daimler- Benz, so that DASA made a positive contribution to consolidated net in come in 1990. This also applies to debis, whose result was distinguished by gratifying trends on the part of the leasing and finance companies. In the non-operating area, average liquidity for the year was low, and in come from interest declined by 12 % to DM 989 million. As in previous years, a monetary adjustment was made on the financial statements for subsid iaries in high-inflation countries, which to some extent eliminates apparent profits. Balance Sheet Structures Remain Favorable The expansion in the volume of business to DM 85.5 billion led to a DM 4.6 billion rise in the balance sheet total to DM 67.3 billion. Due to higher investments and another con siderable increase in the inventory of leased vehicles, the assets side of the balance sheet has become more heavily weighted towards long-term in vestments. Currents assets, which rose in value by DM 0.8 billion, make up 63 % (1989: 66 %) of total assets. Since the ratios of items on the liabilities side, especially the equity ratio at 26 %, remain virtually unchanged, the rise in non-current assets has caused coverage of fixed assets by stock holders' equity to decline from 109 % to 102 %; this does not include leased items, which are mainly financed by borrowing. After inclusion of long and medium-term provisions, especially pension provisions, and liabilities due after more than one year, the share of medium and long-term capital in the consolidated balance sheet total amounts to 64 % (1989: 65 %). This means that non-current assets, inven tories and parts of the remaining assets are covered. Allocation of Earnings Outlook The net income of Daimler-Benz AG amounts to DM 1,120 million, roughly equaling the previous year's level. As the executive holding company, Daimler-Benz again applied §58 Ak- tiengesetz (German Stock Corporations Law) and transferred half of this sum to retained earnings. By far the great est part of the net income was contrib uted by Mercedes-Benz AG, which once again transferred its entire earn ings for the year, DM 980 million. As laid down in the existing control con tract, we assumed responsibility for the loss made by AEG Aktiengesell- schaft of DM 214 million. To the Annual General Meeting of Stockholders on June 26, 1991, we propose the paying out of a dividend of DM 12 per DM 50 share. The total dividend paid thus amounts to DM 557 million. The remaining DM 3 million is to be carried forward, together with the sum carried forward the previous year (DM 5 million). The share capital increase autho rized by the Annual General Meeting of July 2, 1986 is valid until June 30, 1991. To provide advance security for the complex tasks facing us in the future, and to ensure entrepreneurial flexibility, we propose that a new capi tal increase in the amount of DM 600 million be authorized. In a number of important Western industrialized countries, economic growth slackened off still further in the first few months of the year. How ever, following the swift conclusion of the Gulf war, the prospects that the world economy will pick up in the sec ond half of 1991 have improved. The German economy will be able to con tinue the upturn stimulated by internal demand, although the situation in the new Federal German states gives rise to considerable concern. The car industry is optimistic that the catching up still necessary in the new Federal German states will greatly benefit both domestic manufacturers and import makes in 1991. The num ber of cars sold in important export markets, on the other hand, is ex pected to fall further. Mercedes-Benz expects sales opportunities for its cars to be generally good, with the market launch of the new S-class having a positive rub-off effect on the whole model range. Fiercer competition in a number of major international markets, and the pressure this causes on profit margins, is having an increasing effect on the performance of the European commer cial vehicle industry. At the same time, the creation of the single Euro pean market and the opening up of Eastern Europe are creating attractive opportunities to adapt the quality of the product range to the growing de mands of the movement of freight. Mercedes-Benz is prepared for such a development. We have a broad-based, technically mature vehicle range. Moreover we can offer services which optimize vehicle operation as well as environmental acceptability. For 1991 we expect the sales volume of Mercedes-Benz commercial vehicles to be high once again, with a special set of economic circumstances continuing in Germany and with generally im proved market opportunities outside Europe. AEG expects its volume of business to grow again in the current year. The main contributors to this will be its Automation and Rail Systems fields of activity. After the modest rise in ex port sales in the year under review we expect a significant improvement in 1991. In Germany we expect growth to be boosted by our activities in the five new Federal German states; it is espe cially in this region of Germany that we wish to build on our old traditions. The historically close contact between AEG and the countries of Eastern Eu rope is to be further developed as the political and economic situation allows. The basis for this is provided by the branches we have already opened in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, together with the agency agreement concluded with a Bulgarian partner, which involves the entire AEG product range. Despite the great significance which the new Federal German states and Eastern Europe have for us, how ever, we will not be neglecting to im prove our position in the economic areas of the European Community, the USA and the Far East. Deutsche Aerospace also expects sales to increase further in the current year. In the aviation sector, settle ments of invoices in the aircraft and helicopter programs should be higher overall; for the Tornado, by contrast, sales will decline. In the space sector, we expect major payments to be made for the development projects Hermes and Ariane 5, for the launching of the ERS-1 and for the Eureca platform; in the longer term, this sector is subject to a degree of uncertainty because the space flight programs of ESA are being totally revised. In the defense sector, the first payments for work on the pro gram for the European version of Stinger will be made. Deliveries of the CL 289 drone are also expected to be stepped up. We will have to wait and see what effects the political decisions still to be made will have on defense spending. In the propulsion systems sector, business will greatly depend on exchange rate parities and on military procurement programs; cooperation with international partners will provide us with important additional market opportunities. Daimler-Benz InterServices has set itself some ambitious objectives for its future business. By extending the exis ting fields of activity, by consistently tailoring the range of services to the specific requirements of customers and by greatly expanding the volume of business with customers inside and outside the Daimler-Benz group, debis aims to double the total revenue of the year under review in the medium term. The expansion of the corporate unit is taking place against the back drop of a fundamental change in Eu rope's economic environment, because services are increasingly being offered across international borders, and there fore have to take account of European - and indeed global - competition in terms of both structure and approach. The processes of concentration in the field of information technology and among companies offering marketing services is accelerating. The opening up of the Eastern European markets is making increasing demands of barter trading. In the classic fields of finance services and insurance, additional and more varied services are being offered. Altogether, Daimler-Benz as an in ternationally oriented technology group views these developments as tanta mount to a major challenge. In order to remain successful in the face of worldwide competition, we will there fore systematically continue our cost- reducing programs, which have already proved effective. At the same time, we aim to offer our customers innovative services and systems in accordance with market requirements and to an even greater extent than before. This includes the development of new concepts in transport, on which we are working intensively. In view of the ever-increasing volume of goods traffic, for instance, the truck must be better integrated into transport chains which employ different types of carrier. The linking together of various means of transport - and this applies right across international frontiers - will therefore become more and more important. We expect the creation of the single European market and the fundamental political and economic changes in Eastern Europe to provide more poten tial for increases across our business spectrum. Our confidence in the devel opment of the Daimler-Benz group is emphasized by the fact that we plan to invest about DM 30 billion in the next five years. Added to this are expendi tures on research and development to taling over DM 43 billion. In the year under review, Mercedes- Benz increased employment and pro duction and again achieved gratifying results, amounting to DM 1.5 billion. At DM 59.8 billion, the sales of the group exceeded those of the previous year by 6.1 %. Sales of the Passenger Car division increased sharply by 8.0 % to DM 35.5 billion, while commercial vehicles contributed DM 24.3 billion (+ 3.4 %). Cars thus accounted for 59 % of consolidated sales and commercial vehicles for 41 %. The importance of the EC markets for Mercedes-Benz continued to in crease; DM 37.0 billion, or 62 % (1989: 58 %) of total business, was generated in this important economic zone. In Germany alone, we increased our sales by 19 % to DM 24.3 billion. In the markets outside the EC, the strong Deutschmark and declining commer cial vehicles business in South and North America meant that sales were slightly short of the previous year's high level at DM 22.8 billion (1989: DM 23.4 billion). Mercedes-Benz AG on its own increased its sales by 12 % to DM 48.6 billion (1989: DM 43.6 billion). At the end of 1990, the Mercedes- Benz group employed 230,974 (1989: 223,219) people around the world, 179,120 (1989: 173,510) of these in Germany and 51,854 (1989: 49,709) abroad. Of this total, 11,288 were trainees and apprentices. In 1990 we again undertook sub stantial investment to secure the fu ture of our vehicles business and our comprehensive investment program proceeded according to schedule. DM 3.5 billion (1989: DM 3.0 billion) was invested in fixed assets worldwide, DM 2.7 (1989: DM 2.0 billion) of this in Germany. The main focus was again the Passenger Car division, with an ex penditure of DM 2 billion, chiefly com prising preparations for production of the new S-class and the setting up of the Rastatt car assembly plant. Of the investments in the Commercial Vehicles division, DM 500 million was ac counted for both by the German facto ries and by the foreign production companies. Mercedes-Benz spent a to tal of DM 3.1 billion on research and development. About DM 300 million was invested in further extending the performance of our worldwide sales and service or ganization. The main emphasis was on branches and supply depots in the ter ritory covered by Mercedes-Benz Ver- triebsorganisation Deutschland (MBVD) and Mercedes-Benz Japan. In the coming years, Mercedes-Benz expects sales to increase substantially. The exploitation of inherent technologi cal potential within the Daimler-Benz group will open up promising pros pects for the future of the motor vehi cle. We shall seize this opportunity by investing DM 21 billion in fixed assets over the next five years, and spending a further DM 16 billion on extensive research and development activities. Downturn in International Vehicle Markets After seven years of continuous boom in international car business, 1990 saw a downturn in the vehicle markets. Despite this however, the high sales volume of the previous years was repeated. World production again exceeded 36 million cars. In the USA, sales fell by a further 4.8 % in 1990 to 9.3 million cars. The US man ufacturers were particularly affected. They had to reduce their production by 16 % to 4.9 million cars. By contrast, the Japanese manufacturers increased their production in the USA by 17 % to 1.1 million cars; in conjunction with the 1.5 million cars imported from la- pan, they increased their market share from 25 % to 28 %. 85,000 of the new lapanese luxury cars were sold in their very first year. The German car manufacturers represented in the high- quality market segment sold 168,000 cars, 1.4 % more than in the previous year. In Japan, with an increase of 16 % to 5.1 million new car registrations, the previous year's results were substan tially exceeded. Imported makes in creased their sales by 19 % in 1990, to 209,000 cars. German importers, who account for around two thirds of car imports, made large gains particularly in the category over 2 liters engine displacement. Ex ports of cars by Japan increased only slightly, by 1.8 %, to 4.5 million vehicles. In the year under review, some 2 mil lion cars carrying Japanese makers' names were produced outside the country; in total, Japanese vehicle companies built some 12 million cars. In Western Europe, including the new Federal German states, car sales attained a similar magnitude to those of the previous year at 13.2 million units. While there were substantial falls in sales in the United Kingdom, Spain and Sweden, the large French and Italian markets maintained the high levels of the previous year. At 13.6 million cars, production in West ern Europe was slightly below the previous year's level (13.7 million). Federal Republic of Germany: Record Number of Registrations in the West German States In the states of former West Ger many, new car registrations for the first time exceeded the 3 million mark. This gratifying trend was due to the increase in real income in the old West German states and buoyant used vehicle business in the new Federal German states, which had a positive effect on substitution demand for new vehicles. In the new Federal German states, approximately 1 million cars were registered, including 280,000 new vehicles. The unexpected increase in demand in Germany led to substan tial delivery problems for West Ger man manufacturers. European and Ja panese competitors profited from this and sharply increased their market share in the former West German states. The share of foreign makes sup plying the German market increased to 32.3 % (1989: 30.2 %); in the new Fed eral German states, their share of new registrations was considerably higher still, at almost 40 %. In former West Germany, 96 % of vehicles newly registered in 1990 were in the pollutant-reduced category; 90 % of all gasoline-engined cars were equipped with a closed-loop catalytic converter. There was an increase in sales of diesel cars for the first time since 1986 (+ 15 %); their share of the total market increased to 11%. Clearly, the objective arguments for buying a diesel, such as high economy and long life, seem to be gaining recognition once again. As far as exports are concerned, the German vehicle industry achieved its second best ever result (2.6 million cars (-4.6 %). Higher exports to Japan and the USA contrasted with a decline in deliveries to Western Europe. West German car production climbed during 1990 to a new record level of 4.7 mil lion cars (+2.1 %). Foreign production by German manufacturers increased further to 1.6 million (1989: 1.5 mil lion) vehicles. Mercedes-Benz: Domestic Registrations at Last Year's Level There were 245,600 new registra tions of Mercedes-Benz cars in the Federal Republic of Germany in the year under review (1989: 247,100). Sales to company employees suffered noticeably - though less than expected - from the new taxation of employee car sale discounts. The resulting drop in sales to employee customers af fected particularly diesels. 86,000 com pact class cars were registered in the year under review, 7 % less than in the previous year. The gratifying demand for our mid-series, continued unabated view, 38,700 Mercedes-Benz cars were registered there (+23 %). Our mid- series models were again particularly successful as were the S-class models and the coupes and sports cars. Out standing sales successes were achieved also in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, where we increased our sales by 74 % to 6,500 Mercedes- Benz cars. In the year under review, Mercedes- Benz built 574,200 cars (+5.9 %). The diesel share of this fell further for de mand reasons from 24.5 % to 23.6 %. Licensed production of cross-country vehicles at Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG in Graz, Austria, was stepped up consid erably during 1990 due to the new model generation. in the year under review, with 139,000 new registrations (+3.5 %). 14,100 (1989: 14,600) S-class vehicles were newly registered in 1990; given the advent of the new generation an nounced for spring 1991, this was a remarkable success. Foreign Sales Record In 1990 we increased our sales abroad by 3.0 % to 309,800 cars, which represented our best sales result to date. In the markets of the European Community excluding Ger many, we sold 131,800 cars (+5.3 %), the largest volume ever. Italy, with a 13 % rise in Mercedes-Benz sales to 39,200 cars, was again our largest market. In France, we gained ground with an increase of 4.0 % to 28,700 vehicles, while the economic situation in the United Kingdom resulted in a 5.2 % fall from the record year of 1989 to 27,300 cars sold. Sales in the USA were 3.5 % up on those of 1989 at just under 78,400 Mercedes-Benz cars, despite the gen eral worsening in market conditions. There was a high demand particularly for our roadster and also for our mid- series coupes and the S-class. The East Asian markets are becom ing more and more important for Mercedes-Benz. This applies partic ularly to Japan. In the year under re Further Attractive Models and Environment-Friendly Diesel Engines A variety of technical improvements and new model versions have now made our car range even more attrac tive. The four model series offer our customers 56 different models to choose from. Further upgrading of our compact series took place at the beginning of 1991 when the range of standard equipment was extended. At the Paris Motor Show in October 1990, we presented our new top model in the mid-series, the 500 E. Wider wheel arches, 225/55 ZR16 tyres and greater track width are among the more striking outward features; the four-valve 5-liter V8 engine already proven in the SL series provides per formance to match the calibre of the vehicle. A breath-taking stride has been taken in engine and drive man agement with sequential fuel injection, which supplies the correct quantity of fuel to each cylinder at exactly the right moment. Since December 1990, the 500 SL has been offered with acceleration skid control (ASR) as standard. In September 1990, we brought out a completely new generation of stereo equipment which combines the latest technology with a perfect matching of all systems to the interior design of the vehicle. In spring 1990, we introduced as an option for diesel cars a new emission control concept consisting of exhaust gas recirculation and oxidization cata lyst. The already very low hydrocar bon, carbon monoxide and particulate emissions are thereby reduced still fur ther. The Geneva Motor Show in March 1991 - two years after our sports car made its premiere at the same event - saw the presentation of the new S-class. It met with an exceptionally positive response from the interna tional public. We are convinced that this vehicle series will consolidate our leading position in the luxury market segment, particularly since its many innovations in vehicle and environ ment technology entail no sacrifices in our basic values of sound workman ship, security and high quality. Innovations in Vehicle Safety Mercedes-Benz has more than 50 years of experience in the field of ve hicle safety. Innovation followed inno vation, pointing the way for others to follow. Mercedes-Benz has fitted more than 2.5 million ABS systems, more than 7.2 million belt-tensioners and more than 750,000 airbags into its cars, thereby making a major contribu tion to greater active and passive road safety. In the event of an accident, the new S-class offers occupants and other road users even greater protection than its predecessor thanks to a more rigid passenger cell and longer defor mation zones front and rear. Greater Investment in the Passenger Car Division During the year under review, DM 2 billion was invested in the Passenger Car Division, some 10 % more than in the previous year. The main activities were again directed at the introduction of new products built on efficient, in novative and economical production fa cilities. The use of the latest technolo gies guarantees product quality, re duces the strain on employees at the workplace and at the same times pro motes effective environmental protec tion. A case in point is the production of Good Collaboration With Suppliers our new S-class. A highly flexible bodyshell production set-up was in stalled at the Sindelfingen plant, capa ble of reacting at short notice to mar ket requirements by reallocating pro duction between different model series. We have broken new ground with modular assembly technology which allows separate pre-assembly of the doors, the cockpit and major assem blies. A progressive elimination of overhead work - the bodies are tilted to a convenient working position - and further automation measures for example in window installation have brought major benefits in workplace design. To accommodate the many technological and logistic restructuring measures, an increase in the factory area was necessary. Modern Development Methods New methods of vehicle develop ment are required to keep pace with the ever greater complexity of vehicle technology and ensure development progress in the space of shorter model cycles. Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Simultaneous Engineering are par ticularly useful instruments here. It is increasingly important when testing the vehicle as an overall sys tem to check all electric and electronic components in the vehicle for their electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC). A large EMC test shop went into ser vice this year, where highly informa tive tests, which can be reproduced in finitely, can be carried out quickly on vehicles and their components. Our aim is to ensure even more reliable functioning of the electronic systems in our vehicles. In order to maintain at all times the supply of bought-in parts to our pro duction lines and to minimize the strains imposed by the more difficult situation as far as environmental mat ters are concerned, we have taken the step of overhauling our information and communication systems. At the same time, collaboration with the sup ply industry is geared to keeping costs under control. Amongst other things, this entails making greater use of the international procurement markets. We always consider foreign materials sourcing as an alternative when the parts can be supplied with precisely the same high quality standards, with out major risk of interruptions in sup ply and at competitive prices. We further stepped up our collabora tion with suppliers in the fields of re search into, development of and imple mentation of new technologies. The high flexibility and commitment of our suppliers were in particular evidence among those firms who helped us pre pare for production of the new S-class. Continuing Success in Motor Sport In 1990, we again had a very suc cessful motor sport year. For the sec ond time in succession, Mercedes-Benz won the teams' and drivers' title in the World Sports Prototype Championships (Group C), thus consolidating its posi tion at the head of the field. With eight wins - including five double wins - in nine races, the Silver Arrows and the Sauber Mercedes team took first place among the teams. The drivers' title was fought out among the Mercedes works drivers: Frenchman Jean-Louis Schlesser and Italian Mauro Baldi won six races and became joint World Champions, just in front of Jochen Mass. Although not winning a title, Mercedes-Benz had a good season overall in the German Touring Car Championships (Group A), whose rules were the subject of some debate. The AMG team took third and fifth places among the drivers with the Dane Kurt Thiim and the German driver Klaus Ludwig respectively; this is an extremely satisfactory result for the Mercedes-Benz 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II. Outlook The outlook for the German car mar ket remains favorable. The demand for used vehicles in the new Federal Ger man states will again be the major fac tor. There are many indications that the German car industry may be able to repeat the high sales volume of 1990, although the continuing high interest rates and tax increases approved by the German government in early 1991 pose a threat to the German vehicle market. The Gulf War has had a depressing effect on already slackening car de mand in important markets in Europe and in Japan. In the USA, sales are further handicapped by the decision to impose a luxury tax on cars designed to hit hardest the German manufac turers represented in this market segment. Despite the prevailing risks, Mercedes-Benz believes there is a good chance of maintaining the high level of production and sales estab lished in recent years. In the German market particularly, we expect contin ued growth in sales, influenced to an increasing extent by rising demand in the five new Federal German states, where we are steadily expanding our sales network. We have high hopes that the new S-class will act as a stim ulus to a growth in sales of all models in our car range. We are therefore also confident that it will be possible to partially offset the substantial fall in sales in the USA by increases in other markets. Successful Performance of Mercedes-Benz Commercial Vehicles in European Market With worldwide sales of 261,800 commercial vehicles (+ 2.5 %), we maintained our position as the world's largest truck manufacturer and in im portant markets improved our standing further. In the Federal Republic of Ger many, new Mercedes-Benz registra tions climbed 20 % to 84,700 units. The increase for trucks over 6 t was above the average, with a rise of 24 % to 39,500 vehicles. Heavy-duty trucks upwards of 16 t registered an increase of 26 % to 19,300 units. Mercedes-Benz was not able to escape the downturn In Western Europe, demand for com mercial vehicles fell appreciably fol lowing five years of expansion. A depressing effect was exercised partic ularly by an economic downturn and the increased interest rates; the head long modernization of vehicle fleets in recent years was another factor. New registrations of commercial vehicles in the countries of the European Commu nity fell by a total of 3.0 % to 1.7 mil lion units; production fell by 6.1 % to 1.8 million units. German Commercial Vehicle Industry: Domestic Market Continues Strong Demand for commercial vehicles ex panded sharply in the Federal Repub lic of Germany in 1990. Crucial factors in this were the favorable macro- economic conditions, the lively state of the capital goods and construction in dustries and additional market capac ity in the new Federal German states for new and used vehicles. Total new registrations of commercial vehicles in Germany increased by 18 % to 203,400. Exports at 167,900 units were in the order of last year's high level. Domestic production by all man ufacturers increased by 10 % to 315,900 vehicles. Decline in World Demand for Commercial Vehicles The international commercial vehicle market declined further in the course of 1990. The fall in demand on the American continent and in Japan in particular led to a reduction in world wide production to 12.5 (1989: 13.7) million commercial vehicles. In the USA, sales fell by 4.5 % to 4.8 million vehicles. The American vehicle industry cut back its production by 8.9 % to 3.7 million commercial vehi cles. In Argentina and Brazil, restric tive anti-inflation measures depressed demand for commercial vehicles. The stabilization and liberalization in Mex ico on the other hand led to a further substantial improvement in truck and bus business. In Japan, new registra tions of commercial vehicles fell by 6.2 % in the year under review to 2.7 million units. Japan remained by far the world's largest exporter of com mercial vehicles with exports of some 1.4 million vehicles. Its production fell by 11 % to 3.5 million units. in important commercial vehicle mar kets around the world. Exports from the German plants therefore fell by 14 % to 87,100 units. In the truck cate gory over 6 t, Mercedes-Benz remained the largest supplier in Western Europe with a growth in market share of 3 percentage points to 26%. The coun tries of the European Community ab sorbed 73,300 commercial vehicles in 1990, 7.8 % fewer than in the previous year. Substantial Recovery in Bus Demand In the former Western German states, new registrations of Mercedes-Benz buses increased by 1.4 % to just short of 1,500, raising our market share there to 37.1 %. Exports of buses over 8 t were 22 % higher than in the pre vious year at 3,600 units. At the Ger man plants of Mercedes-Benz AG, total production in all weight categories amounted to some 5,500 buses and bus chassis (+ 11 %). Worldwide pro duction of Mercedes-Benz buses and bus chassis increased by 15 % to 22,000 units. High Sales of Unimogs and MB-tracs Sales of Unimogs increased in the year under review by 14 % to 4,200, with an increase of 26 % in Germany alone to more than 2,000 units. The new, most powerful, Unimog with 214 hp output as well as the Unimog with 240 hp output for fire-fighting, airfield and disaster-aid application have proven very popular on the market. Sales of the MB-trac increased world wide. As planned, production of the MB-trac will be discontinued at the end of 1991. Industrial Engines: Stabilization at a High Level Sales of industrial engines and in stallation engines from the German plants to manufacturers of agriculture and construction machinery, fork-lift trucks, buses and special-purpose vehi cles were in the same order as those for 1989 at 15,900 units. As a result of continued growth in demand in the crane and bus segments, we were able to supply more powerful engines with a higher invoice value. Sales of axles and transmissions totalled 4,700 (1989: 4,900). Commercial Vehicle Capacity Fully Stretched in the Federal Republic of Germany Output at our plants in the Federal Republic of Germany increased further in 1990 by 5.0 % to 168,800 commer cial vehicles. Manufacture of parts kits for production at our plants abroad climbed by two thirds to 21,200 units. Capacity at our German commercial vehicle plants was fully utilized throughout the entire year. Mercedes-Benz do Brasil sold only 21,300 commercial vehicles (1989: 27,600) in 1990. Production was ham pered by strikes and a five-week close down, causing the market share for trucks over 6 t to fall from 43 % to 34 % and that for buses from 76 % to 75 %. Production fell by 18 % to 31,200 trucks and buses. At Mercedes-Benz Argentina, sales fell by a further 12 % to 2,700 vehicles. Nonetheless, the market share for trucks increased to 46 % (1989: 39 %) and that for buses climbed slightly to 69 % (1989: 67 %). Production was cut back to 2,700 vehicles (1989: 3,100). Our Mexican subsidiary, which changed its name at the beginning of 1991 to Mercedes-Benz Mexico, in- creased its sales by 73 % to almost 6,000 vehicles. Its share of the truck market remained roughly constant at 36.4 %; in the bus market, its share surged from 11.1 % to 31.2 %. Due to the continuing slow-down of the commercial vehicle market in the USA, particularly in Class 8 (upwards of 15 t GVW), our subsidiary Freight- liner recorded a fall in sales to 23,000 vehicles (-1.5 %), although its market share increased from 16.1 % to 19.0 %. In the USA and Canada, the company produced a total of 24,800 vehicles (1989: 26,500). Sales at Mercedes-Benz of South Africa were hit during the year under review by a strike lasting eight weeks and a recession in the market. Sales fell 29 % to 2,700 commercial vehicles; production was cut back to 2,245 units (1989: 3,764). Mercedes-Benz Espana sold 23,100 vans from its own production (-6.1 %). New registrations of commercial vehi cles imported from Mercedes-Benz AG declined due to the fall in the market by 3.1% to 5,100. Following an increase in the Daimler-Benz holding to 50.3 %, our Turkish subsidiary was renamed Mercedes-Benz Turk A.S. (MBT). It sharply increased its sales of commer cial vehicles in 1990 to 2,800 (1989: 1,700) units of which 1,160 were buses (1989: 840). Production in the New Federal German States Planned In the fall of 1990, a co-operation agreement was drawn up between Mercedes-Benz AG, Automobilwerk Ludwigsfelde GmbH (IFA) and the Berlin-based Treuhandanstalt, the state agency in charge of privatization in the former East Germany, providing for assembly of Mercedes-Benz com mercial vehicles for a limited period at the present plant to the south of Berlin in liaison with the Worth and Düss- eldorf truck plants. By 1993/94, it is planned to step up truck production in stages to more than 20,000 trucks. In the medium term, we are planning to set up a new commercial vehicle assembly plant in the Ludwigsfelde region. When this is fully operational, it will be capable of manufacturing up to 40,000 vehicles annually. More Difficult Market Conditions for Foreign Production Companies Production at our foreign commer cial vehicle companies had to be cut back during the year under review by 10 % to a total of 90,100 vehicles, due particularly to the generally difficult economic situation in South and North America and also in South Africa. By contrast, the trend in Mexico and Tur key was positive. Total commercial ve hicle production by the Mercedes-Benz group fell slightly short of the previous year's high production volume, at 258,900 vehicles. Trend at the Associated Companies New Products and Product Improvements Developments in the Interests of Road Safety and Environmental Protection The Indonesian affiliates P.T. Ger man Motor Manufacturing, P.T. Star Engines Indonesia, Wanaherang, and P.T. Star Motors Indonesia, Jakarta, were able to profit from the favorable economic trend in the country and to increase their sales to 2,300 commer cial vehicles (1989: 2,000). NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Ar- bon & Wetzikon AG, Switzerland, which converts and assembles Mercedes-Benz commercial vehicles built 1,700 units during the year un der review (1989: 1,900). In the Commercial Vehicle Division, we devote around a third of our annual research and development expenditure to improving the environmental com patibility and safety of our vehicles. One valuable result of this work can be seen in the new engine brake with enhanced performance, which offers greater safety on downhill gradients and which in the meantime is avail able for all V8 engines. This engine brake with a constantly open throttle valve - incorporated as an additional valve in the cylinder head - increases engine brake performance by about 60 % in the top engine speed range and up to 100 % at the lower end of the range. There are further advan tages in terms of brake lining wear and quieter operation. The Mercedes-Benz branches and agents offer an "environmental check up" for the Mercedes-Benz vans, trucks, buses and Unimogs on the roads today. This consists of attrac tively priced repair packages for the injection system and a retrofit package for the flame-starting system, which prevents white smoke emission when starting the engine. The "environment check 90" also includes a whole series of checks covering amongst other 1990 saw further additions and product improvements in the broad range of individually-tailored, environ mentally advanced Mercedes-Benz commercial vehicles designed for eco nomical transport work. The new light Worth "LK" models 1324 and 1524 and the vehicles in the new heavy-duty Unimog series are fit ted with an upgraded 177 kW/240 hp OM 366 LA engine. While the light- series trucks are designed for partic ularly economical long-distance opera tion, the heavy-duty Unimogs are used particularly in fire-fighting, airfield and disaster-aid application. The new medium-heavy "MK" models with gross weights of 12, 14 and 17 t fea ture many of the technical specifica tions of the heavy-duty series. This ap plies particularly to the cabs and the central lubrication system, so that in this category too, maintenance inter vals are increased to as much as 45,000 km in long-distance operation. In the bus sector, we presented the new O 600 bus series based on the T 2 vans (O 609 D, O 611 D and O 614 D). The 814 DA models in the T 2 van series from Düsseldorf offer permanent all-wheel drive and the anti-lock brak ing system is optionally available. The Tl and T2 series vans with M 102 gasoline engines can optionally be sup plied with closed-loop three-way cataly tic converter, exhaust gas recirculation systems. things the intake, fuel and exhaust systems and the engine brake. A noise package developed for all Mercedes- Benz commercial vehicles reduces emission of noise by vehicles with en gines above 150 kW/204 hp rating to a maximum of 84 dB (A), correspond ing to a reduction in noise intensity of 60 %. The noise package is also avail able for retrofitting. Substantial Investment in New Products and Production Technologies With the goal of ensuring pro gressively designed products and effi cient production technologies, we in vested almost DM 1 billion worldwide in the Commercial Vehicle division. The "Truck of the Year 1990" award for the SK series is an incentive for us to continue to produce tailor-made ve hicles with the customary high utility value on economical and ergonomically and environmentally advanced produc tion facilities at our plants. Integration of Purchasing Function into the Commercial Vehicles Division Preparation for the Single European Market The creation of the single European Market including a united Germany and the opening up of Eastern Europe give European industry the chance of acquiring a new dimension. This ap plies particularly as far as the haulage market is concerned. At the same time as the quantitative increase in trans port demand, the demand for greater quality and efficiency in haulage oper ations has also grown. As market leader in the truck category over 6 t, with a full and diversified product range, we are able to offer high-calibre vehicles and services for all transport tasks. In the interests of swiftly imple menting environmental solutions to goods haulage, we are keen to opti mize vehicle operation by means of new technologies and innovative ser vices. Our formula for the 1990's is: "Vehicle plus intelligent service". As well as flexible maintenance and diag nosis systems, an extensive service network and 24 Hour Service, this also embraces our Fleet Information Sys tems. Within the framework of a European environmental strategy it is important to further reduce exhaust and particu late emission. Against this background, Mercedes-Benz will be moving in two stages to cut the pollutant emission of trucks by up to 60 % by the mid 1990's and thus to offer our customers environmentally advanced vehicles across the entire product spectrum. With the aim of co-ordinating our materials procurement even more ef fectively with our diversified commer cial vehicle product range, we took the step in 1990 of integrating purchasing activities in the Commercial Vehicles division. In this way we will be better able to co-ordinate our global procure ment activities with our international production locations. We continued to implement our long-term purchasing strategy. In par ticular, in the year under review, we optimized the numbers of our sup pliers and the allocation of components between them. We also concluded a greater number of long-term supply contracts. At the same time, we main tained our traditional commitment to wards medium-sized and smaller com panies and in the social sphere, for ex ample to workshops for the handicapped. Our procurement logistics in 1990 again reflected the high standards of our product range and our increasingly international production structure. Our efforts to reduce transport and storage costs and improve in the area of just- in-time materials requisitioning sys tems, were successfully continued. The close collaboration with our sup pliers not only made it easier for us to reorganize purchasing but also helped in markets with capacity problems to ensure a trouble-free supply of mate rials at all times. Our requirements in terms of quality, reliability and innova tion were fulfilled most satisfactorily. We should like to take this opportunity to express our thanks to all our sup pliers and transport and service com panies for their support. A further element in our environ ment strategy is the development of new transport concepts. As goods transport continues to grow, better in tegration of the truck in transport chains which embrace a range of dif ferent types of transport is required. Thus in the future the importance of combining different types of transport will grow considerably. Outlook The European commercial vehicles market, which declined considerably over the last year following five years of uninterrupted growth, will probably diminish only slightly this year. While diverging sales trends can be expected in the West European markets, the markets now opening up in Eastern Europe so far lack adequate purchas ing power. The increasing intensity of competition will accelerate the process of co-operation and concentration in the European commercial vehicles in dustry. Mercedes-Benz is confident that it will be able to repeat in 1991 the sat isfactory overall trend of the previous years, in contrast to the general mar ket trend in Europe. With its competi tive product range, broad European presence and the relatively favorable state of the German commercial vehi cles market, we again expect Mercedes-Benz to generate a high vol ume of sales. In the Commercial Vehi cles division, the immediate future will see wide-ranging and ambitious cost- cutting programs. New products and production facilities require a large amount of investment; with an invest ment budget of some DM 6 billion over the next five years, we shall be doing everything in our power to maintain our technical and qualitative lead on the European commercial vehi cle front. We are convinced that the truck will retain its leading position in European goods transport. Without it, swift inte gration of the outlying parts of Europe and Eastern Europe into the interna tional division of labor will not be pos sible. As market leader, Mercedes-Benz has the capability to make a major contribution to efficient and environment-friendly goods transport in Europe. over, the cyclical downturn in a num ber of important foreign markets, and the unfavorable trend in the dollar ex change rate, tended to dampen overall performance. At the end of 1990 AEG had 76,949 employees worldwide; 57,173 in Ger many and 19,776 abroad. Of the total number of employees, 3,030 were trainees and apprentices; about 80 % of the employees work in technical pro fessions. Investment by AEG, including non- current assets taken over from newly acquired companies, amounted to over DM 1 billion in 1990. Additions to fixed assets worldwide amounted to DM 774 million; DM 128 million was invested in the equity of affiliates. Im portant projects include the integrated technology center for medium-voltage switchgear and circuit breakers in Re- gensburg (construction of which began in 1990), the extension of the factory in Rothenburg ob der Tauber for cook ing and floor-care appliances as well as small household devices, and the modernization and extension of the IC manufacturing facilities in Heilbronn. Abroad, investment in fixed assets mainly concerned MODICON in the USA, AEG Austria and TELEFUNKEN electronic in Austria, and TELE FUNKEN Semiconductors in the Philippines. Investment in subsidiaries and affili ates mainly went into the acquisition of MAN GHH Schienenverkehrstechnik GmbH in Niirnberg and Schorch GmbH in Monchengladbach, and the raising of our capital stake in Siliconix, Santa Clara/California. Expenditure on research and devel opment in the year under review amounted to DM 782 million (5.9 % of consolidated sales of AEG), nearly matching the previous year's level. We spent DM 112 million on research and development projects related to spe cific orders. In the field of propulsion technology, new designs for drives with speed and position control were investigated. In microelectronics we are pursuing the objective of developing new transistors and monolithically integrated micro wave circuitry with very high cutoff limits. In the field of digital data trans fer we are concentrating primarily on developing the scientific foundations for video telephones. In pattern recog nition, research is focusing on hand writing recognition and document analysis. In the field of large-area elec tronics, electronic circuitry is being based on glass and other electrically inactive substrates. In systems engi neering and software technology a pro totype "switchgear expert" was devel oped. As part of a joint venture, AEG heads a project to develop the high- energy sodium/nickel-chloride battery for industrial use. Research work in the field of environmental technology has led to the development of new equipment for measuring the sulphur and nitrogen oxide emissions of large and small furnaces. AEG will continue its expansion in the former GDR begun at the end of 1989. At an early stage, we achieved comprehensive coverage of the new Federal German states by setting up technical sales offices in Magdeburg, Erfurt, Rostock and Dresden, as well as sales support offices in Halle, Schwerin, Leipzig and Chemnitz, and by extending the activities of our tech nical sales office in Berlin; in 1991, we intend to reinforce that coverage. At the same time, the historically close contact between AEG and the coun tries of Eastern Europe is to be further developed as the political and eco nomic situation allows. The basis for this is provided by the branches we have already opened in Poland, Hung ary and Czechoslovakia, together with the agency agreement concluded with a Bulgarian partner, which involves the entire AEG product range. In Yugoslavia we are still working to gether with a number of foreign repre sentatives. Despite the great signifi cance of the new Federal German states and Eastern Europe, have for us, we will in no way neglect ex panding our position in the economic areas of the European Community, the USA and the Far East. DM figures in millions 1990 1989 Sales 13,149 12,244 Year-end result (205) 275 Incoming orders 14,156 13,893 Investment in fixed assets R + D expenditure 774 782 7 39 787 Employees (12/31) 77,722 The West German electrical industry 76,949 was able to profit from a generally fa vorable economic climate and continue the upward trend of the last few years on a high level The focus of growth, however, shifted from capital goods to consumer goods, and especially to do mestic appliances. Business in systems and equipment for power generation and distribution was also encouraging. The demand for electronic components did not match the positive develop ment in the electrical sector until the second half of the year. Consolidated sales of AEG amounted to DM 13.1 billion (+ 7.4%) in the year under review. The increase was due mainly to the 12 % rise in domes tic sales to DM 7.4 billion, although new acquisitions in the fields of activ ity Rail Systems and Electrotechnical Systems and Components also contrib uted. The volume of business abroad rose by 2.4 %. Losses from current business and investments which had to be made in the interest of the group as a whole caused a negative result for the year of DM 205 million. Incoming orders for the AEG group totaled DM 14.2 billion (+ 1.9 %) in 1990, once again topping the previous year's high level. This growth came entirely from the domestic market, where orders went up by 11 % to DM 7.9 billion, while they declined in the export market by 7.2 %. The encourag ing growth in Germany was experi year in the Rail systems area. More large projects booked in the previous in foreign business was above all the cation Systems. Decisive in the decline Components, and Office and Communi Systems, Electrotechnical Systems and enced in the fields of activity Rail Automation 1990 1989 Sales (millions of DM) 2,712 2,529 Foreign share in % 44 42 Employees (12/31) 16,953 17,577 This field of activity comprises In dustrial Automation, with the divisions Automation Systems and Products and Industrial Systems, as well as Postal Automation, with the division AEG Electrocom GmbH (AEC). The activities of the systems and software house GEI-Gesellschaft fur Elektronische In- formationsverarbeitung mbH, regis tered in Aachen, were transferred to debis Systemhaus GmbH in 1990. Sales of this field of activity in the year under review rose further to DM 2.7 billion. The range of products and services available with the Geamatics automation system was enlarged, and the activities of MODICON Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik (Control and Regulation Systems) - the core of Gea matics - further expanded. The world wide market launch of a stored- program small control unit which can be integrated into various different systems is especially noteworthy. Delivery of the new MODCOMP MC 97 real-time computer also started in 1990; more than 100 new systems are for NASA alone. Both in high- performance drives and servo systems, AEG achieved an overproportionate share of the market's growth. In Industrial Systems, too, the rise in sales was above average. One major project involved the equipping of a test rig for 12-cylinder engines at the Stuttgart-Untertiirkheim plant of Mercedes-Benz AG. In the field of pro cess and environmental technology, some encouraging orders were re ceived, including major projects such as process control systems for large sewage treatment plants in Frankfurt am Main, the control system for regu lating and monitoring a drinking water pipeline carrying treated Lake Cons tance water to the Stuttgart area, as well as the automation and monitoring equipment for the runway and taxiway lighting, including the power supply equipment, for the Frankfurt am Main Airport. In the raw materials and pro cessing industries, modernization pro jects predominated. For the Eurotunnel between Great Britain and France, AEG was made main contractor, in cooperation with Daimler-Benz Research, to equip the 50 km service tunnel with a transport system, including the auxiliary sys tems. AEG Electrocom (AEC) further glob alized its core area of activity, postal automation, and penetrated new mar kets in 1990. The first orders were re ceived from the new Federal German states and from Eastern Europe. AEC has added logistics consultancy for ef ficient, competitive goods distribution to its range of services. In order to strengthen our involvement with li cencees in the USA, we have acquired a stake in ElectroCom Automation, Arlington/Texas. We are expecting further growth for the Automation field of activity in 1991. This field of activity comprises the companies AEG Westinghouse Transport-Systeme GmbH, Berlin, AEG Westinghouse Transportation Systems, Inc., Pittsburgh/Pennsylvania, Magnet- bahn GmbH, Starnberg, and MAN GHH Schienenverkehrstechnik GmbH, Niirnberg. Through the takeover of a part of MAN GHH, with its track-bound vehi cle activities, on June 30, 1991 AEG, as a supplier of local and long-distance transport systems, will in future be able to manufacture not only electrical