Equinix Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

Equinix.comEQUINIX ANNUAL REPORT FY2015Americas Corporate HQEquinix, Inc. One Lagoon Drive Redwood City, CA 94065 USA +1.650.598.6000 info@equinix.comEMEAEquinix (EMEA) BV 7th Floor Rembrandt Tower Amstelplein 1 1096 HA Amsterdam Netherlands +31.20.754.0305 info@eu.equinix.comAsia-PacificEquinix Hong Kong Limited Units 6501-04A & 6507-08, 65/F International Commerce Centre 1 Austin Road West Kowloon, Hong Kong +852.2970.7788 info@ap.equinix.comANNUAL REPORT FY2015“Responding to the demand AquaComms is seeing for high capacity, high reliability connectivity between North America and Europe, we made a strategic decision to deploy with Equinix. Their data centers in New York and London act as major international hubs for network traffic, offering our customers the ability to extend existing networks or expand into new markets.” AquaComms “As video usage continues to grow exponentially on the Internet, its robustness relies on continual improvement of public Internet Exchange Platforms such as the Equinix Internet Exchange. The massive scalability that a 100G-capable platform provides leads to greater efficiency and helps us continue to deliver a great Netflix experience to our members around the world.” NetflixCROSS CONNECTS†170,000+CUSTOMERS8,000+RELIABILITY†99.9999%40MARKETSDATA CENTERS145+Executive Team •Steve Smith Chief Executive Officer & President •Charles Meyers Chief Operating Officer •Keith Taylor Chief Financial Officer •Mark Adams Chief Development Officer •Sara Baack Chief Marketing Officer •Peter Ferris Sr. Vice President, Office of the CEO •Pete Hayes Chief Sales Officer •Sushil (Sam) Kapoor Chief Global Operations Officer •Samuel Lee President, Asia-PacificBoard of Directors •Peter Van Camp Executive Chairman, Equinix •Steve Smith Chief Executive Officer & President, Equinix •Tom Bartlett Executive VP & Chief Financial Officer, American Tower Corporation •Nanci Caldwell Corporate Director and Former CMO, PeopleSoft •Gary Hromadko Venture Partner, Crosslink Capital •John Hughes Corporate Director and former Executive Chairman, Telecity Group •Scott Kriens Chairman of the Board, Juniper Networks, Inc. •William Luby Managing Partner, Seaport Capital •Irving Lyons, III Principal, Lyons Asset Management •Christopher Paisley Dean’s Executive Professor, Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University •Brian Lillie Chief Information Officer •Debra McCowan Chief Human Resources Officer •Brandi Galvin Morandi Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel and Secretary •Eric Schwartz President, EMEA •Karl Strohmeyer President, Americas •Ihab Tarazi Chief Technology Officer •Brian Thomas Chief of Staff, Office of the CEOThis Annual Report (including the Shareholder Letter) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause Equinix’s actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. Factors that may affect Equinix’s results are summarized in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2016 and contained herein. Equinix assumes no obligation and does not intend to update forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.EQUINIX GLOBAL MAPSEATTLEDENVERATLANTABOSTONPHILADELPHIAMIAMITORONTODUSSELDORFMUNICHHELSINKISTOCKHOLMWARSAWISTANBULSOFIAZURICHMILANGENEVADUBAIPARISLONDONDUBLINRIO DE JANEIROSÃO PAULOAMSTERDAMMANCHESTERFRANKFURTSILICONVALLEYLOS ANGELESCHICAGONEW YORKDALLASWASHINGTON, DCSINGAPOREHONG KONGSHANGHAITOKYOOSAKAJAKARTASYDNEYMELBOURNEEquinix LocationsPartner Data CenterAMERICASEMEAASIA-PACIFIC145+ DATA CENTERS SHAREHOLDER LETTER 40MARKETS 170,000+ CROSS CONNECTS† 8,000+ CUSTOMERS 99.9999% RELIABILITY† Revenues ($M)3 C A G R = 1 5 % $2,444 $2,153 $2,726 $1,887 $1,566 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Adjusted EBITDA & AFFO ($M)3 C A G R = 1 5 % $1,272 $1,114 $1,001 $888 $722 $762 $680 $832 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Dear Shareholders: With gratitude to our team and shareholders for their support, we are pleased to share with you the results of 2015, which was a transformational year for Equinix. We delivered accelerated growth, completed our first year operating as a REIT, expanded our global interconnection platform, and established ourselves as a foundation for the cloud ecosystem that continues to drive IT transformation. Highlights for 2015 include: • Delivered strong financial performance with revenues of over $2.7 billion, up 16% compared with the prior year on a normalized and constant currency basis. Adjusted EBITDA in 2015 was over $1.27 billion, up 20% compared with the prior year on a normalized and constant currency basis, or a 47% margin, a more than 100 basis point improvement compared with last year while continuing to invest in the business. In addition, AFFO grew 25% compared with the prior year on a normalized and constant currency basis.(1) • Significantly expanded the global platform with the acquisitions of Telecity and Bit-isle. Platform Equinix™ now extends across greater than 145 data centers in 40 metros and 21 countries and we operate over 14 million gross square feet of colocation space, reinforcing our position as the largest retail data center company in the world. • Established Equinix as the Home of the Interconnected Cloud™. Key cloud customers including Amazon, Cisco, IBM, Microsoft and Oracle are using Equinix to scale their infrastructure globally and are deployed across an average of 17 markets. These providers are leveraging the Equinix Cloud Exchange™ to reach and aggregate customer demand for their cloud platforms. • Grew our enterprise customer base at an accelerated pace as it adopts an Interconnection Oriented Architecture™ at Equinix. By leveraging hybrid- and multi-cloud capabilities resident across our platform, a rich and deep portfolio of network and managed service providers, and our solutions and professional services capabilities, enterprises are able to solve for increasing demands on performance and scale in a new way. • Extended our position as the global interconnection leader. Revenue from interconnection continued to outpace overall revenue, growing 20% year-over-year on a constant currency organic basis as we continue to benefit from strong secular trends. • Successfully completed our first year operating as a REIT, as well as added to the MSCI RMZ and the FTSE NAREIT indices and included in the S&P 500, reflective of our position as a technology leader and the largest data center REIT. We continued to strengthen our balance sheet, raising $2.6 billion in debt(2) and equity, optimizing our capital structure and returning $394 million to our shareholders in the form of regular quarterly cash dividends. 1. Normalized 2015 results exclude the impact from the Nimbo, Bit-isle (“Bit-isle”), and Telecity Group plc (“Telecity”) acquisitions, Bit-isle integration and financing costs, and the Telecity transaction-related FX losses; assumes average currency rates used in our financial results remained the same compared to the comparative period. Bit-isle closed in November 2015 and Telecity closed in Janaury 2016. 2. Including the GBP300M and USD250M TLB facility drawn on January 8, 2016, after the close of FY15 3. Revenues, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Funds from Operations (AFFO): • Compound annual growth rate for 2011–2015 • For definitions of these non-GAAP terms and a detailed reconciliation between the non-GAAP financial results and the corresponding GAAP measures, please refer to the Investor Relations section of our website at Equinix.com. Adjusted EBITDA AFFO † Noted numbers are Equinix Q4 only and do not include numbers related to the acquisitions of Telecity and Bit-isle. “We are proud to expand the relationship with Equinix with the Equinix Cloud Exchange offering. This will now provide added flexibility to our enterprise customers to pick the network services that are best suited for their diverse workloads.” Oracle Our strong financial performance reflects our position as the global leader in retail colocation and interconnection, truly serving as the place “where opportunity connects™” for leading networks, clouds, content providers and enterprises. We continued to extend our market-leading network density, attracting wireline, wireless and, increasingly, subsea carriers who are using Platform Equinix to efficiently interconnect and serve their end customers. Our data centers act as powerful commerce centers for the largest service providers to reach their customers and are positioning us to capture the enterprise as they implement next-generation IT architectures. Our geographic reach continues to be a key competitive differentiator for us, with over 55% of our revenue coming from customers deployed globally across all three regions and over 84% from customers deployed across multiple metros. In 2015, we invested both organically and inorganically to expand our global footprint. Equinix development included 20 major IBX® expansions, including five new flagship data centers in the financial and network hubs of London, New York, Singapore and Toronto, as well as our new metro in Melbourne, Australia. In response to the strong demand we saw in 2015, our 2016 capital spending plans have expanded up to $1 billion with 14 projects underway and major expansions planned on owned property on the Silicon Valley and Ashburn campuses. Inorganically, we scaled our platform with the acquisitions of Telecity and Bit-isle. Telecity complements and extends Equinix’s footprint in Europe, adding seven new markets, including Dublin and Stockholm, and expanding capacity in existing metros where we see significant demand, such as Amsterdam and London. The acquisition of Bit-isle positions Equinix as the fourth-largest data center operator in Japan, one of the world’s largest colocation markets. Bit-isle gives us customer-ready capacity, as well as the ability to scale Platform Equinix in this increasingly constrained but important global market. Our expanded scale from these acquisitions positions us to continue to capture global data center demand. Growth Strategy Our strategic priorities remain centered on driving growth by pressing our competitive advantage and investing to capture opportunities such as the cloud-enabled enterprise. We will allocate capital toward these high-value opportunities and, in turn, will strengthen our economic model. In the near term, we will focus our energy on successfully integrating Telecity and Bit-isle and growing our market leadership globally. Organically, our efforts will be focused on capturing the enterprise through a series of initiatives to build cloud density, create and deploy innovative product solutions, generate demand in targeted market segments and provide professional services focused on enabling the adoption of hybrid- and multi-cloud. We will also continue to ramp our channel program to enhance our reach into the enterprise through agents, resellers, systems integrators and key partners. Steve Smith Chief Executive Officer & President Equinix, Inc. Peter Van Camp Executive Chairman Equinix, Inc. Keith Taylor Chief Financial Officer Equinix, Inc. Charles Meyers Chief Operating Officer Equinix, Inc. Over the long term, interconnection will continue to be our key differentiator, and Equinix is well positioned to become the intersection point between the Internet of Things, clouds, networks and the enterprise. We are making meaningful investments to foster new ecosystems and will continue to invest in scaling our systems and processes and evolving our capabilities in response to customer needs. In closing, we are pleased with our performance in 2015 which gives us the financial firepower to continue to invest in our global platform and develop innovative solutions. Based on what we see in the market and the steps we are taking at Equinix to capitalize on these opportunities, we continue to be very optimistic about our future. Sincerely,“Office 365 customers have been asking for direct connectivity to Office 365 since Azure ExpressRoute launched last year, and we’re pleased that Equinix will be among the first to offer it through Cloud Exchange. With network performance as predictable as a customer’s own on-premises environment, ExpressRoute for Office 365 is like having the full Office 365 productivity solution in your own datacenter.” MicrosoftUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K � ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR □ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission ﬁle number 000-31293 EQUINIX, INC. (Exact name of registrant as speciﬁed in its charter) Delaware (State of incorporation) 77-0487526 (IRS Employer Identiﬁcation No.) One Lagoon Drive, Fourth Floor, Redwood City, California 94065 (Address of principal executive offices, including ZIP code) (650) 598-6000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $0.001 Name of each exchange on which registered The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as deﬁned in Rule 405 of the Act. Yes � No � Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to ﬁle reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes � No � Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has ﬁled all reports required to be ﬁled by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to ﬁle such reports), and (2) has been subject to such ﬁling requirements for the past 90 days. Yes � No � Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such ﬁles). Yes � No � Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent ﬁlers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in deﬁnitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. □ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated ﬁler, an accelerated ﬁler, a non-accelerated ﬁler or a smaller reporting company. See deﬁnitions of ‘‘large accelerated ﬁler,’’ ‘‘accelerated ﬁler’’ and ‘‘smaller reporting company’’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated ﬁler � Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as deﬁned in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes � No � The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the Smaller reporting company □ Non-accelerated ﬁler □ Accelerated ﬁler □ price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second ﬁscal quarter was approximately $14.5 billion. As of January 29, 2016, a total of 69,025,412 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III — Portions of the registrant’s deﬁnitive proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with the registrant’s 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be ﬁled not later than 120 days after the registrant’s ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2015. Except as expressly incorporated by reference, the registrant’s proxy statement shall not be deemed to be a part of this report on Form 10-K. EQUINIX, INC. FORM 10-K DECEMBER 31, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page No. PART I 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Mine Safety Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneﬁcial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART IV 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index to Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14 36 36 37 37 38 40 42 77 79 79 79 80 81 81 81 81 81 82 89 90 i [This page intentionally left blank.] PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS The words ‘‘Equinix’’, ‘‘we’’, ‘‘our’’, ‘‘ours’’, ‘‘us’’ and the ‘‘Company’’ refer to Equinix, Inc. All statements in this discussion that are not historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding Equinix’s ‘‘expectations’’, ‘‘beliefs’’, ‘‘intentions’’, ‘‘strategies’’, ‘‘forecasts’’, ‘‘predictions’’, ‘‘plans’’ or the like. Such statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Equinix cautions investors that there can be no assurance that actual results or business conditions will not differ materially from those projected or suggested in such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, the risk factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Equinix expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reﬂect any change in Equinix’s expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements are based. Overview Equinix, Inc. connects more than 6,300(1) companies directly to their customers and partners inside the world’s most interconnected data centers. Today, businesses leverage the Equinix interconnection platform in 33 strategic markets across the Americas, Asia-Paciﬁc, and Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA). In September 2012, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a plan for Equinix to pursue conversion to a real estate investment trust (a ‘‘REIT’’). On December 23, 2014, our Board of Directors formally approved our conversion to a REIT effective on January 1, 2015. We completed the implementation of the REIT conversion in 2014 and as a result, we began operating as a REIT for federal income tax purposes effective January 1, 2015. In May 2015, we received a favorable response to the private letter ruling (‘‘PLR’’) we had requested from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (‘‘IRS’’) in connection with our conversion to a REIT for federal income tax purposes. The REIT conversion includes almost all of our data center operations in the U.S., Europe and Japan held through qualiﬁed REIT subsidiaries (‘‘QRSs’’); our data center operations in other jurisdictions have initially been designated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’). In May 2015 we announced an offer for the entire issued and to be issued share capital of Telecity Group plc (‘‘TelecityGroup’’), valued at approximately £2.4 billion, or $3.8 billion in U.S. dollars. The transaction closed in January 2016. The total consideration consisted of $1.7 billion in cash and 6.9 million shares of our common stock, valued at $2.1 billion. Platform Equinix(cid:31) combines a global footprint of state-of-the-art International Business ExchangeTM (IBX(cid:31)) data centers, a variety of interconnection opportunities and unique ecosystems. Together, these components accelerate business growth and opportunity for Equinix’s customers by securing their infrastructure and applications closer to users. This enables customers to improve performance with cost-effective and scalable interconnections, work with vendors to deploy new technologies, such as cloud computing, and collaborate with the widest variety of partners and customers to achieve their ambitions. Equinix’s platform offers these unique value propositions to customers: • Global Data Centers (cid:30) A broad footprint of 112 IBX data centers in 15 countries on 5 continents. (cid:30) More than $8.7 billion of capital invested in capacity, new markets and acquisitions since 1998. (cid:30) Equinix delivered uptime of 99.9999% across its footprint in 2015. • Interconnection (cid:30) More than 1,100 networks and approximately 170,000+ cross connects in Equinix sites (1) All metrics in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are as of December 31, 2015 and do not include Telecity Group plc. 1 (cid:31) Equinix provides less than 10 milliseconds latency to over 90% of the population of North America and Europe, as well as to key population centers throughout Latin America and Asia-Paciﬁc. • Partners, Customers and Prospects (cid:31) (cid:31) Equinix sites house a blue-chip customer base of 6,300+ global businesses. These customers represent a who’s who of network, digital media, ﬁnancial services, cloud/IT and enterprise leaders. • Opportunity (cid:31) Equinix data centers contain a dynamic marketplace for communications services, interconnecting businesses, networks, carriers and content providers to potential suppliers, customers and partners. (cid:31) More than 6,300+ potential partners to deploy world-class solutions. Equinix has established a critical mass of customers that continues to drive new and existing customer growth and bookings. Our network- and cloud-neutral business model also contributes to our success in the market. Rather than selling a particular network, we offer customers direct interconnection to an aggregation of bandwidth providers. The providers in our sites include the world’s top carriers, mobile providers, Internet service providers (ISPs), broadband access networks (DSL/cable) and international carriers. Our neutrality also means our customers can choose to buy from, or partner with, leading companies across our ﬁve targeted verticals. These include: • • • • • Network and Mobile Providers (AT&T, British Telecom, China Mobile, Comcast, Level 3 Communications, Lycamobile, NTT Communications, SingTel Ltd., Syniverse Technologies, T-Mobile, TATA Communications, Verizon) Cloud and IT Services (Amazon Web Services, Box Inc., Carpathia Hosting Inc., NetApp, Microsoft Azure, Salesforce.com, SoftLayer, Cisco Systems Inc., Oracle, Datapipe, CloudSigma, Workday, Inc.) Content Providers (Brightroll, eBay, DIRECTV, Hulu, LinkedIn, Netﬂix, Priceline.com) Enterprise (Anheuser-Busch, InBev, Bechtel, Burger King Corporation, Caterpillar, Inc., CDM Smith, Chevron, GE, Harper Collins Publishers, Ingram Micro) Financial Companies (ACTIV Financial, Bloomberg, Chicago Board Options Exchange, DirectEdge, Quantlab Financial, NASDAQ, OMX Group Inc., NYSE Technologies, Thomson Reuters) Equinix generates revenue by providing colocation and related interconnection and managed IT infrastructure offerings on a global platform of 112 IBX data centers. • • Colocation offerings include operations space, storage space, cabinets and power for customers’ colocation needs. Interconnection offerings include Equinix Cloud ExchangeTM, which enables simultaneous, direct and secure connections to multiple clouds from a single port, and Performance HubTM, which takes enterprise IT inside any one of our global data centers, bringing our customers closer to their end users for improved network reliability, performance and security. Equinix also offers cross connects, as well as switch ports on the Equinix Internet Exchange. These offerings provide scalable and reliable connectivity that allows customers to exchange traffic directly and securely with the service provider of their choice or with each other, creating a performance optimized business ecosystem for the exchange of data between strategic partners. • Managed IT infrastructure services are offered in limited regional markets to allow customers to leverage Equinix’s signiﬁcant telecommunications expertise, maximize the beneﬁts of our IBX data centers and optimize their infrastructure and resources. 2 • Equinix professional services guide customers though complex IT infrastructure changes and hybrid and multi-cloud deployments quickly and securely, while delivering continuous and reliable technical support. Equinix cloud consulting services, led by recently acquired professional service company Nimbo, optimize cloud migrations, matching service providers and architectures to individual business needs. Solution Validation CentersTM (SVCsTM) allow customers to test and ﬁne-tune cloud, network and IT infrastructure rollouts in a real-world setting prior to deployment. Global Solution ArchitectsTM run our SVCs and are experts in emerging trends and the range of solutions and services available from providers inside our data centers. They can design, build and implement solutions that best match enterprise aims and budgets. The Equinix Customer Portal delivers full-time access to support, instant reporting and requests for Equinix Smart HandsTM technicians. These highly trained data center experts are on call for everything from routine cable installations to technical assistance and troubleshooting. The market for Equinix’s offerings has previously been served by large telecommunications carriers that have bundled their telecommunications and managed services with their colocation offerings. In addition, some Equinix customers, such as Microsoft, build and operate their own data centers for their large infrastructure deployments, called server farms. However, these customers rely upon Equinix IBX data centers for many of their critical interconnection relationships. The need for sizable, wholesale, outsourced data centers is also being addressed by providers that build large data centers to meet customers’ needs for standalone data centers, a different customer segment than Equinix serves. Due to the increasing cost and complexity of the power and cooling requirements of today’s data center equipment, Equinix has gained many customers that have outgrown their existing data centers or have realized the beneﬁts of a network-neutral model and the ability to create their own optimized business ecosystems for the exchange of data. Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow market share and selectively expand our footprint and offerings. We continue to leverage our global reach and depth to differentiate Equinix based upon our ability to support truly global customer requirements in all our markets. Equinix is beneﬁting from a growth in demand for data center offerings. Several factors contribute to this growth in demand, including: • • • • • The growth of ‘‘proximity communities’’ that rely on immediate physical colocation and interconnection with their strategic partners and customers, such as ﬁnancial exchange ecosystems for electronic trading and settlement and ecosystems for real-time bidding and fulﬁllment of Internet advertising. The adoption of cloud computing technology services, including the growth of hybrid/multi-clouds, enterprise cloud service offerings such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and disaster recovery services. The continuing growth of consumer Internet traffic from new bandwidth-intensive services, such as video, voice over IP (VoIP), social media, mobile data, gaming, data-rich media, Ethernet and wireless services. The ﬁnancial services market is experiencing tremendous growth due to electronic trading and the increased volume of peak messages (transactions per second), requiring optimized data exchange through business ecosystems. The increasing requirements for anytime, anywhere and any device interconnection out at the edge of the corporate network to improve the performance, security, scalability and reliability of interconnecting people, locations, clouds and data. Signiﬁcant increases in power and cooling requirements for today’s data center equipment. New generations of servers continue to concentrate processing capability, with associated power consumption and cooling load, into smaller footprints, and many legacy-built data centers are unable to accommodate these new power and cooling demands. The high capital costs associated with building and maintaining ‘‘in-sourced’’ data centers creates an opportunity for capital savings by leveraging an outsourced colocation model. 3 Industry Background The Internet is a collection of numerous independent networks interconnected to form a network of networks. Users on different networks are able to communicate with each other through interconnection between these networks. For example, when a person sends an email to someone who uses a different provider for his or her connectivity (e.g., Comcast versus Verizon), the email must pass from one network to the other to get to its ﬁnal destination. Equinix provides a physical point at which that interconnection can occur. To accommodate the rapid growth of Internet traffic, an organized approach for network interconnection was needed. This was the start of the network era, when networks gained mutual advantage by exchanging data traffic on interoperable platforms. The exchange of traffic between these networks became known as peering. Peering is when networks trade traffic at relatively equal amounts and set up agreements to trade traffic, often at no charge to the other party. At ﬁrst, government and nonproﬁt organizations established places where these networks could exchange traffic, or peer, with each other-these points were known as network access points, or NAPs. Over time, many NAPs became a natural extension of carrier services and were run by such companies as MFS (now a part of Verizon Business), Sprint, Ameritech and Paciﬁc Bell (the latter two are now part of AT&T). Ultimately, these NAPs were unable to scale with the growth of the Internet, and the lack of ‘‘neutrality’’ by the carrier owners of these NAPs created a conﬂict of interest with the participants. This created a market need for network-neutral interconnection points that could accommodate the rapidly growing need to increase performance for enterprise and consumer users of the Internet, especially with the rise of important content providers such as AOL, Microsoft, Yahoo! and others. In addition, the providers, as well as a growing number of enterprises, required a more secure and reliable solution for direct connection to a variety of telecommunications networks, as the importance of their Internet operations continued to grow. These were the seeds of the connected era, when peering expanded exponentially, and between new players, and access to information anytime and anywhere became the norm. To accommodate Internet traffic growth, the largest networks left the NAPs and began connecting and trading traffic by placing private circuits between each other. Peering, which once occurred at the NAP locations, was moved to these private circuits. Over the years, these circuits became expensive to expand and could not be built quickly enough to accommodate traffic growth. This led to a need by the large carriers to ﬁnd a more efficient way to peer. Today, many customers satisfy their requirements for peering through data center providers like Equinix because this strategy permits them to peer with the networks they require within one location, using simple, direct and secure connections. Their ability to peer within a data center or across a data center campus, instead of across a metro area, has increased the scalability of their operations while decreasing network costs. The interconnection model has further evolved over the years to include new offerings, as the collaborative landscape of the interconnected era imposes new demands on connectivity. As enterprises become increasingly interdependent and cloud-enabled, they need real-time data exchange and reliable, instant connections between the various corners of any given digital ecosystem to compete. Starting with the peering and network communities, interconnection has been used for new network services, including carrier Ethernet, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), virtual private networks (VPNs) and mobile services, in addition to traditional international private line and voice services. The industry continues to evolve with a set of new offerings where interconnection is often used to solve the network-to-network and the cloud-to-cloud interconnection challenges in order to keep up with the rapid digital transformation of today’s businesses. In addition, the enterprise customer segment is also evolving. In the past, most enterprises opted to keep their data center requirements in house. However, current trends are leading more and more enterprise chief information officers (CIOs) to either outsource their data center requirements, and/or extend their corporate wide area networks (WANs) into carrier-neutral colocation facilities. The combination of globalization, the proliferation of bandwidth intensive Internet-facing applications and rich media content, the need to provide access to cloud computing environments and business continuity and disaster recovery options, plus tight corporate IT budgets, mean that enterprise CIOs must do more with less. Industry analysts forecast growth in the colocation market to be approximately 10% per year over the next four years. 4 Equinix Value Proposition More than 6,300 companies, including a diversiﬁed mix of cloud and IT service providers, content providers, enterprises, ﬁnancial companies, and network and mobile service providers, currently operate within Equinix IBX data centers. These companies derive speciﬁc value from the following elements of the Equinix service offering: • • • • • • • Interconnection leadership: The digital economy’s demands for fast, secure business collaboration puts the interconnection inside Equinix at a premium. The 6,300 companies inside Equinix represent a range of global businesses, from cloud, to networks, to ﬁnance. Inside Equinix, customers can interconnect across industries with the speed, security, reliability and scalability needed to compete and grow. Unrivaled cloud access: Equinix is home to 1,300 cloud service providers and a variety of secure routes to the efficiencies, performance and cost-savings of the cloud. Equinix Cloud Exchange offers on-demand access to multiple cloud providers from multiple networks, enabling customers to design scalable cloud services tailored to their needs at a given moment. Comprehensive global solution: With 112 IBX data centers in 33 markets in the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc, Equinix offers a consistent global solution. Premium data centers: Equinix IBX data centers feature advanced design, security, power and cooling elements to provide customers with industry-leading reliability, including average uptime of 99.9999% globally in 2015. While others in the market have business models that include additional offerings, Equinix is focused on colocation and interconnection as our core competencies. Dynamic business ecosystems: Equinix’s network- and cloud-neutral model has enabled us to attract a critical mass of networks and cloud and IT services providers, and that, in turn, attracts other businesses seeking to interconnect within a single location. This ecosystem model, versus connecting to multiple partners in disparate locations, reduces costs and optimizes the performance of data exchange. As Equinix grows and attracts an even more diversiﬁed base of customers, the value of Equinix’s IBX data center offering increases. Improved economics: Customers seeking to outsource their data center operations rather than build their own capital-intensive data centers enjoy signiﬁcant capital cost savings. Customers also beneﬁt from improved economics because of the broad access to networks that Equinix provides. Rather than purchasing costly local loops from multiple transit providers, customers can connect directly to more than 1,100 networks inside Equinix’s IBX data centers. Leading insight: With more than 17 years of industry experience, Equinix has a specialized staff of industry experts and solutions architects who helped build and shape the interconnection infrastructure of the Internet. This specialization and industry knowledge base offer customers a unique consultative value and a competitive advantage. Our Strategy Our objective is to expand our global leadership position as the premier network- and cloud-neutral data center platform for cloud and IT services providers, content providers, ﬁnancial companies, enterprises and network and mobile services providers. Key components of our strategy include the following: Improve customer performance through interconnection. To succeed in today’s digital economy, enterprises around the globe must adopt interconnected, on-demand IT architectures. To help companies understand, deploy and beneﬁt from interconnection, Equinix created a blueprint for becoming an interconnected enterprise — the Interconnection Oriented ArchitectureTM (IOATM). Based on work with more than 100 Fortune 500 customers, and 400+ Equinix Performance HubTM deployments, Equinix developed IOA as a proven and repeatable engagement model that both enterprises and solution providers can leverage to directly and securely connect people, locations, clouds and data. IOA shifts the fundamental IT delivery architecture from siloed and centralized to interconnected and distributed. When combined with Equinix’s longstanding critical mass of premier network and cloud providers and content companies, this IOA strategy is enabling Equinix to extend its leadership as one of the core interconnection hubs of the information-driven 5 world. Equinix’s critical mass is a key selling point for companies that want to connect with a diverse set of networks to provide the best connectivity to their end customers and network companies that want to sell bandwidth to companies and interconnect with other networks in the most efficient manner available. Currently, we house more than 1,100 unique networks, including all of the top tier networks, allowing our customers to directly interconnect with providers that best meet their unique global and regional price and performance needs. We have a growing mass of key players in cloud and IT services, such as Accenture, Amazon Web Services, AT&T, Microsoft Azure and Salesforce.com, and in the enterprise and ﬁnancial sectors, such as Bechtel, Bloomberg, Chicago Board of Trade, The GAP, McGraw-Hill and others. We expect these segments will continue to grow as they seek to leverage our critical mass of network providers and interconnect directly with each other to improve performance. Streamline ease of doing business globally. Data center reliability, power availability and network choice are the most important attributes considered by our customers when they choose a data center provider in a particular location. We have long been recognized as a leader in these areas and our performance continues to improve against these criteria. Our power infrastructure delivered 99.9999% uptime globally in 2015. In 2015, more than half of our revenue came from customers with deployments in all three of our global regions, and as globalization continues, seamless global solutions will become increasingly important data center selection criteria. We continue to focus on strategic acquisitions to expand our market coverage and on global product standardization, pricing and contracts harmonization initiatives to meet these global demands. Deepen existing and grow new ecosystems. As networks, cloud and IT services providers, content providers, ﬁnancial services providers and enterprises locate in our IBX data centers, it beneﬁts their suppliers and business partners to do so as well, to gain the full economic and performance beneﬁts of direct interconnection for their business ecosystems. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a ‘‘network effect’’ of customer adoption. Our interconnection offerings enable scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnectivity and optimized traffic exchange, thus lowering overall cost and increasing ﬂexibility. The ability to directly interconnect with a wide variety of companies is a key differentiator for us in the market and enables companies to create new opportunities within unique ecosystems by working together. We have efficient and innovative Internet and Cloud Exchange platforms to accelerate commercial growth within the ecosystems in our IBX sites via this network effect. Expand vertical go-to-market plan. We plan to continue to focus our go-to-market efforts on customer segments and business applications that appreciate the Equinix value proposition of interconnection, reliability, global reach and ecosystem collaboration opportunities. Today, we have identiﬁed these segments as cloud services, content and digital media, ﬁnancial services, enterprises, IT services, and network and mobile service providers. As digital business evolves, we will continue to identify and focus our go-to-market efforts on industry segments that need our value proposition. Accelerate global reach and scale. We continue to evaluate expansion opportunities in select markets based on customer demand. In 2014, we completed the acquisition of ALOG Data Centers of Brazil S.A. and took the remaining ownership interest in the four data centers at ALOG, obtaining the remaining ownership interest in four data centers, two in São Paulo and two in Rio de Janeiro. In 2015, we acquired professional services company Nimbo in the U.S. and Bit-isle in Japan. In January 2016, we also closed the TelecityGroup acquisition in Europe. The TelecityGroup acquisition signiﬁcantly expands Equinix’s global interconnection platform from 112 data centers in 33 metros to 145 data centers in 40 metros. The new metros we entered with our TelecityGroup acquisition in 2016 were Dublin, Helsinki, Istanbul, Milan, Soﬁa, Stockholm and Warsaw. We also added capacity across our global footprint in 2015 by opening our ninth data center in New York, our second in Toronto, our ﬁrst in Melbourne, our third in Singapore and our sixth in London. Our strategy is to continue to grow in select existing markets and possibly expand to additional markets where warranted by demand and ﬁnancial return potential. We expect to execute this expansion strategy in a cost-effective and disciplined manner through a combination of acquiring existing data centers through lease or purchase, acquiring or investing in local data center operators and building new IBX data centers based on key criteria, such as demand and potential ﬁnancial return, in each market. 6 Our Customers Our customers include carriers, mobile and other bandwidth providers, cloud and IT services providers, content providers, ﬁnancial companies and global enterprises. We provide each customer access to a choice of business partners and solutions based on their colocation, interconnection and managed IT service needs. As of December 31, 2015, we had more than 6,300 customers worldwide. Customers in our ﬁve key customer categories include the following: Cloud and IT Services Amazon Web Services Box Inc. Carpathia Hosting Inc. Cisco Systems Inc. CloudSigma Datapipe Microsoft Azure NetApp Oracle Salesforce.com SoftLayer Workday, Inc. Content Providers Brightroll DIRECTV eBay Hulu LinkedIn Netﬂix Priceline.com Enterprise Anheuser-Busch InBev Bechtel Burger King Corporation Caterpillar, Inc. CDM Smith Chevron GE Harper Collins Publishers Ingram Micro Financial Companies Network and Mobile Services ACTIV Financial Bloomberg Chicago Board Options Exchange DirectEdge Quantlab Financial NASDAQ OMX Group Inc. NYSE Technologies Thomson Reuters AT&T British Telecom China Mobile Comcast Level 3 Communications Lycamobile NTT Communications SingTel Ltd. Syniverse Technologies T-Mobile TATA Communications Verizon Customers typically sign renewable contracts of one or more years in length. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the period ended December 31, 2015 and 2% of our recurring revenues for the periods ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 34%, 36% and 35% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our Offerings Equinix provides a choice of data center offerings primarily comprised of colocation, interconnection solutions and managed IT infrastructure and professional services. Colocation and Related Offerings Our IBX data centers provide our customers with secure, reliable and robust environments that are necessary for optimum Internet commerce interconnection. Many of our IBX data centers include multiple layers of physical security, scalable cabinet space availability, on-site trained staff (24x7x365), dedicated areas for customer care and equipment staging, redundant AC/DC power systems and other redundant and fault-tolerant infrastructure systems. Some speciﬁcations of offerings provided by individual IBX data centers may differ based on original facility design or market. Within our IBX data centers, customers can deploy their equipment and interconnect with a choice of networks, cloud providers or other business partners. We also provide customized solutions for customers looking to package our IBX offerings as part of their complex solutions. Our colocation offerings include: Cabinets. Our customers have several choices for colocating their networking, server and storage equipment. They can place the equipment in one of our shared or private cages or customize their space. In certain select markets, customers can purchase their own private ‘‘suite’’ which is walled off from the rest of the data center. As customers’ colocation requirements increase, they can expand within their original cage (or suite) or upgrade into a cage that meets their expanded requirements. Customers buy the hardware they place in our IBX data centers directly from their chosen vendors. Cabinets (or suites) are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge. Power. Power is an element of increasing importance in customers’ colocation decisions. We offer both AC and DC power circuits at various amperages and phases customized to a customer’s individual power requirements. We also offer metered power in certain markets. Power is priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge. IBXﬂex. IBXﬂex allows customers to deploy mission-critical operations personnel and equipment on-site at our IBX data centers. Because of the close proximity to their infrastructure within our IBX data 7 centers, IBXﬂex customers can offer a faster response and quicker troubleshooting solution than those available in traditional colocation facilities. This space can also be used as a secure disaster recovery point for customers’ business and operations personnel. This service is priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge. Interconnection Solutions Our interconnection solutions enable high-performance, secure, scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnection and traffic exchange between Equinix customers. These interconnection solutions are either on a one-to-one basis with direct cross connects or one-to-many through one of our Equinix Exchange solutions. In the peering community, we play an important industry leadership role by acting as the relationship broker between parties who would like to interconnect within our IBX data centers. Our staff holds or has held signiﬁcant positions in many leading industry groups, such as the North American Network Operators’ Group, or NANOG, and the Internet Engineering Task Force, or IETF. Members of our staff have published industry-recognized white papers and strategy documents in the areas of peering and interconnection, many of which are used by other institutions worldwide in furthering the education and promotion of this important set of solutions. We expect to continue to develop additional solutions in the area of traffic exchange that will allow our customers to leverage the critical mass of networks, cloud services providers, and many important ﬁnancial services and e-commerce industry leaders now available in our IBX data centers. Our current exchange solutions are comprised of the following: Physical Cross Connect/Direct Interconnections. Customers needing to directly and privately connect to another IBX data center customer can do so through single or multi-mode ﬁber. These cross connections are the physical link between customers and can be implemented within 24 hours of request. Cross-connect offerings are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge. Equinix Internet ExchangeTM. Customers may choose to connect to and peer through the central switching fabric of our Equinix Internet Exchange, rather than purchase a direct physical cross connection. With a connection to this switch, a customer can aggregate multiple interconnects over one physical connection with multiple, linked 10 gigabit ports of capacity, instead of purchasing individual physical cross connects. The offering is priced per IBX data center with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge. Individual IBX data center prices increase as the number of participants on the exchange service grows. Equinix Metro Connect. Customers who are located in one IBX data center may need to interconnect with networks or other customers located in an adjacent or nearby IBX data center in the same metro area. Metro Connect allows customers to seamlessly interconnect between IBX data centers at capacities up to an OC-192, or 10 gigabits per second level. Metro Connect offerings are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge dependent on the capacity purchased by the customer. Internet Connectivity Services. Customers who are installing equipment in our IBX data centers generally require IP connectivity or bandwidth services. Although many large customers prefer to contract directly with carriers, we offer customers the ability to contract for these services through us from any of the major bandwidth providers in that data center. This service, which is provided in our Asia-Paciﬁc and EMEA regions, is targeted to customers who require a single bill and a single point of support for their entire contract through Equinix for their bandwidth needs. Internet connectivity services are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge based on the amount of bandwidth committed. Equinix Cloud ExchangeTM. The Equinix Cloud Exchange is an advanced interconnection solution that enables seamless, on-demand, direct access to multiple clouds from multiple networks around the world. Cloud Exchange provides virtualized, private direct connections that bypass the Internet to provide better security and performance with a range of bandwidth options. It enables businesses to connect to many participants (clouds, networks, enterprise customers) over a single physical port, enabling dynamic bandwidth allocation among various parties. The Equinix Cloud Exchange Portal and APIs simplify the process of provisioning and managing connections to multiple cloud services and networks. Equinix Cloud Exchange offerings are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge dependent on the capacity purchased by the customer. 8 Equinix Performance HubTM. The Equinix Performance Hub enables companies to securely and directly connect to leading public clouds, easily deploy a private cloud, and lay the foundation of a hybrid cloud. Performance Hub solutions are extensions of companies’ IT network that reside within Equinix data centers. An Equinix Performance Hub places corporate IT resources near large user populations in IBX data centers connected to many networks and clouds. Performance Hub solutions can be implemented gradually, without closing or moving out of existing data centers. This distributed, connectivity-driven approach to data center computing has been proven by Gartner, 451 Group, and many enterprise customers to provide dramatic beneﬁts in application and network performance, as well as in business and IT agility. The Performance Hub offering is priced per IBX data center with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge. Equinix Professional Services Exponential increases in data traffic and growing demand for interconnection means pressure on companies to stay competitive. They need a partner with deep knowledge of the global terrain and trends so they can maximize new technology and information and meet the needs of dispersed and demanding end users. Equinix professional services are uniquely positioned to be that partner. Equinix experts help companies tap the resources and opportunities for innovation available on a global platform of 6,300 companies in 33 markets, including more than 1,100 network service providers and 1,300 cloud services providers. Our technicians have the know-how and experience to help customers introduce new service offerings, optimize IT architectures, simplify hybrid and multi-cloud migrations and stay up-and-running. Equinix professional services include: Cloud Consulting Services. Migration to a hybrid or multi-cloud environment comes with uncertainty, but it’s also become essential: The cloud’s cost advantages and ﬂexibility are too critical to forego in an era of rising electronic collaboration and user expectations. Equinix’s cloud consulting services, led by the recently acquired professional services company Nimbo, are designed to take the mystery out of cloud migration with a detailed assessment, design and implementation process that gives customers a faster, smoother path to the cloud. The 1,300 cloud providers and 1,100 network services providers inside Equinix help our experts tailor cloud deployments to individual business needs and maximize their cloud performance, savings and security while ensuring future resilience and agility. Global Solutions ArchitectsTM. Equinix Global Solutions Architects (GSAs) are industry experts, innovators and thought leaders, committed to helping companies deploy their IT infrastructures in ways that best serve their business needs and fully exploit the advantages offered by Equinix’s global interconnection platform. Equinix’s GSAs have decades of combined experience in cloud deployments, facility operations, business analytics and network design and operations. They work as extensions of our customers’ IT and technology teams, helping efficiently deploy high-performance solutions, advising them on service provider choices, and designing IT architectures that help them reach today’s goals and anticipate tomorrow’s requirements. Solution Validation CentersTM. Equinix Solution Validation Centers (SVCs) are state-of-the-art facilities that allow customers to test and ﬁne-tune their IT infrastructure, network, cloud and data center rollouts in a real-world environment before full build-out and deployment. Customers can measure how their applications perform when moved off legacy systems, spot and address unforeseen technical barriers, and optimize various infrastructure components, network connections and applications. Our SVCs operate in eight strategic markets globally, helping companies reduce risk and maximize their IT investments. Smart Hands ServicesTM. The Equinix Smart Hands service enables customers to use our highly trained IBX data center personnel to act as their hands (or eyes and ears) when their own staff can’t be on-site. Smart Hands technicians offer a range of services, from routine equipment inventory and labeling to more complex installations and conﬁguring. Smart Hands technicians also provide technical assistance and troubleshooting services. Equinix Customer Portal. The Equinix Customer Portal offers all-day, every day access to our customer care personnel, so customers can report problems, schedule shipments or order Smart Hands services at any time of the day or night. 9 Business Continuity Trading Rooms. Trading infrastructure is mission-critical for ﬁnancial ﬁrms worldwide, and our Business Continuity Trading Rooms (BCTRs) ensure that trading doesn’t stop, even if primary operations are knocked off-line or disabled. A BCTR backs up our customers’ trading operations in one of our secure data center facilities, right down to telephone services and multiple desktop monitors. BCTR offerings are protected with back-up generators and uninterruptible power supply to guarantee reliability and deliver peace of mind. Sales and Marketing Sales. We use a direct sales force and channel marketing program to market our offerings to global enterprises, content providers, ﬁnancial companies, and mobile and network service providers. We organize our sales force by customer type, as well as by establishing a sales presence in diverse geographic regions, which enables efficient servicing of the customer base from a network of regional offices. In addition to our worldwide headquarters located in Silicon Valley, we have established an Asia-Paciﬁc regional headquarters in Hong Kong and a European regional headquarters in Amsterdam. Our Americas sales offices are located in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Reston, Silicon Valley and Toronto and sales offices in Brazil operate out of data centers in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our EMEA sales offices are located in Amsterdam, Dubai, Dusseldorf, Enschede, Frankfurt, Geneva, London, Munich, Paris, Zurich and Zwolle. Our Asia-Paciﬁc sales offices are located in Beijing, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne and Tokyo. Our sales team works closely with each customer to foster the natural network effect of our IBX model, resulting in access to a wider potential customer base via our existing customers. As a result of the IBX interconnection model, IBX data center participants often encourage their customers, suppliers and business partners to also locate in our IBX data centers. These customers, suppliers and business partners, in turn, encourage their business partners to locate in our IBX data centers, resulting in additional customer growth. This network effect signiﬁcantly reduces our new customer acquisition costs. In addition, large network providers, cloud providers or managed service providers may refer customers to Equinix as a part of their total customer solution. Equinix also focuses selling by our vertical sales specialists on supporting speciﬁc industry requirements for network, mobile and content providers, ﬁnancial services, cloud computing, systems integrators and enterprise customer segments. Marketing. To support our sales efforts and to actively promote our brand in the Americas, Asia-Paciﬁc and EMEA, we conduct comprehensive marketing programs. Our marketing strategies include active public relations and ongoing customer communications programs. Our marketing efforts are focused on major business and trade publications, online media outlets, industry events and sponsored activities. Our staff holds leadership positions in key networking organizations, and we participate in a variety of Internet, enterprise IT, computer and ﬁnancial industry conferences, placing our officers and employees in keynote speaking engagements at these conferences. We also regularly measure customer satisfaction levels and host key customer forums to ensure customer needs are understood and incorporated in product and service planning efforts. From a brand perspective, we build recognition through our website, sponsoring or leading industry technical forums, participating in Internet industry standard-setting bodies and through advertising and online campaigns. We continue to develop and host industry educational forums focused on peering technologies and practices for ISPs and content providers. 10 Our Competition While a large number of enterprises own their own data centers, many others outsource some or all of their requirements to multi-tenant Internet data center facilities, such as those operated by Equinix. We believe that the outsourcing trend is likely to not only continue but also to grow in the coming years. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 650 companies that provide Internet data center offerings around the world, ranging in size from ﬁrms with a single data center in a single market to ﬁrms in over 20 markets. Equinix competes with these ﬁrms, which vary in terms of their data center offerings, including: Colocation Providers Colocation data centers are a type of Internet data center that can also be referred to as ‘‘retail’’ data center space. Typically, colocation data center space is offered on the basis of individual racks/cabinets or cages ranging from 500 to 10,000 square feet in size. Typical customers of colocation providers include: • • • Large enterprises with signiﬁcant IT expertise and requirements. Small and medium businesses looking to outsource data center requirements. Internet application providers. • Major Internet content, entertainment and social networking providers. • Shared, dedicated and managed hosting providers. • Mobile and network service providers. • Content delivery networks. Full facility maintenance and systems, including ﬁre suppression, security, power backup and HVAC, are routinely included in managed colocation offerings. A variety of additional services are typically available, including remote hands technician services and network monitoring services. In addition to Equinix, providers that offer colocation both globally and locally include ﬁrms such as AT&T, CenturyLink, COLT, CyrusOne, Level 3 Communications, NTT and Verizon Business. Carrier-Neutral Colocation Providers In addition to data center space and power, colocation providers also offer interconnection. Certain of these providers, known as network or carrier-neutral colocation providers, can offer customers the choice of hundreds of network service providers or ISPs to choose from. Typically, customers use interconnection to buy Internet connectivity, connect to VoIP telephone networks, perform ﬁnancial exchange and settlement functions or perform business-to-business e-commerce. Carrier-neutral data centers are often located in key network hubs around the world, such as New York, Ashburn, London, Amsterdam, Singapore and Hong Kong. Two types of data center facilities offering carrier-neutral colocation are used for many network-to-network interconnections: • • A Meet Me Room (MMR) is typically a smaller space, generally 5,000 square feet or less, located in a major carrier hotel and often found in a wholesale data center facility. A carrier-neutral data center is generally larger than an MMR and may be a stand-alone building separate from existing carrier hotels. In addition to Equinix, other providers that we believe could be deﬁned as offering carrier-neutral colocation include CoreSite, Digital Reality, Global Switch, Interxion and Telehouse. Wholesale Data Center Providers Wholesale data center providers lease data center space that is typically offered in cells or pods (i.e., individual white-space rooms) ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000 square feet, or larger. Wholesale data center offerings are targeted to both enterprises and colocation providers. These data centers primarily provide space and power without additional services like technicians, remote hands services or network monitoring (although other tenants might offer such services). 11 Sample wholesale data center providers include Digital Realty Trust, DuPont Fabros Technology, e-Shelter and Global Switch. Managed Hosters Managed hosting services are provided by several ﬁrms that also provide data center colocation services. Typically, managed hosting providers can manage server hardware that is owned by either the hosting provider or the customer. They can also provide a combination of comprehensive systems administration, database administration and sometimes application management services. Frequently, this results in managed hosting providers ‘‘running’’ the customer’s servers, although such administration is frequently shared. The provider may manage such functions as operating systems, databases, security and patch management, while the customer will maintain management of the applications riding on top of those systems. The full list of potential services that can be offered as part of managed hosting is substantial and includes services such as remote management, custom applications, helpdesk, messaging, databases, disaster recovery, managed storage, managed virtualization, managed security, managed networks and systems monitoring. Managed hosting services are typically used for: • • • Application hosting by organizations of any size, including large enterprises. Hosted or managed messaging, including Microsoft Exchange and other complex messaging applications. Complex or highly scalable Web hosting or e-commerce websites. • Managed storage solutions (including large drive arrays or backup robots). • • Server disaster recovery and business continuity, including clustering and global server load balancing. Database servers, applications and services. Examples of managed hosters include AT&T, CenturyLink, NaviSite, Rackspace, SunGard and Verizon Business. Unlike other providers whose core businesses are bandwidth or managed services, we focus on neutral interconnection hubs for cloud and IT service providers, content providers, ﬁnancial companies, enterprises and network service providers. As a result, we do not have the limited choices found commonly at other hosting/colocation companies. We compete based on the quality of our IBX data centers, our ability to provide a one-stop global solution in our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc locations, the performance and diversity of our network- and cloud-neutral strategy, and the economic beneﬁts of the aggregation of top network, cloud and business ecosystems under one roof. We expect to continue to beneﬁt from several industry trends, including the need for contracting with multiple networks due to the uncertainty in the telecommunications market; customers’ increasing power requirements; enterprise customers’ increased use of virtualization and outsourcing; the continued growth of broadband and signiﬁcant growth in Ethernet as a network alternative; and the growth in mobile applications. Our Business Segment Financial Information We currently operate in three reportable segments comprised of our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc geographic regions. Information attributable to each of our reportable segments is set forth in Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Employees We had 5,042 employees as of December 31, 2015. We had 2,329 employees based in the Americas, 1,188 employees based in EMEA and 1,525 employees based in Asia-Paciﬁc. Excluding Bit-isle, 1,963 employees were in engineering and operations, 907 employees were in sales and marketing and 1,486 employees were in management, ﬁnance and administration. Available Information We were incorporated in Delaware in June 1998. We are required to ﬁle reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You may read and copy 12 our materials on ﬁle with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information regarding the SEC’s Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information. You may also obtain copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to such reports, free of charge by visiting the Investor Relations page on our website, www.equinix.com. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practical after we ﬁle them with the SEC. