Ericsson
Annual Report 2016

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“Focus is to improve profitability and create a strong base for future value growth” Ericsson Annual Report 2016 ericsson in brief Ericsson’s vision is a Networked Society where every person and every industry is empowered to reach their full potential. The potential of the Networked Society lies in transformation through mobility. Transformation in the way people organize their individual lives and carry out vital tasks. Transformation in the way we work, the way we share information, and the way we do business. Transformation in the way we consume and the way we create. To realize the vision of a Networked Society, Ericsson provides industry- leading high performing solutions for Networks, IT & Cloud and Media. The aim is to develop, produce and offer products and services with excellent and sustainable performance, at the right cost. In the fast developing ICT (Information and Communications Technology) landscape, the ambition is to be a preferred transfor- mation partner for existing and new customers. Ericsson has its headquarters in Stockholm, and the Ericsson share trades on Nasdaq Stockholm and on NASDAQ, New York. Net sales SEK billion 222.6 (2015: 246.9) Operating income SEK billion 6.3 (2015: 21.8) Cash flow from operating activities SEK billion 14.0 (2015:20.6) STRATEGIC EVENTS 2016 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas January 6–9 World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos January 20–23 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona February 22–25 CEO Hans Vestberg steps down – CFO Jan Frykhammar replaces July 25 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY 2017 Changes in Ericsson’s organization and in the Company’s reporting structure Starting July 1, 2016, Ericsson has implemented a series of organizational and structural changes. The new organizational structure focuses on meeting changing customer requirements and on capturing market opportunities to strengthen strategy execution and drive growth and profitability. The financial reporting during 2016 has been based on the same segment structure as 2015 with the three reporting segments Networks, Global Ser- vices and Support Solutions. From January 1, 2017, financial reporting is done according to a new structure, with three new financial reporting segments, Networks, IT & Cloud and Media. The new segments contain both products and services and the structure aligns company reporting with strategy execution in a simpler and more transparent way. In this Annual Report, Ericsson’s operations are described according to the new organizational structure, while all financial data except for impairment testing of intangible assets and goodwill are made according to the prior fin- ancial reporting structure Networks, Global Services and Support Solutions. 2016 segment structure Networks Global services Support solutions 2017 segment structure Networks IT & Cloud Media Read more at page 36 contents The business .......................................... CEO dialogue .................................................. 2 This is Ericsson ................................................ 6 Profit improvement ........................................... 8 This is the market ........................................... 10 The customers ................................................ 14 Networks ........................................................ 16 IT & Cloud ....................................................... 19 Media ............................................................. 22 Global presence .............................................. 24 Customer Group Industry and Society ............. 26 Customer Group IPR & Licensing .................... 28 The People ..................................................... 30 Sustainability and corporate responsibility ....... 32 Reporting structure 2016 ................................ 35 Letter from the Chairman ................................ 37 Results ................................................... Board of Directors’ report* ............................. 38 Consolidated financial statements* ................ 53 Notes to the consolidated financial statements* ..................................... 65 Parent Company financial statements* .......... 100 Notes to the Parent Company financial statements* ..................................... 106 Risk factors* ................................................ 119 Auditor’s report ............................................ 128 Forward-looking statements ......................... 133 Corporate Governance .......................... Corporate Governance report, 2016 ............. 134 Remuneration report .................................... 162 Shareholders ......................................... Ericsson and the Capital market .................... 166 Share information ......................................... 170 Other information ................................... Ten-year summary ....................................... 174 Alternative Performance Measures (APM) ..... 176 Financial terminology and Exchange rates ............................................ 181 Glossary ...................................................... 182 Shareholder information ............................... 183 * Chapters covered by the Auditor’s report. Media and entertain- ment conference IBC in Amsterdam September 8–12 Ericsson Investor Update in New York November 9–10 Börje Ekholm's first day as CEO January 16, 2017 Q4 report January 26, 2017 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY 2017 Contact Investor Relations investor.relations@ericsson.com The business – Ericsson in brief Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 1 THE BUSINESS – CEO dialogue shifting focus from growth to profitability Ericsson’s CEO Börje Ekholm and Jan Frykhammar, who served as CEO July 2016 – mid January 2017, discuss a number of issues concerning 2016 and important topics for the Company going forward. What’s your reflection on the year 2016? Jan | The negative trend with low mobile broad band investments accelerated through 2016, especially in markets with a weak macro-eco- nomic environment. As a result, the leadership team and I have been fully committed to the work to reduce cost and improve efficiency, in order to secure resilience and competitiveness for the company. The cost and efficiency pro- gram, which was intensified in the second half of 2016, is expected to reduce the annual run rate of operating expenses, excluding restructuring charges, to SEK 53 billion in the second half of 2017. This is to be compared with SEK 63 billion for full-year 2014. Börje | Operators continued to be cautious with investments in equipment as their revenues overall have come under pressure. This was reflected in our results in 2016 which did not reach our expectations. The short-term reality is that growth is limited and we have to adjust to that and prioritize what to focus on. The first task is to establish profitability and adjust the size of our operations to the demand level. What do you consider to be the most important event during 2016? Jan | This has been a very special year for me. I took on the role as a CEO mid-year with the ambition to stay until the search for a new CEO was completed. During 2016 our ambition was to unite the company around the shift in focus from growth to profitability. The successful execution of the intensified activities during the second half of the year is a clear sign that the mindset of the orga- nization has changed, enabling us to continue our work to improve profitability. Börje | After 10 years as member of the board I got the question if I wanted to assume the day- to-day leadership of Ericsson. One of the major reasons to why I accepted was that I believe that Ericsson is a great company and that there is great business potential to exploit. This com- pany has connected billions of people and soon we will connect many machines. Another reason to accepting the job is that I do not have anything against challenges – on the contrary. They trig- ger me. Thus, I look forward to refining the strat- egy to focus investments into areas where Ericsson both can and must win. Even if I have a decade of experience working for Ericsson as a board member, I am assuming this new responsibility with humility, understanding there is much left for me to learn. How will Ericsson restore profitability? Jan | As reported in 2016, the cost and effi- ciency program is progressing towards the target. During the year, we have pushed for strong accountability and focus on performance throughout the company. The program has been expanded to adjust the organization to lower sales volumes, and the priority has been to exe- cute on the cost-out activities and to reduce working capital. During 2016, operating expenses were sig- nificantly reduced through headcount reduc- tions around the world. As the sales decline impacted the gross margin negatively, we also intensified the focus on reducing cost of sales, and thereby improving the gross margin. 2 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Earnings per share, diluted sek 0.52 (2015: 4.13) Our task is to make our customers successful, which in turn will make us successful.” Börje Börje | Only consistent profitability and strong cash flow will provide us the freedom to continue investing in our research & development and into our future growth. In the near term, this means we prioritize profitability over growth. We aim at establishing competitive cost structures across all parts of our operations and our portfolio and continue to execute on our ongoing cost and efficiency program. We are also reviewing our overall priorities to focus on the most attractive areas. This effort involves key teams in the com- pany, to secure quality of decisions and speed in implementation once decisions are made. All these activities are done to ensure that we remain at the forefront of technological devel- opment – building on the combined strength across products, services and solutions. How will Ericsson work to further improve customer relations? Jan | After I assumed the CEO position at the end of June the leadership team and I spent three months visiting a majority of Ericsson’s largest customers. In fact, the whole organiza- tion has been very active in 2016 in addressing the demands of our customers with the aim to support them in expanding their businesses, monetize on their business ideas and help them keep pace with the latest industry develop- ments. The new organization, effective from July 1, has been developed to mirror our customers’ way of working and to better meet the needs of different customer segments. Börje | Our task is to make our customers suc- cessful, which in turn will make us successful. It may sound like a management cliché, but we need to make decisions foremost with the cus- tomer in mind, thereafter Ericsson and finally the individual business unit. We want to be a partner to our customers as it is through partnership we can add true value. It should be easy to do busi- ness with us, and we need to reduce the com- plexity and simplify our processes in order to be more agile in our responses to customers. Overview of new segments Networks IT & Cloud Media Main components products Main components services Radio, Transport Customer Support, Network Rollout, Network Managed Services OSS & BSS, Cloud, NFV/SDN, Telecom core, IP routing Consulting & Systems Integration, IT Managed Services Media, Compression, Content delivery Consulting & Systems Integration, Broadcast Services New simplified structure optimized for different customer needs and accountability The business – CEO dialogue Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 3 THE BUSINESS – CEO dialogue During 2016 our ambition was to create a sense of urgency within the Company and to change the internal focus from growth to profitability first.” Jan Jan Frykhammar President and CEO July 25, 2016 – Jan 15, 2017 What are Ericsson’s competitive strengths? Jan | Our strength is in the combination of our technology and services leadership, com- bined with our global presence and scale. There is actually a natural competitive advan- tage in our unique combination of products and services, as the network depends on the services we deliver, and the other way around. Our 111,464 employees are seriously commit- ted and have done a great job during 2016 despite the challenging environment. Börje | Ericsson has shaped an entire industry and led global technology developments in mobility. We are only at the beginning of the mobility journey and as the networks and applications become even more important in a 5G connected world, our customers and the industry look for continuous innovation. Ericsson is built on amazing innovations and great people and our technology leadership is reflected in the 42,000 patents we have in our IPR portfolio. It is easy to quantify our techno- logical strength. However, our competitive advantage arises when we can combine our products, with services and solutions. Börje, could you comment on the strategic direction going forward? Börje | As CEO of Ericsson one of my main tasks is to create a long-term strategic plan and execute on that. Emphasis will be on refining the strategy to focus investments into areas where we both can and must win. We need to ensure that Ericsson remains at the forefront of technological development – across our portfolio and markets. Meeting changing customer requirements and capturing market opportunities is key to being successful and to achieve this we need to continue to build from our core strengths, in both products and services. The job is to ensure that Ericsson emerges as an even stronger leader, providing the industry and our customers with superior products, services and solutions. In the near term, stability will be key to establishing a strong base for future growth. This means prioritizing profitability over growth, but also to diligently continue to work on efficiency and effectiveness across all operations. Stockholm, February 24, 2017 I look forward to refining the strategy to focus investments into areas where Ericsson