equipment, but also complete traction vehicles and rail cars. In addition, the track-bound vehicle activities of MBB were transferred to the Rail Systems field of activity at the end of 1990. We have thereby taken an important step towards our objective of supplying comprehensive rail systems. Compared with the previous year we raised this field of activity's sales con siderably, from DM 587 to DM 722 million. The first ICE high-speed trains, for which AEG is supplying the electrical equipment in the power driving units and intermediate trailer cars, were handed over to the German state rail road company (Bundesbahn) in the year under review. MAN GHH Schie- nenverkehrstechnik and the track- bound vehicle sector of MBB are play ing a major part in supplying the in termediate trailer cars of the ICE trains. Further orders have already been received. We delivered the first new standard trains for Berlin's rapid transit system. We also received a follow-up order for 55 suburban multi ple train sets. A water cooling unit was developed for compact and environment-friendly, modular high-performance rectifiers in electric traction vehicles. The first of a new generation of low-floor streetcars developed by MAN GHH Schienen- verkehrstecknik were successfully pre sented in Bremen and Munich. AEG Westinghouse received an or der from the New York subway com pany for three-phase current equip ment, to be fitted in a prototype series of 10 vehicles. With the delivery of a series of DUO buses for Seattle, vehi cles fitted as standard with three- phase drive technology entered service for the first time in the USA. We also received an order for the electrical equipment of 88 vehicles for the new Taipei Metro. AEG Westinghouse has been com missioned to plan and build a com plete People Mover system for trans ferring passengers to and from Denver Airport; the system is to go into ser vice in 1993. The People Mover sys tems at the international airports of Las Vegas and Orlando are being ex tended by the supply of further vehi cles and more track sections. After one-and-a-half years of trials in Berlin, the main conditions for approving the M-Bahn as a public transport system in accordance with the legislation on passenger transport have been ful filled. We expect a further increase in sales during the current financial year. Our intended acquisition of the track- bound vehicle sector of Lokomotivbau - Elektrotechnische Werke Hennigsdorf GmbH should strengthen our position as a supplier of comprehensive sys tems; at the same time we expect this involvement to give us access to the markets of Eastern Europe. This field of activity comprises AEG Olympia Office GmbH and AEG Mobile Communication GmbH. Effective Octo ber 1, 1990, we brought all our mobile radio activities into the newly founded AEG Mobile Communication GmbH. Since then, the area of business of AEG Olympia Office has been made up of the product divisions Office Systems and Office Equipment. TELEFUNKEN Sendertechnik GmbH, Berlin, was transferred to Deutsche Aerospace AG effective April 1, 1990. AEG Electro- corn GmbH, Konstanz, was put under the control of the Automation field of activity in 1990. Calculated on a comparable basis, sales by the field of activity in the year under review were of the same order of magnitude as the previous year's, at DM 1.1 billion. This also ap plies to AEG Olympia Office, in which a decline in sales in some important export markets was balanced out by higher domestic income. The improve ment in domestic business was partly the result of successful marketing of the personal computer range, the turn over in the five new Federal German states, and the commissioned manufac turing carried out at the factory in Wilhelmshaven. Due to the extension of the personal computer range, and the winning over of new software houses and systems centers as business partners, the Office Systems product division suc ceeded in greatly increasing PC sales. Augmenting the range with compre hensive packages has made it possible to gain access to the market for larger PC projects. In the typewriter segment, the Office Equipment product division succeeded in improving its domestic market position and increasing turn over. Sales of copying machines, for which we adopted a standardized model range for the whole of Europe, also exhibited a positive trend. Sales revenue from telephone answering devices and cordless telephones was slightly higher than in the previous year. AEG Mobile Communication re turned a highly gratifying performance particularly in the sales of terminals; in car telephones, growth amounted to over 50 %. In the Radio Systems divi sion, sales were slightly below the comparable figure for the previous year; by contrast, incoming orders in 1990 enjoyed an exceptional increase. In view of growing competition and due to prices falling at an increasing rate, AEG Olympia Office is endeavor ing to enter into joint ventures in the office technology sector. Through the acquisition of Schorch GmbH in Monchengladbach, including the motor program of Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. AG, we rounded off our range of products in the Electrical Machines segment. In the field of special meters we further consolidated our market position. Together with EAW-Automati- sierungstechnik AG, we founded AEG EAW Zahler GmbH in Berlin-Treptow, in which AEG has a majority interest. We achieved high growth rates in Ger many and the rest of Europe with the Elfa line of miniature circuit breakers. Demand for the new, energy-saving devices was especially high. At the Hanover Industrial Trade Fair 1990 we presented for the first time the Ron- dolux exterior lighting system, which offers variety and a high degree of flexibility due to various structural elements. AEG KABEL continued the positive business trends of the previous years. After adjustment for copper prices, which were lower than in 1989, sales rose again, particularly in the domestic market. The concentration of our enamelled wire production at Lack- draht Union GmbH, which we acquired in 1989, went according to schedule. This made it easier to reorganize the production routines of AEG KABEL in the Monchengladbach plant to meet the demand of the markets in East and West as they grow together. With our involvement in the new Federal German states and the coun tries of Eastern Europe we are in a good position to expand our business in this region. Domestic Appliances 1990 1989 Sales (millions of DM) 2,817 2,599 Foreign share in % 48 50 Employees (12/31) 12,516 11,945 Effective June 1, 1990, we trans formed the Domestic Appliances divi sion into a legally independent com pany, AEG Hausgerate AG. This now consists of the divisions Domestic Appliances and Power Tools. Due to the lively economic climate in the domestic market, we increased sales in this field of activity by 8.4 % to DM 2.8 billion. Our plants were working to full capacity during the financial year under review. In many areas, it was not possible to satisfy demand. Even so, AEG's domestic appliances achieved a 12 % growth in sales in the domestic market. Exports rose by 13%, considerably more than the average for the industrial sector. We achieved gratifyingly high sales, exceeding our expectations, in the former GDR. On the export side, high increases were again noted in Spain and the Netherlands. AEG Hausgerate AG was awarded the German Market ing Prize in 1990 for exceptional mar keting achievements. The Power Tools Division succeeded in considerably raising the volume of domestic business, achieving powerful growth. Demand for high-quality power tools for professional use was above average. We improved our market po sition in Germany and abroad partic ularly in the segment for rechargeable battery-driven tools. Despite this, for eign sales revenue declined, since a large proportion of the power tools business is carried out in countries belonging to the dollar zone. Electrotechnical Systems and Components 1990 1989 Sales (millions of DM) 4,546 4/112 Foreign share in % 38 42 Employees (12/31) 23,705 22,133 This field of activity consists of the divisions Power Transmission and Dis tribution, Components and AEG KABEL Aktiengesellschaft. Sales of the field of activity rose in the year under review by 11 % to DM 4.5 billion. In the Power Transmission and Distribution Division, we benefited from the general growth in the market and again increased both sales and in coming orders. In the high-voltage switchgear sector we received some impressive major orders from within Germany and from abroad. We started producing our new series of third- generation, high-voltage circuit- breakers on schedule. The market situ ation with regard to medium-voltage switchgear and circuit breakers re mains favorable. The new building for the integrated Technology Center for Medium-Voltage Systems in Regens- burg will come into service in 1991. In order to build up business in the new Federal German states and the cities of Eastern Europe, AEG has acquired Starkstromanlagen Dresden GmbH. In Hungary, a joint venture called AEG Union has been founded, with AEG as senior partner, in collab oration with VAV Schaltanlagenbau and Transelektro AG in Budapest. Our transformer business has been given a broader base with the addition of the transformer division of Schorch GmbH, Monchengladbach. The continued favorable economic climate and a large number of product innovations resulted in a further con siderable rise in sales and incoming orders for the Components division in 1990. There was encouraging growth in the volume of business for low- voltage switchgear and switchboards. For the current financial year, we expect sales revenue to increase fur ther. The main growth stimulus will once again come from the domestic market, because there is a large re quirement for products which form the basic equipment of a modern house hold in the new Federal German states. For our business abroad, we expect the depressed export climate which is now becoming apparent to continue. Despite this, AEG's domestic appliances will maintain their position due to their good quality image. This field of activity comprises TELEFUNKEN electronic GmbH and the Opto- and Vacuum Electronics Division. Effective April 1, 1990, AEG brought its fractional horsepower mo tors business into a joint venture with Electrolux. In the year under review, the Micro electronics field of activity recorded sales totaling DM 1.1 billion. The slight decline compared with the pre vious year can be attributed to the hiv ing off of the Fractional Horsepower Motors division; calculated on a com parable basis, the volume of business increased significantly. The growth in sales was due in approximately equal measure to TELEFUNKEN electronic and the Opto- and Vacuum Electronics Division. For TELEFUNKEN electronic the sales of electronic components, partic ularly for the automotive industry, and of individual semiconductors, were responsible for the increase in the volume of business to an above- average extent. In Nurnberg, we inaugurated a new development center for future systems in automotive electronics. At the Heilbronn plant, modernization of the wafer production facilities for inte grated circuits continued. In future, application-oriented integrated circuits (ASIC's), based on 6-inch silicon slices, are to be manufactured here. We raised our holding in Siliconix, Santa Clara/California, from 39 to 80 %. AEG has acquired 50 % of the shares in Matra-MHS in Nantes. The company is active in the field of CMOS semiconductors, specializing in ASIC's and in the production of micro controllers under licence from Intel. In the Opto- and Vacuum Electronics Division, displays are gaining in impor tance, e.g. large liquid-crystal display boards. These are destined, for in stance, for the airports of Orlando, Toronto, Basel-Mulhouse and Munich II; some deliveries of these have been effected. In the Condensers sector, into which the Transducer section was re cently incorporated, AEG consolidated its market position and performed well in the fiercely competitive components market. With the increase of our stake in Siliconix and the joint ventures together with Matra-MHS and Remitel electronic (Hungary), we have opened up additional potential for growth. High incoming orders lead us to expect another increase in sales for 1991. The future course of business activ ities at DASA will depend on how the procurement programs of public au thorities at home and abroad develop. They include the space programs of the European Space Agency (ESA). Ex change rates will also have a consider able influence on future developments. DASA has introduced comprehensive new projects to consolidate its market position. Agreements were made with our partners Aerospatiale and Alenia to further pursue the project for a re gional aircraft with 80 to 130 seats, with substantial participation by Deu tsche Aerospace. Our subsidiary MBB signed a Memorandum of Understand ing with Aerospatiale regarding close cooperation in the helicopter sector. This represents the first step towards uniting the activities of the two com panies in a joint entity. In the field of space flight, the sig nature of a Memorandum of Under standing prepared the foundation of the industrial consortium EuroHer- mespace, in which Aerospatiale, Dassault Aviation and Aeritalia will participate alongside DASA. The re sponsibility of this company, residing in Toulouse, will be to advance devel opment of the Hermes orbital glider. Deutsche Aerospace intends to take over Luftfahrttechnik Ludwigsfelde in the new Federal German states. corporate division. The internal reorga nization of key aspects of work was commenced with the structural con cept for aviation, which is now being implemented. In accordance with the condition stipulated by the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs, imposed with the approval for acquisition of a majority share in MBB, the specified areas of Marine and Special Systems of MBB and TST were hived off at the beginning of 1990, and 51 % of them were sold. In accordance with the con dition stipulated, in 1991 we shall relinquish the remaining shares in marine technology activities. The group sales of Deutsche Aero space reached DM 12.5 billion in 1990, corresponding to the volume of the previous year. Since Marine and Special Systems are no longer in cluded, this equates to a rise of 5.0 % on a comparable basis. Due to the an nual deficit of Deutsche Airbus GmbH to be assumed pro rata, DASA shows a negative year end result of DM 135 million. Incoming orders remained, at DM 11 billion, below the value of 1989, which was influenced by several large orders occurring over a longer period. Investments in fixed assets amounted to DM 938 million (1989: DM 1,068 million). Expenditure on re search and development was further increased and reached 34 % of turn over, at DM 4.2 billion (1989: DM 3.8 billion). At year-end 1990, the com panies within the DASA group em ployed 61,276 people (1989: 62,959). The drop is mainly due to the fact that the Marine and Special Systems divi sions have been hived off. Within the Deutsche Aerospace AG group; Dornier, Messerschmitt-Bolkow- Blöhm, MTU Motoren- und Turbinen- Union and Telefunken Systemtechnik have grown together to form an effec tive union of companies. The group has become a viable cooperation part ner on an international level, above all in its key fields of activity - aerospace, defence technology and propulsion sys tems. Through our systematic policy of collaboration we are taking into ac count the increasingly global trend in these markets. We have made agree ments to extend our policy on collab oration, with European and both Amer ican and Japanese partners, and these are currently being applied within the individual business alliances. The continued development of the corporate structure of DASA should be seen against this background. In all the companies business activities were allocated to product divisions which operate independently and with a high degree of market proximity. The prod uct divisions each collaborate within a *) 1989 including MBB. Figures for Marine and Special Systems at MBB and TST, which were hived off on January 1, 1990, are still in cluded in 1989. Exceptional Growth of Sales Volume In the reporting year, the Dornier Group increased its sales by 28 % to DM 2.8 billion. With settlements over DM 900 million for the European re mote sensing satellite ERS-1 and the X-ray satellite Rosat, the Space Sys tems division made the largest contri bution to this growth rate. As ex pected, the volume of incoming orders to the amount of DM 3.1 billion did not reach the level of the previous year which had been marked by the contract for the Stinger license produc tion program and a surge in orders for the Dornier 328 regional airliner which is under development. Major or ders in the reporting year include the development of the JF90/EFA fighter aircraft and the service life extension program for the transport helicopter Bell UH-1D of the German Armed Forces, which extends over a period of four years. In 1990, expenditure for research and development rose from DM 925 million to DM 1,287 million. The spending on projects performed for third parties rose to DM 1,022 million (1989: DM 715 million). Efforts were concentrated on the Space System divi sion. Spending on in-house projects amounted to DM 265 million (1989: DM 210 million). Investments in fixed assets totaled DM 157 million (1989: DM 201 million) with the emphasis on the expansion of plant facilities and the improvement of plant infrastruc ture. At the end of 1990, the Dornier Group numbered 10,931 employees (1989: 10,247). Aviation During the year, 15 (1989: 17) Dornier 228 aircraft were delivered. More than 70 customers throughout the world operate 179 Dornier 228's in re gional air traffic or as special versions for maritime, coastal and border patrol as well as for environmental protec tion. Up until the end of 1990 our In dian licensee Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bangalore, had delivered a total of 22 airplanes of this typ, 9 thereof in the reporting year. Development efforts on the 30-seat Dornier 328 turboprop airplane, for which 39 firm orders and 48 options had been placed by the end of 1990, continued as planned. The maiden flight is targeted for 1991; our cus tomers can expect delivery from 1993 on. Under contract to Deutsche Airbus GmbH, Dornier participates in the de velopment and assembly of various components. In addition major develop ment steps for the technologically so phisticated European Fighter Aircraft JF90/EFA were taken. In the aircraft support sector we were awarded the important contract for the service life extension program for the Bell UH-1D transport helicop ter. As the prime contractor Dornier services Nato's E-3A early warning fleet (Awacs). Space Systems At the end of May, the X-ray satel lite Rosat was deployed into orbit; in October the Ulysses space probe set off on a trajectory which will take it into orbit around the sun. The launch of the European remote sensing satel lite ERS-1 which was scheduled for 1990 is now planned for May 1991. For all three programs Dornier was the prime contractor. For the Hubble Space Telescope, deployed into orbit in April, we developed the Faint Object Camera designed to detect extremely faint ob jects in space. Further notable accounts were set tled for the Columbus, Cluster and Ar- iane 5 projects. Within the Columbus project Dornier is developing the envi ronmental monitoring and life support systems; under the Cluster project we are responsible for the development of four satellites which will investigate solar winds. The first central-stage bulkheads were furnished for the launcher Ariane 5. Defense Systems In the Defense Systems division Dor mer's major activities lay with mobile ground systems and the CL 289 recon naissance system which we are deve loping together with Canadian and French partners. In the year under re view the deliveries of workshop equip ment for the Roland air defense sys tem again reached a substantial vol ume. For the Patriot system antenna mast systems were supplied. The setting up of the production fa cilities for the license production of Stinger in Europe proceeded according to plan. In addition to the Federal Re public of Germany Turkey, Greece and the Netherlands are participating in this project under the leadership of Dornier. The first units of this short- range air defense missile are sched uled for delivery in 1992. Dornier is also the prime contractor for the anti- radar drone project, for which the defi nition and development work were car ried out in the year under review. Medical Sytems Once Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH had been granted approval for the MPL 9000 and the MFL 5000 lithotripters in lapan towards the end of 1989, it was able to conclude long-term skele ton agreements with lapanese dealers. At home and abroad a total of 83 lithotripters (1989: 66) were delivered, nearly half of these being MPL 9000 units. To expand its product line, Dornier Medizintechnik GmbH increased the stake it had origionally acquired in 1989 in Acoustic Imaging Technologies Corp., Tempe/Arizona to 82 %. The high-quality ultrasonic diagnostic de vices of this company are marketed as separate units, but they are also built into Dornier's lithotripers as imaging units. Special Markets The main focus of effort in the Spe cial Markets division during the year under review was on motor vehicle electronics, with special attention to environmental conservation and traffic safety. Development projects are con cerned with tyre pressure control, en gine management, radar systems for monitoring traffic to the rear, flat- surface test rigs and driving pilots. Further fields include energy systems, information systems, planning consul tancy and materials technology. Outlook In the current business year, the sales of the Dornier Group will not achieve the high level of 1990, which was attributable to the settlement of large-scale accounts, even though the major settlement of accounts is ex pected in the aircraft division for the programs Dornier 228 and Bell UH-1D. In the Space Systems division, the set tlement of large-scale accounts is ex pected for the Hermes and Ariane 5 development projects and for ERS-1 launch support. Sales in the Defense Systems division will rise as a result of a higher delivery volume for the CL 289 program. The Medical Systems di vision, as well, anticipates growing sales revenues. To complement activities in the com munications sector, the takeover of the Data Networks division of AEG Electro- corn GmbH, Konstanz, is envisaged. 