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 13 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information contained in this report, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our business and us: Risks Related to the Acquisition and Integration of TelecityGroup We have incurred and will continue to incur signiﬁcant transaction, acquisition-related integration and asset divestment costs in connection with the consummation of the TelecityGroup acquisition. We have incurred and will continue to incur signiﬁcant costs in connection with consummating the TelecityGroup acquisition and integrating our and TelecityGroup’s operations into a combined company. We will also incur costs in connection with the divestment of certain of the assets of the combined company. The actual costs incurred may exceed those estimated and there may be further unanticipated costs and the assumption of known and unknown liabilities. While we have assumed that we will incur transaction, integration and divestment expenses, there are factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount or the timing of such expenses. Many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately at the present time. As a result, the transaction, integration and divestment expenses associated with the TelecityGroup acquisition could, particularly in the near term, exceed the cost savings that we expect to achieve from the streamlining of operations following the completion of the TelecityGroup acquisition. The anticipated beneﬁts of the TelecityGroup acquisition may not be realized fully and may take longer to realize than expected and there will be numerous challenges associated with integration. The success of the TelecityGroup acquisition will depend, in part, on the combined company’s ability to successfully integrate our and TelecityGroup’s businesses and realize the anticipated beneﬁts, including synergies and cost savings, from the combination. If we are unable to achieve these objectives within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated beneﬁts may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected and the value of the combined company’s common stock may be adversely affected. We also must successfully divest certain assets of the combined company agreed upon with the European Commission in order to obtain clearance of the transaction, which could reduce certain of the beneﬁts we expect to receive from the TelecityGroup acquisition. We have incurred and will continue to incur signiﬁcant transaction-related costs in connection with the TelecityGroup acquisition and the integration and divestment processes. We may encounter material challenges in connection with this integration process, including, without limitation: • • • • • • the diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business concerns and performance shortfalls at one or both of the companies as a result of the devotion of management’s attention to the TelecityGroup integration; managing a larger combined company; integrating two unique corporate cultures, which may prove to be challenging; retaining key employees, customers and suppliers, each of whom may experience uncertainty associated with the TelecityGroup acquisition or who may attempt to negotiate changes in their current or future business relationships with us; consolidating corporate and administrative infrastructures and eliminating duplicative operations; and unforeseen expenses or delays associated with the TelecityGroup acquisition. Many of these factors will be outside of our control and any one of them could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues and diversion of management’s time and energy, which could materially impact our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. The market price of our common stock may decline as a result of the TelecityGroup acquisition. The market price of our common stock may decline as a result of the TelecityGroup acquisition if we do not achieve the perceived beneﬁts of the TelecityGroup acquisition as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by 14 ﬁnancial or industry analysts or if the effect of the TelecityGroup acquisition on our ﬁnancial results is not consistent with the expectations of ﬁnancial or industry analysts. In addition, TelecityGroup shareholders now own approximately 10% of the common stock outstanding, and they may decide to sell their common stock which may result in additional pressure on the price of our common stock. We would incur adverse tax consequences if the combined company following the TelecityGroup acquisition fails to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We believe that we will continue to integrate TelecityGroup’s assets and operations in a manner that will allow us to timely satisfy the REIT income, asset, and distribution tests applicable to us. However, the TelecityGroup integration will be complicated due to the size of TelecityGroup and if we fail to timely satisfy such tests, we could jeopardize or lose our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT, particularly if we were ineligible to utilize relief provisions set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (the ‘‘Code’’). For any taxable year that we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to our stockholders in computing our taxable income, and would thus be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax at the regular corporate rates on all of our U.S. federal and state taxable income in the manner of a regular corporation. Those corporate level taxes would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders or for reinvestment or other purposes, and would adversely affect our earnings. As a result, our failure to qualify for taxation as a REIT during any taxable year could have a material adverse effect upon us and our stockholders. Furthermore, unless prescribed relief provisions apply, we would not be eligible to elect REIT status again until the ﬁfth taxable year that begins after the ﬁrst year for which we failed to qualify as a REIT. Finally, even if we are able to utilize relief provisions and thereby avoid disqualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT, relief provisions typically involve paying a penalty tax in proportion to the severity and duration of the noncompliance with REIT requirements, and thus these penalty taxes could be signiﬁcant in the context of noncompliance stemming from a transaction as large as the TelecityGroup acquisition. Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT We may not remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. We began operating as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, effective for our taxable year that began January 1, 2015. We believe we are operating so as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code and believe that our organization and method of operation complies with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Code and will enable us to continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we will qualify for taxation as a REIT or that we will remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. Qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements (some on an annual and others on a quarterly basis) established under highly technical and complex sections of the Code which may change from time to time; and for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. For example, in order to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we must derive at least 95% of our gross income in any year from qualifying sources. In addition, we must satisfy speciﬁed asset tests on a quarterly basis. If, in any taxable year, we fail to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT and are not entitled to relief under the Code: • • • we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income; we will be subject to federal and state income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates; and we would not be eligible to elect REIT status again until the ﬁfth taxable year that begins after the ﬁrst year for which we failed to qualify as a REIT. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes. 15 As a REIT, failure to make required distributions would subject us to federal corporate income tax. We paid quarterly distributions in 2015. We also paid the 2015 Special Distribution (as deﬁned below) in the fourth quarter of 2015. The amount, timing and form of any future distributions will be determined, and will be subject to adjustment, by our Board of Directors. To remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain) each year to our stockholders. Generally, we expect to distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income. If our cash available for distribution falls short of our estimates, we may be unable to maintain distributions that approximate our REIT taxable income and may fail to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. In addition, our cash ﬂows from operations may be insufficient to fund required distributions as a result of differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and the payment of expenses and the recognition of income and expenses for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible expenditures, such as capital expenditures, payments of compensation for which Section 162(m) of the Code denies a deduction, the creation of reserves or required debt service or amortization payments. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on our undistributed taxable income if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders for a calendar year is less than the minimum amount speciﬁed under the Code. We may be required to borrow funds or raise equity to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements. Due to the size and timing of future regular or special distributions, including any distributions made to satisfy REIT distribution requirements and maintain our qualiﬁcation and taxation as a REIT, we may need to borrow funds or raise equity, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings or offerings. Any insufficiency of our cash ﬂows to cover our REIT distribution requirements could adversely impact our ability to raise short- and long-term debt or to offer equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain our qualiﬁcation and taxation as a REIT. Furthermore, the REIT distribution requirements may increase the ﬁnancing we need to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives. This would increase our indebtedness. A signiﬁcant increase in our outstanding debt could lead to a downgrade of our credit rating. A downgrade of our credit rating could negatively impact our ability to access credit markets. Further, certain of our current debt instruments limit the amount of indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. Signiﬁcantly more ﬁnancing, therefore, may be unavailable, more expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. For a discussion of risks related to our substantial level of indebtedness, see ‘‘Other Risks’’. Whether we issue equity, at what price and the amount and other terms of any such issuances will depend on many factors, including alternative sources of capital, our then-existing leverage, our need for additional capital, market conditions and other factors beyond our control. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities or debt convertible into equity securities, the percentage of stock ownership by our existing stockholders may be reduced. In addition, new equity securities or convertible debt securities could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our current stockholders, which could substantially decrease the value of our securities owned by them. Depending on the share price we are able to obtain, we may have to sell a signiﬁcant number of shares in order to raise the capital we deem necessary to execute our long-term strategy, and our stockholders may experience dilution in the value of their shares as a result. Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us or our stockholders. At any time, the federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. Federal and state tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and state taxing authorities. Changes to the tax laws, regulations and administrative interpretations, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect us. In addition, some of these changes could have a more signiﬁcant impact on us as 16 compared to other REITs due to the nature of our business and our substantial use of TRSs. We cannot predict with certainty whether, when, in what forms, or with what effective dates, the tax laws, regulations and administrative interpretations applicable to us may be changed. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ﬂexibility or cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities. As a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversiﬁcation of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. For example, under the Code, no more than 25% (20% from and after our 2018 taxable year) of the value of the assets of a REIT may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Similar rules apply to other nonqualifying assets. These limitations may affect our ability to make large investments in other non-REIT qualifying operations or assets. In addition, in order to maintain qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT, we must annually distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. Even if we maintain our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates for our undistributed REIT taxable income, as well as U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates for income recognized by our TRSs. Because of these distribution requirements, we will likely not be able to fund future capital needs and investments from operating cash ﬂow. As such, compliance with REIT tests may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments, including the purchase of signiﬁcant nonqualifying assets and the material expansion of non-real estate activities. As a REIT, we are limited in our ability to fund distribution payments using cash generated through our TRSs. Our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs is limited by the rules with which we must comply to maintain our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. In particular, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year as a REIT must be derived from real estate. Consequently, no more than 25% of our gross income may consist of dividend income from our TRSs and other nonqualifying types of income. Thus, our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs may be limited, and may impact our ability to fund distributions to our stockholders using cash ﬂows from our TRSs. Speciﬁcally, if our TRSs become highly proﬁtable, we might become limited in our ability to receive net income from our TRSs in an amount required to fund distributions to our stockholders commensurate with that proﬁtability. In addition, a signiﬁcant amount of our income and cash ﬂows from our TRSs is generated from our international operations. In many cases, there are local withholding taxes and currency controls that may impact our ability or willingness to repatriate funds to the United States to help satisfy REIT distribution requirements. Our extensive use of TRSs, including for certain of our international operations, may cause us to fail to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. The net income of our TRSs is not required to be distributed to us, and income that is not distributed to us generally is not subject to the REIT income distribution requirement. However, there may be limitations on our ability to accumulate earnings in our TRSs and the accumulation or reinvestment of signiﬁcant earnings in our TRSs could result in adverse tax treatment. In particular, if the accumulation of cash in our TRSs causes the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs and other nonqualifying assets to exceed 25% or from and after our 2018 taxable year, causes (1) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs to exceed 20% of the fair market value of our assets or (2) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs and other nonqualifying assets to exceed 25% of the fair market value of our assets, then we will fail to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. Our cash distributions are not guaranteed and may ﬂuctuate. A REIT generally is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to our stockholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our results of 17 operations, cash ﬂow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions that may impose limitations on cash payments, future acquisitions and divestitures and any stock repurchase program. Consequently, our distribution levels may ﬂuctuate. Even if we remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT, some of our business activities are subject to corporate level income tax and foreign taxes, which will continue to reduce our cash ﬂows, and we will have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities. Even if we remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and assets, including alternative minimum taxes, taxes on any undistributed income, and state, local or foreign income, franchise, property and transfer taxes. In addition, we could in certain circumstances be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be signiﬁcant in amount, in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. A portion of our business is conducted through wholly owned TRSs because certain of our business activities could generate nonqualifying REIT income as currently structured and operated. The income of our U.S. TRSs will continue to be subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. In addition, our international assets and operations will continue to be subject to taxation in the foreign jurisdictions where those assets are held or those operations are conducted. Any of these taxes would decrease our earnings and our available cash. We will also be subject to a federal corporate level tax at the highest regular corporate rate (currently 35%) on gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a present or former C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset that we hold in a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This 35% tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the ﬁve-year period after the date we ﬁrst owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g. January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we ﬁrst held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, the IRS and any state or local tax authority may successfully assert liabilities against us for corporate income taxes for our pre-REIT period, in which case we will owe these taxes plus applicable interest and penalties, if any. Moreover, any increase in taxable income for these pre-REIT periods will likely result in an increase in pre-REIT accumulated earnings and proﬁts, which could cause us to pay an additional taxable distribution to our stockholders after the relevant determination. Restrictive loan covenants could prevent us from satisfying REIT distribution requirements. Restrictions in our credit facility and our indentures may prevent us from satisfying our REIT distribution requirements, and we could fail to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. If these limits do not jeopardize our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT but nevertheless prevent us from distributing 100% of our REIT taxable income, we would be subject to federal corporate income tax, and potentially a nondeductible excise tax, on the retained amounts. See ‘‘Other Risks’’ for further information on our restrictive loan covenants. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and increase the cost of our hedging and may cause us to incur tax liabilities. The REIT provisions of the Code limit our ability to hedge assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Generally, income from hedging transactions that we enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes or ﬂuctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made by us to acquire or carry real estate assets and income from certain currency hedging transactions related to our non-U.S. operations, as well as income from qualifying contracting hedges do not constitute ‘‘gross income’’ for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through our TRSs, which we presently do. This increases the cost of our hedging activities because our TRSs are 18 subject to tax on income or gains resulting from hedges entered into by them and may expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates or exchange rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, hedging losses in any of our TRSs may not provide any tax beneﬁt, except for being carried forward for possible use against future capital gain in the TRSs. We have limited experience operating as a REIT, which may adversely affect our ﬁnancial condition, results of operations, cash ﬂow, per share trading price of our common stock and ability to forecast dividends. We began operating as a REIT on January 1, 2015 and, as such, have limited operating history as a REIT. In addition, prior to January 1, 2015 our senior management team had no prior experience operating a REIT. We can provide no assurance that our past experience has sufficiently prepared us to operate successfully as a REIT. Our inability to operate successfully as a REIT, including the failure to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT, could adversely affect our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. Distributions payable by REITs generally do not qualify for preferential tax rates. Qualifying distributions payable by corporations to individuals, trusts and estates that are U.S. stockholders are currently eligible for federal income tax at preferential rates. Distributions payable by REITs, in contrast, generally are not eligible for the preferential rates. The preferential rates applicable to regular corporate distributions could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT corporations that pay distributions, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock. Our certiﬁcate of incorporation contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock, though they may not be successful in preserving our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. In order for us to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, beneﬁcially or constructively, by ﬁve or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year other than the ﬁrst year for which we elect to be taxed as a REIT. In addition, rents from ‘‘affiliated tenants’’ will not qualify as qualifying REIT income if we own 10% or more by vote or value of the customer, whether directly or after application of attribution rules under the Code. Subject to certain exceptions, our certiﬁcate of incorporation prohibits any stockholder from owning beneﬁcially or constructively more than (i) 9.8% in value of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our capital stock or (ii) 9.8% in value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock. We refer to these restrictions collectively as the ‘‘ownership limits’’ and we included them in our certiﬁcate of incorporation to facilitate our compliance with REIT tax rules. The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock (or the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock) by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity or another individual or entity to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. Even though our certiﬁcate of incorporation contains the ownership limits, there can be no assurance that these provisions will be effective to prevent our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT from being jeopardized, including under the affiliated tenant rule. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enforce the ownership limits. If the restrictions in our certiﬁcate of incorporation are not effective and as a result we fail to satisfy the REIT tax rules described above, then absent an applicable relief provision, we will fail to remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT. Other Risks Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the ﬁnancial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of any transaction. Over the last several years, we have completed numerous acquisitions, including most recently that of Nimbo and Bit-isle in 2015 and TelecityGroup in January of 2016. We may make additional acquisitions in 19 the future, which may include (i) acquisitions of businesses, products, services or technologies that we believe to be complementary, (ii) acquisitions of new IBX data centers or real estate for development of new IBX data centers or (iii) acquisitions through investments in local data center operators. We may pay for future acquisitions by using our existing cash resources (which may limit other potential uses of our cash), incurring additional debt (which may increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements) and/or issuing shares (which may dilute our existing stockholders and have a negative effect on our earnings per share). Acquisitions expose us to potential risks, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the possible disruption of our ongoing business and diversion of management’s attention by acquisition, transition and integration activities, particularly when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time; our potential inability to successfully pursue or realize some or all of the anticipated revenue opportunities associated with an acquisition or investment; the possibility that we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired businesses, or businesses in which we invest, or achieve anticipated operating efficiencies or cost savings; the possibility that announced acquisitions may not be completed, due to failure to satisfy the conditions to closing or for other reasons; the dilution of our existing stockholders as a result of our issuing stock in transactions, such as in connection with our acquisitions of Switch & Data Facilities Company, Inc. in 2010 (‘‘Switch and Data’’) and TelecityGroup; the possibility of customer dissatisfaction if we are unable to achieve levels of quality and stability on par with past practices; the potential deterioration to our ability to access credit markets due to increased leverage; the possibility that our customers may not accept either the existing equipment infrastructure or the ‘‘look-and-feel’’ of a new or different IBX data center; the possibility that additional capital expenditures may be required or that transaction expenses associated with acquisitions may be higher than anticipated; the possibility that required ﬁnancing to fund an acquisition may not be available on acceptable terms or at all; the possibility that we may be unable to obtain required approvals from governmental authorities under antitrust and competition laws on a timely basis or at all, which could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing an acquisition, limit our ability to realize the expected ﬁnancial or strategic beneﬁts of an acquisition or have other adverse effects on our current business and operations; the possible loss or reduction in value of acquired businesses; the possibility that future acquisitions may present new complexities in deal structure, related complex accounting and coordination with new partners, particularly in light of our desire to maintain our taxation as a REIT; the possibility that future acquisitions may be in geographies and regulatory environments to which we are unaccustomed; the possibility that carriers may ﬁnd it cost-prohibitive or impractical to bring ﬁber and networks into a new IBX data center; the possibility of litigation or other claims in connection with, or as a result of, an acquisition, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; 20 • • the possibility that asset divestments may be required in order to obtain regulatory clearance for a transaction; and the possibility of pre-existing undisclosed liabilities, including, but not limited to, lease or landlord related liability, environmental liability or asbestos liability, for which insurance coverage may be insufficient or unavailable, or other issues not discovered in the diligence process. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, ﬁnancial condition or cash ﬂows. We cannot assure that the price of any future acquisitions of IBX data centers will be similar to prior IBX data center acquisitions. In fact, we expect costs required to build or render new IBX data centers operational to increase in the future. If our revenue does not keep pace with these potential acquisition and expansion costs, we may not be able to maintain our current or expected margins as we absorb these additional expenses. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions. Our substantial debt could adversely affect our cash ﬂows and limit our ﬂexibility to raise additional capital. We have a signiﬁcant amount of debt and may need to incur additional debt to support our growth. Additional debt may also be incurred to fund future acquisitions, any future special distributions, regular distributions or the other cash outlays associated with maintaining qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. As of December 31, 2015, our total indebtedness was approximately $6.5 billion, our stockholders’ equity was $2.7 billion and our cash and investments totaled $2.2 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $1.1 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $1.5 billion revolving credit facility and approximately $700 million of additional liquidity available to us from our undrawn Term Loan B (as deﬁned below) commitments as part of an approximately $2.7 billion senior credit facility agreement entered into with a group of lenders, and approximately $8.7 million undrawn from the Bridge Term Loan Agreement (as deﬁned below) entered into to fund the Bit-isle acquisition. Some of our debt contains covenants which may limit our operating ﬂexibility. In addition to our substantial debt, we lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancellable lease agreements, the majority of which are accounted for as operating leases. As of December 31, 2015, our total minimum operating lease commitments under those lease agreements, excluding potential lease renewals, was approximately $1.2 billion, which represents off-balance sheet commitments. Our substantial amount of debt and related covenants, and our off-balance sheet commitments, could have important consequences. For example, they could: • • • • • • • require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash ﬂow from operations to make interest and principal payments on our debt and in respect of other off-balance sheet arrangements, reducing the availability of our cash ﬂow to fund future capital expenditures, working capital, execution of our expansion strategy and other general corporate requirements; increase the likelihood of negative outlook from our rating agencies; make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our various debt instruments; increase our cost of borrowing and even limit our ability to access additional debt to fund future growth; increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and adverse changes in governmental regulations; limit our ﬂexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors; limit our operating ﬂexibility through covenants with which we must comply, such as limiting our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock; 21 • • limit our ability to borrow additional funds, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, which would also limit our ability to further expand our business; and make us more vulnerable to increases in interest rates because of the variable interest rates on some of our borrowings to the extent we have not entirely hedged such variable rate debt. The occurrence of any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and ﬁnancial condition. In addition, the performance of our stock price may trigger events that would require the write-off of a signiﬁcant portion of our debt issuance costs related to our convertible debt, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We may also need to reﬁnance a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. There is a risk that we may not be able to reﬁnance existing debt or that the terms of any reﬁnancing may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of reﬁnancing result in higher interest rates upon reﬁnancing, then the interest expense relating to that reﬁnanced indebtedness would increase. These risks could materially adversely affect our ﬁnancial condition, cash ﬂows and results of operations. Adverse global economic conditions and credit market uncertainty could adversely impact our business and ﬁnancial condition. Adverse global economic conditions continue and uncertain conditions in the credit markets have created, and in the future may create, uncertainty and unpredictability and add risk to our future outlook. An uncertain global economy could also result in churn in our customer base, reductions in revenues from our offerings, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, adversely affecting our liquidity. The uncertain economic environment could also have an impact on our foreign exchange forward contracts if our counterparties’ credit deteriorates or they are otherwise unable to perform their obligations. Finally, our ability to access the capital markets may be severely restricted at a time when we would like, or need, to do so which could have an impact on our ﬂexibility to pursue additional expansion opportunities and maintain our desired level of revenue growth in the future. The market price of our stock may continue to be highly volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline. The market price of the shares of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile. General economic and market conditions, and market conditions for telecommunications stocks in general, may affect the market price of our common stock. Announcements by us or others, or speculations about our future plans, may also have a signiﬁcant impact on the market price of our common stock. These may relate to: • • • • • • • • • • • our operating results or forecasts; new issuances of equity, debt or convertible debt by us; changes to our capital allocation, tax planning or business strategy; our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT and our declaration of distributions to our stockholders; a stock repurchase program; developments in our relationships with corporate customers; announcements by our customers or competitors; changes in regulatory policy or interpretation; governmental investigations; changes in the ratings of our debt or stock by rating agencies or securities analysts; our purchase or development of real estate and/or additional IBX data centers; 22 • • our acquisitions of complementary businesses; or the operational performance of our IBX data centers. The stock market has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume ﬂuctuations, which have particularly affected the market prices for telecommunications companies, and which have often been unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market ﬂuctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and/or damages, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business. If we are not able to generate sufficient operating cash ﬂows or obtain external ﬁnancing, our ability to fund incremental expansion plans may be limited. Our capital expenditures, together with ongoing operating expenses, obligations to service our debt and the cash outlays associated with our REIT distribution requirements, are and will continue to be a substantial burden on our cash ﬂow and may decrease our cash balances. Additional debt or equity ﬁnancing may not be available when needed or, if available, may not be available on satisfactory terms. Our inability to obtain additional debt and/or equity ﬁnancing or to generate sufficient cash from operations may require us to prioritize projects or curtail capital expenditures which could adversely affect our results of operations. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the markets in which we operate internationally could harm our results of operations. We may experience gains and losses resulting from ﬂuctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. To date, the majority of our revenues and costs are denominated in U.S. dollars; however, the majority of revenues and costs in our international operations are denominated in foreign currencies. Where our prices are denominated in U.S. dollars, our sales and revenues could be adversely affected by declines in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, thereby making our offerings more expensive in local currencies. We are also exposed to risks resulting from ﬂuctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in connection with our international operations. To the extent we are paying contractors in foreign currencies, our operations could cost more than anticipated as a result of declines in the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. In addition, ﬂuctuating foreign currency exchange rates have a direct impact on how our international results of operations translate into U.S. dollars. Although we currently undertake, and may decide in the future to further undertake, foreign exchange hedging transactions to reduce foreign currency transaction exposure, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. In addition, REIT compliance rules may restrict our ability to enter into hedging transactions. Therefore, any weakness of the U.S. dollar may have a positive impact on our consolidated results of operations because the currencies in the foreign countries in which we operate may translate into more U.S. dollars. However, if the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate, our consolidated ﬁnancial position and results of operations may be negatively impacted as amounts in foreign currencies will generally translate into fewer U.S. dollars. For additional information on foreign currency risk, refer to our discussion of foreign currency risk in ‘‘Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk’’ included in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our ﬁnancial statements and cash taxes. We are a U.S. company with global subsidiaries and are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (although currently limited due to our taxation as a REIT) and many foreign jurisdictions. Signiﬁcant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no certainty that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of changes to the tax laws and interpretations thereof. The U.S. Congress as well as the governments of many of the countries in which we operate are actively discussing changes to the corporate recognition and taxation of 23 worldwide income. The nature and timing of any changes to each jurisdiction’s tax laws and the impact on our future tax liabilities cannot be predicted with any accuracy but could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and ﬁnancial position or cash ﬂows. We are continuing to invest in our expansion efforts but may not have sufficient customer demand in the future to realize expected returns on these investments. We are considering the acquisition or lease of additional properties and the construction of new IBX data centers beyond those expansion projects already announced. We will be required to commit substantial operational and ﬁnancial resources to these IBX data centers, generally 12 to 18 months in advance of securing customer contracts, and we may not have sufficient customer demand in those markets to support these centers once they are built. In addition, unanticipated technological changes could affect customer requirements for data centers, and we may not have built such requirements into our new IBX data centers. Either of these contingencies, if they were to occur, could make it difficult for us to realize expected or reasonable returns on these investments. Our offerings have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenues and operating results. A customer’s decision to purchase our offerings typically involves a signiﬁcant commitment of resources. In addition, some customers will be reluctant to commit to locating in our IBX data centers until they are conﬁdent that the IBX data center has adequate carrier connections. As a result, we have a long sales cycle. Furthermore, we may devote signiﬁcant time and resources in pursuing a particular sale or customer that does not result in revenue. We have also signiﬁcantly expanded our sales force in recent years, and it will take time for these new hires to become fully productive. Delays due to the length of our sales cycle may materially and adversely affect our revenues and operating results, which could harm our ability to meet our forecasts and cause volatility in our stock price. Any failure of our physical infrastructure or offerings could lead to signiﬁcant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenue and harm our business reputation and ﬁnancial results. Our business depends on providing customers with highly reliable solutions. We must safehouse our customers’ infrastructure and equipment located in our IBX data centers. We own certain of our IBX data centers, but others are leased by us, and we rely on the landlord for basic maintenance of our leased IBX data centers. If such landlord has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from the center which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we continue to acquire IBX data centers not built by us. If we discover that these IBX data centers and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the centers. The offerings we provide in each of our IBX data centers are subject to failure resulting from numerous factors, including: • • • • • • • • • human error; equipment failure; physical, electronic and cybersecurity breaches; ﬁre, earthquake, hurricane, ﬂood, tornado and other natural disasters; extreme temperatures; water damage; ﬁber cuts; power loss; terrorist acts; 24 • • sabotage and vandalism; and failure of business partners who provide our resale products. Problems at one or more of our IBX data centers, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or signiﬁcant equipment damage. We have service level commitment obligations to certain of our customers. As a result, service interruptions or signiﬁcant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could result in difficulty maintaining service level commitments to these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because our IBX data centers are critical to many of our customers’ businesses, service interruptions or signiﬁcant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could also result in lost proﬁts or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us as a result of a problem at one of our IBX data centers and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service level commitment obligations could reduce the conﬁdence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results. Furthermore, we are dependent upon Internet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators in the Americas, Asia-Paciﬁc and EMEA regions and elsewhere, some of which have experienced signiﬁcant system failures and electrical outages in the past. Our customers may in the future experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted. We are currently making signiﬁcant investments in our back office information technology systems, including those surrounding the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing, and upgrading our worldwide ﬁnancial application suite. Difficulties, distractions or disruptions to these efforts may interrupt our normal operations and adversely affect our business and operating results. Commencing in 2012, we began a signiﬁcant project to overhaul our back office systems that support the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process. Additionally, commencing in 2013, we began to devote signiﬁcant resources to the upgrade of our worldwide ﬁnancial application suite from Oracle’s version 11i to R12. While signiﬁcant milestones have been achieved on both projects, both projects have continued into 2016. Oracle has already begun to discontinue its support for our current business application suite. While the Oracle ﬁnancial application suite implementation was largely completed in July 2014 and the initial implementation of the systems to support our billing and revenue process was completed in August 2014, work continues on our back office systems and their global implementation, including upgrades and developing new functionality. As a result of that discontinued support and our continued work on these projects, we may experience difficulties with our systems, management distraction and signiﬁcant business disruptions. Difficulties with our systems may interrupt our ability to accept and deliver customer orders and may adversely impact our overall ﬁnancial operations, including our accounts payable, accounts receivables, general ledger, close processes, internal ﬁnancial controls and our ability to otherwise run and track our business. We may need to expend signiﬁcant attention, time and resources to correct problems or ﬁnd alternative sources for performing these functions. All of these changes to our ﬁnancial systems create an increased risk of deﬁciencies in our internal controls over ﬁnancial reporting until such systems are stabilized. Such signiﬁcant investments in our back office systems may take longer to complete and cost more than originally planned. In addition, we may not realize the full beneﬁts we hoped to achieve and there is a risk of an impairment charge if we decide that portions of these projects will not ultimately beneﬁt the company or are de-scoped. Any such difficulty or disruption may adversely affect our business and operating results. The insurance coverage that we purchase may prove to be inadequate. We carry liability, property, business interruption and other insurance policies to cover insurable risks to our company. We select the types of insurance, the limits and the deductibles based on our speciﬁc risk proﬁle, the cost of the insurance coverage versus its perceived beneﬁt and general industry standards. Our 25 insurance policies contain industry standard exclusions for events such as war and nuclear reaction. We purchase minimal levels of earthquake insurance for certain of our IBX data centers, but for most of our data centers, including many in California, we have elected to self-insure. The earthquake and ﬂood insurance that we do purchase would be subject to high deductibles. Any of the limits of insurance that we purchase, including those for cyber risks, could prove to be inadequate, which could materially and adversely impact our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. Our construction of additional new IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions could involve signiﬁcant risks to our business. In order to sustain our growth in certain of our existing and new markets, we must expand an existing data center, lease a new facility or acquire suitable land, with or without structures, to build new IBX data centers from the ground up. Expansions or new builds are currently underway, or being contemplated, in many of our markets. Any related construction requires us to carefully select and rely on the experience of one or more designers, general contractors, and associated subcontractors during the design and construction process. Should a designer, general contractor or signiﬁcant subcontractor experience ﬁnancial or other problems during the design or construction process, we could experience signiﬁcant delays, increased costs to complete the project and/or other negative impacts to our expected returns. Site selection is also a critical factor in our expansion plans. There may not be suitable properties available in our markets with the necessary combination of high power capacity and ﬁber connectivity, or selection may be limited. Thus, while we may prefer to locate new IBX data centers adjacent to our existing locations it may not always be possible. In the event we decide to build new IBX data centers separate from our existing IBX data centers, we may provide interconnection solutions to connect these two centers. Should these solutions not provide the necessary reliability to sustain connection, this could result in lower interconnection revenue and lower margins and could have a negative impact on customer retention over time. Environmental regulations may impose upon us new or unexpected costs. We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, including those relating to the generation, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. Certain of these laws and regulations also impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for investigation and cleanup costs on current and former owners and operators of real property and persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. Our operations involve the use of hazardous substances and materials such as petroleum fuel for emergency generators, as well as batteries, cleaning solutions and other materials. In addition, we lease, own or operate real property at which hazardous substances and regulated materials have been used in the past. At some of our locations, hazardous substances or regulated materials are known to be present in soil or groundwater, and there may be additional unknown hazardous substances or regulated materials present at sites we own, operate or lease. At some of our locations, there are land use restrictions in place relating to earlier environmental cleanups that do not materially limit our use of the sites. To the extent any hazardous substances or any other substance or material must be cleaned up or removed from our property, we may be responsible under applicable laws, regulations or leases for the removal or cleanup of such substances or materials, the cost of which could be substantial. In addition, we are subject to environmental, health and safety laws regulating air emissions, storm water management and other issues arising in our business. While these obligations do not normally impose material costs upon our operations, unexpected events, equipment malfunctions and human error, among other factors, can lead to violations of environmental laws, regulations or permits. Regulation of greenhouse gas (‘‘GHG’’) emissions could increase the cost of electricity by reducing amounts of electricity generated from fossil fuels, by requiring the use of more expensive generating methods or by imposing taxes or fees upon electricity generation or use. Electricity is a material cost in connection with our business, and an increase in the cost of electricity, whether from regulation of GHGs or otherwise, could adversely affect us. GHG reduction legislation exists in Europe, and in several of the states in the U.S., and there is a potential for new or additional legislation in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate. Certain states, like California, already regulate GHG emissions from new and existing state-regulated 26 facilities by imposing regulatory caps on allowances and by selling or auctioning the rights to such emissions. These programs have not had a material adverse effect on our electricity costs to date, but due to the market- driven nature of some of the programs, could do so in the future. Such laws and regulations are also subject to change at any time. The U.S. EPA published regulations in October 2015, called the ‘‘Clean Power Plan,’’ that is intended to reduce GHG emissions from existing fossil fuel-ﬁred power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Under the rule, each state is required to develop a plan to reduce state-wide carbon dioxide emissions to meet a speciﬁed emissions target set by EPA for that state. If implemented, the Clean Power Plan could impose new emissions trading or credit programs, or other requirements, that could indirectly increase the average cost of electricity in states in which we operate. New laws in the U.S. and other countries may arise as a result of international agreements. In November 2014, the United States and China announced a climate change agreement that established goals for reducing GHG emissions from both countries, including the prevention of increases in GHG emissions from China after 2030. In order for China to meet this commitment, China may impose limitations on fossil fuel generation or costs upon electricity, similar to those imposed in the U.S. and elsewhere. On December 12, 2015, the Obama Administration reached agreement in Paris with a majority of 194 attending nations concerning a voluntary program for limiting GHGs. This agreement, known as the Paris Climate Accord (the ‘‘Accord’’) would, if it becomes effective, require signatory countries to establish GHG reduction goals and report on their implementation of programs to achieve such goals. The Accord would be open for signature for one year commencing in April 2016, and would become effective commencing in 2020 if at least 55 countries representing at least 55% of aggregate, global GHG emissions sign. The U.S. has announced a commitment in support of the Accord to achieve reductions of GHG emissions to levels that are 26 − 28 percent below 2005 levels by 2025. Compliance with international agreements, such as the agreement with China and the Accord, could require new national legislation to be adopted in the U.S. or other signatory countries. In this case, in the U.S., if the Clean Power Plan is implemented in the form prescribed by EPA as a ﬁnal regulation, it may substantially achieve international GHG emissions reduction commitments by the U.S. government. Accordingly, there may be no new legislation or regulation would be required to implement the Accord, assuming that the Clean Power Plan is implemented as set forth in the regulation. Nevertheless, laws or regulations may change over time. To the extent any environmental laws enacted or regulations impose new or unexpected costs, our business, results of operations or ﬁnancial condition may be adversely affected. If we are unable to recruit or retain qualiﬁed personnel, our business could be harmed. We must continue to identify, hire, train and retain IT professionals, technical engineers, operations employees, and sales, marketing, ﬁnance and senior management personnel who maintain relationships with our customers and who can provide the technical, strategic and marketing skills required for our company to grow. There is a shortage of qualiﬁed personnel in these ﬁelds, and we compete with other companies for the limited pool of talent. The failure to recruit and retain necessary personnel, including, but not limited to, members of our executive team, could harm our business and our ability to grow our company. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. We must be able to differentiate our IBX data centers and product offerings from those of our competitors. In addition to competing with other neutral colocation providers, we compete with traditional colocation providers, including telecommunications companies, carriers, internet service providers, managed services providers and large REITs who also operate in our market and may enjoy a cost advantage in providing offerings similar to those provided by our IBX data centers. We may experience competition from our landlords which could also reduce the amount of space available to us for expansion in the future. Rather than leasing available space in our buildings to large single tenants, they may decide to convert the space instead to smaller square foot units designed for multi-tenant colocation use, blurring the line between retail and wholesale space. We may also face competition from existing competitors or new entrants to the market seeking to replicate our global IBX data center concept by building or acquiring data centers, offering colocation on neutral terms or by replicating our strategy and messaging. Finally, customers may also decide it 27 is cost-effective for them to build out their own data centers. Once customers have an established data center footprint, either through a relationship with one of our competitors or through in-sourcing, it may be extremely difficult to convince them to relocate to our IBX data centers. Some of our competitors may adopt aggressive pricing policies, especially if they are not highly leveraged or have lower return thresholds than we do. As a result, we may suffer from pricing pressure that would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. Some of these competitors may also provide our target customers with additional beneﬁts, including bundled communication services or cloud services, and may do so in a manner that is more attractive to our potential customers than obtaining space in our IBX data centers. Similarly, with growing acceptance of cloud-based technologies, Equinix is at risk losing customers that may decide to fully leverage cloud infrastructure offerings instead of managing their own. Competitors could also operate more successfully or form alliances to acquire signiﬁcant market share. Failure to compete successfully may materially adversely affect our ﬁnancial condition, cash ﬂows and results of operations. Our business could be harmed by prolonged power outages or shortages, increased costs of energy or general lack of availability of electrical resources. Our IBX data centers are susceptible to regional costs of power, power shortages, planned or unplanned power outages and limitations, especially internationally, on the availability of adequate power resources. Power outages, such as those relating to large storms, earthquakes and tsunamis, could harm our customers and our business. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and power supplies; however, we may not be able to limit our exposure entirely even with these protections in place. Some of our IBXs are located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we may be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power. In addition, global ﬂuctuations in the price of power can increase the cost of energy, and although contractual price increase clauses exist in the majority of our customer agreements, we may not always choose to pass these increased costs on to our customers. In each of our markets, we rely on third parties to provide a sufficient amount of power for current and future customers. At the same time, power and cooling requirements are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, some customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. We generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from their installed circuits. This means that we could face power limitations in our IBX data centers. This could have a negative impact on the effective available capacity of a given center and limit our ability to grow our business, which could have a negative impact on our ﬁnancial performance, operating results and cash ﬂows. We may also have difficulty obtaining sufficient power capacity for potential expansion sites in new or existing markets. We may experience signiﬁcant delays and substantial increased costs demanded by the utilities to provide the level of electrical service required by our current IBX data center designs. If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our ﬁnancial results or our stock price may be adversely affected. Our most recent evaluation of our controls resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2015, in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our internal controls over ﬁnancial reporting were effective. Our ability to manage our operations and growth, through, for example, our upgrade of our worldwide ﬁnancial application suite from Oracle’s version 11i to R12 and our overhaul of our back office systems that support customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process, will require us to further develop our controls and reporting systems and implement or amend new or existing controls and reporting systems in those areas where the implementation is still ongoing. All of these changes to our ﬁnancial systems create an increased risk of deﬁciencies in our internal controls over ﬁnancial reporting until such systems are stabilized. If, in the future, our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting is found to be ineffective, or if a material weakness is identiﬁed in our controls over ﬁnancial reporting, our 28 ﬁnancial results may be adversely affected. Investors may also lose conﬁdence in the reliability of our ﬁnancial statements which could adversely affect our stock price. If we cannot effectively manage our international operations, and successfully implement our international expansion plans, our revenues may not increase and our business and results of operations would be harmed. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recognized approximately 49%, 49% and 46%, respectively, of our revenues outside the U.S. We currently operate outside of the U.S. in Canada, Brazil, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc. To date, the network neutrality of our IBX data centers and the variety of networks available to our customers has often been a competitive advantage for us. In certain of our acquired IBX data centers in the Asia-Paciﬁc region the limited number of carriers available reduces that advantage. As a result, we may need to adapt our key revenue-generating offerings and pricing to be competitive in those markets. In addition, we are currently undergoing expansions or evaluating expansion opportunities outside of the U.S. Undertaking and managing expansions in foreign jurisdictions may present unanticipated challenges to us. Our international operations are generally subject to a number of additional risks, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the costs of customizing IBX data centers for foreign countries; protectionist laws and business practices favoring local competition; greater difficulty or delay in accounts receivable collection; difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including negotiating with foreign labor unions or workers’ councils; difficulties in managing across cultures and in foreign languages; political and economic instability; ﬂuctuations in currency exchange rates; difficulties in repatriating funds from certain countries; our ability to obtain, transfer, or maintain licenses required by governmental entities with respect to our business; unexpected changes in regulatory, tax and political environments; our ability to secure and maintain the necessary physical and telecommunications infrastructure; compliance with anti-bribery and corruption laws; compliance with economic and trade sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury; and compliance with evolving governmental regulation with which we have little experience. In addition, compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, export requirements, economic and trade sanctions, U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws which also prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in ﬁnes, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our offerings in one or more countries, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions, and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and our operating results. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and address these risks and manage these difficulties. 