both can and must win.” Börje Börje Ekholm President and CEO Jan 16, 2017 – 4 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 5 5 THE BUSINESS – This is Ericsson This is Ericsson Ericsson provides high performing solutions for Networks, IT & Cloud, and Media. The company provides infrastructure, services and software to the telecom industry and other sectors. Ericsson has approximately 110,000 employees with customers in more than 180 countries. During 140 years, Ericsson has delivered cus- tomer value by continuously evolving its busi- ness portfolio through its core assets – tech- nology and services, global scale and skills. This, in combination with its business expertise, has resulted in a profound technology and services leadership. Ericsson believes that the Company’s technological and financial capa- bility to adapt and the will to change are major compe titive strengths. Ericsson’s ability to transform its core busi- ness and its ambition to enter into new and adjacent markets are key to generating cus- tomer and shareholder value. In 2016, approximately 67% of Ericsson’s busi- ness was related to services and software sales, compared with less than 50% ten years ago. This change reflects the ongoing transformation from a hardware-centric business to one where the share of the software and services business continues to increase. However, competitive hardware also remains an important perfor- mance differentiator. The number of product platforms has been significantly reduced over time, while the scope has extended from mainly mobile infrastructure and related services to include IT, Cloud, support systems, media and new industry verticals. The workforce is also going through a transform ation, reflecting the Company’s business and competence shift. In 2016, approximately 15,000 employees joined Ericsson and about 20,000 employees left the Company, resulting in a net reduction of 4,800 employees. Ericsson’s stakeholders Customers A leading ICT transformation partner Employees Attract, develop and retain best talent Shareholders Shareholder value creator Society Responsible and relevant driver of positive change 6 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 7 THE BUSINESS – Profit improvement Profit improvement In order to restore profitability, Ericsson is focusing on three areas: efficiency improvements, monetize Networks and build success in IT & Cloud, Media and Industry and Society. The cost and efficiency program is progressing towards the target and has been expanded to adjust the organization to lower sales volumes. Efficiency improvements In November 2014, Ericsson launched a global cost and efficiency program with the aim to gen- erate savings of SEK 9 billion during 2017, with half of the savings in operating expenses and the other half within cost of sales. On July 19, 2016, the Company announced additional activities, targeting a new lower annual run rate of operat- ing expenses, excluding restructuring charges, of SEK 53 billion in the second half of 2017. This can be compared with SEK 63 billion for full-year 2014 and equates to double the previously tar- geted savings in operat ing expenses. All effi- ciency measures are progressing according to plan. Operating expenses were SEK 60.5 (64.1) billion in 2016 and operating expenses excluding restructuring charges amounted to SEK 56.4 (61.4) billion. Total restructuring charges in 2016 were SEK 7.6 (5.0) billion. During 2016, the negative industry trends intensified and thus impacted demand for mobile broadband, especially in markets with a weak macro-economic environment. Ericsson’s sales in Europe also declined, as a result of lower capacity sales and the completion of large mobile broadband projects. The sales decline has impacted the gross margin negatively, and implemented cost reductions have not been sufficient to offset the effect. To adapt opera- tions to a lower mobile broadband market, the Company has intensified actions to reduce cost of sales further. The Company’s ambition is to make cost of sales reductions visible in an improved gross margin in the second half of 2017 compared to full year 2016. The scope of the global cost and efficiency program involves cost of sales reductions in ser- vice delivery and supply, as well as operating expense reductions in R&D and SG&A (Selling, General and Administrative expenses) including common support functions. Major elements of the cost of sales improvement plan include activities related to service delivery such as cen- tralization, automation and standardization, and production related activities such as increased outsourcing and production site consolidation. The target is to increase production outsourcing to above 50% in 2017 from less than 40% in 2015. Major elements in the operating expense improvement plan involve headcount reductions and outsourcing. The shift in workforce and competence is also an important long-term, value-driving priority. Three focus areas to drive incremental improvements (Illustrative) Operating margin (incl. restructuring charges) Build success in IT & Cloud, Media, Industry and Society Monetize Networks Efficiency improvements 2016 2020 8 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Monetize Networks Ericsson’s strong position in both mobile infra- structure and telecom services has resulted in a large installed global base to build on, which Ericsson aims to monetize to increase sales and improve profitability. In telecom services, the Company monetizes its strong global footprint in managed services, with more than 300 ongoing contracts. In mobile infrastructure, the ambition is to increase capacity and software sales into the installed base. While market conditions are challenging in certain parts of the world, the Company continues its work to capture busi- ness opportunities as more markets shift from 3G to 4G. At the same time, the Company intends to capture growth on the strong 4G foot- print with the ambition to extend its technology leadership in the emerging 5G market. The ambition is to lead in 5G transformation and thereby also strengthen profitability within the Networks business. Improving the Network Rollout business from negative to break-even or positive result is included in the monetize Network’s area. Build success in IT & Cloud, Media and Industry and Society Some of the attractive characteristics in the adjacent areas IT & Cloud, Media and Industry and Society are recurring revenues and a higher share of software and professional services. Over time, growth is primarily expected to be organic, complemented by selective acquisi- tions and a broad range of partnerships and collaborations. The overall ambitions of the partnerships, collaborations and selective M&A activities are to expand market footprint, strengthen competitive assets, fill portfolio gaps, and, above all, strengthen Ericsson’s ability to create value and to accelerate profitable growth. The strategic partnership with Cisco is an exam- ple of an important collaboration initiative. The plan also includes expansion and captur- ing growth through the customer group Industry and Society in the industry verticals of utilities, transport and public safety by reusing Ericsson’s core offerings. Cost and efficiency program Ambition summary 2014 November > SEK 9 billion in net reduction – ~50% in OPEX – ~50% in cost of sales 2016 July > OPEX reduction ambition doubled > Intensified activities to reduce cost of sales 2016 October > Further short-term cost of sales actions to adapt to weaker mobile broadband demand 2017, second half > OPEX run-rate SEK 53 billion, excluding restructuring > Cost of sales reductions visible in gross margin compared to full year 2016 levels Strict discipline across the company to restore financial performance The business – Profit improvement Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 9 T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E THE BUSINESS – This is the market this is the market Over the next few years, telecom networks will transform into open, horizontal and program m­ able platforms that can connect all clouds to all devices. The increasing amount of industry use cases, including autonomous cars, massive and critical machine­to­machine communi­ cations and the vast usage of sensors will require more spectrum – as well as new spectrum. This will add a new set of requirements to existing telecom networks, creating new business opportunities for Ericsson. A market in transformation The market is transforming, creating new needs for Ericsson’s customers. By applying network slicing and virtualization, the network can be segmented in a smart and efficient way. This enables operators to expand their business and address new enterprise segments and industry verticals. Ericsson has taken a broad approach with the ambition to lead and drive the digitaliza- tion and transformation of the telecom industry as well as of other industries including utility, transport, and public safety. Global market trends For 2016, Ericsson estimates its total address- able market to be USD ~210 billion, growing to USD 215–225 billion in 2018, corresponding to a CAGR of 1–3%. The overall macro environment in 2016 has been challenging, especially in emerging markets, with a negative impact on investment willingness in certain regions and markets. In developed markets, investments in Europe have been slow, while investments in the US have remained stable. Investments in China have continued on a high level driven by 4G deployments. Only about 40 percent of the world’s population was covered by 4G/LTE at the end of 2015, which means that there is a great need for additional mobile broadband cov- erage before the next technology, 5G, becomes available. The demand and interest in digital transformation enabled by 5G, IoT (Internet of Things) and Cloud has accelerated, while at the same time, the industry convergence continues across IT, telecom and media. In 2022, Ericsson estimates that there will be around 10 billion mobile subscriptions (including cellular M2M) and over 6.8 billion connected smartphones. While the earlier generations of mobile technology offered connectivity to mobile phones and smartphones, the transition to the next generation, 5G, will involve devices beyond smartphones. Ericsson estimates that there will be 29 billion connected devices in 2022, of Ericsson’s addressable market (estimate) Approximately USD 210 billion in 2016 Networks (Products & Services) IT & Cloud (Products & Services) Media (Products & Services) Source: Ericsson estimate Networks Lowered investments in major markets, still ~60% global population is not covered by LTE (end of 2015) IT & Cloud Major transformations ahead presenting opportunities and challenges Media Investments pick up as operators consolidate and choose technology 10 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 which 18 billion will be related to Internet of Things. Video is expected to represent 75% of all mobile traffic in 2022. New services and IoT communications have a wide variety of requirements on connectivity performance, coverage, security and reliability. Earlier generations of mobile technologies such as GSM and LTE operate on licensed spectrum. In 5G, licensed and unlicensed spectrum will be needed and both traditional (e.g. Wi-Fi, LTE) and new radio access technologies will be used. In the existing spectrum, 5G technology is an evo- lution of LTE networks and therefore backwards compatible with earlier generations of mobile communications, while the new spectrum will be addressed by new technologies. The technolo- gies will interwork and offer strengthened capa- bilities to support a broad range of services. Enriched mobile communications via smart- phones have different requirements than machine type of communications. IoT communications also have different require- ments depending on if it is critical or massive. Critical IoT might require high quality of service (QoS) or telecom grade connectivity, while the requirements of massive IoT applications such as smart sensors that connect to the cloud once in a while, are related to low cost, low energy consumption and low bandwidth. In an environment with high data volumes, low latencies and a large number of devices, the architecture needs to be horizontalized. The benefits of a horizontal platform include the possibility to slice the network to allocate resources in the most optimal way and to con- nect a device to applications relevant to that device in the cloud. Building network infrastructure in a cloud environment also requires a decoupling of net- work functions (software) from hardware, which is achieved through technology virtualization. Increased network relevance for other industries Devices/IoT Mobility & connectivity Cloud & data Analytics & automation Applications & services Enterprise IT Cloud 5x Lower latency 10–100x End-user data rates 1 000x Mobile data volumes 10x Battery life 10–100x Connected devices A horizontal, programmable network platform to connect all clouds to all devices The business – This is the market Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 11 T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E THE BUSINESS – This is the market 5G Ericsson is at the forefront of the 5G market, having signed 28 MoUs (Memo­ randum of Understanding) with operators, and with 20 different industry partners and some 45 universities and research institutes involved in the development of 5G. In addition, Ericsson is taking a leading and active role in 5G standardization globally. The Company expects 5G in large commercial deployments by 2020. The 5G network will spur both business and technical innovation across many industries. Ericsson has several testbeds and is performing field trials of 5G radio technology, with larger pre- commercial operator trials planned for 2017. 5G forms a network where fixed and mobile services converge and will therefore also require a transformation of both the core network and the transport network. The network will consist of different access and connectivity solutions, driven by software, addressing the demands on mobile communications beyond 2020. The net- work will be sustainable, flexible and operation- ally scalable, addressing multiple industries and use cases. In fact, it will change the way the tele- com industry has worked so far. During the lifetime of traditional mobile com- munications, the development and adoption of new technology generations has been done through standardization processes and bodies. 