1990 1989*) Sales (millions of DM) 4,610 5,112 Foreign share in % 41 32 Employees (12/31) Positive trend in the Aircraft Sector Due to the transfer of the Marine 23,229 24,194 and Special Systems division, busi ness during the financial year de clined by 10 % to DM 4.6 billion. Comparable sales remained at the previous year's level. The Aircraft di vision accounted for approximately one half of total sales. Increases were mainly due to the invoicing of larger amounts in the Airbus program and the BO 105, BK 117 and Tiger (PAH-2) helicopter programs. Defense Systems sales were largely accounted for by the Roland weapon system, as well as the Pars 3 and Milan anti tank weapons. At DM 3.7 billion or ders received remained below the high levels recorded in the previous year. Expenditure on research and devel opment totaled DM 2.0 billion, amounting to 43 % of sales. Research and development projects charged to external customers amounted to DM 1.8 billion (1989: DM 1.9 billion); company projects totaled DM 213 million (1989: DM 191 million). In vestments on fixed assets rose to DM 315 million (1989 : DM 264 million). Due to the transfer of the Marine and Special Systems division, the number of employees decreased to 23,229 (1989: 24,194). completed. Systems development for the ISO European infrared observatory and the Astro-Spas scientific satellite proceeded according to plan. Production of the second stage and the liquid-fuel booster rockets for the European launcher Ariane 4 was at the forefront of work in the Orbital Infra structure Strategic Business Unit. This Unit is involved in developing the up per stage of the new European launcher Ariane 5. Integration of Eu rope's first free-flying retrievable car rier Eureca (European Retrievable Car rier) proceeded on target. Within the framework of ESA's Columbus program MBB prepared a proposal which in the meantime has been submitted to ESA. Defense Systems The Roland program continued to be the main earner in the Defense Systems division. Since the Roland weapon sys tems program, which was handled by the Franco-German marketing com pany Euromissile, was completed in the year under review, sales attributa ble to this program fell short of the previous year's levels. We continued the development of the Hot and Milan second-generation antitank systems and of the Pars 3 MR/LR third-generation anti-tank sys tems for medium and long-range oper ation. In December 1990, the Ameri can company Raytheon and DASA signed a Joint Venture Agreement for future development, production and lo gistical support in the operational field of medium and long-range air defense systems. Industrialization of the DWS 39 dis penser system for the Swedish Air Force was contractually completed in 1990. Aviation In the Aircraft division, the largest earner was again the Tornado pro gram. The consortium under the man agement of the Panavia Aircraft GmbH had delivered a total of 846 aircraft by the end of 1990, 44 thereof in the year under review. The development work for the JF90/EFA fighter aircraft continued. An important landmark in the Aircraft Division was the success ful maiden flight of the German- American experimental aircraft X-31A in October 1990. As the prime contrac tor MBB has been commissioned to modernize of the Phantom II F-4F used by the German Airforce. Under our co operation agreement with Deutsche Airbus GmbH to develop and manufac ture major assemblies and components for the Airbus family, production of the A330 and A340 began in 1990. The main customers for our BO 105 multipurpose helicopter were again the police and air rescue services. It is es pecially pleasing that the BK 117, de veloped jointly with Kawasaki Heavy Industries, turned out to be the best selling twin engine rescue helicopter on the hotly contested US market. The market share amounted to 37.0 %, to gether with the BO 105 it came to as much as 59 %. The development work on the BO 108, which is to succeed the BO 105, as well as on the Tiger antitank helicopter (PAH-2/HAC/HAP), a German and French bilateral pro gram, continued successfully. Space Systems MBB had a major role in the devel opment of five communication satel lites and one research satellite which were deployed in 1990. The third Ger man telecommunications satellite DFS Kopernikus 3 was completed in the year under review. Subsystems work on further flight equipment for the Eu ropean Eutelsat II communication sat ellite system, the Japanese Superbird and the Chinese DFH-3 are almost Other Activities Finding new applications for know- how gained in the aerospace and de fense sectors has led us to a number of new activities. In the field of energy technology MBB is building large wind farms and developing photovoltaic sys tems. The erection of a pilot plant for manufacturing large solar modules is particularly noteworthy here. Among our diversification products, one of the most important is the airbag, for which demand on the part of the automotive industry has increased considerably. There was a further expansion of activ ities in the fields of data and control technology, plastics and medical laser systems. Outlook An increase in sales is expected for 1991. MBB anticipates a significant in crease in the Aircraft Division, in par ticular in the Airbus program and the BO 105 helicopter line, even if the Tor nado remains our main earner; major parts of the JF90/EFA European Fighter Aircraft program will again be invoiced. We also expect a vigorous rise in sales in the Space Systems di vision. In contrast, we expect declining turnover in the Defense Systems divi sion. A decisive prerequisite for the scheduled amalgamation under the umbrella of a joint holding company, Paris-based Eurocopter S.A., of the activities conducted by the Helicopter Unit with those of Aerospatiale's Divi sion Helicopteres was created by con centrating helicopter activities at the Donauworth plant. A Memorandum of Understanding concerning this cooper ation was signed by MBB and Aero spatiale on December 21, 1990. a division of United Technologies Corp. (UTC), Hartford/Connecticut; the agree ment is to be further underpinned by each of the companies acquiring shares in the other. We entered into this business alliance without jeopar dizing our traditionally good relations with General Electric (GE); after man aging amicably to resolve a temporary misunderstanding, MTU will continue in future to engage in its long-standing and successful cooperation with GE. Aero-Engines In the Aero-Engine unit the pro grams RB 199 and El 200 for the Tor nado and the fighter aircraft IF90/EFA, respectively, made a substantial contri bution to sales in the year under re view. The EJ 200 engine is also by far the largest research and development project; toward the end of the year, the prototype successfully completed its first trial. Major earners were the CF 6 and JT 8D aero-engines; these are used by the aircraft manufacturers Airbus Industrie, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. In August 1990, the PW 300 aero engine, which has been developed for executive aircraft, received its ap proval. Within the V 2500 program we dismantled the engine with the hith erto highest number of hours in opera tion for inspection purposes; the result revealed that the engine was in very good condition. Among other aircraft, the Airbus A3 20 is fitted with this en gine. The helicopter engine MTR 390 for the German-French anti-tank heli copter Tiger (PAH-2) was given ap proval for flight-testing at the begin ning of November 1990. The first two prototypes have now been delivered to Eurocopter. Concept and technology development laid the groundwork for, inter alia, a propfan engine, hypersonic propulsion systems and gas turbines. Diesel Engines With diesel engines, which are pro duced by MTU Friedrichshafen, busi ness once again focused on engines from the 396 series, mainly for marine application. There was an increased demand in engines for high-speed yachts and high-speed ferries. Partic ularly encouraging was the order to supply marine engines and engines for the operation of on-board equipment for 10 frigates of the Australian and New Zealand navies. Steady progress is being made with the completion of the large-scale order concluded with the USSR in 1986 for the supply of en gines for tractors and earthmoving ma chinery. A large number of locomotive engines were delivered to the Dutch state-owned railways. In September 1990, we presented the 595 engine series. These com pletely new engines in the power range between 2,000 and 4,400 kW feature a successful combination of benefits for the user with regard to power concentration, service life, eco nomic efficiency and environmental compatibility. The first engine of this new series was installed in the ocean going ferry Deutschland. In the follow ing years, this engine will be used for field-testing, providing data to supple ment the previous tests conducted on the test stand. Other Activities In the year under review, MTU Maintenance GmbH maintained and re paired aero-engines from our coopera tion partners General Electric and Pratt & Whitney. The company ex tended its production area and was able fully to utilize its capacity with a further-augmented workforce. 1990 1989 Sales (millions of DM) 3,602 3,659 Foreign share in % 65 66 Employees (12/31) Successful Commencement of Strategic Realignment 17,524 17,654 In view of the fact that the MTU group is predominantly export- oriented, the trend in the exchange rate of the dollar has detracted from the otherwise positive situation with regard to sales and profits, particularly as far as engines for commercial air craft and diesel engines are concerned. Furthermore, the continuing low levels of government spending in important export countries had a curbing effect on demand. Sales fell slightly to DM 3.6 billion. At 65 %, the share ac counted for by exports stabilized at the high level of the previous year. Incom ing orders of DM 3.0 billion were be low the level of the previous year. DM 509 million (1989: DM 469 mil lion) was spent on research and devel opment with DM 282 million (1989: DM 232 million) relating to projects conducted on behalf of third parties. The MTU group invested DM 239 mil lion (1989: DM 264 million) in fixed assets, principally buildings and manu facturing facilities. At the end of 1990, at 17,524, the number of employees was slightly below the level of the pre vious year (17,654). An important step toward ensuring further success in the field of aero engines for commercial and executive aircraft was the agreement entered into by MTU on extensive future coop eration with its long-standing Ameri can partner Pratt & Whitney (P & W), The sales of fans, compressors and steam turbines developed and pro duced by Aktiengesellschaft Kühnle, Kopp und Kausch in Frankenthal al most equaled those of the previous year. As a result of the general down turn in this European automobile in dustry, the number of exhaust-gas tur- bochargers produced for vehicle and industrial engines was below the high figure of the previous year. L'Orange GmbH, Stuttgart, which manufactures high-grade fuel-injection systems for large diesel engines was able further to expand its business. Outlook In order to safeguard its competitive position in the market place, MTU will increase its efforts to promote the de velopment of new products and to im prove existing successful products. By means of even more intensive collab oration with international partners and new cooperation projects, MTU will se ize the opportunities available on the world market and will further consoli date its market position. The large number of aero-engines on order and the introduction of new diesel engines suggest that, overall, 1991 will see a slight rise in sales together with a sat isfactory level of utilization of existing capacity. However, it is not possible at present to estimate the impact that the tightening of export regulations for all dual-use exports will have. As far as aero-engines are con cerned, it can be expected that the principal area of activity will be en gines for civilian aircraft, the Tornado and the JF90/EFA fighter aircraft. As regards diesel engines, attention will be focused on the 396 series. 1990 1989 Sales (millions of DM) 1,688 1,961 Foreign share in % 22 19 Employees (12/31) Comparable Sales Increased 9,372 10,779 At the beginning of the year under review, the Marine and Special Sys tems division was separated from Tele funken Systemtechnik GmbH; at the same time the company took over Telefunken Sendertechnik GmbH from AEG. In consequence, sales at DM 1.7 billion remained slightly below the previous year's level; if adjustment is made for these structural changes sales increased by 3.0 % results. At DM 1.7 billion, orders received were below last year's figure, which was substantially influenced by a large or der for the modernization of the Phan tom aircraft. Research and development work for the civilian sector increased again; ac cordingly comparable expenditure in creased by 13 % to DM 373 million. In vestment in fixed assets amounting to DM 126 million (1989: DM 147 mil lion) were related mainly to construc tion, modernization and rationalization measures initiated in 1987 which will be completed in 1991. At year end, Telefunken Systemtechnik employed a staff of 9,372. Radar, Radio and Sensor Systems In the year under review, further TRM-S 3D air space surveillance radar systems were delivered to the German Armed Forces for deployment in the Army anti aircraft system. Further Ro land air defense command stations of the German Air Force were equipped with TRM-L 2D radar systems. Deliveries were continued to sched ule of forward-looking nose radars for the Tornado. Production has started as planned of the airborne radar APG-65 for Phantom aircraft so that deliveries can commence during 1991. Tele funken Systemtechnik is contributing substantially to the development of the airborne radar for the fighter aircraft JF90/EFA. In the field of electronic warfare (EW), development of self-protection systems for the Tornado was contin ued. Orders for shipborne EW systems as well as for computer-controlled communication systems were received from the German Navy. From the Ger man Army we received an extensive order for HF/DF equipment sets for data transmission in the Army EW system. Under contract to the Ameri can company Raytheon, Telefunken Systemtechnik is participating in the further development of the seeker head of the Patriot system; the pro gram will decisively improve defensive capability against ballistic missiles. In view of declining defense bud gets, our civilian activities are being steadily expanded. In radar systems the emphasis was on control and sur veillance of vessel traffic. During the year under review, orders were exe cuted inter alia for the replacement of the radar systems along the river Elbe and in Hamburg. From the Federal German Railways we received a consultancy contract for the transport system TS 90. TST opened up a new field of activity in the area of short-wave communication with the successful completion of an HF communication system, for which a total of 850 field sets were delivered. In export business, TST secured a large order for spares for the mobile radio reconnaissance system supplied to the Spanish Army in the preceeding year. In addition the Spanish broad casting company ordered a large-scale transmitter system. We also received an order for the installation of TV transmitters in the new Federal Ger man states; the first transmitters went into service during the year under re view. In response to an order from the Central Telecommunications Bureau (FTZ) in Darmstadt, TST supplied a large number of recently developed digital analysis receivers, which are used for high-quality receiving and measurement purposes. Electrical Energy Systems In the field of power supply, electri cal engineering and electronics, the percentage of civilian orders was fur ther increased in the year under re view. The most important current pro ject is the large contract for the new airport Munich 2, for runway lighting, for which we are project leader. In ad dition, orders were executed for var ious civilian and military airports. The mature technology of TST in traffic control systems contributed decisively towards the Northern Bavaria motor ways authority placing an order with us for the expansion of its traffic data acquisition and traffic control systems. Among future civilian applications, we view the development of the VSCF power generation system for the JF90/ EFA fighter plane as particulary impor tant. For the Hubble space telescope TST developed the flexible, reeled high- power solar generator and for the X-ray satellite Rosat a rigid solar gen erator. TST has sofar equipped more than 120 spacecraft and satellites with power supply systems. For the solar- driven automobile Spirit of Biel II, which won a competition in Australia, TST supplied the most powerful terres trial solar generator ever manufac tured. The Federal German Ministry of Research and Technology is sponsoring this new development. In the field of regenerative power, we received an order for the hybrid in stallation to exploit both solar and wind energy on the North Sea island of Pellworm. For this installation, the largest of its type so far, the company undertook system responsibility in co operation with Schleswag AG. Logistics and Training In the field of system support TST expanded its range of services by se curing the maintenance contract for the training simulator Asim of the Fed eral German Airtraffic Control Author ity. In the new Federal German states we have become main contractor for the vocational advancement service. Particularly noteworhty in the field of systems technology were orders to supply analysis stations for a radio re connaissance system and also logistics services for German coastal radar op erations in the Baltic. Outlook The company's wide-ranging exper tise in diverse fields of high- technology areas constitute a good premise for growing engagement in ci vilian projects. With targeted research and development, TST will exploit its chances in the civilian sector and con tinue to expand its market presence in the fields of orbital and terrestrial so lar technology, traffic control technol ogy, electronics and electronic testing technologies. Supported by a high vol ume of orders on hand, which will en sure capacity working for about eighteen months, TST will continue to increase sales in the current financial year. At year-end 1990, debis had 4,879 employees worldwide, 4,148 located in Germany, and 731 abroad. The number of trainees and apprentices in the total was 82. Investment in fixed assets (mainly data processing equipment) amounted to DM 333 million, and in rented as sets DM 4,174 million. Vehicle leasing represents approximately 94 % of total assets. Additions to financial assets were DM 13 million. In the year under review, majority holdings in System haus Curadata GmbH, Hamburg, and Metallgesellschaft Informationsverar- beitung GmbH, Frankfurt am Main were acquired. Like the newly founded Mercedes-Benz Finance Ltd. in the United Kingdom and the sfi System haus fur Informationsverarbeitung GmbH, Berlin, these have also been in corporated into the group. In addition, there was the takeover from AEG of the Systemhaus GEI - Gesellschaft fur Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung mbH, Aachen. Software House Major parts of the information pro cessing activities of the German com panies in the Daimler-Benz group have been joined together in debis System haus GmbH, which was founded on January 1, 1990, as an independent division. The debis software house, which produced a total revenue of DM 657 million in the reporting year, com prises five subdivisions. The Computer and Communication Services area took over the majority of the computer centers in the Daimler- Benz group in 1990. This process will be completed in 1991. At the same time, the existing computer centers will be concentrated into a few large computer centers within the frame work of a regionalization concept. The planned formation and expansion of a functional group-wide network has begun and shall be completed in 1991. The network will also be offered to external customers. With the majority takeover of Metallgesellschaft Informa tionsverarbeitung GmbH, together with the computer center of Indu- strieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft mbH (IABG), we are taking into account the growing trend among major users of increasingly transferring data process ing tasks to external specialists. The combination of various hard ware with effective local networks is becoming increasingly important in data processing. With this in mind, we have founded the software company DisCom - Distributed Computing GmbH. In June 1990 the first important step was made for entering the mar kets of the new Federal German states and Eastern Europe with the founda tion of the software company sfi Sys temhaus fur Informationsverarbeitung GmbH, in Berlin, in which Hewlett- Packard has a minority holding of 25.1 %. In the Commercial Systems and Pro jects subdivision, activities are concen trated on developing software for the group. In order to extend our business with customers outside the Daimler- Benz group, we acquired the software companies Systemhaus Curadata GmbH and ORGA-SOFT Organisation und Software GmbH in 1990. Curadata provides products for tax advisors, accountants and tax departments in large companies. ORGA-SOFT markets services for logistics and trade. Both companies were successful in 1990 in the new Federal German states. The Industrial Systems and Projects subdivision develops comprehensive systems for individual customers, mar kets standard products and services and advises design and manufacture divisions of industrial users. System haus Industrie GmbH develops and sells user software systems for produc tion planning and control, quality as surance and servicing. Systemhaus GEI-Gesellschaft fur Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung mbH, was transferred during 1990 from AEG to the debis software house. After extensive examinations, it was decided at the end of 1989 to concen trate the service activities of the Daimler-Benz group in a fourth corpo rate unit. Daimler-Benz InterServices (debis) AG, which is structured into the five divisions Software House, Financial Services, Insurance, Trading and Marketing Services, commenced its activities at the beginning of 1990. The company was legally founded on July 1, 1990. The aim of Daimler-Benz InterSer vices is to offer sophisticated services and to meet the customer's require ments quickly, at a competitive price and with a high level of quality. It pro vides its services to the companies of the Daimler-Benz group and to exter nal customers. After a short transition period, all group companies can decide whether they wish to use the services of debis or of other companies. This means that debis is exposed to inter national competition from the outset. The first financial year for Daimler- Benz InterServices, 1990, was alto gether favorable, despite considerable initial outlay and more intense inter national competition. Debis achieved a total revenue of DM 4.0 billion world wide. This includes sales revenue of DM 3.7 billion and interest received from sales financing. The year-end result reached DM 50 million. Of the total ouput, 48 % is accounted for by the domestic market, 11 % by other EC countries and 37 % by the US market. A volume of DM 974 million resulted from companies in the Daimler-Benz group. The company has over 20 years' expe rience in production automation, infor mation and communication systems, information technology security and in the field of CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering). The Training subdivision, which is being established, provides training for the software house's own products, current subjects of information tech nology such as project management, software engineering and programming languages, as well as operating sys tems. The market for computer center and network services as well as complex software developments is subject to strong growth stimuli due to the changing framework conditions in the single European market and the in creasing liberalization of the telecom munication sector. This will result in a considerable expansion of business volume at the software house in the next few years. Financial Services The debis Financial Services division offers complex leasing and finance programs tailored to customers' re quirements. In addition to pure financ ing, service components desired by the customer are also included, which are offered within the framework of full service leasing contracts. They encom pass, for example, the handling of re pair and maintenance work, tyre re placement, vehicle tax, replacement vehicles, insurance and service cards. The group's own leasing and financ ing companies now operate in all the important sales markets of Mercedes- Benz AG, and thus Germany, the USA, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Canada. With the foundation of Daimler-Benz InterServices (debis) AG, and the transfer of these com panies to debis, financial services are available both for Mercedes-Benz vehi cles and the products of the corporate units AEG and DASA. Through combined efforts and close collaboration between leasing and fi nance companies and the sales organi zation of Mercedes-Benz AG, success was achieved in 1990 too in gaining many new customers despite difficult market conditions, and in continuing the growth of the last few years. Newly acquired business rose by 23 % to 122,000 vehicles. Around 70 % of new contracts applied to passenger cars. The proportion of new vehicles financed and leased via the debis leasing and finance companies was on average 17 % in the markets in which this type of company is estab lished. The number of contracts in creased by 26 % to 282,000. This cor responds to a value of DM 12.2 billion. In the USA the Mercedes-Benz Credit Corporation, the largest leasing and finance company of debis, increased the number of contracts by 32 % to 112,000. In Canada, Mercedes-Benz Credit of Canada concluded 47 % more new contracts than in the previous year. The European leasing and finance companies also continue to enjoy steady growth. Mercedes-Benz Finanz GmbH and Mercedes-Benz Leasing GmbH, which operate in Germany as Mercedes-Benz Lease Finanz, extended their business volume by 37 % to DM 2.9 billion. An important aspect was the strong demand from the new Federal German states. In Spain we acquired a capital share of 40 % from our partner the Banco Hispano Americano, so that our hold ing now totals 90 %. The most recently created company, Mercedes-Benz Fi nance Ltd, founded in February 1990 in the United Kingdom, has so far been extremely successful in the highly competitive British market, achieving a business volume of approximately DM 420 million. The leasing and finance companies will meet the challenges arising from changing requirements with new ser vices that go beyond what is currently available. The field of Marketing Consulting comprises customer-specific market research and conventional marketing advice. The points of emphasis are capital goods and service marketing. In the year under review, orders were carried out in the market seg ments of passenger car fleet business, traffic guidance technology, photo- voltaics, added value services, elec tronic displays and various other capi tal goods. In 1990, the media budgets of the Passenger Car Division of Mercedes- Benz AG, of AEG and Deutsche Aero space were transferred to the largest marketing division, Communication & Media. Due to existing contractual links, the other budgets in the group will be transferred to debis Marketing Services in the course of 1991. The Sales Promotion Services subdivision comprises trade marketing, sponsoring advice, event marketing (marketing and setting up of events) together with services in the sphere of advertising media (advice, selection, purchase and dispatch). The Fairs & Exhibitions subdivision handled over 200 trade fairs and exhi bitions, worldwide, in 1990. The larg est customers were AEG, Daimler-Benz and Deutsche Aerospace. Due to the high growth potential and varied inter ests of customers from Asia, debis Marketing Services Asia and Pacific Pty. Ltd. was founded in July 1990 in Singapore. Marketing Services anticipates a considerable increase in the volume of business in all fields of activity. Insurance Trading The lack of restrictions on services within the EC will accelerate the coop eration and concentration processes among insurance companies and bro kers. This was the reason why we joined together all of the insurance activities of the Daimler-Benz group within Daimler-Benz InterServices. The newly founded Insurance division of debis (debis Assekuranz) is to handle the insurance requirements of the Daimler-Benz group, including its sub sidiaries, with comprehensive, favora bly priced risk management. The grouping of insurance activities was implemented in part in 1990. Daimler- Benz Versicherungsdienst GmbH was taken over from the point at which Daimler-Benz InterServices was foun ded, and was renamed debis As sekuranz Vermittlungs GmbH. To date the debis Insurance division has cov ered the insurance requirements of Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes-Benz AG, and