29 Economic uncertainty in developing markets could adversely affect our revenue and earnings. We conduct business and are contemplating expansion, in developing markets with economies that tend to be more volatile than those in the U.S. and Western Europe. The risk of doing business in developing markets such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, the United Arab Emirates and other economically volatile areas could adversely affect our operations and earnings. Such risks include the ﬁnancial instability among customers in these regions, political instability, fraud or corruption and other non-economic factors such as irregular trade ﬂows that need to be managed successfully with the help of the local governments. In addition, commercial laws in some developing countries can be vague, inconsistently administered and retroactively applied. If we are deemed not to be in compliance with applicable laws in developing countries where we conduct business, our prospects and business in those countries could be harmed, which could then have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and ﬁnancial position. Our failure to successfully manage economic, political and other risks relating to doing business in developing countries and economically and politically volatile areas could adversely affect our business. The use of high power density equipment may limit our ability to fully utilize our older IBX data centers. Some customers have increased their use of high power density equipment, such as blade servers, in our IBX data centers which has increased the demand for power on a per cabinet basis. Because many of our IBX data centers were built a number of years ago, the current demand for power may exceed the designed electrical capacity in these centers. As power, not space, is a limiting factor in many of our IBX data centers, our ability to fully utilize those IBX data centers may be limited. The ability to increase the power capacity of an IBX data center, should we decide to, is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, the local utility’s ability to provide additional power; the length of time required to provide such power; and/or whether it is feasible to upgrade the electrical infrastructure of an IBX data center to deliver additional power to customers. Although we are currently designing and building to a higher power speciﬁcation than that of many of our older IBX data centers, there is a risk that demand will continue to increase and our IBX data centers could become underutilized sooner than expected. Our operating results may ﬂuctuate. We have experienced ﬂuctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly and annual basis. The ﬂuctuations in our operating results may cause the market price of our common stock to be volatile. We may experience signiﬁcant ﬂuctuations in our operating results in the foreseeable future due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: • • • • • • • • ﬂuctuations of foreign currencies in the markets in which we operate; the timing and magnitude of depreciation and interest expense or other expenses related to the acquisition, purchase or construction of additional IBX data centers or the upgrade of existing IBX data centers; demand for space, power and services at our IBX data centers; changes in general economic conditions, such as an economic downturn, or speciﬁc market conditions in the telecommunications and Internet industries, both of which may have an impact on our customer base; charges to earnings resulting from past acquisitions due to, among other things, impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired, identiﬁcation of additional assumed contingent liabilities or revised estimates to restructure an acquired company’s operations; the duration of the sales cycle for our offerings and our ability to ramp our newly-hired sales persons to full productivity within the time period we have forecasted; restructuring charges or reversals of restructuring charges, which may be necessary due to revised sublease assumptions, changes in strategy or otherwise; acquisitions or dispositions we may make; 30 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the ﬁnancial condition and credit risk of our customers; the provision of customer discounts and credits; the mix of current and proposed products and offerings and the gross margins associated with our products and offerings; the timing required for new and future IBX data centers to open or become fully utilized; competition in the markets in which we operate; conditions related to international operations; increasing repair and maintenance expenses in connection with aging IBX data centers; lack of available capacity in our existing IBX data centers to generate new revenue or delays in opening new or acquired IBX data centers that delay our ability to generate new revenue in markets which have otherwise reached capacity; changes in rent expense as we amend our IBX data center leases in connection with extending their lease terms when their initial lease term expiration dates approach or changes in shared operating costs in connection with our leases, which are commonly referred to as common area maintenance expenses; the timing and magnitude of other operating expenses, including taxes, expenses related to the expansion of sales, marketing, operations and acquisitions, if any, of complementary businesses and assets; the cost and availability of adequate public utilities, including power; changes in employee stock-based compensation; overall inﬂation; increasing interest expense due to any increases in interest rates and/or potential additional debt ﬁnancings; changes in our tax planning strategies or failure to realize anticipated beneﬁts from such strategies; changes in income tax beneﬁt or expense; and changes in or new generally accepted accounting principles (‘‘GAAP’’) in the U.S. as periodically released by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’). Any of the foregoing factors, or other factors discussed elsewhere in this report, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and ﬁnancial condition. Although we have experienced growth in revenues in recent quarters, this growth rate is not necessarily indicative of future operating results. Prior to 2008, we had generated net losses every ﬁscal year since inception. It is possible that we may not be able to generate net income on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. In addition, a relatively large portion of our expenses are ﬁxed in the short-term, particularly with respect to lease and personnel expenses, depreciation and amortization and interest expenses. Therefore, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to ﬂuctuations in revenues. As such, comparisons to prior reporting periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance. In addition, our operating results in one or more future quarters may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors. Our days sales outstanding (DSO) of our accounts receivables have been increasing. Although we have historically experienced a record of strong collection of our accounts receivables as evidenced by our prior DSO metrics, our DSO has increased over the past year. Our DSO was affected by the implementation of a new billing system that was introduced during the second half of 2014. While this new system is now operational in all three regions, it is not operational in all countries within each region and further enhancements to the overall system are still ongoing. While our DSO began to improve during the 31 second half of 2015, our DSO may continue to be adversely impacted by ongoing changes in the billing system, which would continue to have a negative impact on our operating cash ﬂows, liquidity and ﬁnancial performance. We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, or impairment charges to our property, plant and equipment, which could result in a signiﬁcant reduction to our earnings. In accordance with GAAP, we are required to assess our goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment, such as changing market conditions or any changes in key assumptions. If the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable, we are required to record a non-cash impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the goodwill or other intangible assets and the implied fair value of the goodwill or other intangible assets in the period the determination is made. We also monitor the remaining net book values of our property, plant and equipment periodically, including at the individual IBX data center level. Although each individual IBX data center is currently performing in line with our expectations, the possibility that one or more IBX data centers could begin to under-perform relative to our expectations is possible and may also result in non-cash impairment charges. These charges could be signiﬁcant, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or ﬁnancial condition. We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may incur additional losses in the future. As of December 31, 2015, our accumulated deﬁcit was $108.2 million. Although we have generated net income for each ﬁscal year since 2008, except for the year ended December 31, 2014, we are also currently investing heavily in our future growth through the build out of multiple additional IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions as well as acquisitions of complementary businesses. As a result, we will incur higher depreciation and other operating expenses, as well as acquisition costs and interest expense, that may negatively impact our ability to sustain proﬁtability in future periods unless and until these new IBX data centers generate enough revenue to exceed their operating costs and cover our additional overhead needed to scale our business for this anticipated growth. The current global ﬁnancial uncertainty may also impact our ability to sustain proﬁtability if we cannot generate sufficient revenue to offset the increased costs of our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data centers currently under construction. In addition, costs associated with the acquisition and integration of any acquired companies, as well as the additional interest expense associated with debt ﬁnancing we have undertaken to fund our growth initiatives, may also negatively impact our ability to sustain proﬁtability. Finally, given the competitive and evolving nature of the industry in which we operate, we may not be able to sustain or increase proﬁtability on a quarterly or annual basis. The failure to obtain favorable terms when we renew our IBX data center leases, or the failure to renew such leases, could harm our business and results of operations. While we own certain of our IBX data centers, others are leased under long-term arrangements with lease terms expiring at various dates through 2065. These leased centers have all been subject to signiﬁcant development by us in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. Most of our IBX data center leases have renewal options available to us. However, many of these renewal options provide for the rent to be set at then-prevailing market rates. To the extent that then-prevailing market rates or negotiated rates are higher than present rates, these higher costs may adversely impact our business and results of operations, or we may decide against renewing the lease. In the event that an IBX data center lease does not have a renewal option, or we fail to exercise a renewal option in a timely fashion and lose our right to renew the lease, we may not be successful in negotiating a renewal of the lease with the landlord. A failure to renew a lease could force us to exit a building prematurely, which could be disruptive to our business, harm our customer relationships, expose us to liability under our customer contracts, cause us to take impairment charges and negatively affect our operating results. 32 We depend on a number of third parties to provide Internet connectivity to our IBX data centers; if connectivity is interrupted or terminated, our operating results and cash ﬂow could be materially and adversely affected. The presence of diverse telecommunications carriers’ ﬁber networks in our IBX data centers is critical to our ability to retain and attract new customers. We are not a telecommunications carrier, and as such, we rely on third parties to provide our customers with carrier services. We believe that the availability of carrier capacity will directly affect our ability to achieve our projected results. We rely primarily on revenue opportunities from the telecommunications carriers’ customers to encourage them to invest the capital and operating resources required to connect from their centers to our IBX data centers. Carriers will likely evaluate the revenue opportunity of an IBX data center based on the assumption that the environment will be highly competitive. We cannot provide assurance that each and every carrier will elect to offer its services within our IBX data centers or that once a carrier has decided to provide Internet connectivity to our IBX data centers that it will continue to do so for any period of time. Our new IBX data centers require construction and operation of a sophisticated redundant ﬁber network. The construction required to connect multiple carrier facilities to our IBX data centers is complex and involves factors outside of our control, including regulatory processes and the availability of construction resources. Any hardware or ﬁber failures on this network may result in signiﬁcant loss of connectivity to our new IBX data center expansions. This could affect our ability to attract new customers to these IBX data centers or retain existing customers. If the establishment of highly diverse Internet connectivity to our IBX data centers does not occur, is materially delayed or is discontinued, or is subject to failure, our operating results and cash ﬂow will be adversely affected. We may be vulnerable to security breaches which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our ﬁnancial performance and operating results. We face risks associated with unauthorized access to our computer systems, loss or destruction of data, computer viruses, malware, distributed denial-of-service attacks, or other malicious activities. These threats may result from human error, equipment failure, or fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties. A party who is able to compromise the security measures on our networks or the security of our infrastructure could misappropriate either our proprietary information or the personal information of our customers or our employees, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or our customers’ operations. As we provide assurances to our customers that we provide a high level of security, such a compromise could be particularly harmful to our brand and reputation. We may be required to expend signiﬁcant capital and resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. As techniques used to breach security change frequently, and are generally not recognized until launched against a target, we may not be able to promptly detect that a cyber breach has occurred, or implement security measures in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, we may not be able to determine the extent to which these measures could be circumvented. Any breaches that may occur could expose us to increased risk of lawsuits, regulatory penalties, loss of existing or potential customers, damage relating to loss of proprietary information, harm to our reputation and increases in our security costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our ﬁnancial performance and operating results. We maintain insurance coverage for cyber risks but such coverage may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our losses. We offer professional services to our customers where we consult on data center solutions and assist with implementations. We also offer managed services in certain of our foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we manage the data center infrastructure for our customers. The access gained from these services to our clients’ networks and data creates some risk that our clients’ networks or data will be improperly accessed. We may also design our clients’ cloud storage systems in such a way that exposes our clients to increased risk of data breach. If Equinix were held to be responsible for any such a breach, it could result in a signiﬁcant loss to Equinix, including damage to Equinix’s client relationships, harm to our brand and reputation, and legal liability. 33 We have government customers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties. We derive some revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, state and local governments and foreign governments. Some of these customers may terminate all or part of their contracts at any time, without cause. There is increased pressure for governments and their agencies, both domestically and internationally, to reduce spending. Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. Similarly, some of our contracts at the state and local levels are subject to government funding authorizations. Additionally, government contracts are generally subject to audits and investigations which could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of a portion of fees received, forfeiture of proﬁts, suspension of payments, ﬁnes and suspensions or debarment from future government business. Because we depend on the development and growth of a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, failure to attract, grow and retain this base of customers could harm our business and operating results. Our ability to maximize revenues depends on our ability to develop and grow a balanced customer base, consisting of a variety of companies, including enterprises, cloud, digital content and ﬁnancial companies, and network service providers. We consider certain of these customers to be key magnets in that they draw in other customers. The more balanced the customer base within each IBX data center, the better we will be able to generate signiﬁcant interconnection revenues, which in turn increases our overall revenues. Our ability to attract customers to our IBX data centers will depend on a variety of factors, including the presence of multiple carriers, the mix of our offerings, the overall mix of customers, the presence of key customers attracting business through vertical market ecosystems, the IBX data center’s operating reliability and security and our ability to effectively market our offerings. However, some of our customers may face competitive pressures and may ultimately not be successful or may be consolidated through merger or acquisition. If these customers do not continue to use our IBX data centers it may be disruptive to our business. Finally, the uncertain economic climate may harm our ability to attract and retain customers if customers slow spending, or delay decision-making, on our offerings, or if customers begin to have difficulty paying us and we experience increased churn in our customer base. Any of these factors may hinder the development, growth and retention of a balanced customer base and adversely affect our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. We may be subject to securities class action and other litigation, which may harm our business and results of operations. We may be subject to securities class action or other litigation. For example, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive, and divert management’s attention and resources. Results cannot be predicted with certainty and an adverse outcome in litigation could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief that could seriously harm our business, results of operations, ﬁnancial condition or cash ﬂows. We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights. We cannot make assurances that the steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to deter misappropriation of proprietary information or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. We also are subject to the risk of litigation alleging infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. Any such claims could require us to spend signiﬁcant sums in litigation, pay damages, develop non-infringing intellectual property, or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the alleged infringement. Government regulation may adversely affect our business. Various laws and governmental regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad, governing Internet related services, related communications services and information technologies remain largely unsettled, even in areas 34 where there has been some legislative action. For example, the Federal Communications Commission recently adopted new network neutrality rules that may result in material changes in the regulations and contribution regime affecting us and our customers. Likewise, as part of a review of the current equity market structure, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (‘‘CFTC’’) have both sought comments regarding the regulation of independent data centers, such as us, which provide colocation for ﬁnancial markets and exchanges. The CFTC is also considering regulation of companies that use automated and high-frequency trading systems. Any such regulation may ultimately affect our provision of offerings. It also may take years to determine whether and how existing laws, such as those governing intellectual property, privacy, libel, telecommunications services and taxation, apply to the Internet and to related offerings such as ours, and substantial resources may be required to comply with regulations or bring any non-compliant business practices into compliance with such regulations. In addition, the development of the market for online commerce and the displacement of traditional telephony service by the Internet and related communications services may prompt an increased call for more stringent consumer protection laws or other regulation both in the U.S. and abroad that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online and their service providers. The adoption, or modiﬁcation of laws or regulations relating to the Internet and our business, or interpretations of existing laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business, ﬁnancial condition and results of operations. Industry consolidation may have a negative impact on our business model. If customers combine businesses, they may require less colocation space, which could lead to churn in our customer base. Regional competitors may also consolidate to become a global competitor. Consolidation of our customers and/or our competitors may present a risk to our business model and have a negative impact on our revenues. Terrorist activity throughout the world and military action to counter terrorism could adversely impact our business. The continued threat of terrorist activity and other acts of war or hostility contribute to a climate of political and economic uncertainty. Due to existing or developing circumstances, we may need to incur additional costs in the future to provide enhanced security, including cyber security, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. These circumstances may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, our ability to raise capital and the operation and maintenance of our IBX data centers. We have various mechanisms in place that may discourage takeover attempts. Certain provisions of our certiﬁcate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control of us in a merger, acquisition or similar transaction that a stockholder may consider favorable. Such provisions include: • • • • • • ownership limitations and transfer restrictions relating to our stock that are intended to facilitate our compliance with certain REIT rules relating to share ownership; authorization for the issuance of ‘‘blank check’’ preferred stock; the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors; limits on the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; limits on stockholder action by written consent; and advance notice requirements for nominations to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings. In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders in certain situations, may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with us. 35 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 1B. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our executive offices are located in Redwood City, California, and we also have sales offices in several cities throughout the U.S. Our Asia-Paciﬁc headquarters office is located in Hong Kong and we also have office space in Shanghai, China; Singapore; Tokyo, Japan; and Sydney, Australia. Our EMEA headquarters office is located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and our regional sales offices in EMEA are based in our IBX data centers in EMEA. We have entered into leases for certain of our IBX data centers in Atlanta, Georgia; New York, New York; Dallas, Texas; Chicago, Illinois; Englewood, Colorado; Los Angeles, Palo Alto, San Jose, Santa Clara and Sunnyvale, California; Miami, Florida; Newark, North Bergen and Secaucus, New Jersey; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Reston and Vienna, Virginia; Seattle, Washington; Toronto, Canada; Waltham, Massachusetts and Rio De Janeiro and Sao Paolo, Brazil in the Americas region; Shanghai, China; Hong Kong; Singapore; Sydney, Australia and Osaka and Tokyo, Japan in the Asia-Paciﬁc region; Dubai, U.A.E.; London, United Kingdom; Paris, France; Frankfurt, Munich and Dusseldorf, Germany; Zurich and Geneva, Switzerland and Enschede and Zwolle, the Netherlands in the EMEA region. We own certain of our IBX data centers in Ashburn, Virginia; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles and San Jose, California; Melbourne, Australia; Secaucus, New Jersey; New York, New York; Paris, France; Frankfurt, Germany and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We own campuses in Ashburn, Virginia, Silicon Valley and Frankfurt, Germany that house some of our IBX data centers mentioned in the preceding sentence. The following table presents an overview of our portfolio of IBX data centers as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total # of IBXs 55 30 27 112 Total cabinet capacity(2) 62,600 49,500 27,800 139,900 Cabinets billed 50,600 40,500 22,600 113,700 Cabinet utilization %(3) 81% 82% 81% MRR per cabinet(4) $2,448 1,439 1,903 (1) Other than the number of IBX data centers, these amounts exclude the Bit-isle’s operations. We acquired Bit-isle on November 2, 2015 and Bit-isle’s related operating metrics are not yet available. (2) Cabinets represent a speciﬁc amount of space within an IBX data center. Customers can combine and use multiple adjacent cabinets within an IBX data center, depending on their space requirements. (3) The cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billing versus net sellable cabinet space available, taking into consideration power limitations. (4) MRR per cabinet represents recurring revenue recognized during the year divided by the average number of cabinets invoiced to customers during the year. 36 The following table presents a summary of our signiﬁcant IBX data center expansion projects under construction as of December 31, 2015: Property Americas: Property location Target open date Sellable cabinets Construction progress (in thousands) Q3 2016 Q4 2016 Q1 2017 Q1 2017 Q1 2016 Q2 2016 Q3 2016 Q4 2016 Q2 2017 Q1 2016 Q2 2016 Q1 2017 365 230 725 1,745 3,065 600 725 1,385 500 1,555 4,765 725 1,500 900 3,125 10,955 $ 31,000 6,000 76,000 57,000 170,000 21,000 32,000 42,000 8,000 113,000 216,000 43,000 97,000 39,000 179,000 $565,000 AT1 Phase IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta DC7 Phase III SP 3 Phase I DC11 Phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ashburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ashburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sao Paolo EMEA: FR4 Phase V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AM1 Phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsterdam LD6 Phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London FR5 Phase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AM4 Phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsterdam Frankfurt Frankfurt Asia-Paciﬁc: TY5 Phase VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tokyo Sydney SY4 Phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HK2 Phase IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS None ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. 37 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol of ‘‘EQIX.’’ Our common stock began trading in August 2000. The following table sets forth on a per share basis the low and high closing prices of our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market during the last two years. Fiscal 2015 Fourth Fiscal Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Fiscal Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Fiscal Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Fiscal Quarter Fiscal 2014 Fourth Fiscal Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Fiscal Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Fiscal Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Fiscal Quarter Low High $265.41 251.11 233.59 216.86 $304.98 292.02 270.15 238.95 Low High $191.96 206.26 170.48 173.42 $234.10 223.58 210.11 194.02 As of January 31, 2016, we had 69,025,412 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 274 registered holders. In October 2014, our Board of Directors declared a special distribution of $416.0 million, or approximately $7.57 per share (the ‘‘2014 Special Distribution’’), to our common stockholders in connection with our plan to convert to a REIT. The 2014 Special Distribution was paid on November 25, 2014 to our common stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 27, 2014. Common stockholders had the option to elect to receive payment of the 2014 Special Distribution in the form of stock or cash, with the total cash payment to all stockholders limited to no more than 20% of the total distribution. The number of shares distributed was determined based upon common stockholder elections and the average closing price of our common stock on the three trading days commencing on November 18, 2014 or $224.45 per share. As such, we issued 1.5 million shares of our common stock and paid $83.3 million in connection with the 2014 Special Distribution. In connection with our conversion to a REIT effective January 1, 2015, we began paying quarterly dividends in 2015. On each of February 19, 2015, May 7, 2015, July 29, 2015 and October 28, 2015, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $1.69 per share. For additional information, see ‘‘Dividends’’ in Note 11 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In September 2015, our Board of Directors declared a special distribution of $627.0 million, or approximately $10.95 per share (the ‘‘2015 Special Distribution’’), to our common stockholders. The 2015 Special Distribution represented an amount that included the sum of: (1) foreign earnings and proﬁts repatriated as dividend income in 2015; (2) taxable income in 2015 from depreciation recapture in respect of accounting method changes commenced in our pre-REIT period; and (3) certain other items of taxable income. The 2015 Special Distribution was paid on November 10, 2015 to our common stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 8, 2015. Common stockholders had the option to elect to receive payment of the 2015 Special Distribution in the form of stock or cash, with the total cash payment to all stockholders limited to no more than 20% of the total distribution. The number of shares distributed was determined based upon common stockholder elections and the average closing price of our common stock on the three trading days commencing on November 3, 2015 or $297.03 per share. As such, we issued 1.7 million shares of our common stock and paid $125.5 million in connection with the 2015 Special Distribution. 38 During the year ended December 31, 2015, we did not issue or sell any securities on an unregistered basis. Stock Performance Graph The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Equinix’s common stock between December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2015 with the cumulative total return of (i) the S&P 500 Index, (ii) the NASDAQ Composite Index, (iii) the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index and (iv) the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2010 in Equinix’s common stock and in each index, and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. Equinix converted to a REIT effective January 1, 2015 and thus intends to compare the total stockholder return on Equinix’s common stock to the cumulative total return of the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index instead of that of the NASDAQ Telecommunications index in future ﬁlings. Equinix cautions that the stock price performance shown in the graph below is not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the potential future performance of Equinix’s common stock. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of Equinix’s previous or future ﬁlings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that might incorporate this Annual Report on Form 10-K or future ﬁlings made by Equinix under those statutes, the stock performance graph shall not be deemed ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of those prior ﬁlings or into any future ﬁlings made by Equinix under those statutes. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* * $100 invested on 12/31/10 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. 39 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following consolidated statement of operations data for the ﬁve years ended December 31, 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011 have been derived from our audited consolidated ﬁnancial statements and the related notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for future periods. The following selected consolidated ﬁnancial data for the three years ended December 31, 2015 and as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated ﬁnancial statements and the related notes in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and ‘‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, we completed an acquisition of Nimbo Technologies Inc. in January 2015 and Bit-isle, Inc. in November 2015, an acquisition of an approximate 53% controlling equity interest in ALOG Data Centers do Brasil S.A. (‘‘ALOG’’) in April 2011 and the remaining outstanding shares of ALOG in July 2014, acquisitions of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 carrier hotel in October 2013, a Dubai IBX data center in November 2012, and acquisitions of Asia Tone Limited and ancotel GmbH in July 2012. We also sold 16 of our IBX data centers located throughout the U.S. in November 2012. For further information on our acquisitions during the three years ended December 31, 2015, refer to Note 2 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2015 Years ended December 31, 2013 (dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2014 2012 2011 Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,725,867 $2,443,776 $2,152,766 $1,887,376 $1,565,625 Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charges (reversals) . . . . . . Impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total costs and operating expenses Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment Income from operations before income 1,291,506 332,012 493,284 — — 41,723 2,158,525 567,342 3,581 (299,055) (60,581) (289) 1,197,885 296,103 438,016 — — 2,506 1,934,510 509,266 2,891 (270,553) 119 (156,990) 1,064,403 246,623 374,790 (4,837) — 10,855 1,691,834 460,932 3,387 (248,792) 5,253 (108,501) 944,617 202,914 328,266 — 9,861 8,822 1,494,480 392,896 3,466 (200,328) (2,208) (5,204) 829,024 158,347 265,554 3,481 — 3,297 1,259,703 305,922 2,280 (181,303) 2,821 — taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,998 (23,224) 84,733 (345,459) 112,279 (16,156) 188,622 (58,564) 129,720 (37,347) Net income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,774 (260,726) 96,123 130,058 92,373 — 187,774 — (260,726) — 96,123 13,086 143,144 1,009 93,382 — 1,179 (1,438) 94,685 $ 140,028 $ (3,116) 1,394 94,776 Net income attributable to Equinix . . . . . . . $ 187,774 $ (259,547) $ 40 2015 Years ended December 31, 2013 (dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2014 2012 Earnings per share (‘‘EPS’’) attributable to Equinix: Basic EPS from continuing operations . . . Basic EPS from discontinued operations . . Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS from continuing operations . . Diluted EPS from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 3.25 — 3.25 57,790 3.21 $ $ — 3.21 58,483 $ (4.96) — $ (4.96) 52,359 $ (4.96) — $ (4.96) 52,359 $ $ 1.92 — 1.92 49,438 1.89 $ $ — 1.89 50,116 $ 2.65 0.27 $ 2.92 48,004 2.58 $ $ 0.25 $ 2.83 51,816 2011 $ 1.75 0.02 $ 1.77 46,956 1.72 $ 0.02 $ $ 1.74 47,898 (1) The increase in income tax expense from the year ended December 31, 2013 to the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily attributed to the de-recognition of $324.1 million of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in December 2014, when our Board of Directors formally approved our conversion to a REIT and we reassessed the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities of our U.S. operations included in the REIT structure. 2015 2014 Years ended December 31, 2013 (dollars in thousands) 2012 2011 Other ﬁnancial data:(1) Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used in) ﬁnancing . . $ 894,793 $ 689,420 $ 604,608 $ 632,026 $ (1,134,927) (435,839) (1,169,313) (442,873) 587,320 (1,499,155) activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,873,182 107,401 574,907 (222,721) 748,728 (1) For a discussion of our primary non-GAAP ﬁnancial metrics, see our non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures discussion in ‘‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2015 2014 As of December 31, 2013 (dollars in thousands) 2012 2011 Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,246,297 $1,140,751 $1,030,092 $ 546,524 $1,076,345 139,057 3,223,841 5,753,328 291,964 5,606,436 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,356,695 262,570 4,998,270 7,781,978 184,840 4,591,650 7,457,039 163,840 3,915,738 6,105,507 Accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . Total assets(1) Capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations, excluding current portion . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage and loans payable, excluding current portion(1) Senior notes(1) Convertible debt, excluding current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,287,139 1,168,042 914,032 545,853 390,269 472,769 3,804,634 532,809 2,717,046 197,172 2,220,911 186,287 1,478,482 168,795 1,475,220 portion(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redeemable non-controlling interests . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 2,745,386 145,229 — 2,270,131 720,499 123,902 2,459,064 702,469 84,178 2,313,441 685,593 67,601 1,936,151 (1) The company adopted ASU 2015-03 during the year ended December 31, 2015. As a result, debt issuance costs of $35,455, $35,320, $30,290, and $33,956 were reclassiﬁed from other assets to debt as of December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011, respectively. 41 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the ﬁnancial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words ‘‘believes,’’ ‘‘anticipates,’’ ‘‘plans,’’ ‘‘expects,’’ ‘‘intends’’ and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ signiﬁcantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in ‘‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’’ and ‘‘Risk Factors’’ elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Our management’s discussion and analysis of ﬁnancial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our ﬁnancial information from our management’s perspective and is presented as follows: • • • • • • • Overview Results of Operations Non-GAAP Financial Measures Liquidity and Capital Resources Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2015, as more fully described in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we issued $1.1 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due January 15, 2026 (the ‘‘2026 Senior Notes’’). In December 2015, as more fully described in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we entered into the second amendment (the ‘‘Second Amendment’’) to our Senior Credit Facility. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, our revolving credit facility was increased by $500.0 million to $1.5 billion and we received commitments for an additional $250.0 million seven-year term loan facility and for an additional £300.0 million, or approximately $442.0 million in U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015, seven-year term loan (collectively, the ‘‘Term Loan B Commitments’’). We borrowed the full amount of the Term Loan B Commitments in January 2016. In November 2015, as more fully described in Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we issued and sold 2,994,792 shares of our common stock in a public offering. We received net proceeds of approximately $829.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds we received from the sale of our 2026 Senior Notes and from the sale of our common stock, as well as the net proceeds we received in January 2016 from our Term Loan B Commitments, for both merger and acquisition activities and general corporate purposes. In November 2015, as more fully described in Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed our acquisition of Tokyo-based Bit-isle Inc. (‘‘Bit-isle’’) valued at ¥33.2 billion or approximately $275.4 million U.S. dollars. In connection with our acquisition of Bit-isle, as more fully described in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, in September 2015 we entered into a term loan agreement (the ‘‘Bridge Term Loan 42 Agreement’’) with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (‘‘BTMU’’). BTMU has committed to provide a senior bridge loan facility (the ‘‘Bridge Term Loan’’) in the amount of up to ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $395.2 million at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. Proceeds from the Bridge Term Loan are to be used exclusively for the acquisition of Bit-isle, the repayment of Bit-isle’s existing debt and transaction costs incurred in connection with the closing of the Bridge Term Loan and the acquisition of Bit-isle. We borrowed ¥46.5 billion, or approximately $386.5 million in U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015, under the Bridge Term Loan in the fourth quarter of 2015. We intend to obtain permanent ﬁnancing to replace and terminate the Bridge Term Loan in 2016. In May 2015, as more fully described in Note 2 and Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we announced an offer for the entire issued and to be issued share capital of TelecityGroup, valued at approximately £2.4 billion, or $3.8 billion in U.S. dollars. The transaction closed in January 2016. The total consideration consisted of $1.7 billion in cash and 6.9 million shares of our common stock, valued at $2.1 billion. In connection with the transaction, we also entered into a bridge credit agreement (the ‘‘Bridge Loan’’) with J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (‘‘JPMCB’’) as the initial lender and as administrative agent for the lenders (the ‘‘Lenders’’), for a principal amount of £875.0 million; or approximately $1.3 billion. The Bridge Loan was dedicated solely for the acquisition of TelecityGroup and to satisfy funds certain requirements under UK takeover code. We terminated the Bridge Loan in January 2016. In May 2015, we received a favorable response to the PLR request we had submitted to the IRS in connection with our conversion to a REIT for federal income tax purposes effective for the taxable year commencing January 1, 2015. In April 2015, as more fully described in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we entered into the ﬁrst amendment (the ‘‘First Amendment’’) of our credit agreement dated December 17, 2014 (the ‘‘Senior Credit Facility’’). The amendment allowed for the conversion of the outstanding U.S. dollar-denominated principal amount of the term loan facility to an approximately equivalent amount denominated in four foreign currencies. In connection with the execution of the amendment, on April 30, 2015, we repaid the U.S. dollar-denominated $490.0 million remaining principal balance of the term loan facility and immediately re-borrowed under the term loan facility the aggregate principal amount of CHF 47.8 million, €184.9 million, £92.6 million and ¥11.9 million, or approximately $490.0 million in U.S dollars in total. Overview Equinix provides global data center offerings that protect and connect the world’s most valued information assets. Global enterprises, ﬁnancial services companies and content and network service providers rely upon Equinix’s leading insight and data centers in 33 markets around the world for the safekeeping of their critical IT equipment and the ability to directly connect to the networks that enable today’s information-driven economy. Equinix offers the following solutions: (i) premium data center colocation, (ii) interconnection and (iii) exchange and outsourced IT infrastructure services. As of December 31, 2015, we operated or had partner International Business Exchange (‘‘IBX’’) data centers in the Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley, Toronto and Washington, D.C. metro areas in the Americas region; France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom in the Europe, Middle East and Africa (‘‘EMEA’’) region; and Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan and Singapore in the Asia-Paciﬁc region. Our data centers in 33 markets around the world are a global platform, which allows our customers to increase information and application delivery performance while signiﬁcantly reducing costs. This global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose our IBX data centers, it beneﬁts their suppliers and business partners to colocate with us as well, in order to gain the full economic and performance beneﬁts of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a ‘‘marketplace’’ for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective colocation, interconnection and traffic exchange that lowers overall cost and increases ﬂexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of customers and the 43 resulting ‘‘marketplace’’ effect. This global platform, combined with our strong ﬁnancial position, continues to drive new customer growth and bookings. Historically, our market has been served by large telecommunications carriers who have bundled telecommunications products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include cloud computing/utility providers, application hosting providers and systems integrators, managed infrastructure hosting providers and colocation providers. More than 350 companies provide data center solutions in the U.S. alone. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings, and outsourced IT infrastructure services. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 21 countries with proven operational reliability, improved application performance and network choice, and a highly scalable set of offerings. Our utilization rate represents the percentage of our cabinet space billing versus net sellable cabinet space available, taking into account power limitations. Our utilization rate was approximately 81% and 78% as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. However, excluding the impact of IBX data center expansion projects that have opened during the last 12 months, our utilization rate would be approximately 85% as of December 31, 2015. Our utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc regions. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a speciﬁc IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on the available utilization capacity of a given IBX data center, which could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our ﬁnancial performance, operating results and cash ﬂows. Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, such as demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, lead-time to break even on a free cash ﬂow basis, and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term ﬁnancing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to Equinix standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be signiﬁcant. Our business is based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a ﬁxed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during any given quarter of the past three years, more than half of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the period ended December 31, 2015 and 2% of our recurring revenues for the periods ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 34%, 36% and 35% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. 44 Our non-recurring revenues are primarily comprised of installation services related to a customer’s initial deployment and professional services that we perform. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the ﬁrst invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installation services are deferred and recognized ratably over the expected life of the customer installation. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is recognized when no remaining performance obligations exist and collectability is reasonably assured, to the extent that the revenue has not previously been recognized. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future. Our Americas revenues are derived primarily from colocation and related interconnection offerings, and our EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc revenues are derived primarily from colocation and managed infrastructure offerings. The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity and bandwidth, IBX data center employees’ salaries and beneﬁts, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment and security services. A substantial majority of our cost of revenues is ﬁxed in nature and should not vary signiﬁcantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. We expect the cost of our utilities, speciﬁcally electricity, will generally increase in the future on a per-unit or ﬁxed basis, in addition to the variable increase related to the growth in consumption by our customers. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our ﬁnancial condition, results of operations and cash ﬂows. Furthermore, to the extent we incur increased electricity costs as a result of either climate change policies or the physical effects of climate change, such increased costs could materially impact our ﬁnancial condition, results of operations and cash ﬂows. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, sales commissions, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer contract intangible assets. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees, and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense. Due to our recurring revenue model, and a cost structure which has a large base that is ﬁxed in nature and generally does not grow in proportion to revenue growth, we expect our cost of revenues, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses to decline as a percentage of revenues over time, although we expect each of them to grow in absolute dollars in connection with our growth. However, for cost of revenues, this trend may periodically be impacted when a large expansion project opens or is acquired, and before it starts generating any meaningful revenue. Furthermore, in relation to cost of revenues, we note that the Americas region has a lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue than either EMEA or Asia-Paciﬁc. This is due to both the increased scale and maturity of the Americas region, compared to either the EMEA or Asia-Paciﬁc region, as well as a higher cost structure outside of the Americas, particularly in EMEA. While we expect all three regions to continue to see lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in future periods, we expect the trend that sees the Americas having the lowest cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues to continue. As a result, to the extent that revenue growth outside the Americas grows in greater proportion than revenue growth in the Americas, our overall cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues may increase in future periods. Sales and marketing expenses may periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to scale our operations to invest in sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue, including the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovations. 45 General and administrative expenses may also periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to scale our operations to support our growth. Real Estate Investment Trust Conversion We began operating as a REIT for federal income tax purposes effective January 1, 2015. In May 2015, we received a favorable PLR from the IRS in connection with our conversion to a REIT. As of December 31, 2015, our REIT structure includes all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada, Europe and the historical data center operations in Japan. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions, as well as the data center operations acquired in the Bit-isle Acquisition, have initially been designated as TRSs. As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders (including, for this purpose, the value of any deemed distribution on account of adjustments to the conversion rate relating to our outstanding debt securities that are convertible into our common stock). The income represented by such dividends is not subject to federal taxation at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT-compliant, are subject, as applicable, to federal and state corporate income tax. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to foreign income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through QRSs. We are also subject to a separate corporate income tax on gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a present or former C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015 or (ii) an asset that we hold in a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the ﬁve-year period after the date we ﬁrst owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we ﬁrst held the asset as a REIT asset. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates. Even if we remain qualiﬁed for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs’ operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules and some may not follow them at all. We incurred a total of approximately $364.0 million in tax liabilities associated with a change in our methods of depreciating and amortizing various data center assets for tax purposes from our prior methods to methods that are more consistent with the characterization of such assets as real property for REIT purposes. These liabilities were generally payable over a four-year period starting in 2012. On September 28, 2015, we announced the declaration by our Board of Directors of a special distribution (the ‘‘2015 Special Distribution’’) of $627.0 million on our shares of common stock, payable in either common stock or cash to, and at the election of, our stockholders of record as of October 8, 2015 (the ‘‘Record Date’’). The 2015 Special Distribution included: (1) foreign earnings and proﬁts repatriated as dividend income recognized in 2015; (2) taxable income in 2015 from depreciation recapture in respect of accounting method changes commenced in our pre-REIT period; and (3) certain other items of taxable income. The 2015 Special Distribution was paid on November 10, 2015 to our common stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 8, 2015 in the form of an aggregate of approximately $125.5 million in cash and 1.69 million shares of our common stock. The 2015 Special Distribution followed an initial special distribution of $416.0 million paid in cash and common stock to stockholders in November 2014. In connection with our conversion to a REIT effective January 1, 2015, we also paid quarterly cash dividends of $1.69 per share on each of March 25, 2015, June 17, 2015, September 16, 2015, and December 16, 2015. The amount of the 2015 Special Distribution, plus the amount of all of our other distributions during 2015 and the value of the deemed distributions on account of the adjustments to the conversion rate relating to our outstanding 4.75% convertible subordinated notes that were made as a result of all our 2015 distributions, equaled or exceeded the taxable income that we recognized in 2015. 46 We have initially designated all the legal entities acquired in the Bit-isle acquisition as taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’), which we believe will not impact our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. We plan to integrate the data center business of Bit-isle into our REIT structure by the end of 2016. We will initially designate all the legal entities acquired in the TelecityGroup acquisition as taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’), which we believe will not impact our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. We plan to integrate a signiﬁcant portion of the TelecityGroup businesses into our REIT structure by the end of 2016 and to complete almost all remaining REIT integration efforts in the ﬁrst half of 2017. We continue to monitor our REIT compliance to maintain our qualiﬁcation for taxation as a REIT. For this, and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert certain of our data center operations in additional countries into the REIT in future periods. Results of Operations Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 include the results of operations of the Nimbo and Bit-isle acquisitions from January 15, 2015 and November 2, 2015 respectively. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 include the operations of Frankfurt Kleyer 90 carrier hotel acquisition from October 1, 2013. Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were generated from the following revenue classiﬁcations and geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Americas: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . EMEA: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . Total: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, % change 2015 % 2014 % Actual Constant currency $1,432,084 80,451 1,512,535 52% $1,311,518 64,585 3% 1,376,103 55% 651,778 47,029 698,807 485,279 29,246 514,525 24% 2% 26% 18% 1% 19% 598,953 38,312 637,265 407,319 23,089 430,408 54% 3% 57% 24% 1% 25% 17% 1% 18% 2,569,141 156,726 $2,725,867 94% 6% 2,317,790 125,986 100% $2,443,776 95% 5% 100% 9% 25% 10% 9% 23% 10% 19% 27% 20% 11% 24% 12% 12% 25% 13% 23% 41% 24% 31% 39% 31% 18% 32% 19% Americas Revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 93% and 91%, respectively, of the regional revenues. Growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $44.5 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions in the Dallas, New York, Rio de Janeiro, Silicon Valley, Toronto and Washington DC metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period as reﬂected in the growth in our utilization rate, as discussed above, in both our new and existing IBX data centers.. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $37.7 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 47 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect that our Americas revenues will continue to grow in future periods as a result of continued growth in the recently-opened IBX data centers and additional IBX data center expansions currently taking place in the Atlanta, Sao Paulo and Washington, D.C. metro areas, which are expected to open during 2016 and 2017. Our estimates of future revenue growth also take into account expected changes in recurring revenues attributed to customer bookings, customer churn or changes or amendments to customers’ contracts. EMEA Revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, our revenues from the United Kingdom, the largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region for the periods, represented approximately 37% and 36%, respectively, of the regional revenues. Our EMEA revenue growth was due to (i) $23.6 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London, and Paris metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period as reﬂected in the growth in our utilization rate, as discussed above, in both our new and existing IBX data centers. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $94.1 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound and Euro during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect that our EMEA revenues will continue to grow in future periods as a result of continued growth in recently-opened IBX data centers and additional IBX data center expansions currently taking place in the Amsterdam, Frankfurt and London metro areas, which are expected to open during 2016 and 2017, and as a result of our acquisition of TelecityGroup, which closed in January 2016. Our estimates of future revenue growth also take into account expected changes in recurring revenues attributed to customer bookings, customer churn or changes or amendments to customers’ contracts. Asia-Paciﬁc Revenues. Our revenues from Singapore, the largest revenue contributor in the Asia-Paciﬁc region, represented approximately 37% and 38% of the regional revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Our Asia-Paciﬁc revenue growth was due to (i) $58.8 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions in the Hong Kong, Melbourne, Shanghai, Singapore and Tokyo metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period as reﬂected in the growth in our utilization rate, as discussed above, in both our new and existing IBX data centers. In addition, our Asia-Paciﬁc revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $21.6 million of revenue attributable to our acquisition of Bit-isle, which closed on November 2, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $46.4 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect that our Asia-Paciﬁc revenues will continue to grow in future periods as a result of continued growth in these recently-opened IBX data center expansions and additional expansions currently taking place in the Hong Kong, Sydney, and Tokyo metro areas, which are expected to open during 2016 and 2017, and as a result of our acquisition of Bit-isle. Our estimates of future revenue growth also take into account expected changes in recurring revenues attributed to customer bookings, customer churn or changes or amendments to customers’ contracts. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Americas EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2015 $ 637,604 350,270 303,632 $1,291,506 2014 % 49% $ 605,184 337,095 27% 24% 255,606 100% $1,197,885 % 51% 28% 21% 100% Actual 5% 4% 19% 8% Constant currency 10% 19% 30% 17% 48 Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 42% 50% 59% 47% 44% 53% 59% 49% Americas Cost of Revenues. Our Americas cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 included $219.1 million and $218.4 million, respectively, of depreciation expense. The increase in our Americas cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $17.4 million of higher office expense, utilities, and repair and maintenance costs in support of our business growth, (ii) $7.3 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (1,032 employees included in Americas cost of revenues as of December 31, 2015 versus 941 as of December 31, 2014), (iii) $3.9 million of higher costs associated with equipment resales to support the growth of non-recurring revenues and (iv) $3.5 million of higher property and real property tax expenses primarily due to our newly-opened IBX data centers during the year ended December 31, 2015, partially offset by $2.6 million of lower rent and facility costs primarily as a result of certain leases being accounted for as capital leases rather than as operating leases. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $29.6 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect Americas cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business. EMEA Cost of Revenues. EMEA cost of revenues included $97.8 million of depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to $3.4 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (541 employees included in EMEA cost of revenues as of December 31, 2015 versus 473 as of December 31, 2014), and $13.2 million of higher costs associated with equipment resales, bandwidth and other customer services in support of our non-recurring revenues growth as well as an increase in net losses related to cash ﬂow derivatives. These increases were partially offset by $5.0 million of lower rent, facilities and utilities expenses and $2.7 million of lower consulting costs. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $50.8 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA cost of revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound and Euro during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect EMEA cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business and as a result of our acquisition of TelecityGroup, which closed in January 2016. Asia-Paciﬁc Cost of Revenues. Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $17.4 million of cost of revenues attributable to our acquisition of Bit-isle, which closed in November 2015. Excluding cost of revenues attributable to Bit-isle, Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $286.2 million compared to $255.6 for the year ended December 31, 2014. Depreciation expense, excluding Bit-isle, was $116.9 million and $101.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Growth in depreciation expense was primarily due to our IBX data center expansion activity. In addition to the increase in depreciation expense, the increase in Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues, excluding cost of revenues attributable to Bit-isle, was primarily due to $9.9 million in higher consulting costs, utility costs, repairs and maintenance costs and rent and facility costs in support of our revenue growth as well as $2.8 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (390 employees included in Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues, excluding Bit-isle employees, as of December 31, 2015 versus 342 as of December 31, 2014). During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $24.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended 49 December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business and as a result of our acquisition of Bit-isle. Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Years ended December 31, % change 2015 $208,310 71,871 51,831 $332,012 2014 % 63% $172,264 79,890 22% 43,949 15% 100% $296,103 % 58% 27% 15% 100% Actual 21% (10)% 18% 12% Constant currency 24% 0% 27% 18% Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 14% 10% 10% 12% 13% 13% 10% 12% Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $26.5 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, commission and stock-based compensation as a result of business and headcount growth (497 Americas sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2015 versus 450 as of December 31, 2014) and (ii) $8.6 million of higher travel, consulting and advertising and promotion costs in support of our business growth. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $4.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas sales and marketing expenses primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our Americas sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue. These investments have included the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovation efforts. Although we anticipate that we will continue to invest in Americas sales and marketing initiatives, we believe our Americas sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues will remain at approximately current levels over the next year or two but should ultimately decrease as we continue to grow our business. EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to $4.5 million of lower professional fees primarily due to the termination of certain contracts during 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $8.3 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA sales and marketing expenses primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound and Euro compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our EMEA sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue. These investments have included the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovation efforts and, as a result, our EMEA sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues have increased. We expect our EMEA sales and marketing expenses to further increase as a result of the TelecityGroup acquisition. Although we anticipate that we will continue to invest in EMEA sales and marketing initiatives, including the integration of TelecityGroup, we believe our EMEA sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues will ultimately decrease as we continue to grow our business beyond 2016. Asia-Paciﬁc Sales and Marketing Expenses. Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $2.2 million of sales and marketing expenses attributable to our acquisition of Bit-isle, which closed in November 2015. Excluding Bit-isle, Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses were $49.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $43.9 million for the year 50 ended December 31, 2014. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses, excluding Bit-isle, was primarily due to $3.6 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, commission and stock-based compensation as a result of business and headcount growth (183 Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing employees, excluding Bit-isle employees, versus 155 as of December 31, 2014). During the year ended December 31, 2015, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $3.6 million of net favorable impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue. These investments have included the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovation efforts and, as a result, our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses have increased. We expect our APAC sales and marketing expenses to further increase as a result of the Bit-Isle acquisition. Although we anticipate that we will continue to invest in Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing initiatives, including the integration of Bit-isle, we believe our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues will ultimately decrease as we continue to grow our business. General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2015 $347,421 92,803 53,060 $493,284 2014 % 70% $315,533 79,942 19% 42,541 11% 100% $438,016 General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constant currency 11% 26% 35% 16% % 72% 18% 10% 100% Actual 10% 16% 25% 13% Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 23% 13% 10% 18% 23% 13% 10% 18% Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $15.0 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation as a result of headcount growth (800 Americas general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2015 versus 731 as of December 31, 2014), (ii) $17.0 million of higher depreciation expenses primarily associated with the implementation of the Oracle R12 ERP system and certain systems to support the REIT conversion and (iii) $10.9 million of higher office expenses, travel, entertainment, and rent and facility costs, in support of our business growth, partially offset by an $11.3 million reduction in professional fees related to our REIT conversion as compared to those incurred during the year ended December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $3.2 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas general and administrative expenses primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale this region effectively for growth, which has included additional investments into improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems and maintaining our REIT qualiﬁcation. 51 EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) approximately $4.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation as a result of headcount growth (420 EMEA general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2015 versus 353 as of December 31, 2014), (ii) $4.3 million of higher depreciation expenses due to implementation of the Oracle R12 ERP system and certain systems to support the REIT conversion and (iii) $2.8 million of higher consulting costs primarily due to integration efforts in connection with our acquisition of TelecityGroup as well as an increase in net losses related to cash ﬂow hedging derivatives. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $7.8 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound and Euro during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our EMEA general and administrative expenses to increase in future periods as a result of our acquisition of TelecityGroup and as we continue to scale our operations to support our growth; however, as a percentage of revenues, we generally expect them to decrease. Asia-Paciﬁc General and Administrative Expenses. Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $5.8 million of general and administrative expenses attributable to our acquisition of Bit-isle, which closed on November 2, 2015. Excluding general and administrative expenses attributable to Bit-isle, Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $47.3 million compared to $42.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Excluding general and administrative expenses attributable to Bit-isle, the increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in consulting costs, legal fees and other costs for tax-related matters as well as higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation as a result of headcount growth (266 Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative employees, excluding Bit-isle employees, as of December 31, 2015 versus 224 as of December 31, 2014). During the year ended December 31, 2015, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $3.4 million of net favorable impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses to increase as a result of our acquisition of Bit-isle and as we continue to scale our operations to support our growth; however, as a percentage of revenues, we generally expect them to decrease. Acquisition Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $41.7 million primarily attributed to the EMEA region, and to a lesser degree, to the Asia-Paciﬁc region. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $2.5 million primarily attributed to the EMEA region. Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Years ended December 31, % change 2015 $324,458 145,527 97,357 $567,342 2014 % 57% $282,219 138,685 26% 88,362 17% 100% $509,266 % 56% 27% 17% 100% Actual 15% 5% 10% 11% Constant currency 15% 23% 24% 19% Americas Income from Operations. The increase in our Americas income from operations was due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation and other headcount related expenses to support our growth. EMEA Income from Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described 52 above. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $25.6 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA income from operations primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pounds and Euro during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Asia-Paciﬁc Income from Operations. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc income from operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation and other headcount related expenses and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $17.5 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc income from operations primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Interest Income. Interest income was $3.6 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 0.38% versus 0.33% for the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect our interest income to remain at these low levels for the foreseeable future due to the impact of a continued low interest rate environment and a portfolio more weighted towards short-term securities and U.S. government securities in order to satisfy REIT compliance requirements. Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $299.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $270.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase in interest expense was primarily due to the full impact recognized for the year ended December 31, 2015 of our $1.25 billion of senior notes issued in November 2014, the $0.5 billion Term loan A we borrowed in December 2014 under our senior credit facility and $18 million of higher interest expense from various capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations to support our expansion projects, which was partially offset by the redemption of our 7.00% senior notes in December 2014, the settlement of the 3.00% convertible notes and the partial redemption of the 4.75% convertible notes in June 2014. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we capitalized $10.9 million and $19.0 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. Going forward, we expect to incur higher interest expense as we recognize the full impact of our $1.1 billion of senior notes issued in December 2015 and the full impact of ﬁnancing our acquisition of Bit-isle as well as the impact of approximately $0.7 billion of borrowings under our Term loan B commitments under our senior credit facility that we completed in January 2016. We may also incur additional indebtedness to support our growth, resulting in higher interest expense. Other Income (Expense). We recorded net expense of $60.6 million and net income of $0.1 million for the years December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses during the periods. The expense recorded in 2015 is primarily attributed to foreign currency losses to fund the TelecityGroup acquisition purchase price. Loss on Debt Extinguishment. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a $0.3 million loss on debt extinguishment which was attributable to partial conversions of our 4.75% convertible subordinated notes in December 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded a $157.0 million loss on debt extinguishment, of which $51.2 million was attributable to the exchanges of the 3.00% convertible subordinated notes and 4.75% convertible subordinated notes, $103.3 million was attributable to the redemption of our $750.0 million 7.00% senior notes and $2.5 million was attributable to the prepayment and termination of our $750.0 million multicurrency credit facility. For additional information, see ‘‘Loss on Debt Extinguishment’’ in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Income Taxes. Effective January 1, 2015, we have operated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. income taxes on taxable income distributed to our stockholders. We distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and its QRSs 53 for the tax year ending December 31, 2015. As such, no provision for U.S. federal income taxes for the REIT and its QRSs has been included in the accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as a QRS or TRS were accrued, as necessary, for the year ended December 31, 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded $23.2 million and $345.5 million of income tax expenses, respectively. We recognized a signiﬁcantly lower income tax provision in 2015 as compared to the income tax provision in 2014 primarily due to the de-recognition, in 2014, of the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our U.S. operations upon conversion to a REIT. As a REIT, we are entitled to a deduction for dividends paid, resulting in a substantial reduction of U.S. income tax expense. Substantially all of our income tax expense for 2015 is for foreign income taxes incurred by our foreign subsidiaries and U.S. income tax incurred by our U.S. TRSs. The $345.5 million of income tax expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily attributable to the statutory tax rate change due to our REIT conversion, which resulted in a $324.1 million domestic deferred tax assets write-off. In connection with the formal approval of our conversion to a REIT by our Board of Directors in December 2014, we reassessed, in the fourth quarter of 2014, the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our U.S. operations to be included in the REIT structure. The reevaluation resulted in de-recognizing the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our REIT’s U.S. operations, excluding the deferred tax liabilities associated with the depreciation and amortization recapture expected in 2015. The de-recognition of the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our REIT’s U.S. operations occurred because the expected recovery or settlement of the related assets and liabilities will not result in deductible or taxable amounts in any post-REIT conversion periods. The deferred tax assets and liabilities associated with our foreign operations, regardless of whether such foreign operations were part of the REIT conversion, are not subject to the de-recognition assessment. We generally do not expect our occasional sale of assets to result in a material tax liability. Our effective tax rates were 11.0% and 407.7%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily due to tax expense attributable to the $324.1 million domestic deferred tax assets write-off as a result of our REIT conversion. Excluding this tax expense, our effective tax rate would have been 25.2% for the year ended December 31, 2014. Due to our REIT conversion, we are entitled to a deduction for dividends paid, which results in a substantial reduction of U.S income tax expense. As a REIT, substantially all of our income tax expense is the foreign income tax incurred by our foreign subsidiaries and the U.S. income tax expense incurred by our U.S. TRSs. Assuming no material changes to tax rules and regulations, as a REIT we expect our effective long-term world-wide cash tax rate to remain in the range of 10% to 15%. We recorded excess income tax beneﬁts of $30,000 and $18.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets. 54 Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the performance of our segments, measure the operational cash generating abilities of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We deﬁne adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation expense, amortization expense, accretion expense, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges and acquisition costs. See ‘‘Non-GAAP Financial Measures’’ below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Periodically, we enter into new lease agreements or amend existing lease agreements. To the extent we conclude that a lease is an operating lease, the rent expense may decrease our adjusted EBITDA whereas to the extent we conclude that a lease is a capital or ﬁnancing lease, and this lease was previously reported as an operating lease, this outcome may increase our adjusted EBITDA. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2015 $ 698,604 318,561 254,462 $1,271,627 2014 % 55% $ 635,007 269,222 25% 209,662 20% 100% $1,113,891 % 57% 24% 19% 100% Actual 10% 18% 21% 14% Constant currency 12% 35% 34% 22% Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher adjusted operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation and other headcount related expenses to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $12.2 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $45.4 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pounds and Euro during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Asia-Paciﬁc Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher adjusted operating expenses as percentages of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation and other headcount related expenses and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2015, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $26.1 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. 55 Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were generated from the following revenue classiﬁcations and geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Americas: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . EMEA: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . Total: Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, % change 2014 % 2013 % Actual Constant currency $1,311,518 64,585 1,376,103 54% $1,214,301 3% 50,473 1,264,774 57% 598,953 38,312 637,265 407,319 23,089 430,408 24% 1% 25% 17% 1% 18% 492,361 32,657 525,018 343,300 19,674 362,974 56% 3% 59% 23% 1% 24% 16% 1% 17% 2,317,790 125,986 $2,443,776 95% 5% 2,049,962 102,804 100% $2,152,766 95% 5% 100% 8% 28% 9% 22% 17% 21% 19% 17% 19% 13% 23% 14% 10% 28% 11% 19% 19% 19% 22% 26% 22% 14% 25% 15% Americas Revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91% of the regional revenues. Growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $38.3 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions in the Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Miami, New York and Sao Paolo metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period as reﬂected in the growth in our utilization rate, as discussed above. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $22.1 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. We expect that our Americas revenues will continue to grow in future periods as a result of continued growth in the recently-opened IBX data centers and additional IBX data center expansions currently taking place in the Dallas, New York, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Seattle, Silicon Valley, Toronto and Washington, D.C. metro areas, which opened during 2015. EMEA Revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, our revenues from the United Kingdom, the largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region for the periods, represented approximately 36% of the regional revenues. Our EMEA revenue growth was due to (i) $20.0 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam and Frankfurt metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period as reﬂected in the growth in our utilization rate, as discussed above, in both our new and existing IBX data centers. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $11.1 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA revenues primarily due to the generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the British pound, Euro and Swiss franc during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. We expect that our EMEA revenues will continue to grow in future periods as a result of continued growth in recently-opened IBX data centers and an additional IBX data center expansion currently taking place in the Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London and Paris metro areas, which opened during 2015. 56 Asia-Paciﬁc Revenues. Our revenues from Singapore, the largest revenue contributor in the Asia-Paciﬁc region, represented approximately 38% and 36%, respectively, of the regional revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Our Asia-Paciﬁc revenue growth was due to (i) $53.4 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers and IBX data center expansions in the Hong Kong, Melbourne, Osaka, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period as reﬂected in the growth in our utilization rate, as discussed above, in both our new and existing IBX data centers. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $13.7 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. We expect that our Asia-Paciﬁc revenues will continue to grow in future periods as a result of continued growth in these recently-opened IBX data center expansions and additional expansions currently taking place in the Hong Kong, Singapore and Tokyo metro areas, which opened during 2015 or are expected to open during 2016. Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2014 $ 605,184 337,095 255,606 $1,197,885 2013 % 51% $ 576,869 271,965 28% 215,569 21% 100% $1,064,403 % 54% 26% 20% 100% Actual 5% 24% 19% 13% Constant currency 8% 22% 22% 14% Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 44% 53% 59% 49% 46% 52% 59% 49% Americas Cost of Revenues. Our Americas cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 included $218.4 million and $216.6 million, respectively, of depreciation expense. Excluding depreciation expense, the increase in our Americas cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $17.7 million of higher utilities and repair and maintenance expense in support of our business growth, (ii) $8.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (941 employees included in Americas cost of revenues as of December 31, 2014 versus 894 as of December 31, 2013), (iii) $8.1 million of higher costs associated with equipment resales to support the growth of non-recurring revenues and (iv) $3.9 million of higher accretion expenses as a result of the reversal of asset retirement obligations during the year ended December 31, 2013 associated with the execution of certain lease amendments, partially offset by $12.9 million of lower rent and facility costs primarily as a result of either certain leases no longer being subject to operating lease treatment or the purchase of previously-leased sites. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $16.3 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. EMEA Cost of Revenues. EMEA cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 included $97.8 million and $77.9 million, respectively, of depreciation expense. Growth in depreciation expense was primarily due to our IBX data center expansion activity. Excluding depreciation expense, the increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $29.9 million of higher utility costs, repair and maintenance, professional fees and rent and facility costs in support of our revenue growth, 57 (ii) $7.4 million of higher compensation, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (473 employees included in EMEA cost of revenues as of December 31, 2014 versus 396 as of December 31, 2013) and (iii) $5.8 million of higher costs associated with equipment resales, bandwidth and other customer services in support of our non-recurring revenues growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $4.4 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA cost of revenues primarily due to the generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the British pound, Euro and Swiss franc during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Asia-Paciﬁc Cost of Revenues. Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 included $101.4 million and $82.6 million, respectively, of depreciation expense. Growth in depreciation expense was primarily due to our IBX data center expansion activity. Excluding depreciation expense, the increase in Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $13.7 million in higher utility costs, repairs and maintenance costs, as well as rent and facility costs in support of our revenue growth; (ii) $2.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (342 employees included in Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues as of December 31, 2014 versus 289 as of December 31, 2013) and (iii) $3.3 million of higher costs associated with equipment resales in support of our non-recurring revenues growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $8.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc cost of revenues primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2014 $172,264 79,890 43,949 $296,103 2013 % 58% $144,178 68,925 27% 33,520 15% 100% $246,623 Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constant currency 21% 12% 35% 21% % 58% 28% 14% 100% Actual 19% 16% 31% 20% Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 13% 13% 10% 12% 11% 13% 9% 11% Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $21.6 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, commission, stock-based compensation as a result of headcount growth (450 Americas sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2014 versus 395 as of December 31, 2013) and (ii) $5.3 million of higher travel, advertising and promotion costs in support of our business growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $2.5 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas sales and marketing expenses primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our EMEA sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to $8.2 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense as a result of business growth, which incorporates a change in 58 our sales commission practices whereby our sales commission accrual will occur when sales orders are booked versus when the sales orders are billed. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations on our EMEA sales and marketing expenses was not signiﬁcant when compared to average exchange rates of the year ended December 31, 2013. Asia-Paciﬁc Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to $9.5 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, commission, stock-based compensation as a result of business and headcount growth (155 Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2014 versus 120 as of December 31, 2013), which incorporates a change in our sales commission practices whereby our sales commission accrual will occur when sales orders are booked versus when the sales orders are billed. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations to our Asia-Paciﬁc sales and marketing expenses was not signiﬁcant when compared to average exchange rates of the year ended December 31, 2013. General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Americas EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2014 $315,533 79,942 42,541 $438,016 2013 % 72% $263,145 72,867 18% 38,778 10% 100% $374,790 General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constant currency 21% 7% 12% 17% % 70% 19% 11% 100% Actual 20% 10% 10% 17% Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 23% 13% 10% 18% 21% 14% 11% 17% Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $24.9 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, as a result of headcount growth (731 Americas general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2014 versus 695 as of December 31, 2013) and the exercise of the ALOG stock options, (ii) $15.2 million of higher professional fees, recruiting, training and travel expenses to support the REIT conversion, (iii) $5.4 million of higher depreciation expenses primarily due to implementation of our Oracle R12 ERP system and certain systems to support the REIT conversion and (iv) $4.0 million higher of office expenses in support of our business growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $2.4 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas general and administrative expenses primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) approximately $3.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and headcount growth (353 EMEA general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2014 versus 301 as of December 31, 2013) and (ii) $2.5 million of higher depreciation expenses due to implementation of the Oracle R12 ERP system and certain systems to support the REIT conversion. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $2.0 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to the generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the British pound, Euro and Swiss franc during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. 59 Asia-Paciﬁc General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses was primarily due to $4.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and headcount growth (224 Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2014 versus 208 as of December 31, 2013). For the year ended December 31, 2014, the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations on our Asia-Paciﬁc general and administrative expenses was not signiﬁcant when compared to average exchange rates of the year ended December 31, 2013. Restructuring Charges. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we did not record any restructuring charges. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded a $4.8 million reversal of the restructuring charge accrual for our excess space in the New York 2 IBX data center as a result of our decision to purchase this property and utilize the space. See ‘‘Restructuring Charges’’ in Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Acquisition Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $2.5 million primarily attributed to the EMEA region. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $10.9 million primarily attributed to our Americas and EMEA regions. Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Years ended December 31, % change 2014 $282,219 138,685 88,362 $509,266 2013 % 56% $279,785 106,221 27% 74,926 17% 100% $460,932 % 61% 23% 16% 100% Actual 1% 31% 18% 10% Constant currency 1% 28% 22% 11% Americas Income from Operations. The increase in our Americas income from operations was due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation expense and higher professional fees to support our growth. EMEA Income from Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation expense and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $3.3 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA income from operations primarily due to the generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and Swiss franc during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Asia-Paciﬁc Income from Operations. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc income from operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation expense and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $3.2 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc income from operations primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Interest Income. Interest income was $2.9 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2014 was 0.33% versus 0.32% for the year ended December 31, 2013. Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $270.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $248.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. This increase in interest expense was primarily due to the impact of our $1.25 billion senior notes offering in November 2014 and $29.8 million of higher 60 interest expense from various capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations to support our expansion projects, which was offset by the redemption of our 7.00% senior notes in December 2014, the settlement of the 3.00% convertible notes, the partial redemption of the 4.75% convertible notes in June 2014 and more capitalized interest expense. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we capitalized $19.0 million and $10.6 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. Other Income (Expense). We recorded $0.1 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of other income for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains (losses) during the periods. Loss on Debt Extinguishment. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded a $157.0 million loss on debt extinguishment, of which $51.2 million was attributable to the exchanges of the 3.00% convertible subordinated notes and 4.75% convertible subordinated notes, $103.3 million was attributable to the redemption of our $750.0 million 7.00% senior notes and $2.5 million was attributable to the prepayment and termination of our $750.0 million multicurrency credit facility. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded a $108.5 million loss on debt extinguishment, of which $93.6 million was attributable to the redemption of our $750 million 8.125% senior notes, $13.2 million was attributable to the extinguishment of the ﬁnancing liabilities for our London 4 and 5 IBX data centers and $1.7 million was attributable to an amendment of our New York 5 and 6 IBX lease. For additional information, see ‘‘Loss on Debt Extinguishment’’ in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Income Taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded $345.5 million of income tax expense. The income tax expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily attributable to the statutory tax rate change due to our anticipated REIT conversion, which resulted in a $324.1 million domestic deferred tax assets write-off. In connection with the formal approval of our conversion to a REIT by our Board of Directors in December 2014, we reassessed, in the fourth quarter of 2014, the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our U.S. operations to be included in the REIT structure. The reevaluation resulted in de-recognizing the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our REIT’s U.S. operations, excluding the deferred tax liabilities associated with the depreciation and amortization recapture expected in 2015. The de-recognition of the deferred tax assets and liabilities of our REIT’s U.S. operations occurred because the expected recovery or settlement of the related assets and liabilities will not result in deductible or taxable amounts in any post-REIT conversion periods. The deferred tax assets and liabilities associated with our foreign operations, regardless of whether such foreign operations are part of the REIT conversion, are not subject to the de-recognition assessment. In addition, we generally do not expect our occasional sale of assets to result in a material tax liability. As of December 31, 2014, we had a net deferred tax liability of approximately $52.2 million for our domestic operations, which included approximately $82.5 million of deferred tax liabilities associated with the depreciation and amortization recapture. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded $16.2 million of income tax expense. The income tax expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily attributable to our foreign operations, as we incurred losses in our domestic operations during the period. Our effective tax rates were 407.7% and 14.4%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. The increase in our effective tax rate was primarily due to tax expense attributable to the domestic deferred tax assets write-off as a result of our REIT conversion. Excluding this tax expense, our effective tax rate would have been 25.2% for the year ended December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we utilized all of our federal net operating losses free of Section 382 limitations in the U.S. for which a deferred tax asset had been previously recognized and all of our windfall tax losses in the U.S. for which a deferred tax asset had not been previously recognized. We recorded excess income tax beneﬁts of $18.6 million and $25.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet. To better align our EMEA corporate structure and intercompany relationship with the nature of our business activities and regional centralization, we commenced certain reorganization activities during the fourth quarter of 2012 in the EMEA region. The new organizational structure centralized the majority of our EMEA business management activities in the Netherlands effective July 1, 2013. In December 2013, our 61 Dutch subsidiaries that were created to carry-out EMEA’s centralized management activities received favorable rulings from the Dutch Tax Authorities effective July 1, 2013. The rulings acknowledge the reorganization and agree to a lower level of earnings by our Dutch subsidiaries subject to tax in the Netherlands. The rulings also require both the Dutch Tax Authorities and our Dutch subsidiaries to revisit and renew the agreement in ﬁve years from the effective date. As a result, we expect our overall effective tax rate will be lower in subsequent periods as the new structure takes full effect. Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the performance of our segments, measure the operational cash generating abilities of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We deﬁne adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation expense, amortization expense, accretion expense, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, impairment charges and acquisition costs. See ‘‘Non-GAAP Financial Measures’’ below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Periodically, we enter into new lease agreements or amend existing lease agreements. To the extent we conclude that a lease is an operating lease, the rent expense may decrease our adjusted EBITDA whereas to the extent we conclude that a lease is a capital or ﬁnancing lease, and this lease was previously reported as an operating lease, this outcome may increase our adjusted EBITDA. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, % change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Americas EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2014 $ 635,007 269,222 209,662 $1,113,891 2013 % 57% $ 608,718 216,186 24% 175,994 19% 100% $1,000,898 % 61% 22% 17% 100% Actual 4% 25% 19% 11% Constant currency 6% 22% 23% 12% Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher adjusted operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation expense and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $8.1 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher adjusted operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation expense and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $4.9 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and Swiss franc during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. Asia-Paciﬁc Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Paciﬁc adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above, partially offset by higher adjusted operating expenses as a percentage of revenues primarily attributable to higher compensation expense and higher professional fees to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2014, currency ﬂuctuations resulted in approximately $7.0 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Paciﬁc adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Australian dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. 62 Non-GAAP Financial Measures We provide all information required in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (‘‘GAAP’’), but we believe that evaluating our ongoing operating results may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP ﬁnancial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures to evaluate our operations. Non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures are not a substitute for ﬁnancial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP ﬁnancial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP ﬁnancial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP ﬁnancial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze Equinix effectively. Investors should note that the non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures of other companies. Our primary non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures, adjusted funds from operations (‘‘AFFO’’) and adjusted EBITDA, exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reﬂect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, although we may incur initial construction costs in future periods with respect to additional IBX data centers, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our operating results when evaluating our operations. In addition, in presenting AFFO and adjusted EBITDA, we exclude amortization expense related to certain intangible assets, as it represents the amortization of a cost that may not recur and is not meaningful in the evaluation of our current or future operating performance. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We exclude stock-based compensation expense as it represents expense attributed to equity awards that have no current or future cash obligations. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude this stock-based compensation expense when assessing the cash generating performance of our operations. We also exclude restructuring charges. The restructuring charges relate to our decisions to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX data centers, which we did not intend to build out, or our decision to reverse such restructuring charges. We also exclude impairment charges related to certain long-lived assets. The impairment charges are related to expense recognized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets are not recoverable. Finally, we exclude acquisition costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA. The acquisition costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations. Management believes items such as restructuring charges, impairment charges and acquisition costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods. 63 Adjusted EBITDA We deﬁne adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges and acquisition costs as presented below (in thousands): Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 567,342 528,929 133,633 — 41,723 $1,271,627 Years ended December 31, 2014 $ 509,266 484,129 117,990 — 2,506 $1,113,891 2013 $ 460,932 431,008 102,940 (4,837) 10,855 $1,000,898 Our adjusted EBITDA results have improved each year and in each region in total dollars due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in ‘‘Results of Operations’’, as well as the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is ﬁxed in nature also discussed earlier in ‘‘Overview’’. Funds from Operations (‘‘FFO’’) and AFFO We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP ﬁnancial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (‘‘NAREIT’’). FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gains (losses) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures’ and non-controlling interests’ share of these items. We use AFFO to evaluate our performance on a consolidated basis and as a metric in the determination of employees’ annual bonuses beginning in 2015 and vesting of restricted stock units that were granted in 2015 that have both service and performance conditions. In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, amortization of deferred ﬁnancing costs, gains (losses) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures’ and non-controlling interests’ share of these items. We include an adjustment for revenue from installation fees, since installation fees are deferred and recognized ratably over the expected life of the installation, although the fees are generally paid in a lump sum upon installation. We include an adjustment for straight-line rent expense on its operating leases, since the total minimum lease payments are recognized ratably over the lease term, although the lease payments generally increase over the lease term. The adjustments for both installation revenue and straight-line rent expense are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred ﬁnancing costs as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt ﬁnancings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gains (losses) on debt extinguishment since it represents a cost that may not recur and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents changes in its income tax reserves and valuation allowances that may not recur or may not relate to the current year’s operations. We also excludes recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of its IBX centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. 64 Our FFO and AFFO for were as follows (in thousands): Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling 2015 $187,774 Years ended December 31, 2014 $(260,726) 2013 $ 96,123 interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to Equinix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 187,774 1,179 (259,547) (1,438) 94,685 Adjustments: Real estate depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain/loss on disposition of real estate property . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments for FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures . . . Non-controlling interests’ share of above adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NAREIT FFO attributable to common shareholders 439,969 1,382 113 — $629,238 417,703 301 112 (5,303) $ 153,266 377,049 825 112 (6,711) $465,960 NAREIT FFO attributable to common shareholders Adjustments: . . . . . . . . Installation revenue adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straight-line rent expense adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred ﬁnancing costs Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-real estate depreciation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recurring capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment Restructuring charge reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense adjustment(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments for AFFO from unconsolidated joint ventures . . Non-controlling interests’ share of above adjustments . . . . . . Adjusted Funds from Operations (AFFO) attributable to 2015 $ 629,238 Years ended December 31, 2014 $ 153,266 2013 $465,960 35,498 7,931 16,135 133,633 58,165 27,446 3,349 (120,281) 289 — 41,723 (1,270) (58) — 25,720 13,048 19,020 117,990 36,232 27,756 2,438 (105,366) 156,990 — 2,506 315,289 (76) (3,134) 25,017 8,612 24,429 102,940 28,395 27,287 (1,723) (93,504) 108,501 (4,837) 10,855 (16,421) (185) (5,824) common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 831,798 $ 761,679 $679,502 (1) Represents changes in its income tax reserves and valuation allowances that may not relate to the current year’s operations. Our AFFO results have improved due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in ‘‘Results of Operations,’’ as well as due to the nature of our business model which consists of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is ﬁxed in nature as discussed earlier in ‘‘Overview.’’ Constant Currency Presentation Our revenues and certain operating expenses (cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses) from our international operations have represented and will continue to represent a signiﬁcant portion of our total revenues and certain operating expenses. As a result, our revenues and certain operating expenses have been and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. dollar against major international currencies such as the Brazilian reals, British pound, Canadian dollar, Euro, Swiss franc, Australian dollar, Chinese Yuan, Hong Kong dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar. In order to provide a framework for assessing how each of our business segments performed excluding the impact of foreign currency ﬂuctuations, we present period-over-period percentage changes in our revenues and certain operating 65 expenses on a constant currency basis in addition to the historical amounts as reported. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP ﬁnancial measure and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to GAAP results of operations. However, we have presented this non-GAAP ﬁnancial measure to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results. To present this information, our current and comparative prior period revenues and certain operating expenses from entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at constant exchange rates rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods (i.e. average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2014 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2015 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2015 with the year ended December 31, 2014, and average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2013 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2014 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2014 with the year ended December 31, 2013). Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 2015, our total indebtedness was comprised of (i) convertible debt principal totaling $150.1 million from our 4.75% convertible subordinated notes (gross of discount) and (ii) non-convertible debt and ﬁnancing obligations totaling approximately $6.4 billion consisting of (a) approximately $3.9 billion of principal from our senior notes, (b) approximately $1.3 billion from our capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations, (c) $325.6 million from our revolving credit facility, and (c) $920.1 million of principal from our mortgage and other loans payable (gross of discount and premium). We believe we have sufficient cash, coupled with anticipated cash generated from operating activities, to meet our operating requirements, including repayment of the current portion of our debt as it becomes due, payment of regular dividend and special distributions due to our REIT conversion (see below) and completion of our publicly-announced expansion projects. As of December 31, 2015, we had $2.2 billion of cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments, of which approximately $2.0 billion was held in the U.S. In January 2016, we used £1.2 billion, or approximately $1.7 billion in U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect on January 15, 2016, to fund the cash portion of the TelecityGroup purchase price. We believe that our current expansion activities in the U.S. can be funded with our cash and cash equivalents and investments. As of December 31, 2015, we had 30 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $55.3 million issued and outstanding under the revolving credit facility; as a result of these letters of credit plus $325.6 million of outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, we had a total of approximately $1.1 of additional liquidity available to us under the revolving credit facility. Besides any further ﬁnancing activities we may pursue, customer collections are our primary source of cash. While we believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections, if the current market conditions were to deteriorate, some of our customers may have difficulty paying us and we may experience increased churn in our customer base, including reductions in their commitments to us, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. Additionally, we may pursue additional expansion opportunities, primarily the build out of new IBX data centers, in certain of our existing markets which are at or near capacity within the next year, as well as potential acquisitions. We are also now operating as a REIT (see below). While we expect to fund these plans with our existing resources, additional ﬁnancing, either debt or equity, may be required if current market conditions were to deteriorate, we may be unable to secure additional ﬁnancing or any such additional ﬁnancing may only be available to us on unfavorable terms. An inability to pursue additional expansion opportunities will have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain our desired level of revenue growth in future periods. Impact of REIT Conversion We completed our conversion to a REIT in 2014 and began operating as a REIT effective January 1, 2015. As a result of our conversion to a REIT, we made special distributions to our stockholders in 2015 and 2014. The distributions were payable in common stock or cash at the election of our stockholders, with the cash portion of the distributions subject to certain maximum amounts. As a result of the special distributions, we paid a total of $125.5 million in 2015 and $83.3 million in 2014 and distributed 1.7 million and 1.5 million shares of common stock in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Also as a result of our conversion to a REIT, we began paying quarterly dividends in 2015. We paid an aggregate of $396.0 million of cash dividends during 2015, which consisted of $393.6 million of cash dividends paid to shareholders and $2.4 million of cash paid in lieu of stock for fractional shares upon the vesting of restricted stock units. 66 We have incurred $78.3 million in costs to support our conversion to a REIT since 2012, including $4.5 million and $49.4 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. We expect to incur approximately $10.0 million annually in REIT compliance costs. Sources and Uses of Cash Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used in) ﬁnancing activities . . . . . . . . $ Operating Activities 894,793 (1,134,927) 1,873,182 2015 2013 Years ended December 31, 2014 (dollars in thousands) $ 689,420 (435,839) 107,401 $ 604,608 (1,169,313) 574,907 The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to improved operating results. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to improved operating results, offset by unfavorable working capital activities such as decreased collections of customer receivables and a $51.4 million increase in interest payments. We expect we will continue to generate cash from our operating activities during 2016. Investing Activities The increase in net cash used in investing activities during 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to a $513.9 million increase in restricted cash, primarily in connection with our cash and share offer for TelecityGroup, $245.6 million, net of cash for our acquisition of Bit-isle and Nimbo, $207.9 million of higher capital expenditures primarily as a result of expansion activity and $21.5 million of higher purchase of real estate, partially offset by $187.0 million of lower purchase of investments and $87.6 million of higher sales and maturities of investment. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities during 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to $423.0 million of lower purchases of investments, $295.7 million of higher sales and maturities of investments, $57.5 million of lower real estate purchases and $49.3 million of lower business acquisition spending, partially offset by $87.8 million of higher capital expenditures as a result of more IBX expansion activity. In May 2015, we announced a cash and share offer valued at £2.4 billion or $3.8 billion U.S dollars for the entire issued and outstanding share capital of TelecityGroup. The acquisition closed on January 15, 2016. During 2016, we expect that our IBX expansion construction activity will be greater than our 2015 levels. However, if the opportunity to expand is greater than planned and we have sufficient funding to pursue such expansion opportunities, we may further increase the level of capital expenditures to support this growth as well as pursue additional business acquisitions, property acquisitions or joint ventures. Financing Activities Net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities during 2015 was primarily due to (i) $1.1 billion of gross proceeds from the senior notes offering in December 2015, (ii) $829.5 million of net proceeds from our public offering of common stock in November 2015, (iii) $1.2 billion of proceeds from loans payable including proceeds from our term loan modiﬁcation, our bridge term loan and our revolving credit facility, partially offset by (iv) $715.3 million repayment of mortgage and loans payable including repayment of $171.2 million of loans assumed in the Bit-isle acquisition and repayment of $544.1 million of U.S. dollar-denominated term loan and other mortgage and loan payments, (v) $396.0 million of quarterly dividend distributions and (vi) $125.5 million of special distributions. The net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities for 2014 was primarily due to $1.25 billion of proceeds from the senior notes offering in November 2014, $500.0 million of proceeds from the term loan facility, partially offset by (i) $1.1 billion for repayment of debt including $750.0 million for the redemption of the 7.00% senior notes, prepayment of the remaining principal balance of the U.S. term loan of $110.0 million, $43.5 million for repayments of mortgage and other loan payable, and $29.5 million for the exchanges of the 3.00% convertible subordinated notes and 4.75% convertible subordinated notes, (ii) $298.0 million for the purchases of treasury stock, (iii) $226.3 million for the purchase of Riverwood’s interest in ALOG and the approximate 10% of ALOG owned by ALOG management and 67 (iv) $83.3 million for the cash portion of the special distribution. The net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities for 2013 was primarily due to $1.5 billion of proceeds from the senior notes offering in March 2013, partially offset by $834.7 million for the redemption of the $750.0 million 8.125% senior notes, repayments of various debt and purchases of treasury stock. Going forward, we expect that our ﬁnancing activities will consist primarily of repayment of our debt and additional ﬁnancings needed to support expansion opportunities, additional acquisitions or joint ventures and the payment of our regular cash dividends. Debt Obligations Debt Facilities We have various debt obligations with maturity dates ranging from 2016 to 2026 under which a total principal balance of $5.2 billion remained outstanding as of December 31, 2015. For further information on debt obligations, see ‘‘Debt Facilities’’ in Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations We have numerous capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations with maturity dates ranging from 2016 to 2065 under which a total principal balance of $1.3 billion remained outstanding as of December 31, 2015 with a weighted average effective interest rate of 8.17%. For further information on our capital leases and other ﬁnancing obligations, see ‘‘Capital Leases and Other Financing Obligations’’ in Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements We lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancelable lease agreements expiring through 2065. The following represents our debt maturities, ﬁnancings, leases and other contractual commitments as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter Convertible debt(1) . . . . $ 150,082 $ Senior notes(2) . . . . . . . Term loan A(2) . . . . . . Bridge term loan(2) . . . . Brazil ﬁnancings(2) . . . . Mortgage payable(2) . . . Other loans payable(2) . . Revolving credit — 41,565 386,547 11,540 1,049 3,720 — $ — 39,541 — 7,936 1,094 2,477 — $ — 39,540 — 4,419 1,141 2,515 — $ — $ — 500,000 — — — 1,242 1,982 336,094 — — 1,191 2,044 — $ 3,350,000 — — — 26,626 7,801 Total 150,082 3,850,000 456,740 386,547 23,895 32,343 20,539 facility(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest(3) Capital lease and other 325,622 203,872 — 220,234 — 218,821 — 217,806 — 201,034 — 682,032 325,622 1,743,799 . . . . . . . . . . 140,632 115,091 139,653 113,624 140,981 108,810 138,847 100,462 136,587 89,227 1,346,341 632,677 2,043,041 1,159,891 . . . . 476,217 79,750 18,898 4,252 4,302 25,540 608,959 Asset retirement obligations(7) . . . . . . 491 9,982 $1,856,428 $614,291 4,150 $539,275 11,297 $811,993 3,651 78,482 48,911 $938,025 $6,119,928 $10,879,940 (1) Represents principal only. As of December 31, 2015, had the holders of the 4.75% convertible subordinated notes due 2016 converted their notes, the 4.75% convertible subordinated notes would have been convertible into approximately 2.0 million shares of our common stock, which would have a total value of $593.0 million based on the closing price of our common stock on December 31, 2015. (2) Represents principal only. 68 ﬁnancing obligations(4) Operating leases(5) Other contractual commitments(6) (3) Represents interest on Brazil ﬁnancings, convertible debt, mortgage payable, senior notes and term loan facility based on their approximate interest rates as of December 31, 2015. (4) Represents principal and interest. (5) Represents minimum operating lease payments, excluding potential lease renewals. (6) Represents unaccrued contractual commitments. Other contractual commitments are described below. (7) Represents liability, net of future accretion expense. In connection with certain of our leases and other contracts requiring deposits, we entered into 30 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $55.3 million under the revolving credit facility. These letters of credit were provided in lieu of cash deposits under the revolving credit facility. If the landlords for these IBX leases decide to draw down on these letters of credit triggered by an event of default under the lease, we will be required to fund these letters of credit either through cash collateral or borrowing under the revolving credit facility. These contingent commitments are not reﬂected in the table above. We had accrued liabilities related to uncertain tax positions totaling approximately $26.8 million as of December 31, 2015. These liabilities, which are reﬂected on our balance sheet, are not reﬂected in the table above since it is unclear when these liabilities will be paid. Primarily as a result of our various IBX data center expansion projects, as of December 31, 2015, we were contractually committed for $256.8 million of unaccrued capital expenditures, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided in connection with the work necessary to complete construction and open these IBX data centers prior to making them available to customers for installation. This amount, which is expected to be paid during 2016 and thereafter, is reﬂected in the table above as ‘‘other contractual commitments.’’ We had other non-capital purchase commitments in place as of December 31, 2015, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations and other open purchase orders, which contractually bind us for goods or services to be delivered or provided during 2016 and beyond. Such other purchase commitments as of December 31, 2015, which total $352.2 million, are also reﬂected in the table above as ‘‘other contractual commitments.’’ In addition, although we are not contractually obligated to do so, we expect to incur additional capital expenditures of approximately $359.6 million to $459.6 million, in addition to the $609.0 million in contractual commitments discussed above as of December 31, 2015, in our various IBX data center expansion projects during 2016 and thereafter in order to complete the work needed to open these IBX data centers. These non-contractual capital expenditures are not reﬂected in the table above. If we so choose, whether due to economic factors or other considerations, we could delay these non-contractual capital expenditure commitments to preserve liquidity. Other Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements We have various guarantor arrangements with both our directors and officers and third parties, including customers, vendors and business partners. As of December 31, 2015, there were no signiﬁcant liabilities recorded for these arrangements. For additional information, see ‘‘Guarantor Arrangements’’ in Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated ﬁnancial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (‘‘GAAP’’). The preparation of our ﬁnancial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the ﬁnancial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated ﬁnancial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. Management bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and 69 their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from these assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. Our signiﬁcant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following critical accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated ﬁnancial statements, and they require signiﬁcant judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain: • • • • Accounting for income taxes; Accounting for business combinations; Accounting for impairment of goodwill; and Accounting for property, plant and equipment. 70 Effect if Actual Results Differ From Assumptions As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded a total of net deferred tax liabilities of $39.5 million and $100.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had a total valuation allowance of $29.9 million and $27.2 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we decided to provide a partial release of valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets associated with certain foreign operating entities, which resulted in an insigniﬁcant income tax beneﬁt in our results of operations. Our decisions to release our valuation allowances were based on our belief that the operations of these jurisdictions had achieved a sufficient level of proﬁtability and will sustain a sufficient level of proﬁtability in the future to support the release of these valuation allowances based on relevant facts and circumstances. However, if our assumptions on the future performance of these jurisdictions prove not to be correct and these jurisdictions are not able to sustain a sufficient level of proﬁtability to support the associated deferred tax assets on our consolidated balance sheet, we will have to impair our deferred tax assets through an additional valuation allowance, which would impact our ﬁnancial position and results of operations in the period such a determination is made. Description Judgments and Uncertainties Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the ﬁnancial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards on a taxing jurisdiction basis. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which we expect the temporary differences to be recovered or settled. The accounting standard for income taxes requires a reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not (deﬁned by the accounting standard as a likelihood of more than 50%) that such assets will not be realized. A tax beneﬁt from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the ﬁnancial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority’s widely understood administrative practices and precedents. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our ﬁnancial statements or tax returns. Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents our best estimate of those future events. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. If, based on the weight of that available evidence, it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will not be realized, we record a valuation allowance. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively veriﬁed. This assessment, which is completed on a taxing jurisdiction basis, takes into account a number of types of evidence, including the following: 1) the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative ﬁnancial reporting losses, 2) sources of future taxable income and 3) tax planning strategies. In assessing the tax beneﬁt from an uncertain income tax position, the tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax beneﬁt that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. 71 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ From Assumptions Our remaining valuation allowance as of December 31, 2015 was $29.9 million and primarily relates to certain of our subsidiaries outside of the U.S. If and when we release our remaining valuation allowances, it will have a favorable impact to our ﬁnancial position and results of operations in the periods such determinations are made. We will continue to assess the need for our valuation allowances, by country or location, in the future. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had unrecognized tax beneﬁts of $30.8 million and $36.1 million, respectively, exclusive of interest and penalties. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the unrecognized tax beneﬁts decreased by $5.3 million primarily due to an agreement with Dutch Tax Authorities on the availability of historical loss carry-forwards to offset future proﬁts generated by the Dutch ﬁscal unity. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the unrecognized tax beneﬁts decreased by an insigniﬁcant amount primarily due to the settlement of a tax audit and the lapse of statute of limitations in our foreign operations. The unrecognized tax beneﬁts of $30.8 million as of December 31, 2015, if subsequently recognized, will affect our effective tax rate favorably at the time when such beneﬁts are recognized. 72 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ From Assumptions Accounting for Business Combinations In accordance with the accounting standard for business combinations, we allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to its identiﬁable assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is recorded as goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage outside appraisal ﬁrms to assist in the fair value determination of identiﬁable intangible assets such as customer contracts, leases and any other signiﬁcant assets or liabilities and contingent consideration. We adjust the preliminary purchase price allocation, as necessary, up to one year after the acquisition closing date if we obtain more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed. Our purchase price allocation methodology contains uncertainties because it requires assumptions and management’s judgment to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Management estimates the fair value of assets and liabilities based upon quoted market prices, the carrying value of the acquired assets and widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash ﬂows and market multiple analyses. Our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to reﬁnement. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy of our fair value estimates, including assumptions regarding industry economic factors and business strategies. During the last three years, we have completed three business combinations, including the Bit-isle acquisition in November 2015, the Nimbo acquisition in January 2015 and the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel acquisition in October 2013. The purchase price allocation for the Bit-isle and Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel acquisitions were completed in the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2013, respectively. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the estimates or assumptions we used to complete the purchase price allocations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material, which would be recorded in our statements of operations in 2016 or beyond. 73 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ From Assumptions As of December 31, 2015, goodwill attributable to the Americas reporting unit, the EMEA reporting unit and the Asia-Paciﬁc reporting unit was $460.2 million, $374.1 million and $228.9 million, respectively. Future events, changing market conditions and any changes in key assumptions may result in an impairment charge. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our goodwill to date, the development of adverse business conditions in our Americas, EMEA or Asia-Paciﬁc reporting units, such as higher than anticipated customer churn or signiﬁcantly increased operating costs, or signiﬁcant deterioration of our market comparables that we use in the market approach, could result in an impairment charge in future periods. Any potential impairment charge against our goodwill would not exceed the amounts recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. Accounting for Impairment of Goodwill In accordance with the accounting standard for goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform goodwill impairment reviews annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we changed our annual goodwill impairment testing date from November 30th to October 31st of each year, commencing on October 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we elected to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit in which goodwill resides is less than its carrying value. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we completed annual goodwill impairment assessment of the Americas reporting unit, the EMEA reporting unit and the Asia-Paciﬁc reporting unit and concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of these reporting units exceeded their carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired and we are not required to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we elected to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value requires assumptions and estimates before performing the two-step goodwill impairment test, the assessment requires assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our actual and forecasted operating results, approved business plans, future economic conditions and other market data. Prior to 2015, when we elected to perform the ﬁrst step of the two-step goodwill impairment test, we used both the income and market approach. Under the income approach, we develop a ﬁve-year cash ﬂow forecast and use our weighted-average cost of capital applicable to our reporting units as discount rates. This requires assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our actual and forecasted operating results, approved business plans, future economic conditions and other market data. The market approach requires judgment in determining the appropriate market comparables. These assumptions require signiﬁcant management judgment and are inherently subject to uncertainties. 74 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Effect if Actual Results Differ From Assumptions Accounting for Property, Plant and Equipment We have a substantial amount of property, plant and equipment recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. The vast majority of our property, plant and equipment represent the costs incurred to build out or acquire our IBX data centers. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets. The majority of our IBX data centers are in properties that are leased. We depreciate our property, plant and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets (subject to the term of the lease in the case of leased assets or leasehold improvements and integral equipment located in leased properties). Accounting for property, plant and equipment includes determining the appropriate period in which to depreciate such assets, making assessments for leased properties to determine whether they are capital or operating leases, determining if construction projects performed at leased properties trigger build-to-suit lease accounting, assessing such assets for potential impairment, capitalizing interest during periods of construction and assessing the asset retirement obligations required for certain leased properties that require us to return the leased properties back to their original condition at the time we decide to exit a leased property. While there are numerous judgments and uncertainties involved in accounting for property, plant and equipment that are signiﬁcant, arriving at the estimated useful life of an asset requires the most critical judgment for us and changes to these estimates would have the most signiﬁcant impact on our ﬁnancial position and results of operations. When we lease a property for our IBX data centers, we generally enter into long-term arrangements with initial lease terms of at least 8 − 10 years and with renewal options generally available to us. During the next several years, a number of leases for our IBX data centers will come up for renewal. As we start approaching the end of these initial lease terms, we will need to reassess the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. In addition, we may ﬁnd that our estimates for the useful lives of non-leased assets may also need to be revised periodically. We periodically review the estimated useful lives of certain of our property, plant and equipment and changes in these estimates in the future are possible. We did not revise the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2013. During the quarter ended December 31, 2014, we revised the estimated useful lives of certain of our property, plant and equipment. As a result, we recorded an insigniﬁcant amount of higher depreciation expense for the quarter ended December 31, 2014 due to the reduction of the estimated useful lives of certain of our property, plant and equipment. We undertook this review due to our determination that we were generally using certain of our existing assets over a shorter period than originally anticipated and, therefore, the estimated useful lives of certain of our property, plant and equipment has been shortened. This change was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate on a prospective basis effective October 1, 2014 under the accounting standard for change in accounting estimates. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we had property, plant and equipment of $5.6 billion, $5.0 billion, and $4.6 billion, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded depreciation expense of $498.1 million, $453.9 million, and $405.5 million, respectively. Further changes in our estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment could have a signiﬁcant impact on our results of operations. 75 Description Judgments and Uncertainties Another area of judgment for us in connection with our property, plant and equipment is related to lease accounting. Most of our IBX data centers are leased. Each time we enter into a new lease or lease amendment for one of our IBX data centers, we analyze each lease or lease amendment for the proper accounting. This requires certain judgments on our part such as establishing the lease term to include in a lease test, establishing the remaining estimated useful life of the underlying property or equipment and estimating the fair value of the underlying property or equipment and establishing the incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payment for the lease test. All of these judgments are inherently uncertain. Different assumptions or estimates could result in a different accounting treatment for a lease. The assessment of long-lived assets for impairment requires assumptions and estimates of undiscounted and discounted future cash ﬂows. These assumptions and estimates require signiﬁcant judgment and are inherently uncertain. Effect if Actual Results Differ From Assumptions As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had property, plant and equipment under capital leases and other ﬁnancing obligations of $1.5 billion, $1.1 billion and $949.0 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded depreciation expense of $52.9 million, $43.2 million, and $32.5 million respectively, related to property, plant and equipment under capital leases and other ﬁnancing obligations. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, we recorded interest expense of $104.4 million, $86.4 million, $56.6 million, respectively related to property, plant, equipment, under capital leases and other ﬁnancing obligations. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded rent expense of $200.0 million $105.4 million, and $112.7 million under operating leases. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See ‘‘Recent Accounting Pronouncements’’ in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 76 ITEM 7A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market Risk The following discussion about market risk involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We may be exposed to market risks related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates and ﬂuctuations in the prices of certain commodities, primarily electricity. We employ foreign currency forward exchange contracts for the purpose of hedging certain speciﬁcally-identiﬁed exposures. The use of these ﬁnancial instruments is intended to mitigate some of the risks associated with ﬂuctuations in currency exchange rates, but does not eliminate such risks. We do not use ﬁnancial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Investment Portfolio Risk We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types, and maturities that is prioritized on meeting REIT asset requirements. All of our marketable securities are designated as available-for-sale and, therefore, are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a component of other comprehensive income, net of tax. We consider various factors in determining whether we should recognize an impairment charge for our securities, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than our cost basis and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. We anticipate that we will recover the entire cost basis of these securities and have determined that no other-than-temporary impairments associated with credit losses were required to be recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, our investment portfolio of cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of money market fund investments, U.S. government securities, certiﬁcates of deposits and publicly traded equity securities and publicly traded ﬁxed income securities. The amount in our investment portfolio that could be susceptible to market risk totaled $1.1 billion. Interest Rate Risk Our primary objective for holding ﬁxed income securities is to achieve an appropriate investment return consistent with preserving principal and managing risk which meets asset measurement requirements for REIT qualiﬁcation. At any time, a sharp rise in interest rates or credit spreads could have a material adverse impact on the fair value of our ﬁxed income investment portfolio. Securities with longer maturities are subject to a greater interest rate risk than those with shorter maturities. As of December 31, 2015, the average duration of our portfolio was less than one year. An immediate hypothetical shift in the yield curves of plus or minus 50 basis points from their position as of December 31, 2015 would not have a material impact on the fair value of our investment portfolio. This sensitivity analysis assumes a parallel shift of all interest rates, however, interest rates do not always move in such a manner and actual results may differ materially. We monitor our interest rate and credit risk, including our credit exposures to speciﬁc rating categories and to individual issuers. There were no impairment charges on our cash equivalents and ﬁxed income securities during the year ended December 31, 2015. An immediate 10% increase or decrease in current interest rates from their position as of December 31, 2015 would not have a material impact on our debt obligations due to the ﬁxed nature of the majority of our debt obligations. However, the interest expense associated with our senior credit facility, the Brazil ﬁnancings and bridge term loan, which bear interest at variable rates, could be affected. For every 100 basis point change in interest rates, our annual interest expense could increase or decrease by a total of approximately $6.9 million based on the total balance of our primary borrowings under the term loan A facility, revolving credit facility, bridge term loan and the Brazil ﬁnancings as of December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, we had not employed any interest rate derivative products against our debt obligations. However, we may enter into interest rate hedging agreements in the future to mitigate our exposure to interest rate risk. The fair value of our long-term ﬁxed interest rate debt is subject to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of ﬁxed interest rate debt will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. These interest rate changes may affect the fair value of the ﬁxed interest rate debt but do not impact our earnings or 77 cash ﬂows. The fair value of our convertible debt, which is traded in the market, is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of our loans payable, which are not traded in the market, is estimated by considering our credit rating, current rates available to us for debt of the same remaining maturities and the terms of the debt. The following table represents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our loans payable, senior notes and convertible debt as of (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Carrying Value(1) $ 920,064 150,082 3,850,000 325,622 Fair Value $ 916,602 151,997 3,954,000 325,617 Carrying Value(1) $ 595,752 157,885 2,750,000 — Fair Value $ 553,045 162,159 2,790,023 — Mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convertible debt Senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revolving credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) The carrying value is gross of debt discount. Foreign Currency Risk A signiﬁcant portion of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, however, approximately 48.5% of our revenues and 48.6% of our operating costs are attributable to Brazil, Canada and the EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc regions and a large portion of those revenues and costs are denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Brazilian Reals, Canadian dollar, British pound, Euro, Swiss franc, United Arab Emirates dirham, Australian dollar, Chinese Yuan, Hong Kong dollar, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar. As a result, our operating results and cash ﬂows are impacted by currency ﬂuctuations relative to the U.S. dollar. To protect against certain reductions in value caused by changes in currency exchange rates, we have established a risk management program to offset some of the risk of carrying assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to manage the risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. We entered into foreign currency forward contracts to help manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate ﬂuctuations for forecasted revenues and expenses in our EMEA region. Our risk management program reduces, but does not entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements and its impact on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding foreign currency forward contracts had maturities of less than two years. For the foreseeable future, we anticipate that more than 50% of our revenues and operating costs will continue to be generated and incurred outside of the U.S. in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. During ﬁscal 2015, the U.S. dollar was generally strong relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate. This overall strength of the U.S. dollar had a negative impact on our consolidated results of operations because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which we do business could have a signiﬁcant impact on our consolidated ﬁnancial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that we report in future periods. Excluding consideration from hedging contracts, an immediate 10% appreciation in current foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2015 would have resulted in an increase of $130.8 million and $23.1 million in revenue and net income before taxes. Excluding consideration from hedging contracts, an immediate 10% depreciation in current foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2015 would have resulted in a decrease of $128.4 million and $25.2 million in revenue and net income before taxes. We may enter into additional hedging activities in the future to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency risk as our exposure to foreign currency risk continues to increase due to our growing foreign operations; however, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. 78 Commodity Price Risk Certain operating costs incurred by us are subject to price ﬂuctuations caused by the volatility of underlying commodity prices. The commodities most likely to have an impact on our results of operations in the event of price changes are electricity, supplies and equipment used in our IBX data centers. We closely monitor the cost of electricity at all of our locations. We have entered into several power contracts to purchase power at ﬁxed prices during 2014 and beyond in certain locations in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United Kingdom. In addition, as we are building new, or expanding existing, IBX data centers, we are subject to commodity price risk for building materials related to the construction of these IBX data centers, such as steel and copper. In addition, the lead-time to procure certain pieces of equipment, such as generators, is substantial. Any delays in procuring the necessary pieces of equipment for the construction of our IBX data centers could delay the anticipated openings of these new IBX data centers and, as a result, increase the cost of these projects. We do not currently employ forward contracts or other ﬁnancial instruments to address commodity price risk other than the power contracts discussed above. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The ﬁnancial statements and supplementary data required by this Item 8 are listed in Item 15(a)(1) and begin at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is deﬁned under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2015. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, as such term is deﬁned in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over ﬁnancial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. The evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as of December 31, 2015 did not include the internal controls of Bit-isle Inc. We excluded Bit-isle Inc. from our assessment of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as of December 31, 2015 as it was acquired in November 2015. Bit-isle Inc. is our wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets represented 4% and total revenues represented 1% of the related consolidated ﬁnancial statements amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015. 79 The effectiveness of our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting ﬁrm, as stated in their report which is included herein on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over ﬁnancial reporting are designed and operated to be effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reﬂect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the beneﬁts of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There was no change in our internal controls over ﬁnancial reporting during the fourth quarter of ﬁscal 2015 that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to affect, our internal controls over ﬁnancial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9B. 80 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers and a Code of Business Conduct. This information is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is also available on our website, www.equinix.com. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. 81 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) Financial Statements: PART IV Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 (a)(2) All schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the ﬁnancial statements or notes thereto. (a)(3) Exhibits: Exhibit Number 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Exhibit Description Rule 2.7 Announcement, dated as May 29, 2015. Recommended Cash and Share Offer for Telecity Group plc by Equinix, Inc. Cooperation Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. Amendment to Cooperation Agreement, dated as of November 24, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. Amended and Restated Certiﬁcate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended to date. Certiﬁcate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certiﬁcate of Incorporation of the Registrant Certiﬁcate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certiﬁcate of Incorporation of the Registrant Certiﬁcate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certiﬁcate of Incorporation of the Registrant Certiﬁcate of Designation of Series A and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock. Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. Indenture dated June 12, 2009 by and between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. Form of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Note Due 2016 (see Exhibit 4.2). Indenture for the 2020 Notes dated March 5, 2013 by and between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee 82 Incorporated by Reference Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith 5/29/15 2.1 Form 8-K 8-K 5/29/15 2.2 X 10-K/A 12/31/02 3.1 8-K 6/14/11 3.1 8-K 6/11/13 3.1 10-Q 6/30/2014 3.4 10-K/A 12/31/02 3.3 8-K 01/19/16 3.1 8-K 6/12/09 4.1 8-K 3/5/13 4.1 Exhibit Description Form Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Form of 4.875% Senior Note due 2020 (see Exhibit 4.4) Indenture for the 2023 Notes dated March 5, 2013 by and between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2023 (see Exhibit 4.6) Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee 4.10 Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2022 (see Exhibit 4.9) 4.11 4.12 4.13 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee Form of 5.750% Senior Note due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.11) Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 4, 2015, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee Form of 5.875% Senior Note due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.13) 4.14 Form of Registrant’s Common Stock Certiﬁcate 4.15 10.1** Form of Indemniﬁcation Agreement between the Registrant and each of its officers and directors. 10.2** 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. 10.3** 2000 Director Option Plan, as amended. 10.4** 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, as amended. 10.5** Equinix, Inc. 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended. 8-K 3/5/13 4.3 8-K 11/20/14 4.1 8-K 11/20/14 4.2 8-K 11/20/14 4.4 8-K 12/04/15 4.2 10-K S-4 (File No. 333-93749) 10-Q 10-K 10-K 10-Q 12/31/14 12/29/1999 4.13 10.5 3/31/12 12/31/07 12/31/07 6/30/14 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.6** Severance Agreement by and between Stephen Smith and 10-K 12/31/08 10.31 Equinix, Inc. dated December 18, 2008. 10.7** Severance Agreement by and between Peter Van Camp and Equinix, Inc. dated December 10, 2008. 10.8** Severance Agreement by and between Keith Taylor and Equinix, Inc. dated December 19, 2008. 10-K 12/31/08 10.32 10-K 12/31/08 10.33 10.9** Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between 10-K 12/31/08 10.35 Eric Schwartz and Equinix, Inc. dated December 19, 2008. 10.10 Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction dated as 8-K 6/12/09 10.1 of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch. 10.11 Conﬁrmation for Additional Capped Call Transaction dated 8-K 6/12/09 10.2 as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch. 83 Exhibit Number 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 Exhibit Description Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch. Conﬁrmation for Additional Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch. Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. Conﬁrmation for Additional Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. 10.16** Switch & Data 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. Incorporated by Reference Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith 6/12/09 10.4 Form 8-K 8-K 6/12/09 10.5 8-K 6/12/09 10.7 8-K 6/12/09 10.8 2/5/07 10.9 S-1/A (File No. 333-137607) ﬁled by Switch & Data Facilities Company, Inc. 10.17** Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between 10-Q 9/30/10 10.42 Charles Meyers and Equinix, Inc. dated September 30, 2010. 10.18** Form of amendment to existing severance agreement between the Registrant and each of Messrs. Meyers, Smith, Taylor and Van Camp. 10.19** Letter amendment, dated December 14, 2010, to Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated December 18, 2008, and letter agreement relating to expatriate beneﬁts, dated April 22, 2008, as amended, by and between the Registrant and Eric Schwartz. 10-K 12/31/10 10.33 10-K 12/31/10 10.34 10.20** Offer Letter from Equinix, Inc. to Sara Baack dated 10-Q 3/31/13 10.42 July 31, 2012. 10.21** Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between 10-Q 3/31/13 10.44 Sara Baack and Equinix, Inc. dated July 31, 2012. 10.22** Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for CEO and CFO. 10.23** Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for all other Section 16 officers. 10.24** International Long-Term Assignment Letter by and between Equinix, Inc. and Eric Schwartz, dated May 21, 2013. 10-Q 10-Q 10-Q 3/31/13 10.46 3/31/13 10.47 6/30/13 10.51 10.25** Employment Agreement by and between Equinix 10-Q 9/30/13 10.54 (EMEA) B.V. and Eric Schwartz, dated as of August 7, 2013. 84 Exhibit Number Exhibit Description 10.26** Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated August 14, 2013 for Charles Meyers under the Equinix, Inc. 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. Incorporated by Reference Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith 9/30/13 10.55 Form 10-Q 10.27** Offer Letter from Equinix, Inc. to Karl Strohmeyer dated 10-Q 3/31/14 10.49 October 28, 2013. 10.28** Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Karl Strohmeyer 10-Q 3/31/14 10.50 under the Equinix, Inc. 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.29** Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between 10-Q 3/31/14 10.51 Karl Strohmeyer and Equinix, Inc. dated December 2, 2013. 10.30** 2014 Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for CEO and CFO. 10-Q 3/31/14 10.52 10.31** 2014 Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted 10-Q 3/31/14 10.53 Stock Unit Agreement for all other Section 16 officers. 10.32** 2014 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 10-Q 3/31/14 10.54 CEO and CFO. 10.33** 2014 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 10-Q 3/31/14 10.55 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 all other Section 16 officers. Lease between Digital 1350 Duane, LLC and Equinix LLC, dated March 27, 2014. Amendment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co., amending and restating the Master Terms and Conditions for Capped Call Transactions between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. and amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Amendment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, amending and restating the Master Terms and Conditions for Capped Call Transactions between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch and amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Amendment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, amending and restating the Master Terms and Conditions for Capped Call Transactions between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch and amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Amendment Agreement, dated as of May 13, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co., amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. 10-Q 3/31/14 10.56 10-Q 6/30/14 10.54 10-Q 6/30/14 10.55 10-Q 6/30/14 10.56 10-Q 6/30/14 10.57 85 Exhibit Number 10.39 10.40 10.41 Exhibit Description Amendment Agreement dated as of May 13, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Amendment Agreement dated as of May 13, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Amendment Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co., amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. 10.42 10.43 10.44 Amendment Agreement dated as of June 6, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Amendment Agreement dated as of June 6, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, amending the Conﬁrmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. Agreement for Purchase and Sale of Shares Among RW Brasil Fundo de Investimentos em Participação, Antônio Eduardo Zago De Carvalho and Sidney Victor da Costa Breyer, as Sellers, and Equinix Brasil Participaçãoes Ltda., as Purchaser, and Equinix South America Holdings LLC., as a Party for Limited Purposes and ALOG Soluções de Tecnologia em Informática S.A. as Intervening Consenting Party dated July 18, 2014 Credit Agreement, by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, Equinix LLC and Switch & Data LLC as guarantors, the Lenders (deﬁned therein), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, a Lender and L/C issuer, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and TD Securities (USA) LLC, as co-syndication agents, Barclays Bank PLC, Citibank, N.A., Royal Bank of Canada and ING Bank N.V., Singapore Branch, as Co-Documentation Agents and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, and TD Securities (USA) LLC, as joint lead arrangers and book runners, dated December 17, 2014. 10.46** Equinix, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan. 10.47** 2015 Form of Revenue/AFFO Restricted Stock Unit 10.45 Incorporated by Reference Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith 6/30/14 10.58 Form 10-Q 10-Q 6/30/14 10.59 10-Q 6/30/14 10.60 10-Q 6/30/14 10.61 10-Q 6/30/14 10.62 10-Q 9/30/14 10.67 10-K 12/31/14 10.48 10-Q 10-Q 3/31/15 3/31/15 10.49 10.50 Agreement for executives. 10.48** 2015 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 10-Q 3/31/15 10.51 executives. 10.49** 2015 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit 10-Q 3/31/15 10.52 Agreement for executives. 86 Exhibit Number 10.50 10.51 10.52 10.53 10.54 10.55 21.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Exhibit Description First Amendment to Credit Agreement and ﬁrst Amendment to Pledge and Security Agreement by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, the Guarantors (deﬁned therein), the Lenders (deﬁned therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, dated April 30, 2015. Bridge Credit Agreement dated as of May 28, 2015 among Equinix, Inc. as Borrower, Various Financial Institutions as Lenders, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent. JPMorgan Securities LLC as sole Arranger and Bookrunner. First Amendment to the Bridge Credit Agreement Dated as of May 28, 2015 as Amended on June 19, 2015 among Equinix, Inc., as Borrower, Various Financial Institutions as Lenders, and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Administrative Agent. JPMorgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, CityGroup Global Markets Inc. and RBC Capital Markets, LLC as Lead Arrangers and Bookrunners and TD Securities (USA) LLC, ING Bank N.V., HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, LTD as Co-Managers Term Loan Agreement dated as of September 30, 2015 among QAON G.K. and certain other direct and indirect subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc., as Borrowers, and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. as Arranger and Lender. First Amendment to Term Loan Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2015, among QAON G.K. and certain other direct and indirect subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc., as Borrowers, and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. as Arranger and Lender. Second Amendment to Credit Agreement by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, the Guarantors (deﬁned therein), the Lenders (deﬁned therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, dated December 8, 2015. Subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc. Chief Executive Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Executive Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 87 Incorporated by Reference Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith 9/30/2015 10.52 Form 10-Q 10-Q 6/30/15 10.53 10-Q 6/30/15 10.54 10-Q 9/30/15 10.55 10-Q 9/30/15 10.56 X X X X X X X X Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form Filing Date/ Period End Date Exhibit Filed Herewith Incorporated by Reference 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Deﬁnition Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. X X X X ** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate. (b) Exhibits. See (a) (3) above. (c) Financial Statement Schedule. See (a) (2) above. 88 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES February 26, 2016 EQUINIX, INC. (Registrant) By /s/ STEPHEN M. SMITH Stephen M. Smith President and Chief Executive Offıcer POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Stephen M. Smith or Keith D. Taylor, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, their attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including post-effective amendments), and to ﬁle the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and conﬁrming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or their substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ STEPHEN M. SMITH Stephen M. Smith /s/ KEITH D. TAYLOR Keith D. Taylor /s/ PETER F. VAN CAMP Peter F. Van Camp /s/ THOMAS A. BARTLETT Thomas A. Bartlett /s/ NANCI CALDWELL Nanci Caldwell /s/ GARY F. HROMADKO Gary F. Hromadko /s/ JOHN HUGHES John Hughes /s/ SCOTT G. KRIENS Scott G. Kriens /s/ WILLIAM K. LUBY William K. Luby /s/ IRVING F. LYONS, III Irving F. Lyons, III /s/ CHRISTOPHER B. PAISLEY Christopher B. Paisley President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 26, 2016 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) February 26, 2016 Executive Chairman February 26, 2016 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 89 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 INDEX TO EXHIBITS Description of Document Amendment to Cooperation Agreement, dated as of November 24, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. Second Amendment to Credit Agreement by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, the Guarantors (deﬁned therein), the Lenders (deﬁned therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, dated December 8, 2015. Subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc. Chief Executive Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Executive Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chief Financial Officer Certiﬁcation pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Exhibit Number 2.3 10.55 21.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Deﬁnition Document. 101.DEF 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. 101. PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. 90 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Equinix, Inc.: In our opinion, the consolidated ﬁnancial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(1) present fairly, in all material respects, the ﬁnancial position of Equinix, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash ﬂows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the ﬁnancial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated ﬁnancial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these ﬁnancial statements and ﬁnancial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over ﬁnancial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these ﬁnancial statements, on the ﬁnancial statement schedule, and on the Company’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the ﬁnancial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over ﬁnancial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the ﬁnancial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the ﬁnancial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and signiﬁcant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall ﬁnancial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated ﬁnancial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it classiﬁes deferred tax assets and liabilities and debt issuance costs on the consolidated balance sheet in 2015. A company’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of ﬁnancial reporting and the preparation of ﬁnancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reﬂect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of ﬁnancial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the ﬁnancial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over ﬁnancial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. F-1 As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Bit-isle, Inc. from its assessment of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as of December 31, 2015 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2015. We have also excluded Bit-isle Inc. from our assessment of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Bit-isle, Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary with total assets and total revenue representing approximately 4% and 1%, respectively of the consolidated ﬁnancial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, CA February 26, 2016 F-2 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data) Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,228,838 $ 610,917 Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529,395 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $10,352 and 12,875 December 31, 2015 2014 $9,466 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets held for sale Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net Restricted cash, less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets 262,570 3,057 85,004 — 1,490,943 439 4,998,270 1,002,129 147,527 14,060 128,610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,356,695 $7,781,978 291,964 479,417 212,929 33,257 3,259,280 4,584 5,606,436 1,063,200 224,565 10,172 188,458 Total assets Current liabilities: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accrued property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of convertible debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations, less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convertible debt, less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,948 $ 285,796 114,469 103,107 21,362 40,121 59,466 770,236 146,121 — 162,664 192,286 3,535 — 643,757 1,656,354 1,168,042 1,287,139 532,809 472,769 145,229 — 2,717,046 3,804,634 304,964 390,413 5,511,847 7,611,309 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: 100,000,000 shares authorized in 2015 and 2014; zero shares issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: 300,000,000 shares authorized in 2015 and 2014; 62,134,894 issued and 62,100,159 outstanding in 2015 and 56,505,122 issued and 56,451,255 outstanding in 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost; 34,735 shares in 2015 and 53,867 shares in 2014 . . . . . . . Accumulated dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deﬁcit Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3,334,305 (11,411) (424,387) (332,443) (295,990) 2,270,131 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,356,695 $7,781,978 62 4,838,444 (7,373) (1,468,472) (509,059) (108,216) 2,745,386 See accompanying notes to consolidated ﬁnancial statements. F-3 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except per share data) 2015 $2,725,867 Years ended December 31, 2014 $2,443,776 2013 $2,152,766 1,064,403 246,623 374,790 (4,837) 10,855 1,691,834 460,932 3,387 (248,792) 5,253 (108,501) 112,279 (16,156) 96,123 $ $ $ (1,438) 94,685 1.92 49,438 1.89 50,116 Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring reversals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total costs and operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on debt extinguishment Income from operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling 1,291,506 332,012 493,284 — 41,723 2,158,525 567,342 3,581 (299,055) (60,581) (289) 210,998 (23,224) 187,774 1,197,885 296,103 438,016 — 2,506 1,934,510 509,266 2,891 (270,553) 119 (156,990) 84,733 (345,459) (260,726) interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ 187,774 1,179 $ (259,547) Earnings per share (‘‘EPS’’) attributable to Equinix: Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 3.25 57,790 3.21 58,483 $ $ (4.96) 52,359 (4.96) 52,359 See accompanying notes to consolidated ﬁnancial statements. F-4 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment (‘‘CTA’’) loss . . . . . . Net investment hedge CTA gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain (loss) on cash ﬂow hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net actuarial gain (loss) on deﬁned beneﬁt plans . . . . . . . . . . Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling 2015 $ 187,774 Years ended December 31, 2014 $(260,726) 2013 $ 96,123 (186,763) 4,484 (40) 4,550 1,153 (176,616) 11,158 (204,065) — (279) 8,790 (2,001) (197,555) (458,281) (18,203) — (298) (1,750) — (20,251) 75,872 interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1,179 (1,438) Other comprehensive (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Equinix . . . . . . . . . — $ 11,158 (1,810) $(458,912) 7,526 $ 81,960 See accompanying notes to consolidated ﬁnancial statements. F-5 EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2015 (in thousands, except share data) . . . . 49,139,851 Common stock Shares Amount $49 — — Treasury stock Shares (363,743) $ (36,676) $2,582,238 $ Amount Additional paid-in capital Accumulated dividends — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Accumulated deﬁcit Total stockholder’s equity $(131,128) $2,313,441 96,123 96,123 (1,438) — (1,438) (20,251) stock for employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . 1,093,373 1 8,198 805 31,087 . . . . . interests . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2012 . . . . . . Net income . . . . Net income attributable to non-controlling . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . Other comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury . . . . . . . . non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . convertible debt Release of treasury stock upon conversions of . . . . . . . . . Common shares repurchased . . . . . . Change in redemption value of redeemable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . forfeitures . Tax beneﬁt from employee stock plans . . . . . . Stock-based compensation, net of estimated . . Balance as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . Net loss . . . . . Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . . Other comprehensive income attributable to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stock for employee equity awards . . . . . . Common shares repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury . . stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% . . . . convertible debt . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for the exchange of 3.00% convertible . . . . . . . . . . . . debt Issuance of common stock and release of treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — 68 (288,739) 7 (48,799) (1) — — — — — (47,940) 25,638 — — 50 — — — — — — — (644,216) — — — — 102,865 (84,663) 2,693,887 — — — — — — . . . . 50,233,224 redeemable non-controlling interests . . . . . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury . . — — — — — . . . . . 933,554 1 7,846 — — (1,517,743) 1,185 (297,958) 28,134 — 1,411,851 . . 1,248,578 2 1 1,000,102 147,706 43,024 700,000 139,004 77,953 stock for conversions of 3.00% convertible debt . . Issuance of common stock for special distribution . . Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards . . . . Change in redemption value of redeemable 1,195,496 1,482,419 1 2 — — 400,144 — — 83,315 — — . . . . . . . forfeitures . non-controlling interests . . . . . . Purchase of redeemable non-controlling interests Tax beneﬁt from employee stock plans . . . . . . Stock-based compensation, net of estimated . . Balance as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . Net income . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . Issuance of common stock in public offering of . . Issuance of common stock and release of treasury . . . . . . . . common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . 56,505,122 — — 57 — — — — . . . . . . . . 2,994,792 stock for employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . 856,406 Issuance of common stock and release of treasury — — — — (53,867) — — 95,428 332,732 — (90,913) 17,977 18,561 — — — 3 1 — — 829,493 7,348 1,546 28,493 — — . . . . . . . . awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% . . . . . . . . convertible debt . . . . . . . . . Dividend distributions . . Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock and cash payment for . . . Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards . . . . Tax beneﬁt from employee stock plans . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation, net of estimated . . Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . special distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forfeitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,163 — — — 11,784 — 2,492 — 5,392 — — (393,584) — — 1,688,411 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,775 — 501,513 — 30 (627,221) (23,280) . . . . 62,134,894 — — $62 — — (34,735) $ (7,373) $4,838,444 $(1,468,472) 135,443 — See accompanying notes to consolidated ﬁnancial statements. F-6 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) — $(101,042) — — — — — — — — — — — (20,251) 7,526 — — — — — — — — — — — 7,526 31,893 6 (48,799) (47,940) 25,638 102,865 2,459,064 (260,726) 1,179 (197,555) (1,810) 29,320 (297,958) 190,732 216,958 178,744 (82,122) (9,531) (90,913) (1,334) 18,561 — — — (113,767) — — — — — (197,555) — (36,443) (260,726) 1,179 — — — — — — — (414,856) (9,531) (1,810) — — — — — — — — — — — (19,311) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 829,496 30,040 7,884 (393,584) 3,775 (125,707) (23,280) 30 — $(509,059) — 135,443 $(108,216) $2,745,386 — 117,522 (11,411) 3,334,305 — — — — — — (332,443) (424,387) — — — (176,616) — (295,990) 187,774 — 117,522 2,270,131 187,774 (176,616) EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 Cash ﬂows from operating activities: Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 187,774 $ (260,726) $ 96,123 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess tax beneﬁts from stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charges (reversals) Loss on debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency transactions and other, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes, net Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498,134 132,443 (30) 27,446 16,050 5,037 — 289 16,490 (44,583) (109,579) (70,371) 109,125 126,568 894,793 Cash ﬂows from investing activities: Purchases of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maturities of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of other property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Release of restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (359,031) 837,708 35,431 (245,553) (38,282) (868,120) (512,319) 15,239 (1,134,927) 453,935 117,990 (19,582) 27,756 18,667 7,093 — 156,990 19,912 (101,966) 226,774 (6,496) 10,681 38,392 689,420 (545,997) 573,582 211,966 — (16,791) (660,203) (968) 2,572 (435,839) Cash ﬂows from ﬁnancing activities: 30,040 30 (521,461) Purchases of treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess tax beneﬁts from stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment of dividends and special distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from public offering of common stock, net of issuance costs . . . . . . . Proceeds from senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of senior notes Repayment of convertible debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt extinguishment costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . Net increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,228,838 $ 610,917 $ — (297,958) 29,320 19,582 (83,266) — (226,276) — 1,250,000 508,826 — (750,000) (29,513) — (18,030) (28,663) (153,473) (715,270) — (116,517) (25,294) 107,401 (11,959) 349,023 261,894 (18,098) 1,873,182 (15,127) 1,617,921 610,917 829,496 1,100,000 1,197,108 405,444 102,940 (27,330) 27,027 23,868 5,819 (4,837) 108,501 11,543 (27,956) (108,189) (36,853) 7,242 21,266 604,608 (968,971) 276,351 213,484 (49,337) (74,332) (572,406) (837,190) 843,088 (1,169,313) (48,799) 31,892 27,330 — — — 1,500,000 28,038 (750,000) — (40,133) (52,500) (97,864) (23,057) 574,907 (521) 9,681 252,213 261,894 Supplemental cash ﬂow information Cash paid for taxes Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 132,302 $ 117,197 $ 237,410 $ 262,018 $ 123,690 210,629 See accompanying notes to consolidated ﬁnancial statements. F-7 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies Nature of Business Equinix, Inc. (‘‘Equinix’’ or the ‘‘Company’’) was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 1998. Equinix provides colocation space and related services. Global enterprises, content providers, ﬁnancial companies and network service providers rely upon Equinix’s insight and expertise to safehouse and connect their most valued information assets. The Company operates International Business ExchangeTM (‘‘IBX(cid:31)’’) data centers, or IBX data centers across Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (‘‘EMEA’’) and Asia-Paciﬁc geographic regions where customers directly interconnect with a network ecosystem of partners and customers. More than 1,000 network service providers offer access to the world’s Internet routes inside the Company’s IBX data centers. This access to Internet routes provides Equinix customers improved reliability and streamlined connectivity while signiﬁcantly reducing costs by reaching a critical mass of networks within a centralized physical location. The Company began operating as a Real Estate Investment Trust (‘‘REIT’’) for federal income tax purposes effective January 1, 2015. See ‘‘Income Taxes’’ in Note 1 below for additional information. On November 2, 2015, the Company acquired Bit-isle, Inc. (‘‘Bit-isle), a Tokyo-based company which primarily provides data center services in Japan. On January 15, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of Telecity Group plc (‘‘TelecityGroup’’) which provides data center services in Europe. As a result of these acquisitions, the Company operates 145 IBX data centers in 40 markets across ﬁve continents. Basis of Presentation, Consolidation and Foreign Currency The accompanying consolidated ﬁnancial statements include the accounts of Equinix and its subsidiaries, including the acquisitions of Bit-isle Inc. (‘‘Bit-isle) from November 2, 2015, Nimbo Technologies Inc. (‘‘Nimbo’’) from January 14, 2015 and Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel from October 1, 2013. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, including intercompany foreign currency transactions, that are anticipated to be repaid within the foreseeable future, are reported within other income (expense) on the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For additional information on the impact of foreign currencies to the Company’s consolidated ﬁnancial statements, see ‘‘Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss’’ in Note 11. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated ﬁnancial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (‘‘U.S.’’) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated ﬁnancial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including, but not limited to, those related to the allowance for doubtful accounts, fair values of ﬁnancial instruments, intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions, asset retirement obligations, restructuring charges, redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of money market mutual funds and highly liquid debt securities of corporations and certiﬁcates of deposit with original maturities up to 90 days. Short-term investments generally consist of debt securities with original maturities of between 90 days and one year. Long-term investments consist of debt securities with original maturities greater than 365 days and publicly traded equity securities. The Company’s ﬁxed income securities and publicly traded equity securities F-8 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) are classiﬁed as ‘‘available-for-sale’’ and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in stockholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). The cost of securities sold is based on the speciﬁc identiﬁcation method. The Company reviews its investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired due to increased credit risk, changes in industry or sector of a certain instrument or ratings downgrades. Equity method and cost method investments The Company’s non-marketable securities are accounted under cost method accounting. The Company records the dividends declared by the investees in other income and expense in the consolidated statement of operations and records any dividends in excess of earnings as a reduction of cost of investment. The Company’s other equity investments include private equity investments which are accounted under equity method accounting. The Company adjusts the carrying amount of an investment for its share of the earnings and losses of the investees and recognizes its share of income or loss in other income and expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company records cost method and equity method investments in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reviews these investments periodically to determine if any investments may be other-than-temporarily impaired primarily based on the ﬁnancial condition and near-term prospects of these companies and funds. Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments and accounts receivable. Risks associated with cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments are mitigated by the Company’s investment policy, which limits the Company’s investing to only those marketable securities rated at least A-1/P-1 Short Term Rating and A-/A3 Long Term Rating, as determined by independent credit rating agencies. Risk to the Company’s investment portfolio is further mitigated by its signiﬁcant weighting in U.S. government securities in order to achieve REIT asset measure requirements. A signiﬁcant portion of the Company’s customer base is comprised of businesses throughout the Americas. However, a portion of the Company’s revenues are derived from the Company’s EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc operations. The following table sets forth percentages of the Company’s revenues by geographic region for the years ended December 31: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 55% 26% 19% 2014 56% 26% 18% 2013 59% 24% 17% No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of accounts receivable or revenues as of or for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at the Company’s original cost or fair value for acquired property, plant and equipment. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements and assets acquired under capital leases are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset or improvement, unless they are considered integral equipment, in which case they are amortized over the lease term. Leasehold improvements acquired in a business combination are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or a term that includes required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date of acquisition. Leasehold improvements that are placed into service signiﬁcantly after and not contemplated at or near the beginning of the lease term are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the F-9 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) assets or a term that includes required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date the leasehold improvements are purchased. The Company’s estimated useful lives of its property, plant and equipment are as follows: Core systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 − 25 years 12 − 50 years 12 − 40 years N/A 3 − 10 years During the three months ended December 31, 2014, the Company revised the estimated useful lives of certain of its property, plant and equipment as part of a review of the related assumptions. As a result, the Company recorded an insigniﬁcant amount of higher depreciation expense for the quarter ended December 31, 2014 due to the reduction of the estimated useful lives of certain of its property, plant and equipment. This change was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate on a prospective basis effective October 1, 2014 under the accounting standard for change in accounting estimates. The Company did not revise the estimated useful lives of the property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2013. The Company’s construction in progress includes direct and indirect expenditures for the construction and expansion of IBX data centers and is stated at original cost. The Company has contracted out substantially all of the construction and expansion efforts of its IBX data centers to independent contractors under construction contracts. Construction in progress includes costs incurred under construction contracts including project management services, engineering and schematic design services, design development, construction services and other construction-related fees and services. In addition, the Company has capitalized interest costs during the construction phase. Once an IBX data center or expansion project becomes operational, these capitalized costs are allocated to certain property, plant and equipment categories and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the underlying assets. Asset Retirement Costs The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The associated retirement costs are capitalized and included as part of the carrying value of the long-lived asset and amortized over the useful life of the asset. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the Company accretes the liability in relation to the asset retirement obligations over time and the accretion expense is recorded as a cost of revenue. The Company’s asset retirement obligations are primarily related to its IBX data centers, of which the majority are leased under long-term arrangements, and, in certain cases, are required to be returned to the landlords in their original condition. The majority of the Company’s IBX data center leases have been subject to signiﬁcant development by the Company in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. The majority of the Company’s IBX data centers’ initial lease terms expire at various dates ranging from 2017 to 2065 and most of them enable the Company to extend the lease terms. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets The Company has three reportable segments comprised of the 1) Americas, 2) EMEA and 3) Asia-Paciﬁc geographic regions, which the Company also determined are its reporting units. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had goodwill attributable to its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc reporting units. In 2014, the Company changed its annual goodwill impairment testing date from November 30th to October 31st of each year, commencing on October 31, 2014, to better align its annual goodwill impairment test with the timing of the Company’s budgeting and forecasting process. F-10 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) The Company has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, after assessing the qualitative factors, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then performing the two-step impairment test is unnecessary. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the ﬁrst step of the two-step goodwill impairment test. The ﬁrst step, identifying a potential impairment, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step would need to be conducted; otherwise, no further steps are necessary as no potential impairment exists. The second step, measuring the impairment loss, compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Any excess of the reporting unit goodwill carrying value over the respective implied fair value is recognized as an impairment loss. The Company assessed qualitative and quantitative factors during the fourth quarter of 2015 to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of its Americas reporting unit, EMEA reporting unit and Asia-Paciﬁc reporting unit was less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors considered in the assessment include industry and market conditions, overall ﬁnancial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. Additionally, as part of this analysis, the Company may perform a quantitative analysis to support the qualitative factors by evaluating sensitivities to assumptions and inputs used in measuring a reporting unit’s fair value. Prior to 2015, the Company performed the ﬁrst step of the two-step goodwill impairment test for its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc reporting units during the quarter ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. In order to determine the fair value of each reporting unit, the Company utilizes the discounted cash ﬂow and market methods. The Company had used both methods in its goodwill impairment tests as it believes both methods, in conjunction with each other, provide a reasonable estimate of the determination of fair value of each reporting unit — the discounted cash ﬂow method being speciﬁc to anticipated future results of the reporting unit and the market method, which is based on the Company’s market sector including its competitors. The assumptions supporting the discounted cash ﬂow method was determined using the Company’s best estimates as of the date of the impairment review. As of October 31, 2015, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that goodwill attributed to the Company’s Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc reporting units was not impaired as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of its respective reporting unit, including goodwill. In addition, the Company concluded that no events occurred or circumstances changed subsequent to October 31, 2015 through December 31, 2015 that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc reporting units below its carrying value. The Company has performed various sensitivity analyses on certain of the assumptions used in the discounted cash ﬂow method, such as forecasted revenues and discount rate, and notes that no reasonably possible changes would reduce the fair value of the reporting unit to such a level that would cause an impairment charge. Impairment assessments inherently involve judgment as to assumptions about expected future cash ﬂows and the impact of market conditions on those assumptions. Future events and changing market conditions may impact the Company’s assumptions as to prices, costs, growth rates or other factors that may result in changes in the Company’s estimates of future cash ﬂows. Although the Company believes the assumptions it used in testing for impairment are reasonable, signiﬁcant changes in any one of the Company’s assumptions could produce a signiﬁcantly different result. Indicators of potential impairment that might lead the Company to perform interim goodwill impairment assessments include signiﬁcant and unforeseen customer losses, a signiﬁcant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, a signiﬁcant adverse action or assessment by a regulator, a signiﬁcant stock price decline or unanticipated competition. F-11 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note 5 below. Debt Issuance Costs Loan fees and costs are capitalized and are amortized over the life of the related loans based on the effective interest method. Such amortization is included as a component of interest expense. The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest (‘‘ASU 2015-03’’), and Accounting Standards Update 2015-15, Interest — Imputation of Interest Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements (‘‘ASU 2015-15’’), during the year ended December 31, 2015. In accordance with ASU 2015-03, loan fees and costs associated with outstanding debt have been classiﬁed as a reduction of debt in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. In accordance with ASU 2015-15, loans fees and costs associated with the line-of-credit arrangements have been classiﬁed as other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2015-03, the Company reclassiﬁed debt issuance costs of $35,455,000 at December 31, 2014 from other assets to debt. As of December 31, 2015, debt issuance costs of $47,028,000 were classiﬁed as a reduction of debt. Derivatives and Hedging Activities The Company recognizes all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the value of a derivative depends on whether the contract is for trading purposes or has been designated and qualiﬁes for hedge accounting. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be considered highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In order for a derivative to be designated as a hedge, there must be documentation of the risk management objective and strategy, including identiﬁcation of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure, and how effectiveness is to be assessed prospectively and retrospectively. Foreign currency gains or losses associated with derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded within other income (expense), net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of foreign currency embedded derivatives contained in certain of the Company’s customer contracts (see ‘‘Revenue Recognition’’ below), which are recorded within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. To assess effectiveness of derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting, the Company uses a regression analysis. The extent to which a hedging instrument has been and is expected to continue to be effective at achieving offsetting changes in cash ﬂows is assessed and documented at least quarterly. Any ineffectiveness is reported in current-period earnings. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued. For qualifying cash ﬂow hedges, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations when the hedged cash ﬂows affect earnings. The ineffective portion of cash ﬂow hedges is immediately recognized in earnings. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the change in fair value of the derivative recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized in earnings when the cash ﬂows that were hedged occur, consistent with the original hedge strategy. For hedge relationships discontinued because the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur according to the original strategy, any related derivative amounts recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) are immediately recognized in earnings. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes. For further information on derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 6 below. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term and long-term investments represent their fair value, while the Company’s accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and accrued property, plant and equipment approximate their fair value due primarily to the short-term F-12 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) maturity of the related instruments. The fair value of the Company’s debt, which is traded in the public debt market, is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of the Company’s debt, which is not publicly traded, is estimated by considering the Company’s credit rating, current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt. Fair Value Measurements The Company measures and reports certain ﬁnancial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, including its investments in money market funds and available-for-sale debt investments in other public companies, governmental units and other agencies, publicly traded equity securities and derivatives. The Company also follows the accounting standard for the measurement of fair value for non-ﬁnancial assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis. These include: • • • • • • Non-ﬁnancial assets and non-ﬁnancial liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination or other new basis event, but not measured at fair value in subsequent reporting periods; Reporting units and non-ﬁnancial assets and non-ﬁnancial liabilities measured at fair value for goodwill impairment tests; Indeﬁnite-lived intangible assets measured at fair value for impairment assessments; Non-ﬁnancial long-lived assets or asset groups measured at fair value for impairment assessments or disposal; Asset retirement obligations initially measured at fair value but not subsequently measured at fair value; and Non-ﬁnancial liabilities associated with exit or disposal activities initially measured at fair value but not subsequently measured at fair value. For further information on fair value measurements, see Note 7 below. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable such as a signiﬁcant decrease in market price of a long-lived asset, a signiﬁcant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset or a continuous deterioration of the Company’s ﬁnancial condition. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future net cash ﬂows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated discounted future cash ﬂows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company did not record any impairment charges related to its long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Revenue Recognition Equinix derives more than 90% of its revenues from recurring revenue streams, consisting primarily of (1) colocation, which includes the licensing of cabinet space and power; (2) interconnection offerings, such as cross connects and Equinix Exchange ports; (3) managed infrastructure services and (4) other revenues consisting of rental income from tenants or subtenants. The remainder of the Company’s revenues are from non-recurring revenue streams, such as installation revenues, professional services, contract settlements and equipment sales. Revenues from recurring revenue streams are generally billed monthly and recognized ratably over the term of the contract, generally one to three years for IBX data center colocation customers. F-13 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) Non-recurring installation fees, although generally paid in a lump sum upon installation, are deferred and recognized ratably over the period the customer is expected to beneﬁt from the installation. Professional service fees are recognized in the period in which the services were provided and represent the culmination of a separate earnings process as long as they meet the criteria for separate recognition under the accounting standard related to revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. Revenue from bandwidth and equipment sales is recognized on a gross basis in accordance with the accounting standard related to reporting revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent, primarily because the Company acts as the principal in the transaction, takes title to products and services and bears inventory and credit risk. To the extent the Company does not meet the criteria for recognizing bandwidth and equipment services as gross revenue, the Company records the revenue on a net basis. Revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally recognized on a cash basis, when no remaining performance obligations exist, to the extent that the revenue has not previously been recognized. The Company guarantees certain service levels, such as uptime, as outlined in individual customer contracts. To the extent that these service levels are not achieved, the Company reduces revenue for any credits given to the customer as a result. The Company generally has the ability to determine such service level credits prior to the associated revenue being recognized, and historically, these credits have generally not been signiﬁcant. There were no signiﬁcant service level credits issued during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Revenue is recognized only when the service has been provided and when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee is ﬁxed or determinable and collection of the receivable is reasonably assured. It is the Company’s customary business practice to obtain a signed master sales agreement and sales order prior to recognizing revenue in an arrangement. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are reported on a net basis and are excluded from revenue. As a result of certain customer agreements being priced in currencies different from the functional currencies of the parties involved, under applicable accounting rules, the Company is deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in these contracts. The Company refers to these as foreign currency embedded derivatives (see Note 6). These instruments are separated from their host contracts and held on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these foreign currency embedded derivatives arise in certain of the Company’s subsidiaries where the local currency is the subsidiary’s functional currency and the customer contract is denominated in the U.S. dollar. Changes in their fair values are recognized within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company assesses collectability based on a number of factors, including past transaction history with the customer and the credit-worthiness of the customer. The Company generally does not request collateral from its customers although in certain cases the Company obtains a security interest in a customer’s equipment placed in its IBX data centers or obtains a deposit. If the Company determines that collection of a fee is not reasonably assured, the fee is deferred and revenue is recognized at the time collection becomes reasonably assured, which is generally upon receipt of cash. In addition, the Company also maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments for which the Company had expected to collect the revenues. If the ﬁnancial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate or if they became insolvent, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, greater allowances for doubtful accounts may be required. Management speciﬁcally analyzes accounts receivable and current economic news and trends, historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating revenue recognition and the adequacy of the Company’s reserves. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and subsequently determined to be uncollectible are charged to bad debt expense included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. A speciﬁc bad debt reserve of up to the full amount of a particular invoice value is provided for certain problematic customer balances. An F-14 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) additional reserve is established for all other accounts based on the age of the invoices and an analysis of historical credits issued. Delinquent account balances are written-off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the ﬁnancial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected more likely than not to be realized in the future. A tax beneﬁt from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the ﬁnancial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority’s widely understood administrative practices and precedents. The Company began operating as a REIT for federal income tax purposes effective January 1, 2015. In May 2015, the Company received a favorable private letter ruling (‘‘PLR’’) from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (‘‘IRS’’). As a result, the Company may deduct the distributions made to its shareholders from taxable income generated by the Company’s Qualiﬁed REIT Subsidiaries (‘‘QRSs’’). The Company’s dividends paid deduction generally eliminates the U.S. taxable income of the Company’s QRSs, resulting in no U.S. income tax due. However, the Taxable REIT Subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’) will continue to be subject to income taxes on any taxable income generated by them. In addition, the foreign operations of the Company will continue to be subject to local income taxes regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as a QRS or TRS. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax beneﬁts within income tax beneﬁt (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company grants restricted stock units to its employees and these equity awards generally have only a service condition. The Company grants restricted stock units to its executives and these awards generally have a service and performance condition or a service and market condition. To date, any performance conditions contained in an equity award are tied to the ﬁnancial performance of the Company or a speciﬁc region of the Company. The Company assesses the probability of meeting these performance conditions on a quarterly basis. The majority of the Company’s equity awards vest over four years, although certain of the equity awards for executives vest over a range of two to four years. The valuation of restricted stock units with only a service condition or a service and performance condition requires no signiﬁcant assumptions as the fair value for these types of equity awards is based solely on the fair value of the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to determine the fair value of restricted stock units with a service and market condition. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of its employee stock purchase plan. The determination of the fair value of shares purchased under the employee stock purchase plan is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables including the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards and actual and projected employee stock purchase behaviors. The Company estimated the expected volatility by using the average historical volatility of its common stock that it believed was best representative of future volatility. The risk-free interest F-15 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) rate used was based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the equity awards. The expected dividend rate used in 2015 was based on average dividend yields and the expected dividend rate used prior to 2015 was zero as the Company did not anticipate paying dividends. The expected term used was equal to the term of each purchase window. The accounting standard for stock-based compensation does not allow the recognition of unrealized tax beneﬁts associated with the tax deductions in excess of the compensation recorded (excess tax beneﬁt) until the excess tax beneﬁt is realized (i.e., reduces taxes payable). The Company recognizes the beneﬁt from stock-based compensation in equity when the excess tax beneﬁt is realized by following the ‘‘with-and-without’’ approach. For further information on stock-based compensation, see Note 12 below. Foreign Currency Translation The ﬁnancial position of foreign subsidiaries is translated using the exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, while income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange during the period. Gains or losses from translation of foreign operations where the local currency is the functional currency are included as other comprehensive income (loss). The net gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in net income (loss) in the period incurred and reported within other income and expense. Certain inter-company balances are designated as long-term. Accordingly, exchange gains and losses associated with these long-term inter-company balances are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), along with translation adjustments. How the U.S. dollar performs against certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which the Company operates can have a signiﬁcant impact to the Company. Strengthening and weakening of the U.S. dollar against theses currencies has signiﬁcantly impacted the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (as evidenced in the Company’s foreign currency translation loss), as well as its consolidated statements of operations as amounts denominated in foreign currencies can increase or decrease the Company’s revenues and expenses. To the extent that the U.S. dollar strengthens or weakens further, this will continue to impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations including the amount of revenue that the Company reports in future periods. Earnings Per Share The Company computes basic and diluted EPS for net income (loss) attributable to the Company. Basic EPS is computed using net income (loss) attributable to the Company and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed using net income attributable to the Company, adjusted for interest expense as a result of the assumed conversion of the Company’s 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes and 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, if dilutive, and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus any dilutive potential common shares outstanding. Dilutive potential common shares include the assumed exercise, vesting and issuance activity of employee equity awards using the treasury stock method, as well as shares issuable upon the assumed conversion of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes and 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes. Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries that are redeemable for cash or other assets outside of the Company’s control are classiﬁed as mezzanine equity, outside of equity and liabilities, and are adjusted to fair value on each balance sheet date. The resulting changes in fair value of the estimated redemption amount, increases or decreases, are recorded with corresponding adjustments against retained earnings or, in the absence of retained earnings, additional paid-in-capital For further information on redeemable non-controlling interests, see Note 10 below. F-16 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) EQUINIX, INC. Treasury Stock The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method. When treasury stock is re-issued at a higher price than its cost, the difference is recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital to the extent that there are gains to offset the losses. If there are no treasury stock gains in additional paid-in capital, the losses are recorded as a component of accumulated deﬁcit. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’) issued Accounting Standards Update (‘‘ASU’’) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (‘‘ASU 2016-02’’). Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a speciﬁed asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. Certain targeted improvements were made to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new lease guidance simpliﬁed the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct ﬁnancing, and operating leases) must apply a modiﬁed retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the ﬁnancial statements. The modiﬁed retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. ASU 2016-02 is effective for public companies for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those ﬁscal years, with early adoption permitted. While the Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements, the Company believes this standard will have a signiﬁcant impact on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements due, in part, to the substantial amount of operating leases it has. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10) (‘‘ASU 2016-01’’), which requires all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investees). The ASU also requires that an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-speciﬁc credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for ﬁnancial instruments. In addition the ASU eliminates the requirement to disclose the fair value of ﬁnancial instruments measured at amortized cost for entities that are not public business entities and the requirement to disclose the method(s) and signiﬁcant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for ﬁnancial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet for public business entities. ASU 2016-01 is effective for public companies for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those ﬁscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classiﬁcation of Deferred Taxes (‘‘ASU 2015-17’’), to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes by eliminating the requirement to separate deferred tax assets and liabilities into current and noncurrent amounts. ASU 2015-17 requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classiﬁed as noncurrent and is effective for ﬁnancial statements issued for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those ﬁscal years. Earlier application is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company adopted ASU 2015-17 as of December 31, 2015 and applied the guidance prospectively. F-17 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, Business Combinations (‘‘ASU 2015-16’’), to simplify accounting for adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination by eliminating the requirement to retrospectively account for those adjustments. This ASU is effective for ﬁnancial statements issued for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those ﬁscal years with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU require that the acquirer record, in the same period’s ﬁnancial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects as a result of changes to provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (‘‘ASU 2015-07’’), which permits a reporting entity, as a practical expedient, to measure the fair value of certain investments using the net asset value per share of the investment. This ASU is effective for ﬁnancial statements issued for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those ﬁscal years with early adoption permitted. A reporting entity should apply the amendment retrospectively to all periods presented. The retrospective approach requires that an investment for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient be removed from the fair value hierarchy in all periods presented in an entity’s ﬁnancial statements. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2015-07 will have a signiﬁcant impact on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest (‘‘ASU 2015-03’’), to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs. The ASU requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, consistent with debt discounts or premiums. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected by this ASU. This ASU is effective for ﬁnancial statements issued for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, Interest — Imputation of Interest Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements (‘‘ASU 2015-15’’), which amends ASU 2015-03 and provides guidance for the presentation of debt issuance costs associated with line-of-credit arrangements. ASU 2015-15 provides that debt issuance costs associated with line-of-credit arrangements may be presented in the balance sheet as assets. The Company adopted ASU 2015-03 and ASU 2015-15 in the three months ended September 30, 2015. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2015-03, the Company reclassiﬁed debt issuance costs of $35,455,000 at December 31, 2014 from other assets to debt. As of December 31, 2015, debt issuance costs of $47,028,000 were classiﬁed as a reduction of debt. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, Consolidations (‘‘ASU 2015-02’’). This ASU requires companies to adopt a new consolidation model, speciﬁcally: (1) the ASU modiﬁes the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities (VIEs) or voting interest entities; (2) the ASU eliminates the presumption that a general partner should consolidate limited partnership; (3) the ASU affects the consolidation analysis of reporting entities that involved with VIEs and (4) the ASU provides a scope exception from consolidation guidance for reporting entities with interests in legal entities that are required to comply with or operate in accordance with requirements that are similar Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 for registered money market funds. This ASU is effective for ﬁscal years, and for interim periods within those ﬁscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2015-02 will have a signiﬁcant impact on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. In January 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-01, Income Statement — Extraordinary and Unusual Items (‘‘ASU 2015-01’’), to simplify the income statement presentation requirements by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items. ASU 2015-01 is effective for ﬁscal years, and interim periods within those ﬁscal years, F-18 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted provided that the guidance is applied from the beginning of the ﬁscal year of adoption. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2015-01 will have a signiﬁcant impact on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’) issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (‘‘ASU 2014-15’’), to provide guidance on management’s responsibility in evaluating whether there is substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. ASU 2014-15 is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2014-15 will have a signiﬁcant impact on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (‘‘ASU 2014-09’’). This ASU requires companies to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reﬂects the consideration to which companies expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in GAAP when it becomes effective. This ASU was originally effective for ﬁscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (‘‘ASU 2015-14’’), which amends ASU 2014-09 and defers its effective date to ﬁscal years and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 permits earlier application only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of these standards will have on its consolidated ﬁnancial statements. 2. Acquisitions Bit-isle Acquisition On November 2, 2015, the Company, acting through its Japanese subsidiary, completed a cash tender offer for approximately 97% of the equity instruments, including stock options, of Tokyo-based Bit-isle. The Company acquired the remaining outstanding equity instruments of Bit-isle in December 2015. The offer price was JPY 922 per share, in an all cash transaction totaling ¥33,196,000,000 or approximately $275,367,000. On September 30, 2015, the Company, acting through its Japanese subsidiaries as borrowers, entered into a term loan agreement (the ‘‘Bridge Term Loan Agreement’’) with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (‘‘BTMU’’). Pursuant to the Bridge Term Loan Agreement, BTMU has committed to provide a senior bridge loan facility (the ‘‘Bridge Term Loan’’) in the amount of up to ¥47,500,000,000, or approximately $395,339,000 at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. Proceeds from the Bridge Term Loan are to be used exclusively for the acquisition of Bit-isle, the repayment of Bit-isle’s existing debt and transaction costs incurred in connection with the closing of the Bridge Term Loan and the acquisition of Bit-isle. For further information on the Bridge Term Loan, see Note 9 below. The Company included Bit-isle’s results of operations from November 2, 2015 and the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in its consolidated balance sheets beginning November 2, 2015. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $8,645,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to the Bit-isle Acquisition. The Company has initially designated all the legal entities acquired in the Bit-isle Acquisition as taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’). F-19 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Acquisitions − (continued) Purchase Price Allocation Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price was allocated to Bit-isle’s net tangible and intangible assets based upon their fair value as of the Bit-isle acquisition date. Based upon the purchase price and the valuation of Bit-isle, the purchase price allocation was as follows (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33,198 7,359 51,038 3,806 308,985 95,444 111,374 22,981 634,185 (15,028) (465) (108,833) (190,227) (8,689) (32,192) (3,384) $ 275,367 The following table presents certain information on the acquired identiﬁable intangible assets (dollars in thousands): Intangible assets Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Favorable solar contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other intangible assets Fair value $105,434 3,455 2,410 75 Estimated useful lives (years) 13 2 18 0.25 Weighted-average estimated useful lives (years) 13.0 2.0 18.0 0.25 The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The fair value was determined by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash ﬂows generated from existing customers less costs to realize the revenue. The Company applied a weighted-average discount rate of approximately 11.0%, which reﬂected the nature of the assets as it relates to the estimated future operating cash ﬂows. Other signiﬁcant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the customer relationships include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates, sales and marketing expenses and operating margins. The fair value of the Bit-isle trade name was estimated using the relief of royalty approach. The Company applied a relief of royalty rate of 2.0% and a weighted-average discount rate of approximately 12.0%. The other acquired identiﬁable intangible assets were estimated by applying an income or cost approach as appropriate. The fair value measurements were based on signiﬁcant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as deﬁned in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. The Company determined the fair value of the loans payable assumed in the Bit-isle Acquisition by estimating Bit-isle’s debt rating and reviewed market data with a similar debt rating and other characteristics of the debt, including the maturity date and security type. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company prepaid and terminated the majority of these loans payable. In conjunction with the repayment of F-20 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Acquisitions − (continued) the loans payable, the company incurred an insigniﬁcant amount of pre-payment penalties and interest rate swap termination costs, which were recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for local tax purposes. Goodwill will not be amortized and will be tested for impairment at least annually. Goodwill recorded as a result of the Bit-isle acquisition is attributable to the Company’s Asia-Paciﬁc reportable segment (see Note 16) and reporting unit (see Note 5). For the quarter and year ended December 31, 2015, Bit-isle recognized revenues of $21,588,000 and had a net loss of $3,233,000, which were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Consolidated Financial Information The following unaudited pro forma combined consolidated ﬁnancial information has been prepared by the Company using the acquisition method of accounting to give effect to the Bit-isle Acquisition as though the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2014. The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated ﬁnancial information reﬂect certain adjustments, such as additional depreciation, amortization and interest expense on assets and liabilities acquired. The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated ﬁnancial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have actually been reported had the acquisitions occurred on the above dates, nor is it necessarily indicative of the future results of operations of the combined company. The following table sets forth the unaudited pro forma consolidated combined results of operations for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $2,847,411 195,501 2014 $2,614,127 (251,067) Nimbo Acquisition On January 14, 2015, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding share capital of Nimbo Technologies Inc. (‘‘Nimbo’’), a company which specializes in migrating business applications to the cloud with extensive experience moving legacy applications into a hybrid cloud architecture, and connecting legacy data centers to the cloud, for a cash payment of $10,000,000 and a contingent earn-out arrangement to be paid over two years (the ‘‘Nimbo Acquisition’’). Nimbo continues to operate under the Nimbo name. The Nimbo Acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method. As a result of the Nimbo Acquisition, the Company recorded goodwill of $17,192,000, which represents the excess of the total purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company recorded the contingent earn-out arrangement at its estimated fair value. The results of operations for Nimbo are not signiﬁcant to the Company; therefore, the Company does not present its purchase price allocation or pro forma combined results of operations. In addition, any prospective changes in the Company’s earn-out estimates are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. Offer for TelecityGroup On May 29, 2015, the Company announced a cash and share offer for the entire issued and to be issued share capital of Telecity Group plc (‘‘TelecityGroup’’). TelecityGroup operates data center facilities in strategic internet hub cities across Europe. The acquisition of TelecityGroup enhances the Company’s existing data center portfolio by adding seven new markets in Europe including Bulgaria, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Sweden and Turkey. The transaction closed in January 2016. See Note 18 for additional information. F-21 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Acquisitions − (continued) As the offer to TelecityGroup included an element of cash, the Company was required to include a conﬁrmation that the Company had sufficient cash available to fulﬁll the offer, according to the UK Takeover Code. As a result, the Company placed £322,851,000 or approximately $475,689,000 into a restricted cash account, which was included in the current portion of restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. In connection with TelecityGroup acquisition, the Company entered into a bridge credit agreement with J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (‘‘JPMCB’’) as the initial lender and as administrative agent for the lenders (the ‘‘Lenders’’) for a principal amount of £875,000,000 or approximately $1,289,000,000 at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015 (the ‘‘Bridge Loan’’). The Bridge Loan had an initial maturity of 12 months from the date of the ﬁrst drawdown and, at the initial maturity date (if not repaid prior to that time), would have been converted into seven-year extended term loan. Commitment fees associated with the Bridge Loan were approximately £4,375,000 or $6,446,000 at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had accrued the commitment fees associated with the Bridge Loan and the fees were included in interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The Bridge Loan was unsecured and was guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had not made any advances on the Bridge Loan. The Bridge Loan was terminated on January 8, 2016. The Company will initially designate all the legal entities acquired as taxable REIT subsidiaries (‘‘TRSs’’). Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the purchase of a property located in Frankfurt, Germany for cash consideration of approximately $50,092,000 (the ‘‘Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition’’). A portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used by the Company as its Frankfurt 5 IBX data center. The remainder of the building was leased by other parties, who became the Company’s tenants upon closing. The Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel constitutes a business under the accounting standard for business combinations and as a result, the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition was accounted for as a business acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting. The Company included Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel’s results of operations from October 1, 2013 and the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in its consolidated balance sheets beginning October 1, 2013. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $4,794,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013 related to the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition. Purchase Price Allocation Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price was allocated to Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel’s net tangible and intangible assets based upon their fair value as of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel acquisition date. Based upon the purchase price and the valuation of Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel, the purchase price allocation was as follows (in thousands): Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible − unfavorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 85,969 10,011 95,980 (42,906) (2,982) $ 50,092 F-22 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Acquisitions − (continued) The following table presents certain information on the acquired identiﬁable intangible assets (dollars in thousands): Intangible assets Customer contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unfavorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Favorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value $ 9,363 (2,982) 648 Estimated useful lives (years) 0.3 − 8 1 − 6 1 − 8 Weighted-average estimated useful lives (years) 4.9 4.8 7.5 The fair value of customer contracts was estimated by applying an income approach. The fair value was determined by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash ﬂows generated by existing customer relationships less costs to realize the revenue. The Company applied a discount rate of approximately 9.0%, which reﬂects the nature of the assets as it relates to the estimated future operating cash ﬂows. Other signiﬁcant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the customer contracts include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates, sales and marketing expenses and operating margins. The fair value of leases was estimated using the market approach. The fair value measurements were based on signiﬁcant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as deﬁned in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. The Company determined the fair value of the mortgage payable assumed in the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Hotel Acquisition by estimating Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Hotel’s debt rating and reviewing market data with a similar debt rating and other characteristics of the debt, including the maturity date and security type. For the year ended December 31, 2013, revenues and net income recorded from Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Hotel were not material and were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. ALOG Acquisition On April 25, 2011 (the ‘‘ALOG Acquisition Date’’), the Company and RW Brasil Fundo de Investimento em Participações, a subsidiary of Riverwood Capital L.P. (‘‘Riverwood’’), completed the acquisition of approximately 90% of the outstanding capital stock of ALOG Data Centers do Brasil S.A. (‘‘ALOG’’). As a result, the Company acquired an approximate 53% controlling equity interest in ALOG (the ‘‘ALOG Acquisition’’). In July 2014, the Company and Riverwood entered into a purchase and sale agreement in which the Company acquired Riverwood’s interest in ALOG and the approximate 10% of ALOG owned by ALOG management, which resulted in the Company owning 100% of ALOG. The net purchase price of $225,629,000 consisted of: (i) $216,484,000 of cash paid to Riverwood and ALOG management to acquire their interests in ALOG, (ii) $8,459,000 of cash paid for the common shares of ALOG related to vested and outstanding stock options to purchase common shares of ALOG that were held by ALOG employees and (iii) $686,000 for the assumption of Riverwood’s portion of the contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of ALOG in 2011. The cash portion of the purchase price was paid on the closing date in July 2014. The net increase in the redemption value of the redeemable non-controlling interests of $90,966,000 and transaction costs of $1,333,000 were recorded in additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2014. F-23 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Earnings Per Share The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable 2015 $187,774 2014 $(260,726) 2013 $96,123 non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1,179 (1,438) Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix, basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $187,774 $(259,547) $94,685 Weighted-average shares used to calculate basic EPS . . . 57,790 52,359 49,438 Effect of dilutive securities: Employee equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total dilutive potential shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares used to calculate diluted EPS . . 693 693 58,483 — — 52,359 678 678 50,116 EPS attributable to Equinix: Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 3.25 3.21 $ $ (4.96) (4.96) $ $ 1.92 1.89 The following table sets forth potential shares of common stock that are not included in the diluted EPS calculation above because to do so would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Shares related to the potential conversion of 3.00% convertible subordinated notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Shares related to the potential conversion of 4.75% convertible subordinated notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock related to employee equity awards . . . . . 1,977 88 2,065 861 2,824 1,820 5,505 3,613 4,432 254 8,299 4. Assets Held for Sale In order to obtain the approval of the European Commission for the acquisition of TelecityGroup, the Company and TelecityGroup have agreed to divest certain data centers, including the Company’s London 2 data center in London, UK (‘‘LD2’’). There is no deﬁnitive agreement to date with any buyer or buyers and any such agreement will be subject to the approval of the European Commission. The assets and liabilities of this data center, which are included within the EMEA operating segment, were classiﬁed as held for sale in the fourth quarter of 2015 and, therefore, the corresponding depreciation and amortization expense was ceased at that time. This anticipated divestiture is not presented as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations, because it does not represent a strategic shift in our business, as the Company will continue operating similar businesses after the acquisition. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a parcel of land in San Jose, California, whose sale was completed in February 2016. The consolidated ﬁnancial statements reﬂect the LD2 data center assets and liabilities and San Jose land parcel as held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized revenue of $17,579,000 and $21,772,000, respectively, and net income of $7,166,000 and $9,218,000, respectively from LD2. When an asset is classiﬁed as held for sale, the asset’s book value is evaluated and adjusted to the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. As of December 31, 2015, the Company determined that assets held for sale had not been impaired. F-24 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 4. Assets Held for Sale − (continued) The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities of the LD2 data center and San Jose land parcel classiﬁed as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets Total assets held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,222 408 23,533 5,000 784 1,310 $33,257 $ (654) (816) (435) (1,630) $ (3,535) 5. Balance Sheet Components Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents: Cash(1) Cash equivalents: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 $1,139,554 $ 207,953 Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,089,284 2,228,838 402,964 610,917 Marketable securities: U.S. government securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certiﬁcates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publicly traded equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term — — 14,106 3,353 17,459 336,440 192,955 439 — 529,834 investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,246,297 $1,140,751 (1) Excludes restricted cash. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, cash and cash equivalents included investments which were readily convertible to cash and had original maturity dates of 90 days or less. The maturities of debt instruments classiﬁed as short-term investments were one year or less as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The maturities of debt instruments classiﬁed as long-term investments were greater than one year and less than three years as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Through the acquisition of Bit-isle, the Company acquired certain publicly-traded equity securities which were included in long-term investment in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. F-25 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5. Balance Sheet Components − (continued) The following table summarizes the cost and estimated fair value of marketable debt securities based on stated effective maturities as of December 31 (in thousands): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due within one year Due after one year through three years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 2015 2014 Amortized Cost $12,875 1,231 $14,106 Fair Value $12,875 1,231 $14,106 Amortized Cost $529,567 439 $530,006 Fair Value $529,395 439 $529,834 As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s net unrealized gains (losses) on its available-for-sale securities were comprised of the following (in thousands): Certiﬁcates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publicly traded equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Amortized Cost $14,106 3,561 $17,667 Gross unrealized gains $— — $— Gross unrealized losses $ — (208) $(208) Fair Value $14,106 3,353 $17,459 None of the securities held at December 31, 2015 were other-than-temporarily impaired. While certain marketable securities carry unrealized losses, the Company expects that it will receive both principal and interest according to the stated terms of each of the securities and that the increase or decline in market value is primarily due to changes in the interest rate environment from the time the securities were purchased as compared to interest rates at December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s net unrealized gains (losses) on its available-for-sale securities were comprised of the following (in thousands): U.S. government securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certiﬁcates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Amortized Cost $336,561 193,006 439 $530,006 Gross unrealized gains $45 30 — $75 Gross unrealized losses $(166) (81) — $(247) Fair Value $336,440 192,955 439 $529,834 None of the securities held at December 31, 2014 were other-than-temporarily impaired. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $302,316 (10,352) $291,964 2014 $272,036 (9,466) $262,570 Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and generally do not bear interest. F-26 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5. Balance Sheet Components − (continued) The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net write-offs Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net write-offs Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net write-offs Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Assets Other current assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Prepaid expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets, net Other receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 48,322 33,979 — 1,925 60,165 68,538 $212,929 $ 3,716 5,819 (2,833) (62) 6,640 7,093 (3,825) (442) 9,466 5,037 (3,438) (713) $10,352 2014 $29,501 17,071 6,579 2,324 17,732 11,797 $85,004 Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Core systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 3,820,772 2,383,387 1,204,900 351,697 450,914 183,946 8,395,616 (2,789,180) $ 5,606,436 2014 $ 3,252,569 2,074,382 1,053,451 460,259 387,909 160,035 7,388,605 (2,390,335) $ 4,998,270 F-27 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5. Balance Sheet Components − (continued) Core systems, buildings, leasehold improvements, personal property and construction in progress recorded under capital leases aggregated $725,337,000 and $585,288,000 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization of the assets recorded under capital leases is included in depreciation expense and accumulated depreciation on such assets totaled $117,338,000 and $83,291,000 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Goodwill and Other Intangibles Goodwill and other intangible assets, net, consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Goodwill: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets: Intangible assets − customer contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets − favorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets − licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets − others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization − customer contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization − favorable leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization − licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization − others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 $ 460,203 374,070 228,927 $1,063,200 $ 463,902 404,093 134,134 $1,002,129 $ 311,581 22,783 9,697 13,491 357,552 (117,167) (8,909) (1,942) (4,969) (132,987) $ 224,565 $ 220,674 24,300 9,697 8,132 262,803 (102,074) (7,656) (1,294) (4,252) (115,276) $ 147,527 Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . Asset held for sale adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . Americas $471,845 (7,943) 463,902 17,192 — (20,891) $460,203 EMEA $435,041 (30,948) 404,093 — (5,000) (25,023) $374,070 Asia-Paciﬁc $135,267 (1,133) 134,134 95,437 — (644) $228,927 Total $1,042,153 (40,024) 1,002,129 112,629 (5,000) (46,558) $1,063,200 F-28 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5. Balance Sheet Components − (continued) Changes in the net book value of intangible assets by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel acquisition (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York IBX Center purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . Nimbo acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bit-Isle acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset held for sale adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write-off of intangible asset Amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . Americas $ 89,467 EMEA $ 84,186 Asia-Paciﬁc $ 27,909 Total $201,562 — 1,100 — (12,604) (1,739) 76,224 (12,257) (1,013) 62,954 1,089 — — — (11,432) (1,968) $ 50,643 10,010 — (2,070) (11,613) 2,196 82,709 (12,795) (7,729) 62,185 — — (784) (357) (11,675) (5,014) $ 44,355 — — — (2,810) 150 25,249 (2,704) (157) 22,388 — 111,374 — — (4,339) 144 $129,567 10,010 1,100 (2,070) (27,027) 607 184,182 (27,756) (8,899) 147,527 1,089 111,374 (784) (357) (27,446) (6,838) $224,565 The Company’s goodwill and intangible assets in EMEA, denominated in the United Arab Emirates dirham, British pounds and Euros, goodwill and intangible assets in Asia-Paciﬁc, denominated in Singapore dollars, Hong Kong dollars, Japanese yen and Chinese yuan and certain goodwill and intangibles in Americas, denominated in Canadian dollars and Brazilian reals, are subject to foreign currency ﬂuctuations. The Company’s foreign currency translation gains and losses, including goodwill and intangibles, are a component of other comprehensive income and loss. Estimated future amortization expense related to these intangibles is as follows (in thousands): Year ending: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 35,298 33,644 29,690 24,978 19,217 81,738 $224,565 F-29 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5. Balance Sheet Components − (continued) Other Assets Other assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Deferred tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 61,152 54,372 19,709 33,132 8,735 11,358 $188,458 2014 $ 45,134 37,006 9,022 26,068 5,007 6,373 $128,610 Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and beneﬁts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest Accrued taxes(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued utilities and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued repairs and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 49,892 131,204 67,077 37,004 31,789 18,380 3,618 61,984 $400,948 2014 $ 30,221 115,184 29,116 41,295 31,531 8,148 4,086 26,215 $285,796 (1) Includes income taxes payable of $14,527,000 and $21,941,000, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Other Current Liabilities Other current liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Deferred tax liabilities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred installation revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments Deferred recurring revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset retirement obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ — 56,055 23,676 79,256 12,515 3,572 13,674 — 3,538 $192,286 2014 $ 83,264 48,707 13,492 810 6,879 2,675 4,559 945 1,333 $162,664 F-30 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5. Balance Sheet Components − (continued) Other Liabilities Other liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Asset retirement obligations, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred installation revenue, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent, non-current Accrued taxes, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer deposits, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred recurring revenue, non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities 2015 $ 78,482 100,624 86,660 68,787 26,763 13,394 4,701 3,645 669 6,688 $390,413 2014 $ 63,913 69,212 76,744 52,968 24,726 4,972 4,618 445 — 7,366 $304,964 The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s asset retirement obligation liability (in thousands): Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 63,150 8,713 (14,874) 2,932 (373) 59,548 5,774 (871) 2,438 (2,031) 64,858 17,337 (4,676) 3,349 (2,386) $ 78,482 (1) Reversal of asset retirement obligations associated with leases that were amended. 6. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Net Investment Hedges. The Company is exposed to the impact of foreign exchange rate ﬂuctuations in the investments in its wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In order to mitigate the volatility in foreign exchange rates, the Company entered into a foreign currency term loan in April 2015, as discussed in Note 9, and designated 100% of the term loan to hedge its net investment in its wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in the same currencies as the term loan. All changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge, except the ineffective portion, are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in the F-31 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 6. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments − (continued) consolidated balance sheet. Effective December 15, 2015, the Company terminated hedging its net investment in subsidiaries that are denominated in Swiss Francs. As of December 31, 2015, the Company recorded foreign exchange gain of $4,484,000 in other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company recorded no ineffectiveness from its net investment hedges for the year ended December 31, 2015. Cash Flow Hedges. During the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company initiated a program to hedge its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate ﬂuctuations for forecasted revenues and expenses in its EMEA region in order to help manage the Company’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rate ﬂuctuations between the U.S. Dollar and the British Pound, Euro and Swiss Franc. The foreign currency forward and option contracts that the Company uses to hedge this exposure are designated as cash ﬂow hedges under the accounting standard for derivatives and hedging. Effective January 1, 2015, the Company entered into intercompany hedging instruments (‘‘intercompany derivatives’’) with a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and simultaneously entered into derivative contracts with unrelated parties to hedge certain forecasted revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The following disclosure is prepared on a consolidated basis. Assets and liabilities resulting from intercompany derivatives have been eliminated in consolidation. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s cash ﬂow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2016 to December 2017 as follows (in thousands): Derivative assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notional Amount $367,330 47,447 $414,777 Fair Value(1) $16,027 (813) $15,214 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(2)(3) $ 34,578 (19,709) $ 14,869 (1) All derivative assets related to cash ﬂow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). (2) (3) The Company recorded a net gain of $12,940 within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to cash ﬂow hedges that will be reclassiﬁed to revenue and expenses as they mature over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s cash ﬂow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2015 to January 2016 as follows (in thousands): Derivative assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notional Amount $281,055 — $281,055 Fair Value(1) $8,404 — $8,404 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(2) $8,480 — $8,480 (1) All derivative assets related to cash ﬂow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets. Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). (2) F-32 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 6. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments − (continued) During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the ineffective and excluded portions of cash ﬂow hedges recognized in other income (expense) were not signiﬁcant. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the amount of net gains reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenue were $27,973,000 and the amount of net losses reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses were $6,256,000. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the amount of net gains reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenue were $4,332,000 and the amount of net losses reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses were not signiﬁcant. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the amount of gains (losses) reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenue and operating expenses were not signiﬁcant. Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Embedded Derivatives. The Company is deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in certain of the Company’s customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved. These embedded derivatives are separated from their host contracts and carried on the Company’s balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these embedded derivatives arise as a result of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries pricing their customer contracts in the U.S. dollar. Gains and losses on these embedded derivatives are included within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the gain or loss associated with these embedded derivatives was insigniﬁcant. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized a net gain of $3,807,000 and $4,836,000 associated with these embedded derivatives, respectively. Economic Hedges of Embedded Derivatives. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to help manage the foreign exchange risk associated with the Company’s customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved (‘‘economic hedges of embedded derivatives’’). Foreign currency forward contracts represent agreements to exchange the currency of one country for the currency of another country at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon settlement date. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in revenues along with gains and losses of the related embedded derivatives. The Company entered into various economic hedges of embedded derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and recognized a net loss of $2,287,000, $2,602,000 and $4,497,000, respectively. Foreign Currency Forward and Option Contracts. The Company also uses foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. As a result of foreign currency ﬂuctuations, the U.S. dollar equivalent values of its foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities change. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in other income (expense), net, along with the foreign currency gains and losses of the related foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities associated with these foreign currency forward contracts. The Company entered into various foreign currency forward and option contracts during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The Company recognized a net loss of $24,319,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 and a net gain of $12,657,000 during the year ended December 31, 2014. Gains (losses) from these foreign currency forward contracts were not signiﬁcant during the year ended December 31, 2013. F-33 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 6. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments − (continued) Offsetting Derivative Assets and Liabilities The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet Net balance sheet amounts(1) Gross Amounts Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet(2) Net Assets: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward and option contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,027 $— $16,027 $ (813) $15,214 Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward contracts . . . Additional netting beneﬁt . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward and option 8,926 744 43,203 52,873 — $68,900 — — — — — $— 8,926 — 8,926 744 43,203 52,873 — $68,900 — (34,577) (34,577) (9,512) $(44,902) 744 8,626 18,296 (9,512) $23,998 contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 813 $— $ 813 $ (813) $ — Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward contracts . . . Additional netting beneﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . 1,772 417 76,923 79,112 — $79,925 — — — — — $— 1,772 — 1,772 417 76,923 79,112 — $79,925 — (34,577) (34,577) (9,512) $(44,902) 417 42,346 44,535 (9,512) $35,023 (1) As presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. (2) The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. F-34 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 6. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments − (continued) The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2014 (in thousands): Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet Gross Amounts Net amounts(1) Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet(2) Net Assets: Designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts . . . . $ 8,404 $— $ 8,404 $ — $ 8,404 Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward and option contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional netting beneﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Designated as hedging instruments: 9,182 5,153 14,335 — $22,739 — — — — $— 9,182 — 9,182 5,153 14,335 — $22,739 (138) (138) (508) $(646) 5,015 14,197 (508) $22,093 Foreign currency forward contracts . . . $ — $— $ — $ — $ — Not designated as hedging instruments: Embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic hedges of embedded derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency forward and option contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional netting beneﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 390 416 810 — 810 $ — — — — — $— 4 390 416 810 — 810 $ — — (138) (138) (508) $(646) 4 390 278 672 (508) 164 $ (1) As presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. (2) The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. F-35 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Fair Value Measurements The Company’s ﬁnancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 were as follows (in thousands): Assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market and deposit accounts . . . . . . . . . . Publicly traded equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certiﬁcates of deposit Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value at December 31, 2015 Fair value measurement using Level 1 Level 2 $1,139,554 1,089,284 3,353 14,106 68,900 $2,315,197 $1,139,554 1,089,284 3,353 — — $2,232,191 $ — — — 14,106 68,900 $83,006 Liabilities: Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 79,925 $ — $79,925 (1) Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward and option contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s ﬁnancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2014 were as follows (in thousands): Assets: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market and deposit accounts . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certiﬁcates of deposit Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value at December 31, 2014 Fair value measurement using Level 1 Level 2 $ 207,953 402,964 336,440 192,955 439 22,739 $1,163,490 $207,953 402,964 336,440 — — — $947,357 $ — — — 192,955 439 22,739 $216,133 Liabilities: Derivative instruments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 810 $ — $ 810 (1) Includes embedded derivatives, foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company did not have any Level 3 ﬁnancial assets or ﬁnancial liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. F-36 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7. Fair Value Measurements − (continued) Valuation Methods Fair value estimates are made as of a speciﬁc point in time based on methods using the market approach valuation method which uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are affected by the assumptions used and the judgments made regarding risk characteristics of various ﬁnancial instruments, discount rates, estimates of future cash ﬂows, future expected loss experience and other factors. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments. The fair value of the Company’s investments in money market funds approximates their face value. Such instruments are included in cash equivalents. The Company’s U.S. government securities, money market funds and publicly traded equity securities are classiﬁed within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. The fair value of the Company’s other investments approximate their face value, including certiﬁcates of deposit and available-for-sale debt investments related to the Company’s investments in the securities of other public companies, governmental units and other agencies. The fair value of these investments is priced based on the quoted market price for similar instruments or nonbinding market prices that are corroborated by observable market data. Such instruments are classiﬁed within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determines the fair values of its Level 2 investments by using inputs such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, and other similar data, which are obtained from quoted market prices, custody bank, third-party pricing vendors, or other sources. The Company uses such pricing data as the primary input to make its assessments and determinations as to the ultimate valuation of its investment portfolio and has not made, during the periods presented, any material adjustments to such inputs. The Company is responsible for its consolidated ﬁnancial statements and underlying estimates. The Company uses the speciﬁc identiﬁcation method in computing realized gains and losses. Realized gains and losses on the investments are included within other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Short-term and long-term investments are classiﬁed as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in stockholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income or loss, net of any related tax effect. The Company reviews its investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired due to increased credit risk, changes in industry or sector of a certain instrument or ratings downgrades over an extended period of time. Derivative Assets and Liabilities. For derivatives, the Company uses forward contract and option models employing market observable inputs, such as spot currency rates and forward points with adjustments made to these values utilizing published credit default swap rates of its foreign exchange trading counterparties and other comparable companies. The Company has determined that the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, therefore the derivatives are categorized as Level 2. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not have any nonﬁnancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. 8. Leases Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations The Company’s capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations expire at various dates ranging from 2015 to 2053. The weighted average effective interest rate of the Company’s capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations was 8.17% as of December 31, 2015. F-37 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Leases − (continued) The Company’s capital lease and other ﬁnancing obligations are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands): 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plus amount representing residual property value . . . . . Less estimated building costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less amount representing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present value of net minimum lease payments Capital lease obligations 74,457 $ 73,537 74,053 74,857 74,868 827,789 1,199,561 — — (557,433) 642,128 (23,435) $ 618,693 Other ﬁnancing obligations $ 66,175 66,116 66,928 63,990 61,719 518,552 843,480 467,616 (247) (625,717) 685,132 (16,686) $ 668,446 $ Total 140,632 139,653 140,981 138,847 136,587 1,346,341 2,043,041 467,616 (247) (1,183,150) 1,327,260 (40,121) $ 1,287,139 Atlanta 1 Capital Lease In May 2015, the Company entered into a lease amendment to extend the lease term of the Company’s Atlanta 1 IBX (the ‘‘AT1 Lease’’). The lease was originally accounted for as an operating lease. Pursuant to the accounting standard for leases, the Company reassessed the lease classiﬁcation of the AT1 Lease as a result of the lease amendment and determined that upon the amendment the lease should be accounted for as a capital lease. The Company recorded a capital lease asset and liability totaling approximately $21,274,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2015. The lease term was extended to September 2035. Atlanta 2 Capital Lease In January 2015, the Company entered into a lease amendment to extend the lease term of the Company’s Atlanta 2 IBX (the ‘‘AT2 Lease’’). The lease was originally accounted for as an operating lease. Pursuant to the accounting standard for leases, the Company reassessed the lease classiﬁcation of the AT2 Lease as a result of the lease amendment and determined that upon the amendment the lease should be accounted for as a capital lease. The Company recorded a capital lease asset totaling approximately $25,960,000 and a capital lease liability totaling approximately $26,230,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2015. The lease term, including a renewal option, was extended to December 2024. Operating Leases The Company also leases its IBX data centers and certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements. The majority of the Company’s operating leases for its land and IBX data centers expire at various dates through 2053 with renewal options available to the Company. The lease agreements typically provide for base rental rates that increase at deﬁned intervals during the term of the lease. In addition, the Company has negotiated some rent expense abatement periods for certain leases to better match the phased build out of its IBX data centers. The Company accounts for such abatements and increasing base rentals using the straight-line method over the life of the lease. The difference between the straight-line expense and the cash payment is recorded as deferred rent (see Note 5, ‘‘Other Current Liabilities’’ and ‘‘Other Liabilities’’). F-38 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 8. Leases − (continued) Minimum future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2015 are summarized as follows (in thousands): Year ending: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total $ 115,091 113,624 108,810 100,462 89,227 632,677 $1,159,891 Total rent expense was approximately $199,975,000, $105,391,000 and $112,704,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 9. Debt Facilities Mortgage and Loans Payable The Company’s mortgage and loans payable consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Term loan A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridge term loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revolving credit facility borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil ﬁnancings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage payable and other loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less the amount representing debt discount and debt issuance cost . . . Add the amount representing mortgage premium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 456,740 386,547 325,622 27,113 47,677 1,243,699 (2,681) 1,987 1,243,005 (770,236) $ 472,769 2014 $500,000 — — 56,863 36,608 593,471 (3,477) 2,281 592,275 (59,466) $532,809 Senior Credit Facility On December 17, 2014, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders for a $1,500,000,000 credit facility (‘‘Senior Credit Facility’’), comprised of a $1,000,000,000 multicurrency revolving credit facility (‘‘Revolving Credit Facility’’) and a $500,000,000 multicurrency term loan facility (‘‘Term Loan A Facility’’). The Senior Credit Facility contains two ﬁnancial covenants with which the Company must comply on a quarterly basis, including a maximum consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated ﬁxed charge coverage ratio. The Senior Credit Facility is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries and is secured by its domestic accounts receivable as well as pledges of the equity interest of certain of the Company’s direct and indirect subsidiaries. The Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan A Facility both have a ﬁve-year term, maturing on December 17, 2019, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions with respect to the Company’s outstanding convertible subordinated notes. The Company may use the remaining Senior Credit Facility for working capital, capital expenditures and other corporate purposes. F-39 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) The Term Loan A Facility bears interest at a rate based on LIBOR or, at the Company’s option, the base rate, which is deﬁned as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 1⁄2 of 1%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR plus, in either case, a margin that varies as a function of the Company’s consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio that ranges between 1.25% and 1.75% per annum if the Company elects to use the LIBOR index and in the range of 0.25% to 0.75% per annum if the Company elects to use the base rate index. In December 2014, the Company utilized $110,740,000 of the Term Loan A Facility to repay the remaining principal of the U.S. term loan as well as fees and interest. The Revolving Credit Facility allows the Company to borrow, repay and reborrow over the term. The Revolving Credit Facility provides a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit of up to $150,000,000 at any one time. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate based on LIBOR or, at the Company’s option, the base rate, as deﬁned above, plus, in either case, a margin that varies as a function of its consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio that ranges between 1.00% and 1.40% per annum if the Company elects to use the LIBOR index and in the range of 0.25% to 0.75% per annum if the Company elects to use the base rate index. The Company is required to pay a quarterly letter of credit fee on the face amount of each letter of credit, which fee is based on the same margin that applies from time to time to LIBOR-indexed borrowings under the revolving credit line. The Company is also required to pay a quarterly facility fee ranging from 0.25% to 0.35% per annum of the revolving credit facility, regardless of the amount utilized, which fee also varies as a function of our consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio. In December 2014, the outstanding letters of credit issued under the U.S. revolving credit line (see below) were assumed under the Revolving Credit Facility and the U.S. revolving credit line was terminated. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had $500,000,000 outstanding under the Term Loan A Facility. Borrowings under the Term Loan A Facility were denominated in U.S dollars as of December 31, 2014. The Company was required to repay the U.S. dollar denominated borrowings under the term loan facility in quarterly installments in the amount of $10,000,000 per quarter, commencing on March 31, 2015, with a balloon payment of $300,000,000 at the end of the term. First Amendment On April 30, 2015, the Company, as borrower, and certain subsidiaries as guarantors entered into the ﬁrst amendment (the ‘‘First Amendment’’) to the Senior Credit Facility. The First Amendment provided for the conversion of the outstanding U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings under the Term Loan A Facility into an approximately equivalent amount denominated in four foreign currencies. In connection with the execution of the First Amendment, on April 30, 2015 the Company repaid the U.S. dollar-denominated $490,000,000 remaining principal balance of the Term Loan A Facility and immediately reborrowed under the Term Loan A Facility in the aggregate principal amounts of CHF 47,780,000, €184,945,000, £92,586,000 and ¥11,924,000,000, or approximately $490,000,000 in U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect on April 30, 2015. The Company accounted for this transaction as a debt modiﬁcation. Fees paid to third parties were expensed. The Company is required to repay the foreign-currency denominated borrowings under the Term Loan A Facility in equal quarterly installments on the last business day of each March, June, September and December, commencing on June 30, 2015, equal to the amount of 2.00% of the result of the respective Term Loan A Facility on April 30, 2015 divided by 0.98. The remaining principal amount will be paid on the maturity date of the Term Loan A Facility. Second Amendment On December 8, 2015, the Company, as borrower, and certain subsidiaries as guarantors entered into the second amendment (the ‘‘Second Amendment’’) to the Senior Credit Facility. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Revolving Credit Facility was increased by $500,000,000 to $1,500,000,000 and the Company received commitments from the lenders for a $250,000,000 seven years term loan (the ‘‘USD Term Loan B Commitment’’) and for a £300,000,000, or approximately $442,020,000 in U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015, seven years term loan (the ‘‘Sterling Term Loan B F-40 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) Commitment’’, and collectively, the ‘‘Term Loan B Commitments’’). The Company may borrow the full amount of the Term Loan B Commitments in a single borrowing on or before June 30, 2016. An original issue discount applies to borrowings under the Term Loan B Commitments. The original issue discount for borrowings under the USD Term Loan B Commitment is 0.25% of the principal. The original issue discount for borrowings under the Sterling Term Loan B Commitment is 0.50% of the principal. Funding of the Term Loan B will be net of the applicable original issue discount. Loans made under the Term Loan B Commitments (the ‘‘Term Loan B’’) must be repaid in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% of the original principal, with the remaining amount outstanding to be repaid in full on the seventh anniversary of the funding date of the Term Loan B. Once repaid, amounts borrowed under the Term Loan B Commitments may not be reborrowed. Term Loan B made under the USD Term Loan B Commitment bear interest at a rate based on LIBOR or, at the Company’s option, the base rate, which is deﬁned as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 1⁄2 of 1%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR, or 0.75% if LIBOR is less than 0.75%, plus a margin of 3.25%. Term Loan B made under the Sterling Term Loan B Commitment bear interest at a rate based on LIBOR, or 0.75% if LIBOR is less than 0.75%, plus a margin of 3.75%. Outstanding Borrowings As of December 31, 2015, the Company had CHF 44,855,000, €173,622,000, £86,918,000 and ¥11,437,306,000, or approximately $456,740,000 in U.S dollars at exchange rates in effect as of December 31, 2015, outstanding under the Term Loan A Facility with a weighted average effective interest rate of 1.68% per annum. Debt issuance costs related to the Term Loan A, net of amortization, were $1,031,000 as of December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Term Loan B Commitments. The Company commenced borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility in late 2015. During 2015, the Company borrowed $245,000,000, of which $20,000,000 had been repaid as of December 31, 2015 and ¥12,094,000,000, or approximately $100,622,000 in U.S dollars at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, a total of $325,622,000 was outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility with interest rates ranging from 1.25% to 1.60%. In addition, the Company had 30 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $55,331,000 issued and outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2015. As a result, the amount available to the Company to borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility was $1,119,047,000 as of December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all covenants of the Senior Credit Facility. Bridge Term Loan In connection with its acquisition of Bit-isle, on September 30, 2015, the Company, acting through its Japanese subsidiaries as borrowers, entered into a term loan agreement (the ‘‘Bridge Term Loan Agreement’’) with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (‘‘BTMU’’). Pursuant to the Bridge Term Loan Agreement, BTMU has committed to provide a senior bridge loan facility (the ‘‘Bridge Term Loan’’) in the amount of up to ¥47,500,000,000, or approximately $395,200,000 in U.S dollars at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. Proceeds from the Bridge Term Loan were used exclusively for the acquisition of Bit-isle, the repayment of Bit-isle’s existing debt and transaction costs incurred in connection with the closing of the Bridge Term Loan and the acquisition of Bit-isle. In October 2015, the Company completed its ﬁrst draw down under the Bridge Term Loan of ¥27,260,000,000 or approximately $226,803,000 at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. In December 2015, the Company completed an additional draw down of ¥19,200,000,000, or approximately F-41 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) $159,744,000 at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015. Total outstanding borrowings under the Bridge Term Loan were ¥46,460,000,000 or $386,547,000 in U.S dollars at the exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2015. The Bridge Term Loan is due one year after borrowing the ﬁrst tranche. Borrowings under the Bridge Term Loan bear interest at the Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate for Japanese Yen, plus a margin of 0.4% per annum for the ﬁrst ten months following the ﬁrst draw down. Thereafter, the margin increases to 1.75% per annum. U.S. Financing In June 2012, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders for a $750,000,000 credit facility (the ‘‘U.S. Financing’’), comprised of a $200,000,000 term loan facility (the ‘‘U.S. Term Loan’’) and a $550,000,000 multicurrency revolving credit facility (the ‘‘U.S. Revolving Credit Line’’). The U.S. Term Loan bore interest at a rate based on LIBOR or, at the option of the Company, the Base Rate (deﬁned as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 1⁄2 of 1%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR plus 1.00%) plus, in either case, a margin that varies as a function of the Company’s senior leverage ratio in the range of 1.25%-2.00% per annum if the Company elects to use the LIBOR index and in the range of 0.25%-1.00% per annum if the Company elected to use the Base Rate index. In July 2012, the Company fully utilized the U.S. Term Loan and used the funds to prepay the outstanding balance of and terminate a multi-currency credit facility in the Company’s Asia-Paciﬁc region. Borrowings under the U.S. Revolving Credit Line bore interest at a rate based on LIBOR or, at the option of the Company, the Base Rate (deﬁned above) plus, in either case, a margin that varies as a function of the Company’s senior leverage ratio in the range of 0.95%-1.60% per annum if the Company elected to use the LIBOR index and in the range of 0.00%-0.60% per annum if the Company elected to use the Base Rate index. The Company was required to pay a quarterly letter of credit fee on the face amount of each letter of credit, which fee was based on the same margin that applies from time to time to LIBOR-indexed borrowings under the U.S. Revolving Credit Line. The Company was also required to pay a quarterly facility fee ranging from 0.30%-0.40% per annum of the U.S. Revolving Credit Line (regardless of the amount utilized), which fee also varied as a function of the Company’s senior leverage ratio. In June 2012, the outstanding letters of credit issued under an existing revolving credit facility were replaced by the U.S. Revolving Credit Line and the existing revolving credit facility was terminated. In December 2014, the Company paid down the remaining principal of U.S. Term Loan of $110,000,000 and replaced the U.S. Revolving Credit Line with the revolving credit facility (see above). As a result, Company recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $2,534,000. Brazil Financings In November 2013, the Company completed a 60,318,000 Brazilian real borrowing agreement, or approximately $25,536,000 (the ‘‘2013 Brazil Financing’’). The 2013 Brazil Financing has a ﬁve-year term with semi-annual principal payments beginning in the third year of its term and semi-annual interest payments during the entire term. The 2013 Brazil Financing bears an interest rate of 2.25% above the local borrowing rate. The 2013 Brazil Financing contains ﬁnancial covenants, which Brazil must comply with annually, consisting of a leverage ratio and a ﬁxed charge coverage ratio. As of December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all ﬁnancial covenants under the 2013 Brazil Financing. The 2013 Brazil Financing is not guaranteed by the Company. The 2013 Brazil Financing is not secured by the Company’s assets. The 2013 Brazil Financing has a ﬁnal maturity date of November 2018. During the three months ended December 31, 2013, the Company fully utilized the 2013 Brazil Financing. As of December 31, 2015, the effective interest rate under the 2013 Brazil Financing was 16.39% per annum. In June 2012, the Company completed a 100,000,000 Brazilian real borrowing agreement, or approximately $48,807,000 (the ‘‘2012 Brazil Financing’’). The 2012 Brazil Financing has a ﬁve-year term with semi-annual principal payments beginning in the third year of its term and quarterly interest payments F-42 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) during the entire term. The 2012 Brazil Financing bears an interest rate of 2.75% above the local borrowing rate. The 2012 Brazil Financing contains ﬁnancial covenants, which the Company must comply with annually, consisting of a leverage ratio and a ﬁxed charge coverage ratio. As of December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all ﬁnancial covenants under the 2012 Brazil Financing. The 2012 Brazil Financing is not guaranteed by the Company. The 2012 Brazil Financing is not secured by the Company’s assets. The 2012 Brazil Financing has a ﬁnal maturity date of June 2017. During the three months ended September 30, 2012, the Company fully utilized the 2012 Brazil Financing and used a portion of the funds to prepay and terminate Brazil loans payable outstanding. As of December 31, 2015, the effective interest rate under the 2012 Brazil Financing was 16.89% per annum. Mortgage Payable In October 2013, as a result of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition, the Company assumed a mortgage payable of $42,906,000 (see Note 2) with an effective interest rate of 4.25%. The mortgage payable has monthly principal and interest payments and has an expiration date of August 2022. Convertible Debt The Company’s convertible debt consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes Less amount representing debt discount and debt issuance cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $150,082 (3,961) $146,121 2014 $157,885 (12,656) $145,229 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes In September 2007, the Company issued $395,986,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes due October 15, 2014 (the ‘‘3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes’’). Interest is payable semi-annually on April 15 and October 15 of each year and commenced April 15, 2008. In June 2014, the Company entered into an agreement with a note holder to exchange an aggregate of $217,199,000 of the principal amount of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes for 1,948,578 shares of the Company’s common stock and $5,387,000 in cash, comprised of accrued interest and a premium. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $4,210,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2014 in its consolidated statement of operations. In the Company’s consolidated statement of cash ﬂows for the year ended December 31, 2014, the premium paid was included within net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities and the accrued interest paid was included within net cash provided by operating activities. In October 2014, upon maturity the Company settled with the remaining holders of 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes. The conversion rate was adjusted to 8.9264 per $1,000 principal amount of 3.00% convertible notes. Approximately $178,741,000 in aggregate principal amount of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes was converted into 1,595,496 shares of common stock. The remaining 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes, plus accrued interest, were settled in cash. 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes In June 2009, the Company issued $373,750,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes due June 15, 2016 (the ‘‘4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes’’). Interest is payable semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year and commenced on December 15, 2009. The 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes are governed by an Indenture dated as of June 12, 2009, between the Company, as issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the ‘‘4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes Indenture’’). The 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes Indenture does not contain any ﬁnancial covenants or any restrictions on the payment of dividends, the incurrence of senior debt or other F-43 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) indebtedness, or the issuance or repurchase of securities by the Company. The 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes are unsecured and rank junior in right of payment to the Company’s existing or future senior debt and equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future subordinated debt. Upon conversion, holders will receive, at the Company’s election, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock. However, the Company may at any time irrevocably elect for the remaining term of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes to satisfy its obligation in cash up to 100% of the principal amount of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, with any remaining amount to be satisﬁed, at the Company’s election, in shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock. The initial conversion rate was 11.8599 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, subject to adjustment. This represented an initial conversion price of approximately $84.32 per share of common stock. In November 2014, the Company adjusted the conversion rate of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes from 11.8599 shares of its common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the notes to 12.2736 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the notes, which was effective as of October 24, 2014. The adjustment was the result of the declaration of the 2014 Special Distribution. This represented an adjusted conversion price of approximately $81.48 per share of common stock as of December 31, 2014. During 2015, the Company adjusted the conversion rate as a result of the declaration of each quarterly dividend and the 2015 Special Distribution. As of December 31, 2015, the conversion rate of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes was 13.0655 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the notes. This represented an adjusted conversion price of $76.54 per share of common stock as of December 31, 2015. Holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes may convert their notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date under the following circumstances: • • • • during any ﬁscal quarter (and only during that ﬁscal quarter) ending after December 31, 2009, if the sale price of the Company’s common stock, for at least 20 trading days during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the previous ﬁscal quarter, is greater than 130% of the adjusted conversion price per share of common stock on such last trading day, which was approximately $104.14 per share after the adjustment from the 2015 special distribution and quarterly dividend (the ‘‘Stock Price Condition Conversion Clause’’); subject to certain exceptions, during the ﬁve business day period following any 10 consecutive trading day period in which the trading price of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes for each day of such period was less than 98% of the product of the sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate (the ‘‘4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes Parity Provision Clause’’); upon the occurrence of speciﬁed corporate transactions described in the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes Indenture, such as a consolidation, merger or binding share exchange in which the Company’s common stock would be converted into cash or property other than securities (the ‘‘Corporate Action Provision Clause’’); or at any time on or after March 15, 2016. Upon conversion, if the Company elected to pay a sufficiently large portion of the conversion obligation in cash, additional consideration beyond the gross proceeds received would be required. Holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes were eligible to convert their notes during the year ended December 31, 2015 and are eligible to convert their notes during the three months ending March 31, 2016, since the Stock Price Condition Conversion Clause was met during the applicable periods. As of F-44 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) December 31, 2015, had the holders of the remaining outstanding 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes converted their notes, the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes would have been convertible into a maximum of 1,960,896 shares of the Company’s common stock. The conversion rates may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain events, including for any cash dividend, but they will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid interest. Holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes will not receive any cash payment representing accrued and unpaid interest upon conversion of a note. Accrued but unpaid interest will be deemed to be paid in full upon conversion rather than canceled, extinguished or forfeited. The Company does not have the right to redeem the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes at its option. Holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes have the right to require the Company to purchase with cash all or a portion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, such as a change of control at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase. Following certain corporate transactions that constitute a change of control, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes in connection with such change of control in certain circumstances. Under an accounting standard for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion (including partial cash settlement), the Company separated the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes into a liability component and an equity component. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability (including any embedded features other than the conversion option) that does not have an associated equity component. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the embedded conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the initial proceeds ascribed to the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes as a whole. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the expected life of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component using the effective interest method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classiﬁcation as prescribed in the accounting standard for derivative ﬁnancial instruments indexed to, and potentially settled in, an entity’s own common stock and the accounting standard for determining whether an instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to an entity’s own stock. In May and June 2014, certain holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes elected to convert a total of $215,830,000 of the principal amount of the notes for 2,411,851 shares of the Company’s common stock and $51,671,000 in cash, comprised of accrued interest, premium and cash paid in lieu of issuing shares for certain note holders’ principal amount. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $46,973,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014 in its consolidated statement of operations. The loss on debt extinguishment included the premium paid and the excess of the fair value of liability component of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes over its carrying amount, including debt discount and unamortized debt issuance costs, in accordance with the accounting standard for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion (including partial cash settlement). In the Company’s consolidated statement of cash ﬂows for the year ended December 31, 2014, the premium and cash paid in lieu of issuing shares to settle a portion of the principal amount were included within net cash provided by ﬁnancing activities and the accrued interest paid was included within net cash provided by operating activities. In December 2015, certain holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes elected to convert a total of $7,803,000 of the principal amount of the notes at a conversion rate of 13.0655 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the notes. The Company issued a total 101,947 shares of its common stock and paid approximately $1,000 in cash for residual shares in connection with the conversions. The Company recorded a $289,000 loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the conversions. F-45 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) Issuance and transaction costs incurred at the time of the issuance of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes with third parties are allocated to the liability and equity components and accounted for as debt issuance costs and equity issuance costs, respectively. The 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): Equity component(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 42,091 2014 $ 44,278 Liability component: Principal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less debt discount and debt issuance costs, net(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net carrying amount $150,082 (3,961) $146,121 $157,885 (12,656) $145,229 (1) (2) Included in the consolidated balance sheets within additional paid-in capital. Included in the consolidated balance sheets within convertible debt and is amortized over the remaining life of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes. As of December 31, 2015, the remaining life of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes was 0.46 years. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Contractual interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt discount 2015 $ 7,501 428 8,060 $15,989 2014 $10,976 629 10,448 $22,053 Effective interest rate of the liability component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.65% 10.88% To minimize the impact of potential dilution upon conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions (‘‘the Capped Call’’) separate from the issuance of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and paid a premium of $49,664,000 for the Capped Call in 2009. The Capped Call covers a total of approximately 4,432,638 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to adjustment. Under the Capped Call, the Company effectively raised the conversion price of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes from $84.32 to $114.82. In May and June 2014, the Company amended the Capped Call to provide that early exchanges of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes would not result in the termination of a relative amount of the Capped Call if the Company did not exercise the Capped Call at the time the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes were exchanged. Instead, the Capped Call will remain outstanding in its entirety. The amendment to the Capped Call had no impact to the Company’s consolidated ﬁnancial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, pursuant to the accounting standard for derivative ﬁnancial instruments indexed to, and potentially settled in, an entity’s own common stock and the accounting standard for determining whether an instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to an entity’s own stock. Pursuant to the declaration of the special distribution in October 2014, the Company further amended the Capped Call agreement to adjust the effective conversion price of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes from $81.48 to $110.85 per share of common stock as of December 31, 2014. Pursuant to the declaration of each quarterly dividend during 2015 and the declaration of the special distribution in September 2015, the Company further amended the Capped Call agreement to adjust the effective conversion price of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes from $76.54 to $104.14 per share of common stock as of December 31, 2015. F-46 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) Depending upon the Company’s stock price at the time the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes are redeemed, the Capped Call will return up to 1,294,192 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company; however, the Company will receive no beneﬁt from the Capped Call if the Company’s stock price is $76.54 or lower at the time of conversion and will receive less shares than the 1,294,192 share maximum as described above for share prices in excess of $104.14 at the time of conversion than it would have received at a share price of $104.14 (the Company’s beneﬁt from the Capped Call is capped at $104.14 and the beneﬁt received begins to decrease above this price). Senior Notes The Company’s senior notes consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands): 5.375% Senior Notes due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.875% Senior Notes due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.75% Senior Notes due 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.875% Senior Notes due 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less amount representing debt issuance cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $1,000,000 750,000 500,000 500,000 1,100,000 3,850,000 (45,366) $3,804,634 2014 $1,000,000 750,000 500,000 500,000 — 2,750,000 (32,954) $2,717,046 2022 Senior Notes and 2025 Senior Notes In November 2014, the Company issued $750,000,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes due January 1, 2022, and $500,000,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior notes due January 1, 2025, which are referred to as the ‘‘2022 Senior Notes’’ and ‘‘2025 Senior Notes’’, respectively, and collectively, as the ‘‘2022 and 2025 Senior Notes’’. Interest on each series of the notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, commencing on July 1, 2015. The 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes are unsecured and rank equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing or future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness. The 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of the existing and future secured debt, including debt outstanding under any bank facility or secured by any mortgage, to the extent of the assets securing such debt. They are also structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of any of the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes are governed by an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The indenture contains covenants that limit the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to, among other things: • • • • • • • • incur additional debt; pay dividends or make other restricted payments; purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or subordinated debt; make asset sales; enter into transactions with affiliates; incur liens; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; provide subsidiary guarantees; F-47 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) • • make investments; and merge or consolidate with any other person. Subject to compliance with the limitations described above, the Company may issue an unlimited principal amount of additional notes at later dates under the same indenture as the 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes. Any additional notes the Company issues under the indenture will be identical in all respects to the 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes except that the additional notes will have different issuance dates and may have different issuance prices. The Company is not required to make any mandatory redemption with respect to the 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes, however under certain circumstances as speciﬁed in the restrictions described above, the Company may be required to offer to purchase the 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes. At any time prior to January 1, 2018, the Company may on any one or more occasions redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Senior Notes (calculated giving effect to any issuance of additional notes of such series) outstanding under the 2022 Senior Notes indenture, at a redemption price equal to 105.375% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings, provided that (i) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Senior Notes issued under the 2022 indenture remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption (excluding 2022 Senior Notes held by the Company and its subsidiaries) and (ii) the redemption must occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such equity offerings. On or after January 1, 2018, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2022 Senior Notes, on any one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but not including, the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning January 1 of the years indicated below: 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption Price of the 2022 Notes 104.031% 102.688% 101.344% 100.000% In addition, at any time prior to January 1, 2018, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2022 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of 2022 Senior Notes redeemed plus the applicable premium (the ‘‘2022 Senior Notes Applicable Premium’’) as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of the redemption, subject to the rights of the holders of record of 2022 Senior Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date. The 2022 Senior Notes Applicable Premium means the greater of: • • 1.0% of the principal amount of the 2022 Senior Notes; the excess of: (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the 2022 Senior Notes at January 1, 2018 (such redemption price being set forth in the table as shown in the above table), plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the 2022 Senior Notes through January 1, 2018 (excluding accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including the, the redemption date,) computed using a discount rate equal to the treasury rate as of such redemption date plus 0.5 basis points; and • the principal amount of the 2022 Senior Notes. F-48 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) At any time prior to January 1, 2018, the Company may on any one or more occasions redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Senior Notes (calculated giving effect to any issuance of additional notes of such series) outstanding under the 2025 Senior Notes indenture, at a redemption price equal to 105.750% of the principal amount of the 2025 Senior Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings; provided that (1) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Senior Notes issued under the 2025 Senior Notes indenture remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption (excluding 2025 Senior Notes held by the Company and its subsidiaries); and (2) the redemption must occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such equity offering. On or after January 1, 2020, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2025 Senior Notes, on any one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but not including, the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning January 1 of the years indicated below: 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption Price of the 2025 Notes 102.875% 101.917% 100.958% 100.000% In addition, at any time prior to January 1, 2020, the Company may also redeem all or a part of the 2025 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of 2025 Senior Notes redeemed plus the applicable premium (the ‘‘2025 Senior Notes Applicable Premium’’) as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the redemption date, subject to the rights of holders of record of 2025 Senior Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date. The 2025 Senior Notes Applicable Premium means the greater of: • • 1.0% of the principal amount of the 2025 Senior Notes; the excess of: (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the 2025 Senior Notes at January 1, 2020 (such redemption price being set forth in the table as shown in the above table), plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the 2025 Senior Notes through January 1, 2020 (excluding accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including the, the redemption date,) computed using a discount rate equal to the treasury rate as of such redemption date plus 0.5 basis points; and • the principal amount of the 2025 Senior Notes. As of December 31, 2015, debt issuance costs related to the 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes, net of amortization, were $14,622,000. 2026 Senior Notes In December 2015, the Company issued $1,100,000,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% of additional senior notes due January 15, 2026, which are referred to as the ‘‘2026 Senior Notes’’. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, commencing on July 15, 2016. F-49 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) The 2026 Senior Notes are unsecured and rank equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing or future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness. The senior notes are effectively subordinated to all of the existing and future secured debt, including debt outstanding under any bank facility or secured by any mortgage, to the extent of the assets securing such debt. They are also structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of any of the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2026 Senior Notes are governed by a supplemental indenture to the indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, that governs the Company’s 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes. The supplemental indenture contains covenants that limit the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to, among other things: • • • • • • • • • • incur additional debt; pay dividends or make other restricted payments; purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or subordinated debt; make asset sales; enter into transactions with affiliates; incur liens; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; provide subsidiary guarantees; make investments; and merge or consolidate with any other person. The 2026 Senior Notes provided for a special mandatory redemption if the TelecityGroup acquisition was not completed on or prior to November 29, 2016, or if, prior to such date, the TelecityGroup offer had lapsed or been withdrawn for the purposes of the UK City Code on Takeovers and Mergers. In either case, the Company would have been required to redeem all of the 2026 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. The acquisition of TelecityGroup closed on January 15, 2016. As a result, the Company is no longer subject to a mandatory redemption of the 2026 Senior Notes. The 2026 Senior Notes also provide for optional redemption. At any time prior to January 15, 2019, the Company may on any one or more occasions redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Senior Notes (calculated giving effect to any issuance of additional notes of such series) outstanding under the 2026 Senior Notes indenture, at a redemption price equal to 105.875% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings, provided that (i) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Senior Notes (calculated giving effect to any issuance of additional notes) issued under the 2026 indenture remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption and (ii) the redemption must occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such equity offerings. F-50 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) On or after January 15, 2021, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2026 Senior Notes, on any one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but not including, the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning January 15 of the years indicated below: 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption Price of the 2026 Notes 102.938% 101.958% 100.979% 100.000% In addition, at any time prior to January 15, 2021, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2026 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of 2026 Senior Notes redeemed plus the applicable premium (the ‘‘2026 Senior Notes Applicable Premium’’) as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of the redemption, subject to the rights of the holders of record of 2026 Senior Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date. The 2026 Senior Notes Applicable Premium means the greater of: • • 1.0% of the principal amount of the 2022 Senior Notes; the excess of: (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the 2022 Senior Notes at January 15, 2021 (such redemption price being set forth in the table as shown in the above table), plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the 2026 Senior Notes through January 15, 2021 (excluding accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including the, the redemption date,) computed using a discount rate equal to the treasury rate as of such redemption date plus 0.5 basis points; over (b) the principal amount of the 2026 Senior Notes, if greater. As of December 31, 2015, debt issuance costs related to the 2026 Senior Notes, net of amortization, were $16,904,000. 2020 Senior Notes and 2023 Senior Notes In March 2013, the Company issued $1,500,000,000 aggregate principal amount of senior notes, which consist of $500,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due April 1, 2020 (the ‘‘2020 Senior Notes’’) and $1,000,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes due April 1, 2023 (the ‘‘2023 Senior Notes’’). Interest on both the 2020 Senior Notes and the 2023 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year and commenced on October 1, 2013. The 2020 Senior Notes and the 2023 Senior Notes are governed by separate indentures dated March 5, 2013, between the Company, as issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the ‘‘Senior Notes Indentures’’). The Senior Notes Indentures contain covenants that limit the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to, among other things: • • • • • • • incur additional debt; pay dividends or make other restricted payments; purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or subordinated debt; make asset sales; enter into transactions with affiliates; incur liens; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; F-51 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) • • • provide subsidiary guarantees; make investments; and merge or consolidate with any other person. Each of these restrictions has a number of important qualiﬁcations and exceptions. The 2020 Senior Notes and the 2023 Senior Notes are unsecured and rank equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing or future senior unsecured debt and senior in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future subordinated debt. The 2020 Senior Notes and the 2023 Senior Notes are junior to the Company’s secured indebtedness and guaranteed indebtedness of its subsidiaries. At any time prior to April 1, 2016, the Company may on any one or more occasions redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes outstanding at a redemption price equal to 104.875% of the principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings; provided that (i) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes issued under the 2020 Senior Notes indenture remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption (excluding the 2020 Senior Notes held by the Company and its subsidiaries); and (ii) the redemption must occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such equity offering. On or after April 1, 2017, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2020 Senior Notes, on any one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but not including, the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on April 1 of the years indicated below: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption Price of the 2020 Senior Notes 102.438% 101.219% 100.000% At any time prior to April 1, 2017, the Company may also redeem all or a part of the 2020 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes redeemed plus an applicable premium (the ‘‘2020 Senior Notes Applicable Premium’’), and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption (the ‘‘2020 Senior Notes Redemption Date’’). The 2020 Senior Notes Applicable Premium means the greater of: • • 1.0% of the principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes; and the excess of: (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the 2020 Senior Notes at April 1, 2017 as shown in the above table, plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the 2020 Senior Notes through April 1, 2017 (excluding accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including the 2020 Senior Notes Redemption Date), computed using a discount rate equal to the yield to maturity of the U.S. Treasury securities with a constant maturity most nearly equal to the period from the 2020 Senior Notes Redemption Date to April 1, 2017, plus 0.50%; over (b) the principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes. At any time prior to April 1, 2016, the Company may on any one or more occasions redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Senior Notes outstanding at a redemption price equal to 105.375% of the principal amount of the 2023 Senior Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings; provided that (i) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Senior Notes issued under the 2023 Senior Notes indenture remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption F-52 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) (excluding the 2023 Senior Notes held by the Company and its subsidiaries); and (ii) the redemption must occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such equity offering. On or after April 1, 2018, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2023 Senior Notes, on any one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but not including, the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on April 1 of the years indicated below: 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption Price of the 2023 Senior Notes 102.688% 101.792% 100.896% 100.000% At any time prior to April 1, 2018, the Company may also redeem all or a part of the 2023 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2023 Senior Notes redeemed plus an applicable premium (the ‘‘2023 Senior Notes Applicable Premium’’), and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption (the ‘‘2023 Senior Notes Redemption Date’’). The 2023 Senior Notes Applicable Premium means the greater of: • • 1.0% of the principal amount of the 2023 Senior Notes; and the excess of: (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the 2023 Senior Notes at April 1, 2018 as shown in the above table, plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the 2023 Senior Notes through April 1, 2018 (excluding accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including the 2023 Senior Notes Redemption Date), computed using a discount rate equal to the yield to maturity of the U.S. Treasury securities with a constant maturity most nearly equal to the period from the 2023 Senior Notes Redemption Date to April 1, 2018, plus 0.50%; over (b) the principal amount of the 2023 Senior Notes. Debt issuance costs related to the 2020 Senior Notes and 2023 Senior Notes, net of amortization, were $13,865,000 as of December 31, 2015. 7.00% Senior Notes In July 2011, the Company issued $750,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 7.00% Senior Notes due July 15, 2021 (the ‘‘7.00% Senior Notes’’). Interest was payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year and commenced on January 15, 2012. The indenture governing the 7.00% senior notes permitted the Company to redeem the 7.00% senior notes at the redemption prices set forth in the 7.00% senior notes indenture plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including the redemption price. In December 2014, the Company redeemed the 7.00% Senior Notes and paid $866,861,000 in cash including the principal amount of $750,000,000 plus a premium of $93,965,000 and accrued and unpaid interest of $22,896,000. During the three months of December 31, 2014, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $103,273,000, including the unamortized debt issuance costs and the redemption premium. F-53 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) Loss on Debt Extinguishment During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded $289,000 of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the conversions of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded $156,990,000 of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $103,273,000 of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of the 7.00% Senior Notes, which included the $93,965,000 redemption premium that was paid in cash and $9,307,000 related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, (ii) $51,183,000 related to the exchanges of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes and 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and (iii) $2,534,000 as a result of the prepayment and termination of the U.S. Term Loan and the U.S. Revolving Credit Line. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded $108,501,000 of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $93,602,000 loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of the 8.125% Senior Notes, which included the $80,925,000 applicable premium that was paid in cash, $8,927,000 related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and $3,750,000 of other transaction-related fees, (ii) $13,189,000 from the new leases for the London 4 and 5 IBX data centers that replaced the existing leases and (iii) $1,710,000 from an amendment of the New York 5 and 6 IBX data center lease. Maturities of Debt Facilities The following table sets forth maturities of the Company’s debt, including loans payable, convertible debt and senior notes, gross of debt issuance costs and discounts, as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Year ending: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 920,125 51,048 47,615 339,329 503,224 3,384,427 $5,245,768 Fair Value of Debt Facilities The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of the Company’s mortgage, loans payable, convertible debt, senior notes and revolving credit line, including current maturities, as of December 31 (in thousands): Mortgage and loans payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convertible debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revolving credit line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 916,602 151,997 3,954,000 325,617 2014 $ 553,045 162,159 2,790,023 — The fair value of the mortgage, loans payable and convertible debt, which were not publicly traded, was estimated by considering the Company’s credit rating, current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt (level 2). The fair value of the senior notes, which were traded in the public debt market, was based on quoted market prices (level 1). F-54 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9. Debt Facilities − (continued) Interest Charges The following table sets forth total interest costs incurred and total interest costs capitalized for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest capitalized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest charges incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $299,055 10,943 $309,998 2014 $270,553 19,004 $289,557 2013 $248,792 10,608 $259,400 10. Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests The following table provides a summary of the activities of the Company’s redeemable non-controlling interests (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests. . Increase in redemption value of non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise of vested and outstanding ALOG stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase price of redeemable non-controlling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balances as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 123,902 (1,179) 1,810 90,913 1,724 8,459 (225,629) — $ 11. Stockholders’ Equity The Company’s authorized share capital is 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 25,000,000 is designated Series A, 25,000,000 is designated as Series A-1 and 50,000,000 is undesignated. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no preferred stock issued and outstanding. Common Stock In November 2015, the Company issued and sold 2,994,792 shares of its common stock in a public offering pursuant to a registration statement and a related prospectus and prospectus supplement, in each case ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The shares issued and sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 390,625 additional shares. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $829,496,000, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $32,344,000 and estimated offering expenses of $660,000. In December 2015, certain holders of the Company’s 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes elected to convert a portion of the notes into 101,947 shares of the Company’s common stock. See convertible debt in Note 9 for additional information. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had reserved the following shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock for future issuances: Conversion of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock options and restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock employee purchase plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,960,896 5,848,288 3,577,911 11,387,095 F-55 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Stockholders’ Equity − (continued) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Foreign currency translation adjustment (‘‘CTA’’) loss . . . Unrealized gain (loss) on cash ﬂow hedges(1) . . . . . . . . . Net investment hedge CTA gain(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities(2) . . Net actuarial gain (loss) on deﬁned beneﬁt plans(3) . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2014 $(336,946) 6,603 — (99) (2,001) $(332,443) Net Change $(186,763) 4,550 4,484 (40) 1,153 $(176,616) Balance as of December 31, 2015 $(523,709) 11,153 4,484 (139) (848) $(509,059) (1) Refer to Note 6 for a discussion of the amounts reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income (loss). (2) The realized gains and losses reclassiﬁed from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income (loss) were insigniﬁcant for the year ended December 31, 2015. (3) The Company has a deﬁned beneﬁt pension plan covering all employees in one country where such plans are mandated by law. The Company does not have any deﬁned beneﬁt plans in any other countries. The unamortized gain (loss) on deﬁned beneﬁt plans includes gains or losses resulting from a change in the value of either the projected beneﬁt obligation or the plan assets resulting from a change in an actuarial assumption, net of amortization. Changes in foreign currencies can have a signiﬁcant impact to the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (as evidenced above in the Company’s foreign currency translation gain or loss), as well as its consolidated results of operations, as amounts in foreign currencies are generally translating into more U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar weakens or less U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar strengthens. At December 31, 2015, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which the Company operates. This overall strength of the U.S. dollar had an overall negative impact on the Company’s consolidated ﬁnancial position because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars as evidenced by an increase in foreign currency translation loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 as reﬂected in the above table. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which the Company does business could have a signiﬁcant impact on its consolidated ﬁnancial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that the Company reports in future periods. Share Repurchase Program 2013 Share Repurchase Program In December 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors (the ‘‘Board’’) approved a share repurchase program (the ‘‘2013 Share Repurchase Program’’) to repurchase up to $500,000,000 in value of the Company’s common stock in the open market or private transactions through December 31, 2014. The 2013 Share Repurchase Program was designed to return value to the Company’s shareholders and minimize dilution from stock issuances. F-56 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Stockholders’ Equity − (continued) During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company repurchased a total of 1,517,743 shares of its common stock in the open market at an average price of $196.32 per share for total consideration of $297,958,000 under the 2013 Share Repurchase Program. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company repurchased a total of 288,739 shares of its common stock in the open market at an average price of $169.01 per share for total consideration of $48,799,000 under the 2013 Share Repurchase Program. The 2013 Share Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company re-issued 7,348 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $1,807,000 related to the settlement of restricted stock units and 11,784 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $3,546,000 related to the exchange and conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes (see Note 9). During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company re-issued a total of 1,752,615 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $345,858,000 primarily related to the exchange and conversions of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and the exchanges and settlement of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes (see Note 9). 