5G is different as it will include devices beyond smartphones and therefore have more extensive adaption. Hence, the broad variety of use cases requires cross industry collaboration and a com- bination of conventional standardization and the use of Open source solutions. Thus, 5G will form a new global ecosystem with multiple use cases where Ericsson’s offering includes telecom transformation as well as digital transformation of other industries. The increased traffic capacity and the very high data rates of 5G technology will require the development of a new flexible air interface, NX, and the introduction of new spectrum within the existing spectrum below 6 GHz, as well as new spectrum in higher frequency bands up to 100 GHz. As capacity needs have continued to grow, the use of spectrum has shifted towards higher frequencies where larger channel bandwidths are more easily found. Compared to 4G-licensed spectrum, the efficiency of 5G-licensed spec- trum is significantly enhanced. Backhaul capac- ity also needs to evolve further to support future extreme capacity needs. With data rates up to 100 times faster, net- work latency lowered by a factor of five, mobile data volumes 1,000 times greater than today’s, and battery life of remote cellular devices stretched to 10 years or more, 5G will enable new capabilities, of which greater efficiency, agile networks and seamless connectivity are a few examples. The 5G network will also, supported by its inherent sustainability charac- teristics, consume much less energy than earlier generations and be more cost efficient through automation and hardware optimization. 5G use cases 5G USE CASES Broadband and media everywhere Sensors everywhere Smart vehicles, transport Infrastructure, monitor and control Critical control of remote devices Interaction human – IoT 12 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Creating the network of the future The Ericsson and Cisco partnership signed by two strong and complementary partners in November 2015, covers areas such as routing, data centers, networking, cloud, mobility as well as management and control and global services capabilities. Since sign- ing the contract the scope has extended into the segments of transport, smart city, utility and web, and has also entailed the introduc- tion of the Dynamic Service Manager. In addition, and based on Ericsson’s scale and skills, the partnership includes the develop- ment of a joint service portfolio in systems integration and managed services. The partnership accelerates market trans- formation and innovation, and emphasizes the strategic role of the network in the digitalized enterprise and public market. Reflecting good growth, the strategic partnership has signed more than 100 deals globally. The business – This is the market Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 13 T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E THE BUSINESS – The customers The Customers Ericsson’s main customers are telecom operators around the world, representing approxi­ mately 90% of revenues in 2016. In addition, the Company has customers in the selected industries of utility, transport and public safety. The IPR licensing business customer base is mainly handset suppliers. Operators For operators to be competitive, the telecom networks need to remain a relevant part of pro- viding high quality user experience, and they need to deliver added value in new and unique ways. Operators focus on differentiating their offerings, investing in agile and efficient net- works, managing the user experience and com- plexity and securing good coverage and perfor- mance for all services. During 2016, there has also been an increased operator focus on 5G and IoT, digital transformation and core network transformation. As mobile data traffic and the number of devices continue to increase, operators need to invest in infrastructure that supports throughput, performance and the large volumes of devices. While quality of service is the foundation of suc- cess, some operators differentiate by investing in high performing networks, some by swiftly adapting to market conditions and others by being first in the market with uniquely designed service offerings. Utility, transport and public safety The industries of utility, transport and public safety use ICT technologies in the ongoing mar- ket transformation, which is driven by mobility and new evolving technologies including smart grids, intelligent transport systems and services. Customers in these industries use ICT as an enabler to enhance the customer experience through innovation as they develop new busi- ness models and form new ecosystems. Handset suppliers Ericsson’s revenues from IPR (Intellectual Prop- erty Rights) has a customer base mainly consist- ing of handset suppliers. Smartphones are based on mobile technology, and Ericsson’s essential patents cover 2G, 3G, and 4G tech- nologies. Over the next few years the IPR and licensing customer base is expected by Ericsson to expand to supp liers of IoT-connected devices. On customers’ agenda > Higher speeds and decreased latency on 4G > New spectrum releases > Increased focus on 5G and IoT > Digital transformation > Transformation in Telecom core > Cross-industry synergies 14 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 T H E C U S T O M E R S An evolved go-to market model Ericsson is a global company, with customers in more than 180 countries. The new organization enables increased focus on the customers, both from a sales and delivery perspective. There are ten regions, all of which focus on sales and delivery to operators, and three Customer Groups with an evolved go-to market model for other customers. The structure allows the Company to get closer to customers, in order to enhance customer relations and increase customer value. Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 15 PROFIT IMPROVEMENTTHE MARKETTHIS IS ERICSSONBUSINESS STRUCTURETHE PEOPLESUSTAINABILITYREPORTING STRUCTURE THE BUSINESS – Business structure Networks From 2017, the Networks segment consists of two business units, Network Products and Network Services. The overall focus is on evolving and managing access networks, including the development of hardware and software for next generation radio access and transport networks. Networks will be reported separately within the new reporting structure from 2017. Facts Customers Telecom operators Competitors Huawei, Nokia, ZTE Introduction In Networks, Ericsson supports its operator customers by leveraging the advantages of tech- nology and services leadership. The portfolio of radio networks and backhaul solutions are based on industry standards and can also be industri- alized and adjusted to meet the demands of other industry verticals. In addition, Ericsson’s services capabilities address operator demand in an increasingly complex network environment. The new organizational structure enables a close set-up between products and services, and allows technology and services expertise to stay close to customers, which also supports simplicity and speed in the delivery process. Market trends and addressable market The addressable market for Networks is esti- mated by Ericsson to be USD 100 billion in 2016, including both products and services. The total addressable market for Networks, which is a combination of the mobile infrastructure market and the related telecom services market, is esti- mated by Ericsson to decline by 0–2% CAGR 2016– 2018. The competitive portfolio of radio networks and backhaul solutions are based on the tech- nology platforms that the Company develops for telecom operators. Telecom operator revenues in developed markets have been flat during recent years, and investments in many emerging markets have been impacted by a weak macro- economic environment. These circumstances have impacted the overall RAN (Radio Access Network) equipment market, which is estimated by Ericsson to have declined by 10–15% in 2016. This trend is expected to prevail and the Com- pany is estimating that the RAN equipment market will decline by 2–6% in 2017. Offering – main components Networks includes several generations of radio networks as well as small cells and microwave products. Ericsson offers hardware and soft- ware both for radio access and transport. The Company also has a broad and global range of product-related services comprising design, optimization, network rollout and customer sup- port. In addition, Ericsson provides managed services, which is a vendor agnostic service business that manages operator networks regardless of the equipment supplier. The Company operates and manages any network, or integrates any network technology, regard- less of the equipment that is currently installed. The Networks business Ericsson product related business Radio and Site Solutions Software and Hardware Network Rollout Transport Software and Hardware Network Tuning Network Design Customer Support Product vendor agnostic services business Managed Services Network Optimization 16 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Business model Mobile broadband Ericsson’s most traditional business model is mobile broadband, where the Company delivers and rolls out telecom networks including all nec- essary hardware and software. Key aspects for an operator to roll out a new technology – such as 4G/LTE – include satisfying end user demand in an efficient way, while maintaining a high-qual- ity user experience and maximizing the revenue potential. When building network coverage across one or more geographic areas, the cov- erage phase, there is a large share of hardware, and the project often includes network rollout services. For Ericsson, the initial build-out or rollout phase is capital-intensive and has a lower - than-average gross margin. Currently LTE cov- erage is growing quickly in urban, suburban and rural areas in many countries, and Ericsson esti- mates that world population coverage by LTE technology will be above 80% in 2022. When the network is up and running and demands for capacity expansions and quality improvements arise, profitability increases, driven by an increased share of software sales, network densification and less complex hard- ware installations, network optimization and customer support. This phase is called the cap- acity phase. The coverage phases are normally 1–2 years while the capacity phase lasts until the equipment is phased out, normally after 7–10 years in operation. One of the key drivers for increased capacity in the mobile networks is increased mobile data usage. Ericsson estimates that traffic generated by smartphones alone will increase tenfold between 2016 and 2022. Managed Services In Managed Services, Ericsson takes over aspects of a customer’s business operation as a commitment over several years. The Managed Services business model includes three phases. The initial phase, the transition, is coupled with lower profitability, as it involves up-front costs when staff and expertise are transferred from the customer to Ericsson. In the second phase, the transformation phase, Ericsson introduces its global processes, methods and tools and implements a global delivery model. In the third phase, Ericsson focuses on optimization and industrialization by simplifying, implementing and consolidating resources, processes, meth- ods and tools to allow for improved profitability. Managed services contracts are normally 5–7 years long. The first two phases last for 1–1.5 years while the optimization phase represents the remainder of the contract period. The Company believes that it has reached a good balance of contracts in the transition, transformation and optimization phases. Priorities Ericsson is a leading and trusted network part- ner. Networks’ mid-term priorities are to lever- age the installed base, improve profitability and increase the competiveness of its portfolio with the best total cost of ownership for its custom- ers, as well as secure leadership in the evolution to 5G. To leverage the installed base Ericsson plans to grow its managed services and cus- tomer support business by addressing end user experience and network evolution, grow capac- ity sales and leverage new spectrum. In addition, Business cycles – mobile broadband Capacity > Upgrade, densification, capacity increase > Shorter order cycles > Accretive to company gross margin > More software, support and optimization services Coverage > Break-in and green field > Open bidding > More hardware and rollout services > Dilutive to company gross margin > Higher capital tied-up > Network rollout lag Network sales ~2–3 quarters T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E The business – Business structure Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 17 THE BUSINESS – Business structure the Company focuses on increasing the avail- ability of its new radio platform Ericsson Radio System. To improve profitability and increase competitiveness, Ericsson is taking actions within Networks to improve R&D efficiency, change the supply strategy to fewer sites and a higher share of outsourced production, scale Ericsson Radio System deliveries, leverage its service delivery efficiency and promote industri- alization and automation of tools and process in services delivery. In order to secure leadership in the evolution to 5G, Networks is offering capabil- ities for consultation and inte gra tion of solutions for 5G and IoT, is leveraging 5G software “plug- ins” (5G software features that can be applied to 4G networks) and is introducing the world’s first commercial 5G radio. In addi tion, the Company is driving the 5G ecosystem through collabora- tion with customers, universities and other industries and partnerships. 