carried out risk management for these companies. Since the beginning of 1991, the di vision has also taken over the shares of EAS Assekuranz Vermittlungs- GmbH previously held by AEG. Prepa rations are being made to incorporate the other insurance services of the group. The brokerage services of debis As sekuranz will increasingly be offered to third party industrial clients, and the availability to employees of the Daimler-Benz group will be expanded. All in all, we expect debis Insurance to increase its total premium income in 1991. Existing know-how in the field of barter is concentrated in the debis Trading division in order to open up the markets in countries short of for eign currency to exports from the Daimler-Benz group and external cus tomers. The amount made available for barter purposes was approximately DM 110 million. Daimler-Benz InterServices has 50 % of shares in Industriehandel Handels- und Industrieausrustungsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, a joint enterprise with Metallgesellschaft AG, Frankfurt am Main. In November 1990 debis, to gether with Intrac Handelsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, founded debis Interna tional Trading GmbH with its regis tered office in Berlin; debis holds 75 % of the stock. This company debis Inter national Trading is to operate in the countries of Asia, Latin America, East ern Europe and in the Soviet Union. The Trading division provides solutions to complex problems regarding barter, by identifying exportable goods in the relevant targetted markets, finding marketing routes and partners. In the face of the debt crisis of the countries of the Third World and the economic changes in Eastern Europe, the Trading division anticipates a con siderable rise in sales volume. Marketing Services debis Marketing Services GmbH was founded through renaming the former AEG subsidiary, Werbeagentur Dr. Kuhl GmbH (WAK) on June 13, 1990. Furthermore, important parts of AEG's central marketing (marketing consul tancy, trade fairs and exhibitions, parts of central advertising) have been incor porated in the Marketing Services divi sion. In the abbreviated financial year of 1990, debis Marketing Services GmbH which is divided into four sub divisions, achieved a total output of DM 109 million. Research Geared to Corporate Units Mercedes-Benz Research Institute Organized In the integrated technology group The "Mercedes-Benz Research Insti of Daimler-Benz, research is a task which goes beyond the confines of in dividual companies, so it is carried out under the auspices of the executive holding company. The activities are geared to the requirements of the cor porate units and their fields of busi ness. In order for the different devel opment departments to utilize the results of that research quickly and efficiently, we further modified the structure of the research sector in 1990. In doing so, our objective was to com bine the advantages of centrally orga nized research with those of decentral ized research, in accordance with the principle "as centralized as necessary, as decentralized as possible." We therefore devised research institutes which belong to the central "Research and Technology" division but which are directly tailored to the needs of the individual corporate units and their fields of business. Basic topics affecting several corporate units simul taneously, on the other hand, are dealt with as central "Joint Research Fields." In this way, we can achieve the essen tial integration of the individual re search institutes. Under the designation "Technology", we have concentrated all the instru ments of knowledge and technology transfer to ensure the rapid and effec tive exchange of information within Research and with the development sectors. tute," which belongs to the Daimler- Benz holding company in terms of cor porate structure, took clear shape in 1990. Its brief is two-pronged: firstly, the acquisition of basic knowledge in fields such as alternative propulsion systems which are of particular strate gic importance to Mercedes-Benz AG. Secondly, its task is to work closely with the development departments of Mercedes-Benz itself and to conduct research geared to the medium and long-term aims of those departments. The Mercedes-Benz Research Insti tute is divided into three Centers of Competence. These deal with: basic questions of physics and chemistry; thermo- and aerodynamics; as well as cybernetics and simulation. Then there are four Product-Oriented Centers: electronics, vehicles, vehicle compo nents and vehicle information technol ogy. Further improvements to quality and efficiency are to be achieved by combining various fields of scientific work, reducing the number of hier archical levels and streamlining pro ject structures. The directorate respon sible for the Mercedes-Benz Institute is also in charge of the Joint Research Fields of materials and transport tech nology. This new concept is intended to serve as an example for the other research institutes. Joint Research Fields at the Ulm Research Center For the Joint Research Fields within the Research and Technology division, the Ulm Research Center will play a major role. The buildings erected in the first phase of construction, at Ob- erer Eselsberg, were inaugurated on June 1, 1990, also the foundations for the second phase were laid. By the end of 1992, two more laboratory buildings and a "cafeteria" should be completed; the cafeteria building will also contain seminar and lecture facili ties, and will serve as a communica tion center. The Research Center will function as a knowledge center not just for the Daimler-Benz group. It will also be come an integral part of Ulm as a city of science, which already includes the Ulm universities, related institutes and a science park. Close contact is planned between these bodies to promote the extensive exchange of findings by uni versity and industrial research. Work has already begun with the formation of working teams to deal with mate rials and production research, informa tion technology and energy research; these teams are initially based in the first-phase buildings, in Ulm-B6fingen and in Esslingen. Before they can be expanded, however, priority is being given to precise definition of the main work focus and to qualifying the new employees. Environmentally Compatible Production Research The move to Ulm by the production research team has paved the way for the smooth expansion of this sector. In 1990 the main task here was to define what had to be researched and detail the approaches to be adopted. Environmental compatibility is a central theme of industrial production, and will become more and more im portant in the future. For this reason, the focal points of production research are, on the one hand, those aspects of manufacturing processes which affect the environment and, on the other, those areas of technology concerned with reprocessing and recycling. With regard to this, the factory must not be viewed in isolation, but must be inves tigated in all the ways it relates to the environment. Lower Pollutant Levels due to Improved Propulsion Technology Conserving the environment is also a central issue when it comes to im proving propulsion technology. With new concepts, we are trying to further reduce the levels of pollutants gener ated by the combustion of gasoline or diesel fuel in the engine. This primar ily means nitrogen oxides, unburnt hy drocarbons and particulates. Our basic research is aimed at finding out how these substances form and how they can be avoided. Special experimental engines with optical windows make it possible to see inside the combustion chamber. The individual combustion cycles are analysed with the aid of multi-dimensional lasers. In parallel to this, we conduct computer simulations of the physical and chemical processes involved, so as to back up practical ob servation with theoretical understand ing. Only in this way is it possible to improve combustion chamber design and to optimize fuel injection even fur ther. With the "thermal induction control" for the four-stroke engine, there is no throttle valve for regulating the load. This means the engine consumes less fuel in the part-load range, thereby producing lower quantities of pollutant and less carbon dioxide. More fuel is also saved by having pistons with vari able compression; these are already being tested in eight-cylinder engines. What is known as ARD technology (ad sorption, reduction, desorption) has proved in principle suitable for the post-combustion treatment of nitrogen oxides in an oxidizing environment. In a first step, the nitrogen oxides stick (adsorb) to the surface of catalysts. Through the addition of special reduc ing agents in a second step, they sepa rate into nitrogen and oxygen, after which they are released (or desorb) from the catalyst's surface. These pro cesses alternate during driving. The catalysts are arranged on a disk which turns slowly in the exhaust gas stream. Alternatives to Gasoline and Diesel Fuels For over 20 years now, research has been investigating possible alternatives to gasoline and diesel engines, and try ing to find viable propulsion systems which do not require fossil fuels. The first electro-hybrid bus from Mercedes- Benz, using combined diesel and elec tric drive, took to the road as early as 1970. In 1975 a Mercedes-Benz van became the first vehicle in the world to derive its energy from a hydrogen hydride storage medium. The latest legislation in California has made research in these areas more topical than ever. The law stipulates that, from the year 2003, a manufacturer like Mercedes-Benz has to equip 10% of the vehicles it sells there as "zero- emission vehicles." At present, the only vehicles to meet this demand are electrically powered ones - provided their electricity comes from non-fossil energy sources. The main problem with both electric and hydrogen drive is how to store the "fuel." Even the most efficient high- temperature batteries are many times heavier and bulkier than a gasoline or diesel tank. It is a similar story with the storage of hydrogen. Neither pres surized gas nor liquid hydrogen nor hydride storage gives vehicles the per formance or transport efficiency to match modern vehicles with gasoline or diesel engines. For this reason, al ternative propulsion systems are ini tially limited to applications in which shorter range and lower performance do not matter. Daimler-Benz as a technology group has the opportunity to go beyond the motor vehicle and work on basic solu tions to energy and environmental problems. For instance, within the framework of project "HYPASSE" (Hydrogen lowered Automobiles using Seasonal and Weekly Surplus of Electricity), sponsored by the Federal German Ministry for Research and Technology, we are developing a proto- type city bus. This is to be fueled by hydrogen which is produced using the excess energy generated at certain times of the week and during certain seasons of the year by Swiss hydro electric power stations. High-Capacity Battery One of the key elements in the utili zation of environment-friendly energy technology is the battery, as the stor age unit for electricity. Batteries avail able today are far too heavy; moreover, they do not have have the necessary durability and are also too expensive. As part of a joint venture, AEG is helping to develop the sodium/nickel- chloride battery for industrial use; its storage capacity, at equal weight, is three to four times as high as that of a conventional lead/acid battery. The re search team is concerned with the ma terial, the cell configuration and the production process, with a view to im proving the efficiency and durability of this type of battery even further. Comprehensive Solutions to Traffic Problems One of the ways our research sector is dealing with energy and environ mental problems is through new ap proaches to traffic technology. Within the European traffic projects PROM ETHEUS and DRIVE we are working, together with partners in the automo tive and electronics industries, on traf fic guidance systems and information technology. The objective is to devise and build up a system which uses au tonomous vehicle-borne elements on the open road, and in urban areas re ceives information via traffic lights or other sources from a central control station. Examples of this include rec ommended detours or up-to-the-minute information on traffic routes, In the goods transportation sector we are developing fleet management systems which cover the entire infor mation chain from logistics and fleet scheduling up to actual vehicle sys tems. An essential prerequisite for use throughout Europe is the laying down of standards for communication sys tems between individual vehicles and the fleet headquarters. A digital road map of Europe is de signed as the basis for fleet manage ment and traffic guidance systems. Here, too, there is a need for stand ardizing processes and formats in or der to record the enormous quantity of data involved, keep it up to date and make it accessible to users. In the Greater Stuttgart area, a traffic project called "STORM" (Stuttgart Transport Operation by Regional Management) has been started up in collaboration with the city authorities and the gov ernment of Baden-Wuerttemberg. This forms the basis of a long-term, com prehensive research project. The idea is to extend the regions' transport in frastructure, integrating it in an overall system to provide an optimum network which makes use of road, rail and air transport. The first step is a feasibility study as part of the European cities initiative POLIS. Studies on the Transport of the Future Investigations into the economic and social context of transport and technol ogy have acquired new emphasis with the reunification of Germany. Our study on "The Transport Environment and Transport Structures of the GDR" has therefore met with great interest. In cooperation with a large number of external partners from various Berlin research facilities, conceptual plans for an inter-disciplinary research project "The City as a Living Environment" were detailed and submitted for deci sion. A further focus of effort was our participation in the study "Berlin - City in a State of Change." This pre sented the ideas of the Daimler-Benz group with regard to traffic and trans port systems in a unified Berlin, and was handed over to the authorities in the eastern and western parts of the city in October of 1990. We concluded a further strategic study, the "Development of Road Trans port in the People's Republic of China," at the end of 1990. The results of this joint project between Daimler-Benz AG and the Chinese government are being phased into China's next Five-Year Plan and are to form the basis for fur ther cooperative ventures with the People's Republic. New Research Results for More Active Safety Active safety systems help the driver to retain control of the vehicle even in potentially critical situations. Rear axle steering, for instance, can compensate for negative influences from road surfaces, wind or from trailers. In this context, our road testing is augmented by our driving simulator in Berlin. This makes it possible to inves tigate critical situations - such as the failure of a major component - without any danger. It is thus also possible to systematically study the behavior of less experienced drivers. It is espe cially these drivers who could be parti cularly at risk in a car which remained stable right up to the physical limits, if they were not warned in time that those limits were about to be reached. We are therefore concerning ourselves with appropriate alarm systems, as well as with systems which intervene actively in the accelerator, brake and steering mechanisms in such cases. These systems are capable not only of improving safety, but also of relieving the driver of routine functions. The automatic distance retaining system is one example, which we have already tested in experimental vehicles, with the help of radar and infrared monitor ing equipment. In this context we are also working on "computer vision," by which pic tures from a camera directed at the road are interpreted automatically. On empty sections of motorway, an exper imental vehicle equipped with such a system has already proved it can work at speeds of up to 100 km/h. This helps to provide the conditions under which vehicles can - in extreme cases - be driven automatically, and at least stay in the correct lane or for instance move along safely in a traffic jam. Technology in the Service of Man The interaction between the driver and the vehicle is to a large extent de termined by the instruments and con trols. As part of the the "F 100" exper imental vehicle, we developed some completely new concepts. Since the driver needs to be informed as com prehensively as possible, while at the same time concentrating on essentials, important information is presented centrally and in a large display in this vehicle. Only faults etc. which require immediate action are indicated while the vehicle is being driven. The outer edges of the instrument panel relate the vehicle to its environ ment. If an object approaches in a threatening manner, the display alarms the driver by means of colored markings in the sector concerned; at the same time, a warning signal sounds. The controls of the F 100 are grouped together according to their functions and arranged around the steering wheel in such a way that the driver intuitively uses the right one. Functions which are not important with regard to safety could be con trolled by voice; to this end, we have initiated the project "VESPRA." The cassette/radio, climate control, window mechanisms, seat adjustment and tele phone can be activated by vocal com mands. The system is designed to adapt to the user's familiarity with it, and not to require the studying of a long operator's manual. Adapting technology to human be ings is also an important field for our Berlin research group dealing with "The Environment of Technology." Work here concentrates on optimizing vehicles and domestic appliances. In the year under review, this mainly consisted of dealing with details relat ing to the new S-class, and a control simulator for AEG domestic appliances Extra-High-Frequency Chips Extra-high frequencies, e.g. for satel lite communications or distance warn ing radar for vehicles, require excep tionally high processing speeds on the part of the electronic components in volved. Since such frequencies cannot be achieved using conventional silicon chips, new solutions are necessary. With what is called hetero technology, extremely thin layers of varying com position but a uniform crystalline structure are built up. Using this tech nique, we have already attained ex tremely high cutoff frequencies of about 100 Megahertz. The basic technology for manufactur ing discrete hetero-transistors has been transferred to TELEFUNKEN Elec tronic. The first microwave circuits for low-noise, broad-band amplifier sys tems have been developed. Pattern Recognition - Reading Handwritten Texts The aims of pattern recognition are to read writing and analyze docu ments. For AEG Electrocom, which is one of the leaders in the market for letter distribution and mail system au tomation, we are working on methods of automatically interpreting handwrit ten and incomplete letter addresses. This is an important prerequisite for future success in the international market. The automatic reading of addresses and entire documents requires very many analytical steps. To keep pro cessing times low despite this, several characters have to be analyzed in par allel by different processors. We have already developed the foundations for such a parallel text recognition sys tem. In the field of multiple parallel sys tems, we are investigating the suit ability of neuronal networks for special tasks in signal processing. This tech nology uses a very large number of simple processing units which are linked together in a tight network and all operate in parallel. They are not programmed but "learn" independently to perform their respective jobs by adapting the links between the units to prescribed solutions. High-Grade Flat Monitor Screens for Information Systems While conventional microelectronics uses single-crystal silicon slices as a base for integrated circuits a few square centimeters in size, large-area electronics employs glass and other substrate materials. The semiconduct ing poly-crystalline silicon structures are applied by means of large-area thin-film deposition processes. NMOS and CMOS thin-film circuitry for clock pulse rates of up to 10 MHz are under development. One example of a highly promising application is in high-definition, color- capable flat screens, known as active- matrix liquid crystal displays. The acti vating elements for the individual ma trix dots can be integrated with the drive electronics on one and the same glass substrate, which cuts costs. Using this technology, a compact flat screen which would be suitable for vehicle-borne driver information sys tems is being developed. Synergy Project "Energy Systems" The rapid translation of research findings into development and into plans for new products and areas of business is just as important as ac quiring the research findings in the first place. The aim of the synergy pro jects undertaken by the Central Re search and Technology division is to act as a catalyst to that effect. One such synergy project concerns itself with energy technology. Problems relating to the environ ment and to natural resources necessi tate new answers. Our entire group, with all its activities, itself depends on the commercial availability and degree of acceptance of energy media. It is therefore advantageous for Daimler- Benz, as an integrated technology group, to have a broad technological base and the necessary comprehensive capacity within the group. As part of a DASA diversification project, for example, a study was made as to whether the technical and eco nomic resources sufficed to set up a group-wide "Energy Systems" sector. The main areas of emphasis were: • utilization of regenerative energy sources such as solar cells and wind-generated power • efficient utilization of energy by means of combined power and heat generation, using gas engines and gas turbines, and later "fuel cells" • electro-chemical energy storage using high-temperature batteries and hydrogen generated from water by means of electrolysis. As they near completion, the investi gations are revealing some interesting possibilities and commercial potential for a sector which could be designated "Decentralized Energy Supply Sys tems." At the same time, the investiga tions show that putting such projects into practice will require considerable investment. New Responsibilities for the Personnel Department The increasing pressure of competi tion and costs, the dynamic develop ment of the markets and the objective of securing the future success of the group place high demands on our managerial staff and employees. It is the responsibility of the person nel department to provide the neces sary personnel policy framework for this environment, which is undergoing a process of transition. Moreover, the personnel sector is searching for new ways of matching the group's require ments and those of its employees. Efforts concentrated especially on the continuing development of personnel exchange, a group-wide managerial staff development and planning pro gram, and intensified basic and ad vanced training programs. Employment Developments and Structure At the end of 1990, the Daimler- Benz group employed a staff of 376,785 (1989: 368,226) in all, includ ing 303,404 (1989: 298,199) at the do mestic plants alone. The employment situation in Germany was encouraging overall. On the other hand, some of our foreign production and assembly subsidiaries had to contend with diffi cult political and economic conditions, which in some cases had considerable effects on employment figures. Daimler-Benz Mercedes-Benz AEG DASA debis Daimler-Benz group 2,689 179,120 57,173 60,274 4,148 18 2,707 51,854 230,974 76,949 19,776 61,276 1,002 4,879 731 73,381 376,785 At Mercedes-Benz, full capacity utili 303,404 zation was achieved at all domestic plants throughout the year under re view; the number of employees in creased by more than 5,300. The in creased personnel requirements due to higher production volumes at the pas senger car plants were met largely by means of indefinite contracts. The employment situation for 1990 at AEG was well-balanced overall; the domestic production plants were well utilized for the most part. The fact that the number of employees within Ger many fell by 2.3 % (1,300 employees) was above all due to the transfer of ac tivities to other corporate units of the Daimler-Benz group and the hiving off of individual sectors. The reduction in DASA's workforce by 1,700 as against 1989 was largely accounted for by the hiving off of the marine technology activities. The employees of the newly estab lished Daimler-Benz InterServices orig inate largely from the group's subsid iaries which were transferred to debis, but also from companies newly ac quired during the year under review. At the end of 1990, the group em ployed 13,257 severely handicapped people domestically. The legally pre scribed employment quota of 6 % was not reached; as in previous years, how ever, a considerable number of orders were awarded to outside workshops for the handicapped. Collective Agreements for 1990 The collective bargaining round in 1990 brought about a 6 % increase in standard wages and salaries for the employees of the metal-working indus try effective on April 1, 1990 and new collective agreements relating to a re duction in working hours. Negotiations resulted in a standard working week of 36 hours from 1993 and 35 hours from 1995. As a depar ture from the 37-hour week which came into effect April 1, 1989, individ ual working hours of up to 40 hours per week were negotiated for 18 % of a company's employees in North Wiirt- temberg/North Baden, Lower Saxony and North-Rhine