2011 Share Repurchase Program In November 2011, the Board approved a share repurchase program (the ‘‘2011 Share Repurchase Program’’) to repurchase up to $250,000,000 in value of the Company’s common stock in the open market or private transactions through December 31, 2012. The 2011 Share Repurchase Program was designed to return value to the Company’s shareholders and minimize dilution from stock issuances. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company repurchased a total of 131,489 shares and 870,421 shares, respectively, of its common stock in the open market at an average price of $101.64 and $99.57 per share for total consideration of $100,030,000 under the 2011 Share Repurchase Program. The 2011 Share Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2012. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company re-issued a total of 355,477 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $66,424,000, primarily related to the exchange and conversions of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes (see Note 9). During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company re-issued a total of 8,266 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $811,000, primarily related to the settlement of restricted stock units. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company re-issued a total of 638,167 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $63,354,000, primarily related to the settlement of the 2.50% Convertible Subordinated Notes (see Note 9). Special Distributions In September 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a special distribution of $627,000,000, or approximately $10.95 per share (the ‘‘2015 Special Distribution’’), to its common stockholders. The 2015 Special Distribution represents an amount that includes the sum of: (1) foreign earnings and proﬁts repatriated as dividend income in 2015; (2) taxable income in 2015 from depreciation recapture in respect of accounting method changes commenced in the Company’s pre-REIT period; and (3) certain other items of taxable income. The 2015 Special Distribution was paid on November 10, 2015 to the Company’s common stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 8, 2015. Common stockholders had the option to elect to receive payment of the 2015 Special Distribution in the form of stock or cash. The number of shares distributed was determined based upon common stockholder elections and the average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the three trading days commencing on November 3, 2015 or $297.03 per share. As such, the Company issued 1,688,411 shares of its common stock and paid $125,486,000 in connection with the 2015 Special Distribution. F-57 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11. Stockholders’ Equity − (continued) In October 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a special distribution of $416,000,000, or approximately $7.57 per share (the ‘‘2014 Special Distribution’’), to its common stockholders in connection with the Company’s planned conversion to a REIT. The 2014 Special Distribution was paid on November 25, 2014 to the Company’s common stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 27, 2014. Common stockholders had the option to elect to receive payment of the 2014 Special Distribution in the form of stock or cash, with the total cash payment to all stockholders limited to no more than 20% of the total distribution. The number of shares distributed was determined based upon common stockholder elections and the average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the three trading days commencing on November 18, 2014 or $224.45 per share. As such, the Company issued 1,482,419 shares of its common stock and paid $83,266,000 in connection with the 2014 Special Distribution. Shares issued in connection with the 2015 Special Distribution and the 2014 Special Distribution impact weighted average shares outstanding from the date of issuance, thus impacting the Company’s earnings per share data prospectively from the distribution date. Dividends During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $1.69 per share on October 28, July 29, May 7 and February 19, 2015, with record dates of December 9, August 26, May 27 and March 11, 2015, respectively, and payment dates of December 16, September 16, June 17 and March 25, 2015, respectively. The Company paid a total of $393,584,000 in cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, for dividends and special distributions attributed to the RSU awards, the Company recorded a short term dividend payable of $13,674,000 and a long term dividend payable of $13,394,000 for the restricted stock units that have not yet vested (See Note 12). 12. Stock-Based Compensation ALOG Equity Awards In July 2011, ALOG, in which the Company had an indirect controlling interest (see Note 2), granted 885,840 stock options to purchase common shares of ALOG to certain of ALOG’s employees with a weighted-average exercise price of approximately $6.35 and a weighted-average fair value of approximately $1.53 (the ‘‘2011 ALOG Stock Options’’). The 2011 ALOG Stock Options were canceled in December 2012 and replaced with a new grant of stock options for 18,421,648 shares of which stock options for 4,711,808 shares were immediately vested (the ‘‘2012 ALOG Stock Options’’). The 2012 ALOG Stock Options were accounted for as liability-classiﬁed awards under the accounting standard for share-based payments and were be re-measured each reporting period prospectively until the underlying shares were settled. Under certain circumstances, the 2012 ALOG Stock Options were eligible for net cash settlement by the stock option holders. In July 2014, the Company paid $8,459,000 in cash to settle all vested and outstanding stock options to purchase common shares of ALOG that were held by ALOG employees. Equinix Equity Awards Equity Compensation Plans In May 2000, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan as the successor plan to the 1998 Stock Plan. Beginning in August 2000, the Company no longer issued additional grants under the 1998 Stock Plan, and unexercised options under the 1998 Stock Plan that are canceled due to an optionee’s termination may be reissued under the successor 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, nonstatutory stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights may be granted to employees, outside directors and consultants at not less than 85% F-58 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stock-Based Compensation − (continued) of the fair value on the date of grant, and incentive stock options may be granted to employees at not less than 100% of the fair value on the date of grant. Options granted prior to October 1, 2005 generally expire 10 years from the grant date, and equity awards granted to employees and consultants on or after October 1, 2005 will generally expire 7 years from the grant date, subject to continuous service of the optionee. Equity awards granted under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over 4 years. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had reserved a total of 16,636,172 shares for issuance under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan of which 3,628,457 were still available for grant. The 2000 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the ‘‘Compensation Committee’’), and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time. In May 2000, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2000 Director Option Plan, which was amended and restated effective January 1, 2003. Under the 2000 Director Option Plan, each non-employee board member who was not previously an employee of the Company will receive an automatic initial nonstatutory stock option grant, which vests in four annual installments. In addition, each non-employee board member will receive an annual non-statutory stock option grant on the date of the Company’s regular Annual Meeting of Stockholders, provided the board member will continue to serve as a director thereafter. Such annual option grants shall vest in full on the earlier of a) the ﬁrst anniversary of the grant, or b) the date of the regular Annual Meeting of Stockholders held in the year following the grant date. A new director who receives an initial option will not receive an annual option in the same calendar year. Options granted under the 2000 Director Option Plan will have an option price not less than 100% of the fair value on the date of grant and will have a 10-year contractual term, subject to continuous service of the board member. On December 18, 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors passed resolutions eliminating all automatic stock option grant mechanisms under the 2000 Director Option Plan, and replaced them with an automatic restricted stock unit grant mechanism under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had reserved 594,403 shares for issuance under the 2000 Director Option Plan of which 505,646 were still available for grant. The 2000 Director Option Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time. In September 2001, the Company adopted the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, under which non-statutory stock options and restricted shares/restricted stock units may be granted to consultants and employees who are not executive officers or board members, at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant. Options granted prior to October 1, 2005 generally expire 10 years from the grant date, and options granted on or after October 1, 2005 will generally expire seven years from the grant date, subject to continuous service of the optionee. Current stock options granted under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan generally vest over four years. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had reserved a total of 1,494,275 shares for issuance under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, of which 260,498 were still available for grant. The 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee, and the plan will continue in effect indeﬁnitely unless the Compensation Committee decides to terminate it earlier. The 1998 Stock Plan, 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, 2000 Director Option Plan and 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan are collectively referred to as the ‘‘Equity Compensation Plans.’’ F-59 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stock-Based Compensation − (continued) Stock Options Stock option activity under the Equity Compensation Plans is summarized as follows: Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2013 . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares granted due to special distribution . . Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares granted due to special distribution . . Stock options expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . Stock options vested and exercisable at December 31, Number of shares outstanding 296,529 (147,819) (655) 148,055 (71,780) 1,659 77,934 (41,889) 1,454 (250) 37,249 Weighted average exercise price per share $68.68 63.66 3.06 73.99 72.44 — 73.84 64.18 — 41.12 82.06 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,249 82.06 Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) Aggregate intrinsic value(1) (dollars in thousands) 1.72 1.72 $8,208 8,208 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market value of the stock as of December 31, 2015 and the exercise price of the option. The following table summarizes information about outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2015: Range of exercise prices $28.56 to $54.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $80.84 to $81.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $88.56 to $89.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) 2.88 1.21 2.35 1.72 Exercisable Weighted- average exercise price $35.83 81.13 88.63 82.06 Number of shares 1,631 21,183 14,435 37,249 Weighted- average exercise price $35.83 81.13 88.63 82.06 Number of shares 1,631 21,183 14,435 37,249 The Company provides the following additional disclosures for stock options as of December 31 (dollars in thousands): Total fair value of stock options vested . . . . . . . . . . . . Total aggregate intrinsic value of stock options 2015 $ — 2014 $ 45 2013 $ 485 exercised(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,198 9,227 19,385 (1) The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market value of the stock on the date of exercise and the exercise price of the option. F-60 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stock-Based Compensation − (continued) Restricted Stock Units Since 2008, the Company primarily grants restricted stock units to its employees, including executives and non-employee directors, in lieu of stock options. The Company generally grants restricted stock units that have a service condition only or have both a service and performance condition. Each restricted stock unit is not considered issued and outstanding and does not have voting rights until it is converted into one share of the Company’s common stock upon vesting. Restricted stock unit activity is summarized as follows: Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2012 . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units released, vested . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted shares outstanding, December 31, 2013 . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares granted due to special distribution . . Restricted stock units released, vested . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted shares outstanding, December 31, 2014 . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares granted due to special distribution . Restricted stock units released, vested . . . . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares released . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special distribution shares canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted shares outstanding, December 31, 2015 . . . . . Number of shares outstanding 1,583,840 775,029 (738,767) (110,720) 1,509,382 803,692 48,171 (703,393) (253,878) 1,403,974 711,990 51,432 (623,554) (19,966) (103,922) (3,516) 1,416,438 Weighted- average grant date fair value per share $115.22 204.20 199.14 138.27 122.05 190.90 224.45 201.85 179.71 114.56 236.89 297.03 173.79 227.99 198.67 235.43 148.53 Weighted- average remaining contractual life (years) Aggregate intrinsic value(1) (dollars in thousands) 1.21 $428,331 (1) The intrinsic value is calculated based on the market value of the stock as of December 31, 2015. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested and released during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $157,605,000, $141,980,000 and $147,119,000. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In June 2004, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ‘‘2004 Purchase Plan’’) as a successor plan to a previous plan that ceased activity in 2005. A total of 500,000 shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan, and the number of shares available for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan automatically increased on January 1 each year, beginning in 2005 and ending in 2014 by the lesser of 2% of the shares of common stock then outstanding or 500,000 shares. Effective November 25, 2014, 3,197 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2014 Special Distribution. Effective November 10, 2015, 9,020 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2015 Special Distribution. As of December 31, 2015, a total of 3,577,911 shares remained available for purchase under the 2004 Purchase Plan. The 2004 Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock on favorable terms via payroll deductions of up to 15% of the employee’s cash compensation, subject to certain share and statutory dollar limits. Two overlapping offering periods commence during each calendar year, on each February 15 and August 15 or such other periods or dates as determined by the Compensation Committee from time to time, and the offering periods last up to 24 months with a purchase F-61 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stock-Based Compensation − (continued) date every six months. The price of each share purchased is 85% of the lower of a) the fair value per share of common stock on the last trading day before the commencement of the applicable offering period or b) the fair value per share of common stock on the purchase date. The 2004 Purchase Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, and such plan will terminate automatically in June 2024 unless a) the 2004 Purchase Plan is extended by the Board of Directors and b) the extension is approved within 12 months by the Company’s stockholders. The Company provides the following disclosures for the 2004 Purchase Plan as of December 31 (dollars, except shares): Weighted-average purchase price per share . . . . . . . . . Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of shares purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of shares purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $ 150.13 2014 $ 144.95 2013 $ 108.97 57.63 182,175 53.37 166,384 41.30 214,985 The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of shares purchased under the 2004 Purchase Plan with the following weighted average assumptions for the years ended December 31: Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2.65 − 2.81% 31% 0.26% 1.25 2014 0% 34% 0.19% 1.25 2013 0% 41% 0.37% 1.25 Stock-Based Compensation Recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations The Company generally recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. However, for awards with market conditions or performance conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award. In October 2014, the Compensation Committee approved amendments to the terms of all outstanding restricted stock units (‘‘RSUs’’) granted prior to January 1, 2014 to provide for dividend equivalent rights (‘‘DERs’’) in the event of future dividends paid on the Company’s common stock. The Compensation Committee also approved an adjustment to outstanding stock options, including those under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (‘‘ESPP’’), to ensure that the cash portion of the 2014 Special Distribution would not negatively impact the intrinsic value of the options. Pursuant to the accounting standard for stock compensation, these actions affecting the terms of the awards are considered modiﬁcations for accounting purposes that resulted in incremental stock-based compensation expenses and will be recognized over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award. The total charges associated with this modiﬁcation are insigniﬁcant to the ﬁnancial statements. As of December 31, 2015, the total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested equity awards not yet recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, totaled $201,206,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.08 years. F-62 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 12. Stock-Based Compensation − (continued) The following table presents, by operating expense, the Company’s stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenues Sales and marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2015 9,878 36,847 86,908 $133,633 $ 2014 8,511 30,084 79,395 $117,990 $ 2013 7,855 26,538 68,547 $102,940 The Company’s stock-based compensation recognized in the consolidated statement of operations was comprised of the following types of equity awards for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted shares and restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . Employee stock purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2015 1,679 124,512 7,442 $133,633 $ 2014 4,917 104,235 8,838 $117,990 $ 2013 3,456 88,411 11,073 $102,940 Stock-based compensation for stock options for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $1,191,000 in as a result of the Company’s acquisition of Bit-isle in November 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company capitalized $2,987,000, $3,958,000 and $3,305,000, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense as construction in progress in property, plant and equipment. 13. Income Taxes In September 2012, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a plan for Equinix to pursue conversion to a REIT. On December 23, 2014, its Board of Directors formally approved its conversion to a REIT effective on January 1, 2015. The Company completed the implementation of the REIT conversion in 2014, and, as a result, the Company elected to be treated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes effective January 1, 2015. In May 2015, the Company received a favorable PLR from the IRS in connection with the Company’s conversion to a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a result, the Company may deduct the distributions made to its shareholders from taxable income generated by the Company and its QRSs. The Company’s dividends paid deduction generally eliminates the taxable income of the Company and its QRSs, resulting in no U.S. income tax due. However, the TRSs will continue to be subject to income taxes on any taxable income generated by them. In addition, the foreign operations of the Company will continue to be subject to local income taxes regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as a QRS or a TRS. Income (loss) before income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31, (in thousands): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes and income (loss) 2015 $123,153 87,845 2014 $ (46,876) 131,609 2013 $ (28,362) 140,641 attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests . . $210,998 $ 84,733 $112,279 F-63 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Income Taxes − (continued) The tax beneﬁt (expenses) for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31, (in thousands): Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 $ (85,352) (3,984) (27,090) (116,426) $ (98,445) (16,243) (31,844) (146,532) $(100,035) (15,260) (29,377) (144,672) 87,801 4,600 801 93,202 $ (23,224) (177,877) (21,539) 489 (198,927) $(345,459) 111,721 17,044 (249) 128,516 $ (16,156) State and foreign taxes not based on income are included in general and administrative expenses and the aggregate amounts were insigniﬁcant for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The Company is entitled to a deduction for federal and state tax purposes with respect to employee equity award activity. The reduction in income tax payable related to windfall tax beneﬁts for stock-based compensation awards has been reﬂected as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the beneﬁts arising from employee equity award activity that resulted in an adjustment to additional paid-in capital were approximately $30,000, $18,561,000 and $25,638,000, respectively. The amount of beneﬁts for 2015 is signiﬁcantly lower than the prior years due to the zero effective U.S. tax rate that applies to the REIT as the Company distributed 100% of its U.S. taxable income for 2015. The ﬁscal 2015, 2014 and 2013 income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 35% to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Federal tax at statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets generated in current year not beneﬁted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign income tax rate differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-deductible expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign ﬁnancing beneﬁts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncertain tax positions reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statutory rate change due to REIT conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total income tax expense 2015 $(73,849) 945 (4,916) 30,387 (14,252) (3,922) 710 2,592 (3,191) 45,823 (3,551) $(23,224) 2014 $ (29,657) 1,370 (3,311) 20,002 (1,274) (4,496) 1,655 2,981 (463) (324,142) (8,124) $(345,459) 2013 $(39,298) 7,435 (4,777) 21,392 (2,525) (3,273) 1,362 4,303 2,952 — (3,727) $(16,156) The Company had not previously provided for deferred taxes on the excess of the ﬁnancial reporting over the tax basis in its investments in foreign subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in duration because the F-64 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Income Taxes − (continued) Company intended to reinvest the earnings outside the U.S. for an indeﬁnite period of time. As a result of the Company’s conversion to a REIT effective January 1, 2015, it is no longer the Company’s intent to indeﬁnitely reinvest undistributed foreign earnings from its operations in Europe and Canada. However, no deferred tax liability has been recognized to account for this change because the expected recovery of the basis difference will not result in taxes in the post-REIT conversion periods. As it continues to qualify as a REIT, the Company will not incur U.S. tax liability on the future repatriation of the foreign earnings and proﬁts of the above noted jurisdictions due to the zero tax rate that will apply provided the Company distributes 100% of its taxable income. The Company will continue to reinvest its undistributed foreign earnings in jurisdictions other than Europe indeﬁnitely. The foreign withholding taxes are expected to be immaterial if these undistributed foreign earnings are distributed. The types of temporary differences that give rise to signiﬁcant portions of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are set out below as of December 31 (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Reserves and accruals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized currency gains/losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Others, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized currency gains/losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets fair value step-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 $ 13,013 1,459 10,656 18 34,457 59,603 (29,894) 29,709 (3,365) — (5,683) (60,133) (69,181) $(39,472) $ 11,952 1,185 — — 27,687 40,824 (27,181) 13,643 (78,261) (502) (7,210) (28,433) (114,406) $(100,763) The tax basis of REIT assets, excluding investments in TRSs, is greater than the amounts reported for such assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet by approximately $984,400,000 at December 31, 2015. The Company’s accounting for deferred taxes involves weighing positive and negative evidence concerning the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets in each tax jurisdiction. After considering such evidence as the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative ﬁnancial reporting losses, and the sources of future taxable income and tax planning strategies, management concluded that valuation allowances were required in certain foreign jurisdictions. A valuation allowance continues to be provided for the deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, associated with the Company’s operations in certain jurisdictions located in the Company’s EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc regions, as well as two entities in Brazil. The operations in these jurisdictions have a history of signiﬁcant losses as of December 31, 2015. As such, management does not believe these operations have established a sustained history of proﬁtability and that a valuation allowance is, therefore, necessary. F-65 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Income Taxes − (continued) Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are as follows (in thousands): Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognized into income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Increase (Decrease) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOL and tax credit expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $27,181 (710) 4,513 — (1,090) $29,894 2014 $31,058 (1,655) 721 238 (3,181) $27,181 2013 $ 44,868 (1,362) (10,156) 11 (2,303) $ 31,058 Federal and state tax laws, including California tax laws, impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss and credit carryforwards in the event of an ‘‘ownership change’’ for tax purposes, as deﬁned in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. In 2003, the Company conducted an analysis to determine whether an ownership change had occurred due to signiﬁcant stock transactions in each of the reporting years disclosed at that time. The analysis indicated that an ownership change occurred during ﬁscal year 2002, which resulted in an annual limitation of approximately $819,000 for net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to 2003. Therefore, the Company substantially reduced its federal and state net operating loss carryforwards for the periods prior to 2003 to approximately $16,400,000. In addition, an ownership change under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code was triggered in September 2007 by the issuance of 4,211,939 shares of the Company’s common stock. However, the annual limitation associated with this ownership change is not meaningful due to the substantial market capitalization of the Company at the time of the ownership change. The Company determined that no Section 382 ownership change occurred during the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, the net operating loss acquired in the Switch and Data acquisition in 2010 is subject to the Section 382 limitation; however, the Company has determined that none of the acquired net operating losses will expire unused as a result of the limitation. The Company utilized all of its net operating loss carryforwards that were not subject to the limitation under Section 382 as discussed above for federal income tax purposes during the year ended December 31, 2013. The Company’s U.S. operations generated signiﬁcant taxable income (versus book income) for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 primarily due to the change in the tax method for depreciation of the Company’s property, plant and equipment. As the result of announcing its plan to pursue a REIT conversion, the Company changed its methods of depreciating and amortizing various data center assets to methods that are more consistent with the characterization of such assets as real property for REIT purposes. The change in the depreciation method resulted in the recapture of depreciation expense deducted in prior years and a much smaller amount of depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. F-66 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Income Taxes − (continued) The Company’s net operating loss carryforwards for federal, state and foreign tax purposes which expire, if not utilized, at various intervals from 2015, are outlined below (in thousands): Expiration Date 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 to 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 to 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 to 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026 to 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029 to 2031 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal(1) — $ — 213,390 26,838 12,186 — — $252,414 State(1) $12,793 190 — 4,005 — 3,330 — $20,318 Foreign $ 1,464 32,464 11,798 9,611 — — 152,073 $207,410 Total $ 14,257 32,654 225,188 40,454 12,186 3,330 152,073 $480,142 (1) The total amount of net operating loss carryforwards that will not be available to offset the Company’s future taxable income after dividend paid deduction due to Section 382 limitations was $258,339, comprising $241,766 of federal and $16,573 of state. Approximately $4,443,000 of the total net operating loss carryforwards is attributable to excess tax deductions related to employee stock awards, the beneﬁt from which will be credited to additional paid-in capital when subsequently utilized in future years. The beginning and ending balances of the Company’s unrecognized tax beneﬁts are reconciled below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross increases related to prior year tax positions . . . . Gross decreases related to prior year tax positions . . . . Gross increases related to current year tax positions . . . Decreases resulting from expiration of statute of limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases resulting from settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $36,138 — (8,645) 4,802 (1,450) — $30,845 2014 $36,552 1,200 (984) 1,538 (1,112) (1,056) $36,138 2013 $25,050 14,596 (3,028) 1,498 (1,564) — $36,552 The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax beneﬁts within income tax beneﬁt (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the accrued interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax beneﬁts were decreased by $1,701,000, $3,126,000 and $1,612,000, respectively, primarily resulting from the settlement of tax audits and the lapse of statutes of limitations in its foreign operations. The Company has accrued $3,736,000 and $5,437,000 for interest and penalties accrued at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The unrecognized tax beneﬁts of $30,845,000 as of December 31, 2015, if subsequently recognized, will affect the Company’s effective tax rate favorably at the time when such a beneﬁt is recognized. Due to various tax years open for examination, it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax beneﬁts could signiﬁcantly increase or decrease over the next 12 months as the Company may be subject to either examination by tax authorities or a lapse in statute of limitations. The Company is currently unable to estimate the range of possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax beneﬁts. F-67 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13. Income Taxes − (continued) The Company’s income tax returns for all tax years remain open to examination by federal and state taxing authorities due to the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards. In addition, the Company’s tax years of 2005 through 2014 remain open and subject to examination by local tax authorities in certain foreign jurisdictions in which the Company has major operations. 14. Commitments and Contingencies Purchase Commitments Primarily as a result of the Company’s various IBX expansion projects, as of December 31, 2015, the Company was contractually committed for $256,757,000 of unaccrued capital expenditures, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided, in connection with the work necessary to open these IBX data centers and make them available to customers for installation. In addition, the Company had numerous other, non-capital purchase commitments in place as of December 31, 2015, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations, primarily in select locations through 2016 and thereafter, and other open purchase orders for goods or services to be delivered or provided during 2016 and thereafter. Such other miscellaneous purchase commitments totaled $352,202,000 as of December 31, 2015. Contingent Liabilities The Company estimates exposure on certain liabilities, such as income and property taxes, based on the best information available at the time of determination. With respect to real and personal property taxes, the Company records what it can reasonably estimate based on prior payment history, current landlord estimates or estimates based on current or changing ﬁxed asset values in each speciﬁc municipality, as applicable. However, there are circumstances beyond the Company’s control whereby the underlying value of the property or basis for which the tax is calculated on the property may change, such as a landlord selling the underlying property of one of the Company’s IBX data center leases or a municipality changing the assessment value in a jurisdiction and, as a result, the Company’s property tax obligations may vary from period to period. Based upon the most current facts and circumstances, the Company makes the necessary property tax accruals for each of its reporting periods. However, revisions in the Company’s estimates of the potential or actual liability could materially impact the ﬁnancial position, results of operations or cash ﬂows of the Company. From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. The Company accrues contingent liabilities when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. In the opinion of management, there are no pending claims for which the outcome is expected to result in a material adverse effect in the ﬁnancial position, results of operations or cash ﬂows of the Company. Employment Agreements The Company has entered into a severance agreement with each of its executive officers that provides for a severance payment equal to the executive officer’s annual base salary and maximum bonus in the event his or her employment is terminated for any reason other than cause or he or she voluntarily resigns under certain circumstances as described in the agreement. In addition, under the agreement, the executive officer is entitled to the payment of his or her monthly health care premiums under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act for up to 12 months. For certain executive officers, these beneﬁts are only triggered after a change-in-control of the Company. F-68 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 14. Commitments and Contingencies − (continued) Guarantor Arrangements As permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreements whereby the Company indemniﬁes its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was serving, at the Company’s request in such capacity. The term of the indemniﬁcation period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemniﬁcation agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has a director and officer insurance policy that limits the Company’s exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. As a result of the Company’s insurance policy coverage, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these indemniﬁcation agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2015. The Company enters into standard indemniﬁcation agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemniﬁes, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemniﬁed party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemniﬁed party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent, or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s offerings. The term of these indemniﬁcation agreements is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemniﬁcation agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemniﬁcation agreements. As a result, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2015. The Company enters into arrangements with its business partners, whereby the business partner agrees to provide services as a subcontractor for the Company’s implementations. Accordingly, the Company enters into standard indemniﬁcation agreements with its customers, whereby the Company indemniﬁes them for other acts, such as personal property damage, of its subcontractors. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemniﬁcation agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has general and umbrella insurance policies that enable the Company to recover a portion of any amounts paid. The Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemniﬁcation agreements. As a result, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. The Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2015. The Company has service level commitment obligations to certain of its customers. As a result, service interruptions or signiﬁcant equipment damage in the Company’s IBX data centers, whether or not within the Company’s control, could result in service level commitments to these customers. The Company’s liability insurance may not be adequate to cover those expenses. In addition, any loss of services, equipment damage or inability to meet the Company’s service level commitment obligations could reduce the conﬁdence of the Company’s customers and could consequently impair the Company’s ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both the Company’s ability to generate revenues and the Company’s operating results. The Company generally has the ability to determine such service level credits prior to the associated revenue being recognized. The Company has no signiﬁcant liabilities in connection with service level credits as of December 31, 2015. F-69 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 15. Related Party Transactions The Company has several signiﬁcant stockholders and other related parties that are also customers and/or vendors. The Company’s activity of related party transactions was as follows (in thousands): Revenues Costs and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2014 $8,392 8,351 2013 $20,140 4,819 2015 $10,745 10,808 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Segment Information As of December 31, 2014 $1,022 — 2015 $797 254 While the Company has a single line of business, which is the design, build-out and operation of IBX data centers, it has determined that it has three reportable segments comprised of its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Paciﬁc geographic regions. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker evaluates performance, makes operating decisions and allocates resources based on the Company’s revenue and adjusted EBITDA performance both on a consolidated basis and based on these three reportable segments. The Company deﬁnes adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges and acquisition costs as presented below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Adjusted EBITDA: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total adjusted EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation, amortization and accretion expense . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 698,604 318,561 254,462 1,271,627 (528,929) (133,633) — (41,723) $ 567,342 $ 635,007 269,222 209,662 1,113,891 (484,129) (117,990) — (2,506) $ 509,266 $ 608,718 216,186 175,994 1,000,898 (431,008) (102,940) 4,837 (10,855) $ 460,932 F-70 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 16. Segment Information − (continued) The Company provides the following segment disclosures related to its continuing operations as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Total revenues: Americas(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total depreciation and amortization: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital expenditures: Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 $1,512,535 698,807 514,525 2,725,867 $1,376,103 637,265 430,408 $2,443,776 $1,264,774 525,018(2) 362,974 $2,152,766 $ 278,216 117,655 129,709 $ 525,580 $ 261,018 114,511 106,162 $ 481,691 $ 254,365 90,891(2) 87,475 $ 432,731 $ 401,685 202,322 264,113 $ 868,120 $ 333,315 151,634 175,254 $ 660,203 $ 261,936 170,365 140,105 $ 572,406 (1) (2) Includes revenues of $1,404,648, $1,257,661 and $1,157,790, respectively, attributed to the U.S. for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Includes the operations of Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel from October 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013. The Company’s long-lived assets are located in the following geographic areas as of December 31 (in thousands): Americas(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $3,025,450 1,157,304 1,423,682 $5,606,436 2014 $2,874,562 1,135,319 988,389 $4,998,270 (1) Includes $2,781,924 and $2,609,268, respectively, of long-lived assets attributed to the U.S. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Revenue information by category is as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Colocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-recurring revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $2,024,963 435,809 97,688 10,681 2,569,141 156,726 $2,725,867 2014 $1,829,812 372,350 105,292 10,336 2,317,790 125,986 2,443,776 2013 $1,628,179 319,863 97,400 4,520 2,049,962 102,804 2,152,766 F-71 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 17. Restructuring Charges During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not record any restructuring charges. 2004 Restructuring Charge In December 2004, in light of the availability of fully built-out data centers in select markets at costs signiﬁcantly below those costs the Company would incur in building out new space, the Company made the decision to exit leases for excess space adjacent to one of the Company’s New York metro area IBXs, as well as space on the ﬂoor above its original Los Angeles IBX. As a result of the Company’s decision to exit these spaces, the Company recorded restructuring charges totaling $17,685,000, which represents the present value of the Company’s estimated future cash payments, net of estimated sublease income and expense, through the remainder of these lease terms, as well as the write-off of all remaining property, plant and equipment attributed to the partial build out of the excess space on the ﬂoor above its Los Angeles IBX. In May 2013, the Company entered into a binding commitment to purchase the New York 2 IBX data center for leased space in respect of which the Company had previously recorded a restructuring reserve. As a result, the Company recorded a reversal to its outstanding accrued restructuring charge during the year ended December 31, 2013. A summary of the movement in the 2004 accrued restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2013 is outlined as follows (in thousands): Accrued restructuring charge as of December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charge adjustments Cash payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued restructuring charge as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,679 137 (4,837) (979) $ — 18. Subsequent Events TelecityGroup Acquisition On January 15, 2016, the Company completed the previously announced acquisition of the entire issued share capital of Telecity Group plc (‘‘TelecityGroup’’) (the ‘‘Transaction’’). As a result of the Transaction, TelecityGroup has become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Equinix. Under the transaction, the Company acquired all outstanding common shares of TelecityGroup for 572.5 pence in cash and 0.0336 new shares of the Company’s common stock for each TelecityGroup’s share for a total purchase price of approximately $1,683,000,000 in cash and 6,853,500 shares of Equinix common stock valued at approximately $2,078,000,000 based on the Company’s share price on January 15, 2016. This amount excludes any value attributed to the Telecity employee equity awards assumed. TelecityGroup’s operating results will be reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The purchase price allocation for the acquisition is not yet complete. As a result, the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are still being appraised by a third-party and have not yet been ﬁnalized. Dividends On February 18, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $1.75 per share, which is payable on March 23, 2016 to the Company’s common stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 9, 2016. Debt In January 2016, the Company terminated its bridge credit agreement for a principal amount of £875,000,000 or approximately $1,289,000,000 related to the TelecityGroup acquisition. In January 2016, the Company borrowed $250,000,000 from its USD Term Loan B Commitment and £300,000,000, or F-72 EQUINIX, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 18. Subsequent Events − (continued) approximately $442,020,000 at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015 from its Sterling Term Loan B Commitment to fund the TelecityGroup acquisition. Real estate In February 2016, the Company sold a parcel of land in San Jose, California, with a sales price of approximately $23,557,000. 19. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) The Company believes that period-to-period comparisons of its ﬁnancial results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. The Company’s revenues and results of operations have been subject to signiﬁcant ﬂuctuations, particularly on a quarterly basis, and the Company’s revenues and results of operations could ﬂuctuate signiﬁcantly quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. Signiﬁcant quarterly ﬂuctuations in revenues will cause ﬂuctuations in the Company’s cash ﬂows and the cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable accounts on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Causes of such ﬂuctuations may include the volume and timing of new orders and renewals, the timing of the opening of new IBX data centers, the sales cycle for the Company’s offerings, the introduction of new offerings, changes in prices and pricing models, trends in the Internet infrastructure industry, general economic conditions, extraordinary events such as acquisitions or litigation and the occurrence of unexpected events. The unaudited quarterly ﬁnancial information presented below has been prepared by the Company and reﬂects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which in the opinion of management are necessary to present fairly the ﬁnancial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented. The following tables present selected quarterly information (in thousands, except per share data): Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix . . . . . . . Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to 2015 Quarter Ended March 31 $643,174 344,861 76,452 June 30 $665,582 349,825 59,459 September 30 $686,649 361,181 41,132 December 31 $730,462 378,494 10,731 Equinix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (59,141) 104,323 (23,707) (10,317) EPS attributable to Equinix Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.35 1.34 1.04 1.03 0.72 0.71 0.18 0.18 Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix . . . . . . . Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to 2014 Quarter Ended March 31 $580,053 292,528 41,387 June 30 $605,161 312,302 11,328 September 30 $620,441 316,389 42,841 December 31 $ 638,121 324,672 (355,103) Equinix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,329 33,640 (97,814) (450,067) EPS attributable to Equinix Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.83 0.81 0.22 0.22 0.81 0.79 (6.42) (6.42) F-73 EQUINIX INC. SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION DECEMBER 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Accumulated Depreciation Date of Construction Date of Acquisition or Lease(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) Americas: . AT1 ATLANTA . . AT2 ATLANTA . AT3 ATLANTA . . BO1 BOSTON (METRO) CH1 CHICAGO (METRO) CH2 CHICAGO (METRO) CH3 CHICAGO (METRO) CH4 CHICAGO (METRO) . DA1 DALLAS . . DA2 DALLAS . . DA3 DALLAS . . DA4 DALLAS . . DA6 DALLAS . DA7 DALLAS . . DC1 WASHINGTON, DC . DC2 WASHINGTON, DC . DC3 WASHINGTON, DC . DC4 WASHINGTON, DC . DC5 WASHINGTON, DC . DC6 WASHINGTON, DC . DC7 WASHINGTON, DC . DC8 WASHINGTON, DC . DC10 WASHINGTON, DC . DC11 WASHINGTON, DC . DE1 DENVER (METRO) . LA1 LOS ANGELES . . LA2 LOS ANGELES . . . LA3 EL SEGUNDO . . LA4 EL SEGUNDO . . . MI2 MIAMI (METRO) . MI3 MIAMI (METRO) . . . NY1 NEWARK . NY2 NEW YORK CITY . NY4 NEW YORK CITY . NY5 NEW YORK CITY . NY6 NEW YORK CITY . NY7 NEW YORK CITY . (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9,759 — — — — — — — — — — 1,906 1,429 1,429 — — — 1,429 — — — — 19,333 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 20,522 — — — 37,451 7,272 4,983 5,082 — — 44,601 5,082 — — — 34,727 137,630 — — — — — — — 24,660 — — — — — — 352 — — — — — — — — 95,053 41,648 3,538 11,261 153,239 96,664 222,935 21,025 72,470 77,185 84,048 16,674 78,386 24,525 — — — — — — 10,111 — — — — — — — 95,053 41,648 3,538 11,261 153,239 96,664 222,935 21,025 72,470 77,185 84,048 16,674 98,908 24,525 (26,396) (13,454) (875) (5,264) (94,134) (43,580) (78,240) (6,520) (44,727) (13,327) (21,349) (6,672) (6,942) (177) N/A N/A N/A N/A 2001 2005 2007 2010 2000 2011 N/A N/A 2013 2015 1,520 — 1,520 (197) 2007 5,047 150,144 5,047 150,144 (123,646) 1999 — — — — — — — — — — — 3,959 — — — — 51,589 — 89,040 (42,295) 2004 70,087 1,906 77,359 (42,918) 2007 86,875 1,429 91,858 (47,548) 2008 85,311 1,429 90,393 (30,425) 2010 15,348 4,684 67,402 114,865 8,322 107,511 11,367 18,950 27,997 21,510 28,869 79,447 — — — 1,429 — — — 3,959 19,333 — — — 15,348 (9,135) 4,684 (4,532) N/A N/A 112,003 (20,225) 2012 119,947 8,322 107,511 11,367 53,677 165,627 21,510 28,869 79,447 (13,880) (4,966) (55,793) (9,566) (39,778) (51,666) (9,439) (5,750) (39,430) 2013 N/A 2000 2001 2005 2009 N/A 2012 1999 17,859 187,115 17,859 187,115 (115,457) 2002 — — — — 322,863 182,025 72,901 137,080 — — — — 322,863 (140,124) 2007 182,025 (30,405) 2012 72,901 (2,517) 2015 161,740 (75,835) N/A F-74 2010 2010 2010 2010 1999 2005 2006 2009 2000 2010 2010 2010 2012 2015 1999 1999 2004 2005 2005 2005 2010 2010 2011 2005 2010 1999 2000 2005 2009 2010 2012 1999 2000 2006 2010 2010 2010 SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION − (continued) DECEMBER 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) EQUINIX INC. Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Accumulated Depreciation Date of Construction Date of Acquisition or Lease(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) NY8 NEW YORK CITY . NY9 NEW YORK CITY . PH1 PHILADELPHIA . . SE2 SEATTLE . SE3 SEATTLE . . SV1 SILICON VALLEY . SV2 SILICON VALLEY . SV3 SILICON VALLEY . SV4 SILICON VALLEY . SV5 SILICON VALLEY . SV6 SILICON VALLEY . SV8 SILICON VALLEY . (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) (METRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SV12 SILICON VALLEY . (METRO) BRAZIL . . . . . . TR1 TORONTO, CANADA . . . TR2 TORONTO, CANADA . . . RJ1 RIO DE JANEIRO, . RJ2 RIO DE JANEIRO, . . . . . . SP1 SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL . . . SP2 SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL . . . DC12 AND other future IBX(4). . BRAZIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMEA: AM1 AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS . . AM2 AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS . . AM3 AMSTERDAM, THE . NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DU1 DÜSSELDORF, . GERMANY . DU2 DÜSSELDORF, . GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DX1 DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES . . EN1 ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FR1 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . FR2 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . FR3 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . FR4 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . FR5 FRANKFURT (METRO), — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,760 — — — — 6,238 98,991 — — 20,535 — — — — — — 24,870 — — — — — — — — — — 15,585 — — — 20,499 — 1,654 8,373 — 4,608 — — 27,977 — — — — — — — — — — — — 11,515 51,727 47,463 27,359 93,457 — — — — — 11,515 51,727 47,463 27,359 95,217 (4,979) N/A (22,897) (7,790) (16,368) (16,852) N/A N/A N/A 2013 15,545 156,304 15,545 156,304 (100,156) 1999 145,920 42,971 24,231 — — — 145,920 (60,670) 2003 42,971 (36,280) 2004 24,231 (17,247) 2005 86,932 6,238 185,923 (32,645) 2010 — — 20,535 — — 36,965 (18,663) 44,240 (17,178) 1,892 86,705 90,882 — (15,450) (3,007) N/A N/A 2015 N/A 2015 — 20,845 (12,042) 2011 — — — 24,870 29,001 26,219 53,783 18,274 (4,268) (12,865) (17,990) (1,897) 2013 2011 2011 Various 2012 2011 2011 Various — — — — — — — — 45,887 (20,343) 2008 54,298 (15,143) 2010 118,020 (15,734) 2012 21,062 (17,219) 2001 204 (157) 2010 22,478 (3,897) 2012 20,135 (12,188) 2008 6,751 (6,401) N/A N/A N/A 11,547 183,112 11,547 183,112 (61,215) 2,031 4,666 2,031 4,666 (1,000) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 21,380 44,240 1,892 86,705 70,383 20,845 27,347 17,846 53,783 13,666 45,887 54,298 90,043 21,062 204 22,478 20,135 6,751 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 1999 2003 1999 2005 2010 2010 2010 2015 2010 2015 2011 2008 2008 2011 2000 2010 2008 2008 2007 2007 2007 2009 2012 11,953 9,609 — 19,431 11,953 29,040 (11,340) 2009 GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . 32,255 — — 3,836 106,889 3,836 106,889 (16,122) 2012 F-75 SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION − (continued) DECEMBER 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) EQUINIX INC. Initial Costs to Company(1) Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Land Buildings and Improvements(2) Accumulated Depreciation Date of Construction Date of Acquisition or Lease(3) . . GV1 GENEVA (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . GV2 GENEVA (METRO), SWITZERLAND . . LD1 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM . LD3 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM . LD4 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM . LD5 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM . LD6 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITALY . ML1 MILAN (METRO), . . . . . . . . . MU1 MUNICH, GERMANY . . MU2 MUNICH, GERMANY . . MU3 MUNICH, GERMANY . . PA1 PARIS (METRO), . PA2 PARIS (METRO), . PA3 PARIS (METRO), . PA4 PARIS (METRO), . FRANCE . FRANCE . FRANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRANCE . . ZH1 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND . . ZH2 ZURICH (METRO), . SWITZERLAND . ZH4 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND . . ZH5 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND . . ZW1 ZWOLLE, THE NETHERLANDS . . . OTHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Paciﬁc: HK1 HONG KONG, CHINA . . HK2 HONG KONG, CHINA . . HK3 HONG KONG, CHINA . . HK4 HONG KONG, CHINA . . ME1 MELBOURNE, . AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . OS1 OSAKA, JAPAN . . . . . OS2 OSAKA, JAPAN . . . . . . SG1 SINGAPORE . . . . . . SG2 SINGAPORE . SG3 SINGAPORE . . . . . . SH2 SHANGHAI, CHINA . . . . SH3 SHANGHAI, CHINA . . . . SH4 SHANGHAI, CHINA . . . . SH5 SHANGHAI, CHINA . . . . SY1 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA . . SY2 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 27,575 19,639 — — — — — — — 30,574 1,756 9,811 — — — — — — — — — — 15,502 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11,501 — — — — — — — — 14,459 100 — — 35,614 — 7,557 — 12,068 — 3,113 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — F-76 5,497 20,757 2,736 17,350 64,854 185,242 91,946 832 11,334 69 4,493 21,338 39,162 85,720 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,497 (4,206) 20,757 (11,210) 2,736 (2,389) 17,350 (10,448) 92,429 (32,697) 204,881 (48,798) 91,946 832 11,334 69 4,493 (2,729) (549) (7,679) (44) (3,811) 21,338 (16,664) 39,162 (22,006) 116,294 (42,232) 123,424 1,756 133,235 (20,488) 2004 2010 2000 2005 2007 2010 2015 2011 N/A N/A 2010 N/A N/A 2010 2012 N/A 2003 2010 2013 2004 2009 2000 2000 2007 2010 2013 2011 2007 2006 2010 2007 2007 2008 2011 2007 2002 2009 2009 5,573 4,893 23,062 39,006 7,103 2,112 97,905 181,827 132,765 6,698 61,216 21,861 — 158,755 251,089 90,929 3,315 5,440 1,718 19,571 23,894 32,205 — — — — — — — — — — 15,502 — — — — — — — — — — — 5,573 4,893 (4,330) (2,490) 34,563 (13,034) 39,006 (8,011) 7,103 2,112 (3,633) (1,776) 2008 Various 2008 Various 97,905 181,827 132,765 6,698 61,216 36,320 100 158,755 251,089 126,543 3,315 12,997 1,718 31,639 23,894 35,318 (53,083) (34,847) (33,892) (3,149) (2,291) (4,711) (7) (83,970) (78,714) (3,293) (743) (3,064) (1,164) (4,292) (12,181) (16,660) N/A 2011 N/A N/A 2013 2013 N/A N/A 2008 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 N/A 2008 2003 2010 2012 2012 2013 2013 2015 2003 2008 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2003 2008 SCHEDULE III — SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION − (continued) DECEMBER 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) EQUINIX INC. Initial Costs to Company(1) Encumbrances Land Buildings and Improvements(2) — — — — — — — — — — — — — $32,255 — — — — — — — — — — — — 7,631 $123,770 8,804 — — — — — 99 36,877 12,806 52,338 103,718 67,922 — $965,641 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs Land — — — — — — — — — — — — — $60,176 Buildings and Improvements(2) 130,183 39,113 16,651 61,024 65,673 41,256 14,366 4,652 1,321 6,593 893 329 21,203 $6,722,303 Land — — — — — — — — — — — — 7,631 $183,946 Buildings and Improvements(2) 138,987 39,113 16,651 61,024 65,673 41,256 14,465 41,529 14,127 58,931 104,611 68,251 21,203 $7,687,944 Accumulated Depreciation (34,199) — (8,795) (47,119) (18,224) (6,375) — (853) (464) (1,672) (2,169) (791) Date of Construction 2010 2015 2000 2007 2010 2012 2014 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (2,515) Various $(2,595,648) Date of Acquisition or Lease(3) 2010 2014 2000 2006 2010 2012 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 Various SY3 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA . . SY4 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . TY1 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY2 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY3 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY4 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY5 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY6 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY7 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY8 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . TY9 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . . TY10 TOKYO, JAPAN . . . . . OTHERS . . . . . . . TOTAL LOCATIONS . . . . . . . (1) The initial cost was $0 if the lease of the respective IBX was classiﬁed as an operating lease. (2) Building and improvements include all ﬁxed assets except for land. (3) Date of lease or acquisition represents the date the Company leased the facility or acquired the facility through purchase or acquisition. Includes IBX DC12 and various other IBXs that are under initial development. (4) The aggregate gross cost of the Company’s properties for federal income tax purpose approximated $7,512,627,000 (unaudited) as of December 31, 2015. The following table reconciles the historical cost of the Company’s properties for ﬁnancial reporting purposes for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015. Gross Fixed Assets: Balance, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions (acquisitions and improvements) . . . . . . . . . Disposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 $7,006,695 1,172,855 (9,295) (298,365) $7,871,890 2014 $6,308,992 997,534 (16,444) (283,387) $7,006,695 2013 $5,220,450 1,146,126 (14,864) (42,720) $6,308,992 Accumulated Depreciation: Balance, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions (depreciation expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disposals Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others . . Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 $(2,242,345) $(1,904,311) (418,407) 16,038 64,335 $(2,595,648) $(2,242,345) (440,002) 7,396 79,303 2013 $(1,538,329) (377,577) 12,804 (1,209) $(1,904,311) F-77 [This page intentionally left blank.] [This page intentionally left blank.] [This page intentionally left blank.] CROSS CONNECTS†170,000+CUSTOMERS8,000+RELIABILITY†99.9999%40MARKETSDATA CENTERS145+Executive Team •Steve Smith Chief Executive Officer & President •Charles Meyers Chief Operating Officer •Keith Taylor Chief Financial Officer •Mark Adams Chief Development Officer •Sara Baack Chief Marketing Officer •Peter Ferris Sr. Vice President, Office of the CEO •Pete Hayes Chief Sales Officer •Sushil (Sam) Kapoor Chief Global Operations Officer •Samuel Lee President, Asia-PacificBoard of Directors •Peter Van Camp Executive Chairman, Equinix •Steve Smith Chief Executive Officer & President, Equinix •Tom Bartlett Executive VP & Chief Financial Officer, American Tower Corporation •Nanci Caldwell Corporate Director and Former CMO, PeopleSoft •Gary Hromadko Venture Partner, Crosslink Capital •John Hughes Corporate Director and former Executive Chairman, Telecity Group •Scott Kriens Chairman of the Board, Juniper Networks, Inc. •William Luby Managing Partner, Seaport Capital •Irving Lyons, III Principal, Lyons Asset Management •Christopher Paisley Dean’s Executive Professor, Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University •Brian Lillie Chief Information Officer •Debra McCowan Chief Human Resources Officer •Brandi Galvin Morandi Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel and Secretary •Eric Schwartz President, EMEA •Karl Strohmeyer President, Americas •Ihab Tarazi Chief Technology Officer •Brian Thomas Chief of Staff, Office of the CEOThis Annual Report (including the Shareholder Letter) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause Equinix’s actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. Factors that may affect Equinix’s results are summarized in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2016 and contained herein. Equinix assumes no obligation and does not intend to update forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.EQUINIX GLOBAL MAPSEATTLEDENVERATLANTABOSTONPHILADELPHIAMIAMITORONTODUSSELDORFMUNICHHELSINKISTOCKHOLMWARSAWISTANBULSOFIAZURICHMILANGENEVADUBAIPARISLONDONDUBLINRIO DE JANEIROSÃO PAULOAMSTERDAMMANCHESTERFRANKFURTSILICONVALLEYLOS ANGELESCHICAGONEW YORKDALLASWASHINGTON, DCSINGAPOREHONG KONGSHANGHAITOKYOOSAKAJAKARTASYDNEYMELBOURNEEquinix LocationsPartner Data CenterAMERICASEMEAASIA-PACIFICEquinix.comEQUINIX ANNUAL REPORT FY2015Americas Corporate HQEquinix, Inc. One Lagoon Drive Redwood City, CA 94065 USA +1.650.598.6000 info@equinix.comEMEAEquinix (EMEA) BV 7th Floor Rembrandt Tower Amstelplein 1 1096 HA Amsterdam Netherlands +31.20.754.0305 info@eu.equinix.comAsia-PacificEquinix Hong Kong Limited Units 6501-04A & 6507-08, 65/F International Commerce Centre 1 Austin Road West Kowloon, Hong Kong +852.2970.7788 info@ap.equinix.comANNUAL REPORT FY2015“Responding to the demand AquaComms is seeing for high capacity, high reliability connectivity between North America and Europe, we made a strategic decision to deploy with Equinix. Their data centers in New York and London act as major international hubs for network traffic, offering our customers the ability to extend existing networks or expand into new markets.” AquaComms “As video usage continues to grow exponentially on the Internet, its robustness relies on continual improvement of public Internet Exchange Platforms such as the Equinix Internet Exchange. The massive scalability that a 100G-capable platform provides leads to greater efficiency and helps us continue to deliver a great Netflix experience to our members around the world.” Netflix

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