18 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 IT & Cloud The IT & Cloud business includes two business units: IT & Cloud Products and IT & Cloud Services. The focus in IT & Cloud is to help telecom operators and selected enterprises through the digital transformations ahead. This is handled mainly in three domains: Support Systems (OSS and BSS), Telecom core and IT Cloud. IT & Cloud will be reported separately within the new reporting structure from 2017. Facts Customers Mainly operators. Selected enterprises. Competitors Services – e.g. Accenture, Capgemini, IBM OSS and BSS – e.g. Amdocs, Huawei, Netcracker, Oracle Telecom core – e.g. Huawei, Nokia IT & Cloud Infrastructure – e.g. Cisco, Dell, HPE, IBM Introduction The technology evolution driven by mobility, broadband, analytics, Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud is triggering a new wave of digital transformation. It is not only a technology shift but also a strong enabler for business transfor- mation across many industries. For operators, three main business drivers for transformation can be defined: > Digital operations – using cloud, virtualization and automation to build a more agile and efficient network and operations > Digital engagement – as operators move from just selling connectivity to providing a full cus- tomer and application centric business, they need new tools and ways to constantly be able to engage with customers and partners > Digital services – the ability to innovate and introduce services in days, not months, using insights derived from data analytics to identify and capture new business Digital transformation for operators is not only a way to stay competitive, it is also a necessary shift to prepare for the growing IoT business. IT & Cloud address these emerging demands, and with its extensive product port- folio and comprehensive service offering, IT & Cloud is equipped to handle transformations. The desired position for Ericsson is to become a leading digital business transforma- tion partner in and across the support systems, Telecom core and IT Cloud domains. Market trends and addressable market IT & Cloud’s focus is on creating opportunities for operators to unlock the full potential of mobil- ity, mobile broadband, analytics, IoT and cloud. Digital transformation for operators is closely related to the support systems domain and is driven by the fact that today’s customers, both consumers and enterprises, exhibit different expectations and behavior compared to what The IT & Cloud business Products and technology Consulting & Systems Integration Application Modernization & IT Operations Customer Support Support Systems (OSS and BSS) Revenue & Customer management Service provisioning, fulfillment and assurance Management and orchestration Physical and virtual network functions – e.g. MSS, IMS, VoLTE, EPC NFV infrastructure Telecom core Cloud Infrastructure and platform solutions Hyperscale Datacenter System 8000 IT Cloud T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E The business – Business structure Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 19 THE BUSINESS – Business structure many incumbent businesses are used to. This has resulted in many operators realizing that they need to embrace digital transformation to change the way they interact with their custom- ers and to be able to provide a convenient and context-aware experience across all customer touch points. In addition, operators increasingly work with partners to participate in or drive eco- systems that accelerate innovation and increase value for consumers and industries. Lastly, to reach agility, automation and resource efficiency from software-defined infrastructure, virtualiza- tion of network functions and software- defined networking, operators are looking to transform their back-office operations and IT environments to take advantage of advanced analytics and machine learning technology. The market for Telecom core transformation is driven by operators wanting the ability to address new enterprise segments cost effi- ciently, with new offerings, business models and use cases based on 5G or IoT, or both. This need is satisfied by using new Telecom core technologies like software-defined infrastructure and networking, virtualization, open systems and analytics, which allow the operator to slice its network to serve a particular industry or busi- ness segment, for example. Slicing provides dedicated yet dynamic resource utilization and quality assurance for each business, indepen- dent of others, at a much lower total cost for operators. IT operations are under pressure to deliver speed, scalability and flexibility that meet busi- ness demands, while at the same time reducing CAPEX and OPEX. The virtualization of network functions and the related horizontal network architecture creates a market for cloud trans- formation and convergence of IT and networks. In addition, new cloud technology allows any enterprise to build cloud infrastructures to support their digital transformation, including architecture and economics equivalent to that of the traditional cloud service providers. The mar- ket also shows an increasing interest in making more use of public clouds for enterprise applica- tions and in creating a hybrid cloud that shares resources from private and public clouds to run their workloads. The addressable market (products and ser- vices) for IT & Cloud (telecom operators only) in 2016 is estimated by Ericsson to be approxi- mately USD 100 billion, with an estimated growth rate of 5–7% CAGR 2016–2018. Offering – main components Transformation implies journeys from the current state to a future state in many dimensions of the business. Ericsson’s IT & Cloud product and service portfolio provides customer solutions for all of the above mentioned transformation journeys. The Company believes that the ability to offer a combination of products, technology and expertise in networks, software, cloud and business processes is a significant competitive advantage. This ability is highly relevant to other industries as well as it enables expansion of the business beyond telecom operators even further. IT & Cloud Services With over 17,000 consultants and systems integrators building and using common best practices, service automation and asset tools, Ericsson is in a strong position to guide custom- ers through the challenging, complex and in many cases multi-year transformation journeys. Ericsson’s services capabilities enable customer engagements ranging from consulting, setting the business direction and transformation plan, systems integration and building the new envi- ronment to establishing business processes and IT operations on behalf of the customer. Digital transformation Business drivers for Ericsson’s customers Digital operations Digital engagement Digital services Agile processes and technology adopting DevOps & Lean Effortless and con- sistent customer experience through all channels Innovate to launch new offerings and business models Reduce total cost through automation and consolidation Think “customer first” in every part of the organization Leverage data to understand and capture business 20 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Business model The traditional business model has been to offer products and services. This has over time devel- oped towards project business with larger and more complex undertakings. The undertakings are becoming larger, turning into full transforma- tion projects with business benefit goals, and they include hardware and software from multi- ple vendors. A transformation project can turn into an IT managed services contract where Ericsson operates the transformed environment on behalf of the customer. Over time there will also be as-a- Service models in the IT & Cloud market. Priorities The business and operational priorities for IT & Cloud are as follows: > Monetize the leading position – address the large installed customer base in Support Systems and Telecom core to extend the existing engagements and to grow the recur- ring revenues > Re-focus the go-to-market approach – lever- age the relationship with operator Chief Tech- nology Officers to address operator Chief Information Officers. Also investigate oppor- tunities in the enterprise markets > Shift the portfolio – re-allocate product invest- ments to support the growth areas, which are driven by digital transformations. This also includes the strategic partnership with Cisco to broaden the IP portfolio > Develop service delivery – modernize tools and methods for service automation, increase use of partners and open source and establish digital transformation centers for knowledge build-up and sharing > Shift people and competence – continue the shift towards IT, business process transfor- mation and cloud competence The systems integrators implement the new solu- tions and migrate operations to the new environ- ment, and the lifespan of the customers’ legacy applications can be extended with the Applica- tion Development and Modernization services. Support Systems products Ericsson has a market leading comprehensive, pre-integrated and modular support systems (OSS and BSS) software offering for Revenue & Customer Management, Analytics, Service Orchestration, Assurance and Network Manage- ment. Improved end-user experience with per- sonalized offerings, consistent and effortless omnichannel experiences, simplification of network complexity, 5G and IoT are all examples of drivers for a transformed support systems environment to become a digital operator or enterprise. Telecom core products Ericsson provides a complete end-to-end offer- ing for communications services including IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core, application servers, subscriber databases, mobile soft switch, VoLTE and evolved packet core. These network functions are offered as physical or vir- tual instances to suit a wide range of operator requirements. Ericsson has a leading portfolio of virtualized network functions and an end-to-end portfolio including Service Provider SDN to sup- port orchestration of virtualized applications in an automated way. In addition, Ericsson also provides what is known as NFV infrastructure which is a common platform for network func- tions that are virtualized during transformation of the core network. IT Cloud products A cloud system contains a range of compute, storage and networking modules that work together to build a wide range of virtual systems. Ericsson’s Cloud Infrastructure offering entails software-defined data centers and hardware platforms, software-defined networks, open platform technologies and cloud management. One of the major products is the Hyperscale Data- center System 8000 – a new generation of data- center system that uses a disaggregated hard- ware architecture for better resource utilization. Ericsson’s cloud infrastructure solutions are based on open source and OpenStack, making the solution relevant for any industry. It can be used for different businesses in different indus- tries, ranging from telecom cloud to hyperscale software-defined infrastructure. T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E The business – Business structure Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 21 THE BUSINESS – Business structure Media Ericsson’s Media business offering includes products and services, and focuses on new market entry and expanding the Company’s footprint globally. The segment Media will be reported separately within the new reporting structure from 2017. Facts Customers Broadcasters, Cable TV opera- tors, Mobile and fixed operators Competitors Accenture, Akamai, Arqiva, Cisco, Encompass, Harmonic, Huawei, Nokia Introduction Consumer behavior is a key driver in the trans- formation of the media market. As an increasing share of TV and video is accessed over a smart- phone, delivering seamless TV experiences on smartphones will be a basic requirement as well. Mobile video consumption is vastly outgrowing traditional linear consumption. Ericsson offers innovative solutions that enable content owners, broadcasters, TV service providers and network operators to efficiently deliver, manage and monetize new TV experiences. Ericsson’s ambi- tion is to be a transformation partner – which shapes the future of TV. To show its commitment to the media business the segment Media brings together media products and services compe- tence for Content owners, Broadcasters, TV service providers and Network operators to support Ericsson’s customers in the ongoing industry transformation. Market trends and addressable market Ericsson estimates that its addressable market in Media will grow 9–11% CAGR 2016–2018. The fragmented TV market includes IP technology, networks and the vast amount The Media business Products Services Compression, software and hardware Playout operations and Media management Video processing and Storage Access Cloud based TV-platforms Content discovery Media and Content delivery Sports graphic Advertisement and analytics Consulting and Systems Integration related to own portfolio 22 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 of video-enabled connected devices that are driving the transformation of the market. Ericsson estimates that the share of video traffic will increase to 75% of total mobile traffic in 2022, compared to 50% today. The industry convergence and competitive landscape require a new set of skills and there is an increased demand for outsourcing of media operations. While the cable operator market is moving in the direction of all IP delivery, broadcasters are seeing increased competitive pressure from the telecom operators, which are moving into broad- casting by packaging and distributing content over broadband. They are expanding their busi- ness from controlling the bit pipe to also include production and control of content. This is reflected for example in AT&T’s move towards content and its proposed takeover of Time Warner, and in Verizon’s acquisition of AOL and Yahoo. The over-the-top players (OTT) that create global offerings at lower price points constitute another group of competitors to broadcasters. Compared to the global over-the-top players, broadcasters have a strong advantage in their localized content. They know the culture and the local consumption habits, something that Ericsson in its offering is also trying to leverage. The aim is to be global but with a localized managed services model. Offering – main