Westphalia. In other regions, the quota was 13 %. The do mestic group companies are making use of this opportunity. Personnel Expenditure The group's personnel expenditure rose by 16 % to DM 26.9 billion. In the domestic works of our Corporate divi sions, rises in standard wages, salaries and social welfare contributions were due to an increase in the number of employees, particularly through the in clusion of MBB. Company Pensions As before, company pensions consti tute the nucleus of social benefits in all corporate units of the Daimler-Benz group. Together with state pensions and individual personal savings, they help assure financial security for our retired employees. Within the Daimler- Benz group in Germany, a total of DM 1.3 billion in company pensions was paid. The same pension benefit rules, as established in 1987, continued to be in effect for both Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes-Benz AG even after the regrouping of the vehicle business. The Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes- Benz AG paid a total of DM 274 mil lion to 45,600 pensioners, widows and children in the year under review. As per the Company Pension Law, pay ments of DM 6.6 million were made to approximately 21,500 pensioners and widows, that received assistance till 1974 as well as for the first time in the years 1975, 1978, 1981, 1984 and 1987. One off assistance payments were made to approximately 6,500 em ployees. Three years after the introduc tion of the Pension regulations, with effect from the 1st of January 1990, the Pension tables were increased by 5.6 %. In order to cover future payments, an amount totaling DM 1.0 billion was allocated to pension provisions at Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes-Benz AG. Of this amount DM 28 million per tained to Daimler-Benz AG and DM 986 million to Mercedes-Benz AG. Of the latter figure, Daimler-Benz AG, in accordance with the contractual agreement at the time of the reassign ment of the vehicles business, bore DM 184 million. AEG disbursed DM 133 million to 42,000 pensioners, widows and or phans during the year under review. Corresponding payments made by the companies of Deutsche Aerospace amounted to DM 72 million. Special Remuneration The special remuneration awarded domestically amounted to more than DM 1 billion in all. These payments are broken down between the individ ual corporate units as follows: At Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes- Benz AG, the basic Christmas bonus was increased by DM 100, with an ad ditional DM 10 increase for every three years spent at the company. Assistance in the Formation of Private Capital In accordance with the 5th Capital Formation Law, all the employees in Germany were given the opportunity, for the first time, of purchasing shares in Daimler-Benz AG for a preferential price and at a reduced tax rate. Em ployees of Daimler-Benz AG, Mercedes- Benz AG and Daimler-Benz InterSer- vices AG were alternatively offered Mercedes Aktiengesellschaft Holding shares. Such an offer was introduced as a regular feature of Daimler-Benz AG's capital formation policy in 1973, and this social institution has now also proved very popular with employees of the other corporate units. This offer has been taken up by 154,877 em ployees in all. Each employee of Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes-Benz AG was also given the opportunity of putting DM 312 in company debt cer tificates with an interest rate of 10 %. This option was made use of by 30,835 employees. Residential Property Subsidies Many of the group's member com panies supported their employees once more in the building and acquisition of apartments and houses. Interest-free and reduced-interest loans totaling more than DM 78 million were granted for 3,315 houses and apartments. Family and Career Vocational Training An important responsibility in the personnel policy of all corporate units of Daimler-Benz is enabling our em ployees to plan a working career com patible with family life. At Daimler- Benz AG, Mercedes-Benz AG, AEG Ak tiengesellschaft and Messerschmitt- Bölkow-Blohm GmbH, labor agree ments were reached which for example provide a "family break" for a maxi mum of ten years as a continuation of the legally prescribed maternity/ paternity leave, after which employees are entitled to resume working in a comparable job. At the end of 1990, this provision had been made use of by a total of 600 female and some male employees. Managerial Planning and Development In the implementation of our corpo rate strategies, the recognition, quali fication and specific use of the man agement potential already at our dis posal is of decisive importance. Now that the development and disposition of managerial staff has been imple mented in a comparable manner throughout all corporate units, we have started to extend promotion programs for up-and-coming managerial staff to the entire group and have established a broadly based group-wide scheme for the placement of top managerial staff. We have thus further improved the systematic development and the spe cific utilization of managerial potential. At the end of 1990, 14,630 young people were undergoing vocational training within the Daimler-Benz group. In the year under review, 4,440 young men and women began their training courses, including 3,550 in the technical trades and 890 in busi ness professions. Of those who com pleted their courses, 85 % commenced work for the various corporate units. As a result of general trends in popu lation growth, the number of appli cants for vocational training courses continued to decline. Within the frame work of intensified information and ad vertising programs, young women in particular were informed of the oppor tunities available to them in technical training courses. In 1990, too, there was great de mand for special programs for school leavers and for courses of study at col leges of advanced vocational studies. Within our qualification scheme for young specialist personnel, we have assisted a large number of students and intensified our program for their care and counseling by means of training placements, opportunities for writing theses and seminars to supple ment their courses of study. Considerable investments in modern equipment have been made in order to meet the increasing demands in tech nology training. The training staff have received appropriate further qualifica tion with regard to both teaching meth ods and content, in order to deal with the introduction of new technologies. The Incorporation of Employees in Problem-Solving In 1990, the workshop and produc tion quality circles continued to prove their worth as the expression of the reinforced identification of our em ployees with the respective depart ments' objectives and their more effi cient fulfillment. With more than 34,000 suggestions for improvement submitted, the em ployees of all corporate units contin ued to show great interest in their work. The employees' suggestions were rewarded with premiums amounting to about DM 11 million. Activities in the New Federal German States By offering basic and advanced training programs and trainee posts to employees of former GDR concerns for qualification in west German concerns and by providing experienced staff, the personnel and training departments of all corporate units contributed to the economic growth of the new Federal German states in 1990. Advanced Training The group's training scheme for se nior managerial staff from all corporate units has now become a firm constitu ent of our training program. This pro vides an effective contribution towards a common understanding for the devel opment of the group and towards per sonal dialog amongst the responsible managerial staff. Our in-company and external ad vanced training programs are continu ing to prove very popular. A total of 171,000 employees participated in these courses during working hours. The education program for our staff in the area of new technologies and in formation processing, in particular, was extended. We have also further in tensified advanced training measures for our workers. The costs due to ad vanced training rose during the year under review to DM 750 million. New Forms of Work Organization In view of the increasing proportion of work procedures which are auto mated and incorporated into informa tion processing networks, along with the higher qualifications of our em ployees and their changing attitudes to work, the distribution of labor is grad ually having to make way for new forms of work organization to be im plemented in production. Group-based work unites corporate and employee aims in an exemplary manner. This in creases work satisfaction and uncovers previously unrealised potential. Espe cially Mercedes-Benz AG is putting comprehensive pilot projects on group- based work to the test. This future- oriented form of work organization places modified requirements on em ployees and managerial staff; the per sonnel and training departments have prepared themselves for this with in tensified activities for development in all areas of the company. Preventive Health Care and Safety at Work The medical services of the various corporate units employed a staff of 276 in all, including 57 company doc tors. Particularly at small locations, this staff was supported by a large number of part-time company doctors and contracted doctors. Their work was mainly concerned with rendering first aid, carrying out preventive check ups, offering advice and giving courses on topics such as nutrition and addic tive and dangerous substances; a fur ther significant activity was collabora tion in workplace design. The number of industrial accidents occurring in the various corporate units was either reduced or main tained at an already low level. This pleasing result was particularly due to the commitment of managerial staff and their employees, the advanced training of safety experts and the care ful planning of hazard analysis pro grams. The increased attention given to safety at work and ergonomics right at the planning stage of work systems has also helped reduce hazards. In-company social consultancy, prac tised above all by Mercedes-Benz AG, has been very successful. This service offers counseling for employees in dan ger of addiction and for those with psychological problems or in personal crisis situations. In cooperation with doctors and other advisory services, it also refers employees to sources of assistance within and outside the com pany. Thanks to Our Workforce We would like to express our grati tude to all our employees for their commitment and hard work throughout a difficult year, which was marked by far-reaching transformations in the po litical and economic spheres and by the continuation of the restructuring of our group. Our thanks are also due to the representatives on the various labor councils and committees at all levels of our group for their confident cooperation. showed an above-average rise of 12 %; its share of total output now amounts to 50.4 % (49.1 % last year). Consider ing the fact that general price levels rose only moderately, our purchases of goods and services increased, in spite of sales losses due to low exchange rates for the U.S. dollar and yen. The disproportionate increase in personnel expenses, a 16 % increase to DM 26.9 billion, was the result of new hiring at Mercedes-Benz AG, and the collective bargaining wage and salary increases effective April 1st, 1990. Furthermore, additional unscheduled pension provi sions totaling DM 250 million were made, DM 100 million alone on ac count of the Rent Reform Act of 1992. New Valuation Methods in Group Financial Statements Prove Beneficial Net Income of 1.8 billion has Same Magnitude as Comparably Computed Net Income of Last Year In 1990, sales revenues of the Daimler-Benz group rose 5.2 %, to DM 85.5 billion, in comparison to the pre vious year. To facilitate comparision, we added the sales of MBB to last year's figures. Total output, as a result of higher inventories and other cap italized in-house-output, jumped 11 %, to DM 88.3 billion; apart from the first-time inclusion of MBB, the expan sion of the vehicle leasing business is also reflected in these figures. Com pared to the increase of total output, purchases of goods and services The change in the valuation methods in the 1989 consolidated financial statements, where we have more closely adapted our accounting policies to internationally accepted accounting practices, was positively received both at home and abroad. For the purpose of analyzing companies and industries, the data can now be directly taken from the Daimler-Benz consolidated fi nancial statements. Improved compara bility of our group financials with other large industrial enterprises oper ating worldwide has made it easier during the reporting year to list the Daimler-Benz shares on important stock exchanges such as London and Tokyo. In each instance, we were able to rely solely on the published annual financials and we were not required to submit additional computations for im portant key figures such as net income for the year and net equity. The new valuation of pension provi sions and inventories in the 1989 group financials had not only impacted the balance sheet but also the state ment of income. For this reason, some basic figures in last year's income statements are not comparable with those of 1990. Moreover, we have, for the first time, included the accounts of MBB in the earnings statements. In or der to illustrate the actual develop ment, we are therefore partly deviating in the following analysis from the offi cial presentation of our accounts. Balanced Group Balance Sheet Ratios The balance sheet total of the Daimler-Benz group rose further, by DM 4.6 billion to DM 67.3 billion, on account of the larger business volume. Capital assets, including leasing items, rose from DM 20.1 billion to DM 23.4 billion. Intangible assets included goodwill of DM 124 million. Such goodwill originated subsequent to the restructuring of the Daimler-Benz group, and was written off system atically. The goodwill resulting mainly from the acquisition of additional shares in MBB in the amount of DM 591 million was, in contrast, charged to retained earnings. Fixed asset addi tions of DM 5.7 billion were offset by disposals and depreciation totaling DM 4.1 billion. The DM 0.2 billion increase in financial assets, to DM 1.6 billion, pertains to new equity investments in the corporate divisions of AEG, DASA and debis. The balance sheet amount of leasing items - largely cars and commercial vehicles of Mercedes-Benz - has continued to increase strongly, from DM 5.0 billion to DM 6.5 billion; this represents about 10 % of total as sets meanwhile and nearly 30 % of capital assets. Excluding leasing vehi cles, the ratio of capital to total assets amounted to 25.1 % (24.0 % last year). Inventories at DM 18.9 billion, almost Because of the noticably higher vol ume of investment activities of prior years, depreciation of fixed assets, in cluding leasing vehicles, write- downs and amortization of marketable securi ties and intangible assets respectively, climbed further, i.e., by 17 % to DM 5.3 billion. Other operating income is shown at DM 4.0 billion. Last year, this income item included to a larger extent credits resulting from the change in valuation methods. Other op erating expenses continued at a high level even though last year's figure was likewise influenced by non recurring expenses. In the non-operating sector, with lower annual average liquidity, net in terest income declined DM 132 million to DM 989 million. As in prior years, we have reduced the interest income earned in the high-inflation countries of Argentina and Brazil by the inflation portion. The results from ordinary business activities dropped to DM 4.2 billion (DM 10.1 billion last year); comparably computed, it was 10 % be low the previous year. Due considera tion must also be given here to the fact that last year's income taxes were DM 0.4 billion higher due to the new method of valuing inventories. Al though the net income amount of DM 1.8 billion shows a slight increase as compared to last year's comparably computed amount of DM 1.7 billion, much of it is due to lower income taxes, particularly at some foreign sub sidiaries. unchanged from last year, were fi nanced by advance payments from customers to the tune of almost 33 %; the ratio of net inventories in relation to total assets declined slightly from 19.7 % to 19.5 %. Liquid assets also de clined, i.e., from DM 14.6 billion to DM 13.7 billion. This amounted to 20.3 % of total group assets (23.3 % last year). On the liability side of the balance sheet, shareholders' equity - excluding the amount set aside for dividend pay ments (unappropriated profit) - rose DM 0.9 billion to DM 17.3 billion. A total of DM 1.1 billion of the consoli dated net income was allocated to re tained earnings; goodwill amounts written off here had opposite effects. The ratio of equity capital, amounting to 25.6 %, was slightly lower than last year's figure of 26.2 %. With the simul taneous increase of the capital asset ratio, capital assets covered by equity capital also decreased slightly, from 109 % to 102 %. Leasing vehicles were not considered here because they are basically financed through borrowed capital apart from depreciation and proceeds from disposals. Our financial liabilities for the leasing and financing business amounted to DM 6.2 billion. Even though provisions rose further, by DM 0.7 billion to DM 27.4 billion, their share in terms of the balance sheet total declined from 42.6 % to 40.6 %. Both capital assets and net in ventories but also part of the remain ing current assets are covered by eq uity capital and long- and medium- term provisions. Investment in Fixed and Financial Assets Again Fully Financed By Cash Flow Additions to fixed assets, intangible assets as well as net additions to fi nancial investments, totaling DM 6.3 billion, were fully financed in the re porting year by internally generated cash-flow which amounted to DM 6.7 billion. Additional funds were derived from the increase in liabilities, partic ularly in connection with the refinanc ing of our rapidly growing leasing business worldwide. In the application of funds, the con tinued vigorous investment activities of the Daimler-Benz group become evi dent, with which we wish to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of our products. Activities of the Group Treasury The concept of centralized financial management, which was adopted in connection with the restructuring of the Daimler-Benz group of companies, has resolutely been pursued during the reporting year. With this concept, stra tegic financial decisions in the group are made centrally. Operative finance and liquidity management is also car ried out in the central finance depart ment. From time to time, the handling of individual finance measures can also be organized decentrally. With the inclusion of MBB this year, we essentially concluded the transfer - of liquid funds and marketable securi ties from the domestic companies to Daimler-Benz AG. This transfer was started last year with the introduction of our Cash Concentration Program. The entire liquidity, which at year's end amounted to DM 13.7 billion, is being invested in such a way that all financial requirements derived from the business purposes of the company can be met on a short-term basis. The investment in marketable securities is in harmony with the figures in the medium-term investment plan and also takes into account the prospective in terest trend. The portfolio is composed of fixed-interest securities of first-class issuers. We use new investment in struments if they fit our general in vestment strategies. For the purpose of refinancing our activities, especially the leasing and retail financing business, we take ad vantage of all opportunities which in ternational money and capital markets had to offer. Thus, lire 150 billion, A $ 100 million and DM 200 million as Fixed-Reverse-Floaters were raised through the issuance of Eurobonds via Daimler-Benz International Finance B. V. In addition, we, as the first German company to do so, have initiated a D-mark based Commercial-Paper- Program which will primarily serve our short-term refinancing needs. In the central foreign exchange management department, we evaluate the extensive currency risk of the group companies, develop in coopera tion with the corporate divisions indi vidually designed hedging strategies, and direct their implementation. It is the objective of the foreign exchange management department, depending on the anticipated exchange rate de velopment in risk-prone currencies, to protect through continuing hedging measures a proportion of the delivery volume - varying from country to country - and thus limit and amelio rate the currency risk. Financing of Sales and Projects The indebtedness problems of deve loping and under-developed countries, and the huge needs of the new federal states and of eastern Europe have led to a strong demand for funds. Taylor- made programs increasingly gain in importance here; this is particularly true for large infrastructure projects in which our group companies are partici pating. Looking at the difficult economic conditions in the countries of eastern Europe and the Third World, commer cial banks are quite reluctant to ex tend credit. It is for this reason that governmental development funds, within the scope of bilateral and multi lateral cooperation, are becoming more and more important. Funds which are thus made available are also of grow ing importance to our business. In the export business it was also our goal during the reporting period to ascertain all conceivable risks and to provide sufficient protection. In this re gard, we have fully utilized the tradi tional instruments of protection. * Our business policy at home and abroad in 1990, again conformed with the "OECD-Guidelines for Multinational Companies." *) Including carry-forward amounts of companies consolidated for the first time. The consolidated financial state ments have been prepared in accor dance with regulations set forth in the Accounting Standards Act; the amounts are shown in millions of D-marks. The summarized balance sheet and statement of income items are separately shown in the notes, and, where necessary, explained. Accounting Principles and Valuation Methods Accounting principles and valuation methods were unchanged, after having been more closely brought in line with internationally accepted accounting practice last year. Since the pension provisions, in this regard, have been calculated at the tax-allowable interest rate of 6 %, there exists a variance against the account of the parent com pany which based its provision com putation on an interest rate of 3.5 %. Assets and liabilities presented in the consolidated balance sheet - in identi cal group circumstances - are uni formly valued. In 1990 as in previous years, provisions for approved conver sion, reconstruction, maintenance and development projects have been set up or have been systematically continued. Intangible assets are valued at acqui sition costs. Beginning with additions in 1990, goodwill resulting from the capital consolidation is being amor tized over five years, which includes the year of acquisition. Goodwill ac quired in 1990 totaling DM 591 mil lion, which was still in connection with the restructuring to an integrated technology concern, was charged to retained earnings as in prior years. Fixed assets are valued at acquisition or self-construction costs. The self- constructed facilities comprise direct labor direct materials and applicable manufacturing overhead including depreciation. The acquisition costs/self-construc tion costs for fixed assets are reduced by scheduled depreciation charges. The opportunities for special tax-deductible depreciation allowances were fully uti lized, i.e. in connection with Section 7d of the Income Tax Act and Section 82d of the Income Tax Regulations (environmental protection, and re search and development investments), Section 14 of the Berlin Development Law, Section 3 of the Zone Border Area Development Law Section 6b of the Income Tax Act and Subsection 35 of the Income Tax Guidelines. Scheduled fixed asset depreciation allowances are calculated generally using the following useful lives: 17 to 40 years for buildings, 8 to 20 years for site improvements, 3 to 20 years for technical facilities and machinery, and 2 to 10 years for other facilities and factory and office equipment. Fa cilities used for multishift operations are depreciated using correspondingly lower useful lives. Buildings are depre ciated using straightline depreciation rates - and where allowable under the Tax Code - declining rates. Movable property is depreciated using the declining-balance-method. For movable property, we change from the declining-balance method to the straightline method of calculating de preciation allowances when the equal distribution of the remaining net book value over the remaining useful life leads to higher depreciation amounts. Depreciation allowances on additions during the first and second half of the year are calculated using the full year or half-year rates, respectively, in con formity with the Tax Simplification Rules. Assets of little value are ex pensed in the year of acquisition. Investments in related companies, and in other long-term financial assets are valued at the lower of cost or mar ket; non-interest bearing or low- interest bearing long-term receivables are shown at their present value. Major investments in associated companies are valued according to the equity method. Leasing equipment is valued at cost, and is depreciated using the declining- balance method. Raw materials, manufacturing sup plies and goods purchased for resale are valued at the lower of cost or market value. Manufactured products are val ued at production costs which com prise, apart from direct materials and direct labor, applicable manufacturing overheads including depreciation charges. To