2020 ANNUAL REPORT YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020 CONNECTING THE WORLD March 17, 2021 Dear EchoStar Corporation Shareholder, 2020 was a challenging year for everyone, but despite all the hurdles, our EchoStar team delivered. When it was needed the most, our team rose to the occasion and delivered essential broadband services and technologies connecting millions around the world while continuing to innovate and move the business forward. Notable highlights of 2020 include: • More than 1.5 million subscribers across two continents rely on HughesNet® for their internet access, including approximately 375,000 subscribers across Latin America. • The Gartner November 2020 Magic Quadrant for Managed Network Services recognized the Hughes Division as a pioneer of performance optimization technology. The Frost & Sullivan 2020 Frost Radar report rated Hughes as a leader in both growth and innovation, ranking among the top three managed SD-WAN providers for growth • We joined the consortium purchasing OneWeb out of bankruptcy and were selected to develop and manufacture essential ground system technology for the new LEO constellation. • We partnered with Jersey Telecom to bring true, hybrid satellite/cellular capability to Internet of Things (IoT) and Mobility customers across Europe and the U.K. • The Government Innovation Awards named Hughes an Industry Innovator, for its work at the forefront of government network • modernization. Inmarsat chose to partner with Hughes for its new GX North America aero service, leveraging the capacity density of our satellite fleet across the United States. • Our engineers continued to innovate the JUPITER™ System for broadband satellite implementations, improving return channel performance and efficiency and adding new Layer 2 support – all of which enable customers to send and receive more data and interoperate seamlessly with terrestrial networks, and • Construction of the EchoStar XXIV/JUPITER 3 satellite and ground network continued steadily, now planned for a 2022 launch to augment capacity for our growing HughesNet service across the Americas as well as for aeronautical and enterprise broadband services. EchoStar continues to rank as one of the world’s leading satellite operators, owning and/or leasing 10 satellites or payloads. Hughes continues to lead the industry as the number-one satellite internet provider in the world, and was recognized by U.S. News as the Best Satellite ISP of 2021. Year over year, our consolidated revenue was flat, and adjusted EBITDA grew by 7%. Our balance sheet remained strong at year end with over $2.5 billion of cash and marketable securities and zero net debt. We are well positioned to take advantage of the full economic potential of our high-growth consumer business, reinforcing our global leadership overall in satellite network services and technologies. To that end, in 2021, we will focus on maximizing revenue in the consumer market while we continue working toward the launch of the JUPITER 3 satellite as well as innovating products and services to capitalize on S-band opportunities. As the world begins to emerge from the pandemic, we anticipate an uptick in our enterprise networking sector and a return to growth across the business. We continue to supply the connectivity on which millions of consumers, enterprises, government agencies, and communities depend. I am proud of the EchoStar team’s efforts and operational accomplishments in delivering services that have never been more vital for our customers. It’s a testament to the commitment of our team and the value of the services and technologies we deliver to the world. Thank you for your continued support. Sincerely, Charles W. Ergen Chairman of the Board of Directors [This page intentionally left blank] UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020. ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE ☐ TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO . Commission File Number: 001-33807 EchoStar Corporation (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Nevada 26-1232727 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 100 Inverness Terrace East, Englewood, Colorado (Address of principal executive offices) (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (303) 706-4000 80112-5308 (Zip Code) Not Applicable (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Class A common stock $0.001 par value The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (Title of each class) SATS (Ticker symbol) (Name of each exchange on which registered) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐ As of June 30, 2020, the aggregate market value of Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $1.3 billion based upon the closing price of the Class A common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market as of the close of business on that date. As of February 11, 2021, the registrant’s outstanding common stock consisted of 46,011,533 shares of Class A common stock and 47,687,039 shares of Class B common stock, each $0.001 par value. Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with its 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Disclosure Regarding Forward Looking Statements TABLE OF CONTENTS Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART I PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information PART III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Signatures Index to Consolidated Financial Statements i 1 14 24 25 25 25 26 27 28 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 57 57 57 58 64 65 F-1 DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including but not limited to statements about our estimates, expectations, plans, objectives, strategies, impact of regulatory developments and legal proceedings, opportunities in our industries and businesses and other trends and projections for the next fiscal quarter and beyond. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may also be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “seek,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “predict,” “continue,” “future,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may” and similar terms. These forward-looking statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Form 10-K and represent management’s current views and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, events or results and involve potential known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which may be beyond our control and may pose a risk to our operating and financial condition. Accordingly, actual performance, events or results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to a number of factors including, but not limited to: financial condition, expected • • • • • • • significant risks related to our ability to operate and control our satellites, operational and environmental risks related to our owned and leased satellites, and risks related to our satellites under construction; our ability, and the ability of third parties with whom we engage in order to operate our business, to operate as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; our ability to implement and/or realize benefits of our investments and other strategic initiatives; legal proceedings relating to the BSS Transaction or other matters that could result in substantial costs and material adverse effects to our business; risks related internationally; to our foreign operations and other uncertainties associated with doing business risks related to our dependency upon third-party providers; and risks related to our human capital resources. Other factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Form 10-K and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All cautionary statements made herein should be read as being applicable to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear. Investors should consider the risks and uncertainties described herein and should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to publicly release the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, events, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We do not assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any forward-looking statements. We assume no responsibility for updating forward-looking information contained or incorporated by reference herein or in any documents we file with the SEC, except as required by law. Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described herein or in any documents we file with the SEC occur, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. i ITEM 1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW PART I EchoStar Corporation (which, together with its subsidiaries, is referred to as “EchoStar,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our”) is a holding company that was organized in October 2007 as a corporation under the laws of the State of Nevada and has operated as a separately traded public company from DISH Network Corporation (“DISH”) since 2008. A substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of each of EchoStar Corporation and DISH is owned beneficially by Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and by certain entities established for the benefit of his family. Our Class A common stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “SATS.” We are a global provider of broadband satellite technologies, broadband internet services for consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses, and satellite services. We also deliver innovative network technologies, managed services and communications solutions for enterprise customers, which include aeronautical and government enterprises. Our industry continues to evolve with the increasing worldwide demand for broadband internet access for information, entertainment and commerce. The current COVID-19 pandemic has made even more evident the worldwide need and demand for connectivity and communications to facilitate an ever-increasing virtual global community and workplace. In addition to fiber and wireless systems, technologies such as geostationary high throughput satellites, low-earth orbit (“LEO”) networks, medium-earth orbit (“MEO”) systems, balloons and High Altitude Platform Systems are expected to continue to play significant roles in enabling global broadband access, networks and services. We intend to use our expertise, technologies, capital, investments, global presence, relationships and other capabilities to continue to provide broadband internet systems, equipment, networks and services for information, the internet-of-things, entertainment, education, remote-connectivity and commerce across industries and communities globally for consumer and enterprise customers. We are closely tracking the developments in next-generation satellite businesses, and we are seeking to utilize our services, technologies, licenses and expertise to find new commercial opportunities for our business. We currently operate in two business segments: Hughes and ESS. These segments are consistent with the way we make decisions regarding the allocation of resources, as well as how operating results are reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Our operations also include various corporate departments (primarily Executive, Treasury, Strategic Development, Human Resources, IT, Finance, Accounting, Real Estate and Legal) and other activities, such as costs incurred in certain satellite development programs and other business development activities, and gains or losses from certain of our investments, that have not been assigned to our business segments. These activities, costs and income, as well as eliminations of intersegment transactions, are accounted for in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting. In September 2019, pursuant to a master transaction agreement (the “Master Transaction Agreement”) with DISH and a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH (“Merger Sub”), (i) we transferred certain real property and the various businesses, products, licenses, technology, revenues, billings, operating activities, assets and liabilities primarily related to the former portion of our ESS segment that managed, marketed and provided (1) broadcast satellite services primarily to DISH and its subsidiaries (together with DISH, “DISH Network”) and our joint venture Dish Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. (“Dish Mexico”) and its subsidiaries, and (2) telemetry, tracking and control (“TT&C”) services for satellites owned by DISH Network and a portion of our other businesses (collectively, the “BSS Business”) to one of our former subsidiaries, EchoStar BSS Corporation (“BSS Corp.”), (ii) we distributed to each holder of shares of our Class A or Class B common stock entitled to receive consideration in the transaction an amount of shares of common stock of BSS Corp., par value $0.001 per share (“BSS Common Stock”), equal to one share of BSS Common Stock for each share of our Class A or Class B common stock owned by such stockholder (the “Distribution”); and (iii) immediately after the Distribution, (1) Merger Sub merged with and into BSS Corp. (the “Merger”), such that BSS Corp. became a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH and with DISH then owning and operating the BSS Business, and (2) each issued and outstanding share of BSS Common Stock owned by EchoStar stockholders was converted into the right to receive 0.23523769 shares of DISH Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“DISH Common Stock”) ((i) - (iii) collectively, the “BSS Transaction”). 1 In connection with the BSS Transaction, we and DISH Network agreed to indemnify each other against certain losses with respect to breaches of certain representations and covenants and certain retained and assumed liabilities, respectively. Additionally, we and DISH and certain of our and their subsidiaries (i) entered into certain customary agreements covering, among other things, matters relating to taxes, employees, intellectual property and the provision of transitional services; (ii) terminated certain previously existing agreements; and (iii) amended certain existing agreements and entered into certain new agreements pursuant to which we and DISH Network will obtain and provide certain products, services and rights from and to each other. The BSS Transaction was structured in a manner intended to be tax-free to us and our stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes and was accounted for as a spin-off to our shareholders as we did not receive any consideration. Following the consummation of the BSS Transaction, we no longer operate the BSS Business, which was a substantial portion of our ESS segment. As a result of the BSS Transaction, the financial results of the BSS Business, except for certain real estate that transferred in the transaction, are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, excluded from continuing operations and segment results for all periods presented in our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto in Item 15 of this Form 10-K (“Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements”). See Note 5 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of our discontinued operations. The Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All amounts reference results from continuing operations unless otherwise noted and are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts and unless otherwise noted. Additionally, certain prior period amounts have been adjusted to conform to the current period presentation. BUSINESS STRATEGIES Capitalize on domestic and international demand for broadband services. We intend to capitalize on the domestic and international demand for satellite-delivered broadband internet services and enterprise solutions by utilizing, among other things, our industry expertise, technology leadership, increased satellite capacity, access to spectrum resources, licenses and high-quality, reliable service to drive growth in consumer subscribers and enterprise customers. We also intend to continue to selectively explore opportunities to pursue investments, commercial alliances, partnerships, joint ventures, acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic initiatives and transactions, domestically and internationally that we believe may allow us to increase our market share, increase our satellite capacity, expand into new markets, obtain new customers, broaden our portfolio of services, products and intellectual property, make our business more valuable, align us for future growth and expansion, maximize the return on our investments and strengthen our business and relationships with our customers. Expand satellite capacity and related infrastructure. During 2020, we continued the design and construction of a new, next-generation, high throughput geostationary satellite, with an expected launch in the second half of 2022, that is primarily intended to provide additional capacity for our HughesNet satellite internet service (the “HughesNet service”) in North, Central and South America as well as enterprise services. We expect that our expertise in the identification, acquisition and development of satellite spectrum and orbital rights and satellite operations, together with our increased satellite capacity and existing, acquired or developed infrastructure, will continue to provide opportunities in domestic and international markets to enhance services to our existing and additional customers. We intend to continue to provide services to a broad customer base, including providers of satellite-delivered broadband, corporate communications and government services. Continue to selectively explore new domestic and international strategic initiatives. We intend to continue to selectively explore opportunities to pursue investments, commercial alliances, partnerships, joint ventures, acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic initiatives and transactions, domestically and internationally, that we believe may allow us to increase our existing market share, increase our satellite capacity, expand into new markets and new customers, broaden our portfolio of services, products and intellectual property and strengthen our relationships with our customers. For example, our joint ventures with Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC (“Yahsat”) enable us to provide satellite broadband services across Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia and expand our broadband internet services and enterprise solutions in Brazil. 2 Continue development of S-band and other hybrid spectrum resources. We intend to continue to explore the development and deployment of S-band technologies that we expect will reduce the cost of satellite communications for internet of things, machine-to-machine communications, public protection, disaster relief and other end-to-end services worldwide and the integration of our products and services into new global, hybrid networks that leverage multiple satellites and terrestrial technologies. We believe we remain in a unique position to deploy a mobile satellite service (“MSS”) and complementary ground component (“CGC”) network in the European Union and its member states (“E.U.”), the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and other European countries through our EchoStar XXI satellite, which was placed into service in November 2017, and the EUTELSAT 10A payload. We have positioned ourselves to continue to develop the S-band spectrum globally by acquiring Sirion Global Pty Ltd., which we have renamed EchoStar Global Australia Pty Ltd (“EchoStar Global”), which holds global S-band non- geostationary satellite spectrum rights for MSS. Additionally, we entered into a contract with Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc. for the design and construction of S-band nano-satellites. We launched two nano-satellites in the third quarter of 2020. Following launch, both nano-satellites experienced technical anomalies that precluded them from fulfilling their intended regulatory milestone missions. We intend to seek milestone relief due to these force majeure events. We expect to launch our third nano-satellite in 2021. Our nano-satellites are designed to facilitate our continued growth in the global S-band market and enable us to leverage our acquisition of EchoStar Global. In addition, in Mexico we hold licenses for S-band MSS and terrestrial services. Develop improved and new technologies. Our engineering capabilities provide us with the opportunity to develop and deploy cutting edge technologies, license our technologies to others and maintain a leading technological position in the industries in which we are active. BUSINESS SEGMENTS HUGHES SEGMENT Our Products and Services Our Hughes segment is a global provider of broadband satellite technologies and broadband internet services to consumer customers and broadband network technologies, managed services, equipment, hardware, satellite services and communications solutions to consumer and enterprise customers. The Hughes segment also designs, provides and installs gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, our Hughes segment designs, develops, constructs and provides telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and our enterprise customers. We incorporate advances in technology to reduce costs and to increase the functionality and reliability of our products and services. Through advanced and proprietary methodologies, technologies, software and techniques, we continue to improve the efficiency of our networks. We invest in technologies to enhance our system and network management capabilities, specifically our managed services for enterprises. We also continue to invest in next generation technologies that can be applied to our future products and services. We continue to focus our efforts on growing our consumer revenue by maximizing utilization of our existing satellites while planning for new satellites to be launched or acquired. Our consumer revenue growth depends on our success in adding new and retaining existing subscribers across wholesale and retail channels, as well as increasing our Average Revenue Per User/subscriber (“ARPU”). Service costs related to ongoing support for our direct and indirect customers and partners are typically impacted most significantly by our growth. The growth of our enterprise businesses relies heavily on global economic conditions and the competitive landscape for pricing relative to competitors and alternative technologies. We have seen a limited number of our enterprise customers file for bankruptcy protection. We have reserved an amount related to pre-petition receivables and are working closely with these customers on providing post-petition services and products, as well as working with the customer regarding collection of pre-petition amounts. Our Hughes segment currently uses capacity from three of our satellites (the SPACEWAY 3 satellite, the EchoStar XVII satellite and the EchoStar XIX satellite), our Al Yah 3 Brazilian payload and additional satellite capacity acquired from third-party providers to provide services to our customers. Growth of our consumer subscriber base in the U.S. continues to be constrained where we are nearing or have reached maximum capacity in most areas. While these constraints are not expected to be resolved until we launch new satellites, we continue to focus on revenue growth in all areas and consumer subscriber growth in the areas where we have available capacity. 3 In May 2019, we entered into an agreement with Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC (“Yahsat”) pursuant to which, in November 2019, Yahsat contributed its satellite communications services business in Brazil to one of our Brazilian subsidiaries in exchange for a 20% ownership interest in that subsidiary. The combined business provides broadband internet services and enterprise solutions in Brazil using the Telesat T19V satellite, the Eutelsat 65W satellite and Yahsat’s Al Yah 3 satellite. Under the terms of the agreement, Yahsat may also acquire, for further cash investments, additional minority ownership interests in the business in the future provided certain conditions are met. In May 2019, we also entered into an agreement with Bharti Airtel Limited (“BAL”) and its subsidiary, Bharti Airtel Services Limited (together with BAL, “Bharti”), pursuant to which Bharti will contribute its very small aperture terminal (“VSAT”) telecommunications services and hardware business in India to our two existing Indian subsidiaries that conduct our VSAT services and hardware business. The combined entities will provide broadband satellite and hybrid solutions for enterprise networks. Upon consummation of the transaction, Bharti will have a 33% ownership interest in the combined business. The completion of the transaction is subject to customary regulatory approvals and closing conditions. No assurance can be given that the transaction will be consummated on the terms agreed to or at all. In August 2018, we entered into an agreement with Yahsat to establish a new entity, Broadband Connectivity Solutions (Restricted) Limited (together with its subsidiaries, “BCS”), to provide commercial Ka-band satellite broadband services across Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia operating over Yahsat's Al Yah 2 and Al Yah 3 Ka-band satellites. The transaction was consummated in December 2018 when we invested $100.0 million in cash in exchange for a 20% interest in BCS. Under the terms of the agreement, we may also acquire, for further cash investments, additional ownership interests in BCS in the future provided certain conditions are met. We supply network operations and management services and equipment to BCS. In August 2017, we entered into a long-term contract for the design and construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, a new, next-generation, high throughput geostationary satellite. The EchoStar XXIV satellite is primarily intended to provide additional capacity for our HughesNet service in North, Central and South America as well as enterprise broadband services. Maxar Space, LLC (formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC), the manufacturer of our EchoStar XXIV satellite, has notified us of a delay in completion of the satellite. The EchoStar XXIV satellite is expected to be launched in the second half of 2022. Further delays or impediments could have a material adverse impact on our business operations, future revenues, financial position and prospects, the completion of manufacture of the EchoStar XXIV satellite and our planned expansion of satellite broadband services throughout North, South and Central America. In December 2020, we entered into an agreement with a launch provider for the launch of EchoStar XXIV. Capital expenditures associated with the construction and launch of the EchoStar XXIV satellite are included in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting. We continue our efforts to expand our consumer satellite services business outside of the U.S. We have been delivering high-speed consumer satellite broadband services in Brazil since July 2016 and are also providing satellite broadband internet service in several other Latin American countries. Additionally, in September 2015, we entered into 15-year agreements with affiliates of Telesat Canada for Ka-band capacity on the Telesat T19V satellite located at the 63 degree west longitude orbital location, which was launched in July 2018. Telesat T19V was placed in service during the fourth quarter of 2018 and augmented the capacity being provided by the EUTELSAT 65 West A satellite and the EchoStar XIX satellite in South America. Our Customers Our enterprise customers include, but are not limited to, lottery agencies, gas station operators, aircraft connectivity providers and companies with multi-branch networks that rely on satellite or terrestrial networks for critical communication across wide geographies. Most of our enterprise customers have contracts with us for the services they purchase. Our Hughes segment also designs, provides and installs gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems and provides satellite ground segment systems and terminals for other satellite systems, including mobile system operators. Developments toward the launch of next-generation satellite systems, including LEO, MEO and geostationary systems, could provide additional opportunities to drive the demand for our equipment, hardware, technology and services. 4 Our Competition Our industry is highly competitive. As a global provider of network technologies, products and services, our Hughes segment competes with a large number of telecommunications service providers, which puts pressure on prices and margins. To compete effectively, we emphasize our network quality, customization capability, offering of networks as a turnkey managed service, position as a single point of contact for products and services and competitive prices. In our consumer broadband satellite technologies and internet services markets, we compete against traditional telecommunications and wireless carriers, other satellite internet providers, as well as digital subscriber line (“DSL”), fiber and cable internet service providers offering competitive services in the markets we seek to serve. Cost, speed and accessibility are key determining factors in the selection of a service provider by the consumer. In addition, government subsidies, such as the FCC’s Rural Development Opportunity Fund can have the effect of subsidizing the growth of our wired, wireless and satellite competitors. Our primary satellite competitor in our North American consumer market is ViaSat Communications, Inc., which is owned by ViaSat, Inc. (“ViaSat”). ViaSat has also announced plans to enter the South and Central American consumer markets. We seek to differentiate ourselves based on the ubiquitous availability of our service, quality, proprietary technology, and distribution channels. In our enterprise markets, we compete against providers of satellite-based and terrestrial-based networks, including fiber, DSL, cable modem service, multiprotocol label switching and internet protocol-based virtual private networks. Our principal competitors for the supply of very-small-aperture terminal satellite networks are Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd, ViaSat, and ST Engineering iDirect, Inc. To differentiate ourselves from our competitors, we emphasize particular technological features of our products and services, our ability to customize networks and perform desired development work and the quality of our customer service. We also face competition from resellers and numerous local companies who purchase equipment and sell services to local customers, including domestic and international telecommunications operators, cable companies and other major carriers. Manufacturing Certain products in our Hughes segment are assembled at our facilities in Maryland and we outsource a significant portion of the manufacturing of our products to third parties. We believe that the manufacturing facilities used by our Hughes segment have sufficient capacity to handle current demand. We adjust our capacity based on our production requirements. We also work with third-party vendors for the development and manufacture of components that are integrated into our products. We develop dual sourcing capabilities for critical parts when practical and we evaluate outsourced subcontract vendors on a periodic basis. Our operations group, together with our engineering group, works with our vendors and subcontractors to reduce development costs, to increase production efficiency, and to obtain components at lower prices. ESS SEGMENT Our Services Our ESS segment provides satellite services on a full-time and/or occasional-use basis to U.S. government service providers, internet service providers, broadcast news organizations, content providers and private enterprise customers. We operate our ESS business using primarily the EchoStar IX satellite and the EchoStar 105/SES-11 satellite and related infrastructure. Revenue in our ESS segment depends largely on our ability to continuously make use of our available satellite capacity with existing customers and our ability to enter into commercial relationships with new customers. Our ESS segment, like others in the fixed satellite services industry, has encountered, and may continue to encounter, negative pressure on transponder rates and demand. Our Customers Our satellite capacity is currently used by our customers for a variety of applications, including: • Fixed Satellite Services (“FSS”). We provide satellite services to broadcast news organizations, internet service providers and content providers who use our satellites to deliver programming and internet. Our 5 satellites are also used for the transmission of live sporting events, internet access, disaster recovery and satellite news gathering services. • Government Services. We provide satellite and technical services to U.S. government service providers. • Network Services. We provide satellite services to companies for private networks that allow delivery of video and data services for corporate communications. Our satellites can be used for point-to-point or point to multi-point communications. Our Competition Our ESS segment competes against larger, well-established satellite service companies, such as Intelsat S.A., SES S.A., Telesat and Eutelsat Communications S.A., in an industry that is characterized by long-term contracts and high costs for customers to change service providers. Several of our competitors maintain key North American and other international orbital slots that may further limit our ability to compete and offer competitive pricing. OTHER BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES We intend to continue to selectively explore opportunities to pursue investments, commercial alliances, partnerships, joint ventures, acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic initiatives and transactions, domestically and internationally, that we believe may allow us to increase our existing market share, increase our satellite capacity, expand into new satellite and other technologies, markets and customers, broaden our portfolio of services, products and intellectual property, make our business more valuable, align us for future growth and expansion, maximize the return on our investments and strengthen our business and relationships with our customers. We may allocate or dispose of significant resources for long-term value that may not have a short or medium-term or any positive impact on our revenue, results of operations, or cash flow. OUR SATELLITE FLEET Our operating satellite fleet as of December 31, 2020 consists of both owned and leased satellites as follows: Satellite Owned: SPACEWAY 3 (1) EchoStar XVII EchoStar XIX Al Yah 3 (2) EchoStar IX (3) EUTELSAT 10A (“W2A”) (4) EchoStar XXI Finance leases: Eutelsat 65 West A Telesat T19V EchoStar 105/SES-11 Segment Launch Date Nominal Degree Orbital Location (Longitude) Depreciable Life (In Years) Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes ESS August 2007 July 2012 December 2016 January 2018 August 2003 Corporate and Other April 2009 Corporate and Other June 2017 Hughes Hughes ESS March 2016 July 2018 October 2017 95 W 107 W 97.1 W 20 W 121 W 10 E 10.25 E 65 W 63 W 105 W 10 15 15 7 12 - 15 15 15 15 (1) Depreciable life represents the remaining useful life as of June 8, 2011, the date EchoStar completed its acquisition of Hughes Communications, Inc. (“Hughes Communication”) and its subsidiaries (the “Hughes Acquisition”). (2) Upon consummation of our joint venture with Yahsat in Brazil in November 2019, we acquired the Brazilian Ka-band payload on this satellite. Depreciable life represents the remaining useful life of the payload as of November 2019. (3) We own the Ka-band and Ku-band payloads on this satellite. (4) We acquired the S-band payload on this satellite in December 2013. Prior to acquisition, the S-band payload experienced an anomaly at the time of launch and, as a result, is not fully operational. Construction in progress as of December 31, 2020 included our EchoStar XXIV satellite, which is expected to be launched in the second half of 2022, and an S-band nano-satellite expected to be launched in 2021. 6 Satellite Anomalies and Impairments Our satellites may experience anomalies from time to time, some of which may have a significant adverse effect on their remaining useful lives, the commercial operation of the satellites or our operating results or financial position. We are not aware of any anomalies with respect to our owned or leased satellites that have had any such significant adverse effect during the year ended December 31, 2020. There can be no assurance, however, that anomalies will not have any such adverse effects in the future. In addition, there can be no assurance that we can recover critical transmission capacity in the event one or more of our satellites were to fail. We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. Therefore, we generally bear the risk of any in-orbit failures. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements governing certain portions of our long-term debt and our joint venture agreements with Yahsat, we are required, subject to certain limitations on coverage, to maintain only for the SPACEWAY 3 satellite, the EchoStar XVII satellite and the Al Yah 3 Brazilian payload, insurance or other contractual arrangements during the commercial in-orbit service of such satellite or payload. Our other satellites and payloads, either in orbit or under construction, are not covered by launch or in-orbit insurance or other contractual arrangements. We will continue to assess circumstances going forward and make insurance-related decisions on a case-by-case basis. We evaluate our satellites for impairment and test for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Certain of the anomalies previously disclosed may be considered to represent a significant adverse change in the physical condition of a particular satellite. However, based on the redundancy designed within each satellite, certain of these anomalies are not necessarily considered to be significant events that would require a test of recoverability. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS We are subject to telecommunications regulation by a number of regulatory bodies including the FCC, other U.S. federal and state regulators, the International Telecommunications Union (“ITU”) and regulators in other countries and regions where we hold licenses including the E.U., the U.K., India, Australia and several Latin American countries. In addition, we are also subject to the export control laws and regulations and trade sanctions laws and regulations of the U.S. and other countries with respect to the export of telecommunications equipment and services. In addition, in the U.S. and some other countries we are subject to country specific approvals of our products. Depending upon the circumstances, non-compliance with applicable legislation or regulations could result in suspension or revocation of our licenses or authorizations, the termination or loss of contracts or the imposition of contractual damages, civil fines or criminal penalties. The following summary of regulations and legislation is not intended to describe all present and proposed government regulation and legislation affecting our business. Government regulations that are currently the subject of judicial or administrative proceedings, draft legislation or administrative proposals could impact us and our industries to varying degrees. The FCC and other regulators from time to time initiate proceedings that could adversely impact our satellite operations, including spectrum usage. We cannot predict either the outcome of these proceedings or proposals or any potential impact they might have on the industry or on our operations. FCC Regulations Applicable to Our Operations FCC Jurisdiction over Satellite and Terrestrial Operations. Non-governmental bodies, including commercial entities, that use radio frequencies to provide communications services to, from or within the U.S. are subject to the jurisdiction of the FCC under the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Communications Act”). The Communications Act gives the FCC regulatory jurisdiction over many areas relating to communications operations, including: • • the assignment of satellite radio frequencies and orbital locations to specific services and companies, the licensing of satellites and earth stations and the granting of related authorizations; approval for the relocation of satellites to different orbital locations, the replacement of a satellite with another new or existing satellite and the authorization of specific earth stations to communicate with such newly relocated satellites; 7 • • • ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions of assignments, licenses, authorizations and approvals; avoiding harmful interference with other radio frequency emitters; and ensuring compliance with other applicable provisions of the Communications Act and FCC rules and regulations. All satellite licenses issued by the FCC are subject to expiration unless extended by the FCC. Our U.S. FSS licenses generally have 15 year terms. We hold licenses and authorizations for satellite and earth stations as well as other services. To obtain and operate under such FCC licenses and authorizations, we must satisfy legal, technical qualification requirements and other conditions including, among other things, satisfaction of certain technical and ongoing due diligence obligations, maintaining bonds, payment of annual regulatory fees and various reporting requirements. Telecommunications Regulation. Many of the services we provide are also subject to FCC regulation as telecommunications services. For certain services in the U.S., we are required to contribute fees, computed as a percentage of our revenue from telecommunications services to the Universal Service Fund (“USF”) to support mechanisms that subsidize the provision of services to low-income consumers, high-cost areas, schools, libraries and rural health care providers. Current FCC rules permit us to pass this USF contribution through to our customers. The FCC also requires broadband internet access and internet telephony service providers to comply with the requirements of the Federal Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, which generally requires telecommunications carriers to ensure that law enforcement agencies are able to conduct lawfully-authorized surveillance of users of their services. In addition, as a provider of interconnected voice over internet protocol services, we are required to abide by a number of rules related to telephony service, including rules dealing with the protection of customer information and the processing of emergency calls. State and Local Regulation We are also regulated by state and local authorities. While the FCC has preempted many state and local regulations that would impair the installation and use of very-small-aperture terminals and other consumer satellite dishes, our businesses nonetheless are subject to state and local regulation, including, among others, obtaining regulatory authorizations and zoning regulations that affect the ability to install these consumer satellite earth station antennas. In addition, in order to obtain universal service funding, we are subject to being an eligible telecommunications carrier in certain states. International Regulation Foreign Administrations’ Jurisdiction Over Satellite and Terrestrial Operations. Some of our satellites and earth stations are licensed in foreign jurisdictions. We also have terrestrial authorizations in foreign jurisdictions. In order to provide service to a foreign location from our satellites, we are required to obtain approvals from the FCC and foreign administrative agencies. The laws and regulations addressing access to satellite and terrestrial systems vary from country to country. In most countries, a license is required to provide our services and to operate satellite systems and earth stations. Such licenses may impose certain conditions, including implementation and operation of the satellite system in a manner consistent with certain milestones (such as for contracting, satellite design, construction, launch and implementation of service), that the satellite or its launch be procured through a national entity, that the satellite control center be located in national territory, that a license be obtained prior to launching or operating the satellite, or that a license be obtained before interconnecting with the local switched telephone network and we may be subject to penalties or fines for failing to meet such conditions. Additionally, some countries may have restrictions on the services we provide and how we provide them and/or may limit the rates that can be charged for the services we provide or impose other service terms or restrictions. Furthermore, foreign countries in which we currently, or may in the future, operate may not authorize us access to all of the spectrum that we need to provide service in a particular country. The ITU Frequency and Orbital Location Registration. The orbital location and frequencies for our satellites are subject to the frequency registration and coordination process of the ITU. The ITU Radio Regulations define the international rules, regulations and rights for a satellite and associated earth stations to use specific radio frequencies at a specific orbital location. These rules, which include deadlines for the bringing of satellite networks into use, differ depending on the type of service to be provided and the frequencies to be used by the satellite. On our behalf, various countries have made and may in the future make, additional filings for the frequency assignments at particular orbital locations that are used or to be used by our current satellite networks and potential 8 future satellite networks we may build or acquire. In the event the international coordination process that is triggered by ITU filings under applicable rules is not successfully completed, or that the requests for modification of the broadcast satellite services plan regarding the allocation of orbital locations and frequencies are not granted by the ITU, we will have to operate the applicable satellite(s) on a non-interference basis, which could have an adverse impact on our business operations. If we cannot do so, we may have to cease operating such satellite(s) at the affected orbital locations. We cannot be sure of the successful outcome of these ITU coordination processes. We make commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate with the filing nation in the preparation of ITU filings, coordination of our operations in accordance with the relevant ITU Radio Regulations and responses to relevant ITU inquiries. Registration in the United Nations (“UN”) Registry of Space Objects. The U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we license satellites are generally parties to the UN Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, which requires a satellite’s launching state to register the satellite as a space object. The act of registration carries liability for the registering country in the event that the satellite causes third party damage. Administrations may place certain requirements on satellite licensees in order to procure the necessary launch or operational authorizations that accompany registration of the satellite. In some jurisdictions, these authorizations are separate and distinct, with unique requirements, from the authorization to use a set of frequencies to provide satellite services. Telecommunications Regulation. Many of the services we provide are also subject to the regulation of other countries as telecommunications services. For certain services, we may be required to contribute fees to a universal service or other fund to support mechanisms that subsidize the provision of services to designated groups. Many countries also impose requirements on telecommunications carriers to ensure that law enforcement agencies are able to conduct lawfully-authorized surveillance of users of their services. In addition, we are subject to a number of other rules, including rules related to telephony service such as the protection of customer information and processing of emergency calls. Export Control Regulation In the operation of our business, we must comply with all applicable export control and trade sanctions laws and regulations of the U.S. and other countries. Applicable U.S. laws and regulations include the Arms Export Control Act, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”), the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) and the trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). The export of certain hardware, technical data, and services relating to satellites and the supply of certain ground control equipment, technical data and services to non-U.S. persons or to destinations outside the U.S. is regulated by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) under the EAR. In addition, BIS regulates our export of satellite communications network equipment to non-U.S. persons or to destinations outside of the U.S. The export of other items is regulated by the U.S. Department of State’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (“DDTC”) under the ITAR and are subject to strict export control and prior approval requirements. In addition, we cannot provide certain equipment or services to certain countries subject to U.S. trade sanctions unless we first obtain the necessary authorizations from OFAC. We are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions that generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or giving or promising to give anything of value to foreign government officials and other individuals for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or gaining a competitive advantage. Environmental Regulation We are subject to the requirements of federal, state, local and foreign environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. These include laws regulating air emissions, waste-water discharge and waste management, most significantly the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (“EPCRA”). Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, our Hughes segment is considered a small quantity generator. As required by the EPCRA, we file annual reports with regulatory agencies covering four areas: Emergency Planning, Emergency Release, Hazardous Chemical Storage and Toxic Chemical Release Inventory. We maintain small quantities of hazardous materials on our premises and, therefore, have relatively modest reporting requirements under the EPCRA. We are also subject to the requirements of other environmental and occupational 9 safety and health laws and regulations. Additionally, we review the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Title III regulatory requirements and annually report quantities of onsite material storage using Tier II, state DEQ (Department of Environmental Quality) reporting systems. Our environmental compliance costs, capital and other expenditures to date have not been material, and we do not expect them to be material in 2021. However, environmental requirements are complex, change frequently and have become more stringent over time. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance that these requirements will not change or become more stringent in the future in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or environmental compliance costs, capital or other expenditures. PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS We currently rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark law, together with licenses, non- disclosure and confidentiality agreements and technical measures, to establish and protect proprietary rights in our products. We hold U.S. and foreign patents covering various aspects of our products and services. The duration of each of our U.S. patents is generally 20 years from the earliest filing date to which the patent has priority. We have granted licenses to use our trademarks and service-marks to affiliates and resellers worldwide, and we typically retain the right to monitor the use of those marks and impose significant restrictions on their use in efforts to ensure a consistent brand identity. We protect our proprietary rights in our software through software licenses that, among other things, require that the software source code be maintained as confidential information and that prohibit any reverse-engineering of that code. We believe that our patents are important to our business. We also believe that, in some areas, the improvement of existing products and the development of new products, as well as reliance upon trade secrets and unpatented proprietary know-how, are important in establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage. We believe, to a certain extent, that the value of our products and services are dependent upon our proprietary software, hardware and other technology remaining trade secrets and/or subject to copyright protection. Generally, we enter into non- disclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees, subcontractors and certain customers and other business partners. Please see Item 3. Legal Proceedings of this Form 10-K for more information. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING We have a skilled and multi-disciplined engineering organization that develops our products and services. Our in- house technological capability includes a wide range of skills required to develop systems, hardware, software and firmware used in our products and services. With respect to hardware development, we have skill sets that include complex digital designs, radio frequency and intermediate frequency analog designs, advanced application-specific integrated circuit designs and sophisticated consumer and system level packaging designs. We also have extensive experience in developing products for high-volume, low-cost manufacturing for the consumer industry, including dual mode satellite and wireless handsets. As a complement to our hardware development, we have extensive experience in designing reliable, real time, embedded software systems as part of our communication systems and services offerings. For example, our for data broadband product communications. Our engineers have also developed many large turnkey systems for our customers by designing the overall solution, implementing the various subsystems, deploying the entire network and user terminals, integrating and verifying the operational system and ultimately training the customers’ technicians and operators. the enterprise market supports an extensive range of protocols line for Costs incurred in research and development activities are generally expensed as incurred. A significant portion of our research and development costs are incurred in connection with the specific requirements of a customer’s order. In such instances, the amounts for these customer funded development efforts are included in Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. GEOGRAPHIC AREA DATA AND TRANSACTIONS WITH MAJOR CUSTOMERS For principal geographic area data and transactions with major customers for 2020, 2019 and 2018, see Note 20 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for information regarding risks related to our foreign operations. 10 HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES Our Human Capital As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 2,400 employees globally; of which approximately 1,800 were located in the U.S. and 600 internationally. We generally consider relations with our employees to be good. Other than approximately 200 of our employees located in Italy and Brazil, none are represented by a union. Our mission is to be a global connectivity provider for people, enterprises and things. Employee Training and Development We have a robust ongoing training and development program to enable employees to further refine and develop their skills. These training and development programs include technical programs meant to keep our employees abreast of the latest developments in our industry as well as courses to assist employees in developing their business communications and management skills. Worker Health and Safety Our commitment is to provide a safe, healthy and reliable workplace. We provide access to a variety of innovative, flexible, and convenient health and wellness programs. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a large portion of our workforce has been working remotely. For the employees coming in to the physical offices, we implemented enhanced safety and security procedures in accordance with state, local and CDC recommendations. WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and accordingly file an annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our public filings are maintained on the SEC’s internet site at http:// www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. WEBSITE ACCESS Our Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, may also be accessed free of charge through our website at http://www.echostar.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. We have adopted a written code of ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules of the SEC promulgated thereunder. Our code of ethics is available on our corporate website at http://www.echostar.com. In the event that we make changes in, or provide waivers of, the provisions of this code of ethics that the SEC requires us to disclose, we intend to disclose these events on our website. 11 INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Furnished in accordance with Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K, pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K. The following table and information below sets forth the name, age and position with EchoStar of each of our executive officers, the period during which each executive officer has served as such and each executive officer’s business experience during at least the past five years: Name Charles W. Ergen Michael T. Dugan David J. Rayner Anders N. Johnson Pradman P. Kaul Dean A. Manson Age 67 72 63 63 74 54 Chairman Position Chief Executive Officer, President and Director Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Treasurer Chief Strategy Officer and President, EchoStar Satellite Services L.L.C. President, Hughes Communications and Director Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Charles W. Ergen. Mr. Ergen has served as our executive Chairman since November 2009 and Chairman of the Board of Directors since our formation in 2007. Mr. Ergen served as our Chief Executive Officer from our formation in 2007 until November 2009. Mr. Ergen serves as executive Chairman and has been Chairman of the Board of Directors of DISH since its formation and, during the past five years, has held executive officer and director positions with DISH Network, most recently serving as the Chief Executive Officer of DISH from March 2015 to December 2017. Michael T. Dugan. Mr. Dugan has served as our Chief Executive Officer and President since November 2009. Mr. Dugan has also served as a member of our Board of Directors since our formation in 2007. Mr. Dugan served as a senior advisor to EchoStar from January 1, 2008 until November 2009. From May 2004 to December 2007, he was a director of DISH and, from 1990 to 2006, he served in several executive roles at DISH Network, including as President, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Technical Officer and senior advisor. David J. Rayner. Mr. Rayner has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since December 2012 and as our Chief Operating Officer since September 2016. From November 2011 to November 2012, Mr. Rayner served as Chief Financial Officer of Tendril Networks, Inc., a Boulder, Colorado software company. Mr. Rayner served as our Chief Financial Officer from June 2010 to November 2011 and served as our Chief Administrative Officer from January 2008 to June 2010. Prior to that, Mr. Rayner served as Executive Vice President of Installation and Service Networks of DISH and previously as Chief Financial Officer of DISH. Before joining DISH in December 2004, Mr. Rayner served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Time Warner Telecom in Denver, beginning in June 1998. Anders N. Johnson. Mr. Johnson has served as President of EchoStar Satellite Services L.L.C. since June 2011 and as our Chief Strategy Officer since September 2016. Before joining EchoStar, Mr. Johnson was most recently at SES World Skies where he served as Senior Vice President of Strategic Satellite Development. Mr. Johnson joined SES GLOBAL after the combination of GE Americom and SES GLOBAL in 2001. Prior to SES GLOBAL, Mr. Johnson worked at GE Capital beginning in 1985 in a variety of executive level roles in Satellite Services, Aviation Services and Transportation & Industrial Financing. Pradman P. Kaul. Mr. Kaul has served as President of Hughes Communications since its formation in February 2006 and as President of Hughes Network Systems, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hughes Communications (and together with Hughes Communications, “Hughes”) since 2000. Mr. Kaul has also served as a member of our Board of Directors since August 2011 as well as a member of the board of directors of Hughes Communications from February 2006 until June 2011. Previously, Mr. Kaul served as the Chief Operating Officer, Executive Vice President and Director of Engineering of Hughes Network Systems, LLC. Dean A. Manson. Mr. Manson has served as our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since November 2011 and is responsible for all our legal and government affairs. Mr. Manson joined our subsidiary Hughes Network Systems, LLC in 2000 from the law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, where he focused on international project finance and corporate transactions and was appointed General Counsel in 2004. 12 There are no arrangements or understandings between any executive officer and any other person pursuant to which any executive officer was selected as such. Pursuant to the Bylaws of EchoStar, executive officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. 13 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. If any of the following events occur or evolve in a way different than expected, our business, financial condition, results of operation, prospects or ability to fund a share or debt repurchase program, invest capital in or otherwise run our business, execute on our strategic plans or return capital to our shareholders could be materially and adversely affected. RISKS RELATED TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC As the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects continue to develop, it is impossible at this time to predict its ultimate impact on our business. We have set forth some key risks identified to date. Our operations, and those of our customers, suppliers, vendors, and other third parties with whom we conduct business, including regulatory agencies, have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by the COVID‑19 pandemic. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted our and our customers’, suppliers’, vendors’ and other business partners’ and investees’ businesses, and have delayed the manufacture and deployment of our satellites. Disruption to our vendors’ and suppliers’ businesses could adversely impact our supply chain. Additionally, some regulatory bodies have reduced activities and/or temporarily closed their offices which may materially delay the review and/or approval of licenses or authorizations we need to operate our business. We cannot currently estimate or determine the final magnitude of these impacts. Additionally, many of our subscribers are working remotely or engaging in distance learning. These activities have increased the usage on our HughesNet service so that there is little or no capacity remaining for subscriber growth in our most popular geographic areas. This limitation on capacity may result in our subscribers experiencing slower speeds, which, in turn, could result in higher churn and may negatively affect our business. A portion of the expected sales of our products or services have been, and additional sales may be, delayed or canceled as a result of effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of our customers. Due to the economic downturn arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of our enterprise customers are facing uncertain futures and certain of these customers have filed for bankruptcy protection. When enterprise customers fail or seek reorganization under the bankruptcy laws, we may be obliged to provide services for which we are not being paid. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased unemployment, which could result in reduced demand and increased inability to pay from our consumer customers. RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions, capital expenditures, the development, acquisition and launch of new satellites and other strategic initiatives to complement or expand our business, which may not be successful and we may lose a portion or all of our investment. Our success may depend on the existence of, and our ability to capitalize on, opportunities to acquire or develop other businesses or technologies or partner with other companies that could complement, enhance or expand our current business, services or products or that may otherwise offer us growth opportunities. We may pursue a number of strategic initiatives to complement or expand our business. Any such strategic initiatives may involve a high degree of risk, including, but not limited to, the following: • • • • • • the risks associated with developing and constructing new satellites; the diversion of our management’s attention away from our existing business onto a strategic initiative; possible adverse effects on our and our targets’ and partners’ business, financial condition or operating results during the integration process; exposure to significant financial losses if the strategic initiatives are not successful; the inability to obtain regulatory approvals in the anticipated time frame, or at all; the risks associated with complying with regulations applicable to the acquired or developed business or technologies which may cause us to incur substantial expenses; 14 • • the disruption of relationships with employees, vendors or customers; and the risks associated with foreign and international operations and/or investments or dispositions. New strategic initiatives may require the commitment of significant capital that would otherwise have been directed to investments in our existing businesses or distributed to shareholders. We could face decreased demand and increased pricing pressure with respect to our products and services due to competition. Our business operates in an intensely competitive, consumer- and enterprise-driven and rapidly changing environment and competes with a growing number of companies that provide similar products and services to consumer and enterprise customers. There can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively compete against our competitors due to their significant resources and operating history. Material competitive risks to our business include, but are not limited to, the following: • • Competition from new or different technology compared to our offerings; Competition from existing or new competitors entering the same markets we serve; • Government funding for competing products and services, reducing demand for our products and services; • and Competitive pressures to provide enhanced functionality for the same or lower price with each new generation of technology. Our business will be negatively impacted if we fail to adequately anticipate our satellite capacity needs or are unable to obtain satellite capacity. We have made substantial contractual commitments for satellite capacity based on our existing customer contracts and backlog. If our existing customer contracts were to be terminated prior to their respective expiration dates, we may have insufficient revenue to cover our satellite capacity costs. On the other hand, we may not have sufficient satellite capacity available to meet increases in demand and we may not be able to quickly or easily adjust our capacity to such changes in demand. At present, until the launch and operation of additional satellites that our systems can utilize, there is limited additional capacity in North America, including within our own fleet of satellites, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to provide services to customers and grow our revenue and business. Our business could be adversely affected if we are not able to renew our capacity leases at economically viable rates, or if sufficient capacity is not available to us. We are dependent upon third-party providers for components, manufacturing, installation services and customer support services, and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected if any of these third-party providers fail to appropriately deliver the contracted goods or services. Our dependence upon third-party providers causes certain risks to our business, including the following: • • Components. A limited number of suppliers manufacture, and in some cases a single supplier manufactures, some of the key components required to build our products. We do not generally maintain long-term agreements with our suppliers or subcontractors for our products. If we change or lose suppliers, we could experience a delay in manufacturing our products, or we may be unable to produce our products at competitive prices and we may be unable to satisfy demand from our customers. Commodity Price Risk. Fluctuations in pricing of raw materials can affect our product costs and we may not be able to pass on the increased costs to our customers. • Manufacturing. While we develop and manufacture prototypes for certain of our products, we use contract manufacturers to produce a significant portion of our hardware. If these contract manufacturers fail to provide products that meet our specifications in a timely manner or at all, our business could be adversely impacted. • Installation, customer support, and other services. Some of our products and services utilize a network of third-party service providers. A decline in levels of service or attention to the needs of our customers could adversely affect our reputation, renewal rates and ability to win and retain customers. In addition, if the agreements for the provision of these services are terminated or not renewed, we could face difficulties replacing these service providers. 15 Our foreign operations and investments expose us to risks and restrictions not present in our domestic operations. Our sales outside the U.S. accounted for 19.6%, 20.4% and 19.2% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We expect our foreign operations to represent a significant and growing portion of our business. Our foreign operations involve varying degrees of risk and uncertainties inherent in doing business abroad. Such risks include: • • • • • • Complications in complying with restrictions on foreign ownership and investment and limitations on repatriation of earnings. We may not be permitted to be the sole owner of our operations in some countries and may have to enter into partnership or joint venture relationships. Many foreign legal regimes and/or our contractual arrangements restrict our repatriation of earnings to the U.S. from our subsidiaries and joint venture entities. Applicable law in such foreign countries may also limit our ability to distribute or access our assets or offer our products and services in certain circumstances. In such event, we will not have unrestricted access to the cash flow and assets of our subsidiaries and joint ventures. Regulatory restrictions. Satellite market access, landing rights and terrestrial wireless rights are dependent on the national regulations established by foreign governments and international non- governmental bodies. Non-compliance with these requirements may result in the loss of the authorizations and licenses to conduct business in these countries, as well as fines, penalties, or other sanctions. Financial and legal constraints and obligations. Operating pursuant to foreign licenses subjects us to certain financial constraints and obligations, including, but not limited to: (a) tax liabilities that may or may not be dependent on revenue; (b) the regulatory requirements associated with maintaining such licenses, which may be subject to interpretation by foreign courts and regulatory bodies; (c) the burden of creating and maintaining additional entities, branches, facilities and/or staffing in foreign jurisdictions; and (d) regulations requiring that we make certain satellite capacity available for “free” or available at reduced rates. Compliance with applicable export control laws and regulations in the U.S. and other countries. We must comply with all applicable export control and trade sanctions laws and regulations of the U.S. and other countries. A violation any export or trade-related regulations could materially adversely affect our business. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates, recessions and currency devaluations have affected, and may in the future affect, revenue, profits and cash earned from our international businesses. Regulations may favor state-owned enterprises or local service providers. Many of the countries in which we conduct business have traditionally had state-owned or state-granted monopolies on telecommunications services that favor an incumbent service provider. We face competition from these favored and entrenched companies in countries that have not liberalized. We may not be able to generate cash to meet our debt service needs or fund our operations. As of December 31, 2020, our total indebtedness was $2.4 billion. Our ability to make payments on or to refinance our indebtedness and to fund our operations will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash, we may be forced to take actions such as revising or delaying our strategic plans, reducing or delaying capital expenditures and/or the development, design, acquisition and construction of new satellites, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt or seeking additional equity capital. We may not be able to implement any of these actions on satisfactory terms, or at all. Covenants in our indentures restrict our business in many ways. The indentures governing the Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation (“HSSC”) 7 5/8% Senior Notes due 2021, 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due August 1, 2026 and 6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due August 1, 2026 contain various covenants, subject to certain exceptions, that limit HSSC’s ability and/or certain of its subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things: • • incur additional debt; pay dividends or make distributions on HSSC’s capital stock or repurchase HSSC’s capital stock; 16 • allow to exist certain restrictions on such subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make other payments, or transfer assets; • make certain investments; • • create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions; enter into transactions with affiliates; • merge or consolidate with another company; and • transfer and sell assets. Failure to comply with these and certain other financial covenants, if not cured or waived, may result in an event of default under the indentures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. If certain events of default occur and are continuing under the respective indenture, the trustee under that indenture or the requisite holders of the notes under that indenture may declare all such notes to be immediately due and payable and, in the case of the indenture governing our secured notes, could proceed against the collateral that secures the secured notes. If certain other events of default occur, the indentures will become immediately due and payable. Certain of our subsidiaries have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral to secure the 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due August 1, 2026. A natural disaster could diminish our ability to provide service to our customers. Natural disasters could damage or destroy our ground infrastructure and/or our other or our vendors’ infrastructure, equipment and facilities, resulting in a disruption of service to our customers, which may adversely affect our business. We currently have backup systems and technology in place to safeguard our antennas and protect our ground infrastructure during natural disasters, but the possibility still exists that our ground infrastructure and/or our other and our vendors’ infrastructure, equipment and facilities could be impacted during a major natural disaster. RISKS RELATED TO OUR HUMAN CAPITAL We rely on key personnel and the loss of their services may negatively affect our businesses. We believe that our future success depends to a significant extent upon the performance of Mr. Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and certain other key executives. The loss of Mr. Ergen or certain other key executives, the ability to effectively provide for the succession of our senior management, or the ability of Mr. Ergen or such other key executives to devote sufficient time and effort to our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although some of our key executives may have agreements relating to their equity compensation that limit their ability to work for or consult with competitors, we generally do not have employment agreements with them. To the extent Mr. Ergen is performing services for both DISH Network and us, his attention may be diverted away from our business and therefore adversely affect our business. Our business growth and customer retention strategies rely in part on the work of technically skilled employees. Our response to technological developments depends, to a significant degree, on the work of technically skilled employees. In addition, we have made and will continue to make significant investments in research, development, and marketing for new products, services, satellites and related technologies, as well as entry into new business areas. Investments in new technologies, satellites and business areas are inherently dependent on these technically skilled employees as well. Competition for the services of such employees has become more intense as demand for these types of employees grows. We compete with other companies for these employees and although we strive to attract and retain these employees, we may not succeed in these respects. Additionally, if we were to lose certain key technically skilled employees, the loss of knowledge and intellectual capital might have an adverse impact on business. 17 Restrictions on immigration or increased enforcement of immigration laws could limit our access to qualified and skilled professionals, increase our cost of doing business or otherwise disrupt our operations. The success of our business is dependent on our ability to recruit engineers and other professionals, including those who are citizens of other countries. Immigration laws in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate are subject to legislative and regulatory changes, as well as variations in the standards of application and enforcement due to political forces and economic conditions. It is difficult to predict the political and economic events that could affect immigration laws, or the restrictive impact they could have on obtaining or renewing work visas for our professionals. If immigration laws are changed or if new and more restrictive government regulations are enacted or increased, our access to qualified and skilled professionals may be limited. RISKS RELATED TO OUR SATELLITES Our ability to operate and control our satellites is subject to risks related to DISH Network’s operation of the BSS Business and third-parties’ operation of satellite operations centers. In connection with the BSS Transaction, we transferred our satellite operation centers, which are used to monitor and control our satellites, to DISH Network. Therefore, we now are subject to the inherent risks of having a related party operate, maintain and manage these satellite operations centers. In addition, certain of our satellites are operated, maintained and managed by third parties. Our owned and leased satellites in orbit are subject to significant operational and environmental risks that could limit our ability to utilize these satellites. Satellites are subject to significant operational risks while in orbit. These risks include malfunctions, commonly referred to as anomalies, which have occurred and may occur in the future in our satellites and the satellites of other operators. Any single anomaly could materially and adversely affect our ability to utilize the satellite. Anomalies may also reduce the expected capacity, commercial operation and/or useful life of a satellite, thereby reducing the revenue that could be generated by that satellite, or create additional expenses due to the need to provide replacement or back-up satellites or satellite capacity earlier than planned and could have a material adverse effect on our business. Although we work closely with the satellite manufacturers to determine and eliminate the cause of anomalies in new satellites and provide for redundancies of many critical components in the satellites, we may not be able to prevent the impacts of anomalies in the future. Meteoroid events, decommissioned satellites, and increased solar activity also pose a potential threat to all in-orbit satellites. We may be required to perform maneuvers to avoid collisions and these maneuvers may prove unsuccessful or could reduce the useful life of the satellite through the expenditure of fuel to perform these maneuvers. Generally, the minimum design life of each of our satellites is 15 years. We can provide no assurance, however, as to the actual operational lives of our satellites, which may be shorter or longer than their design lives. Our ability to earn revenue depends on the continued operation of our satellites, each of which has a limited useful life. We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. If one or more of our in-orbit uninsured satellites or payloads fail, we could be required to record significant impairment charges for the satellite or payload. 18 Our satellites under construction are subject to risks related to construction, technology, regulations and launch that could limit our ability to utilize these satellites, increase costs and adversely affect our business. Satellite construction and launch are subject to significant risks, including delays, anomalies, launch failure and incorrect orbital placement. The technologies in our satellite designs are very complex and difficulties in constructing our designs could result in delays in the deployment of our satellites or increased or unanticipated costs. There can be no assurance that the technologies in our existing satellites or in new satellites that we design, acquire and build will work as we expect, will not become obsolete, that we will realize any or all of the anticipated benefits of our satellite designs or our new satellites, and/or that we will obtain all regulatory approvals required to operate our new or acquired satellites. Launch anomalies and failures can result in significant delays in the deployment of satellites because of the need both to construct replacement satellites, which can take significant amounts of time, and to obtain other launch opportunities. Such significant delays could materially affect our business, our ability to meet regulatory or contractual required milestones, the availability and our use of other or replacement satellite resources and our ability to provide services to customers. In addition, significant delays in a satellite program could give customers who have purchased or reserved capacity on that satellite a right to terminate their service contracts relating to the satellite. We may not be able to accommodate affected customers on other satellites until a replacement satellite is available. Our use of certain satellites is often dependent on satellite coordination agreements, which may be difficult to obtain. Satellite operators are required to enter into international spectrum coordination agreements with other affected satellite operators and must be approved by the relevant governments. If a required agreement cannot be concluded, we may have to operate the applicable satellite(s) in a manner that does not cause harmful radio frequency interference with the affected satellite. If we cannot do so, we may have to cease operating such satellite(s) at the affected orbital locations. We may face interference from other services sharing satellite spectrum. The FCC and other regulators have adopted rules or may adopt rules in the future that require us to share spectrum on a basis with other radio services. There can be no assurance that these operations would not interfere with our operations and adversely affect our business. RISKS RELATED TO OUR PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGY Our future growth depends on growing demand for our services. Future demand and effective delivery for our products and services will depend significantly on the growing demand for our services, such as broadband internet connectivity. If the deployment of, or demand for, our services is not as widespread or as rapid as we or our customers expect, our revenue growth will be negatively impacted. Our business depends on certain intellectual property rights and on not infringing the intellectual property rights of others. We rely on our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, licenses and other agreements to conduct our business. Legal challenges to our intellectual property rights and claims of intellectual property infringement could result in significant monetary liability and require us to change our business practices or limit our ability to compete effectively or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if any such challenges or claims prove to be without merit, they can be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s attention and resources away from our business. Moreover, we rely in part on technologies developed or licensed by third parties. If we are unable to obtain or retain licenses or other required intellectual property rights from these third parties on reasonable terms, our business could be adversely affected. In addition, we work with suppliers for the development and manufacture of components that are integrated into our products and our products may contain technologies provided to us by these suppliers. We may have little or no ability to determine in advance whether any such technology infringes the intellectual property rights of others, or whether such suppliers have obtained or continue to obtain the appropriate 19 licenses or other intellectual property rights to use such technology. Our suppliers may not be required to indemnify us in the event that a claim of infringement is asserted against us, or they may be required to indemnify us only up to a maximum amount. Legal challenges to these intellectual property rights may impair our ability to use the products and technologies that we need in order to operate our business and may have a material adverse effect on our business. See further discussion under Item 1. Business — Patents and Trademarks and Item 3. Legal Proceedings of this Form 10-K. Litigation or governmental proceedings could result in material adverse consequences. We are involved in lawsuits, regulatory inquiries, audits, consumer claims and governmental and other legal proceedings. Some of these proceedings may raise difficult and complicated factual and legal issues and can be subject to uncertainties and complexities. The timing of the final resolutions is typically uncertain. Additionally, the possible outcomes of, or resolutions to, these proceedings could include adverse judgments, settlements, injunctions or liabilities, any of which could require substantial payments or have other adverse impacts on our business. We are exposed to significant cybersecurity threats and risks. We and third parties with whom we work face a constantly evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats in which hackers and other parties use a complex assortment of techniques and methods to execute cyberattacks. Cybersecurity incidents have increased significantly in quantity and severity and are expected to continue to increase. Additionally, the risk of cyberattacks and compromises will likely increase as we continue to expand our business into other areas of the world outside of North America, some of which are still developing their cybersecurity infrastructure maturity. Should we be affected by a material cyber-related incident, we may incur substantial costs and suffer other material negative consequences. Our business is subject to varying degrees of regulation that include programs designed to review our protections against cybersecurity threats and risks. If it is determined that our systems do not reasonably protect our partners’ assets and data and/or that we have violated these regulations, we could be subject to enforcement activity and sanctions. We expect to continue to incur increasing costs in preparing our infrastructure and maintaining it to resist cyberattacks. There can be no assurance that we can successfully detect, deter, prevent or mitigate the effects of cyberattacks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, costs, operations, prospects, results of operation or financial position. Furthermore, the amount and scope of insurance that we maintain against losses resulting from these events may not be sufficient to compensate us adequately for any disruptions to our business or otherwise cover our losses, including reputational harm and negative publicity as well as any litigation liability. Compliance with data privacy laws may be costly, and non-compliance with such laws may result in significant liability. The personal information and data we process and store is increasingly subject to data security and data privacy laws of many jurisdictions. These laws impose a significant compliance burden and complying with them has required us to change our business practices or the functionality of our products and services. Privacy laws and regulations are becoming more complex and onerous, and a data privacy breach could have a material adverse effect on our business. 20 If our products contain defects, we could be subject to significant costs to correct such defects and our product and network service contracts could be delayed or cancelled, which could adversely affect our revenue. The products and the networks we deploy are highly complex, and some may contain defects when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released, despite testing and our quality control procedures. Defects may also occur in components and products that we purchase from third parties. In addition, many of our products and network services are designed to interface with our customers’ existing networks, each of which has different specifications and utilizes multiple protocol standards. Our products and services must interoperate with the other products and services within our customers’ networks, as well as with future products and services that might be added to these networks, to meet our customers’ requirements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects in the products and networks we sell. The occurrence of any defects, errors or failures in our products or network services could materially affect our business. RISKS RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF OUR BUSINESS The risk of non-compliance with laws and regulations, including the risk of changes to laws and regulations, could adversely affect our business. Our business is regulated by numerous governmental agencies and other regulatory bodies, both domestically and internationally. In addition, our international operations are subject to the laws and regulations of many different jurisdictions that may differ significantly from U.S. laws and regulations. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines or penalties or other sanctions which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Additionally, our ability to operate and grow our business depends on laws and regulations that govern the frequency bands and/or orbital locations we operate in or may operate in in the future. These laws and regulations are subject to the administrative and political process and do change from time to time. Our business could suffer a material adverse impact if laws and regulations change and we are not able to adapt to these changes efficiently. Our business depends on regulatory authorizations issued by the FCC and state and foreign regulators that can expire, be revoked or modified, and applications for licenses and other authorizations that may not be granted. Generally, all licenses granted by the FCC and most other countries are subject to expiration unless renewed by the regulatory agency. Our satellite licenses are currently set to expire at various times. In addition, we occasionally receive special temporary authorizations that are granted for limited periods of time (e.g., 180 days or less) and subject to possible renewal. Generally, our licenses and special temporary authorizations have been renewed on a routine basis, but there can be no assurance that this will continue. RISKS RELATED TO THE BSS TRANSACTION Certain of our directors and executive officers have interests in the BSS Transaction that may be different from, or in addition to, those of our other stockholders. Certain of our directors and executive officers have interests in the BSS Transaction that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of our stockholders generally. Our directors and executive officers who own shares of our common stock participated in the Distribution and the Merger on the same terms as our other stockholders. Additionally, Mr. Ergen, is a director and Chairman of both us and DISH. The EchoStar parties that approved the BSS Transaction, were aware of and considered these interests, among other things, in deciding to approve the terms of the Master Transaction Agreement and the BSS Transaction. 21 If the Distribution and the Merger do not qualify as a tax‑free distribution and merger under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), then we and/or our stockholders may be required to pay substantial U.S. federal income taxes and under certain circumstances we may have indemnification obligations to DISH Network. The parties to the BSS Transaction received a tax opinion from their respective counsels as to the tax‑free nature of the transactions. They did not obtain a private letter ruling from the IRS with respect to the Distribution and the Merger and instead are relying solely on their respective tax opinions for comfort that the Distribution and the Merger qualify for tax‑free treatment for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Code. The failure of any factual representation or assumption to be true, correct and complete, or any undertaking to be fully complied with, could affect the validity of the tax opinions and result in tax liabilities for our shareholders and/or us. A putative class action lawsuit relating to the BSS Transaction has been filed against us, DISH Network, Mr. Ergen and certain of our officers. On July 2, 2019, a complaint was filed by purported EchoStar stockholders. See Note 19 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about litigation related to the BSS Transaction. An adverse judgment could result in monetary damages, which could have a negative impact on our liquidity and financial condition. We may be more susceptible to adverse events as a result of the BSS Transaction. We have divested the BSS Business and our business will be subject to increased concentration of risks that affect our retained businesses. We are now a smaller, less diversified and more narrowly focused business, which makes us more vulnerable to changing market and economic conditions. We might not be able to engage in certain strategic transactions because we have agreed to certain restrictions to comply with U.S. federal income tax requirements for a tax‑free spin‑off. To preserve the intended tax treatment of the Distribution, we have agreed to comply with certain restrictions under current U.S. federal income tax laws for spin‑offs. These restrictions could prevent us from pursuing otherwise attractive business opportunities and/or harm our business, financial results and operations. If these restrictions, among others, are not followed, the Distribution could be taxable to us and possibly our stockholders. RISKS RELATED TO OUR OWNERSHIP We are controlled by one principal stockholder who is our Chairman. Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, beneficially owns approximately 54% of our total equity securities (assuming conversion of the Class B common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Ergen into Class A common stock and giving effect to the exercise of options held by Mr. Ergen that are either currently exercisable as of, or may become exercisable within 60 days after, February 11, 2021) and beneficially owns approximately 92% of the total voting power of all classes of shares (assuming no conversion of any Class B common stock and giving effect to the exercise of options held by Mr. Ergen that are either currently exercisable as of, or may become exercisable within 60 days after, February 11, 2021). Through his beneficial ownership of our equity securities, Mr. Ergen has the ability to elect a majority of our directors and to control all other matters requiring the approval of our stockholders. As a result of Mr. Ergen’s voting power, we are a “controlled company” as defined in the NASDAQ listing rules and, therefore, are not subject to NASDAQ requirements that would otherwise require us to have (i) a majority of independent directors; (ii) a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors; (iii) compensation of our executive officers determined by a majority of the independent directors or a compensation committee composed solely of independent directors; (iv) a compensation committee charter which provides the compensation committee with the authority and funding to retain compensation consultants and other advisors; and/or (v) director nominees selected, or recommended for the Board’s selection, either by a majority of the independent directors or a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors. 22 We have potential conflicts of interest with DISH Network due to our common ownership. Questions relating to conflicts of interest may arise between DISH Network and us in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships. Areas in which conflicts of interest between DISH Network and us could arise include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • Cross directorships and stock ownership. Charles W. Ergen serves as the Chairman of our and DISH’s board of directors, is employed by both companies and has fiduciary duties to our and DISH’s shareholders. Mr. Ergen may have actual or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting each company. For example, there is potential for a conflict of interest when we or DISH Network look at acquisitions and other corporate opportunities that may be suitable for both companies. In addition, some of our directors and officers, including Mr. Ergen, own DISH stock and options to purchase DISH stock. These ownership interests could create actual, apparent or potential conflicts of interest when these individuals are faced with decisions that could have different implications for our company and DISH Network. Intercompany agreements with DISH Network. We have entered into various agreements with DISH Network. Pursuant to certain agreements, we obtain certain products, services and rights from DISH Network; DISH Network obtains certain products, services and rights from us; and we and DISH Network indemnify each other against certain liabilities arising from our respective businesses. Generally, the amounts paid for products and services provided under the agreements are based on cost plus a fixed margin, which varies depending on the nature of the products and services provided. Certain other intercompany agreements cover matters such as tax sharing and our responsibility for certain liabilities previously undertaken by DISH Network for certain of our businesses. We have also entered into certain commercial agreements with DISH Network. The terms of certain of these agreements were established while we were a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH and were not the result of arm’s length negotiations. The allocation of assets, liabilities, rights, indemnifications and other obligations between DISH Network and us under certain agreements with DISH Network may not necessarily reflect what two unaffiliated parties might have agreed to. Had these agreements been negotiated with unaffiliated third parties, their terms may have been more or less favorable to us. In addition, DISH Network or its affiliates will likely continue to enter into transactions, including joint ventures, acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic initiatives and transactions, with us or other affiliates. Although the terms of any such transactions will be established based upon negotiations between us and DISH Network and, when appropriate, subject to approval by a committee of non-interlocking directors or in certain instances non-interlocking management, there can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to us or our subsidiaries or affiliates as may otherwise be obtained in negotiations between unaffiliated third parties. Competition for business opportunities. DISH Network may have interests in various companies that have subsidiaries or controlled affiliates that own or operate domestic or foreign services that may compete with services offered by our businesses. We may also compete with DISH Network when we participate in auctions for spectrum or orbital slots for our satellites or other business opportunities. In other auctions, we and DISH Network may be prohibited from participating separately, and cooperating with DISH Network may result in a less favorable outcome for us. We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts of interest with DISH Network and, even if we do so, the resolution may be less favorable to us than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party. We do not have any agreements not to compete with DISH Network. However, many of our potential customers who compete with DISH Network have historically perceived us as a competitor due to our affiliation with DISH Network. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in entering into any commercial relationships with potential customers who are competitors of DISH Network (particularly if we continue to be perceived as affiliated with DISH Network as a result of common ownership, certain shared management services and other arrangements with DISH Network). It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our shareholders, because of our capital structure and certain provisions of the BSS Transaction. Certain provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company that a shareholder may consider favorable. These provisions include the following: 23 • • • • a capital structure with multiple classes of common stock: a Class A that entitles the holders to one vote per share; a Class B that entitles the holders to ten votes per share; a Class C that entitles the holders to one vote per share, except upon a change in control of our company in which case the holders of Class C are entitled to ten votes per share; and a non-voting Class D; a provision that authorizes the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt; a provision limiting who may call special meetings of shareholders; and a provision establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by shareholders at shareholder meetings. As discussed above, Mr. Ergen beneficially owns approximately 54% of our total equity securities and approximately 92% of the total voting power of all classes of shares and such ownership may make it impractical for any third party to obtain control of us. In addition, pursuant to our articles of incorporation we have a significant amount of authorized and unissued stock that would allow our board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, thereby protecting the continuity of management, or which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of us. Additionally, in order to preserve the intended tax treatment of the Distribution, we have agreed to comply with certain restrictions under current U.S. federal income tax laws for spin‑offs, including, refraining from engaging in certain transactions that would result in a fifty percent or greater change by vote or by value in our stock ownership. This restriction could discourage third parties from seeking to acquire us. GENERAL RISKS Our articles of incorporation designate the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents. Any person purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to this provision of our articles of incorporation. This choice of forum provision may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring certain claims, including claims against our directors, officers or employees, in a judicial forum that the stockholder finds favorable and therefore the choice of forum provision may discourage lawsuits or increase costs with respect to such claims. We may face other risks described from time to time in periodic and current reports we file with the SEC. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 24 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our principal executive offices are located at 100 Inverness Terrace East, Englewood, Colorado 80112-5308 and our telephone number is (303) 706-4000. The following table sets forth certain information concerning our principal properties related to our Hughes segment (“Hughes”) and EchoStar Satellite Services segment (“ESS”) and to our other operations and administrative functions (“Corporate and Other”) as of December 31, 2020. We operate various facilities in the United States and abroad. We believe that our facilities are well maintained and are sufficient to meet our current and projected needs. Location Owned: Englewood, Colorado Germantown, Maryland Griesheim, Germany Leased: Gilbert, Arizona San Diego, California Englewood, Colorado Gaithersburg, Maryland Gaithersburg, Maryland Southfield, Michigan Las Vegas, Nevada Segment(s) Function ESS/Corporate and Other Hughes Hughes/Corporate and Other Corporate headquarters and engineering offices Hughes corporate headquarters, engineering offices, network operations and shared hubs Shared hub, operations, administrative offices and warehouse Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Gateways Engineering and sales offices Gateways and equipment Manufacturing and testing facilities and logistics offices Engineering and administrative offices Shared hub and regional network management center Shared hub, antennae yards, gateway, backup network operation and control center for Hughes corporate headquarters Cheyenne, Wyoming Hughes/ESS Satellite access center, gateways and equipment Barueri, Brazil Sao Paulo, Brazil Bangalore, India Gurgaon, India New Delhi, India Milton Keynes, United Kingdom Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Shared hub Hughes Brazil corporate headquarters, sales offices and warehouse Engineering office and office space Administrative offices, shared hub, operations, warehouse, and development center Hughes India corporate headquarters Hughes Europe corporate headquarters and operations ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS For a discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 19 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 25 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters Market Information. Our Class A common stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SATS.” Holders. As of February 11, 2021, there were 46,011,533 shares of our Class A common stock outstanding held by 7,766 holders of record of our Class A common stock, not including stockholders who beneficially own Class A common stock held in nominee or street name. As of February 11, 2021, there were 47,687,039 shares of our Class B common stock outstanding, of which 196,967 shares were held by Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman and 47,490,072 shares were held in trusts and entities established for the benefit of Mr. Ergen’s family. There is currently no established trading market for our Class B common stock. Dividends. We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock in the past two years. We currently do not intend to declare dividends on our common stock. Payment of any future dividends will depend upon our earnings, capital requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors the board of directors considers appropriate. We currently intend to retain our earnings, if any, to support operations, future growth and expansion, although we have repurchased and may, in the future, repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time. Our ability to declare dividends is affected by the covenants in our subsidiary Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s indentures. See further discussion under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources in this Form 10-K. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans. See Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters in this Form 10-K. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers Our Board of Directors previously authorized us to repurchase up to $500.0 million of our Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2020. On October 29, 2020, our Board of Directors terminated its prior authorization and authorized us to repurchase, pursuant to its new authorization, up to $500.0 million of our Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2021. Purchases under our repurchase authorization may be made through privately negotiated transactions, open market repurchases, one or more trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise, subject to market conditions and other factors. We may elect not to purchase the maximum amount or any of the shares allowable under this program and we may also enter into additional share repurchase programs authorized by our Board of Directors. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 1,905,906 shares of our Class A common stock under this program. From January 1, 2021 through February 11, 2021, we repurchased 2,851,841 shares of our Class A common stock under this program. The following table provides information regarding repurchases of our Class A common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2020: Period October 1 - 31 November 1 - 30 December 1 - 31 Total Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share (or Unit) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Disclosed Plans or Program Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) That May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Program (1) — — $ 1,708,907 1,708,907 $ — — 21.97 21.97 — $ 494,109 — 1,708,907 494,109 456,542 1,708,907 $ 456,542 (1) On October 29, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to $500.0 million of our Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2020. Purchases under our repurchase authorization may be made through privately negotiated transactions, open 26 market repurchases, one or more trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise, subject to market conditions and other factors. We may elect to purchase some or all, or not to purchase the maximum amount or any of, the remaining shares allowable under this program and we may also enter into additional share repurchase programs authorized by our Board of Directors. All shares repurchased reflected in the table above have been converted to treasury shares. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following tables present selected information relating to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the past five years. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. Historical financial data presented below may not be indicative of future financial condition. Statements of Operations Data: Total revenue (2) (3) Total costs and expenses Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to EchoStar common stock 2020 For the years ended December 31, 2017(1) 2018 2019 $ 1,887,907 $ 1,886,081 $ 1,762,638 $ 1,525,155 $ 1,447,223 1,325,364 121,859 112,473 $ 30,562 $ 73,077 $ 36,137 $ 1,726,501 1,494,593 1,775,434 1,813,004 2016 $ $ (40,150) $ (102,318) $ (134,204) $ 123,188 $ 43,886 Basic earnings (losses) per share - continuing operations Diluted earnings (losses) per share - continuing operations $ $ (0.41) $ (1.06) $ (1.39) $ 1.29 $ 0.47 (0.41) $ (1.06) $ (1.39) $ 1.27 $ 0.46 Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents and marketable investments securities Total assets Total debt 2020 2019 As of December 31, 2018 2017(1) 2016 $ 2,534,276 $ 2,460,054 $ 3,210,458 $ 3,245,617 $ 3,092,881 $ 7,073,352 $ 7,154,298 $ 8,661,294 $ 8,750,014 $ 9,008,859 $ 2,393,493 $ 2,389,168 $ 3,304,079 $ 3,365,143 $ 3,358,179 Total stockholders’ equity $ 3,607,250 $ 3,745,553 $ 4,155,474 $ 4,177,385 $ 4,006,805 Cash Flow Data: Net cash flows from: Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities 2020 For the years ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 2016 $ 534,388 $ $ (1,142,455) $ (15,620) $ $ 656,322 $ 734,522 $ 821,958 $ (2,098,480) $ (136,563) $ (885,311) $ 726,892 $ (867,932) $ 803,343 (632,199) 72 $ 1,475,689 (1) The 2017 Tax Act increased the complexity of our income tax accounting and resulted in significant adjustments to our deferred income tax accounts in 2017. As a result, our results of operations and balance sheet data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are not comparable to our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. See Note 15 to our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. (2) On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective approach. As a result, total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 may not be comparable to prior years. (3) On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842, Leases, using the modified retrospective approach. As a result, total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 may not be comparable to prior years. 27 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of our Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“Management’s Discussion and Analysis”) should be read in conjunction with our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis is intended to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition and our results of operations. Many of the statements in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis are forward-looking statements that involve assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are often difficult to predict and beyond our control. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. See Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements in this Form 10-K for further discussion. For a discussion of additional risks, uncertainties and other factors that could impact our results of operations or financial condition, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Form 10-K. Further, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K and we undertake no obligation to update them. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We are a global provider of broadband satellite technologies, broadband internet services for consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses, and satellite services. We also deliver innovative network technologies, managed services and communications solutions for enterprise customers, which include aeronautical and government enterprises. We currently operate in two business segments: Hughes and ESS. These segments are consistent with the way we make decisions regarding the allocation of resources, as well as how operating results are reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Our operations also include various corporate departments (primarily Executive, Treasury, Strategic Development, Human Resources, IT, Finance, Accounting, Real Estate and Legal) and other activities, such as costs incurred in certain satellite development programs and other business development activities, and gains or losses from certain of our investments, that have not been assigned to our business segments. These activities, costs and income, as well as eliminations of intersegment transactions, are accounted for in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting. In September 2019, pursuant to a master transaction agreement (the “Master Transaction Agreement”) with DISH and a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH (“Merger Sub”), (i) we transferred certain real property and the various businesses, products, licenses, technology, revenues, billings, operating activities, assets and liabilities primarily related to the former portion of our ESS segment that managed, marketed and provided (1) broadcast satellite services primarily to DISH and its subsidiaries (together with DISH, “DISH Network”) and our joint venture Dish Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. (“Dish Mexico”) and its subsidiaries, and (2) telemetry, tracking and control (“TT&C”) services for satellites owned by DISH Network and a portion of our other businesses (collectively, the “BSS Business”) to one of our former subsidiaries, EchoStar BSS Corporation (“BSS Corp.”), (ii) we distributed to each holder of shares of our Class A or Class B common stock entitled to receive consideration in the transaction an amount of shares of common stock of BSS Corp., par value $0.001 per share (“BSS Common Stock”), equal to one share of BSS Common Stock for each share of our Class A or Class B common stock owned by such stockholder (the “Distribution”); and (iii) immediately after the Distribution, (1) Merger Sub merged with and into BSS Corp. (the “Merger”), such that BSS Corp. became a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH and with DISH then owning and operating the BSS Business, and (2) each issued and outstanding share of BSS Common Stock owned by EchoStar stockholders was converted into the right to receive 0.23523769 shares of DISH Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“DISH Common Stock”) ((i) - (iii) collectively, the “BSS Transaction”). In connection with the BSS Transaction, we and DISH Network agreed to indemnify each other against certain losses with respect to breaches of certain representations and covenants and certain retained and assumed liabilities, respectively. Additionally, we and DISH and certain of our and their subsidiaries (i) entered into certain customary agreements covering, among other things, matters relating to taxes, employees, intellectual property and the provision of transitional services; (ii) terminated certain previously existing agreements; and (iii) amended certain existing agreements and entered into certain new agreements pursuant to which we and DISH Network will obtain and provide certain products, services and rights from and to each other. The BSS Transaction was structured in a manner intended to be tax-free to us and our stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes and was accounted for as a spin-off to our shareholders as we did not receive any 28 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED consideration. Following the consummation of the BSS Transaction, we no longer operate the BSS Business, which was a substantial portion of our ESS segment. As a result of the BSS Transaction, the financial results of the BSS Business, except for certain real estate that transferred in the transaction, are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, excluded from continuing operations and segment results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 5 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our discontinued operations. Highlights from our financial results are as follows: Consolidated Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2020 • Revenue of $1.9 billion • Operating income (loss) of $112.5 million • • • Net income (loss) from continuing operations of $(51.9) million Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar common stock of $(40.2) million and basic earnings (losses) per share of common stock of $(0.41) Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, net income (loss) from discontinued operations and net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests (“EBITDA”) of $616.9 million (see reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure in Results of Operations) Consolidated Financial Condition as of December 31, 2020 • • • • Total assets of $7.1 billion Total liabilities of $3.5 billion Total stockholders’ equity of $3.6 billion Cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment securities of $2.5 billion Hughes Segment Our Hughes segment is a global provider of broadband satellite technologies and broadband internet services to consumer customers and broadband network technologies, managed services, equipment, hardware, satellite services and communications solutions to consumer and enterprise customers. The Hughes segment also designs, provides and installs gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, our Hughes segment designs, develops, constructs and provides telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and our enterprise customers. We incorporate advances in technology to reduce costs and to increase the functionality and reliability of our products and services. Through advanced and proprietary methodologies, technologies, software and techniques, we continue to improve the efficiency of our networks. We invest in technologies to enhance our system and network management capabilities, specifically our managed services for enterprises. We also continue to invest in next generation technologies that can be applied to our future products and services. We continue to focus our efforts on growing our consumer revenue by maximizing utilization of our existing satellites while planning for new satellites to be launched or acquired. Our consumer revenue growth depends on our success in adding new and retaining existing subscribers across wholesale and retail channels, as well as increasing our ARPU. Service costs related to ongoing support for our direct and indirect customers and partners are typically impacted most significantly by our growth. The growth of our enterprise businesses relies heavily on global economic conditions and the competitive landscape for pricing relative to competitors and alternative technologies. We have seen a limited number of our enterprise customers file for bankruptcy protection. We have reserved an amount related to pre-petition receivables and are working closely with these customers on providing post-petition services and products, as well as working with the customer regarding collection of pre-petition amounts. 29 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Our Hughes segment currently uses capacity from three of our satellites (the SPACEWAY 3 satellite, the EchoStar XVII satellite and the EchoStar XIX satellite), our Al Yah 3 Brazilian payload and additional satellite capacity acquired from third-party providers to provide services to our customers. Growth of our consumer subscriber base in the U.S. continues to be constrained where we are nearing or have reached maximum capacity in most areas. While these constraints are not expected to be resolved until we launch new satellites, we continue to focus on revenue growth in all areas and consumer subscriber growth in the areas where we have available capacity. In May 2019, we entered into an agreement with Yahsat pursuant to which, in November 2019, Yahsat contributed its satellite communications services business in Brazil to one of our Brazilian subsidiaries in exchange for a 20% ownership interest in that subsidiary. The combined business provides broadband internet services and enterprise solutions in Brazil using the Telesat T19V satellite, the Eutelsat 65W satellite and Yahsat’s Al Yah 3 satellite. Under the terms of the agreement, Yahsat may also acquire, for further cash investments, additional minority ownership interests in the business in the future provided certain conditions are met. In May 2019, we also entered into an agreement with Bharti, pursuant to which Bharti will contribute its VSAT telecommunications services and hardware business in India to our two existing Indian subsidiaries that conduct our VSAT services and hardware business. The combined entities will provide broadband satellite and hybrid solutions for enterprise networks. Upon consummation of the transaction, Bharti will have a 33% ownership interest in the combined business. The completion of the transaction is subject to customary regulatory approvals and closing conditions. No assurance can be given that the transaction will be consummated on the terms agreed to or at all. In August 2018, we entered into an agreement with Yahsat to establish a new entity, BCS, to provide commercial Ka-band satellite broadband services across Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia operating over Yahsat's Al Yah 2 and Al Yah 3 Ka-band satellites. The transaction was consummated in December 2018 when we invested $100.0 million in cash in exchange for a 20% interest in BCS. Under the terms of the agreement, we may also acquire, for further cash investments, additional ownership interests in BCS in the future provided certain conditions are met. We supply network operations and management services and equipment to BCS. In August 2017, we entered into a long-term contract for the design and construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, a new, next-generation, high throughput geostationary satellite. The EchoStar XXIV satellite is primarily intended to provide additional capacity for our HughesNet service in North, Central and South America as well as enterprise broadband services. Maxar Space, LLC (formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC), the manufacturer of our EchoStar XXIV satellite, has notified us of a delay in completion of the satellite. The EchoStar XXIV satellite is expected to be launched in the second half of 2022. Further delays or impediments could have a material adverse impact on our business operations, future revenues, financial position and prospects, the completion of manufacture of the EchoStar XXIV satellite and our planned expansion of satellite broadband services throughout North, South and Central America. In December 2020, we entered into an agreement with a launch provider for the launch of EchoStar XXIV. Capital expenditures associated with the construction and launch of the EchoStar XXIV satellite are included in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting. We continue our efforts to expand our consumer satellite services business outside of the U.S. We have been delivering high-speed consumer satellite broadband services in Brazil since July 2016 and are also providing satellite broadband internet service in several other Latin American countries. Additionally, in September 2015, we entered into 15-year agreements with affiliates of Telesat Canada for Ka-band capacity on the Telesat T19V satellite located at the 63 degree west longitude orbital location, which was launched in July 2018. Telesat T19V was placed in service during the fourth quarter of 2018 and augmented the capacity being provided by the EUTELSAT 65 West A satellite and the EchoStar XIX satellite in South America. 30 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Our broadband subscribers include customers that subscribe to our HughesNet services in the U.S. and Latin America through retail, wholesale and small/medium enterprise service channels. The following table presents our approximate number of broadband subscribers: United States Latin America Total broadband subscribers As of December 31, 2020 2019 2018 1,189,000 375,000 1,564,000 1,239,000 238,000 1,477,000 1,231,000 130,000 1,361,000 The following table presents the approximate number of net subscriber additions for each quarter in 2020: United States Latin America December 31 September 30 (6,000) 43,000 (27,000) 11,000 Total net subscriber additions (16,000) 37,000 June 30 March 31 (28,000) 54,000 26,000 11,000 29,000 40,000 For the Three Months Ended Net subscriber additions in the U.S. decreased in the fourth quarter compared to the third quarter of 2020. Growth of our U.S. consumer subscriber base in certain areas continues to be capacity constrained and we are managing the available capacity to maintain service quality to our existing subscribers. While the balancing of total subscribers relative to capacity utilization in the fourth quarter resulted in lower total subscribers, ARPU increased. In Latin America, we continued to see growth in our subscriber base and ARPU. However, we experienced a decrease in our net subscriber additions in the fourth quarter compared to the third quarter of 2020. This was partly due to fewer subscriber activations, as potential customers reacted to the easing of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. In addition, net subscriber additions were adversely impacted by a temporary increase in churn due to various factors, including changes we made to our collections processes. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our Hughes segment had $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion of contracted revenue backlog, respectively. We define Hughes contracted revenue backlog as our expected future revenue under enterprise customer contracts that are non-cancelable, including lease revenue. Our contracted revenue backlog as of December 31, 2020 decreased primarily due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including lengthened or delayed sales cycles with some of our enterprise customers. ESS Segment Our ESS segment provides satellite services on a full-time and/or occasional-use basis to U.S. government service providers, internet service providers, broadcast news organizations, content providers and private enterprise customers. We operate our ESS business using primarily the EchoStar IX satellite and the EchoStar 105/SES-11 satellite and related infrastructure. Revenue in our ESS segment depends largely on our ability to continuously make use of our available satellite capacity with existing customers and our ability to enter into commercial relationships with new customers. Our ESS segment, like others in the fixed satellite services industry, has encountered, and may continue to encounter, negative pressure on transponder rates and demand. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our ESS segment had contracted revenue backlog of $6.7 million and $11.4 million, respectively. We define contracted revenue backlog for our ESS segment as contracted future satellite lease revenue. Of the total ESS contracted revenue backlog as of December 31, 2020, we expect to recognize $5.4 million of revenue in 2021. 31 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Other Business Opportunities Our industry continues to evolve with the increasing worldwide demand for broadband internet access for information, entertainment and commerce. The current COVID-19 pandemic has made even more evident the worldwide need and demand for connectivity and communications to facilitate an ever-increasing virtual global community and workplace. In addition to fiber and wireless systems, technologies such as geostationary high throughput satellites, LEO networks, MEO systems, balloons and High Altitude Platform Systems are expected to continue to play significant roles in enabling global broadband access, networks and services. We intend to use our expertise, technologies, capital, investments, global presence, relationships and other capabilities to continue to provide broadband internet systems, equipment, networks and services for information, the internet-of-things, entertainment, education, remote-connectivity and commerce across industries and communities globally for consumer and enterprise customers. We are closely tracking the developments in next-generation satellite businesses, and we are seeking to utilize our services, technologies, licenses and expertise to find new commercial opportunities for our business. We intend to continue to selectively explore opportunities to pursue investments, commercial alliances, partnerships, joint ventures, acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic initiatives and transactions, domestically and internationally, that we believe may allow us to increase our existing market share, increase our satellite capacity, expand into new satellite and other technologies, markets and customers, broaden our portfolio of services, products and intellectual property, make our business more valuable, align us for future growth and expansion, maximize the return on our investments and strengthen our business and relationships with our customers. We may allocate or dispose of significant resources for long-term value that may not have a short or medium-term or any positive impact on our revenue, results of operations, or cash flow. S-Band Strategy We intend to continue to explore the development and deployment of S-band technologies that we expect will reduce the cost of satellite communications for internet of things, machine-to-machine communications, public protection, disaster relief and other end-to-end services worldwide and the integration of our products and services into new global, hybrid networks that leverage multiple satellites and terrestrial technologies. We believe we remain in a unique position to deploy a MSS and CGC network in the E.U., the U.K. and other European countries through our EchoStar XXI satellite, which was placed into service in November 2017, and the EUTELSAT 10A payload. We have positioned ourselves to continue to develop the S-band spectrum globally by acquiring Sirion Global Pty Ltd., which we have renamed EchoStar Global which holds global S-band non-geostationary satellite spectrum rights for MSS. Additionally, we entered into a contract with Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc. for the design and construction of S-band nano-satellites. We launched two nano-satellites in the third quarter of 2020. Following launch, both nano-satellites experienced technical anomalies that precluded them from fulfilling their intended regulatory milestone missions. We intend to seek milestone relief due to these force majeure events. We expect to launch our third nano-satellite in 2021. Our nano-satellites are designed to facilitate our continued growth in the global S-band market and enable us to leverage our acquisition of EchoStar Global. In addition, in Mexico we hold licenses for S-band MSS and terrestrial services. Cybersecurity As a global provider of satellite technologies and services, internet services and communications equipment and networks, we may be prone to more targeted and persistent levels of cyber-attacks than other businesses. These risks may be more prevalent as we continue to expand and grow our business into other areas of the world outside of North America, some of which are still developing their cybersecurity infrastructure maturity. Detecting, deterring, preventing and mitigating incidents caused by hackers and other parties may result in significant costs to us and may expose our customers to financial or other harm that have the potential to significantly increase our liability. 32 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a large portion of our workforce has been working remotely and we expect certain portions of our workforce to continue to do so from time to time. While we have cybersecurity risk management tools to help protect our technology, information and networks that our employees access remotely, we cannot guarantee the security of the network that they will be using, the security status of the other non-company managed devices that might be on the network to which they are connected or the devices or networks used by third parties with whom our employees conduct business, such as customers, suppliers, vendors and other persons. Additionally, there continues to be a significant amount of COVID-19 related cyber-fraud and phishing attacks that continue to target our employees, vendors, suppliers, customers and others. Accordingly, we increased our cybersecurity efforts and resources as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We treat cybersecurity risk seriously and are focused on maintaining the security of our and our partners’ systems, networks, technologies and data. We regularly review and revise our relevant policies and procedures, invest in and maintain internal resources, personnel and systems and review, modify and supplement our defenses through the use of various services, programs and outside vendors. Additionally, we provide resources to assist employees in better securing their home networks and remote connections. We also maintain agreements with third party vendors and experts to assist in our remediation and mitigation efforts if we experience or identify a material incident or threat. In addition, senior management and the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors are regularly briefed on cybersecurity matters. On December 8, 2020, the cyber security company FireEye announced that they detected a sophisticated nation state level cyber campaign that targeted FireEye, other public and private companies, and government organizations. FireEye reported that the attack against them was facilitated through the Orion IT management software owned by a company called SolarWinds. Based on information from FireEye, we reviewed all instances of SolarWinds software in use at the Company and have determined that the version we are using is not susceptible to the malware within the version that is compromised. We continue to receive information about these breaches from the U.S. government and private security firms, and we use this data to update our defense systems and to investigate our own networks for compromise. We will continue to update our systems as more information comes to light in reference to this adversary and their actions. We are not aware of any additional cyber-incidents with respect to our owned or leased satellites or other networks, equipment or systems that have had a material adverse effect on our business, costs, operations, prospects, results of operation or financial position during the year ended December 31, 2020 and through February 23, 2021. There can be no assurance, however, that any such incident can be detected or thwarted or will not have such a material adverse effect in the future. 33 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2019 The following table presents our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019: Statements of Operations Data (1) Revenue: Services and other revenue Equipment revenue Total revenue Costs and expenses: For the years ended December 31, Variance 2020 2019 Amount % $ 1,682,304 205,603 1,887,907 $ 1,619,271 266,810 1,886,081 $ 63,033 (61,207) 1,826 3.9 (22.9) 0.1 Cost of sales - services and other 577,943 561,353 16,590 3.0 % of total services and other revenue 34.4 % 34.7 % Cost of sales - equipment % of total equipment revenue 166,435 226,002 (59,567) (26.4) 80.9 % 84.7 % Selling, general and administrative expenses 474,912 509,145 (34,233) % of total revenue Research and development expenses % of total revenue Depreciation and amortization Impairment of long-lived assets Total costs and expenses Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest income, net Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Gains (losses) on investments, net Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Other, net Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Income tax benefit (provision), net Net income (loss) from continuing operations Net income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Less: Net loss (income) attributable to non- controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock Other data: EBITDA (2) Subscribers, end of period 25.2 % 29,448 1.6 % 525,011 1,685 1,775,434 112,473 27.0 % 25,739 1.4 % 490,765 — 1,813,004 73,077 39,982 (147,927) (31,306) (7,267) 6,015 195 (140,308) (27,835) (24,069) (51,904) — (51,904) 82,352 (251,016) 28,912 (14,734) (11,590) (166) (166,242) (93,165) (20,488) (113,653) 39,401 (74,252) 3,709 34,246 1,685 (37,570) 39,396 (42,370) 103,089 (60,218) 7,467 17,605 361 25,934 65,330 (3,581) 61,749 (39,401) 22,348 11,754 11,335 419 $ (40,150) $ (62,917) $ 22,767 $ 616,875 1,564,000 $ 577,599 1,477,000 $ 39,276 87,000 (6.7) 14.4 7.0 * (2.1) 53.9 (51.4) (41.1) * (50.7) * * (15.6) (70.1) 17.5 (54.3) (100.0) (30.1) 3.7 (36.2) 6.8 5.9 Percentage is not meaningful. * (1) An explanation of our key metrics is included in Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items. (2) A reconciliation of EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, is included in Results of Operations. For further information on our use of EBITDA, see Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items. 34 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED The following discussion relates to our continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 unless otherwise stated. Services and other revenue. Services and other revenue totaled $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $63.0 million, or 3.9%, as compared to 2019. • • Services and other revenue from our Hughes segment for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased by $69.2 million, or 4.4%, to $1.7 billion compared to 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in sales of broadband services to our consumer customers of $109.3 million, partially offset by a decrease in sales of services to our enterprise customers of $35.9 million. These variances reflect the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations of $35.6 million, primarily attributable to our consumer customers. Services and other revenue from our Corporate and Other segment for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased by $7.3 million, or 43.0%, to $9.7 million compared to 2019, primarily attributable to a decrease in income from certain real estate previously leased to DISH Network and transferred as part of the BSS Transaction. Equipment revenue. Equipment revenue totaled $205.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $61.2 million, or 22.9%, as compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to $43.2 million related to the bankruptcy of a certain customer and $38.9 million decreased sales to our international enterprise customers, partially offset by $24.7 million increased sales to our domestic enterprise customers. These variances reflect the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations of $3.5 million, primarily attributable to our enterprise customers. Cost of sales - services and other. Cost of sales - services and other totaled $577.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $16.6 million, or 3.0%, as compared to 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to the corresponding increase in services and other revenue. Cost of sales - equipment. Cost of sales - equipment totaled $166.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $59.6 million, or 26.4%, as compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to the corresponding reduction in equipment revenue. Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses totaled $474.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $34.2 million, or 6.7%, as compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to expenses related to the license fee dispute in India of $9.4 million in 2019, certain legal proceedings of $25.7 million in 2019, and decreased sales and marketing expenses of $6.4 million in 2020, partially offset by increases in other general and administrative expenses of $7.3 million in 2020. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses totaled $525.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $34.2 million, or 7.0%, as compared to 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in depreciation expense of $21.8 million relating to our customer premises equipment and $13.4 million relating to the depreciation of assets acquired in the Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction of which $7.9 million are related to non-recurring accelerated depreciation of assets that were scheduled for replacement after the Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction. Impairment of long-lived assets. Impairment of long-lived assets totaled $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, attributable to an impairment loss related to our nano-satellites which experienced technical anomalies following launch. Interest income, net. Interest income, net totaled $40.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $42.4 million, or 51.4%, as compared to 2019, primarily attributable to decreases in the yield on our marketable investment securities and lower cash balances. 35 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized totaled $147.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $103.1 million, or 41.1%, as compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $29.0 million in interest expense and in amortization of deferred financing cost as a result of the purchase and maturity in June 2019 of our 6 1/2% Senior Secured Notes due in 2019, a decrease of $66.1 million of interest expense related to the license fee dispute in India, a decrease of $4.1 million related to a certain legal proceeding in 2019 and an increase of $4.8 million in capitalized interest in 2020 relating to the construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite and its related infrastructure. Gains (losses) on investments, net. Gains (losses) on investments, net were $31.3 million in losses for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $28.9 million in gains for the year ended December 31, 2019, a negative change of $60.2 million. The change was primarily attributable to $69.0 million of net negative variances on marketable investment securities compared to 2019, partially offset by an $6.9 million loss in Other Equity Investments in 2020. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net totaled $7.3 million in losses for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease in losses of $7.5 million, or 50.7%, as compared to 2019. The decrease in losses was related to decreased losses from our investments in our equity method investees. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net totaled $6.0 million in gains for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $11.6 million in losses for the year ended December 31, 2019, a positive change of $17.6 million. The change was due to the net weakening of the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies in 2020 compared to 2019. Income tax benefit (provision), net. Income tax benefit (provision), net was $(24.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $(20.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our effective income tax rate was (86.5)% and (59.8)% for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The variations in our effective tax rate from the U.S. federal statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 were primarily due to the increase in our valuation allowance associated with certain foreign losses, permanent book tax differences and the impact of state and local taxes, partially offset by the change in net losses that are capital in nature and research and experimentation credits. The variations in our current year effective tax rate from the U.S. federal statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 were primarily due to the increase in our valuation allowance associated with certain foreign losses and by the impact of state and local taxes partially offset by the change in net unrealized gains that are capital in nature and research and experimentation credits. 36 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock. Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock was $(40.2) million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $(62.9) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a change of $22.8 million as set forth in the following table: Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2019 $ Decrease (increase) in interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), including depreciation and amortization Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Increase (decrease) in net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest Increase (decrease) in other, net Decrease (increase) in income tax benefit (provision), net Increase (decrease) in net income (loss) from discontinued operations Increase (decrease) in interest income, net Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2020 $ Amounts (62,917) 103,089 39,396 17,605 7,467 419 361 (3,581) (39,401) (42,370) (60,218) (40,150) EBITDA. EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is described under Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items below. The following table reconciles EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements: For the years ended December 31, Variance 2020 2019 Amount % Net income (loss) Interest income, net Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Income tax provision (benefit), net Depreciation and amortization Net loss (income) from discontinued operations Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests EBITDA $ (51,904) $ (74,252) $ (39,982) (82,352) 147,927 24,069 525,011 — 251,016 20,488 490,765 (39,401) 22,348 42,370 (103,089) 3,581 34,246 39,401 11,754 11,335 419 $ 616,875 $ 577,599 $ 39,276 (30.1) (51.4) (41.1) 17.5 7.0 (100.0) 3.7 6.8 37 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED EBITDA was $616.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $39.3 million, or 6.8%, as compared to 2019 as set forth in the following table: EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests Increase (decrease) in other, net Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 Segment Operating Results and Capital Expenditures Amounts 577,599 73,642 17,605 7,467 419 361 (60,218) 616,875 $ $ The following tables present our operating results, capital expenditures and EBITDA by segment for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019: Hughes ESS Corporate and Other Consolidated Total For the year ended December 31, 2020 Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA $ 1,860,834 $ 17,398 $ 9,675 $ 1,887,907 355,197 727,608 41 7,873 53,560 (118,606) 408,798 616,875 For the year ended December 31, 2019 Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA Hughes Segment Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA $ 1,852,742 $ 16,257 $ 17,082 $ 1,886,081 308,781 625,660 — 6,994 109,293 (55,055) 418,074 577,599 For the years ended December 31, Variance 2020 2019 Amount % $ 1,860,834 $ 1,852,742 $ 355,197 727,608 308,781 625,660 8,092 46,416 101,948 0.4 15.0 16.3 Total revenue was $1.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $8.1 million, or 0.4%, as compared to 2019. Services and other revenue increased primarily due to increases in sales of broadband services to our consumer customers of $109.3 million, partially offset by a decrease in sales of services to our enterprise customers of $35.9 million. These variances reflect the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations of $35.6 million, primarily attributable to our consumer customers. Equipment revenue decreased primarily due to $43.2 million related to the bankruptcy of a certain customer and $38.9 million decreased sales to our international enterprise customers, partially offset by $24.7 million increased sales to our domestic enterprise customers. These variances reflect the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations of $3.5 million, primarily attributable to our enterprise customers. 38 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Capital expenditures were $355.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $46.4 million, or 15.0%, as compared to 2019, primarily due to increases in expenditures associated with our consumer business and construction of our satellite-related ground infrastructure. EBITDA was $727.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $101.9 million, or 16.3%, as compared to 2019 as set forth in the following table: EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests Increase (decrease) in other, net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 $ $ Amounts 625,660 80,562 13,298 8,770 419 255 (1,356) 727,608 ESS Segment Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA * Percentage is not meaningful For the years ended December 31, Variance 2020 2019 Amount % $ 17,398 $ 16,257 $ 1,141 41 7,873 — 6,994 41 879 7.0 * 12.6 Total revenue was $17.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $1.1 million, or 7.0%, as compared to 2019, primarily due to an increase in transponder services provided to third parties. EBITDA was $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $0.9 million, or 12.6%, as compared to 2019, primarily due to the increase in overall ESS revenue. Corporate and Other Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA For the years ended December 31, Variance 2020 2019 Amount % $ 9,675 $ 17,082 $ 53,560 (118,606) 109,293 (55,055) (7,407) (55,733) (63,551) (43.4) (51.0) * Total revenue was $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $7.4 million, or 43.4%, as compared to 2019 which was primarily attributable to a decrease in income from certain real estate previously leased to DISH Network and transferred as part of the BSS Transaction. Capital expenditures were $53.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $55.7 million, or 51.0%, as compared to 2019, primarily due to decreases in satellite expenditures on the EchoStar XXIV satellite. 39 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED EBITDA was a loss of $118.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increased in loss of $63.6 million as compared to 2019 as set forth in the following table: Amounts $ (55,055) 8,823 4,306 116 (7,808) (68,988) (118,606) EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Increase (decrease) in other, net Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 $ 40 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2018 The following table presents our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018: Statements of Operations Data (1) Revenue: Services and other revenue Equipment revenue Total revenue Costs and expenses: For the years ended December 31, Variance 2019 2018 Amount % $ 1,619,271 266,810 1,886,081 $ 1,557,228 205,410 1,762,638 $ 62,043 61,400 123,443 4.0 29.9 7.0 Cost of sales - services and other 561,353 563,907 (2,554) (0.5) % of total services and other revenue 34.7 % 36.2 % Cost of sales - equipment % of total equipment revenue 226,002 176,600 49,402 84.7 % 86.0 % Selling, general and administrative expenses 509,145 436,088 73,057 28.0 16.8 (1,831) (6.6) % of total revenue Research and development expenses % of total revenue Depreciation and amortization Impairment of long-lived assets Total costs and expenses Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest income, net Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Gains (losses) on investments, net Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Other, net Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Income tax benefit (provision), net Net income (loss) from continuing operations Net income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Less: Net loss (income) attributable to non- controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock 27.0 % 25,739 1.4 % 490,765 — 1,813,004 73,077 24.7 % 27,570 1.6 % 457,116 65,220 1,726,501 36,137 82,352 (251,016) 28,912 (14,734) (11,590) (166) (166,242) (93,165) (20,488) 80,275 (219,288) (12,622) (5,954) (15,583) 11,249 (161,923) (125,786) (6,576) (113,653) (132,362) 39,401 (74,252) 93,729 (38,633) 33,649 (65,220) 86,503 36,940 2,077 (31,728) 41,534 (8,780) 3,993 (11,415) (4,319) 32,621 (13,912) 18,709 (54,328) (35,619) 11,335 (1,842) 13,177 $ (62,917) $ (40,475) $ (22,442) Other data: EBITDA (2) Subscribers, end of period $ 577,599 1,477,000 $ 468,501 1,361,000 $ 109,098 116,000 Percentage is not meaningful. * (1) An explanation of our key metrics is included in Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items. (2) A reconciliation of EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, is included in Results of Operations. For further information on our use of EBITDA, see Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items. 41 7.4 (100.0) 5.0 * 2.6 14.5 * * (25.6) * 2.7 (25.9) * (14.1) (58.0) 92.2 * 55.4 23.3 8.5 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Services and other revenue. Services and other revenue totaled $1.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $62.0 million, or 4.0%, as compared to 2018. • • Services and other revenue from our Hughes segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $74.9 million, or 5.0%, to $1.6 billion, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in sales of broadband services to our consumer customers of $102.0 million, primarily offset by a decrease in sales of services to our enterprise customers of $30.7 million. Services and other revenue from our ESS segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased by $11.0 million, or 40.3%, to $16.3 million, as compared to 2018. The decrease was due to a decrease of $9.2 million in transponder services provided to third parties and a decrease of $1.6 million in satellite capacity leased to DISH Network on the EchoStar IX satellite. Equipment revenue. Equipment revenue totaled $266.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $61.4 million, or 29.9%, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to our Hughes segment due to increases in hardware sales of $45.9 million to our enterprise customers and $15.5 million to our mobile satellite systems customers. Cost of sales - services and other. Cost of sales - services and other totaled $561.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $2.6 million, or 0.5%, as compared to 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to our Hughes segment due to lower costs of services provided to our enterprise customers, partially offset by an increase in costs of services to our consumer customers. Cost of sales - equipment. Cost of sales - equipment totaled $226.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $49.4 million, or 28.0%, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to our Hughes segment due to an increase in hardware sales to our enterprise customers and our mobile satellite systems customers. Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses totaled $509.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $73.1 million, or 16.8%, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in (i) expense of $32.5 million related to certain legal proceedings, (ii) marketing and promotional expenses of $22.5 million from our Hughes segment mainly associated with our consumer business, (iii) bad debt expense of $5.0 million and (iv) other general and administrative expenses of $13.1 million. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses totaled $490.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $33.6 million, or 7.4%, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily from our Hughes segment and due to increases in depreciation expense of (i) $20.2 million relating to our customer premises equipment, (ii) $4.8 million relating the Telesat T19V satellite that was placed into service in the fourth quarter of 2018, (iii) $3.1 million relating to the decrease in depreciable life of the SPACEWAY 3 satellite and (iv) $2.0 million relating to the depreciation of assets acquired from Yahsat in Brazil. Impairment of long-lived assets. There was no impairment of long-lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $65.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was primarily attributable to the determination that the fair value of our 45 degree west longitude regulatory authorization was de minimis and our recognition of a loss on the assets and in-substance liquidation of the business related to it. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized totaled $251.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $31.7 million, or 14.5%, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $76.3 million in interest expense associated with certain legal proceedings. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $39.1 million in interest expense and the amortization of deferred financing cost as a result of the repurchase and maturity of our 6 1/2% Senior Secured Notes due 2019 (the “2019 Senior Secured Notes”) and a net increase of $4.3 million in capitalized interest relating to the construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite. 42 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Gains (losses) on investments, net. Gains (losses) on investments, net totaled $28.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to $(12.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The change was primarily attributable to an increase in gains on marketable investment securities of $78.2 million in 2019, partially offset by $36.7 million in losses on certain investments in 2019. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net. Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliates, net totaled $(14.7) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to $(6.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The change was primarily related to an increase in loss from our equity method investments. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2019, we changed our accounting policy to record our share of net earnings or losses of investees on a three-month lag. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net totaled $(11.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to $(15.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The change was primarily due to the net strengthening of the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies in 2019 compared to 2018. Other, net. Other, net totaled $(0.2) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease in income of $11.4 million was primarily due to a net gain of $9.6 million due to the one-time settlement of certain amounts due to and from a third party vendor in 2018 and a net decrease of $2.8 million in dividends received from certain marketable equity securities in 2019 compared to 2018. Income tax benefit (provision), net. Income tax benefit (provision), net was $(20.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to $(6.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Our effective income tax rate was (59.8)% and (5.5)% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The variations in our current year effective tax rate from the U.S. federal statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 were primarily due to the increase in our valuation allowance associated with certain foreign losses and by the impact of state and local taxes partially offset by the change in valuation allowance related to net unrealized gains that are capital in nature and research and experimentation credits. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a tax provision of zero related to the tax on deemed mandatory repatriation of our unrepatriated foreign earnings. As a result of the release of new treasury regulations in June 2019, we have recorded additional tax expense of $1.5 million on deemed mandatory repatriation of certain deferred foreign earnings. The variations in our effective tax rate from the U.S. federal statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 were primarily due to research and experimentation credits and the change in our valuation allowance associated with unrealized gains that are capital in nature, partially offset by the impact of state and local taxes and the increase in our valuation allowance associated with certain foreign losses. 43 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock. Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock was a net loss of $(62.9) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to net income of $(40.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as set forth in the following table: Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2018 $ Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), including depreciation and amortization Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Increase (decrease) in interest income, net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Increase (decrease) in other, net Decrease (increase) in income tax benefit (provision), net Decrease (increase) in interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Increase (decrease) in net income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2019 $ Amounts (40,475) 41,534 36,940 13,177 3,993 2,077 (8,780) (11,415) (13,912) (31,728) (54,328) (62,917) EBITDA. EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is described under Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items below. The following table reconciles EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements: For the Years Ended December 31, Variance 2019 2018 Amounts % Net income (loss) Interest income, net Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Income tax provision (benefit), net Depreciation and amortization Net loss (income) from discontinued operations Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests EBITDA * Percentage is not meaningful. $ (74,252) $ (82,352) 251,016 20,488 490,765 (39,401) (38,633) $ (80,275) 219,288 6,576 457,116 (93,729) (35,619) (2,077) 31,728 13,912 33,649 54,328 11,335 (1,842) 13,177 $ 577,599 $ 468,501 $ 109,098 92.2 2.6 14.5 * 7.4 (58.0) * 23.3 EBITDA was $577.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $109.1 million, or 23.3%, as compared to 2018 as set forth in the following table: EBITDA for the year ended EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 $ 468,501 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Increase (decrease) in other, net EBITDA for the year ended EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 $ 70,589 41,534 13,177 3,993 (8,780) (11,415) 577,599 Amounts 44 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Segment Operating Results and Capital Expenditures The following tables present our operating results, capital expenditures and EBITDA by segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. Capital expenditures in the table below are net of refunds and other receipts related to property and equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2019 Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA For the year ended December 31, 2018 Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA Hughes Segment Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA Hughes ESS Corporate and Other Consolidated Total $ 1,852,742 $ 16,257 $ 17,082 $ 1,886,081 308,781 625,660 — 6,994 109,293 (55,055) 418,074 577,599 $ 1,716,528 $ 27,231 $ 18,879 $ 1,762,638 390,108 601,319 (76,757) 17,764 164,091 (150,582) 477,442 468,501 For the years ended December 31, Variance 2019 2018 Amount % $ 1,852,742 $ 1,716,169 $ 136,214 308,781 625,660 390,108 601,319 (81,327) 24,341 7.9 (20.8) 4.0 Total revenue was $1.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $136.2 million, or 7.9%, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $102.0 million in sales of broadband services to our consumer customers and net increases in hardware sales of $45.9 million to our enterprise customers and $15.5 million to our mobile satellite systems customers. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $30.7 million in sales of services to our enterprise customers. Capital expenditures were $308.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $81.3 million, or 20.8%, as compared to 2018, primarily due to net decreases in capital expenditures associated with the construction and infrastructure of our satellites and in our consumer and enterprise businesses. EBITDA was $625.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $24.3 million, or 4.0%, as compared to 2018, as set forth in the following table: EBITDA for the year ended EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 $ Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Increase (decrease) in other, net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net Amounts 601,319 23,115 13,177 2,614 (198) (5,477) (8,890) EBITDA for the year ended EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 $ 625,660 45 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED ESS Segment Total Revenue Capital Expenditures EBITDA For the Years Ended December 31, Variance 2019 2018 Amounts % $ 16,257 $ 27,009 $ (10,974) — 6,994 (76,757) 17,764 76,757 (10,770) (40.3) (100.0) (60.6) Total revenue was $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $11.0 million, or 40.3%, as compared to 2018. The decrease was attributable to a net decrease of $9.2 million in transponder services provided to third parties and a decrease of $1.6 million in satellite capacity leased to DISH Network on the EchoStar IX satellite. There were no capital expenditures for the year ended for the year ended December 31, 2019, as there were no new satellites under construction in our ESS segment during the year. The negative capital expenditure in 2018 for $76.8 million is primarily driven by a reimbursement of $77.5 million related to the EchoStar 105/SES-11 satellite received in the first quarter of 2018. EBITDA was $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $10.8 million, or 60.6%, as compared to 2018, primarily due to the decrease in overall ESS revenue. Corporate and Other Total revenue Capital expenditures EBITDA For the Years Ended December 31, Variance 2019 2018 Amounts % $ 17,082 $ 19,460 $ 109,293 (55,055) 164,091 (150,582) (1,797) (54,798) 95,527 (9.5) (33.4) (63.4) Capital expenditures were $109.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $54.8 million, or 33.4%, as compared to 2018, primarily due to decreases in satellite expenditures on the EchoStar XXIV satellite. EBITDA was $(55.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $95.5 million, or 63.4%, as compared to 2018, as set forth in the following table: EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Increase (decrease) in other, net EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 Amounts $ (150,582) 58,246 50,424 1,379 (3,303) (11,219) (55,055) $ 46 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Cash, Cash Equivalents and Current Marketable Investment Securities We consider all liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding our marketable investment securities. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities totaled $2.5 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively, of which $1.6 billion and $0.9 billion, respectively, we held as marketable investment securities, consisting of various debt and equity instruments including corporate bonds, corporate equity securities, government bonds and mutual funds. The following discussion highlights our cash flow activities, which include results from continuing and discontinued operations, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Cash Flow Activities Cash Flows from Operating Activities We typically reinvest the cash flow from operating activities in our business. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we reported net cash flows from operating activities of $534.4 million, $656.3 million and $734.5 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we reported net cash flows from operating activities of $534.4 million, a decrease of $121.9 million, as compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower net income, as adjusted to exclude (i) Depreciation and amortization; (ii) Impairment of long-lived assets; (iii) Losses (gains) on investments, net; (iv) Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net; (v) Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses, net; (vi) Deferred tax provision (benefit), net; (vii) Stock-based compensation; (viii) Amortization of debt issuance costs; and (ix) changes in Other, net, of $42.0 million. The decrease in cash flows was also attributable to a decrease of $80.0 million resulting from timing differences in operating assets and liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we reported net cash flows from operating activities of $656.3 million, a decrease of $78.2 million, as compared to 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower net income, as adjusted to exclude (i) Depreciation and amortization; (ii) Impairment of long-lived assets; (iii) Losses (gains) on investments, net; (iv) Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net; (v) Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses, net; (vi) Dividends received from unconsolidated entity; and (viii) changes in Other, net, of $141.1 million. The decrease in cash flows was partially offset by an increase of $62.9 million resulting from timing differences in operating assets and liabilities. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Our investing activities generally include purchases and sales of marketable investment securities, capital expenditures, acquisitions and strategic investments. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we reported net cash flows from investing activities of $(1.1) billion, $0.8 billion and $(2.1) billion, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had net sales and maturities of marketable investment securities of $2.1 billion, partially offset by net purchases of marketable investment securities of $2.8 billion, expenditures for property and equipment of $408.8 million, expenditures of externally marketed software of $38.7 million, and purchase of other investments of $5.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we had net sales and maturities of marketable investment securities of $2.4 billion, partially offset by net purchases of marketable investment securities of $993.4 million, expenditures for property and equipment of $418.6 million, and purchase of other investments of $93.7 million. 47 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED For the year ended December 31, 2018, we had net purchases of marketable investment securities of $3.0 billion, expenditures for property and equipment of $555.1 million and investments in unconsolidated affiliates of $116.0 million, partially offset by net sales and maturities of marketable investment securities of $1.5 billion, and a reimbursement of $77.5 million related to the EchoStar 105/SES-11 satellite. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Our financing activities generally include proceeds related to the issuance of debt and cash used for the repurchase, redemption or payment of debt and finance lease obligations, payments relating to stock and debt repurchases and the proceeds from Class A common stock options exercised and stock issued under our stock incentive plans and employee stock purchase plan. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we reported net cash flows from financing activities of $(15.6) million, $(885.3) million and $(136.6) million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had cash outflows of $43.5 million for the repurchase of shares of our Class A common stock, partially offset by cash inflows of $18.2 million for the contribution by noncontrolling interest holder and $10.1 million in net proceeds received from Class A common stock issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we had cash outflows of $920.9 million for the repurchasing and maturity of debt, $29.3 million for the payment of finance lease obligations and $7.3 million for the purchase of non-controlling shareholder interests in a subsidiary of ours that were held by an unaffiliated third party, partially offset by $67.3 million in net proceeds received from the exercise of Class A common stock options. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we had cash outflows of $70.2 million for the repurchasing and maturity of debt, $41.0 million for the payment of finance lease obligations and $33.3 million for the repurchase of shares of Class A common stock, partially offset by $9.4 million in net proceeds received from the exercise of Class A common stock options. Obligations and Future Capital Requirements Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020: Payments Due in the Years Ending December 31, Long-term debt Interest on long-term debt Satellite-related commitments Operating lease obligations Finance lease obligations Total Total 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter $ 2,400,000 $ 900,000 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,500,000 568,711 123,396 487,665 223,528 176,001 21,051 608 472 89,063 73,412 20,409 136 89,063 22,778 19,628 — 89,063 20,743 16,364 — 89,063 21,487 12,355 — 89,063 125,717 86,194 — $ 3,632,985 $ 1,268,447 $ 183,020 $ 131,469 $ 126,170 $ 122,905 $ 1,800,974 The table above does not include amounts related to deferred tax liabilities, unrecognized tax positions and certain other amounts recorded in our non-current liabilities as the timing of any payments is uncertain. The table also excludes long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities that do not require future cash payments. Additionally, our satellite-related commitments include payments pursuant to agreements for the construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, payments pursuant to the EchoStar XXIV launch contract, payments pursuant to regulatory authorizations, non-lease costs associated with our finance lease satellites, in-orbit incentives relating to certain satellites and commitments for satellite service arrangements. In certain circumstances, the dates on which we are obligated to pay our contractual obligations could change. 48 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We generally do not engage in off-balance sheet financing activities or use derivative financial instruments for hedge accounting or speculative purposes. As of December 31, 2020, we had foreign currency forward contracts with a notional value of $12.1 million in place to partially mitigate foreign currency exchange risk. From time to time, we may enter into foreign currency forward contracts, or take other measures, to mitigate risks associated with foreign currency denominated assets, liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency transactions. Letters of Credit The following table presents the components of our letters of credit as of December 31, 2020: Restricted cash Insurance bonds Credit arrangement available to our foreign subsidiaries Total letters of credit Certain letters of credit are secured by assets of our foreign subsidiaries. Satellites Amounts 9,159 19,251 31,210 59,620 $ $ As our satellite fleet ages, we will be required to evaluate replacement alternatives such as acquiring, leasing or constructing additional satellites, with or without customer commitments for capacity. We may also construct, acquire or lease additional satellites in the future to provide satellite services at additional orbital locations or to improve the quality of our satellite services. Satellite Insurance We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. Therefore, we generally bear the risk of any in-orbit failures. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements governing certain portions of our long-term debt and our joint venture agreements with Yahsat, we are required, subject to certain limitations on coverage, to maintain only for the SPACEWAY 3 satellite, the EchoStar XVII satellite and the Al Yah 3 Brazilian payload, insurance or other contractual arrangements during the commercial in-orbit service of such satellite or payload. Our other satellites and payloads, either in orbit or under construction, are not covered by launch or in-orbit insurance or other contractual arrangements. We will continue to assess circumstances going forward and make insurance-related decisions on a case-by-case basis. Future Capital Requirements We primarily rely on our existing cash and marketable investment securities balances, as well as cash flow generated through our operations to fund our business. Revenue in our ESS segment depends largely on our ability to continuously make use of our available satellite capacity with existing customers and our ability to enter into commercial relationships with new customers. Consumer revenue in our Hughes segment depends on our success in adding new and retaining existing subscribers and driving higher average revenue per subscriber across our wholesale and retail channels. Revenue in our enterprise and equipment businesses relies heavily on global economic conditions and the competitive landscape for pricing relative to competitors and alternative technologies. Service costs related to ongoing support of our direct and indirect customers and partners are typically impacted most significantly by our growth. There can be no assurance that we will have positive cash flows from operations. Our cash flow could be adversely impacted as a result of the prolonged effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on global activity. Furthermore, if we experience negative cash flows, our existing cash and marketable investment securities balances may be reduced. 49 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED We have a significant amount of outstanding indebtedness. As of December 31, 2020, our total indebtedness was $2.4 billion. Our liquidity requirements will continue to be significant, primarily due to our remaining debt service requirements and the design and construction of our new EchoStar XXIV satellite. Our 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) with an outstanding principal balance of $900.0 million mature and are due and payable in June 2021. We may from time to time seek to purchase amounts of our outstanding debt in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, depending on market conditions, our liquidity needs and other factors. The amounts we may repurchase may be material. In addition, our future capital expenditures are likely to increase if we make acquisitions or additional investments in infrastructure, technologies or joint ventures to support and expand our business, or if we decide to purchase or build additional satellites or other technologies or assets. Other aspects of our business operations may also require additional capital. We also expect to owe U.S. Federal income tax for 2021. We anticipate that our existing cash and marketable investment securities are sufficient to repay our 2021 Notes that mature and are due and payable in June 2021 and to fund the currently anticipated operations of our business through the next twelve months. Stock Repurchases Our Board of Directors previously authorized us to repurchase up to $500.0 million of our Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2020. On October 29, 2020, our Board of Directors terminated its prior authorization and authorized us to repurchase, pursuant to its new authorization, up to $500.0 million of our Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2021. Purchases under our repurchase authorization may be made through privately negotiated transactions, open market repurchases, one or more trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise, subject to market conditions and other factors. We may elect not to purchase the maximum amount or any of the shares allowable under this program and we may also enter into additional share repurchase programs authorized by our Board of Directors. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 1,905,906 shares of our Class A common stock under this program. From January 1, 2021 through February 11, 2021, we repurchased 2,851,841 shares of our Class A common stock under this program. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES The preparation of our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheets, the reported amounts of revenue and expenses for each reporting period, and certain information disclosed in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. We base our estimates, judgments and assumptions on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from previously estimated amounts, and such differences may be material to our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. We review our estimates and assumptions periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the period they occur or prospectively if the revised estimate affects future periods. The following represent what we believe are the critical accounting policies that may involve a high degree of estimation, judgment and complexity. For a summary of our significant accounting policies, including those discussed below, see Note 2 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. Contingent Liabilities We record an accrual for litigation and other loss contingencies when we determine that a loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal fees and other costs of defending legal proceedings are charged to expense as incurred. A significant amount of management judgment is required in determining whether an accrual should be recorded for a loss contingency and the amount of such accrual. Estimates generally are developed in consultation with legal counsel and are based on an analysis of potential outcomes. Due to the inherent uncertainty in determining the likelihood of potential outcomes and the potential financial statement impact of such outcomes, it is possible that upon further development or resolution of a contingent matter, charges related to existing loss contingencies could be recorded in future periods, which could be material to our consolidated results of operations and financial position. 50 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED Revenue Recognition Our Hughes segment enters into contracts to design, develop and deliver telecommunication networks to customers in our enterprise and mobile satellite systems markets. Those contracts require significant effort to develop and construct the network over an extended time period. Revenue from such contracts is recognized over time using an appropriate method to measure progress toward completion. Depending on the nature of the arrangement, we measure progress toward completion using the cost-to-cost input method or the units-of-delivery output method. Under the cost-to-cost method, revenue reflects the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs at completion. Under the units-of-delivery method, revenue and related costs are recognized as products are delivered based on the expected profit for the entire agreement. Profit margins on long-term contracts are based on estimates of total revenue and costs at completion. We review and revise our estimates periodically and recognize related adjustments in the period in which the revisions are made. Estimated losses on contracts are recorded in the period in which they are identified. Changes in our periodic estimates for these contracts could result in significant adjustments to our revenue or costs, which could be material to our consolidated results of operations. In addition, some of our contracts with customers include leased equipment. These contracts are reviewed to assess whether they meet the definition of a lease, including determination of the proper revenue classification. Lease revenue is recognized either over time for operating leases or when the leased asset is de-recognized for sales-type leases. Impairment of Assets Impairment of long-lived assets We evaluate our long-lived assets other than goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment whenever events and changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group is considered to not be recoverable when the market value or estimated future undiscounted cash flows from such asset or asset group is less than its carrying amount. In that event, an impairment loss is recorded in the determination of operating income based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the long-lived asset or asset group. The estimated fair value is determined primarily using market value or cash flow techniques reflecting the estimated cash flows and discount rate that would be assumed by a market participant for the asset or asset group under review. Our discounted cash flow estimates typically include assumptions based on unobservable inputs and may reflect probability-weighting of alternative scenarios. Estimated losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale may be determined in a similar manner, except that fair value estimates are reduced for estimated selling costs. Changes in estimates of future cash flows, discount rates and other assumptions could result in recognition of additional impairment losses in future periods. We evaluate goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events and changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Our impairment assessment typically begins with a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not the fair value of the indefinite lived asset or reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment includes comparing the overall financial performance against the planned results. Additionally, fair value is assessed under certain events and circumstances, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and other relevant entity-specific events which requires significant judgment. If we determine in the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying value, then we estimate the fair value using discounted cash flows or market value and compare the estimated fair value to its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, then an impairment is recognized for the difference. Impairment of investments We periodically evaluate all of our investments to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment and/or if there has been observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar securities of the same issuer. We consider information if provided to us by our investees such as current financial statements, business plans, investment 51 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED documentation, capitalization tables, liquidation waterfalls, and board materials, and we may make additional inquiries of investee management. Indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, unprofitable operations, material loss contingencies, changes in business strategy, changes in the investees’ enterprise value and changes in the investees’ investment pricing. When we determine that one of our other investments is impaired we reduce its carrying value to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss. Additionally, when there has been an observable price change to a cost method investment, we adjust the carrying amount of the investment to its then estimated fair value and recognize the investment gain or loss. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. We are continuing to assess the impact of adopting certain recently issued accounting pronouncements on our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. SEASONALITY For our Hughes segment, service revenue is generally not impacted by seasonal fluctuations other than those associated with fluctuations related to sales and promotional activities. However, like many communications infrastructure equipment vendors, a higher amount of our hardware revenue occurs in the second half of the year due to our customers’ annual procurement and budget cycles. Our ESS segment is not generally affected by seasonal impacts. We cannot predict with any certainty whether these trends will continue in the near future as the economy and our customers react to the COVID-19 pandemic and experience associated disruptions and dislocations. INFLATION Inflation has not materially affected our operations during the past three years but we are unable to predict the extent or nature of any future inflationary pressure at this time. We believe that our ability to increase the prices charged for our products and services in future periods will depend primarily on competitive pressures or contractual terms. However, we may not be able to maintain pricing levels consistent with inflationary pressure on expenses. EXPLANATION OF KEY METRICS AND OTHER ITEMS Services and other revenue. Services and other revenue primarily includes the sales of consumer and enterprise broadband services, maintenance and other contracted services, revenue associated with satellite and transponder leases and services, satellite uplinking/downlinking, subscriber wholesale service fees for the HughesNet service professional services and facilities rental revenue. Equipment revenue. Equipment revenue primarily includes broadband equipment and networks sold to customers in our consumer and enterprise markets. Cost of sales - services and other. Cost of sales - services and other primarily includes the cost of broadband services provided to our consumer and enterprise customers, maintenance and other contracted services, costs associated with satellite and transponder leases and services, professional services and facilities rental. Cost of sales - equipment. Cost of sales - equipment consists primarily of the cost of broadband equipment and networks sold to customers in our consumer and enterprise markets. It also includes certain other costs associated with the deployment of equipment to our customers. Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily includes selling and marketing costs and employee-related costs associated with administrative services (e.g., information systems, human resources and other services), including stock-based compensation expense. It also includes 52 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CONTINUED professional fees (e.g. legal, information systems and accounting services) and other expenses associated with facilities and administrative services. Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses primarily includes costs associated with the design and development of products to support future growth and provide new technology and innovation to our customers. Impairment of long-lived assets. Impairment of long-lived assets includes our impairment losses related to our property and equipment, goodwill, regulatory authorizations and other intangible assets. Interest income, net. Interest income, net primarily includes interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities, and other investments including premium amortization and discount accretion on debt securities. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized primarily includes interest expense associated with our debt and finance lease obligations (net of capitalized interest), amortization of debt issuance costs and interest expense related to certain legal proceedings. Gains (losses) on investments, net. Gains (losses) on investments, net primarily includes changes in fair value of our marketable equity securities and other investments for which we have elected the fair value option. It may also include realized gains and losses on the sale or exchange of our available-for-sale debt securities, other-than- temporary impairment losses on our available-for-sale securities, realized gains and losses on the sale or exchange of equity securities and debt securities without readily determinable fair value and adjustments to the carrying amount of investments in unconsolidated affiliates and marketable equity securities resulting from impairments and observable price changes. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net includes earnings or losses from our investments accounted for using the equity method. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net include gains and losses resulting from the re-measurement of transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Other, net. Other, net primarily includes dividends received from our marketable investment securities and other non-operating income and expense items that are not appropriately classified elsewhere in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. Net income (loss) from discontinued operations. Net income (loss) from discontinued operations includes the financial results of the BSS Business transferred in the BSS Transaction, except for certain real estate that transferred in the transaction. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”). EBITDA is defined as Net income (loss) excluding Interest income and expense, net, Income tax benefit (provision), net, Depreciation and amortization, Net income (loss) from discontinued operations and Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests. EBITDA is not a measure determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP measure is reconciled to Net income (loss) in our discussion of Results of Operations above. EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income, net income or any other measure determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. EBITDA is used by our management as a measure of operating efficiency and overall financial performance for benchmarking against our peers and competitors. Management believes EBITDA provides meaningful supplemental information regarding the underlying operating performance of our business and is appropriate to enhance an overall understanding of our financial performance. Management also believes that EBITDA is useful to investors because it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate the performance of companies in our industry. Subscribers. Subscribers include customers that subscribe to our HughesNet service, through retail, wholesale and small/medium enterprise service channels. 53 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market Risks Associated with Financial Instruments and Foreign Currency Our investments and debt are exposed to market risks, discussed below. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Current Marketable Investment Securities As of December 31, 2020, our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable investment securities had a fair value of $2.5 billion. Of this amount, a total of $2.5 billion was invested in: (a) cash; (b) commercial paper and corporate notes with an overall average maturity of less than one year and rated in one of the four highest rating categories by at least two nationally recognized statistical rating organizations; (c) debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies; and/or (d) instruments with similar risk, duration and credit quality characteristics to the commercial paper and corporate obligations described above. The primary purpose of these investing activities has been to preserve principal until the cash is required to, among other things, fund operations, make strategic investments and expand the business. Consequently, the size of this portfolio fluctuates significantly as cash is received and used in our business. The value of this portfolio may be negatively impacted by credit losses; however, this risk is mitigated through diversification that limits our exposure to any one issuer. Interest Rate Risk A change in interest rates would not affect the fair value of our cash, or materially affect the fair value of our cash equivalents due to their maturities of less than 90 days. A change in interest rates would affect the fair value of our current marketable debt securities portfolio; however, we normally hold these investments to maturity. Based on our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable debt securities investment portfolio of $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2020, a hypothetical 10% change in average interest rates during 2020 would not have had a material impact on the fair value of our cash, cash equivalents and debt securities portfolio due to the limited duration of our investments. Our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable debt securities had an average annual rate of return for the year ended December 31, 2020 of 0.93%. A change in interest rates would affect our future annual interest income from this portfolio, since funds would be re-invested at different rates as the instruments mature. A hypothetical 10% decrease in average interest rates during 2020 would have resulted in a decrease of $2.2 million in annual interest income. Strategic Marketable Investment Securities As of December 31, 2020, we held investments in the publicly traded securities of several companies with a fair value of $24.4 million. These investments, which are held for strategic and financial purposes, are concentrated in a small number of companies, are highly speculative and have historically experienced, and continue to experience volatility. The fair value of these investments are subject to significant fluctuations in fair value and can be significantly impacted by the risk of adverse changes in securities markets generally, as well as risks related to the performance of the companies whose securities we have invested in, risks associated with specific industries and other factors. In general, our strategic marketable investment securities portfolio is not significantly impacted by interest rate fluctuations as it currently consists primarily of equity securities, the value of which is more closely related to factors specific to the underlying business. A hypothetical 10% adverse change in the market price of our public strategic equity investments during 2020 would have resulted in a decrease of $2.4 million in the fair value of these investments. Other Investments As of December 31, 2020, we had $133.9 million of other equity investments and other debt investments of privately held companies that we hold for strategic business purposes. The fair value of these investments is not readily determinable. We periodically review these investments and may adjust the carrying amount to their estimated fair value when there are indications of impairment, observable prices changes for the investments or observable transactions of the same investments. A hypothetical adverse change equal to 10% of the carrying amount of these equity instruments during 2020 would have resulted in a decrease of $13.4 million in the value of these investments. 54 Our ability to realize value from our strategic investments in companies that are privately held depends on the success of those companies’ businesses and their ability to obtain sufficient capital to execute their business plans. Because private markets are not as liquid as public markets, there is also increased risk that we will not be able to sell these investments, or that when we sell them, we will not be able to recover our investment. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk Our international business is conducted in a variety of foreign currencies with our largest exposures being to the Brazilian real, the Indian rupee, European euro and the British pound. Transactions in foreign currencies are converted into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect on the dates of the transactions. This exposes us to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Our objective in managing our exposure to foreign currency changes is to reduce earnings and cash flow volatility associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, primarily resulting from loans to foreign subsidiaries in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we may enter into foreign currency forward contracts, or take other measures, to mitigate risks associated with foreign currency denominated assets, liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency transactions. As of December 31, 2020, we had foreign currency forward contracts with a notional value of $12.1 million in place to partially mitigate foreign currency exchange risk. The estimated fair values of the foreign currency contracts were not material as of December 31, 2020. The impact of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in exchange rates on the carrying amount of the net assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries during 2020 would have resulted in an estimated loss to the cumulative translation adjustment of $60.8 million as of December 31, 2020. Derivative Financial Instruments We generally do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes and we generally do not apply hedge accounting treatment to our derivative financial instruments. We evaluate our derivative financial instruments from time to time but there can be no assurance that we will not enter into additional foreign currency forward contracts, or take other measures, in the future to mitigate our foreign currency exchange risk. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Our Accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are included in Item 15 of this Form 10-K. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K such that the information required to be disclosed in our Securities and Exchange Commission reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. 55 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We continue to review our internal control over financial reporting and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing its effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) (ii) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of our financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and our directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears in Item 15(a) of this Form 10-K. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Financial Results On February 23, 2021, we issued a press release (the “Press Release”) announcing our financial results for the quarter and year ended December 31, 2020. A copy of the Press Release is furnished herewith as Exhibit 99.1. The foregoing information, including the exhibit related thereto, is furnished in response to Item 2.02 of Form 8-K and shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise, and shall not be incorporated by reference into any registration statement or other document pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or into any filing or other document pursuant to the Exchange Act, except as otherwise expressly stated in any such filing. 56 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this Item with respect to the identity and business experience of our directors and corporate governance will be set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, under the caption “Election of Directors,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this Item with respect to the identity and business experience of our executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Form 10-K under the caption Item 1. Business — Information about our Executive Officers. The information required by this Item with respect to our code of ethics is contained in Part I of this Form 10-K under the caption Item 1. Business — Website Access. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, under the caption “Executive Compensation and Other Information,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Equity Security Ownership” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, under the caption “Principal Accountant Fees and Services,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 57 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) The following documents are filed as part of this report: PART IV (1) Consolidated Financial Statements Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-1 F-2 F-4 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-11 (2) Exhibits 2.1* 2.2* 2.3* 3.1* 3.2* 3.3* 3.4* 3.5* Form of Separation Agreement between EchoStar Corporation and DISH Network Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Amendment No. 1 of EchoStar Corporation’s Form 10 filed December 12, 2007, Commission File No. 001-33807). Agreement and Plan of Merger between EchoStar Corporation, EchoStar Satellite Services L.L.C., Broadband Acquisition Corporation and Hughes Communications, Inc. dated as of February 13, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Hughes Communications Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8- K, filed February 15, 2011, Commission File No. 1-33040). **** Master Transaction Agreement by and among DISH Network Corporation, BSS Merger Sub Inc., EchoStar Corporation, and EchoStar BSS Corporation, dated as of May 19, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807). **** Articles of Incorporation of EchoStar Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 1 of EchoStar Corporation’s Form 10 filed December 12, 2007, Commission File No. 001-33807). Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of EchoStar Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 25, 2008, Commission File No. 001-33807). Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of EchoStar Corporation, dated as of May 4, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 5, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). Certificate of Withdrawal of Certificate of Designation of EchoStar Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 31 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 6, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807). Bylaws of EchoStar Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 1 of EchoStar Corporation’s Form 10 filed December 12, 2007, Commission File No. 001-33807). 58 4.1* 4.2* 4.3* 4.4* 4.5* 4.6* 4.7* 4.8* 4.9* 4.10* 4.11* Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate of EchoStar Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 1 of EchoStar Corporation’s Form 10 filed December 12, 2007, Commission File No. 001-33807). Indenture relating to the EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation) 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021, dated as of June 1, 2011, by and among EH Holding Corporation, the guarantors listed on the signature page thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 2, 2011, Commission File No. 001-33807). Supplemental Indenture relating to the 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021 of EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation), dated as of June 8, 2011, by and among EH Holding Corporation, the guarantors listed on the signature page thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 9, 2011, Commission File No. 001-33807). Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2011, among EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation), the guarantors listed on the signature page thereto and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 2, 2011, Commission File No. 001-33807). Security Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2011, among EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation), the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto, and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 9, 2011, Commission File No. 001-33807). Second Supplemental Indenture relating to the 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021 of Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, dated as of March 28, 2014, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, filed May 9, 2014, Commission File No. 001-33807). Form of Note for 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021 (included as part of Exhibit 4.3). Indenture, relating to the 5.250% Senior Secured Notes, dated as of July 27, 2016, among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors party thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). Indenture, relating to the 6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes, dated as of July 27, 2016, among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8- K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 27, 2016, among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors party thereto and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). Additional Secured Party Joinder, dated as of July 27, 2016, among U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent, and Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). 4.12* Form of 5.250% Senior Secured Note due 2026 (included as part of Exhibit 4.13). 4.13* Form of 6.625% Senior Unsecured Note due 2026 (included as part of Exhibit 4.14). 59 4.14* 4.15* 4.16* 4.17* 4.18* 4.19* 4.20* 4.21* 4.22* Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, dated March 23, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed April 6, 2017, Commission File No. 333-179121). Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of March 23, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed April 6, 2017, Commission File No. 333-179121). Third Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 7⅝% Senior Notes due 2021, dated March 23, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed April 6, 2017, Commission File No. 333-179121). Joinder Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2017, to the Security Agreement dated as of June 8, 2011, by and between HNS Americas, L.L.C., HNS Americas II, L.L.C. and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 001-33807). Second Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, dated August 10, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.25 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 001-33807). Second Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of August 10, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.26 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 001-33807). Fourth Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 7⅝% Senior Notes due 2021, dated August 10, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.28 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 001-33807). Joinder Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2019, to the Security Agreement dated as of June 8, 2011, by and between EchoStar BSS Corporation, EchoStar FSS L.L.C. and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807). Third Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, dated June 12, 2019, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807). 