components Ericsson develops and delivers software-based solutions for TV and media and combines a product portfolio that spans the TV value chain, with systems integration and managed services. The portfolio includes compression, software and hardware-based video processing and stor- age, content publishing via set-top box or pure OTT, content delivery and analytics. Services include broadcast playout, media management, captioning, content discovery and Systems Integration. The end to end offering allows Ericsson to advise, guide, support, implement and manage its customers’ transformation in the evolution of TV. T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E MediaFirst At the core of Ericsson’s MediaFirst offering is the MediaFirst TV platform, which enables per- sonalization, interactivity and multiscreen view- ing capabilities. The platform is a software and cloud-based platform, which was developed to cater for the creation, management and delivery of next generation pay TV. Hence the MediaFirst portfolio includes the cloud TV platform, media delivery solutions and media processing. Broadcast managed services Every year, Ericsson Broadcast Services distrib- utes more than 4 million hours of programming in more than 60 languages for more than 500 TV channels worldwide. When Ericsson manages broadcast services, the Company handles the technical platforms and operational services including content logis- tics, library management, quality control, playout services, WebTV and mobile services. The Media service offering enables broadcasters to reduce time to market, minimize business con- tinuity risk and achieve significant OPEX and CAPEX savings. Package and Deliver managed services Ericsson’s end-to-end Package and Deliver managed services offering includes the cloud media processing platform. The service platform utilizes cloud-based tools to deliver highly resil- ient, secure and flexible non-linear contribution, archiving and media processing. These services can deliver scalability, flexibility and elasticity to broadcasters, TV platforms and content owners. Business model Ericsson is moving towards a business model with a high degree of recurring software and service sales. In the new organization, Ericsson’s Media business centrally manages broadcast and cable customers. The go-to- market strategy is to move from a fragmented model to a more focused model to drive sales in selected top accounts. This will include geo- graphical prioritization and involve both direct sales and partnering. Priorities Ericsson’s ambition is to be its customers’ video transformation partner. Focus is on capturing growth in media through increased software sales and expanding recurring revenues. Provid- ing technology that brings cloud capabilities into the TV network, with the flexibility and elasticity needed to deploy software applications, contin- ues to be a top priority. Ericsson’s ambition is to increase sales to non-operator customers and work with channel and portfolio partners, while capturing synergies from the new organization. The Company is transferring investments from legacy hardware based products to next- generation software and cloud based solutions, while focusing on a go-to-market model that drives profitable growth. The business – Business structure Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 23 THE BUSINESS – Business structure global presence 24/7 Ericsson is a global company, with customers in more than 180 countries. The Company has been present in many countries, such as China, Brazil and India, for more than 100 years. The go-to-market organi zation is based in 10 geographical regions and one region Other. NORTH AMERICA -6% Mobile broadband investments were stable. Professional Services sales were negatively impacted by a reduced scope in a Managed Services contract. Support Solutions sales declined due to delayed investment decisions by customers. The focus on 5G strongly increased, with trials ongoing with all major customers. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 25% LATIN AMERICA -16% Sales decreased following reduced mobile broadband investments due to a weak macro- economic environment and due to devaluation of local currencies. The strong momentum for digital transformation continued. Professional Services sales declined due to lower activities in Managed Services. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 8% Legend: ± XX % The percentage figure shows sales change 2016 compared to 2015, % 24 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 WESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE -18% Sales declined as the initial LTE deployments were finalized. Operators continue to focus on transforming their networks to meet the increasing demand for coverage and capacity, while at the same time improving efficiency. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 7% NORTHERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA -15% Sales declined, primarily due to continued lower mobile broadband investments in Russia. Global Services sales were flat with a decline in Network Rollout, offset by increased Managed Services sales in Sweden. OSS and BSS sales were flat while TV and Media sales declined. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 4% MEDITERRANEAN -10% Sales declined due to lower investments in mobile broadband infrastructure, mainly related to capacity business. Operator investments in ICT transformation and demand for Managed Services continued. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 9% MIDDLE EAST -16% Sales declined, primarily in Networks due to lower broadband investments in Egypt, Pakistan, Ethiopia and Turkey. The decrease was partly offset by growth in Global Services sales, mainly inNetwork Rollout and optimization services in Saudi Arabia. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 9% NORTH EAST ASIA -3% Sales declined slightly due to lower investments in Mainland China and Korea, partly offset by market share gains in Japan and Taiwan. In Mainland China 4G deployments continued. However, reduced investments in legacy tech- nologies and significantly reduced investment by one customer, impacted sales negatively. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 12% INDIA -20% Mobile broadband sales declined mainly driven by delayed spectrum auctions which delayed operator investments. Professional Services sales remained stable with operators’ higher focus on network quality and cost optimization. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 5% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -11% Investments declined, impacted by a weak macro- economic environment, local currency depreciation in key markets as well as low oil and commodity prices. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 4% SOUTH EAST ASIA AND OCEANIA 15% Sales increased, primarily driven by mobile broadband deployments across several markets. Professional Services sales developed favorably as operators focus on efficiency and network optimization services. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 10% OTHER -23% IPR licensing revenues amounted to SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion. Sales in 2015 were positively impacted by a global patent license agreement signed with Apple. SHARE OF GROUP REVENUES: 7% The business – Business structure Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 25 T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E THE BUSINESS – Business structure Customer Group Industry and Society Customer Group Industry and Society addresses industries beyond telecommunications with existing Ericsson capabilities, IoT solutions and industry-adapted offerings in order to ensure scale and efficient operations across the Company. Industry and Society plays an important role in Ericsson’s strategy to expand the business beyond telecom operators by reusing and extending the current portfolio of both services and products. Introduction The digital transformation offers huge potential in terms of new innovations, improved efficiency, sustainability and safety in any industry. The industries benefit from Ericsson’s mobility exper- tise and services innovation, including, for exam- ple, solutions for smart grids in utilities and for connected vehicles in the automotive industry. Market trends and addressable market Ericsson’s selected industries within Industry and Society – utilities, transport and public safety – have geographically dispersed net- works, regulatory frameworks and business models. This is particularly true for utilities and transport, which in many ways face conditions that are similar to those of telecom operators. Like telecom operators, they need to transform, increase their operational efficiency, improve customer experience and deliver a higher degree of innovation. Offering – main components For the selected industries in Industry and Soci- ety, Ericsson reuses its existing products and services offerings developed for operator cus- tomers. Ericsson has also developed a number of industry-specific cloud solutions, such as Connected Vehicle Cloud. These industry- specific solutions combine industry applications, service enablement, connectivity management and consulting as well as systems integration and managed operations services. Business model The new organizational structure enables Ericsson’s technology and service expertise to be close to the selected industries. Industry and Society operates with direct sales channels and work closely with partners to optimize the solu- tions. Ericsson supports companies not only through innovative offerings but also through its analytical capabilities, local and global presence and ability to support the customers as they develop and deploy new business models. Priorities Industry and Society focuses to profitably extend the business globally in the utilities, public safety and transport industries. Ericsson also evaluates the potential of entering into other industries. Three industries in focus Utilities Transport Public safety 26 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Ericsson’s Connected Vehicle Marketplace Scania and Ericsson have advanced the cooperation in 5G and connectivity research for com- mercial vehicles and infrastructure and entered into strategic partner- ship around sustainability, digitali- zation, and connectivity. One initial result of this partnership is Scania One, a solution that opens up a new channel for distribution and management of digital services for Scania’s customers. Already at launch, Scania One comes with a broad spectrum of services, such as fleet management, driver tools and entertainment. Scania One – based on Ericsson’s Connected Vehicle Marketplace – is an open, non-proprietary solution where existing and coming Scania ser- vices together with third party ser- vices constitute an ecosystem for optimized and efficient transport solutions, aimed at enhanced value, productivity and profitability for Scania’s customers. T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 27 THE BUSINESS – Business structure Customer Group IPR & Licensing Ericsson has more than 42,000 granted patents. The Company is a net receiver of licensing royalties and has agreements with the largest handset suppliers in the world. Ericsson continues to expand its IPR licensing business into new technologies and industries. Introduction Ericsson’s technology leadership in mobile communications is demonstrated by a further strengthened IPR portfolio of more than 42,000 granted patents compared to 39,000 granted patents in 2015. Through its IPR licensing, the Company is able to encourage innovation and re-invest in further development of the commu- nications eco-system. At the same time, IPR licensing strengthens Ericsson’s position as one of the technology leaders in the ICT industry and ensures a fair return on the Company’s R&D investment through fair, reasonable and non- discriminatory (FRAND) licensing. IPR licensing revenues were SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion in 2016 with margins above the Company average. The Company is currently expanding its licensing business beyond handset suppliers to include other industries such as media and IoT device manufacturers. Internet of Things rep- resents an opportunity for connected device manufacturers to expand their product offerings to new areas, and for Ericsson to expand its IPR business and become a preferred technology partner in new industries. 