the extent that inventory risks are determinable, i.e. for reduced usability after prolonged storage or af ter design changes, reasonable deduc tions are made, which for manufac tured goods must not result in a loss upon sale. Receivables and other assets - if non- interest bearing - are reduced to their present value at the balance sheet date, and are valued taking into ac count all known risks. A lump-sum al lowance for doubtful accounts on a country-specific scale is deducted from the receivables in recognition of the general credit risk inherent in receiv ables. Treasury stock and other marketable securities valued at the lower of cost or market value at the balance sheet date. Provisions for old-age pensions and similar obligations are actuarially deter mined on the basis of an assumed in terest rate of 6 % using the Entry Age Actuarial Cost Method. The regulations of the 1992 Pension Reform Act have, for the first time, been taken into ac count in calculating the provision amounts. Provisions for taxes and other provi sions are determined on the basis of fair and reasonable business judge ments. The obligations in the person nel and social area are reflected in the financial statements at non-discounted values expected to be paid in the fu ture as benefits are vested. Liabilities are shown at their repay ment amount. Companies Included in Consolidation One subsidiary, in which we ac Principles of Consolidation The companies included in consol idation encompass, apart from Daimler-Benz AG, 269 domestic and foreign subsidiaries. During the reporting year, 27 com panies were added to and 23 com panies deleted from consolidation. Comparability of financial data with the previous year has not thereby been impaired. Not included are 182 subsidiaries whose effect on the consolidated finan cial statements is not material (their total sales volume is less than 1 % of consolidated sales) and 12 companies administering pension funds whose as sets are solely used for pension pur poses and are subject to restrictions. In accordance with Section 296, Subsection 1, No. 1, of the Commer cial Code, Deutsche Airbus GmbH is not consolidated because Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH, with regard to this company, on ac count of agreements with the Federal Republic of Germany and of rules in the bylaws with respect to resolutions, is restricted in exercising its rights. quired a majority interest at the end of 1990, was not included in consolida tion because common management did not exist and the majority of the vot ing rights could not be unrestrictedly excercised. The company was, there fore, valued according to the equity method. In connection with the restructuring of the Daimler-Benz-group, Daimler- Benz InterServices (debis) AG was founded during the middle of 1990. The restructuring had no material ef fect on the Daimler-Benz consolidated financial statements because the com panies which were assigned to debis came to a large extent from other cor porate units, and thus were already in cluded in the 1989 consolidation. During the reporting year, the state ments of income of Messerschmitt- Bölkow-Blohm GmbH and its subsid iaries were included in the consolida tion for the first time. In the previous year, merely the balance sheets were consolidated because Deutsche Aero space AG did not acquire a majority interest in Messerschmitt-Bolkow- Blohm GmbH until December of 1989. Capital consolidation was effected ac cording to the book value method where the parent's acquisition costs are eliminated against the relevant share capital and retained earnings at the time of acquisition or first-time in clusion in consolidation. The differences resulting from the capital consolidation are, as far as pos sible, allocated to the relevant balance sheet items. For the treatment of the remaining difference (goodwill) result ing from additions in 1990, see expla nation given in the caption "Account ing Principles and Valuation Methods". The hidden reserves have been made active and will be written off over their useful lives in an effective man ner. Profits earned by subsidiaries after the date of acquisition are added to consolidated retained earnings. The un appropriated profit, as shown both in the separate financial statements of Daimler-Benz AG and in the consoli dated financial statements, is thus the same. In this connection we have charged the income-affecting consolida tion measures and the profits/losses earned by the subsidiaries to consoli dated retained earnings. In the consolidated financial state ments we have included 108 associated companies. Eleven associated companies as well as our subsidiaries Deutsche Airbus GmbH, Hamburg, and Siliconix Inc., Santa Clara/U.S.A., have been included in our consolidated financial state ments according to the book value method at equity. Goodwill resulting from additions in 1990 was capitalized and is being written off pro rata. The adjustments made in the in come statements by our subsidiaries in Brazil for monetary devaluations have been retained in the consolidated statement of income without change, effectively preventing reflection of in flationary profits. The income taxes, which were al ready geared to the balance sheet date in the national financial statements, have been translated at year-end rates. Items from inflation-adjusted income statements of our Argentinian com panies are translated at year-end ex change rates. Fictitious profits/losses resulting from the divergence between the inflationary trend and the changes in the currency's value have been eliminated. The remaining associated companies Currency Translation are shown under investments in affili ated companies at cost of acquisition and in some instances less write downs as they are not material to the consolidated balance sheet, financial condition and results of operations. Intercompany receivables and pay ables have been eliminated; the differ ences resulting from debt consolidation have been charged or credited to in come. All material intercompany profits resulting from intercompany sales of goods and services have been elimi nated, except items of minor impor tance. The same holds true for sales of goods and services by associated com panies to companies included in con solidation. Intercompany sales and other inter company earnings have been elimi nated against the relevant costs, or re classified to "capitalized in-house out put" or to "increase in inventories", respectively. Deferred taxes (assets side) shown in the consolidated balance sheet result from income-affecting consolidation ad justments. Foreign currency receivables are translated in the individual financial statements at the bid price on the day they are recorded or at the spot rate on the balance sheet date, if lower. Foreign currency payables are trans lated at the asked price on the day they are recorded or the spot rate on the balance sheet date if higher. The accounts of all foreign subsid iaries are translated to D-marks on the basis of historical exchange rates for non-current assets, and at year-end ex change rates for current assets, bor rowed capital and unappropriated profit. Stockholders' equity in D-marks is the remaining difference between translated assets less translated lia- bilites and unappropriated profit. The difference resulting from the transla tion of balance sheet items is recorded in consolidated retained earnings. Expense and income items are es sentially translated at average annual exchange rates. To the extent that they relate to fixed assets (fixed asset de preciations, profit or loss from disposal of fixed assets), they are translated at historical costs. Net income, additions to retained earnings, and the unap propriated profit are translated at year- end rates. The differences resulting from the translation at average rates in effect during the year and the ex change rates at the balance sheet date are reflected in other operating ex penses. (1) Intangible Assets Intangible assets, amounting to DM 304 million (1989: DM 130 million) comprise mostly acquired EDP Software, patents, and goodwill acquired for valuable consideration. Moreover, net book value of goodwill aris ing from the capital consolidation is being shown under this caption. To a minor degree, this caption also com prises advance payments made. (2) Fixed Assets The increase in property, plant and equipment by DM 1,549 million to DM 15,057 million is derived from in vestments of DM 5,667 millions and reclassifications of DM 19 million reduced by disposals of DM 579 million and depreciation of DM 3,558 million. Special tax-deductible depreciation allowances amount to DM 95 million (1989: DM 187 million); depreciation in excess of scheduled depreciation amount to DM 2 million (1989: DM 60 million). (3) Financial Assets A complete listing of our stock ownership will be filed with the commercial registry office at the county court house in Stuttgart (Dept. B No. 173). Investments in long-term securities totaling DM 208 million (1989: DM 233 million) are mostly accounted for by Daimler-Benz AG. Unscheduled write-downs of investments in affil iated companies, of investments in related companies and of other long-term receivables, totaling DM 110 mil lion (1989: DM 80 million), had to be made. Because of increased market values, investments in long-term securities should have been written up by DM 24 million (1989: DM 49 million) in accordance with the value appreciation doctrine (Section 280, of the Com mercial Law). However, such a write-up was not made for reasons of tax law. (4) Leased Equipment The increase in leased equipment - almost exclu sively vehicles - by DM 1,475 million to DM 6,518 mil lion pertains largely to Mercedes-Benz Credit Corpora tion, Norwalk, U.S.A., and to Mercedes-Benz Leasing GmbH, Stuttgart. About 88 % of this balance sheet item pertains to these two companies. AEG and Deutsche Aerospace account for nearly 50 % of the consolidated inventory total. (6) Advance Payments Received Advance payments received amounting to DM 5,727 million (1989: DM 6,390 million) were received from customers almost exclusively for projects and long-term contracts at AEG, Dornier, MTU and MBB; they were de ducted from inventories. Approx. DM 0.9 billion (1989: DM 1.1 billion) of the receivables from related companies pertain to credit bal ances at financial institutions, marketable securities and fixed-interest debt instruments. Other assets include in vestments of liquid funds in debt instruments not traded on stock exchanges. They amount to DM 3,866 million (1989: DM 4,671 million). Also shown here are receiv ables derived from the business activities of finance and leasing companies. In October of 1990 we sold 205,016 shares to our em ployees (par value DM 10 million = 0.4 % of total out standing share capital) at a preferential price of DM 346 for each share (in the event one share was purchased) or DM 392 for each share (in the event two shares were purchased). On the balance sheet date, we held 111,063 shares of treasury stock (par value DM 6 million = 0.2 % of total outstanding capital stock), 108,563 shares of which were purchased in 1988. In August of 1990, a further 2,500 shares were purchased at an average price of DM 643 a share. Other securities largely pertain to fixed-interest- bearing debt instruments. Pursuant to the value appre ciation doctrine, they should have been written up by DM 7 million but such a write-up was not recorded for reasons of tax law. (10) Cash Cash amounting to DM 3,786 million (1989: DM 2,985 million) consists of deposits in banking institu tions, cash on hand, deposit at the Bundesbank (German Federal Bank), in post office accounts, and checks on hand. (11) Prepaid Expenses and Deferred Taxes Deferred taxes on income-affecting elimination entries amount to DM 1,363 million (1989: DM 992 million). Deferred taxes - a debit amount overall - as shown in the individual balance sheets of consolidated companies, are not included. (12) Stockholders'Equity The changes in stockholders' equity are as follows: (13) Capital Stock and Paid-in Capital Capital stock and paid-in capital pertain to Daimler- Benz AG. (14) Retained Earnings Retained earnings comprise retained earnings allo cated under statute of DM 160 million, retained earn ings allocated for treasury stock of DM 61 million and other retained earnings of Daimler-Benz AG of DM 7,841 million. Also reflected here are the com pany's share in the retained earnings and results of operations of consolidated subsidiaries, insofar as they have been earned since belonging to the group. Additionally, this caption takes into account the cu mulative results from the elimination of intercompany earnings and from the debt consolidation, as well as the difference arising from currency translations. The amount allocated from consolidated net income to re tained earnings amount to DM 1,230 million. (15) Minority Interests The stock ownership of outside third parties in the subsidiaries included in consolidation pertain mostly to MBB, AEG, Mercedes-Benz of South Africa, Dornier and to MTU. (16) Provisions for Old-Age Pensions and Similar Obligations When the assets of the provident funds are added to the provisions for old-age pensions, the company's pension obligations are fully covered. (17) Other Provisions The provisions for taxes include DM 1,139 million (1989: 1,589 million) which pertain, to a large extent, to Daimler-Benz AG for open years pending final assess ment. Apart from existing worldwide warranty obligations, other provisions take into account, above all, obligations in the personnel and social area, risks for losses inher ent in pending business transactions, risks arising from contractual liabilities and pending litigations as well as devaluation risks in high-inflation countries. Additional provisions exist for expenditures which are based on approved change-over, alteration and some de velopment projects, for possible additional costs in con nection with completed contracts, and for maintenance which had been planned for the year under review but had to be deferred until the following year. Financial liabilities include approx. DM 6.2 billion in connection with the refinancing of the strongly expand ing leasing and sales financing activities for cars and commercial vehicles. The liabilities to related companies mostly pertain to obligations recorded at MBB in favor of joint venture companies. Miscellaneous liabilities largely comprise December accruals for wages and salaries as well as tax liabilities. Liabilities to financial institutions, notes payable, lia bilities to related companies, miscellaneous liabilities, and advance payments received from customers (di rectly deducted from inventories) are mainly secured through mortgage conveyance or through assignment of receivables in the total amount of DM 1,223 million (1989: DM 1,228 million). * Minimum dividend guarantees in favor of co-owners of three subsidiaries, as well as contractual performance guarantees could not reasonably be estimated. Other Financial Commitments Financial commitments arising from rental, lease and leasing contracts average approx. DM 557 million annu ally; the average contract duration is nine years. For companies not included in consolidation, we have financial commitments amounting to DM 156 million. The other financial commitments, particularly pur chase order commitments for capital investments, are within the scope of normal business activities. The obligation arising from stock subscriptions and from capital subscriptions in close corporations pursuant to Section 24 of the GmbH Act, amount to DM 9 million. We are jointly and severally liable for certain non- incorporated companies, partnerships and joint venture work groups. In addition, there exist performance con tracts and miscellaneous guarantees in connection with ongoing business transactions. When measured against total output of DM 88,340 million (1989: DM 80,552 million), the ratio of expendi ture for goods and services amounts to 50% (1989: 49 %). (24) Personnel Expenses/Employment In millions of DM Wages and salaries Social levies and expenses for old-age pensions In comparison to the reporting year, last year's rela tively large increase in inventories was due to the change in the valuation method of products in 1989. (22) Other Operating Income The income amount included in this caption for the dissolution of provisions total DM 792 million. Addi tional income is derived from exchange profits in con nection with ongoing purchase and payment transac tions, mostly earned abroad, from costs charged to third parties, from tax refunds, from security sales, and from rentals and leases. The reduction of the lump-sum al lowance for doubtful accounts contributes DM 23 mil lion. Profits from the sale of capital assets amount to DM 58 million. DM 1,412 million of other operating income is attribu table to prior years. Last year, this caption comprised an amount of DM 5.5 billion from dissolution of provisions, of which DM 5.2 billion was derived from a change in the method of computing pension obligations in 1989 in compliance with tax regulations. Both the increased number of employees and the col lective bargaining wage and salary increases were the main reason for the higher personnel expenses. (25) Amortization of Intangible Assets, Depreciation of Fixed Assets and of Leased Equipment The depreciation of fixed assets pertains with more than 50 % to Mercedes-Benz AG. The increase in depre ciation of leasing equipment results from the growth of the leasing business of our domestic and foreign financ ing companies. The rise in amortization of intangible assets of DM 56 million over last year to DM 112 million is largely due to the amortization of capitalized goodwill from the capi tal consolidation. (26) Other Operating Expenses This caption comprises additions to provisions, main tenance expenses, administrative and selling expenses including sales commissions, rental and lease expenses, exchange rate losses incurred in the normal course of business, freight-out, packaging, and the difference re sulting from the currency translation of income state ments of foreign subsidiaries. Losses from valuation ad justments and losses from disposal of fixed and current assets amounts to DM 644 million. Other operating expenses amount to DM 12,016 million (1989: DM 12,292 million). Last year, this caption included DM 1.4 billion in expenses which were caused by special factors in connection with the restructuring; in 1990, MBB is included for the first time with expenses amounting to about DM 1 billion. Overall, DM 162 million is applicable to prior years. (27) Net Income from Affiliated, Associated and Re lated Companies The decline in taxes is due to the reduction of the German corporate income tax rate from 56 to 50 % in the reporting period and to the decrease of the taxable income of several foreign subsidiaries. In comparison with the prior year the deferred tax liability set up in connection with the charge in the valuation method of inventories in 1989 resulted in a non-recuring expense of DM 0.4 billion in the prior year. (31) Net Income Consolidated net income of DM 1,795 million has pre- dominantely been earned by the Mercedes-Benz corpo rate unit. The 1989 net income, comparably adjusted, amounted to DM 1.7 billion. Special tax depreciation of fixed assets and tax-allowable write-downs of current as sets have reduced net income only slightly. Also, future charges in connection with such write-offs will not be material. Other Information/Boards Under the assumption that the proposed dividend is ratified by shareholders at the Annual General Meeting on June 26, 1991, the remunerations paid by the Group companies to the members of the Board of Management and to the Supervisory Board of Daimler-Benz AG amount to DM 13,750,618 and DM 1,990,115 respec tively. Disbursements to former members of the Man agement Board of Daimler-Benz AG and their survivors amount to DM 12,448,571. An amount of DM 91,601,693 was recorded on the books of Daimler-Benz AG and Mercedes-Benz AG for pension obligations to former members of the Board of Management and their survivors. As of December 31, 1990, advances and loans to members of the Board of Management of Daimler- Benz AG amount to DM 90,297. Home loans included herein are not subject to interest; other loans and ad vances bear interest at 5.5 %. During the year, DM 122,822 was repaid. The stipulated maturities are ten years for home loans, and one year for other loans and advances. The accounting records and the consolidated accounts, which have been audited in accordance with professional standards, comply with the legal provisions. With due regard to the generally accepted accounting principles, the consoli dated accounts give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial posi tions and profit and loss of the Daimler-Benz Group. The business review report, which summarizes the state of affairs of Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft and that of the Group, is consistent with the accounts of Daimler-Benz Aktien gesellschaft and the consolidated accounts. Frankfurt am Main, April 10, 1991 KPMG Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft Zielke Wirtschaftsprüfer (Certified Public Accountant) Dr. Koschinsky Wirtschaftsprüfer (Certified Public Accountant) of both companies retiring on or after July 1, 1989. The obligations for old- age pension benefits are actuarially determined using the Entry Age Actu arial Cost Method on the basis of an assumed interest rate of 3.5 %. In com puting the provision for old-age bene fits, we have included all eligible em ployees, taking into account company- specific fluctuation probabilities. Pen sion accrual starts with entry age and ends with the earliest possible age of retirement as defined in the Pension Reform Act 1992. Provisions for taxes and other provi sions are determined on the basis of reasonable business judgement. Liabilities are shown at their repay ment amounts. Currency Translation Foreign currency receivables are translated in the financial statements at the bid price on the day they are recorded or at the spot rate on the balance sheet date if lower; foreign currency payables are translated at the asked price on the day they are recorded or at the spot rate on the balance sheet date if higher. The financial statements of Daimler- Benz AG have been prepared in accor dance with regulations set forth in the Accounting Standards Act. The summa rized balance sheet and statement of income items are separately shown in the supplement. The figures are shown in millions of D-marks and have been prepared allowing for the appropriation of net income. Accounting Principles and Valuation Methods During the reporting year, Daimler- Benz AG continued with the same ac counting principles and valuation methods from last year. Intangible assets and fixed assets are valued at acquisition costs which are reduced by scheduled depreciation al lowances. The opportunities for special tax-deductible depreciation allowances were fully utilized i.e., in connection with Section 7d of the Income Tax Act (environmental protection investments) and Section 6b of the Income Tax Act. Scheduled fixed asset depreciation allowances are calculated generally using the following useful lives: 20 to 40 years for buildings, 10 to 20 years for site improvements, 3 to 10 years for technical facilities and machinery, other facilities as well as factory and office equipment. Buildings are depreciated using straight-line depreciation rates - and where allowable under the Tax Code - declining rates. Movable property with a useful life of four years and more is depreciated using the declining- balance-method. We change from the declining-balance-method to the straight-line method of calculating de preciation allowances when the equal distribution of the remaining net book value over remaining useful life leads to higher depreciation amounts. With reference to the Tax Simplifica tion Rules, depreciation allowances on fixed assets additions during the first and second half of the year are calcu lated using the full year or half-year rates, respectively. Assets of little value are expensed in the year of acquisition. Investments in affiliated companies, in related companies and in other long- term financial assets are valued at the lower of cost or market value; non- interest bearing or low-interest bearing long-term receivables are valued at their present value. Receivables - if non-interest bearing - are reduced to their present value at the balance sheet date, taking into ac count all known risks. An allowance for doubtful accounts on a country- group basis is deducted from the re ceivables in recognition of the general credit risks inherent in receivables. Treasury stock and other marketable securities are valued at the lower of cost or market value. Provisions for old-age pensions and similar obligations have, in accordance with the drop-down and capital con- tribition agreements between Daimler- Benz AG and Mercedes-Benz AG, been made for pension claims of eligible vested employees and for pensioners (1) Intangible Assets Intangible assets amounting to DM 7 million (1989: DM 6 million) comprise mostly acquired EDP software. (2) Fixed Assets Fixed assets totaling DM 811 million (1989: DM 725 million) pertain largely to the research centers in Ulm and Frankfurt am Main, the Daimler-Benz head office building in Stuttgart-Mohringen, the parcel of land on the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin and the Lammerbuckel training center situated in the hills of the Schwabische Alb. Scheduled depreciation and special tax depreciation amount to DM 134 million and DM 6 million, respec tively. (3) Financial Assets The investments in affiliated and related companies amount to DM 15,604 million. Additions of DM 1,106 million pertain most of all to capital stock increases at Daimler-Benz North America Corporation and to the newly-founded Daimler-Benz InterServices (debis) AG. The listing of the shareholdings of Daimler-Benz AG will