60 4.23* 4.24* 4.25* 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.9* Third Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of June 12, 2019, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807). Fifth Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation’s 7⅝% Senior Notes due 2021, dated June 12, 2019, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807). Description of our Capital Stock ((incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.25 to EchoStar Corporations’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed February 20, 2020, Commission File No. 001-33807). Form of Tax Sharing Agreement between EchoStar Corporation and DISH Network Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 1 of EchoStar Corporation’s Form 10 filed December 12, 2007, Commission File No. 001-33807). Form of EchoStar Corporation 2008 Class B CEO Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Amendment No. 1 of EchoStar Corporation’s Form 10 filed December 12, 2007, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2008 Stock Incentive Plan”) (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed September 18, 2014, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation 2008 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (the “2008 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan”) (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed March 31, 2009, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Allocation Agreement, dated August 4, 2009, between EchoStar Corporation and DISH Network Corporation (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009, filed November 9, 2009, Commission File No. 001-33807). Employment Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2005 between Hughes Network Systems, LLC and Pradman Kaul (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Hughes Communications Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed December 5, 2005, Commission File No. 333-130136).** Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2010 between Hughes Communications, Inc. and Pradman Kaul (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Hughes Communications Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 7, 2011, Commission File No. 001-33040).** Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2016, between Hughes Communications, Inc. and Pradman Kaul (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 6, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive or Director (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for filed November 6, 2015, Commission File No. 001-33807).** the quarter ended September 30, 2015, 10.10* Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (1999) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** 61 10.11* 10.12* 10.13* 10.14* 10.15* 10.16* 10.17* 10.18* 10.19* 10.20* 10.21* 10.22* 10.23* 10.24* Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Employee (2008) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive (2008) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Employee (2014) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive (2014) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). ** Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807). ** Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive or Director (2011) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** EchoStar Corporation Executive Officer Bonus Incentive Plan, dated as of May 4, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 5, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Share Exchange Agreement among DISH Network Corporation, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Operating L.L.C., EchoStar Corporation, EchoStar Broadcasting Holding Parent L.L.C., EchoStar Broadcasting Holding Corporation, EchoStar Technologies Holding Corporation, and EchoStar Technologies L.L.C., dated as of January 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed May 10, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807. ***/**** EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed March 23, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** EchoStar Corporation 2017 Non-Employee Director Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed March 23, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed March 23, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** EchoStar Non-Qualified Plan -- Executive Plan and Adoption Agreement, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan - Employee (2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan - Executive (2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807). ** 62 10.25* 10.26* 10.27* 10.28* 10.29* 10.30* 10.31* 10.32* Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Non- Employee Director Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan - Executive (2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Letter Agreement between EchoStar Corporation and DISH Network Corporation, dated August 3, 2018, amending that certain Form of Tax Sharing Agreement between EchoStar Corporation and DISH Network (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 2018, filed November 8, 2018, Commission File No. 001-33807). Amendment to EchoStar Non-Qualified Plan -- Executive Plan and Adoption Agreement, dated November 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to EchoStar Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed February 21, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation Executive Officer Bonus Incentive Plan, dated as of April 30, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 001-33807).** Contract between EchoStar XXIV L.L.C. and Space Systems/Loral, LLC (currently known as Maxar Space LLC) for the Jupiter 3 Satellite programs, dated as April 19, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to EchoStar Corporations’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed February 20, 2020, Commission File No. 001-33807). ***/**** Amendment to EchoStar Non-Qualified Plan – Executive Plan and Adoption Agreement, dated October 21, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed November 5, 2020, Commission File No. 001-33807). ** Amendment No. 1 to Contract between EchoStar XXIV L.L.C. and SpaceSystems/Loral, LLC (currently known as Maxar Space LLC) for the Jupiter 3 Satellite Program, dated October 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to EchoStar Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed November 5, 2020. Commission File No. 001-33807). **** 21(H) Subsidiaries of EchoStar Corporation. 23(H) Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 24(H) Powers of Attorney of Charles W. Ergen, R. Stanton Dodge, Anthony M. Federico, Pradman P. Kaul, Jeffrey R. Tarr, C. Michael Schroeder and William David Wade. 99.1(I) Press release dated February 23, 2021 issued by EchoStar Corporation regarding financial results for the quarter and full year ended December 31, 2020. 31.1(H) Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer. 31.2(H) Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer. 32.1(I) Section 906 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase. 63 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase. (H) (I) * ** *** **** Filed herewith. Furnished herewith. Incorporated by reference. Constitutes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Certain portions of the exhibit have been omitted in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and regulations regarding confidential treatment. Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. We agree to furnish supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit upon request, subject to our right to request confidential treatment of any requested schedule or exhibit. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 64 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES ECHOSTAR CORPORATION By: /s/ David J. Rayner David J. Rayner Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Treasurer Date: February 23, 2021 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Michael T. Dugan Michael T. Dugan /s/ David J. Rayner David J. Rayner * Charles W. Ergen * R. Stanton Dodge * Anthony M. Federico * Pradman P. Kaul * Jeffrey R. Tarr * C. Michael Schroeder * William David Wade * By: /s/ Dean A. Manson Dean A. Manson Attorney-in-Fact Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer) February 23, 2021 Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) February 23, 2021 Chairman February 23, 2021 February 23, 2021 February 23, 2021 February 23, 2021 February 23, 2021 February 23, 2021 February 23, 2021 Director Director Director Director Director Director 65 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Consolidated Financial Statements: Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-1 F-2 F-4 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-11 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors EchoStar Corporation: Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of EchoStar Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, in 2019, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting F-2 includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Identification of related party transactions with DISH Network Corporation As discussed in Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements, a substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of both the Company and DISH Network Corporation and subsidiaries (DISH) is owned beneficially by the Chairman of the Company. The Company has engaged, and continues to engage, in related party transactions with DISH. We identified the evaluation of the identification of related party transactions with DISH as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required in assessing the sufficiency of the results of the procedures performed to determine such transactions were identified by the Company. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s related party process, including controls related to the identification of the Company’s related party transactions with DISH. We evaluated the identification of related party transactions with DISH by: – confirming related party amounts between DISH and the Company with DISH; – reading public filings from the Company, DISH, and external news for information related to transactions between the Company and DISH; – reading the Company’s minutes from meetings of the Board of Directors; – performing a keyword search on the Company’s customer and vendor databases for new relationships with DISH; – reading new agreements and contracts with DISH; – inquiring of executive officers, key members of the Company, and the Board of Directors; and – reading the transcripts to quarterly earnings conference calls for the Company and DISH. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of procedures performed over the identification of related party transactions with DISH. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007. Denver, Colorado February 23, 2021 F-3 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts) As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ 896,005 $ 1,519,431 1,638,271 183,989 189,821 940,623 196,629 179,531 2,908,086 2,836,214 2,390,313 2,528,738 128,303 511,597 478,762 18,433 284,937 352,921 114,042 506,953 478,598 29,507 325,405 334,841 4,165,266 4,318,084 $ 7,073,352 $ 7,154,298 $ 122,366 $ 124,080 898,237 104,569 299,999 1,425,171 — 101,060 270,879 496,019 1,495,256 2,389,168 359,896 114,886 70,893 2,040,931 3,466,102 351,692 96,941 74,925 2,912,726 3,408,745 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Marketable investment securities Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net Other current assets, net Total current assets Non-current assets: Property and equipment, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Goodwill Regulatory authorizations, net Other intangible assets, net Other investments, net Other non-current assets, net Total non-current assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Current liabilities: Trade accounts payable Current portion of long-term debt, net Contract liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total current liabilities Non-current liabilities: Long-term debt, net Deferred tax liabilities, net Operating lease liabilities Other non-current liabilities Total non-current liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies F-4 Stockholders' equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at both December 31, 2020 and 2019 Common stock, $0.001 par value, 4,000,000,000 shares authorized: Class A common stock, $0.001 par value, 1,600,000,000 shares authorized, 57,254,201 shares issued and 48,863,374 shares outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 56,592,251 shares issued and 50,107,330 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019 Class B convertible common stock, $0.001 par value, 800,000,000 shares authorized, 47,687,039 shares issued and outstanding at both December 31, 2020 and 2019 Class C convertible common stock, $0.001 par value, 800,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at both December 31, 2020 and 2019 Class D common stock, $0.001 par value, 800,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at both December 31, 2020 and 2019 Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Accumulated earnings (losses) Treasury stock, at cost Total EchoStar Corporation stockholders' equity Non-controlling interests Total stockholders' equity — — 57 48 — — 57 48 — — 3,321,426 3,290,483 (187,876) 583,591 (174,912) (122,138) 632,809 (131,454) 3,542,334 3,669,805 64,916 75,748 3,607,250 3,745,553 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 7,073,352 $ 7,154,298 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-5 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) Revenue: Services and other revenue Equipment revenue Total revenue Costs and expenses: Cost of sales - services and other (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of sales - equipment (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expenses Research and development expenses Depreciation and amortization Impairment of long-lived assets Total costs and expenses Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest income, net Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Gains (losses) on investments, net Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net Other, net For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ 1,682,304 $ 1,619,271 $ 1,557,228 205,603 1,887,907 266,810 1,886,081 205,410 1,762,638 577,943 561,353 563,907 166,435 474,912 29,448 525,011 1,685 1,775,434 112,473 39,982 (147,927) (31,306) (7,267) 6,015 195 226,002 509,145 25,739 490,765 — 176,600 436,088 27,570 457,116 65,220 1,813,004 1,726,501 73,077 36,137 82,352 (251,016) 28,912 (14,734) (11,590) (166) 80,275 (219,288) (12,622) (5,954) (15,583) 11,249 Total other income (expense), net (140,308) (166,242) (161,923) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Income tax benefit (provision), net Net income (loss) from continuing operations Net income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Less: Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock Earnings (losses) per share - Class A and B common stock: Basic and diluted earnings (losses) from continuing operations per share Total basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share (27,835) (24,069) (51,904) — (51,904) (93,165) (20,488) (113,653) 39,401 (74,252) (125,786) (6,576) (132,362) 93,729 (38,633) 11,754 11,335 (1,842) $ (40,150) $ (62,917) $ (40,475) $ $ (0.41) $ (0.41) $ (1.06) $ (0.65) $ (1.39) (0.42) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-6 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Amounts in thousands) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Other Amounts reclassified to net income (loss): Foreign currency translation realized on impairment of long lived assets Realized losses (gains) on available-for-sale debt securities Other-than-temporary impairment loss on available- for-sale securities Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Comprehensive income (loss) Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ (51,904) $ (74,252) $ (38,633) (83,736) (253) 2,614 — (2) — 2,845 2,571 1,466 — (592) — (81,377) (133,281) 6,290 (67,962) (34,399) (962) (1,910) 32,136 — (278) (5,413) (44,046) 27,392 (8,007) 453 $ (160,673) $ (59,955) $ (44,499) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-7 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Amounts in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 102 $ 3,669,461 $ (130,154) $ 721,316 $ (98,162) $ 14,822 $ 4,177,385 Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Earnings (Losses) Treasury Stock, at cost Non-controlling Interests Total Cumulative effect of accounting changes Balance, January 1, 2018 Issuances of Class A common stock: Exercise of stock options Employee benefits Employee Stock Purchase Plan Stock-based compensation Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) Treasury share repurchase Other, net — 102 — — — — — — — — — 10,467 12,656 — — 23,123 3,669,461 (119,687) 733,972 (98,162) 14,822 4,200,508 4,404 7,605 9,368 9,990 — — — — — — — (3,462) — — 1,694 (1,951) — — — — — (40,475) — 632 — — — — — — (33,292) — — — — — (1,389) 1,842 — — 4,404 7,605 9,368 9,990 (4,851) (38,633) (33,292) 375 Balance, December 31, 2018 102 3,702,522 (125,100) 694,129 (131,454) 15,275 4,155,474 Issuances of Class A common stock: Exercise of stock options Employee benefits Employee Stock Purchase Plan Stock-based compensation Purchase of non-controlling interest Net assets distributed pursuant to the BSS Transaction Issuance of equity and contribution of assets pursuant to the Yahsat JV formation Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) Other, net 3 — — — — — — — — — 67,307 6,654 9,778 9,353 (833) (532,747) 29,576 — — (1,127) — — — — — — — 2,962 — — — — — — — — — — (62,917) 1,597 — — — — — — — — — — Balance, December 31, 2019 105 3,290,483 (122,138) 632,809 (131,454) Cumulative effect of accounting changes (9,068) — — — — 67,310 6,654 9,778 9,353 (6,480) (7,313) — (532,747) 73,199 3,328 (11,335) 1,761 75,748 (240) 102,775 6,290 (74,252) 2,231 3,745,553 (9,308) Balance, January 1, 2020 105 3,290,483 (122,138) 623,741 (131,454) 75,508 3,736,245 Issuances of Class A common stock: Exercise of stock options Employee benefits Employee Stock Purchase Plan Stock-based compensation Issuance of equity and contribution of assets pursuant to the Yahsat JV formation Contribution by non-controlling interest holder Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) Treasury share repurchase Other, net — — — — — — — — — — 855 6,921 10,109 8,887 4,338 — — — — (167) — — — — — (65,738) — — — — — — — — — (40,150) — — — — — — — — — — (43,458) — — — — — (1,580) 18,241 (15,631) (11,754) — 132 855 6,921 10,109 8,887 2,758 18,241 (81,369) (51,904) (43,458) (35) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 105 $ 3,321,426 $ (187,876) $ 583,591 $ (174,912) $ 64,916 $ 3,607,250 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-8 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Impairment of long-lived assets Losses (gains) on investments, net Equity in losses (earnings) of unconsolidated affiliates, net Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net Deferred tax provision (benefit), net Stock-based compensation Amortization of debt issuance costs Dividends received from unconsolidated affiliates Other, net Changes in assets and current liabilities, net: Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net Other current assets, net Trade accounts payable Contract liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Non-current assets and non-current liabilities, net Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of marketable investment securities Sales and maturities of marketable investment securities Expenditures for property and equipment Expenditures for externally marketed software Purchase of other investments Investments in unconsolidated affiliates Purchases of regulatory authorizations Refunds and other receipts related to property and equipment Dividend received from unconsolidated affiliate Sale of investment in unconsolidated affiliates Net cash flows from investing activities $ (51,904) $ (74,252) $ (38,633) 525,011 1,685 31,306 7,267 (6,015) 18,147 8,887 4,324 — (12,501) 2,237 (12,984) (12,339) 3,509 42,822 (15,064) 534,388 588,200 — (28,912) 14,734 11,590 32,542 9,353 5,912 2,716 6,297 8,289 (39,190) 13,149 26,376 66,352 13,166 656,322 598,178 65,220 12,109 6,037 15,583 26,327 9,990 7,923 10,000 (3,489) (17,842) 18,577 9,562 7,867 12,183 (5,070) 734,522 (2,799,838) (993,369) (2,973,254) 2,110,336 (408,798) (38,655) (5,500) — — — — — (1,142,455) 2,391,220 (418,584) (29,310) (93,687) (2,149) (34,447) — 2,284 — 821,958 1,498,463 (555,141) (31,639) — (115,991) — 77,524 — 1,558 (2,098,480) F-9 Cash flows from financing activities: Repurchase and maturity of the 2019 Senior Secured Notes Repayment of other long-term debt and finance lease obligations Payment of in-orbit incentive obligations Net proceeds from Class A common stock options exercised Net proceeds from Class A common stock issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan Treasury share purchase Contribution by non-controlling interest holder Purchase of non-controlling interest Other, net Net cash flows from financing activities — (920,923) (70,173) (811) (1,554) (29,347) (5,447) (41,019) (5,350) 855 67,337 4,424 10,109 (43,458) 18,241 — 998 (15,620) 9,779 — — (7,313) 603 (885,311) 9,368 (33,292) — — (521) (136,563) Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, end of period (1,390) (625,077) (575) 592,394 (2,233) (1,502,754) 1,521,889 929,495 2,432,249 $ 896,812 $ 1,521,889 $ 929,495 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-10 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES Principal Business EchoStar Corporation (which, together with its subsidiaries, is referred to as “EchoStar,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our”) is a holding company that was organized in October 2007 as a corporation under the laws of the State of Nevada and has operated as a separately traded public company from DISH Network Corporation (“DISH”) since 2008. Our Class A common stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “SATS.” We are a global provider of broadband satellite technologies, broadband internet services for consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses, and satellite services. We also deliver innovative network technologies, managed services and communications solutions for enterprise customers, which include aeronautical and government enterprises. We operate in the following two business segments: • • international consumer customers and broadband network Hughes — which provides broadband satellite technologies and broadband internet services to domestic technologies, managed services, and equipment, hardware, satellite services and communication solutions to service providers and enterprise customers. The Hughes segment also designs, provides and installs gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, our Hughes segment designs, develops, constructs and provides telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and our enterprise customers. ESS — which uses certain of our owned and leased in-orbit satellites and related licenses to provide satellite services on a full-time and/or occasional-use basis to United States (“U.S.”) government service providers, internet service providers, broadcast news organizations, content providers and private enterprise customers. Our operations also include various corporate departments (primarily Executive, Treasury, Strategic Development, Human Resources, IT, Finance, Accounting, Real Estate and Legal) and other activities, such as costs incurred in certain satellite development programs and other business development activities, and gains or losses from certain of our investments, that have not been assigned to our business segments. These activities, costs and income, as well as eliminations of intersegment transactions, are accounted for in Corporate and Other. We also divide our operations by primary geographic market as follows: (i) North America (the U.S. and its territories, Mexico, and Canada); (ii) South and Central America and; (iii) Other (Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, India, and the Middle East). Refer to Note 20. Segment Reporting for further detail. In September 2019, pursuant to a master transaction agreement (the “Master Transaction Agreement”) with DISH and a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH (“Merger Sub”), (i) we transferred certain real property and the various businesses, products, licenses, technology, revenues, billings, operating activities, assets and liabilities primarily related to the former portion of our ESS segment that managed, marketed and provided (1) broadcast satellite services primarily to DISH and its subsidiaries (together with DISH, “DISH Network”) and our joint venture Dish Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. (“Dish Mexico”) and its subsidiaries, and (2) telemetry, tracking and control (“TT&C”) services for satellites owned by DISH Network and a portion of our other businesses (collectively, the “BSS Business”) to one of our former subsidiaries, EchoStar BSS Corporation (“BSS Corp.”), (ii) we distributed to each holder of shares of our Class A or Class B common stock entitled to receive consideration in the transaction an amount of shares of common stock of BSS Corp., par value $0.001 per share (“BSS Common Stock”), equal to one share of BSS Common Stock for each share of our Class A or Class B common stock owned by such stockholder (the “Distribution”); and (iii) immediately after the Distribution, (1) Merger Sub merged with and into BSS Corp. (the “Merger”), such that BSS Corp. became a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH and with DISH then owning and operating the BSS Business, and (2) each issued and outstanding share of BSS Common Stock owned by EchoStar stockholders was converted into the right to receive 0.23523769 shares of DISH Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“DISH Common Stock”) ((i) - (iii) collectively, the “BSS Transaction”). F-11 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED In connection with the BSS Transaction, we and DISH Network agreed to indemnify each other against certain losses with respect to breaches of certain representations and covenants and certain retained and assumed liabilities, respectively. Additionally, we and DISH and certain of our and their subsidiaries (i) entered into certain customary agreements covering, among other things, matters relating to taxes, employees, intellectual property and the provision of transitional services; (ii) terminated certain previously existing agreements; and (iii) amended certain existing agreements and entered into certain new agreements pursuant to which we and DISH Network will obtain and provide certain products, services and rights from and to each other. The BSS Transaction was structured in a manner intended to be tax-free to us and our stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes and was accounted for as a spin-off to our shareholders as we did not receive any consideration. Following the consummation of the BSS Transaction, we no longer operate the BSS Business, which was a substantial portion of our ESS segment. As a result of the BSS Transaction, the financial results of the BSS Business, except for certain real estate that transferred in the transaction, are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, excluded from continuing operations and segment results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, as presented in these Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes (collectively, the “Consolidated Financial Statements’). Refer to Note 5. Discontinued Operations for further detail. Additionally, all amounts in the following footnotes reference results from continuing operations unless otherwise noted. NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation These Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes are prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). We consolidate all entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. We are deemed to have a controlling financial interest in variable interest entities in which we are the primary beneficiary and in other entities in which we own more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares and other shareholders do not have substantive rights to participate in management. For entities we control but do not wholly own, we record a non-controlling interest within stockholders’ equity for the portion of the entity’s equity attributed to the non-controlling ownership interests. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. All amounts presented in these Consolidated Financial Statements and their accompanying notes are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts and unless otherwise noted. Reclassification Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. Use of Estimates We are required to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant estimates and assumptions are used in determining: (i) inputs used to recognize revenue over time, including amortization periods for deferred contract acquisition costs; (ii) allowances for doubtful accounts; (iii) deferred taxes and related valuation allowances, including uncertain tax positions; (iv) loss contingencies; (v) fair value of financial instruments; (vi) fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations; and (vii) asset impairment testing. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience, observable market inputs and on various other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from previously estimated amounts and such differences may be material to our financial statements. Additionally, changing economic conditions may increase the inherent uncertainty in the estimates and assumptions indicated above. We review our estimates and assumptions periodically and the effects of revisions thereto are reflected in the period they occur or prospectively if the revised estimate affects future periods. F-12 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Fair Value Measurements We determine fair value based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Market or observable inputs are the preferred source of values, followed by unobservable inputs or assumptions based on hypothetical transactions in the absence of market inputs. We utilize the highest level of inputs available according to the following hierarchy in determining fair value: • • • Level 1 - Defined as observable inputs being quoted prices in active markets for identical assets; Level 2 - Defined as observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and Level 3 - Defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, consistent with characteristics of the asset or liability that would be considered by market participants in a transaction to purchase or sell the asset or liability. Fair values of our marketable investment securities are measured on a recurring basis based on a variety of observable market inputs. For our investments in publicly traded equity securities and U.S. government securities, fair value ordinarily is determined based on Level 1 measurements that reflect quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. Fair values of our investments in other marketable debt securities are generally based on Level 2 measurements as the markets for such debt securities are less active. We consider trades of identical debt securities on or near the measurement date as a strong indication of fair value and matrix pricing techniques that consider par value, coupon rate, credit quality, maturity and other relevant features may also be used to determine fair value of our investments in marketable debt securities. Fair values for our outstanding debt are based on quoted market prices in less active markets and are categorized as Level 2 measurements. Additionally, we use fair value measurements from time to time in connection with other investments, asset impairment testing and the assignment of purchase consideration to assets and liabilities of acquired companies. Those fair value measurements typically include significant unobservable inputs and are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are considered to occur at the beginning of the quarterly accounting period. There were no transfers between levels during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net, trade accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities were equal to or approximated their fair value due to their short-term nature or proximity to current market rates. Revenue Recognition Overview Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the promised goods or our performance of the services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. We enter into contracts that may include various combinations of products and services, which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. We also recognize lease revenue which is derived from leases of property and equipment which, for operating leases, is reported in Services and other revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and, for sales-type leases, is reported in Equipment revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Certain of our customer contracts contain embedded equipment leases, which we separate from non-lease components of the contract based on the relative standalone selling prices of the lease and non-lease components. F-13 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Hughes Segment Our Hughes segment service contracts typically obligate us to provide substantially the same services on a recurring basis in exchange for fixed recurring fees over the term of the contract. We satisfy such performance obligations over time and recognize revenue ratably as services are rendered over the service period. Certain of our contracts with service obligations provide for fees based on usage, capacity or volume. We satisfy these performance obligations and recognize the related revenue at the point in time, or over the period, when the services are rendered. Our Hughes segment also sells and leases communications equipment to its customers. Revenue from equipment sales generally is recognized based upon shipment terms. Our equipment sales contracts typically include standard product warranties, but generally do not provide for returns or refunds. Revenue for extended warranties is recognized ratably over the extended warranty period. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we typically allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices. When the standalone selling price is not observable, our primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin. Our contracts generally require customer payments to be made at or shortly after the time we transfer control of goods or perform the services. In addition to equipment and service offerings, our Hughes segment also enters into long-term contracts to design, develop, construct and install complex telecommunication networks for mobile system operators and enterprise customers. Revenue from such contracts is generally recognized over time as a measure of progress that depicts the transfer of control of the goods or services to the customer. Depending on the nature of the arrangement, we measure progress toward contract completion using an appropriate input method or output method. Under the input method, we recognize the transaction price as revenue based on the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs at completion. Under the output method, revenue and cost of sales are recognized as products are delivered based on the expected profit for the entire agreement. Profit margins on long-term contracts generally are based on estimates of revenue and costs at completion. We review and revise our estimates periodically and recognize related adjustments in the period in which the revisions are made. Estimated losses on contracts are recorded in the period in which they are identified. We generally receive interim payments as work progresses, although for some contracts, we may be entitled to receive an advance payment. ESS Segment Generally, our ESS segment service contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation and, therefore, there is no need to allocate the transaction price. We transfer control and recognize revenue for satellite services at the point in time or over the period when the services are rendered. Lease Revenue We lease satellite capacity, communications equipment and real estate to certain of our customers. We identify and determine the classification of such leases as operating leases or sales-type leases. A lease is classified as a sales-type lease if it meets the criteria for a finance lease; otherwise it is classified as an operating lease. Some of our leases are embedded in contracts with customers that include non-lease performance obligations. For such contracts, except where we have elected otherwise, we allocate consideration in the contract between lease and non-lease components based on their relative standalone selling prices. We elected an accounting policy to not separate the lease of equipment from related services in our HughesNet satellite internet service (the “HughesNet service”) contracts with customers and account for all revenue from such contracts as non-lease service revenue. Assets subject to operating leases remain in Property and equipment, net and continue to be depreciated. Assets subject to sales-type leases are derecognized from Property and equipment, net at lease commencement and a net investment in the lease asset is recognized in Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net and Other non- current assets, net. Operating lease revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Sales-type lease revenue and a corresponding receivable generally are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the future lease payments and related interest income on the receivable is recognized over the lease term. Payments under sales-type leases are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or our incremental borrowing rate if the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be reasonably determined. We report revenue from F-14 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED sales-type leases at the commencement date in Equipment revenue and periodic interest income in Services and other revenue. We report operating lease revenue in Services and other revenue. Other Sales and Value Added Taxes, Universal Service Fees and other taxes that we collect concurrent with revenue producing activities are excluded from revenue and included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight are accounted for as a fulfillment cost after control over a product has transferred to the customer and are included in Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations at the time of shipment. Cost of Sales - Services and Other Cost of sales - services and other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations primarily consists of costs of satellite capacity and services, hub infrastructure, customer care, wireline and wireless capacity and direct labor costs associated with the services provided and is generally charged to expense as incurred. Cost of Sales - Equipment Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations primarily consists of inventory costs, including freight and royalties, and is generally recognized at the point in time control of the equipment is passed to the customer and related revenue is recognized. Additionally, customer-related research and development costs are incurred in connection with the specific requirements of a customer’s order; in such instances, the amounts for these customer funded development efforts are also included in Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Stock-based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation expense is recognized based on the fair value of stock awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Compensation expense for awards with service conditions only is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Compensation expense for awards subject to performance conditions is recognized only when satisfaction of the performance condition is probable. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Research and Development Research and development costs, not incurred in connection with customer requirements, are generally expensed when incurred. Debt Issuance Costs Costs of issuing debt generally are deferred and amortized utilizing the effective interest method, with amortization included in Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We report unamortized debt issuance costs as a reduction of the related long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. F-15 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Foreign Currency The functional currency for certain of our foreign operations is determined to be the local currency. Accordingly, we translate assets and liabilities of these foreign entities from their local currencies to U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates and translate income and expense accounts at monthly average rates. The resulting translation adjustments are reported as Foreign currency translation adjustments in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Except in certain uncommon circumstances, we have not recorded deferred income taxes related to our foreign currency translation adjustments. Gains and losses resulting from the re-measurement of transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Income Taxes We recognize a provision or benefit for income taxes currently payable or receivable and for income tax amounts deferred to future periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the effects of tax losses, credits, and the future income tax effects of temporary differences between U.S. GAAP carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are offset by valuation allowances when we determine it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities separately for each taxing jurisdiction and report the net amount for each jurisdiction as a non-current asset or liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. From time to time, we engage in transactions where the income tax consequences are uncertain. We recognize tax benefits when, in management’s judgment, a tax filing position is more likely than not to be sustained if challenged by the tax authorities. For tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not threshold, we may not recognize a portion of a tax benefit depending on management’s assessment of how the tax position will ultimately be settled. Unrecognized tax benefits generally are netted against the deferred tax assets associated with our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We adjust our estimates periodically based on ongoing examinations by, and settlements with, various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and precedent. Estimates of our uncertain tax positions are made based upon prior experience and are updated in light of changes in facts and circumstances. However, due to the uncertain and complex application of tax regulations, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of audits may result in liabilities which could be materially different from these estimates. In such an event, we will record additional income tax provision or benefit in the period in which such resolution occurs. We classify interest and penalties, if any, associated with our unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax provision or benefit. Lessee Accounting We lease real estate, satellite capacity and equipment in the conduct of our business operations. For contracts entered into on or after January 1, 2019, at contract inception, we assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. Generally, we determine that a lease exists when (i) the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (ii) we obtain the right to substantially all economic benefits from use of the asset and (iii) we have the right to direct the use of the asset. A lease is classified as a finance lease when one or more of the following criteria are met: (i) the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, (ii) the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, (iii) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset, (iv) the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset or (v) the asset is of a specialized nature and there is not expected to be an alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any of these criteria. Our operating leases consist primarily of leases for office space, data centers and satellite-related ground infrastructure. Our finance leases consist primarily of leases for satellite capacity. At the lease commencement date, we recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases, except short- term leases with an original term of 12 months or less. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term including any renewal options we are reasonably certain to exercise. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at F-16 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any prepayments to the lessor and initial direct costs such as brokerage commissions, less any lease incentives received. All right-of-use assets are periodically reviewed for impairment in accordance with standards that apply to long-lived assets. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the minimum lease payments, discounted using an estimate of our incremental borrowing rate for a collateralized loan with the same term as the underlying lease. The incremental borrowing rates used for the initial measurement of lease liabilities are based on the original lease terms. We report operating lease right-of-use assets in Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Operating lease liabilities. We report finance lease right-of-use assets in Property and equipment, net and finance lease liabilities in Current portion of long-term debt, net and Long-term debt, net. Minimum lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities consist of (i) fixed lease payments for the non-cancelable lease term, (ii) fixed lease payments for optional renewal periods where it is reasonably certain the renewal option will be exercised and (iii) variable lease payments that depend on an underlying index or rate, based on the index or rate in effect at lease commencement. Certain of our real estate lease agreements require payments for non-lease costs such as utilities and common area maintenance. We elected an accounting policy to not account for such payments separately from the related lease payments. Our policy election results in a higher initial measurement of lease liabilities when such non-lease payments are fixed amounts. Certain of our real estate lease agreements require variable lease payments that do not depend on an underlying index or rate, such as sales and value-added taxes and our proportionate share of actual property taxes, insurance and utilities, which are recognized in operating expenses as incurred. Lease expense for operating leases consists of the fixed lease payments recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term plus variable lease payments as incurred. Lease expense for finance leases consists of the amortization of the right-of-use asset on a straight-line basis over the lease term and interest expense on the lease liability based on the discount rate at lease commencement. For both operating and finance leases, lease payments are allocated between a reduction of the lease liability and interest expense. Amortization of the right-of- use asset for operating leases reflects amortization of the lease liability, any differences between straight-line expense and related lease payments during the accounting period, and any impairments. Business Combinations We account for all business combinations that result in our control over another entity by using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires us to allocate the purchase price of the acquired business to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent consideration, and non- controlling interests, based upon their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The difference between the purchase price and the excess of the aggregate estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. In determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, we use various recognized valuation methods including present value modeling, referenced market values, where available and cost-based approaches. Valuations are performed by management or independent valuation specialists under management’s supervision, where appropriate. Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date, including our estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed and contingent consideration, where applicable. While we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from management of the acquired business and are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. We believe that the estimated fair values assigned to the assets we have acquired and liabilities we have assumed are based on reasonable and appropriate assumptions. While we believe our estimates and assumptions are reasonable and appropriate, they are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets we have acquired and liabilities we have assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the estimated fair values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments would be recorded in the Consolidated F-17 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Statements of Operations. In addition, results of operations of the acquired company are included in our results from the date of the acquisition forward and include amortization expense arising from acquired intangible assets. We expense all costs as incurred related to or involved with an acquisition in Other, net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Earnings Per Share We present basic and diluted earnings or losses per share (“EPS”) for our Class A and Class B common stock. Basic EPS for our Class A and Class B common stock excludes potential dilution and is computed by dividing Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if shares of common stock were issued pursuant to our stock-based compensation awards. The potential dilution from common stock awards is computed using the treasury stock method based on the average market value of our Class A common stock during the period. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The amounts reclassified to net income (loss) related to unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities in are included in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of less than 90 days to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 primarily consisted of commercial paper, government bonds, corporate notes and money market funds. The amortized cost of these investments approximates their fair value. Marketable Investment Securities Debt Securities Our corporate bond portfolio includes debt instruments issued by individual corporations, primarily in the industrial and financial services industries. Our commercial paper portfolio includes instruments issued by individual corporations, primarily in the industrial, financial services and utilities industries. Our other debt securities portfolio includes investments in various debt instruments, including U.S. government bonds and mutual funds. We consider all liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. We account for our debt securities as available-for-sale or using the fair value option based on our investment strategy for the securities. For available-for-sale debt securities, we recognize periodic changes in the difference between fair value and amortized cost in Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Gains and losses realized upon sales of available-for- sale debt securities are reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized on the trade date in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We use the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method to determine the cost basis on sales of available-for-sale debt securities. Interest income from available-for-sale debt securities is reported in Interest income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We periodically evaluate our available-for-sale debt securities portfolio to determine whether any declines in the fair value of these securities are other-than-temporary. Our evaluation considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and extent to which the fair value of such security has been lower than amortized cost, (ii) market and company-specific factors related to the security and (iii) our intent and ability to hold the investment to maturity or when it recovers its value. We generally consider a decline to be other-than-temporary when (i) we intend to sell the security, (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before maturity or when it recovers its value or (iii) we do not expect to recover the amortized cost of the security at maturity. Declines in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities that are determined to be other-than-temporary are reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in Net income (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, thus establishing a new cost basis for the investment. F-18 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED From time to time we make strategic investments in marketable corporate debt securities. Generally, we elect to account for these debt securities using the fair value option because it results in consistency in accounting for unrealized gains and losses for all securities in our portfolio of strategic investments. When we elect the fair value option for investments in debt securities, we recognize periodic changes in fair value of these securities in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest income from these securities is reported in Interest income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Equity Securities We account for our equity securities with readily determinable fair values at fair value and recognize periodic changes in the fair value in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recognize dividend income on equity securities on the ex-dividend date and report such income in Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Restricted Marketable Investment Securities Restricted marketable investment securities that are pledged as collateral for our letters of credit and surety bonds are included in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted marketable securities are accounted for in the same manner as marketable securities that are not restricted, but are presented differently in the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the restrictions. Trade Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable includes amounts billed and currently due from customers and represents our unconditional rights to consideration arising from our performance under our customer contracts. Trade accounts receivable also includes amounts due from customers under our leasing arrangements. We make ongoing estimates relating to the collectability of our trade accounts receivable and maintain an allowance for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make the required payments. In determining the amount of the allowance, we consider historical levels of credit losses and make judgments about the creditworthiness of our customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. Past due trade accounts receivable balances are written off when our internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful. Bad debt expense related to our trade accounts receivable and other contract assets is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Contract Assets Contract assets represent revenue that we have recognized in advance of billing the customer and are included in Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net or Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the expected timing of customer payment. Our contract assets typically relate to our long-term contracts where we recognize revenue using the cost-based input method and the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract Acquisition Costs Our contract acquisition costs represent incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract and consist primarily of sales incentives paid to employees and third-party representatives. When we determine that our contract acquisition costs are recoverable, we defer and amortize the costs over the contract term, or over the estimated life of the customer relationship if anticipated renewals are expected and the incentives payable upon renewal are not commensurate with the initial incentive. We amortize contract acquisition costs in proportion to the revenue to which the costs relate. We expense sales incentives as incurred if the expected amortization period is one year or less. Unamortized contract acquisition costs are included in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and related amortization expense is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. F-19 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Inventory Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventory is determined using the FIFO method and consists primarily of materials, direct labor and indirect overhead incurred in the procurement and manufacturing of our products. We use standard costing methodologies in determining the cost of certain of our finished goods and work-in-process inventories. We determine net realizable value using our best estimates of future use or recovery, considering the aging and composition of inventory balances, the effects of technological and/or design changes, forecasted future product demand based on firm or near-firm customer orders and alternative means of disposition of excess or obsolete items. We recognize losses within Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when we determine that the cost of inventory and commitments to purchase inventory exceed net realizable value. Property and Equipment Satellites Satellites are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of our satellites includes construction costs, including the present value of in- orbit incentives payable to the satellite manufacturer, launch costs, capitalized interest and related insurance premiums. We depreciate our owned satellites on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of each satellite. We have satellites acquired under finance leases. The recorded costs of those satellites are the present values of all lease payments. We amortize our finance lease right-of-use satellites over their respective lease terms. Our satellites may experience anomalies from time to time, some of which may have a significant adverse effect on their remaining useful lives, the commercial operation of the satellites or our operating results or financial position. We evaluate our satellites for impairment and test for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Certain anomalies may be considered a significant adverse change in the physical condition of a particular satellite. However, based on redundancies designed within each satellite, certain of these anomalies may not be considered to be significant events requiring a test of recoverability. We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites and payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. Therefore, we generally bear the risk of any in-orbit failures. However, we may be required to carry insurance on specific satellites and payloads per the terms of certain agreements. We will continue to assess circumstances going forward and make insurance-related decisions on a case-by-case basis. Other Property and Equipment Other property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Other property and equipment includes: land; buildings and improvements; furniture, fixtures, equipment and internal-use software; customer premises equipment; and construction in process. Costs related to the procurement and development of software for internal-use are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, not in excess of five years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense when incurred. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquired businesses over the estimated fair values assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We test goodwill for impairment annually in our second fiscal quarter, or more frequently if indicators of impairment may exist. All of our goodwill is assigned to our Hughes segment, as it was generated through the acquisition of Hughes Communications, Inc. (“Hughes Communications”) and its subsidiaries in 2011 (the “Hughes Acquisition”), and the agreement with Al Yah Satellite Communications F-20 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Company PrJSC (“Yahsat”) pursuant to which, in November 2019, Yahsat contributed its satellite communications services business in Brazil to one of our Brazilian subsidiaries in exchange for a 20% equity ownership interest in that subsidiary (the “Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction”). We consider qualitative factors to assess if it is more likely than not that the fair value for goodwill is below the carrying amount. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative assessment. In conducting a qualitative assessment, we analyze a variety of events or factors that may influence the fair value of the reporting unit. There has been no impairment to date. Regulatory Authorizations Finite Lived We have regulatory authorizations that are not related to the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) and have determined that they have finite lives due to uncertainties about the ability to extend or renew their terms. Finite lived regulatory authorizations are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Renewal costs are usually capitalized when they are incurred. Indefinite Lived We also have indefinite lived regulatory authorizations that primarily consist of FCC authorizations and certain other contractual or regulatory rights to use spectrum at specified orbital locations. We have determined that our FCC authorizations generally have indefinite useful lives based on the following: • • • FCC authorizations are non-depleting assets; Renewal satellite applications generally are authorized by the FCC subject to certain conditions, without substantial cost under a stable regulatory, legislative and legal environment; Expenditures required to maintain the authorization are not significant; and • We intend to use these authorizations indefinitely. Costs incurred to maintain or renew indefinite-lived regulatory authorizations are expensed as incurred. Other Intangible Assets Our other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, patents, trademarks and licenses which are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. We evaluate the recoverability of intangible assets periodically by taking into account events or circumstances that indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Impairment of Long-lived Assets We review our long-lived assets for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. For assets held and used in operations, the asset is not recoverable if the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted estimated future net cash flows. When an asset is not recoverable, we adjust the carrying amount of such asset to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in Impairment of long-lived assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. F-21 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Other Investments Equity Method Investments We use the equity method to account for investments when we have the ability to exercise significant influence on the operating decisions of the affiliate. Such investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of the net earnings or loss of the investee, which is reported in Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the fourth quarter of 2019, we changed our accounting policy to record our share of the net earnings or losses of these affiliates on a three-month lag. This change was immaterial to these Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, the carrying amount of such investments includes a component of goodwill when the cost of our investment exceeds the fair value of the underlying identifiable assets and liabilities of the affiliate. Lastly, dividends received from these affiliates reduces the carrying amount of our investment. Other Equity Investments We generally measure investments in non-publicly traded equity instruments without a readily determinable fair value at cost adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar securities of the same issuer and changes resulting from impairments, if any. Other equity instruments are measured to determine their value based on observable market information. Other Debt Investments We generally record our investments in non-publicly traded debt instruments without a readily determinable fair value at amortized cost. We recognize any discounts over the term of the loan in Interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, some of our debt instruments have interest income that is paid-in-kind, which is added to the principal balance to determine the then current interest income. Impairment Considerations We periodically evaluate all of our other investments to determine whether (i) events or changes in circumstances have occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment and (ii) if there has been observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar securities of the same issuer. We consider information if provided to us by our investees such as current financial statements, business plans, investment documentation, capitalization tables, liquidation waterfalls, and board materials; and we may make additional inquiries of investee management. Indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, unprofitable operations, material loss contingencies, changes in business strategy, changes in the investees’ enterprise value and changes in the investees’ investment pricing. When we determine that one of our other investments is impaired we reduce its carrying value to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, when there has been an observable price change to a cost method investment, we adjust the carrying amount of the investment to its then estimated fair value and recognize the investment gain or loss in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Externally Marketed Software Costs related to the procurement and development of externally marketed software are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, not in excess of five years. Capitalized costs of externally marketed software are included in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Externally marketed software generally is installed in the equipment we sell or lease to customers. We conduct software program reviews for externally marketed capitalized software costs at least annually, or as events and circumstances warrant such a review, to determine if capitalized software development costs are recoverable and to ensure that costs associated with programs that are no longer generating revenue are expensed. F-22 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Contract Liabilities Contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized under customer contracts and are included in Contract liabilities or Other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue. We recognize contract liabilities as revenue after all revenue recognition criteria have been met. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Credit Losses On January 1, 2020, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), as amended, and codified in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326 (“ASC 326”). ASC 326 introduces a new approach to the periodic estimation of credit losses for certain financial assets based on expected losses instead of incurred losses. It also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets that have experienced credit deterioration since their original purchase. We have elected to apply the requirements of the new standard prospectively and we recognized a cumulative effect of adoption of $9.1 million to Accumulated earnings (losses) as of January 1, 2020. Based on this election, we did not restate our comparative Consolidated Financial Statements and they continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the periods before January 1, 2020. The following describes the accounting impacts, by major balance sheet line item, of our adoption of this new standard based on the relevant types of losses that we and our equity method investees may be subject to: • Trade Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, Net — Our trade accounts receivables and contract assets consist of amounts due from both our consumer and enterprise customers. Our receivables and related credit losses for our consumer customers are limited due to policies that require advance payment for services, predominant use of credit card and ACH payment processes, and our ability to promptly terminate service when timely payments are not received. However, for our enterprise customers, we estimate expected credit losses on a collective basis based on our historical loss experience, as adjusted to reflect changes in relevant factors, such as macroeconomic conditions and customer mix, that can significantly impact collectability. We apply our collective estimation processes separately to several pools of receivables that share common risk characteristics, generally based on the customers’ geographical location. Customers with significant past-due balances or other atypical characteristics are excluded from our collective analysis and evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Our estimates of expected credit losses for such receivables reflect significant judgments that consider customer-specific matters such as the customer’s financial condition, payment history, and recent developments in the customer’s business and industry. Due to the short-term nature of our trade receivables and contract assets, forecasts about the future have limited relevance to our expected credit loss estimates. We record our customer related estimated credit losses as a component of our bad debt expense as reported in Selling, general and administrative expenses. • Other Current Assets, Net, and Other Non-current Assets, Net — We estimate expected credit losses for receivables with payment terms longer than one year separately by borrower, due to the unique risk characteristics of such receivables. We generally use discounted cash flow techniques to estimate such credit losses. In applying such techniques, we may estimate principal and interest cash flows under probability-weighted scenarios that consider entity-specific matters and forecasted economic conditions. The majority of our other non-current receivables are from entities in the telecommunications industry. The collection of contractual principal and interest on these receivables is highly dependent on the future business operations of those entities. Our estimation of expected credit losses for such receivables requires significant judgment about matters specific to the borrower and their industry. Accordingly, our actual collection experience may differ from the assumptions reflected in our expected credit loss estimates. F-23 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED We record our estimated credit losses as a component of our bad debt expense as reported in Selling, general and administrative expenses. • Other Investments, Net — We estimate expected credit losses on our other debt investments with payment terms longer than one year separately by debtor, due to the unique risk characteristics of such debt investments. We generally use discounted cash flow techniques to estimate such credit losses. In applying such techniques, we may estimate principal and interest cash flows under probability-weighted scenarios that consider entity-specific matters and forecasted economic conditions. The majority of our other debt investments are with entities in the telecommunications industry. The collection of contractual principal and interest on these debt investments are highly dependent on the future business operations of those entities. Our estimation of expected credit losses for such debt investments require significant judgment about matters specific to the debtor and their industry. Accordingly, our actual collection experience may differ from the assumptions reflected in our expected credit loss estimates. We record our other debt investments related estimated credit losses as a reduction of Interest income, net. Financial Impact of Adoption. The following table presents our adoption of this new standard resulting in adjustments to our Consolidated Balance Sheet effective January 1, 2020: Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net Other current assets, net Other investments, net Other non-current assets, net Total assets Deferred tax liabilities, net Accumulated earnings (losses) Non-controlling interests Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Balance December 31, 2019 Adoption of ASC 326 Increase (Decrease) 196,629 $ 179,531 $ 325,405 $ 334,841 $ Balance January 1, 2020 182,957 (13,672) $ 6,723 $ (7,381) $ 4,050 $ 186,254 318,024 338,891 7,154,298 $ (10,280) $ 7,144,018 351,692 $ 632,809 $ 75,748 $ (972) $ (9,068) $ (240) $ 350,720 623,741 75,508 3,745,553 $ (9,308) $ 3,736,245 7,154,298 $ (10,280) $ 7,144,018 The application of ASC 326 requirements did not materially affect our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. Leases We adopted ASU No. 2016-02 - Leases (Topic 842) Leases (Topic 842), as amended, codified as Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC 842”), as of January 1, 2019. The primary impact of ASC 842 on these Consolidated Financial Statements is the recognition of right-of-use assets and related liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet for leases where we are the lessee. We elected to apply the requirements of the new standard prospectively on January 1, 2019 and did not restate these Consolidated Financial Statements for prior periods. Our adoption of ASC 842 did not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019. Except for the new requirement to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for operating leases where we are the lessee, under our ASC 842 transition method, we continue to apply prior accounting standards to leases that commenced prior to 2019. We fully apply ASC 842 requirements only to leases that commenced or were modified on or after January 1, 2019. We elected certain practical expedients under our transition method, including elections to not reassess (i) whether a contract is or contains a lease and (ii) the classification of existing leases. We also elected not to apply hindsight in determining whether optional renewal periods should be included in the lease F-24 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED term, which in some instances may impact the initial measurement of the lease liability and the calculation of straight-line expense over the lease term for operating leases. As a result of our transition elections, there was no change in our recognition of revenue and expense for leases that commenced prior to 2019. In addition, the application of ASC 842 requirements to new and modified leases did not materially affect our recognition of revenue or expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019. Financial Impact of Adoption. The following table presents our adoption of this standard resulting in adjustments to our Consolidated Balance Sheet effective January 1, 2019: Other current assets, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Other non-current assets, net Total assets Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Operating lease liabilities Other non-current liabilities Total liabilities Accumulated earnings (losses) Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Balance December 31, 2018 Adoption of ASC 842 Increase (Decrease) Balance January 1, 2019 165,781 165,809 $ (28) $ — $ 120,358 $ 338,390 $ 8,661,294 $ 181,698 $ — $ 80,304 $ (7,272) $ 113,058 $ 17,453 $ 100,085 $ (3,871) $ 120,358 331,118 8,774,352 199,151 100,085 76,433 4,505,820 $ 113,667 $ 4,619,487 694,129 $ 4,155,474 $ (609) $ (609) $ 693,520 4,154,865 8,661,294 $ 113,058 $ 8,774,352 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2019-12 - Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). ASU 2019-12 is part of the FASB’s overall simplification initiative and seeks to simplify the accounting for income taxes by updating certain guidance and removing certain exceptions. The updated guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We have assessed the impact of adopting this new guidance and it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04 - Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), codified as ASC 848 (“ASC 848”). The purpose of ASC 848 is to provide optional guidance to ease the potential effects on financial reporting of the market-wide migration away from Interbank Offered Rates to alternative reference rates. ASC 848 applies only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference a reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The guidance may be applied upon issuance of ASC 848 through December 31, 2022. We expect to utilize the optional expedients provided by the guidance for contracts amended solely to use an alternative reference rate. We have evaluated the impact of adopting this new guidance and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. F-25 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED NOTE 3. REVENUE RECOGNITION Contract Balances The following table presents the components of our contract balances: Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net: Sales and services Leasing Total trade accounts receivable Contract assets Allowance for doubtful accounts Total trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net Contract liabilities: Current Non-current Total contract liabilities As of December 31, 2019 2020 $ 149,513 $ 152,632 4,554 154,067 45,308 4,016 156,648 63,758 (15,386) (23,777) $ 183,989 $ 196,629 $ $ 104,569 $ 101,060 10,519 10,572 115,088 $ 111,632 The following table presents the revenue recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations that was previously included within contract liabilities: Revenue $ 72,877 $ 65,417 $ 52,000 For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 The following table presents the activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts: For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Balance at beginning of period $ 23,777 $ 16,604 $ Credit losses (1) Deductions Foreign currency translation Balance at end of period 18,582 (26,031) (942) 30,027 (21,832) (1,022) $ 15,386 $ 23,777 $ 12,027 24,984 (16,888) (3,519) 16,604 (1) The impact of adopting ASC 326 on January 1, 2020 was a net decrease to our allowance for doubtful accounts largely driven by a $13.4 million reclassification to Other current assets, net and Other non-current assets, net, offset by a $2.9 million adjustment to Accumulated earnings (losses). F-26 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Contract Acquisition Costs The following table presents the activity in our contract acquisition costs, net: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Balance at beginning of period Additions Amortization expense Foreign currency translation Balance at end of period $ $ 113,592 $ 91,143 (101,278) (3,620) 99,837 $ 114,306 $ 97,457 (97,650) (521) 113,592 $ 90,899 113,265 (88,949) (909) 114,306 Transaction Price Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations As of December 31, 2020, the remaining performance obligations for our customer contracts with original expected durations of more than one year was $942.3 million. We expect to recognize 38.2% of our remaining performance obligations of these contracts as revenue in the next twelve months. This amount excludes agreements with consumer customers in our Hughes segment, our leasing arrangements and agreements with certain customers under which collectibility of all amounts due through the term of contracts is uncertain. Disaggregation of Revenue Geographic Information The following table presents our revenue from customer contracts disaggregated by primary geographic market and by segment: For the year ended December 31, 2020 North America South and Central America Other Total revenue For the year ended December 31, 2019 North America South and Central America Other Total revenue For the year ended December 31, 2018 North America South and Central America Other Total revenue Hughes ESS Corporate and Other Consolidated Total $ 1,556,961 $ 17,398 $ 9,443 $ 1,583,802 151,194 152,679 — — 232 — 151,426 152,679 $ 1,860,834 $ 17,398 $ 9,675 $ 1,887,907 $ 1,527,823 $ 16,257 $ 16,526 $ 1,560,606 125,458 199,461 — — 448 108 125,906 199,569 $ 1,852,742 $ 16,257 $ 17,082 $ 1,886,081 $ 1,444,628 $ 27,231 $ 18,495 $ 1,490,354 101,632 170,268 — — 384 — 102,016 170,268 $ 1,716,528 $ 27,231 $ 18,879 $ 1,762,638 F-27 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Nature of Products and Services The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by the nature of products and services and by segment: For the year ended December 31, 2020 Services and other revenue: Services Lease revenue Total services and other revenue Equipment revenue: Equipment Design, development and construction services Lease revenue Total equipment revenue Total revenue For the year ended December 31, 2019 Services and other revenue: Services Lease revenue Total services and other revenue Equipment revenue: Equipment Design, development and construction services Lease revenue Total equipment revenue Total revenue For the year ended December 31, 2018 Services and other revenue: Services Lease revenue Total services and other revenue Equipment revenue: Equipment Design, development and construction services Total equipment revenue Total revenue Hughes ESS Corporate and Other Consolidated Total $ 1,614,730 $ 10,785 $ 4,631 $ 1,630,146 40,503 1,655,233 6,613 17,398 5,042 9,673 52,158 1,682,304 110,108 88,511 6,982 205,601 — — — — 2 — — 2 110,110 88,511 6,982 205,603 $ 1,860,834 $ 17,398 $ 9,675 $ 1,887,907 $ 1,535,966 $ 10,464 $ 6,493 $ 1,552,924 50,073 1,586,039 5,793 16,257 10,481 16,974 66,347 1,619,271 115,052 145,646 6,005 266,703 — — — 107 115,159 — 107 145,646 6,005 266,810 $ 1,852,742 $ 16,257 $ 17,082 $ 1,886,081 $ 1,313,059 $ 21,044 $ 5,821 $ 1,339,924 198,059 1,511,118 6,187 27,231 13,058 18,879 217,304 1,557,228 119,657 85,753 205,410 $ 1,716,528 $ — — — — 119,657 85,753 — 27,231 $ — 205,410 18,879 $ 1,762,638 F-28 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Lease Revenue We elected to apply the requirements of ASC Topic 842, Leases, prospectively on January 1, 2019. As a result, the following disclosures required by the new guidance are not presented for periods prior to that date. The following table presents our lease revenue by type of lease: Sales-type lease revenue: Revenue at lease commencement Interest income Total sales-type lease revenue Operating lease revenue Total lease revenue For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ 6,982 $ 393 7,375 51,765 $ 59,140 $ 6,005 784 6,789 65,563 72,352 Substantially all of our net investment in sales-type leases consisted of lease receivables totaling $13.0 million and $6.5 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following table presents future operating lease payments to be received as of December 31, 2020: December 31, 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 and beyond Total lease payments $ Amounts 45,332 34,137 31,907 29,666 28,035 99,692 $ 268,769 The following table presents amounts for assets subject to operating leases, which are included in Property and equipment, net: 2020 Accumulated Depreciation Cost As of December 31, Net Cost 2019 Accumulated Depreciation Net Customer premises equipment Satellites Real estate Total $ 1,617,053 $ (1,265,129) $ 351,924 $ 1,377,914 $ (1,043,431) $ 334,483 104,620 48,275 (38,335) (17,094) 66,285 31,181 104,620 46,930 (31,360) (16,048) 73,260 30,882 $ 1,769,948 $ (1,320,558) $ 449,390 $ 1,529,464 $ (1,090,839) $ 438,625 F-29 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents depreciation expense for assets subject to operating leases, which is included in Depreciation and amortization: Customer premises equipment Satellites Real estate Total NOTE 4. LESSEE ACCOUNTING For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ 230,079 $ 182,523 6,975 942 7,495 923 $ 237,996 $ 190,941 We elected to apply the requirements of ASC Topic 842, Leases, prospectively on January 1, 2019. As a result, the following disclosures required by the new guidance are not presented for periods prior to that date. The following table presents the amounts for right-of-use assets and lease liabilities: Right-of-use assets: Operating Finance Total right-of-use assets Lease liabilities: Current: Operating Finance Total current Non-current: Operating Finance Total non-current Total lease liabilities As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 128,303 $ 278,237 406,540 $ 114,042 325,826 439,868 $ 14,699 $ 14,651 423 15,122 114,886 129 115,015 486 15,137 96,941 565 97,506 $ 130,137 $ 112,643 As of December 31, 2020, we have prepaid our obligations regarding most of our finance right-of-use assets. Finance lease assets are reported net of accumulated amortization of $74.0 million and $57.3 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. F-30 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the components of lease cost and weighted average lease terms and discount rates for operating and finance leases: Lease cost: Operating lease cost Finance lease cost: Amortization of right-of-use assets Interest on lease liabilities Total finance lease cost Short-term lease cost Variable lease cost Total lease cost Lease term and discount rate: Weighted average remaining lease term: Finance leases Operating leases Weighted average discount rate: Finance leases Operating leases For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ 24,000 $ 24,342 27,611 106 27,717 376 3,853 26,489 173 26,662 434 8,837 $ 55,946 $ 60,275 As of December 31, 2019 2020 1.2 years 10.6 years 2.1 years 10.3 years 12.2 % 6.0 % 11.9 % 6.1 % For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 The following table presents the detailed cash flows from operating and finance leases: Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases Operating cash flows from finance leases Financing cash flows from finance leases $ 21,834 $ 22,618 106 499 173 654 We obtained right-of-use assets in exchange for lease liabilities of $22.6 million and $8.5 million upon commencement of operating leases during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. F-31 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents future minimum lease payments of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2020: Year ending December 31, 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 and beyond Total future minimum lease payments Less: Interest Total lease liabilities NOTE 5. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS BSS Business Operating Leases Finance Leases Total $ 21,051 $ 20,409 19,628 16,364 12,355 86,194 176,001 (46,416) 472 $ 136 — — — — 608 (56) $ 129,585 $ 552 $ 21,523 20,545 19,628 16,364 12,355 86,194 176,609 (46,472) 130,137 The following table presents the financial results of our discontinued operations of the BSS Business: Revenue: Services and other revenue - DISH Network Services and other revenue - other Total revenue Costs and expenses: Cost of sales - services and other (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Total costs and expenses Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest expense Total other income (expense), net Income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes Income tax benefit (provision), net For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ 195,942 $ 305,229 16,260 212,202 23,496 328,725 28,057 8,946 97,435 134,438 77,764 (17,865) (17,865) 59,899 (20,498) 40,398 159 141,062 181,619 147,106 (29,280) (29,280) 117,826 (24,097) Net income (loss) from discontinued operations $ 39,401 $ 93,729 No assets or liabilities attributable to our discontinued operations were held by us as of December 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019. F-32 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the significant supplemental cash flow information and adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flow from operating activities for discontinued operations of the BSS business: Operating activities: Net income (loss) from discontinued operations Depreciation and amortization Investing activities: Expenditures for property and equipment Financing activities: Payment of finance lease obligations Payment of in-orbit incentive obligations For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 39,401 $ 93,729 97,435 $ 141,062 510 $ 175 27,203 $ 4,474 $ 35,886 4,883 $ $ $ $ $ Terminated or Transferred Related Party Agreements Effective September 10, 2019, the following agreements were terminated or transferred to DISH Network as part of the BSS Transaction. Unless noted differently below, we have no further obligations and have neither earned additional revenue nor incurred additional expense, as applicable, under or in connection with these agreements after the consummation of the BSS Transaction. Satellite Capacity Leased to DISH Network. We entered into certain agreements to lease satellite capacity pursuant to which we provided satellite services to DISH Network on certain satellites, as listed below, owned or leased by us. The fees for the services provided under these agreements depended, among other things, upon the orbital location of the applicable satellite, the number of transponders that provided services on the applicable satellite and the length of the service arrangements. The terms of each of the agreements are set forth below: • • • • EchoStar VII, EchoStar X, EchoStar XI and EchoStar XIV — In March 2014, we began leasing certain satellite capacity to DISH Network on the EchoStar VII satellite, the EchoStar X satellite, the EchoStar XI satellite and the EchoStar XIV satellite. EchoStar XII — DISH Network leased satellite capacity from us on the EchoStar XII satellite. EchoStar XVI — In December 2009, we entered into an agreement to lease satellite capacity to DISH Network, pursuant to which DISH Network leased satellite capacity from us on the EchoStar XVI satellite beginning in January 2013. Nimiq 5 Agreement — In September 2009, we entered into an agreement with Telesat Canada to lease satellite capacity from Telesat Canada on all 32 direct broadcast satellite (“DBS”) transponders on the Nimiq 5 satellite at the 72.7 degree west longitude orbital location (the “Telesat Transponder Agreement”). In September 2009, we entered into an agreement with DISH Network, pursuant to which DISH Network leased satellite capacity from us on all 32 of the DBS transponders covered by the Telesat Transponder Agreement (the “DISH Nimiq 5 Agreement”). Under the terms of the DISH Nimiq 5 Agreement, DISH Network made certain monthly payments to us that commenced in September 2009, when the Nimiq 5 satellite was placed into service. Following the consummation of the BSS Transaction, we retained certain obligations related to DISH Network’s performance under the Telesat Transponder Agreement. • QuetzSat-1 Agreement — In November 2008, we entered into an agreement to lease satellite capacity from SES Latin America, which provided, among other things, for the provision by SES Latin America to us of leased satellite capacity on 32 DBS transponders on the QuetzSat-1 satellite. Concurrently, in 2008, we F-33 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network leased from us satellite capacity on 24 of the DBS transponders on the QuetzSat-1 satellite. The QuetzSat-1 satellite was launched in September 2011 and was placed into service in November 2011 at the 67.1 degree west longitude orbital location. In January 2013, the QuetzSat-1 satellite was moved to the 77 degree west longitude orbital location. In February 2013, we and DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which we leased back from DISH Network certain satellite capacity on five DBS transponders on the QuetzSat-1 satellite. TT&C Agreement. Effective January 2012, we entered into a TT&C agreement pursuant to which we provided TT&C services to DISH Network, which we subsequently amended (the “2012 TT&C Agreement”). The fees for services provided under the 2012 TT&C Agreement were calculated at either: (i) a fixed fee or (ii) cost plus a fixed margin, which varied depending on the nature of the services provided. Real Estate Leases to DISH Network. We entered into lease agreements pursuant to which DISH Network leased certain real estate from us. The rent on a per square foot basis each of the leases or subsequent amendments was comparable to per square foot rental rates of similar commercial property in the same geographic area at the time of the leases or subsequent amendments and DISH Network was responsible for its portion of the taxes, insurance, utilities and maintenance of the premises. These components of the BSS Transaction do not qualify for discontinued operations treatment, and therefore the revenue from these lease agreements has not been treated as discontinued operations. The terms of each of the leases are set forth below: • • Santa Fe Lease Agreement — DISH Network leased from us all of 5701 S. Santa Fe Dr., Littleton, Colorado. In connection with the BSS Transaction, we transferred this property to DISH Network. Cheyenne Lease Agreement — During 2017, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a share exchange agreement (the “Share Exchange Agreement”) with DISH and certain of its subsidiaries whereby we and certain of our subsidiaries received all the shares of preferred tracking stock previously issued by us and one of our subsidiaries (the “Tracking Stock”) in exchange for 100% of the equity interests of certain of our subsidiaries that held substantially all of our former EchoStar Technologies businesses and certain other assets (collectively, the “Share Exchange”). Prior to the Share Exchange, we leased to DISH Network certain space at 530 EchoStar Drive, Cheyenne, Wyoming. In connection with the Share Exchange, we transferred ownership of a portion of this property to DISH Network and we and DISH Network amended this agreement to, among other things, provide for a continued lease to DISH Network of the portion of the property we retained (the “Cheyenne Data Center”). In connection with the BSS Transaction, we transferred the Cheyenne Data Center to DISH Network. Real Estate Leases from DISH Network. We entered into a lease agreement pursuant to which we leased from DISH Network certain space at 801 N. DISH Dr. in Gilbert, Arizona for the Satellite Operations Center and Satellite Access Center. The rent on a per square foot basis was comparable to per square foot rental rates of similar commercial property in the same geographic area at the time of the leases or subsequent amendments and included our portion of the taxes, insurance, utilities and certain maintenance of the premises. In connection with the BSS Transaction, we terminated this lease and transferred the Gilbert Satellite Operations Center, including any and all equipment, software, processes, software licenses, hardware licenses, furniture and technical documentation located within, to DISH Network. NOTE 6. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS In May 2019, we entered into an agreement with Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC (“Yahsat”) pursuant to which, in November 2019, Yahsat contributed its satellite communications services business in Brazil to one of our Brazilian subsidiaries in exchange for a 20% equity ownership interest in that subsidiary (the “Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction”). The combined business provides broadband internet services and enterprise solutions in Brazil using the Telesat T19V satellite, the Eutelsat 65W satellite and Yahsat’s Al Yah 3 satellite. The results of operations related to the business we acquired from Yahsat have been included in these Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition. As of December 31, 2020, we incurred $1.6 million of costs associated with the closing of the Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction. F-34 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED All assets and liabilities acquired from Yahsat in the Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction have been recorded at fair value. The following table presents our allocation of the purchase price: Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Other current assets, net Property and equipment Regulatory authorization Goodwill Other non-current assets, net Total assets Liabilities: Trade accounts payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total liabilities Total purchase price (1) Amounts 8,110 5,876 86,983 4,498 9,186 1,502 116,155 3,879 6,676 10,555 105,600 $ $ $ $ $ Based on the value determined for the equity ownership interest issued by our Brazilian subsidiary as consideration for the business (1) acquired by us in the Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction. The following valuation of the acquired assets was derived using primarily unobservable Level 3 inputs, which require significant management judgment and estimation: Satellite payload Regulatory authorization Total Amounts 49,363 4,498 53,861 $ $ The satellite payload asset and regulatory authorization were valued using an income approach and will be being amortized over seven and 11 years, respectively. The goodwill we recognized was allocated entirely to our Hughes segment and attributed to expected synergies, projected long-term business growth in current and new markets and an assembled workforce. F-35 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED NOTE 7. EARNINGS PER SHARE The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock: Net income (loss) from continuing operations Net income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Class A and B common stock: Basic and diluted Earnings (losses) per share: Class A and B common stock: Basic and diluted: Continuing operations Discontinued operations Total basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share $ $ $ $ (40,150) $ (102,318) $ (134,204) — 39,401 93,729 (40,150) $ (62,917) $ (40,475) 97,920 96,738 96,250 (0.41) $ — (0.41) $ (1.06) $ 0.41 (0.65) $ (1.39) 0.97 (0.42) The following table presents the number of anti-dilutive options to purchase shares of our Class A common stock which have been excluded from the calculation of our weighted-average common shares outstanding: Number of shares For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 4,374 4,813 5,013 F-36 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED NOTE 8. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) The following table presents the changes in the balances of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component: Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments $ (121,693) $ Unrealized Gain (Loss) On Available- For-Sale Securities Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Other Balance, December 31, 2018 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified to net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance, December 31, 2019 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified to net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ (483) — (483) (122,176) (68,097) — (68,097) (190,273) $ (1,574) $ (1,833) $ (125,100) 2,571 (592) 1,979 405 1,466 — 1,466 (367) (253) (2) (255) 150 $ 2,614 — 2,614 2,247 $ 3,554 (592) 2,962 (122,138) (65,736) (2) (65,738) (187,876) NOTE 9. MARKETABLE INVESTMENT SECURITIES The following table presents our Marketable investment securities: Marketable investment securities: Debt securities: Available-for-sale: Corporate bonds Commercial paper Other debt securities Total available-for-sale debt securities Fair value option - corporate bonds Total debt securities Equity securities Total marketable investment securities, including restricted amounts Less: Restricted marketable investment securities Total marketable investment securities As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ 372,746 $ 568,442 1,101,888 148,292 1,622,926 — 1,622,926 24,435 1,647,361 321,706 13,874 904,022 9,128 913,150 35,566 948,716 (9,090) (8,093) $ 1,638,271 $ 940,623 F-37 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Debt Securities Available-for-Sale The following table presents the components of our available-for-sale debt securities: As of December 31, 2020 Corporate bonds Commercial paper Other debt securities Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Losses Estimated Fair Value $ 372,702 $ 78 $ (34) $ 372,746 1,101,888 148,292 — 6 — (6) 1,101,888 148,292 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 1,622,882 $ 84 $ (40) $ 1,622,926 As of December 31, 2019 Corporate bonds Commercial paper Other debt securities $ 567,926 $ 518 $ (2) $ 321,705 13,867 1 7 — — 568,442 321,706 13,874 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 903,498 $ 526 $ (2) $ 904,022 The following table presents the activity on our available-for-sale debt securities: Proceeds from sales Gains (losses) on sales, net For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ $ 160,494 $ 435,978 $ 75,000 2 $ 549 $ — As of December 31, 2020, we have $1.6 billion of available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities of one year or less and zero with contractual maturities greater than one year. Fair Value Option The following table presents the activity on our fair value option corporate bonds: Proceeds from sales Gains (losses) on sales, net Equity Securities For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ $ 32,054 $ 14,980 $ 46,717 $ 6,746 $ 75,877 4,212 The following table presents the activity of our equity securities: Proceeds from sales Gains (losses) on sales, net For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ $ 14,401 $ 104,729 $ (3,241) $ 53,873 $ 62,111 (16,599) F-38 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Fair Value Measurements The following table presents our marketable investment securities categorized by the fair value hierarchy, certain of which have historically experienced volatility: $ $ Cash equivalents (including restricted) Debt securities: Available-for-sale: Corporate bonds Commercial paper Other debt securities Total available- for-sale debt securities Fair value option - corporate bonds Total debt securities Equity securities Total marketable investment securities, including restricted amounts Less: Restricted marketable investment securities Total marketable investment securities $ Level 1 2020 Level 2 As of December 31, Total Level 1 2019 Level 2 Total 416 $ 809,698 $ 810,114 $ 31,451 $ 1,408,043 $ 1,439,494 — $ — 372,746 $ 372,746 $ 1,101,888 1,101,888 — $ — 568,442 $ 321,706 568,442 321,706 139,486 8,806 148,292 8,093 5,781 13,874 139,486 1,483,440 1,622,926 8,093 895,929 904,022 — — — — 9,128 9,128 139,486 14,441 1,483,440 9,994 1,622,926 24,435 8,093 27,933 905,057 7,633 913,150 35,566 153,927 1,493,434 1,647,361 36,026 912,690 948,716 (9,090) — (9,090) (8,093) — (8,093) 144,837 $ 1,493,434 $ 1,638,271 $ 27,933 $ 912,690 $ 940,623 As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we did not have any investments that were categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. NOTE 10. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT The following table presents the components of Property and equipment, net: Property and equipment, net: Satellites, net Other property and equipment, net Total property and equipment, net As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ 1,602,076 $ 1,749,576 788,237 779,162 $ 2,390,313 $ 2,528,738 F-39 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Satellites As of December 31, 2020, our operating satellite fleet consisted of 10 satellites, seven of which are owned and three of which are leased. They are all in geosynchronous orbit, approximately 22,300 miles above the equator. The following table presents our operating satellite fleet as of December 31, 2020 which consists of both owned and leased satellites: Satellite Owned: SPACEWAY 3 (1) EchoStar XVII EchoStar XIX Al Yah 3 (2) EchoStar IX (3) EUTELSAT 10A (“W2A”) (4) EchoStar XXI Finance leases: Eutelsat 65 West A Telesat T19V EchoStar 105/SES-11 Segment Launch Date Nominal Degree Orbital Location (Longitude) Depreciable Life (In Years) Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes ESS August 2007 July 2012 December 2016 January 2018 August 2003 Corporate and Other Corporate and Other April 2009 June 2017 Hughes Hughes ESS March 2016 July 2018 October 2017 95 W 107 W 97.1 W 20 W 121 W 10 E 10.25 E 65 W 63 W 105 W 10 15 15 7 12 - 15 15 15 15 (1) Depreciable life represents the remaining useful life as of June 8, 2011, the date EchoStar completed its acquisition of Hughes Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Hughes Acquisition”). (2) Upon consummation of our joint venture with Yahsat in Brazil in November 2019, we acquired the Brazilian Ka-band payload on this satellite. Depreciable life represents the remaining useful life as of November 2019. (3) We own the Ka-band and Ku-band payloads on this satellite. (4) We acquired the S-band payload on this satellite in December 2013. Prior to acquisition, the S-band payload experienced an anomaly at the time of launch and, as a result, is not fully operational. The following table presents the components of our satellites, net: Satellites, net: Satellites - owned Satellites - acquired under finance leases Construction in progress Total satellites Accumulated depreciation Satellites - owned Satellites - acquired under finance leases Total accumulated depreciation Total satellites, net Depreciable Life (In Years) As of December 31, 2020 2019 7 to 15 $ 1,805,590 $ 1,816,303 15 — 352,245 409,032 381,163 365,133 2,566,867 2,562,599 (890,783) (74,008) (964,791) (756,635) (56,388) (813,023) $ 1,602,076 $ 1,749,576 F-40 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the depreciation expense associated with our satellites, net: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Depreciation expense: Satellites - owned Satellites - acquired under finance leases 128,404 27,611 130,705 25,755 Total depreciation expense $ 156,015 $ 156,460 $ 124,987 20,269 145,256 The following table presents capitalized interest associated with our satellites and satellite-related ground infrastructure: Capitalized interest $ 27,369 $ 22,576 $ 18,285 For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Construction in Progress In August 2017, we entered into a contract for the design and construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, a new, next-generation, high throughput geostationary satellite. The EchoStar XXIV satellite is primarily intended to provide additional capacity for our HughesNet satellite internet service (“HughesNet service”) in North, Central and South America as well as enterprise broadband services. Maxar Space, LLC (formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC), the manufacturer of our EchoStar XXIV satellite has notified us of a delay in completion of the satellite. Capital expenditures associated with the construction and launch of the EchoStar XXIV satellite are included in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting. We launched two nano-satellites in the third quarter of 2020. Following launch, both nano-satellites experienced technical anomalies that precluded them from fulfilling their intended regulatory milestone missions. We recorded an impairment of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, related to these nano-satellites. Satellite-Related Commitments As of December 31, 2020 and 2019 our satellite-related commitments were $487.7 million and $419.0 million, respectively. These include payments pursuant to agreements for the construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, payments pursuant to the EchoStar XXIV launch contract, payments pursuant to regulatory authorizations, non- lease costs associated with our finance lease satellites, in-orbit incentives relating to certain satellites and commitments for satellite service arrangements. In certain circumstances, the dates on which we are obligated to pay our contractual obligations could change. Satellite Anomalies and Impairments We are not aware of any anomalies with respect to our owned or leased satellites or payloads that have had any significant adverse effect on their remaining useful lives, the commercial operation of the satellites or payloads or our operating results or financial position as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020. F-41 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Satellite Insurance We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. Therefore, we generally bear the risk of any in-orbit failures. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements governing certain portions of our long-term debt and our joint venture agreements with Yahsat, we are required, subject to certain limitations on coverage, to maintain only for the SPACEWAY 3 satellite, the EchoStar XVII satellite and the Al Yah 3 Brazilian payload, insurance or other contractual arrangements during the commercial in-orbit service of such satellite or payload. Our other satellites and payloads, either in orbit or under construction, are not covered by launch or in-orbit insurance or other contractual arrangements. We will continue to assess circumstances going forward and make insurance-related decisions on a case-by-case basis. Fair Value of In-Orbit Incentives As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair values of our in-orbit incentive obligations from our continuing operations approximated their carrying amounts of $55.4 million and $57.0 million, respectively. Other Property and Equipment, Net The following table presents Other property and equipment, net: Other property and equipment, net: Land Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other Customer premises equipment Construction in progress Total other property and equipment Accumulated depreciation Other property and equipment, net Depreciable Life (In Years) As of December 31, 2020 2019 — 1 to 40 1 to 12 2 to 4 $ 29,055 $ 115,335 887,086 28,943 113,938 855,274 1,617,053 1,377,914 99,716 52,986 $ $ 2,748,245 $ 2,429,055 (1,960,008) (1,649,893) 788,237 $ 779,162 The following table presents the depreciation expense associated with our other property and equipment: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Other property and equipment depreciation expense: Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other Customer premises equipment Total depreciation expense $ $ 5,394 $ 94,389 230,079 329,862 $ 5,791 $ 90,885 194,906 291,582 $ 11,285 82,945 174,749 268,979 F-42 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED NOTE 11. REGULATORY AUTHORIZATIONS The following table presents our Regulatory authorizations, net: Finite lived Accumulated Amortization Cost Total Indefinite lived Total Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 92,621 $ (21,342) $ 71,279 $ 400,042 $ 471,321 Impairment Amortization expense Currency translation adjustments Balance, December 31, 2018 Additions Amortization expense Currency translation adjustments Balance, December 31, 2019 Amortization expense Currency translation adjustments (37,476) — (8,358) 46,787 12,833 — (1,169) 58,451 — 2,930 7,848 (5,190) 1,894 (16,790) — (3,672) 318 (20,144) (4,483) (2,012) (29,628) (5,190) (6,464) 29,997 12,833 (3,672) (851) 38,307 (4,483) 918 — — — 400,042 39,491 — 758 440,291 — 3,729 (29,628) (5,190) (6,464) 430,039 52,324 (3,672) (93) 478,598 (4,483) 4,647 Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 61,381 $ (26,639) $ 34,742 $ 444,020 $ 478,762 Weighted average useful life (in years) 13 Finite Lived Assets In November 2019, we were granted an S-band spectrum license for terrestrial rights in Mexico for $7.9 million. The acquired asset is subject to amortization over a period of 15 years. In November 2019, we also acquired Ka-band spectrum rights $4.5 million, upon consummation of the Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction, which are subject to amortization over a period of 11 years. During the year ended December 31, 2018, impairment of long-lived assets was $65.2 million, which was primarily attributable to the determination that the fair value of the 45 degree west longitude regulatory authorization was de minimis. Our recognition of a loss on the assets and the in-substance liquidation of the business related to this regulatory authorization are as follows: (i) $29.6 million related to the regulatory authorization; (ii) $3.5 million related to other assets; and (iii) $32.1 million of foreign currency translation adjustment. Future Amortization The following table presents our estimated future amortization of our regulatory authorizations with finite lives as of December 31, 2020: For the years ending December 31, 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 and beyond Total F-43 Amount 4,610 4,658 4,658 4,668 4,658 11,490 34,742 $ $ ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Indefinite Lived Assets In October 2019, we acquired Sirion Global Pty Ltd., which we have renamed EchoStar Global Australia Pty Ltd (“EchoStar Global”), which holds global S-band non-geostationary stationary satellite spectrum rights for mobile satellite services. We acquired the global S-band non-geostationary satellite spectrum rights for $39.5 million, of which $26.5 million were made in cash payments and the remainder relate to deferred tax liabilities. The acquired spectrum rights are not subject to amortization. NOTE 12. OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS The following table presents our other intangible assets: Cost: As of December 31, 2017 $ 270,300 $ 61,300 $ 29,700 $ 361,300 Customer Relationships Patents Trademarks and Licenses Total Write-off As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2020 Accumulated amortization: As of December 31, 2017 Amortization expense Write-off As of December 31, 2018 Amortization expense As of December 31, 2019 Amortization expense As of December 31, 2020 Carrying amount: As of December 31, 2017 As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2020 — 270,300 270,300 (17) 61,283 61,283 — 29,700 29,700 (17) 361,283 361,283 $ 270,300 $ 61,283 $ 29,700 $ 361,283 $ (231,642) $ (13,145) — (244,787) (13,146) (257,933) (9,496) (60,927) $ (94) 17 (61,004) (9,776) $ (1,485) — (11,261) (93) (1,485) (302,345) (14,724) 17 (317,052) (14,724) (61,097) (12,746) (331,776) (93) (1,485) (11,074) $ (267,429) $ (61,190) $ (14,231) $ (342,850) $ $ $ $ 38,658 $ 25,513 $ 12,367 $ 2,871 $ 373 $ 279 $ 186 $ 93 $ 19,924 $ 18,439 $ 16,954 $ 15,469 $ 58,955 44,231 29,507 18,433 Weighted average useful life (in years) 8 6 20 F-44 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Future Amortization The following table presents our estimated future amortization of other intangible assets as of December 31, 2020: For the years ending December 31, 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 and beyond Total NOTE 13. OTHER INVESTMENTS The following table presents our Other investments, net: Other investments, net: Equity method investments Other equity investments Other debt investments, net Total other investments, net Equity Method Investments Dish Mexico Amount $ 4,449 1,485 1,485 1,485 1,485 8,044 $ 18,433 As of December 31, 2019 2020 $ 151,070 $ 166,209 31,662 102,205 66,627 92,569 $ 284,937 $ 325,405 We own 49% of Dish Mexico, a joint venture that we entered into in 2008 to provide direct-to-home satellite services in Mexico. Historically, we provided certain satellite services to Dish Mexico. However, following the consummation of the BSS Transaction, we no longer provide these services. Deluxe/EchoStar LLC We own 50% of Deluxe/EchoStar LLC (“Deluxe”), a joint venture that we entered into in 2010 to build an advanced digital cinema satellite distribution network targeting delivery to digitally equipped theaters in the U.S. and Canada. Broadband Connectivity Solutions (Restricted) Limited In August 2018, we entered into an agreement with Yahsat to establish a new entity, Broadband Connectivity Solutions (Restricted) Limited (together with its subsidiaries, “BCS”), to provide commercial Ka-band satellite broadband services across Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia operating over Yahsat's Al Yah 2 and Al Yah 3 Ka-band satellites. The transaction was consummated in December 2018 when we invested $100.0 million in cash in exchange for a 20% interest in BCS. Under the terms of the agreement, we may also acquire, for further cash investments, additional ownership interests in BCS in the future provided certain conditions are met. We supply network operations and management services and equipment to BCS. F-45 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Financial Information for Our Equity Method Investments The following table presents revenue recognized: Deluxe BCS The following table presents trade accounts receivable: Deluxe BCS For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ $ 4,393 $ 9,080 $ 4,377 $ 8,979 $ 4,433 695 As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 716 $ 9,347 $ 631 5,171 There were no cash distributions from our investments for the year ended December 31, 2020. We recorded cash distributions from our investments of $2.7 million and $10.0 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. These cash distributions were determined to be a return on investment and reported in Net cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Additionally, we recorded an additional dividend from our investments of $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 that was considered a return of investment and reported in Net cash flows from investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. There were no returns of investment during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2018. Other Equity Investments The following table presents reductions to the carrying amount of our investments based on circumstances that indicated the fair value of the investments was less than their carry amount: Loss (gain) on investments, net $ 29,833 $ 36,700 $ — For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Other Debt Investments, Net The following table presents our other debt investments, net: Other debt investments, net: Cost basis Discount Allowance for credit losses Total other debt investments, net As of December 31, 2019 2020 $ 114,903 $ 102,878 (10,185) (2,513) (10,309) — $ 102,205 $ 92,569 F-46 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the activity in our allowance for credit losses for these investments: Balance at the beginning of the period Credit Losses (1) Deductions Balance at end of period For the year ended December 31, 2020 $ $ — 2,513 — 2,513 (1) The impact of adopting ASC 326 on January 1, 2020 was a $2.1 million adjustment to Accumulated earnings (losses). The following table presents the interest income, net related to our debt investments, net: Interest income, net Interest income Credit losses Total interest income, net NOTE 14. LONG-TERM DEBT For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ 14,736 $ 2,500 (367) — 14,369 $ 2,500 The following table presents the carrying amount and fair values of our Current portion of long-term debt, net and Long-term debt, net: Effective Interest Rate As of December 31, 2020 2019 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Senior Secured Notes: 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 5.301% $ 750,000 $ 834,045 $ 750,000 $ 825,308 Senior Unsecured Notes: 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021 6 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026 8.028% 6.667% Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs Total long-term debt Less: Current portion, net Long-term debt, net 2021 Senior Unsecured Notes 900,000 750,000 (6,507) 2,393,493 (898,237) 963,783 833,903 — 2,622,994 — $ 1,495,256 $ 1,686,855 $ 2,389,168 $ 2,622,994 900,000 750,000 (10,832) 2,389,168 — 924,003 852,810 — 2,610,858 (924,003) On June 1, 2011, HSSC issued $900.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Senior Unsecured Notes,”) at an issue price of 100.0%, pursuant to an Unsecured Indenture dated June 1, 2011 (the “2011 Indenture”). The 2021 Senior Unsecured Notes mature on June 15, 2021. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 7 5/8% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. F-47 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED 2026 Senior Secured Notes and 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes On July 27, 2016, HSSC issued $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Senior Secured Notes”) at an issue price of 100.0%, pursuant to an indenture dated July 27, 2016 (the “2016 Secured Indenture”) and $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Senior Unsecured Notes” and, together with the 2021 Senior Unsecured Notes, the “Unsecured Notes”) at an issue price of 100.0%, pursuant to an indenture dated July 27, 2016 (together with the 2011 Indenture and the 2016 Secured Indenture, the “Indentures”). The 2021 Senior Unsecured Notes, the 2026 Senior Secured Notes and the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes are referred to collectively as the “Notes” and individually as a series of the Notes. The 2026 Senior Secured Notes and the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes (collectively, the “2026 Notes”) mature on August 1, 2026. Interest on the 2026 Senior Secured Notes accrue at an annual rate of 5 1/4% and interest on the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes accrues at an annual rate of 6 5/8%. Interest on the 2026 Notes are payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year. Additional Information Relating to the Notes Each series of the Notes is redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount thereof plus a “make-whole” premium, as defined in the applicable Indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. The 2026 Senior Secured Notes are: • • • • • • • secured obligations of HSSC; secured by security interests in substantially all existing and future tangible and intangible assets of HSSC and certain of its subsidiaries on a first priority basis, subject to certain exceptions; effectively junior to HSSC’s obligations that are secured by assets that are not part of the collateral that secures the 2026 Senior Secured Notes, in each case, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such obligations; effectively senior to HSSC’s existing and future unsecured obligations to the extent of the value of the collateral securing the 2026 Senior Secured Notes, after giving effect to permitted liens as provided in the 2016 Secured Indenture; senior in right of payment to all existing and future obligations of HSSC that are expressly subordinated to the 2026 Senior Secured Notes; structurally junior to any existing and future obligations of any of HSSC’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2026 Senior Secured Notes; and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a general senior secured basis by certain of our HSSC’s subsidiaries, which guarantees rank equally with all of the guarantors’ existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and effectively senior to such guarantors’ existing and future obligations to the extent of the value of the assets securing the 2026 Senior Secured Notes. The Unsecured Notes are: • • • • • unsecured senior obligations of HSSC; ranked equally with all existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness (including as between the 2021 Senior Unsecured Notes and the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes) and effectively junior to any secured indebtedness up to the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; effectively junior to HSSC’s obligations that are secured to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such obligations; senior in right of payment to all existing and future obligations of HSSC that are expressly subordinated to the respective Unsecured Notes; structurally junior to any existing and future obligations of any of HSSC’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the respective Unsecured Notes; and F-48 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED • unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a general senior secured basis by certain of HSSC’s subsidiaries, which guarantees rank equally with all of the guarantors’ existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness, and effectively junior to any secured indebtedness of the guarantors up to the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. Subject to certain exceptions, the Indentures contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on HSSC’s ability and, in certain instances, the ability of certain of HSSC’s subsidiaries to: • • incur additional debt; pay dividends or make distributions on HSSC’s or their capital stock or repurchase HSSC’s or their capital stock; • make certain investments; • • create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions; enter into transactions with affiliates; • merge or consolidate with another company; • • transfer and sell assets; and allow to exist certain restrictions on its or their ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make other payments, or transfer assets. In the event of a Change of Control, as defined in the respective Indentures, HSSC would be required to make an offer to repurchase all or any part of a holder’s Notes at a purchase price equal to 101.0% of the aggregate principal amount thereof, together with accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The Indentures provide for customary events of default for each series of the Notes, including, among other things, non-payment, breach of the covenants in the applicable Indentures, payment defaults or acceleration of other indebtedness, a failure to pay certain judgments and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization. If any event of default occurs and is continuing with respect to any series of the Notes, the trustee or the holders of at least 25.0% in principal amount of the then outstanding Notes of such series may declare all the Notes of such series to be due and payable immediately, together with any accrued and unpaid interest. Debt Issuance Costs For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we amortized $4.3 million, $5.9 million and $7.9 million, respectively, of debt issuance costs incurred for all debt issuances, which are included in Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. NOTE 15. INCOME TAXES The following table presents the components of Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Domestic Foreign Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes $ $ 108,078 $ 120,295 $ 33,176 (135,913) (213,460) (158,962) (27,835) $ (93,165) $ (125,786) F-49 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the components of Income tax benefit (provision), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Current benefit (provision), net: Federal State Foreign Total current benefit (provision), net Deferred benefit (provision), net: Federal State Foreign Total deferred benefit (provision), net $ $ $ (2,750) $ (5,089) $ (4,868) (2,116) 286 (633) (9,734) $ (5,436) $ (9,707) $ (7,511) $ 3,497 (8,125) (14,335) (10,964) 3,423 (15,052) Total income tax benefit (provision), net $ (24,069) $ (20,488) $ (1,476) 4,881 (2,690) 715 6,857 (14,375) 227 (7,291) (6,576) The following table presents our actual tax provisions reconciled to the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations : For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Statutory rate $ 5,845 $ 19,565 $ State income taxes, net of federal provision (benefit) Permanent differences Tax credits Valuation allowance Rates different than statutory Withholding tax Other (349) (2,209) 1,353 (44,212) 17,180 (766) (911) (8,137) (6,531) 12,453 (54,251) 18,786 (2,171) (202) Total income tax benefit (provision), net $ (24,069) $ (20,488) $ 26,415 (10,519) (1,367) 7,825 (50,118) 20,254 (80) 1,014 (6,576) F-50 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities: Deferred tax assets: Net operating losses, credit and other carryforwards Unrealized losses on investments, net Accrued expenses Stock-based compensation Other assets Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization Other liabilities Total deferred tax liabilities Total net deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax asset foreign jurisdiction Net deferred tax liability domestic Total net deferred tax liabilities As of December 31, 2019 2020 $ 274,894 $ 289,353 43,693 21,787 6,723 35,689 39,018 19,660 5,772 28,163 382,786 (225,593) 381,966 (181,032) $ 157,193 $ 200,934 $ (514,091) $ (544,158) (1,217) (1,217) (515,308) (545,375) (358,115) $ (344,441) 1,781 $ 7,251 (359,896) (351,692) (358,115) $ (344,441) $ $ $ Overall, our net deferred tax assets were offset by a valuation allowance of $225.6 million and $181.0 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The change in the valuation allowance primarily relates to an increase in the net operating loss carryforwards of certain foreign subsidiaries and a decrease associated with unrealized gains that are capital in nature. Tax benefits of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are evaluated on an ongoing basis, including a review of historical and projected future operating results, the eligible carryforward period, and other circumstances. As of December 31, 2020, we had net operating loss carryforwards of $657.5 million, including $521.2 million of foreign net operating loss carryforwards. A substantial portion of these net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2037. As of December 31, 2020, we have tax credit carryforwards of $148.0 million and $103.4 million for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. If not utilized, the federal tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2024 and the state tax credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2020. As of December 31, 2020, we had undistributed earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries for which no provision for U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes has been made because it is expected that such earnings will be reinvested outside the U.S. indefinitely. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability at this time. However, due to the one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings, the majority of previously unremitted earnings have now been subjected to U.S. federal income tax. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had net deferred tax assets related to our foreign subsidiaries of $1.8 million and $7.3 million, respectively, which were recorded in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. F-51 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes In addition to filing U.S. federal income tax returns, we file income tax returns in all states that impose an income tax. As of December 31, 2020, we are not currently under a U.S. federal income tax examination. However, the IRS could perform tax examinations on years as early as tax year 2008. We are also subject to frequent state income tax audits and have open state examinations on years as early as 2008. We also file income tax returns in the United Kingdom, Brazil, India and a number of other foreign jurisdictions. We generally are open to income tax examination in these foreign jurisdictions for taxable years beginning in 2003. As of December 31, 2020, we are currently being audited by the Indian tax authorities for fiscal years 2003 through 2018. We have no other on-going significant income tax examinations in process in our foreign jurisdictions. The following table presents the reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized income tax benefits: Unrecognized tax benefit balance as of beginning of period: Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions based on tax positions related to prior years Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 $ 70,401 $ 69,540 $ 63,296 3,349 76,882 (572) 861 — — 4,361 2,539 (656) 69,540 Balance as of end of period $ 150,060 $ 70,401 $ As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $150.1 million and $70.4 million, respectively, of unrecognized income tax benefits, all of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. Additions based on tax positions related to prior years in 2020 include amounts in our deferred tax assets previously considered contingent liabilities related to combined state filings with DISH Network. During 2020, we and DISH Network concluded that combined state filings were no longer required. The amounts have been added to this schedule to reflect the change in filing status. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, our income tax provision included an insignificant amount of interest and penalties. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted in March 2020. The CARES Act features significant tax provisions and other measures to assist individuals and businesses impacted by the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including a five-year carryback of net operating losses, relaxation of Section 163(j) interest deduction limitations, acceleration of Alternative Minimum Tax refunds, relief for payroll tax and tax credits for employers who retain employees. These provisions did not affect our income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2020. NOTE 16. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock Our board of directors is authorized to issue preferred stock and may divide such preferred stock into series and, with respect to each series, to determine the preferences and rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the series, including the dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption rights and terms, liquidation preferences, sinking fund provisions, the number of shares constituting the series and the designation of such series. Our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, issue additional preferred stock of existing or new series with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power of the holders of common stock and could have certain anti-takeover effects. F-52 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Common Stock Our Class A, Class B, and Class C common stock are equivalent except for voting rights. Holders of Class A and Class C common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 10 votes per share. Upon a change in control of the Company, each holder of outstanding shares of Class C common stock is entitled to 10 votes for each share of Class C common stock held. Each share of Class B and Class C common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into one share of Class A common stock. Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and certain entities established for the benefit of his family beneficially own all outstanding Class B common stock. There are no shares of Class C common stock outstanding. Any holder of Class D common stock is not entitled to a vote on any matter or to convert the shares of Class D common stock into any other class of common stock. There are no shares of Class D common stock outstanding. Each share of common stock is entitled to receive its pro rata share, based upon the number of shares of common stock held, of dividends and distributions upon liquidation. Common Stock Repurchase Program Pursuant to stock repurchase programs approved by our board of directors, we were authorized to repurchase up to $500.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2020. The following table presents information with respect to purchases made by the Company: Period Beginning Balance Year ended December 31, 2018 Q4 Repurchase Authorization (1) Year ended December 31, 2019 Year ended December 31, 2020 Total Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share (or Unit) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Disclosed Plans or Program 952,603 $ 34.95 952,603 — 1,905,906 2,858,509 $ — 22.79 26.85 — 1,905,906 2,858,509 $ 456,542 Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) That May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Program $ 500,000 466,708 500,000 500,000 456,542 (1) On October 29, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to $500.0 million of our Class A common stock through and including December 31, 2020. Purchases under our repurchase authorization may be made through privately negotiated transactions, open market repurchases, one or more trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise, subject to market conditions and other factors. We may elect to purchase some or all, or not to purchase the maximum amount or any of, the remaining shares allowable under this program and we may also enter into additional share repurchase programs authorized by our Board of Directors. All shares repurchased reflected in the table above have been converted to treasury shares. NOTE 17. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Employee Stock Purchase Plan We have an employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”), under which we are authorized to issue 5.0 million shares of Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 1.7 million shares of Class A common stock which remain available for issuance under the ESPP. Generally, all full-time employees who have been employed by EchoStar for at least one calendar quarter are eligible to participate in the ESPP. Employee stock purchases are made through payroll deductions. Under the terms of the ESPP, each employee’s deductions are limited so that the maximum they may purchase under the ESPP is $25,000 in fair value of Class A common stock per year. Stock purchases are made on the last business day of each calendar quarter at 85.0% of the closing price of the Class A common stock on that date. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, employee purchases of Class A common stock through the ESPP totaled approximately 452,000 shares, 285,000 shares and 245,000 shares, respectively. F-53 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED 401(k) Employee Savings Plans Under the EchoStar 401(k) Plan (“the Plan”), eligible employees are entitled to contribute up to 75.0% of their eligible compensation, on a pre-tax and/or after-tax basis, subject to the maximum contribution limit provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). All employee contributions to the Plan are immediately vested. We match 50 cents on the dollar for the first 6.0% of each employee’s salary contributions to the Plan for a total of 3.0% match on a pre-tax basis up to a maximum of $7,500 annually. Our match is calculated each pay period there is an employee contribution. In addition, we may make an annual discretionary contribution to the Plan to be made in cash or our stock. Our contributions under the Plan vest at 20.0% per year and are 100.0% vested after an eligible employee has completed five years of employment. Forfeitures of unvested participant balances may be used to fund matching and discretionary contributions. The following table presents our matching contributions, discretionary contributions and shares: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Matching contributions Fair value of discretionary contributions of our Class A common stock, net of forfeitures, under 401(k) plan $ $ Approximate number of shares 5,239 $ 5,095 $ 5,007 6,921 $ 6,654 $ 160,000 181,000 7,605 127,000 NOTE 18. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Stock Incentive Plans We maintain stock incentive plans to attract and retain officers, directors, employees, consultants and advisors. Stock awards under these plans may include both performance-based and non-performance-based stock incentives. As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding stock options to acquire approximately 4.8 million shares of our Class A common stock under these plans. Stock options granted prior to December 31, 2020 were granted with exercise prices equal to or greater than the market value of our Class A common stock at the date of grant or the last trading day prior to the date of grant (if the grant date is not a trading day) and generally with a maximum term of ten years for our officers and employees and five years for our non-employee directors. While we generally issue stock awards subject to vesting, typically over five years, some stock awards have been granted with immediate or longer vesting periods or that vest only upon the achievement of certain performance objectives. Under these plans, we grant to certain of our employees awards of fully vested shares of Class A common stock under our Employee Innovator Recognition Program, which is available to all of our eligible employees. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 6.3 million shares of our Class A common stock available for future grant under our stock incentive plans. In connection with the BSS Transaction, we adjusted stock options that were unexercised and outstanding as of the date of the Distribution, which resulted in an increase in the number of such options and a reduction in the exercise price of such options. F-54 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents our exercise prices for stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2020: Exercise Price Range $0.00 - $20.00 $20.01 - $25.00 $25.01 - $30.00 $30.01 - $35.00 $35.01 - $40.00 $40.01 - $45.00 $45.01 - $50.00 $50.01 - $55.00 Number Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 Options Outstanding Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Options Exercisable Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years) Number Exercisable as of December 31, 2020 Weighted- Average Exercise Price 21,864 5,221 430,635 810,361 1,572,812 1,025,386 875,335 63,277 4,804,891 1 5 2 5 8 4 6 5 6 $ 18.20 23.65 29.60 32.57 38.77 42.19 48.51 52.69 39.48 21,864 3,221 430,635 488,397 506,582 1,019,235 531,357 43,709 3,045,000 1 1 2 3 7 4 6 5 4 $ 18.20 22.96 29.60 33.13 38.59 42.19 48.50 52.71 39.42 Stock Award Activity The following table presents our stock option activity: 2020 For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price 4,812,644 $ 180,500 (45,170) 43.40 30.39 18.93 5,013,038 $ 1,959,597 (1,986,937) 41.80 38.12 33.89 4,951,256 $ 215,500 (108,318) 41.42 51.71 40.67 (143,083) 41.58 (173,054) 48.99 (45,400) 50.21 4,804,891 39.48 4,812,644 43.40 5,013,038 3,045,000 39.42 2,510,947 38.76 3,710,138 41.80 38.59 Total options outstanding, beginning of period Granted Exercised Forfeited and canceled Total options outstanding, end of period Exercisable at end of period The following table presents our additional share-based compensation disclosures: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2018 Tax benefits from stock options exercised Aggregate intrinsic value of our stock options exercised $ $ 173 $ 603 $ 6,989 $ 17,101 $ 364 1,774 F-55 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Stock-Based Compensation The following table presents our total non-cash, stock-based compensation expense: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2018 Stock-based compensation expense: Research and development expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Total stock-based compensation expense $ $ 551 $ 8,327 8,878 $ 465 $ 8,860 9,325 $ 634 9,442 10,076 The income tax benefits related to stock-based compensation expense was $1.7 million, $1.9 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to our unvested stock awards was $15.0 million. This amount is based on an estimated future forfeiture rate of 2.0% per year and will be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years. Valuation of Stock Options The fair value of each stock option granted for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was estimated at the date of the grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. The following table presents the estimated grant-date fair values and related assumptions: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Assumptions: Risk-free interest rate Volatility Expected term of options (in years) Weighted-average grant-date fair value 0.25% - 1.72% 1.83% - 2.54% 2.25% - 2.99% 24.32% - 30.07% 23.58% - 30.95% 22.77% - 23.28% 4.0 - 5.9 5.7 - 5.8 5.7 - 5.8 $6.56 - $11.63 $10.22 - $14.49 $12.38 - $16.23 We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and accordingly, the dividend yield used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model was assumed to be zero for all periods. The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded stock options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. Consequently, our estimate of fair value may differ from that determined using other valuation models. Further, the Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions. Changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate. Based on the closing market price of our Class A common stock on December 31, 2020, the aggregate intrinsic value of our stock options was $0.1 million for options outstanding and $0.1 million for options exercisable as of December 31, 2020. F-56 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED NOTE 19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Commitments The following table summarizes our contractual obligations from our continuing operations as of December 31, 2020: Long-term debt $ 2,400,000 $ 900,000 $ — $ — $ — $ Payments Due in the Years Ending December 31, Total 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter — $ 1,500,000 Interest on long-term debt 568,711 123,396 Satellite-related commitments 487,665 223,528 Operating lease obligations 176,001 21,051 Finance lease obligations 608 472 89,063 73,412 20,409 136 89,063 22,778 19,628 — 89,063 20,743 16,364 — 89,063 21,487 12,355 — 89,063 125,717 86,194 — Total $ 3,632,985 $ 1,268,447 $ 183,020 $ 131,469 $ 126,170 $ 122,905 $ 1,800,974 The table above does not include amounts related to deferred tax liabilities, unrecognized tax positions and certain other amounts recorded in our non-current liabilities as the timing of any payments is uncertain. The table also excludes long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities that do not require future cash payments. Additionally, our satellite-related commitments include payments pursuant to agreements for the construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, payments pursuant to the EchoStar XXIV launch contract, payments pursuant to regulatory authorizations, non-lease costs associated with our finance lease satellites, in-orbit incentives relating to certain satellites and commitments for satellite service arrangements. In certain circumstances, the dates on which we are obligated to pay our contractual obligations could change. Contingencies Patents and Intellectual Property Many entities, including some of our competitors, have, or may have in the future, patents and other intellectual property rights that cover or affect products or services directly or indirectly related to those that we offer. We may not be aware of all patents and other intellectual property rights that our products and services may potentially infringe. Damages in patent infringement cases can be substantial, and in certain circumstances can be tripled. Further, we cannot estimate the extent to which we may be required in the future to obtain licenses with respect to intellectual property rights held by others and the availability and cost of any such licenses. Various parties have asserted patent and other intellectual property rights with respect to our products and services. We cannot be certain that these parties do not own the rights they claim, that these rights are not valid or that our products and services do not infringe on these rights. Further, we cannot be certain that we would be able to obtain licenses from these parties on commercially reasonable terms or, if we were unable to obtain such licenses, that we would be able to redesign our products and services to avoid infringement. Certain Arrangements with DISH Network In connection with our spin-off from DISH in 2008 (the “Spin-off”), we entered into a separation agreement with DISH Network that provides, among other things, for the division of certain liabilities, including liabilities resulting from litigation. Under the terms of the separation agreement, we assumed certain liabilities that relate to our business, including certain designated liabilities for acts or omissions that occurred prior to the Spin-off. Certain specific provisions govern intellectual property related claims under which we will generally only be liable for our acts or omissions following the Spin-off and DISH Network will indemnify us for any liabilities or damages resulting from intellectual property claims relating to the period prior to the Spin-off as well as DISH Network’s acts or omissions following the Spin-off. In connection with the Share Exchange and BSS Transaction, we entered into the Share Exchange Agreement and the Master Transaction Agreement, respectively, and other agreements which provide, among other things, for the division of certain liabilities, including liabilities relating to taxes, intellectual property and employees and liabilities resulting from litigation and the assumption of certain liabilities that relate to F-57 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED the transferred businesses and assets. These agreements also contain additional indemnification provisions between us and DISH Network for, in the case of the Share Exchange, certain pre-existing liabilities and legal proceedings and, in the case of the BSS Transaction, certain losses with respect to breaches of certain representations and covenants and certain liabilities. Litigation We are involved in a number of legal proceedings concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our business activities. Many of these proceedings are at preliminary stages and/or seek an indeterminate amount of damages. We regularly evaluate the status of the legal proceedings in which we are involved to assess whether a loss is probable and to determine if accruals are appropriate. We record an accrual for litigation and other loss contingencies when we determine that a loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. If accruals are not appropriate, we further evaluate each legal proceeding to assess whether an estimate of possible loss or range of loss can be made. There can be no assurance that legal proceedings against us will be resolved in amounts that will not differ from the amounts of our recorded accruals. Legal fees and other costs of defending legal proceedings are charged to expense as incurred. For certain proceedings, management is unable to predict with any degree of certainty the outcome or provide a meaningful estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss because, among other reasons: (i) the proceedings are in various stages; (ii) damages have not been sought or specified; (iii) damages are unsupported, indeterminate and/or exaggerated in management’s opinion; (iv) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending trials, appeals, motions or other proceedings; (v) there are significant factual issues to be resolved; and/or (vi) there are novel legal issues or unsettled legal theories to be presented or a large number of parties are involved (as with many patent-related cases). Except as described below, however, management does not believe, based on currently available information, that the outcomes of these proceedings will have a material effect on our financial condition, operating results or cash flows, though there is no assurance that the resolution and outcomes of these proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will not be material to our financial condition, operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period. We intend to vigorously defend the proceedings against us. In the event that a court, tribunal, other body or jury ultimately rules against us, we may be subject to adverse consequences, including, without limitation, substantial damages, which may include treble damages, fines, penalties, compensatory damages and/or other equitable or injunctive relief that could require us to materially modify our business operations or certain products or services that we offer to our consumers. Elbit On January 23, 2015, Elbit Systems Land and C4I LTD and Elbit Systems of America Ltd. (together referred to as “Elbit”) filed a complaint against our subsidiary Hughes Network Systems, L.L.C. (“HNS”), as well as against Black Elk Energy Offshore Operations, LLC, Bluetide Communications, Inc. and Helm Hotels Group, in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,240,073 (the “073 patent”) and 7,245,874 (“874 patent”). In December 2019, we entered into a comprehensive settlement agreement with Elbit pursuant to which we paid a total of $33.0 million in satisfaction of all amounts relating to these matters and all open proceedings, including appeals, were dismissed with prejudice. F-58 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Shareholder Litigation On July 2, 2019, the City of Hallandale Beach Police Officers’ and Firefighters’ Personnel Retirement Trust, purporting to sue on behalf of a class of EchoStar Corporation’s stockholders, filed a complaint in the District Court of Clark County, Nevada against our directors, Charles W. Ergen, R. Stanton Dodge, Anthony M. Federico, Pradman P. Kaul, C. Michael Schroeder, Jeffrey R. Tarr, William D. Wade, and Michael T. Dugan; our officer, David J. Rayner; EchoStar Corporation; our subsidiary Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation (“HSSC”); our former subsidiary BSS Corp.; and DISH and its subsidiary Merger Sub. On September 5, 2019, the defendants filed motions to dismiss. On October 11, 2019, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint removing Messrs. Dodge, Federico, Kaul, Schroeder, Tarr and Wade as defendants. The amended complaint alleges that Mr. Ergen, as our controlling stockholder, breached fiduciary duties to EchoStar Corporation’s minority stockholders by structuring the BSS Transaction with inadequate consideration and improperly influencing our and HSSC’s boards of directors to approve the BSS Transaction. The amended complaint also alleges that the other defendants aided and abetted such alleged breaches. The plaintiffs seek equitable and monetary relief, including the issuance of additional DISH Common Stock, and other costs and disbursements, including attorneys’ fees on behalf of the purported class. On November 11, 2019, we and the other defendants filed separate motions to dismiss plaintiff’s amended complaint and during a hearing on January 13, 2020 the court denied these motions. On February 10, 2020, we and the other defendants filed answers to the amended complaint. The Court certified plaintiff’s class on January 11, 2021. We intend to vigorously defend this case. We cannot predict its outcome with any degree of certainty. License Fee Dispute with Government of India, Department of Telecommunications In 1994, the Government of India promulgated a “National Telecommunications Policy” under which the government liberalized the telecommunications sector and required telecommunications service providers to pay fixed license fees. Pursuant to this policy, our subsidiary Hughes Communications India Private Limited (“HCIPL”), formerly known as Hughes Escorts Communications Limited, obtained a license to operate a data network over satellite using VSAT systems. In 1999, HCIPL’s license was amended pursuant to a new government policy that eliminated the fixed license fees and instead required each telecommunications service provider to pay license fees based on its adjusted gross revenue (“AGR”). In March 2005, the Indian Department of Telecommunications (“DOT”) notified HCIPL that, based on its review of HCIPL’s audited accounts and AGR statements, HCIPL must pay additional license fees, interest on such fees and penalties and interest on the penalties. HCIPL responded that the DOT had improperly calculated its AGR by including revenue from licensed and unlicensed activities. The DOT rejected this explanation and in 2006, HCIPL filed a petition with an administrative tribunal (the “Tribunal”), challenging the DOT’s calculation of its AGR. The DOT also issued license fee assessments to other telecommunications service providers and a number of similar petitions were filed by several other such providers with the Tribunal. These petitions were amended, consolidated, remanded and re-appealed several times. On April 23, 2015, the Tribunal issued a judgment affirming the DOT’s calculation of AGR for the telecommunications service providers but reversing the DOT’s imposition of interest, penalties and interest on such penalties as excessive. Over subsequent years, the DOT and HCIPL and other telecommunications service providers, respectively, filed several appeals of the Tribunal’s ruling. On October 24, 2019, the Supreme Court of India (“Supreme Court”) issued an order (the “October 2019 Order”) affirming the license fee assessments imposed by the DOT, including its imposition of interest, penalties and interest on the penalties, but without indicating the amount HCIPL is required to pay the DOT, and ordering payment by January 23, 2020. On November 23, 2019, HCIPL and other telecommunication service providers filed a petition asking the Supreme Court to reconsider the October 2019 Order. The petition was denied on January 20, 2020. On January 22, 2020, HCIPL and other telecommunication service providers filed an application requesting that the Supreme Court modify the October 2019 Order to permit the DOT to calculate the final amount due and extend HCIPL’s and the other telecommunication service providers’ payment deadline. On February 14, 2020, the Supreme Court directed HCIPL and the other telecommunication service providers to explain why the Supreme Court should not initiate contempt proceedings for failure to pay the amounts due. During a hearing on March 18, 2020, the Supreme Court ordered that all amounts that were due before the October 2019 Order must be paid, including interest, penalties and interest on the penalties. The Supreme Court also ordered that the parties appear for a further hearing addressing, potentially among other things, a proposal by the DOT to allow for extended or deferred payments of amounts due. On June 11, 2020, the Supreme Court ordered HCIPL and the other telecommunication service providers to submit affidavits addressing the proposal made by the DOT to extend the time frame for payment of the amounts owed and for HCIPL and the other telecommunication providers to provide security for such payments. On September 1, 2020, the Supreme Court issued a judgment permitting a F-59 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED 10-year payment schedule. Under the payment schedule, HCIPL is required to make a payment of 10% of the legally payable dues by March 31, 2021, and thereafter make payments in yearly installments through 2031. To date, HCIPL has paid the DOT $2.9 million with respect to this matter. As a result of the Supreme Court’s orders, HCIPL’s payments to date and the impact of foreign exchange rates, we have recorded an accrual of $81.7 million as of December 31, 2020, comprised of $3.9 million for additional license fees, $4.0 million for penalties and $73.8 million for interest and interest on penalties. We had recorded an accrual of $80.2 million as of December 31, 2019. Any eventual payments made with respect to the ultimate outcome of this matter may be different from our accrual and such differences could be significant. Other In addition to the above actions, we are subject to various other legal proceedings and claims, which arise in the ordinary course of business. As part of our ongoing operations, we are subject to various inspections, audits, inquiries, investigations and similar actions by third parties, as well as by governmental/regulatory authorities responsible for enforcing the laws and regulations to which we may be subject. Further, under the federal False Claims Act, private parties have the right to bring qui tam, or “whistleblower,” suits against companies that submit false claims for payments to, or improperly retain overpayments from, the federal government. Some states have adopted similar state whistleblower and false claims provisions. In addition, we from time to time receive inquiries from federal, state and foreign agencies regarding compliance with various laws and regulations. In our opinion, the amount of ultimate liability with respect to any of these other actions is unlikely to materially affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, though the resolutions and outcomes, individually or in the aggregate, could be material to our financial position, operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period. We also indemnify our directors, officers and employees for certain liabilities that might arise from the performance of their responsibilities for us. Additionally, in the normal course of its business, we enter into contracts pursuant to which we may make a variety of representations and warranties and indemnify the counterparty for certain losses. Our possible exposure under these arrangements cannot be reasonably estimated as this involves the resolution of claims made, or future claims that may be made, against us or our officers, directors or employees, the outcomes of which are unknown and not currently predictable or estimable. NOTE 20. SEGMENT REPORTING Business segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and regularly evaluated by our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is our Chief Executive Officer. We operate in two business segments, Hughes and ESS, as described in Note 1. Organization and Business Activities. The primary measure of segment profitability that is reported regularly to our CODM is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, net income (loss) from discontinued operations and net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests (“EBITDA”). Total assets by segment have not been reported herein because the information is not provided to our CODM on a regular basis. F-60 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents revenue, EBITDA and capital expenditures for each of our business segments. Capital expenditures are net of refunds and other receipts related to our property and equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2020 External revenue Intersegment revenue Total revenue EBITDA Capital expenditures For the year ended December 31, 2019 External revenue Intersegment revenue Total revenue EBITDA Capital expenditures For the year ended December 31, 2018 External revenue Intersegment revenue Total revenue EBITDA Capital expenditures Hughes ESS Corporate and Other Consolidated Total $ 1,860,834 $ 16,237 $ 10,836 $ 1,887,907 — 1,161 (1,161) — $ 1,860,834 $ 17,398 $ 9,675 $ 1,887,907 $ $ 727,608 $ 355,197 $ 7,873 $ (118,606) $ 616,875 41 $ 53,560 $ 408,798 $ 1,852,742 $ 15,131 $ 18,208 $ 1,886,081 — 1,126 (1,126) — $ 1,852,742 $ 16,257 $ 17,082 $ 1,886,081 $ $ 625,660 $ 308,781 $ 6,994 $ (55,055) $ 577,599 — $ 109,293 $ 418,074 $ 1,716,169 $ 27,009 $ 19,460 $ 1,762,638 359 222 (581) — $ 1,716,528 $ 27,231 $ 18,879 $ 1,762,638 $ $ 601,319 $ 17,764 $ (150,582) $ 468,501 390,108 $ (76,757) $ 164,091 $ 477,442 The following table reconciles Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations to EBITDA: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes $ Interest income, net Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized Depreciation and amortization Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests EBITDA (27,835) $ (39,982) 147,927 525,011 (93,165) $ (82,352) 251,016 490,765 11,754 11,335 $ 616,875 $ 577,599 $ F-61 (125,786) (80,275) 219,288 457,116 (1,842) 468,501 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Geographic Information The following table summarizes total long-lived assets attributed to the North America, South and Central America and other foreign locations: Long-lived assets: North America South and Central America Other Total long-lived assets As of December 31, 2019 2020 $ 2,954,421 $ 3,092,773 311,063 133,621 310,226 140,797 $ 3,399,105 $ 3,543,796 NOTE 21. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) The following table presents our quarterly results of operations: Year Ended December 31, 2020 Total revenue Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to EchoStar common stock Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar Corporation common stock Basic and diluted income (loss) from continuing operations per share Total basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share Year Ended December 31, 2019 Total revenue Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to EchoStar common stock Net income (loss) attributable to EchoStar common stock Basic and diluted income (loss) from continuing operations per share Total basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share For the Three Months Ended December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 $ 489,273 $ 473,502 $ 459,466 $ 465,666 30,108 (2,597) 36,990 23,273 34,772 (14,843) 10,603 (57,737) 117 117 0.01 0.01 25,440 (11,412) (54,295) 25,440 (11,412) (54,295) 0.26 0.26 (0.12) (0.12) (0.56) (0.56) $ 499,006 $ 472,262 $ 460,431 $ 454,382 23,597 (63,094) 26,093 (21,106) (4,661) (5,060) 28,048 15,008 (46,297) (20,317) (30,660) (5,044) (53,118) (18,309) (5,692) 14,202 (0.48) (0.55) (0.21) (0.19) (0.32) (0.06) (0.05) 0.15 F-62 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED NOTE 22. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - DISH NETWORK Overview EchoStar Corporation and DISH have operated as separate publicly-traded companies since 2008. A substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of each of EchoStar Corporation and DISH is owned beneficially by Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and by certain entities established for the benefit of his family. In addition, prior to March 2017, DISH Network owned the Trading Stock, which in the aggregate represented an 80% economic interest in the residential retail satellite broadband business of our Hughes segment. The Trading Stock was retired in March 2017. In connection with and following the Spin-off, the Share Exchange and the BSS Transaction, we and DISH Network entered into certain agreements pursuant to which we obtain certain products, services and rights from DISH Network; DISH Network obtains certain products, services and rights from us; and we and DISH Network indemnify each other against certain liabilities arising from our respective businesses. Generally, the amounts we or DISH Network pay for products and services provided under the agreements are based on cost plus a fixed margin (unless noted differently below), which varies depending on the nature of the products and services provided. We may also enter into additional agreements with DISH Network in the future. The following is a summary of the transactions and the terms of the underlying principal agreements that have had or may have an impact on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. Services and Other Revenue — DISH Network The following table presents our Services and other revenue - DISH Network: Services and other revenue - DISH Network $ 36,531 $ 53,429 $ 73,465 For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 The following table presents the related trade accounts receivable: As of December 31, 2020 2019 Trade accounts receivable - DISH Network $ 5,612 $ 10,683 Satellite Capacity Leased to DISH Network. We have entered into an agreement and have previously entered into a now terminated agreement to lease satellite capacity pursuant to which we have provided satellite services to DISH Network on certain satellites owned or leased by us. The fees for the services provided under these agreements depend upon, among other things, the orbital location of the applicable satellite, the number of transponders that are providing services on the applicable satellite, the length of the service arrangements and any third-party costs associated with the satellite capacity. The terms of these agreements are set forth below: • • EchoStar IX — Effective January 2008, DISH Network began leasing satellite capacity from us on the EchoStar IX satellite. Subject to availability, DISH Network generally has the right to continue leasing satellite capacity from us on the EchoStar IX satellite on a month-to-month basis. 103 Degree Orbital Location/SES-3 — In May 2012, we entered into a spectrum development agreement (the “103 Spectrum Development Agreement”) with Ciel Satellite Holdings Inc. (“Ciel”) to develop certain spectrum rights at the 103 degree west longitude orbital location (the “103 Spectrum Rights”). In June 2013, we and DISH Network entered into a spectrum development agreement (the “DISH 103 Spectrum Development Agreement”) pursuant to which DISH Network may use and develop the 103 Spectrum Rights. Effective in March 2018, DISH Network exercised its right to terminate the DISH 103 Spectrum Development Agreement and we exercised our right to terminate the 103 Spectrum Development Agreement. F-63 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED In connection with the 103 Spectrum Development Agreement, in May 2012, we also entered into a ten- year agreement with Ciel pursuant to which we leased certain satellite capacity from Ciel on the SES-3 satellite at the 103 degree west longitude orbital location (the “Ciel 103 Agreement”). In June 2013, we and DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network leased certain satellite capacity from us on the SES-3 satellite (the “DISH 103 Agreement”). Under the terms of the DISH 103 Agreement, DISH Network made certain monthly payments to us through the service term. Effective in March 2018, DISH Network exercised its right to terminate the DISH 103 Agreement and we exercised our right to terminate the Ciel 103 Agreement. Telesat Obligation Agreement. We transferred the Telesat Transponder Agreement to DISH Network as part of the BSS Transaction; however, we retained certain obligations related to DISH Network’s performance under that agreement. In September 2019, we and DISH Network entered into an agreement whereby DISH Network compensates us for retaining such obligations. Real Estate Leases to DISH Network. We have entered into lease agreements pursuant to which DISH Network leases certain real estate from us. The rent on a per square foot basis for each of the leases is comparable to per square foot rental rates of similar commercial property in the same geographic area at the time of the leases or subsequent amendments. Additionally, DISH Network compensates us for its portion of the taxes, insurance, utilities and/or maintenance of the premises. The terms of each of the leases are set forth below: • 100 Inverness Occupancy License Agreement — Effective March 2017, DISH Network is licensed to use certain of our space at 100 Inverness Terrace East, Englewood, Colorado for a period ending in December 2020. Effective December 2020, we amended this agreement to extend the license until December 2021. This agreement may be terminated by either party upon 180 days’ prior notice. This agreement will be converted to a month-to-month lease agreement unless extended by mutual consent or terminated by one of the parties upon 30 days’ notice. In connection with the BSS Transaction, we transferred to DISH Network the Englewood Satellite Operations Center located at 100 Inverness Terrace East, including any and all equipment, hardware licenses, software, processes, software licenses, furniture and technical documentation associated with the satellites transferred in the BSS Transaction. • Meridian Lease Agreement — The lease for all of 9601 S. Meridian Blvd., Englewood, Colorado was originally for a period ending in December 2016. We and DISH Network have amended this lease over time to, among other things, extend the term through December 2021. After December 2021, this agreement may be converted by mutual consent to a month-to-month lease agreement with either party having the right to terminate upon 30 days’ notice. TerreStar Agreement. In March 2012, DISH Network completed its acquisition of substantially all the assets of TerreStar Networks Inc. (“TerreStar”). Prior to DISH Network’s acquisition of substantially all the assets of TerreStar and our completion of the Hughes Acquisition, TerreStar and HNS entered into various agreements pursuant to which we provide, among other things, warranty, operations and maintenance and hosting services for TerreStar’s ground-based communications equipment (the “TerreStar Agreements”). In December 2017, we and DISH Network amended these agreements, effective as of January 1, 2018, to reduce certain pricing terms through December 31, 2023 and to modify certain termination provisions. DISH Network generally has the right to continue to receive warranty services from us for our products on a month-to-month basis unless terminated by DISH Network upon at least 21 days’ written notice to us. DISH Network generally has the right to continue to receive operations and maintenance services from us on a quarter-to-quarter basis unless operations and maintenance services are terminated by DISH Network upon at least 90 days’ written notice to us. The provision of hosting services will continue until May 2022. In addition, DISH Network generally may terminate any and all services for convenience subject to providing us with prior notice and/or payment of termination charges. In March 2020, we entered into an agreement with DISH Network pursuant to which we perform certain work and provide certain credits to amounts owed to us under the TerreStar Agreements in exchange for DISH Network’s granting us rights to use certain satellite capacity under the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement (as defined below). As a result, we and DISH Network amended the TerreStar Agreements to suspend our provision of warranty services to DISH Network from April 2020 through December 2020. Following the expiration of this suspension, we will continue to provide warranty services to DISH Network. F-64 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Hughes Broadband Distribution Agreement. Effective October 2012, we and DISH Network, entered into a distribution agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) pursuant to which DISH Network has the right, but not the obligation, to market, sell and distribute our Gen 4 HughesNet service. DISH Network pays us a monthly per subscriber wholesale service fee for our Gen 4 HughesNet service based upon a subscriber’s service level and based upon certain volume subscription thresholds. The Distribution Agreement also provides that DISH Network has the right, but not the obligation, to purchase certain broadband equipment from us to support the sale of the Gen 4 HughesNet service. The Distribution Agreement had an initial term of five years with automatic renewal for successive one year terms unless terminated by either party with a written notice at least 180 days’ before the expiration of the then-current term. In February 2014, we and DISH Network entered into an amendment to the Distribution Agreement which, among other things, extended the initial term of the Distribution Agreement until March 2024. Upon expiration or termination of the Distribution Agreement, we and DISH Network will continue to provide our Gen 4 HughesNet service to the then-current DISH Network subscribers pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Distribution Agreement. DBSD North America Agreement. In March 2012, DISH Network completed its acquisition of all of the equity of reorganized DBSD North America, Inc. (“DBSD North America”). Prior to DISH Network’s acquisition of DBSD North America and our completion of the Hughes Acquisition, DBSD North America and HNS entered into various agreements pursuant to which we provide, among other things, warranty, operations and maintenance and hosting services of DBSD North America’s gateway and ground-based communications equipment. In December 2017, we and DBSD North America amended these agreements, effective as of January 1, 2018, to reduce certain pricing terms through December 31, 2023 and to modify certain termination provisions. DBSD North America has the right to continue to receive operations and maintenance services from us on a quarter-to-quarter basis, unless terminated by DBSD North America upon at least 120 days’ written notice to us. In February 2019, we further amended these agreements to provide DBSD North America with the right to continue to receive warranty services from us on a month-to-month basis until December 2023, unless terminated by DBSD North America upon at least 21 days’ written notice to us. The provision of hosting services will continue until February 2022 and will automatically renew for an additional five-year period until February 2027 unless terminated by DBSD North America upon at least 180 days’ written notice to us. In addition, DBSD North America generally may terminate any and all such services for convenience, subject to providing us with prior notice and/or payment of termination charges. Hughes Equipment and Services Agreement. In February 2019, we and DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which we will sell to DISH Network our HughesNet Service and HughesNet equipment that has been modified to meet DISH Network’s internet-of-things specifications for the transfer of data to DISH Network’s network operations centers. This agreement has an initial term of five years expiring February 2024 with automatic renewal for successive one-year terms unless terminated by DISH Network with at least 180 days‘ written notice to us or by us with at least 365 days'’ written notice to DISH Network. Operating Expenses — DISH Network The following table presents our operating expenses related to DISH Network: Operating expenses - DISH Network $ 5,793 $ 5,198 $ 3,889 For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 The following table presents the related trade accounts payable: Trade accounts payable - DISH Network $ 752 $ 1,923 As of December 31, 2020 2019 F-65 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement. In connection with the Spin-off, we entered into various agreements with DISH Network including a transition services agreement, satellite procurement agreement and services agreement, all of which expired in January 2010 and were replaced by a professional services agreement (the “Professional Services Agreement”). In January 2010, we and DISH Network agreed that we continue to have the right, but not the obligation, to receive the following services from DISH Network, among others, certain of which were previously provided under a transition services agreement: information technology, travel and event coordination, internal audit, legal, accounting and tax, benefits administration, program acquisition services and other support services. Additionally, we and DISH Network agreed that DISH Network would continue to have the right, but not the obligation, to engage us to manage the process of procuring new satellite capacity for DISH Network (previously provided under a satellite procurement agreement), receive logistics, procurement and quality assurance services from us (previously provided under a services agreement) and provide other support services. In connection with the consummation of the Share Exchange, we and DISH amended and restated the Professional Services Agreement (as amended to date, the “Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement”) to provide that we and DISH Network shall have the right to receive additional services that either we or DISH Network may require as a result of the Share Exchange, including access to antennas owned by DISH Network for our use in performing TT&C services and maintenance and support services for our antennas (collectively, the “TT&C Antennas”). In September 2019, in connection with the BSS Transaction, we and DISH further amended the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement to provide that we and DISH Network shall have the right to receive additional services that either we or DISH Network may require as a result of the BSS Transaction and to remove our access to and the maintenance and support services for the TT&C Antennas. The term of the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement is through January 2021 and renews automatically for successive one-year periods thereafter, unless the agreement is terminated earlier by either party upon at least 60 days‘ notice. We or DISH Network may generally terminate the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement in part with respect to any particular service it receives for any reason upon at least 30 days’ notice, unless the statement of work for particular services states otherwise. Certain services being provided for under the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement may survive the termination of the agreement. Real Estate Leases from DISH Network. We have entered into lease agreements pursuant to which we lease certain real estate from DISH Network. The rent on a per square foot basis is comparable to per square foot rental rates of similar commercial property in the same geographic area at the time of the leases or subsequent amendments and, includes our portion of the taxes, insurance, utilities and/or maintenance of the premises. The terms of each of the leases are set forth below: • • Cheyenne Lease Agreement — Effective March 2017, we entered into a lease with DISH Network for certain space at 530 EchoStar Drive in Cheyenne, Wyoming for a period ending in February 2019. In August 2018, we exercised our option to renew this lease for a one year period ending in February 2020. In connection with the BSS Transaction, we transferred the Cheyenne Satellite Operations Center, including any equipment, software licenses, and furniture located within, to DISH Network and amended this lease to reduce the space provided to us for the Cheyenne Satellite Access Center for a period ending in September 2021, with the option for us to renew for a one year period upon 180 days’ written notice prior to the end of the term. American Fork Occupancy License Agreement — Effective March 2017, we entered into an agreement with DISH Network for certain space at 796 East Utah Valley Drive in American Fork, Utah for a period ending in August 2017. We exercised our option to renew this agreement for a five-year period ending in August 2022. We and DISH Network amended this agreement to, among other things, terminate this agreement in March 2019. Collocation and Antenna Space Agreements. We and DISH Network have entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provides us with collocation space in El Paso, Texas. This agreement was for an initial period ending in August 2015, and provides us with renewal options for four consecutive years. Effective August 2015, we exercised our first renewal option for a period ending in August 2018 and in April 2018 we exercised our second renewal option for a period ending in August 2021. In connection with the Share Exchange, effective March 2017, we also entered into certain agreements pursuant to which DISH Network provides collocation and antenna space to EchoStar through February 2022 at the following locations: Cheyenne, Wyoming; Gilbert, Arizona; New F-66 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Braunfels, Texas; Monee, Illinois; Spokane, Washington; and Englewood, Colorado. In October 2019, we provided a termination notice for our New Braunfels, Texas agreement to be effective May 2020. In August 2017, we and DISH Network also entered into certain other agreements pursuant to which DISH Network provides additional collocation and antenna space to us in Monee, Illinois and Spokane, Washington through August 2022. Generally, we may renew our collocation and antenna space agreements for three-year periods by providing DISH Network with prior written notice no more than 120 days but no less than 90 days prior to the end of the then-current term. We may terminate certain of these agreements with 180 days’ prior written notice. In September 2019, in connection with the BSS Transaction, we entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provided us with certain additional collocation space in Cheyenne, Wyoming for a period ending in September 2020. The fees for the services provided under these agreements depend on the number of racks located at the location. Also in connection with the BSS Transaction, in September 2019, we entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provides us with antenna space and power in Cheyenne, Wyoming for a period of five years commencing in August 2020, with four three-year renewal terms, with prior written notice no more than 120 days but no less than 90 days prior to the end of the then-current term. Hughes Broadband Master Services Agreement. In conjunction with the launch of our EchoStar XIX satellite, in March 2017, we and DISH Network entered into a master service agreement (the “Hughes Broadband MSA”) pursuant to which DISH Network, among other things: (i) has the right, but not the obligation, to market, promote and solicit orders and upgrades for our Gen 5 HughesNet service and related equipment and other telecommunication services and (ii) installs Gen 5 HughesNet service equipment with respect to activations generated by DISH Network. Under the Hughes Broadband MSA, we and DISH Network make certain payments to each other relating to sales, upgrades, purchases and installation services. The Hughes Broadband MSA has an initial term of five years through March 2022 with automatic renewal for successive one-year terms. Either party has the ability to terminate the Hughes Broadband MSA, in whole or in part, for any reason upon at least 90 days’ notice to the other party. Upon expiration or termination of the Hughes Broadband MSA, we will continue to provide our Gen 5 HughesNet service to subscribers and make certain payments to DISH Network pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Hughes Broadband MSA. We incurred sales incentives and other costs under the Hughes Broadband MSA totaling $16.6 million, $17.1 million and $33.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 2019 TT&C Agreement. In September 2019, in connection with the BSS Transaction, we entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provides TT&C services to us for a period ending in September 2021, with the option for us to renew for a one-year period upon written notice at least 90 days prior to the initial expiration (the “2019 TT&C Agreement”). The fees for services provided under the 2019 TT&C Agreement are calculated at either: (i) a fixed fee or (ii) cost plus a fixed margin, which will vary depending on the nature of the services provided. Any party is able to terminate the 2019 TT&C Agreement for any reason upon 12 months’ notice. Other Receivables - DISH Network The following table presents our other receivables owed from DISH Network: Other receivables - DISH Network As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ 92,680 $ 92,892 Tax Sharing Agreement. Effective December 2007, we and DISH Network entered into a tax sharing agreement (the “Tax Sharing Agreement”) in connection with the Spin-off. This agreement governs our and DISH Network’s respective rights, responsibilities and obligations after the Spin-off with respect to taxes for the periods ending on or before the Spin-off. Generally, all pre-Spin-off taxes, including any taxes that are incurred as a result of restructuring activities undertaken to implement the Spin-off, are borne by DISH Network and DISH Network indemnifies us for such taxes. However, DISH Network is not liable for and does not indemnify us for any taxes that are incurred as a result of the Spin-off or certain related transactions failing to qualify as tax-free distributions pursuant to any provision of Section 355 or Section 361 of the Code, because of: (i) a direct or indirect acquisition of any of our stock, stock options or assets; (ii) any action that we take or fail to take or (iii) any action that we take that F-67 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED is inconsistent with the information and representations furnished to the IRS in connection with the request for the private letter ruling, or to counsel in connection with any opinion being delivered by counsel with respect to the Spin- off or certain related transactions. In such case, we will be solely liable for, and will indemnify DISH Network for any resulting taxes, as well as any losses, claims and expenses. The Tax Sharing Agreement will terminate after the later of the full period of all applicable statutes of limitations, including extensions, or once all rights and obligations are fully effectuated or performed. In light of the Tax Sharing Agreement, among other things, and in connection with our consolidated federal income tax returns for certain tax years prior to and for the year of the Spin-off, in September 2013, we and DISH Network agreed upon a supplemental allocation of the tax benefits arising from certain tax items resolved in the course of the IRS’s examination of our consolidated tax returns. Prior to the agreement with DISH Network in 2013, the federal tax benefits were reflected as a deferred tax asset for depreciation and amortization, which was netted in our non- current deferred tax liabilities. The agreement with DISH Network in 2013 requires DISH Network to pay us the federal tax benefit it receives at such time as we would have otherwise been able to realize such tax benefit. We recorded a non-current receivable from DISH Network in Other receivables - DISH Network and a corresponding increase in our Deferred tax liabilities, net to reflect the effects of this agreement in September 2013. In addition, in September 2013, we and DISH Network agreed upon a tax sharing arrangement for filing certain combined state income tax returns and a method of allocating the respective tax liabilities between us and DISH Network for such combined returns, through the taxable period ending on December 31, 2017 (the “State Tax Arrangement”). In August 2018, we and DISH Network amended the Tax Sharing Agreement and the 2013 agreements (the “Tax Sharing Amendment”). Under the Tax Sharing Amendment, to the extent permitted by applicable tax law, DISH Network is entitled to apply the benefit of our 2009 net operating losses (the “SATS 2009 NOLs”) to DISH Network’s federal tax return for the year ended December 31, 2008, in exchange for DISH Network paying us over time the value of the net annual federal income taxes paid by us that would have been otherwise offset by the SATS 2009 NOLs. The Tax Sharing Amendment also requires us and DISH Network to pay the other for the benefits of certain past and future federal research and development tax credits that we or DISH Network receive or received as a result of being part of a controlled group under the Code, and requires DISH Network to compensate us for certain past tax losses utilized by DISH Network and for certain past and future excess California research and development tax credits generated by us and used by DISH Network. In addition, the Tax Sharing Amendment extends the term of the State Tax Arrangement to the earlier to occur of termination of the Tax Sharing Agreement, a change in control of either us or DISH Network or, for any particular state, if we and DISH Network no longer file a combined tax return for such state. We and DISH Network file combined income tax returns in certain states from 2008 through 2019. We have earned and recognized tax benefits for certain state income tax credits that we would be unable to fully utilize currently if we had filed separately from DISH Network. We have charged Additional paid-in capital in prior periods when DISH Network has utilized such tax benefits. We expect to increase Additional paid-in capital upon receipt of any consideration that DISH Network pays to us in exchange for these tax credits. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, DISH Network has utilized tax benefits of $2.2 million, tax provisions of $1.6 million and tax benefits of $1.8 million, respectively. Other Agreements Master Transaction Agreement. In May 2019, we and BSS Corp. entered into the Master Transaction Agreement with DISH and Merger Sub with respect to the BSS Transaction. Pursuant to the terms of the Master Transaction Agreement, on September 10, 2019: (i) we transferred the BSS Business to BSS Corp.; (ii) we completed the Distribution; and (iii) immediately after the Distribution, (1) BSS Corp. became a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH such that DISH owns and operates the BSS Business and (2) each issued and outstanding share of BSS Common Stock owned by EchoStar stockholders was converted into the right to receive 0.23523769 shares of DISH Common Stock. Following the consummation of the BSS Transaction, we no longer operate the BSS Business, which was a substantial portion of our ESS segment. The Master Transaction Agreement contained customary representations and warranties by us and DISH Network, including our representations relating to the assets, liabilities and financial condition of the BSS Business, and representations by DISH Network relating to its financial condition and liabilities. We and DISH Network have agreed to indemnify each other against certain losses with F-68 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED respect to breaches of certain representations and covenants and certain retained and assumed liabilities, respectively. BSS Transaction Intellectual Property and Technology License Agreement. Effective September 2019, in connection with the BSS Transaction, we and DISH Network entered into an intellectual property and technology license agreement (the “BSS IPTLA”) pursuant to which we and DISH Network license to each other certain intellectual property and technology. The BSS IPTLA will continue in perpetuity, unless mutually terminated by the parties. Pursuant to the BSS IPTLA, we granted to DISH Network a license to our intellectual property and technology for use by DISH Network, among other things, in connection with its continued operation of the BSS Business acquired pursuant to the BSS Transaction, including a limited license to use the “ESS” and “ECHOSTAR SATELLITE SERVICES” trademarks during a transition period. EchoStar retains full ownership of the “ESS” and “ECHOSTAR SATELLITE SERVICES” trademarks. In addition, DISH Network granted a license back to us, among other things, for the continued use of all intellectual property and technology that is used in our retained businesses but the ownership of which was transferred to DISH Network pursuant to the BSS Transaction. BSS Transaction Tax Matters Agreement. Effective September 2019, in connection with the BSS Transaction, we, BSS Corp. and DISH entered into a tax matters agreement. This agreement governs certain of our rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect to taxes of the BSS Business transferred pursuant to the BSS Transaction. Generally, we are responsible for all tax returns and tax liabilities for the BSS Business for periods prior to the BSS Transaction and DISH is responsible for all tax returns and tax liabilities for the BSS Business from and after the BSS Transaction. Both we and DISH made certain tax-related representations and are subject to various tax-related covenants after the consummation of the BSS Transaction. Both we and DISH Network have agreed to indemnify each other for certain losses if there is a breach of any the tax representations or violation of any of the tax covenants in the tax matters agreement and that breach or violation results in the failure of the BSS Transaction being treated as a transaction that is tax-free for EchoStar or its stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, DISH Network has agreed to indemnify us if the BSS Business is acquired, either directly or indirectly (e.g., via an acquisition of DISH Network), by one or more persons, where either it took an action, or knowingly facilitated, consented to or assisted with an action by its stockholders, that resulted in the failure of the BSS Transaction being treated as a transaction that is tax-free for EchoStar and its stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This tax matters agreement supplements the Tax Sharing Agreement outlined above and the Share Exchange Tax Matters Agreement outlined below, both of which continue in full force and effect. BSS Transaction Employee Matters Agreement. Effective September 2019, in connection with the BSS Transaction, we and DISH Network entered into an employee matters agreement that addressed the transfer of employees from us to DISH Network, including certain benefit and compensation matters and the allocation of responsibility for employee related liabilities relating to current and past employees of the BSS Business. DISH Network assumed employee-related liabilities relating to the BSS Business as part of the BSS Transaction, except that we are responsible for certain pre-BSS Transaction compensation and benefits for employees who transferred to DISH Network in connection with the BSS Transaction. Share Exchange Agreement. In January 2017, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into the Share Exchange Agreement with DISH and certain of its subsidiaries pursuant to which, in February 2017, we received all of the shares of the Tracking Stock in exchange for 100% of the equity interests of certain EchoStar subsidiaries that held substantially all of our EchoStar Technologies businesses and certain other assets. Following consummation of the Share Exchange, we no longer operate the transferred EchoStar Technologies businesses and the Tracking Stock was retired and is no longer outstanding and all agreements, arrangements and policy statements with respect to such Tracking Stock terminated and are of no further effect. Pursuant to the Share Exchange Agreement, we transferred certain assets, investments in joint ventures, spectrum licenses and real estate properties and DISH Network assumed certain liabilities relating to the transferred assets and businesses. The Share Exchange Agreement contained customary representations and warranties by the parties, including representations by us related to the transferred assets, assumed liabilities and the financial condition of the transferred businesses. We and DISH Network also agreed to customary indemnification provisions whereby each party indemnifies the other against certain losses with respect to breaches of representations, warranties or covenants and certain liabilities and if certain actions undertaken by us or DISH causes the transaction to be taxable to the other party after closing. F-69 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Share Exchange Intellectual Property and Technology License Agreement. Effective March 2017, in connection with the Share Exchange, we and DISH Network entered into an intellectual property and technology license agreement (“IPTLA”) pursuant to which we and DISH Network license to each other certain intellectual property and technology. The IPTLA will continue in perpetuity, unless mutually terminated by the parties. Pursuant to the IPTLA, we granted to DISH Network a license to our intellectual property and technology for use by DISH Network, among other things, in connection with its continued operation of the businesses acquired pursuant to the Share Exchange, including a limited license to use the “ECHOSTAR” trademark during a transition period. EchoStar retains full ownership of the “ECHOSTAR” trademark. In addition, DISH Network granted a license back to us, among other things, for the continued use of all intellectual property and technology that is used in our retained businesses but the ownership of which was transferred to DISH Network pursuant to the Share Exchange. Share Exchange Tax Matters Agreement. Effective March 2017, in connection with the Share Exchange, we and DISH entered into a tax matters agreement. This agreement governs certain of our rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect to taxes of the transferred businesses pursuant to the Share Exchange. Generally, we are responsible for all tax returns and tax liabilities for the transferred businesses and assets for periods prior to the Share Exchange and DISH Network is responsible for all tax returns and tax liabilities for the transferred businesses and assets from and after the Share Exchange. Both we and DISH Network made certain tax-related representations and are subject to various tax-related covenants after the consummation of the Share Exchange. Both we and DISH Network have agreed to indemnify each other if there is a breach of any such tax representation or violation of any such tax covenant and that breach or violation results in the Share Exchange not qualifying for tax free treatment for the other party. In addition, DISH Network has agreed to indemnify us if the transferred businesses are acquired, either directly or indirectly (e.g., via an acquisition of DISH Network), by one or more persons and such acquisition results in the Share Exchange not qualifying for tax free treatment. The tax matters agreement supplements the Tax Sharing Agreement outlined above which continues in full force and effect. Share Exchange Employee Matters Agreement. Effective March 2017, in connection with the Share Exchange, we and DISH Network entered into an employee matters agreement that addressed the transfer of employees from us to DISH Network, including certain benefit and compensation matters and the allocation of responsibility for employee related liabilities relating to current and past employees of the transferred businesses. DISH Network assumed employee-related liabilities relating to the transferred businesses as part of the Share Exchange, except that we are responsible for certain pre-Share Exchange employee related litigation, and compensation and benefits for employees who transferred to DISH Network in connection with the Share Exchange. NOTE 23. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - OTHER Hughes Systique Corporation We contract with Hughes Systique Corporation (“Hughes Systique”) for software development services. In addition to our approximately 43% ownership in Hughes Systique, Mr. Pradman Kaul, the President of our subsidiary Hughes Communications, Inc.. and a member of our board of directors, and his brother, who is the Chief Executive Officer and President of Hughes Systique, in the aggregate, own approximately 25%, on an undiluted basis, of Hughes Systique’s outstanding shares as of December 31, 2020. Furthermore, Mr. Pradman Kaul serves on the board of directors of Hughes Systique. Hughes Systique is a variable interest entity and we are considered the primary beneficiary of Hughes Systique due to, among other factors, our ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Hughes Systique. As a result, we consolidate Hughes Systique’s financial statements in these Consolidated Financial Statements. TerreStar Solutions DISH Network owns more than 15% of TerreStar Solutions, Inc. (“TSI”). In May 2018, we and TSI entered into an equipment and services agreement pursuant to which we design, manufacture and install upgraded ground communications network equipment for TSI’s network and provide, among other things, warranty and support services. We recognized revenue of $4.4 million, $12.5 million, and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $0.4 million and $2.7 million trade accounts receivable from TSI. F-70 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Global IP In May 2017, we entered into an agreement with Global-IP Cayman (“Global IP”) providing for the sale of certain equipment and services to Global IP. Mr. William David Wade, a member of our board of directors, served as a member of the board of directors of Global IP and as an executive advisor to the Chief Executive Officer of Global IP from September 2017 until April 2019 and from September 2017 until December 2019, respectively. In August 2018, we and Global IP amended the agreement to: (i) change certain of the equipment and services to be provided to Global IP, (ii) modify certain payment terms, (iii) provide Global IP an option to use one of our test lab facilities and (iv) effectuate the assignment of the agreement from Global IP to one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. In February 2019, we terminated the agreement as a result of Global IP’s defaults resulting from its failure to make payments to us as required under the terms of the agreement and we reserved our rights and remedies against Global IP under the agreement. We recognized revenue under this agreement of $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. We have not recognized any revenue since the termination of this agreement. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we were owed $7.5 million from Global IP. Maxar Technologies Inc. Mr. Jeffrey Tarr, who joined our board of directors in March 2019, served as a consultant and advisor to Maxar Technologies Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Maxar Tech”) through May 2019. We previously entered into agreements with Maxar Tech for the manufacture and certain other services of the EchoStar IX satellite, the EchoStar XVII satellite, the EchoStar XIX satellite, the EchoStar XXI satellite and the EchoStar XXIV satellite and our former EchoStar XI satellite, EchoStar XIV satellite, EchoStar XVI satellite and EchoStar XXIII satellite. Maxar Tech provides us with anomaly support for these satellites once launched pursuant to the terms of the agreements. Maxar Tech also provides a warranty on one of these satellites and may be required to pay us certain amounts should the satellite not operate according to certain performance specifications. Our obligations to pay Maxar Tech under these agreements during the design life of the applicable satellites may be reduced if the applicable satellites do not operate according to certain performance specifications. We incurred aggregate costs payable to Maxar Tech under these agreements of $23.9 million and $90.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At both December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had no trade payable to Maxar Tech. .NOTE 24. SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION Research and Development The following table presents the research and development costs incurred in connection with customers’ orders: Cost of sales - equipment Research and development expenses $ $ 19,788 $ 29,448 $ 24,495 $ 25,739 $ 23,422 27,570 For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Advertising Costs We incurred advertising expense of $65.1 million, $88.2 million and $75.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. F-71 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The following table reconciles cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the same as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, beginning of period: Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,519,431 $ 928,306 $ 2,431,456 Restricted cash Total cash and cash equivalents, included restricted amounts, beginning of period 2,458 1,189 793 $ 1,521,889 $ 929,495 $ 2,432,249 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, end of period: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total cash and cash equivalents, included restricted amounts, end of period $ $ Other Current Assets, Net and Other Non-current Assets, Net 896,005 $ 1,519,431 $ 928,306 807 2,458 1,189 896,812 $ 1,521,889 $ 929,495 The following table presents the components of Other current assets, net and Other non-current assets, net: As of December 31, 2020 2019 Other current assets, net: Trade accounts receivable - DISH Network $ 5,612 $ Inventory Prepaids and deposits Other, net Total other current assets Other non-current assets, net: Other receivables - DISH Network Restricted marketable investment securities Restricted cash Deferred tax assets, net Capitalized software, net Contract acquisition costs, net Contract fulfillment costs, net Other, net 97,992 55,381 30,836 10,683 79,621 67,014 22,213 $ 189,821 $ 179,531 $ 92,680 $ 92,892 9,090 807 1,781 8,093 2,458 7,251 116,661 101,786 99,837 2,580 29,485 96,723 3,010 22,628 Total other non-current assets, net $ 352,921 $ 334,841 F-72 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The following table presents the activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts, which is included within Other, net in each of Other current assets, net and Other non-current assets, net in the table above: Balance at beginning of period Credit losses (1) Foreign currency translation Balance at end of period For the years ended December 31, Other current assets, net Other non- current assets, net $ $ — $ 1,595 152 — 13,378 (509) 1,747 $ 12,869 (1) The impact of adopting ASC 326 on January 1, 2020 was a net increase to our allowance for doubtful accounts largely driven by a $13.4 million reclassification from Trade accounts receivables and contracts assets, net. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities The following table presents the components of Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: As of December 31, 2020 2019 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: Trade accounts payable - DISH Network Accrued interest Accrued compensation Accrued taxes Operating lease obligation Other $ 752 $ 42,388 62,299 20,297 14,699 159,564 299,999 $ 1,923 42,622 50,787 18,525 14,651 142,371 270,879 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ Inventory The following table presents the components of inventory: Raw materials Work-in-process Finished goods Total inventory As of December 31, 2019 2020 $ 4,564 $ 8,280 85,148 $ 97,992 $ 4,240 6,979 68,402 79,621 F-73 ECHOSTAR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Capitalized Software Costs The following tables present the activity related to our capitalized software cost: As of December 31, 2020 2019 $ Net carrying amount of externally marketed software Externally marketed software under development and not yet placed into service $ 116,661 $ 72,047 $ 101,786 38,766 Capitalized costs related to development of externally marketed software Amortization expense relating to externally marketed software $ $ Weighted average useful life (in years) 2 38,655 $ 29,310 $ 31,639 23,780 $ 24,284 $ 22,966 For the years ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Supplemental and Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities The following table presents the supplemental and non-cash investing and financing activities: For the years ended December 31, 2019 2018 2020 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized Cash paid for income taxes Non-cash investing and financing activities: Employee benefits paid in Class A common stock Increase (decrease) in capital expenditures included in accounts payable, net Non-cash assets exchanged for BSS Transaction Non-cash net assets received in exchange for a 20% ownership interest in our existing Brazilian subsidiary $ $ $ $ $ $ 139,280 $ 195,331 $ 240,596 15,254 $ 3,575 $ 5,209 6,921 $ 6,654 $ 7,605 (6,935) $ — $ (11,111) $ 532,855 $ — $ 94,918 $ 7,318 — — F-74 [This page intentionally left blank] COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE The following graph sets forth the cumulative total stockholder return on EchoStar Corporation’s Class A Shares during the period from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2020. The graph assumes the investment on December 31, 2015 of $100 in (i) our Class A Shares, (ii) the NASDAQ Stock Market Index (US Companies), and (iii) our chosen industry peer group for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “Peer Group Index”). The graph reflects (i) reinvestment of dividends, (ii) market capitalization weighting and (iii) the spin-off in 2019 of the portion of our business that managed, marketed and provided (a) broadcast satellite services and (b) telemetry, tracking and control services and certain related assets and business operations. The Peer Group Index is comprised of the following publicly traded companies: Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd., ViaSat, Inc., Intelsat S.A., SES S.A., and Eutelsat Communications S.A. We have revised our Peer Group Index to remove Inmarsat plc and Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company Limited as these companies are no longer publicly traded. Although the companies included in the Peer Group Index were selected because of similar industry characteristics, they are not entirely representative of our business. Historical point-in-time daily foreign currency exchange rates were utilized for the calculations for foreign entities listed only on foreign exchanges included in the Peer Group Index. The stock price performance shown on this graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance of our Class A Shares. Comparison of 5 Year Cumulative Total Return Assumes Initial Investment of $100 December 2020 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 - 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 EchoStar Corp. NASDAQ Stock Market Peer Group Index Total Return Analysis 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 EchoStar Corp. $ 100.00 $ 131.40 $ 153.16 $ 93.89 $ 136.71 $ 66.89 NASDAQ Stock Market Index (U.S. Companies) $ 100.00 $ 107.50 $ 137.86 $ 132.51 $ 179.19 $ 257.38 Peer Group Index $ 100.00 $ 79.41 $ 74.48 $ 132.11 $ 115.60 $ 72.61 [This page intentionally left blank] CORPORATE PROFILE ANNUAL MEETING The 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held on April 29, 2021. For additional information, contact: Investor Relations Department EchoStar Corporation 100 Inverness Terrace East Englewood, Colorado 80112 echostar.com EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Charles W. Ergen Chairman Michael T. Dugan Chief Executive Officer and President Pradman P. Kaul President, Hughes Communications, Inc. Anders N. Johnson Chief Strategy Officer and President, EchoStar Satellite Services L.L.C. Dean A. Manson Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary David J. Rayner Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Treasurer BOARD OF DIRECTORS Charles W. Ergen Chairman of the Board Michael T. Dugan Director R. Stanton Dodge Director Anthony M. Federico Director Pradman P. Kaul Director C. Michael Schroeder Director Jeffrey R. Tarr Director William D. Wade Director TRANSFER AGENT Computershare Investor Services 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 EchoStar.com NASDAQ: SATS | 100 Inverness Terrace East Englewood, CO 80112 | 303.706.4000