28 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Market trends and addressable market Ericsson’s licensing business promotes open standards, which enable decreased costs of technology for consumers through economies of scale and fair pricing. The open standards also lower barriers to market entry and, through interoperability and high performance, enable large markets for digital products and services. The majority of today’s IPR licensing revenues are generated from handset suppliers. The Company has agreements with the largest handset suppliers in the world. However, over the last couple of years an increasing share of the handset market is represented by the Chinese suppliers. Ericsson does not yet have agreements with some of these suppliers, which affects the IPR licensing revenue negatively in the short-term. The company is addressing new handset suppliers with the ambition to sign license agreements with them. Ericsson is expanding the licensing business to cover products beyond handsets as connec- tivity is introduced in industries other than tele- communications. By 2022, the number of con- nected devices is expected by Ericsson to grow to 29 billion from today’s 16 billion devices. These other industries need efficient ways to allow for all connected devices to be adequately licensed. As standard-essential patents are licensed, licensing terms are adapted for each use case to reflect the value of the patented standardized technology for the device in ques- tion and its user. The value of wireless connec- tivity differs greatly depending on the use case, and FRAND licensing practices are flexible enough to handle this. The Avanci platform In 2016, Ericsson led the formation of Avanci, a one stop shop for licensing of standard essential patents for certain IoT applications. Avanci is a third party entity through which holders of stan- dard essential patents can license their wireless technologies to companies and manufacturers who develop and create connected devices for the IoT. For device manufacturers, the open marketplace simplifies access to wireless tech- nologies. Avanci connects the patent holders with the companies developing the IoT devices in an uncomplicated manner and simplifies the process of identifying what essential patents are required in each device. Avanci’s initial focus will be on licenses for connected vehicles and smart meters. Offering – main components Ericsson’s IPR portfolio includes both patents and technology know-how. Patent licensing includes giving access to patents for different technology standards, while in technology licensing Ericsson provides specifications for proprietary technologies such as different interfaces. Business model For Ericsson, there is great value in the IPR port- folio in terms of securing cross-licensing agree- ments. These agreements are signed with other IPR patent holders in order to avoid litigation or disputes, and they give both signing companies the freedom to market products and solutions that utilize each other’s technology. As Ericsson has a strong patent portfolio, the Company believes that this approach also enables the Company to commercialize and obtain a fair return on the IPR portfolio when others use the Company’s technology. Over the past five years, annual R&D invest- ments have been SEK 32–36 billion, and in 2016 revenues from the IPR licensing business were SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion. As IPR licensing margins are above the Company average, they have an accretive impact on profitability. Priorities Ericsson’s ambition is to capture growth in the IPR licensing business by leveraging its tech- nology leadership, ensuring license agreements with handset suppliers and expanding its business to industries other than telecommunications. T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E The business – Business structure Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 29 THE BUSINESS – People The people The People strategy is essential for Ericsson during its journey of transformation. Being a people business, Ericsson’s future success depends on the Company’s ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain talent. Ericsson’s core values Professionalism Respect Perseverance By attracting and developing the best talent and establishing a high-performance organization, Ericsson can maintain a leading position in the industry. The core values of Professionalism, Respect and Perseverance are part of the Ericsson culture of creativity and innovation. The enabling culture empowers individuals and teams, which continue to transform the business and fulfill their own potential. Attracting the best talent Competition for talent in the ICT industry is intense and Ericsson works continuously to attract the best talent. The work of Ericsson employees can posi- tively impact the lives of people around the world. Employees can also volunteer their time in many of the Company’s Technology For Good programs to bring the benefits of the Networked Society to all. In that sense, Ericsson is for peo- ple who want to make a real difference. Ericsson strives to be a global employer of choice with consistent values. At the same time it is important to meet local needs. Ericsson wants to be recognized as a company that can fulfill both personal and career ambitions of current and potential employees. Through an employee referral program, Ericsson involves top talent to attract other top talent from the market. The “You + Ericsson Concept” communicates people stories in social media that demonstrate Ericsson’s culture and global opportunities. Ericsson also works with universities all over the world to attract talent early. Furthermore, the Company works to pro- mote computer science and STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education together with tech-oriented groups and community associations. Skills as a core asset In a rapidly evolving market, Ericsson’s employ- ees work hard to develop and evolve the neces- sary skills needed to maintain a leading position in the ICT industry and to successfully support Ericsson’s customers’ transformation journey. The Company’s approach to learning is two- pronged: the first prong is a bottom-up app- roach with a strong focus on skills and career development at the individual level; the second A learning organization – 2016 facts and figures Share of employees that took formal training (any mode of delivery) 90% 29 HOURS Total learning hours: 2.92 million courses attended: 17,380 No. of different Average learning hours per employee 30 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 prong is a top-down approach that aims to close key competence gaps to enable proper execu- tion of the Company’s business strategies and operating objectives. Ericsson Academy prides itself on giving its employees in around 150 countries easy and equal access to innovative digital learning. Ericsson’s new Virtual Faculties, which consist of the Company’s experts in different areas such as cloud, 5G, small cell and service delivery, offer live virtual recordings in interactive sessions with employees. Through virtual sandboxes, employees get the possibility to learn about Ericsson’s portfolio to supplement their work experience. Engagement and leadership Ericsson’s ambition is for employees to stay motivated and engaged. To measure overall employee motivation and commitment to the company’s success, Ericsson conducts an employee survey – the Employee Engagement Index. In 2016, due to organizational changes that took place from July 1 and a new organizational structure that was not yet complete, Ericsson conducted a poll of a representative sample of 25% of the global employee population instead of the Group wide survey normally conducted annually. Complex industry and organizational changes were reflected in overall engagement levels; the engagement index was 68% in 2016 compared to 76% in 2015. However, for Ericsson as an organization, the employees continue to report a very high sense of pride, with 82% stat- ing that they are “proud to work for Ericsson”, compared to 88% in 2015. Developing the right leadership capabilities and skills is essential for Ericsson’s Networked society strategy. Strong leadership is critical to taking the business forward as the Company continues to evolve. Diversity at an inclusive workplace Ericsson is a global company with over 170 nationalities within the organization and custom- ers in more than 180 countries. With diversity and inclusion as one of the prime drivers of culture, Ericsson aspires to be as diverse as the world in which the Company operates. Diversity is supported by an inclusive workplace where people are valued for the different perspectives, ideas and experiences that they bring to the Company. Attracting more women to the technology sector remains a challenge. One of Ericsson’s goals for 2020 is for 30 percent of all executives, line managers and the overall workforce at the Company to be women. To achieve this goal, the gender perspective is included in strategic processes, including talent acquisition and development programs. Ericsson also works with universities and through employer branding to attract more women. Additionally, the Global Leadership Team members all have diversity and inclusion objectives related to gender in their performance management goals. Diversity & Inclusion Strategy YOU + ERICSSON a powerful combination Values for Customers, Employees, Shareholders Create an inclusive work environment Enable diverse representation Strengthen employer brand Create a high- performance culture Integrate into business processes Leadership Competency and Education Communication and Engagement Operational Excellence and Innovation Values, Vision, Mission Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 31 Ericsson’s values of Professionalism, Respect and Perseverance are an integral part of everything the Company does, and so is the strategy of diversity and inclusion. The Com- pany believes that by leveraging its global scale and skills, by innovating and adapting to new ways of working and by maintaining a diverse and inclusive workplace, Ericsson is able to create differentiated value for share- holders, customers and employees – and remain a leader in the ICT industry. The business – People T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E THE BUSINESS – Sustainability Sustainability and corporate responsibility As a responsible and relevant driver of positive change in society, Ericsson is committed to creating business value while reducing risk. Key focus areas Ericsson’s Sustainability and Corporate Respon- sibility (CR) focus areas are conducting business responsibly, the environment, energy and cli- mate action, and internet for all. Since launch in 2015, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injus- tice and halt climate change provide a frame- work for describing and measuring Ericsson’s impacts on society. Conducting business responsibly Responsible business practices are embedded in Ericsson’s operations to manage risks. The Ericsson Group Management System includes Group policies, processes and directives encompassing responsible sourcing, occupa- tional health and safety, environmental manage- ment, anti-corruption and human rights. Exter- nal assurance providers audit the system and the Ericsson Sustainability and CR report. Governance The Code of Business Ethics (CoBE) sets the tone for how Ericsson conducts business glob- ally. All employees periodically acknowledge the CoBE with the next such acknowledgement planned for 2017. The Code of Conduct applies to employees and suppliers and is based on the UN Global Compact (UNGC) ten principles on human rights, labor conditions, environmental management and anti-corruption. Ericsson is com mitted to implementing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) across its business operations and addresses and reports on its most salient human rights issues (the right to privacy, freedom of expression and labor standards) according to the UNGP Reporting Framework annually in its Sustain ability and CR report. ened through introducing an automated anti- corruption screening tool for supplier and third- party due diligence. The tool was piloted in one region during 2016 and is planned to be further rolled out in 2017. By the end of 2016, over 95,900 employees have completed the anti- corruption e-learning launched in 2013. Ericsson is currently voluntarily cooperating with inquiries from the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the United States Department of Justice regarding its com- pliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. These inquiries concern a period from Jan- uary 1, 2007 and onwards, and the Company will make additional disclosures regarding these inquiries to the extent required. It is important to underline that Ericsson has a zero-tolerance approach to corruption and the Company continuously strengthen its compli- ance processes and how they are implemented. Over the last year Ericsson intensified its efforts, adding both internal resources as well as engag- ing outside counsel to support the overall pro- cess and give an outside view of the robustness of its programs. Human rights To fulfil its responsibility to respect human rights in accordance with the UNGP, Ericsson has developed and strengthened its human rights framework. The Ericsson Sales Compliance Process includes a forum that regularly reviews potential human rights impacts, with mitigation actions determined by the Sales Compliance Board where necessary. Since 2013, Ericsson has performed UNGP- aligned Human Rights Impact Assessments in Myanmar, Iran and Ethiopia. In 2016, work was also initiated to evaluate Cuba from a human rights perspective. Anti-corruption Ericsson has a zero-tolerance approach to corruption and has invested continuously and systematically over the past decade in order to strengthen anti-corruption processes. The Company’s anti-corruption program, headed by a Chief Compliance Officer, focuses on preven- tion and accountability. In 2016 it was strength- Health and safety As part of its zero major incidents vision within Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), Ericsson applies a risk-based approach to control and pre- vent work-related hazards. Selected oper ations undergo internal audits to ensure comp liance with the OHSAS 18001 standard. To support a safe work environment for anyone working on 32 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 the Company’s behalf, Ericsson takes a com- prehensive and inclusive approach. The Com- pany reports in the Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Report on both its own incidents and fatalities and those of suppliers building and servicing networks on behalf of Ericsson. Environment, energy and climate change Ericsson is committed to develop and deliver solutions to support climate action. At the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP 22) in Morocco in 2016, Ericsson and other leading companies joined world leaders in sup- porting the goals set out in the Paris Agreement. In 2016, Ericsson’s Connected Mangroves proj- ect was one of the five winners of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change “Momentum for Change” award at COP22, which honored ICT initiatives contri- buting to climate resilience. Energy performance and water management Ericsson products are designed with the aim of minimizing the components, packaging and climate impacts. In 2016, continued improve- ments were made in energy performance across the entire product portfolio, including Ericsson Radio System (ERS), which provides a 50% improvement in energy efficiency on previous generation. ICT also has significant transforma- tive potential to help other sectors such as Energy and Transport to reduce their environmen- tal impact. As a signatory to the UN Global Com- pact’s CEO Water Mandate, Ericsson signals its commitment