be filed with the registry office at the county court house in Stuttgart. Because of increased market values, investments in securities should have been written up by DM 5 million in accordance with the value appreciation doctrine (Sec tion 280 of the Commercial Code), but was not done for reasons of tax law. Unscheduled write-downs of financial assets, amount ing to DM 9 million, pertain to write-downs of DM 5 million for investments in affiliated respectively related companies, and of DM 4 million for investments in secu rities and receivables. Receivables from affiliated companies mostly pertain to loans extended to domestic and foreign subsidiaries. DM 513 million of the receivables from related com panies pertain to credit balances at financial institutions, and DM 211 million to marketable securities and fixed income debt instruments. Other assets include investments of liquid funds in debt instruments not traded on stock exchanges; they amount to DM 3,064 million. Also shown here are inter est receivables and tax refund claims. Together with marketable securities (item 6) and cash (item 7), Daimler-Benz AG's liquidity amounts to DM 8,967 million (1989: DM 9,857 million). (9) Paid-in Capital Paid-in Capital includes the "agio" (net proceeds in excess of par value) from previous capital stock in creases and from rights issues not taken up by share holders. In the year under review DM 3 million have been appropriated. (10) Retained Earnings In millions of DM Allocated under statute Balance 12/31/90 unchanged from balance 12/31/89 Allocated for treasury stock Balance 12/31/89 Transfer to unallocated 160 116 (11) Provisions for Old-Age Pensions and Similar Obligations The direct and indirect pension obligations of Daimler- Benz AG and of Mercedes-Benz AG are actuarially com puted on the basis of the pension rules valid since Janu ary 1, 1987. The pension provisions of both companies rose to DM 9.3 billion (1989: DM 8.5 billion). The assets of the Daimler-Benz Unterstiitzungskasse GmbH (Provi dent Fund) amount to DM 3.1 billion (1989: DM 3 bil lion). The pension obligations of Daimler-Benz AG and of Mercedes-Benz AG are thus fully covered. (12) Other Provisions The provisions for taxes pertain largely to open years pending final assessment, to the tax portion with re spect to the special equity reserve reclassified in 1987, and to the obligations for employee jubilee payments only temporarily tax deductible. In October of 1990 we sold 205,016 shares to our em ployees (par value DM 10 million = 0.4 % of total out standing share capital) at a preferential price of DM 346 for each share (in the event one share was purchased) or DM 392 for each share (in the event two shares were purchased). On the balance sheet date, we held 111,063 common shares (par value DM 6 million = 0.2 % of total outstanding capital stock), 108,563 shares of which were purchased in 1988. In August of 1990, a further 2,500 shares were purchased at an average price of DM 643 a share. Other marketable securities largely pertain to fixed- interest-bearing debt instruments. Because of increased market values they should have been written up by DM 7 million in accordance with the value appreciation doc trine but was not recorded for reasons of tax law. (7) Cash Cash amounting to DM 1,714 million (1989: DM 1,164 million) consists almost exclusively of deposits in banking institutions; in addition, we held small amounts of cash on hand, deposits at the Bundesbank (German Federal Bank) and in post office accounts. The capital stock is unchanged from last year. Of the authorized share capital totaling DM 500 mil lion as approved by the shareholders at their meeting on July 2, 1986, DM 112 million still is available until June 30, 1991, after having used partial amounts of DM 176 million and DM 212 million at the end of 1986 and at the end of 1989, respectively. According to the information received by us under Section 20, Sub-Section 1, of the Company Act "Deutsche Bank Aktiengesellschaft", Frankfurt am Main, and "Mer cedes Aktiengesellschaft Holding", Frankfurt am Main, each own more than 25 % of our capital stock. The other provisions take into account, above all, risks arising from equity investments, from contractual liabilities and pending litigation, and from obligations in the personnel and social benefits areas. In addition, pro visions were made for maintenance expenditures planned for the reporting year, but which cannot be car ried out until the following year, as well as for expendi tures for approved change-over, alteration and mainte nance projects. (13) Liabilities Payable to Affiliated Companies (14) Other Liabilities The liabilities from purchases of goods and services declined largely as a result of continuing progress pay ments for the new administration building in Stuttgart- Mohringen. The slightly lower miscellaneous liabilities include - apart from obligations arising from amounts withheld from employees for income taxes and social security payments - mostly loans extended by employees to the company in connection with the capital formation pro gram, and obligations arising from property transactions. The liabilities to affiliated companies pertain largely to the corporate units Deutsche Aerospace, Mercedes- Benz, AEG and Daimler-Benz InterServices. They are largely due to liquidity transfers and intercompany transactions, within the framework of centralized fi nance and liquidity management. Liabilities to financial institutions declined to DM 21 million through scheduled repayments. In 1991, repay ments will amount to DM 4 million. A minimum dividend guarantee for 1991 and later, exists in favor of co-owners of Dornier GmbH that can not reasonably be estimated. A non-estimative dividend guarantee was assumed in favor of outside shareholders of AEG Aktiengesellschaft and of Deutsche Aerospace AG. Other Financial Commitments These commitments total DM 929 million; those to af filiated companies amount to DM 194 million. The purchase order commitments for capital invest ments are within the scope of normal business activ ities. We are jointly and serve rally liable for two non- incorporated companies which have profit and loss pool ing agreements with controlling entities, and for one partnership by reason of an ownership interest therein. The losses from pooling agreements pertain with DM 214 million to AEG Aktiengesellschaft; included herein is a provision in the amount of DM 9 million for outside AEG shareholders who have been given a dividend guar antee by Daimler-Benz AG in the amount of 20 % of their own rate of dividend. The income transfer of DASA AG amounts to DM 58 million; a provision of DM 6 mil lion for compensatory payments to outside shareholders has been deducted therefrom. Interest expenses comprise credits to domestic sub sidiaries in the amount of DM 730 million, particularly for their liquidity transfers to Daimler-Benz AG within the framework of centralized finance and liquidity man agement at the holding company. (17) Other Operating Income This summary caption comprises, above all, income from charges for intercompany services and for com pleted research and development work. Also included herein is income from the dissolution of provisions (DM 176 million) and profits from the sale of securities. Altogether DM 334 million is attributable to prior years. (18) Personnel Expenses/Employment The 1990 personnel expenses reflect, on the one hand, the transfer of Daimler-Benz AG employees to the newly-founded corporate unit Daimler-Benz InterSer- vices, and on the other hand, the 6% union-negotiated wage and salary increase and the new increase in the taxable wage base for social security contributions. Ex penses for old-age pensions for 1990, together with the amount of DM 986 million shown at Mercedes-Benz AG, total DM 1,014 million. (19) Amortization of Intangible Assets and Depreciation of Fixed Assets Depreciation allowances of DM 142 million (1989: DM 170 million) pertain with DM 59 million to fixed asset additions at the research centers and the new adminis trative building. (20) Write-Downs of Financial Assets and of Marketable Securities The write-down amount of DM 30 million (1989: DM 138 million) is largely due to falling securities prices. (21) Other Operating Expenses Other Information/Boards Under the assumption that the proposed dividend is ratified by the shareholders at the annual meeting on June 26, 1991, the remunerations paid to the Board of Management and the Supervisory Board amount to DM 6,324,508 and DM 1,459,126, respectively. Disburse ments to former members of the Board of Management and their survivors total DM 12,448,571. For pension obligations to former members of the Board of Manage ment and their survivors an amount of DM 91,601,693 has been provided for i.e., - in accordance with the drop-down and capital contribution agreement - largely at Mercedes-Benz AG. The names of the members of the Supervisory Board and the Board of Management are listed on pages 2 and 3. This summary caption comprises, above all, adminis trative and maintenance expenses, as well as office sup plies, and light and power. Furthermore, this caption comprises additions to other provisions, and the interest portion from the allocation of pension expenses to Mercedes-Benz AG, for which pension provisions are maintained at Daimler-Benz AG. Altogether DM 60 million is attributable to prior years. (22) Taxes Daimler-Benz AG, as the controlling entity, is also lia ble for taxes of its affiliated companies with whom it has management and profit and loss sharing agree ments. These are mainly Mercedes-Benz AG, Deutsche Aerospace AG and Daimler-Benz InterServices (debis) AG. Beginning in 1989, there exists an interlocking relation ship with AEG Aktiengesellschaft with respect to munic ipal business taxes while the interlocking relationship with respect to corporate income taxes will not become effective until 1992. The decline in income tax expenses to DM 1,937 million (1989: DM 2,148 million) is largely due to the lowering of the corporation tax rate from 56 to 50 °/o. (23) Net income Net income for 1990 of DM 1,120 million is distrib uted one half each to retained earnings and unappropri ated profit respectively. We will propose, at the Annual General Meeting, to pay out, from the DM 565 million unappropriated profit (including DM 5 million profit car ried forward), an amount of DM 557 to shareholders and to carry-forward DM 8 million to 1991. Tax allowable depreciation of fixed assets does not materially affect net income. Future negative effects on net income will not be material. * The accounting records, which have been audited in accordance with professio nal standards, comply with the legal provisions. With due regard to the gener ally accepted accounting principles, the financial statements give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit and loss of Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft. The business review report, which summa rizes the state of affairs of Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft and that of the Group, is consistent with the financial statements of Daimler-Benz Ak tiengesellschaft and the consolidated accounts. Frankfurt am Main, April 10, 1991 KPMG Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft Dr. Wirtschaftsprüfer (Certified Public Accountant) Müller Dr. Koschinsky Wirtschaftsprufer (Certified Public Accountant) In the five Supervisory Board meet ings held last year and by means of written and verbal reports, we have been informed in detail, and have con sulted with the Board of Management on the state of the corporation and on principal matters of corporate policy. In particular these discussions cen tered on questions in connection with the continuing development of the company into an integrated technology concern. Moreover, we dealt with em ployment trends, results of operations and medium- and long-term corporate planning including capital spending policy. Furthermore, we discussed im portant individual business transac tions and made business decisions which, by law or bylaws, had to be submitted to us for approval. We have examined the financial statements and the business review re port, which was combined for Daimler- Benz AG and the group, together with the recommendations for the payment of dividends. The financial statements of Daimler-Benz AG and of the group as of December 31, 1990, including the business review report and the ac counting principles used, were verified by KPMG Deutsche Treuhand-Gesell- schaft AG, Wirtschaftsprufungsgesell- schaft, Frankfurt am Main, and have been found to be in accordance with the books and with the pertinent legal requirements. The Supervisory Board, in a joint meeting with the Board of Management on April 22, 1991, noted the result of the audit with approval. The result of the examinations made by the Supervisory Board and the audi tors has shown no cause for question ing. We have approved the financial statements of Daimler-Benz AG as pre pared by the Board of Management; they are hereby ratified. We concur with the recommendations of the Board of Management regarding the application of the unappropriated profit. The financial statements, the business review report and the exter nal auditors' report had been available to the Supervisory Board. With the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting on July 4, 1990, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Tremer resigned from the Supervisory Board of Daimler-Benz AG to which he had belonged since July of 1986. During this time, important deci sions, such as the organizational re structuring of the concern, the invest ment in Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH and the founding of the fourth corporate division, were made. His ex perience and perspicacious advice has been very valuable to us. We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. Tremer. In his place, the shareholders in their meeting on July 4, 1990, elected Dr. Gerd Binning, Munich, as member of the Supervisory Board of our com pany. On September 2, 1990, Maria- Christine Princess von Urach passed away. As a qualified engineer, she had been working in the design depart ment of Daimler-Benz since 1959, and since 1973 was in charge of organiza tion and data processing at our Unter- türkheim plant. She was a member of the Supervisory Board of Daimler-Benz AG since 1978, representing manage ment staff. Her commitment and valu able advice over three decades have earned Mrs. von Urach acclaim and appreciation, also outside the company. She was a person who earned a great deal of respect, and we shall remem ber her with gratitude. In Mrs. von Urach's place, Mr. Richard Bollmann, head of Production in the bus sector of the Mannheim plant, was appointed to the Supervisory Board of Daimler-Benz AG as representative of management employees, effective September 2, 1990. Messrs. Richard Helken and Willi Böhm, representatives of employees on the Supervisory Board of Daimler-Benz AG resigned their positions effective October 1, 1990. They thus made it possible to have a stronger representa tion of employees on the Supervisory Board who are working in other areas than the automobile sector. Mr. Helken and Mr. Böhm had belonged to the Board since 1983 and 1973 respec tively. Both gentlemen had distin guished themselves through their dedi cated service and their open-minded cooperation on the Supervisory Board. We would like to take this opportunity to express our acknowledgement and gratitude to Mr. Helken and Mr. Böhm. In place of the two departing gentle men and at the request of the Daimler- Benz Corporate Labor Council, Messrs. Siegfried Sauter, deputy chairman of the Corporate Labor Council of Daimler-Benz AG and chairman of the Joint Labor Council of AEG, and Peter Schonfelder, member of the Labor Council of Messerschmitt-Bölkow- Blohm GmbH, were appointed mem bers of the Supervisory Board by the Administrative Court of Stuttgart. Dr. Ing. Rudolf Hörnig resigned from the Board of Management of Daimler-Benz AG at his own request effective at the end of April 1990. He was responsible for "Research and De velopment". Dr. Hörnig joined the com pany in 1956, as a test engineer, and in 1984 was appointed member of the Board of Management in charge of the Research and Development Division. Dr. Hörnig started establishing the Re search and Technology Division, so crucial for our integrated technology group, with great commitment. We would like to express our gratitude for Dr. Hörnig's many years of successful activity at Daimler-Benz. The Supervisory Board has appoin ted Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Weule deputy member of the Board of Man agement effective September 1, 1990. He took over the functional division "Research and Technology" from Prof. Dr. Dr. Niefer who had managed this division on an interim basis since Dr. Hörning's departure. Subsequently thereto and until his admission to the Board of Management, he had been chairman and director of the Institute for Tooling Machines and Industrial Technology at the Karlsruhe University of Engineering. Mr. Heinz Dürr, member of the Board of Management of Daimler-Benz AG, asked the Supervisory Board to approve his resignation from the Board effective December 31, 1990. He ac cepted the request of the Federal gov ernment to become chairman of the Board of Management of the Deutsche Bundesbahn (German railway). The Su pervisory Board has, with due respect, taken notice and accepted his request. Mr. Dürr had belonged to the Board of Management of Daimler-Benz AG since 1986. As chairman of the Board of Management of AEG Aktiengesell- schaft, he had made a major contribu tion during a very difficult phase of this company's development, which made AEG into a significant corporate division of the Daimler-Benz group of companies. We wish to express our special thanks to Mr. Dürr for his dedi cated service and achievements. Effective January 1, 1991, the Super visory Board has appointed Mr. Ernst Georg Stöckl as deputy member of the Board of Management of Daimler-Benz AG. He is now responsible for the cor porate division AEG. Concurrently, the Supervisory Board of AEG also appoin ted Mr. Stöckl chairman of the Board of Management of this corporation. Mr. Stöckl has belonged to Daimler-Benz since 1971. His last position was that of chairman of Freightliner Corpora tion, our American subsidiary. Stuttgart-Möhringen April 1991 March, 1990 reached its high for the year at 1,969 points, dropped at the end of September to low for the year of 1,335. The Daimler-Benz share by and large moved in parallel with the overall market, although the weakness of both the U.S. dollar and the yen had already adversely affected the perfor mance of the share during the spring rally. In 1990, the Daimler-Benz AG share was again among the most frequently traded German blue chips. On the Ger man stock exchanges alone more than 158 million Daimler-Benz shares, with a market value of over DM 120 billion, were traded; representing 7.5 % of all domestic stock trades. On the new German options exchange, Daimler- Benz share also belonged to the most actively traded issues. Dividend remains at DM 12 For the business year 1990, a divi dend unchanged from last year of DM 12 for each eligible share of DM 50 per value will be proposed to the An nual General Meeting taking place on June 26, 1991; for shareholders sub ject to income taxes in Germany, the dividend thus amounts to DM 18.75 gross. The total payment amount has Lively Turnover of Daimler-Benz Shares The favorable trend on the German stock exchange, which began in the autumn of 1989 with the collapse of the Berlin wall, continued until the summer of 1990. Because of the crisis in the Persian Gulf, the situation dete riorated dramatically as from the be ginning of August. The German Stock Index (DAX), which at the end of Stable Shareholder Structure With three large shareholders, which together hold more than two-thirds of our capital stock, Daimler-Benz AG has a reliable and manageable shareholder structure. This assures our indepen dence and prevents any takeover at tempts; at the same time, it enables us to carry out those capital related meas ures which appear reasonable in the interest of our entrepreneurial flex ibility. Deutsche Bank, which holds 28 % of our share capital, has been a large shareholder of Daimler-Benz since the late twenties. The Mercedes-Benz Ak- tiengesellschaft Holding (MAH), Frank furt am Main, has held a 25.23 % stake since it was founded in 1975. Stern Autombil-Beteiligungsgesellschaft und Stella Automobil-Beteiligungsgesell- schaft each hold a 25 % stake in MAH. Stern and Stella enjoy an institu tional following who consider their in vestments on a long-term basis. The remaining 50 % of the MAH shares are broadly distributed and belong to about 50,000 shareholders. This en- sures that no single shareholder is able to dominate the MAH. The third largest shareholder is the government of Kuwait, whose equity stake amounts to about 14 %. After the end of the Gulf war, it has again been speculated that Kuwait would have to sell substantial portions of its large- scale shareholdings for the purpose of financing the continuing burden of re construction. The Kuwait Investment Office, which is domiciled in London and which also is administering the Daimler-Benz package, has let us know that a sale of Daimler-Benz shares is not being contemplated. The remaining 33 % of our share capital is widely held by about 300,000 investors both at home and abroad. If the scattered ownership of MAH is taken into account as well, about 45 % of our share capital is then, directly or indirectly, broadly distrib uted. slightly increased over that of last year, from DM 555 million to DM 557 million, on account of lower treasury stock holdings. We continue to proceed according to the principle that share holders should participate in the suc cess of our company in an appropriate manner, and to gear the dividend pay ment to the earnings results; that is, to the longer-term trend in earnings. Daimler-Benz Shares are a Good Long-term Investment All investments in marketable secu rities must take into account possible price declines against the purchase price. A common share cannot deny its characteristics as a risk instrument over the longer term, however, it is paritcularly this kind of instrument which offers total return opportunities which cannot be achieved with fixed- income securities. An investment made in Daimler-Benz shares 12 years ago has thus achieved, despite market declines during the last four years, a total return of 11.9 % annually. We have hereby assumed that the amounts realized from the sale of sub scription rights and the cash dividends received (without tax credit) were rein vested in Daimler-Benz shares without having to make additional cash pay ments. Presence on Foreign Stock Exchanges Apart from the German stock ex changes, the Daimler-Benz share has been listed on the Swiss stock ex changes in Basel, Geneva and Zurich since 1976. We shall pay even more attention in the future to increasing market global ization, also in the procurement of funds, and will introduce Daimler-Benz shares to the world's import stock ex changes. With the official introduction of our shares in Tokyo, London and Vienna, we have already made consid erable headway in this regard. Since the listing in Tokyo in Sep tember 1990, average monthly trades totaled 150,000 Daimler-Benz shares. Our share thus enjoys a top position among foreign shares traded on the Tokyo exchange. At the end of Febru ary, nearly 600,000 Daimler-Benz shares had been registered with the Japanese Securities Clearing Corpora tion (JSCC); proof of the lively interest in our share. International Shareholders' Fair in Dusseldorf For the first time, the International Shareholders' Fair (ISF) took place from August 30, to September 1, 1990 in Dusseldorf. More than 18,000 visi tors informed themselves about shares as an investment alternative. The spe cial lure was the combination of both fair and convention. Daimler-Benz used this opportunity to introduce itself to a broad public. At our stand, we gave potential shareholders support for an investment decision in Daimler-Benz shares. Our "Fair Quiz", in which more than 10,000 visitors participated, met with a lively response. The International Shareholders' Fair was also the forum for our meeting with analysts from the German Asso ciation for Financial Analysis and In vestment Advice (DVFA). About 90 an alysts, bankers and investment adiv- sors took advantage of the opportunity to inform themselves about the current business situation of the Daimler-Benz group. On the seventh of December 1990, the Daimler-Benz share was officially listed on the International Stock Ex change in London, even before this Daimler-Benz was actively traded elec tronically (SEAQ). Already in the first two months after introduction, about 1,4 million Daimler-Benz shares were traded on the International Stock Ex change in London. The listing on the Viennese Stock Exchange took place on February 25, 1991. Investor Relations Activities Inten sified Both the development from an auto mobile company to an integrated tech nology conglomerate and the increas ing presence on foreign stock ex changes have led to a growing interest in Daimler-Benz. We are meeting the growing need for information con nected therewith by expanding our in vestor relations activities. In addition to the information media such as shareholders' meetings, annual reports and regular interim reports, through which we address all our shareholders, we make increasing use of company presentations for financial analysts and institutional investors in all major fi nancial centers. Last year, we made such presentations in Zurich, Madrid, Boston and New York but also on the occasion of the stock exchange listings in Tokyo, London and Edinburgh. In February of this year, we presented our company to financial analysts and professional investors in Vienna, Aus tria. 

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