to adopting and implementing a comprehensive approach to water manage ment. Global Product Take-Back The Ericsson Global Product Take-back Pro- gram oversees responsible treatment of prod- ucts at the end of their lifecycle. The program is offered to customers globally free of charge, not only in markets where this is required by law. In 2016, 9,600 tons of used products were taken back for controlled materials recycling. During take-back, over 98% of the materials are recycled. Smart, sustainable cities Deployment of broadband infrastructure is an enabler of many future services such as smart grids and intelligent transport. The Stockholm Royal Seaport project, in which Ericsson has participated for more than five years, offers a blueprint for how Swedish innovation can be applied to the sustainable city design. In 2016, Ericsson began research into enhanced con- sumer awareness and control of energy con- sumption through use of connected appliances. Internet for all In 2016, Ericsson launched a suite of business solutions to increase viability of mobile internet investments in developing markets. Network innovations help operators create viable and inclusive business in rural or off-grid settings by improving mobile network performance and effi- ciency and reducing associated network costs, and by enabling affordable 2G to 3G upgrades. These solutions build on Ericsson Radio System to cut total cost of ownership by up to 40% for operators involved in expanding mobile broad- band. The Company’s Pure Solar solution launched in Myanmar for off-grid service with no diesel backup. Technology for Good™ In the Networked Society, Ericsson is a leading advocate for Technology for Good™ using core competence and technology to address sustain- able development challenges. Examples include: > Education – Ericsson is the lead technology partner in Connect to Learn, a global educa- tion initiative, now in 23 countries, engaging 16 mobile operators and benefitting about 80,000 students. > Refugees – Under a global partnership with the International Rescue Committee (IRC), Connect to Learn is working in Domiz refugee camps in Northern Iraq with operator AsiaCell to provide edu cational support to Internally Displaced People (IDPs) and refugees in their host communities. > Humanitarian Response – Ericsson Res- ponse, deployed under the ICT Humanitarian Response Working Group for Haiti, estab- lished 16 sites to support humanitarian users. There were six Ericsson Response volunteers deployed in 2016 to Haiti, with two additional volunteers supporting the deployment through the end of January 2017. Read more about Ericsson’s approach, perfor- mance and initiatives in the Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Report: www.ericsson.com/sustainability. T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E The business – Sustainability Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 33 THE BUSINESS – Sustainability Solar breakthrough in Myanmar Operators in developing regions are challenged in finding a viable way to extend network coverage to rural areas that are off the electricity grid. In Myanmar, 70% of the population lacks access to commercial electricity. Rural off-grid sites typically use a diesel generator and battery solution, leading to significant costs and CO2 emissions. Faced with this challenge, together with mobile operator Telenor, Ericsson has succeeded in deploy- ing the world’s first 500 Watt solar powered site in Myanmar, making solar more economical than diesel for the first time. A number of innovations, including Ericsson’s unique Psi coverage solu- tion were deployed at the site. The result is a 75% reduction in total site power consumption while retaining full coverage, service quality and per- formance. With economy comes scale and with millions of base stations worldwide, there is opportunity to decrease the dependency on diesel fuel for off-grid sites, making a significant contribution against global warming and extend cost effective mobile broadband to the 50% of the world popu- lation that are currently without Internet access. 34 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Reporting structure 2016 For 2016, Ericsson reported three segments, namely Networks, Global Services and Support Solutions. The business mix in Global Services was divided between network rollout services and professio- nal services, and approximately 2/3 of professio- nal services sales were recurring. Major compet- itors included Accenture, Huawei, IBM and Nokia. Support Solutions The segment developed and delivered soft- ware-based solutions for OSS and BSS as well as TV and media solutions. Sales were domi- nated by software, while the services part of the business was reported in Global Services. Ericsson is transforming the business model from one based on a revenue from traditional telecom software licenses to one that empha- sizes recurring software licensing built on sub- scription-based software offerings. Due to its high software content, gross margin was typi- cally higher than Company average, and at the same time R&D intensive. Major competitors included Amdocs, Huawei, IBM and Oracle. Networks The segment delivered hardware and software that are needed for mobile and fixed communi- cations, several generations of radio networks, IP and transmission networks, core networks and cloud. The major business models were based on network coverage build followed by network capacity expansions and upgrades with a revenue mix consisting of hardware and soft- ware. Gross margins were affected by the busi- ness mix between sales of network coverage build-outs, upgrades and network expansions. A majority of the Company’s Research and Development (R&D) investments were made within Networks in 2016. Major competitors included Huawei, Nokia and ZTE. Global Services The segment delivered network rollout services and professional services such as managed ser- vices, consulting and systems integration (CSI) and customer support as well as network design and optimization services. Through Ericsson’s service delivery organization and it’s four Global Service Centers, Ericsson deployed, operated and evolved networks and related support sys- tems. Ericsson provided managed services to networks that were typically multi-vendor, multi- technology environments. In broadcast services Ericsson expanded its service portfolio offering automation and standardization of processes, methods and tools. Networks Share of net sales SEK 108.3 billion 48.7% Operating margin 4% Global Services Share of net sales SEK 101.7 billion 45.7% Operating margin 3% Support Solutions Share of net sales SEK 12.5 billion 5.6% Operating margin –8% T H S I I I S E R C S S O N P R O F I T I M P R O V E M E N T T H E M A R K E T T H E C U S T O M E R S I B U S N E S S S T R U C T U R E S U S T A N A B I I L I T Y T H E P E O P L E I R E P O R T N G S T R U C T U R E The business – Reporting structure 2016 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 35 THE BUSINESS – Reporting structure 2016 change in reporting structure from 2017 Ericsson implemented a new organizational structure in 2016. The new structure builds on the Company’s technology leadership, services leadership and global scale and skills, and it supports cost reductions and efficiency improvements. It also removes duplication across portfolios and capabilities. Ericsson has adapted its organization to mirror its customers’ ways of working, with the aim to create a more efficient and purpose-built organization to meet the needs of different customer segments and more quickly seize business opportunities. From January 1, 2017, financial reporting is done according to a new structure, with three new financial reporting segments, Networks, IT & Cloud and Media. The new segments contain both products and services and the structure aligns company reporting with strategy execu- tion in a simpler and more transparent way. New segment structure (illustrative) Portfolio ownership Main owners in 2016 segment structure Main owners in 2017 segment structure Networks Global services Support solutions Networks IT & Cloud Media Radio Transport Core Cloud IP Customer Support Consulting & Systems Integration Managed Services Broadcast Services Network Design & Optimization Network Rollout Radio Transport Core Cloud IP Telecom Support IT1) Consulting & Systems Integration IT2) Broadcast Services Telecom Managed Services Network Design & Optimization Network Rollout OSS & BSS TV & Media OSS & BSS TV & Media 1) IT Support 2) IT Managed Services 36 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 letter from the chairman Dear shareholders, During 2016, the market situation became increasingly challenging, mainly driven by a weak macro-economic environment. As a result, the Company increased its focus on improving profitability and on addressing the needs of cus- tomers, partly through the implementation of a series of organizational and structural changes. At the same time the Board decided that the time was right for a new leader to drive the next phase of Ericsson’s transformation. The ambition was to find a CEO with the right background, attitude and leadership ability to take on the challenging situation, and this resulted in the appointment of Börje Ekholm as the new CEO. Börje Ekholm will lead the Company into the next phase, implement and develop the strategy, while executing on the cost and efficiency program. The Board believes that he has deep insight and understanding both of the commercial consequences and the techni- cal aspects of the digital transformation enabled by 5G, IoT and Cloud. The Board would also at this point like to take the opportunity to thank Hans Vestberg for his energetic and inspiring leadership as CEO for almost seven years. We would also like to thank Jan Frykhammar, who shifted from CFO to interim CEO, for steering Ericsson through the second half of 2016 in a very successful way. The Board believes that good talent manage- ment and succession planning are important tools not only on the executive level but also in technology and commercial management. By attracting and developing the best talent and establishing a high-performance organization, Ericsson can maintain a leading position in the highly competitive and ever transforming market. Also, as Ericsson speeds up strategy implemen- tation, the Company needs to remain true to its core values of professionalism, respect and perseverance, which is reflected in a culture of endeavor and innovation. In order to deliver value and to retain the trust of its stakeholders, Ericsson needs to continu- ously focus on corporate governance and to conduct business responsibly to meet demand- ing financial, social and environmental standards. The Board invests a significant amount of time in corporate governance and in 2016 we paid spe- cial attention to the Company’s anti-corruption program which in 2016 was strengthened through the introduction of an automated anti-corruption screening tool for supplier and third-party due diligence. Currently Ericsson is voluntarily cooperating with inquiries from the United States Securities and Exchange Com- mission and the United States Department of Justice regarding its compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. These inquiries concern the last ten years and we will make additional disclosures regarding these inquiries to the extent required. It is important to underline that Ericsson has a zero-tolerance approach to corruption and has over the years continuously and systematically focused on strengthening the anti-corruption processes. For stakeholders in the capital market, includ- ing our shareholders, Ericsson’s capital struc- ture is an area of high interest which the Board invests significant time in analyzing and monitor- ing. Business plans and investments in R&D and other assets are carefully evaluated. The Board’s proposal for the AGM is a dividend of SEK 1.00 for 2016 as we believe that it is prudent to align the dividend level with 2016 earnings and the current market outlook. However, the Board expresses confidence in the ongoing actions to improve Ericsson’s financial performance, and has the ambition to increase the dividend over time as our performance improves. Ericsson’s ambition is to be a leading trans- formation partner for existing and new custom- ers. We as the Board believe the Company’s assets in combination with close customer relations and its will to transform, provide a solid foundation for long term profitable growth and value creation. Leif Johansson Chairman of the Board of Directors Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 37 FINANCIALS Board of Directors’ report Contents Business in 2016 Financial highlights Business results – Segments Business results – Regions Corporate Governance Material contracts Risk management Sourcing and supply Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Legal proceedings Parent Company Post-closing events Board assurance 39 40 43 45 46 47 47 48 48 50 50 51 52 Reporting structure in 2016 Starting July 1, 2016, Ericsson has implemented an organizational change. The financial reporting during 2016 has been carried out accord- ing to the same segment structure as in 2015; Networks, Global Services and Support Solutions. The 2016 reporting structure is applied in this Board of Directors’ report. From January 1, 2017, financial reporting is done according to the new structure, i.e., by the new segments Networks, IT & Cloud and Media. Full-year highlights > Reported sales decreased by –10% mainly due to weaker demand for mobile broadband, especially in markets with a weak macro- economic environment. IPR licensing revenues declined to SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion. > Operating income declined to SEK 6.3 (21.8) billion due to lower sales and a changed business mix in mobile broadband, with a lower proportion of capacity business. This was partly offset by lower operating expenses. > Cash flow from operating activities was SEK 14.0 (20.6) billion. Net cash at year-end was SEK 31.2 billion. > The Board of Directors proposes a dividend for 2016 of SEK 1.00 (3.70) per share to the AGM. 38 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 The global cost and efficiency program, first initi- ated in November 2014, and expanded in 2016, progressed according to plan. The target of the program is to reduce the annual run rate of oper- ating expenses, excluding restructuring charges, to SEK 53 billion in the second half of 2017. Operating expenses in 2016 decreased to SEK 60.5 (64.1) billion which included restruc- turing charges of SEK –4.1 (–2.8) billion. Ericsson delivered a full-year cash flow from operating activities of SEK 14.0 (20.6) billion, exceeding the 70% cash conversion target. Net sales SEK billion 250 200 150 100 50 0 227.8 227.4 228.0 222.6 246.9 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Net sales Operating income and operating margin SEK billion Percent 25 20 15 10 5 0 21.8 8.8 17.8 7.8 16.8 7.4 10.5 4.6 6.3 2.8 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 15 12 9 6 3 0 Business in 2016 Obs! Stapel gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. In 2016, net sales decreased by –10% mainly due to lower demand for mobile broadband, especially in markets with a weak macroeco- nomic environment. Sales declined in all three segments. Both operating income and margin decreased compared to last year due to lower sales and lower gross margin, partly offset by lower operating expenses. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. IPR licensing revenues were SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion. IPR licensing revenues in 2015 were posi- tively impacted by a global patent license agree- ment signed with Apple, which included an initial payment. Full-year sales for the targeted growth areas; IP network, Cloud, OSS and BSS, TV and Media as well as Industry and Society, were flat and accounted for 20% of group sales. Obs! Stapel gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Operating income Operating margin Regional sales – Full year 2016 compared with 2015 SEK 247 billion –23% –16% –18% –6% –16% –20% –10% –15% –11% –3% 15% F Y 1 5 M id dle E a st R e gio n O th er W e stern a n d C e ntral E uro p e N orth A m eric a m eric a L atin A In dia M e diterra n e a n S u b - S a h ara n Afric a N orth ern E uro p e a n d C e ntral A sia N orth E a st A sia S o uth E a st A sia a n d O c e a nia SEK 223 billion F Y 1 6 Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 39 FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report IPR revenues (net) SEK billion 15 12 9 6 3 0 14.4 10.6 9.9 10.0 6.6 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Software, hardware and services: share of total sales Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 23 24 24 23 22 35 34 34 34 33 42 42 42 43 45 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Software Hardware Services Financial highlights Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Net sales Reported sales decreased by –10% mainly due to lower demand for mobile broadband, espe- cially in markets with a weak macroeconomic environment. Sales in Europe declined following completion of mobile broadband projects in 2015. Mobile broadband sales in North America remained stable while Professional Services sales declined, mainly due to lower managed services activities. A significant managed ser- vices contract in North America was renewed with reduced scope. Sales in South East Asia increased, driven by large deliveries in cover- age projects. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Type–Options: 1 stapel: 76% 70% 2 staplar: 80% 80% IPR licensing revenues amounted to SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion. Sales in 2015 were positively impacted by a global patent license agreement signed with Apple, which included an initial pay- ment. The baseline for current IPR licensing con- tract portfolio is approximately SEK 7 billion on an annual basis. Smartphone volume growth, agreements with currently unlicensed handset suppliers and IoT licensing will determine growth opportunities going forward. Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Currency exchange rates had no material impact on full-year sales. Sales, adjusted for comparable units and currency, decreased by –10%. Gör så här: Markera skiktade delar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg som ska vara på den översta rundade delen. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Då blir alla delar med rundad topp – inte bra ;). De nedre markeras då med vita pilen och i Column väljer man “none” och färglägger som vanligt från paletten swatches. flat and accounted for 20% of group sales. The partnership with Cisco has to date generated more than 100 deals across all regions. Full-year sales for targeted growth areas were The sales mix by commodity was: software 22% (23%), hardware 33% (34%) and services 45% (43%). Gross margin Gross margin declined to 29.8% (34.8%) due to a sales mix with lower share of mobile capacity business, higher share of Global Services sales and lower IPR licensing revenues as well as lower Global Services margins. In addition, restructuring charges included in the gross margin increased to SEK –3.5 (–2.3) billion. Restructuring charges and efficiency program Restructuring charges amounted to SEK –7.6 (–5.0) billion. The charges were mainly related to the cost and efficiency program initially announ- ced in November 2014, and expanded in 2016. The cost and efficiency program is progressing according to plan and the target is to reduce the annual run rate of operating expenses, excluding restructuring charges, to SEK 53 billion in the second half of 2017. Efforts continue in order to reduce cost of sales, targeting to improve gross margin in the second half of 2017 compared with full-year 2016. With current plans, total restruc- turing charges for 2017 are estimated to be SEK 3 billion. Operating expenses Total operating expenses decreased to SEK 60.5 (64.1) billion as a result of the cost and efficiency program and lower amortizations of intangible assets. Operating expenses included restruct u- ring charges of SEK –4.1 (–2.8) billion. Other operating income and expenses Other operating income and expenses were SEK 0.4 (0.2) billion. Currency hedge contract effects impacted the result with SEK –0.9 (–1.1) billion. They derive from the hedge contract balance in USD. The SEK has weakened against the USD between December 31, 2015 (SEK/USD rate 8.40) and December 31, 2016 (SEK/USD rate 9.06). The negative currency hedge effects were more than offset by several minor positive items. 40 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Operating income Operating income decreased to SEK 6.3 (21.8) billion due to lower sales and lower gross mar- gin, partly offset by lower operating expenses. Operating margin was 2.8% (8.8%). Financial net The financial net declined to SEK –2.3 (–1.9) billion following decreased interest rates and depreciated local currencies in certain markets. Taxes Tax cost decreased to SEK –2.1 (–6.2) billion due to lower net income, offset by prior-year adjust- ments and non-deductible expenses. These fac- tors resulted in a tax rate of 53% in 2016 com- pared with the more normal tax rate of 31% in 2015. Average tax rate for the years 2011–2015 was 32%. Net income and EPS Net income decreased to SEK 1.9 (13.7) billion., for the same reasons as for the decrease in operating income. EPS diluted was SEK 0.52 (4.13) and EPS (Non-IFRS) was SEK 2.66 (6.06). Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Obs! Gjord med column Cash flow design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev Cash flow from operating activities was SEK frågor. 14.0 (20.6) billion. The decline was mainly due to lower income, larger tax payments and last year’s signed global patent license agreement with Apple, which included an initial payment. Operating net assets decreased by SEK 6.0 billion, supported by reduced trade receivables and increased provisions. In addition, trade pay- ables increased supported by implementation of supply chain financing. Inventory increased slightly. Cash outlays related to restructuring charges were SEK –2.4 (–2.8) billion during the year. Cash flow from investing activities was Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. impacted by investments in property, plant and equipment of SEK –6.1 (–8.3) billion, with con- tinued investments in the Global ICT centers. In addition, SEK –4.5 (–3.3) billion of development expenses were capitalized. The capitalized devel- opment expenses refer to development of new product platforms like the new IPTV platform, Ericsson MediaFirst, and the new BSS platform, Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Ericsson Revenue Manager. The company invested SEK 0.6 (2.2) billion in acquisitions of smaller companies, such as Ericpol and Node- Prime in 2016. Cash flow from financing activities amounted to SEK –11.7 billion, impacted by SEK –12.3 billion of dividend payouts. Financial position Net cash decreased to SEK 31.2 (41.2) billion due to lower income and increased dividends. The decrease was partly offset by reduced operating assets. Pension liabilities increased by SEK 1.1 billion, due to decreased discount rates. In 2016, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s downgraded Ericsson’s long-term rating from BBB+/Baa1 with stable outlook to BBB/Baa3 with negative outlook. The average maturity of long-term borrow- ings as of December 31, 2016, was 3.8 years, compared with 4.8 years 12 months earlier. Ericsson has an unutilized Revolving Credit Facility of USD 2.0 billion. The facility expires in 2021. In addition, the company signed a new EUR 0.5 billion term loan facility in 2016. The new facility has a tenure of two years with one exten- sion option of one year. The facility serves for general corporate purposes and is unutilized. Intangible assets The amount of intellectual property rights and other intangible assets amounted to SEK 51.1 (50.4) billion, including goodwill of SEK 43.4 (41.1) billion. The goodwill impairment testing has been based on the new segments that became effec- tive as per January 1, 2017. For the Media seg- ment the headroom is SEK 5.6 billion when a discount of 8.0% is applied. The recoverable amount is equal to its carrying amount when the discount factor is increased to 10.0%. For more information, see Note 3 “Segment reporting” and Note 10 “Intangible assets.” Employees In 2016, the number of employees decreased by almost 5,000 driven by the ongoing cost and efficiency program. At year-end 2016, the total number of employees was 111,464 (116,281). Working capital Days 120 100 80 60 40 105 97 62 53 64 56 86 73 57 95 69 56 87 64 53 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Days sales outstanding (Target is less than 90 days) Inventory days (Target is less than 65 days) Payable days (Target is more than 60 days) Net cash SEK billion 50 48.0 47.6 48.0 40 30 20 10 0 41.2 31.2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Debt maturity, Parent Company SEK billion 10 9.0 1.5 6.2 4.8 0.9 0.9 0 0 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 8 6 4 2 0 Notes & bonds Nordic Investment Bank European Investment bank Swedish Export Credit Corporation MTN Bond Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 41 FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report Research and development, patents and licensing In line with the global cost and efficiency pro- gram, the Company has decreased its R&D expenses. In 2016, R&D expenses amounted to SEK 31.6 (34.8) billion. The number of R&D resources increased mainly due to an acquisi- tion of Ericpol, a long-time supplier to Ericsson with software development in Poland and Ukraine. Approximately 2,000 employees joined Ericsson from Ericpol. The number of patents continued to increase and amounted to approxi- mately 42,000 by end of 2016. Research and development, patents and licensing Expenses (SEK billion) As percent of Net sales Employees within R&D as of December 31 1) Patents 1) IPR revenues, net (SEK billion) 2016 31.6 14.2% 2015 34.8 14.1% 2014 36.3 15.9% 24,100 42,000 23,700 39,000 25,700 37,000 10.0 14.4 9.9 1) The number of employees and patents are approximate. Seasonality The Company’s sales, income and cash flow from operations vary between quarters, and are generally lowest in the first quarter of the year and highest in the fourth quarter. This is mainly a result of the seasonal purchase patterns of network operators. Most recent five-year average seasonality First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Sequential change, sales Share of annual sales –24% 9% –2% 24% 22% 24% 24% 30% Off-balance sheet arrangements There are currently no material off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or would be reasonably likely to have, a current or anticipated material effect on the Company’s financial condition, rev- enues, expenses, result of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Capital expenditures For 2016, capital expenditure was SEK 6.1 (8.3) billion, representing 2.8% of sales. Expenditures are largely related to test sites and equipment for R&D, network operation centers and manufac- turing and repair operations. Investments have been made in three new global ICT centers. The centers will support R&D and services in developing and verifying solu- tions more efficiently and bringing innovation faster to the market. The first center, in Linköping, Sweden, was opened in 2014. The second center, in Rosersberg, Sweden, was opened in the beginning of 2016. The third center, in Montreal, Canada, was opened in December 2016. The level of capital expenditure will continue to decline as the investments in the Global ICT centers peaked in 2015. In addition, Ericsson has invested in several buildings in Santa Clara, California and in Man- chester, U.K. The purpose with the investments in Santa Clara is to consolidate Ericsson’s Sili- con Valley operations. In Manchester Ericsson is investing in a new dedicated customer technical facility for its broadcast media business. The new facility is expected to be ready in April 2017 and is part of a larger transformation and invest- ment strategy. Apart from these investments, Ericsson believes that the Company’s property, plant and equipment and the facilities the Company occupies are suitable for its present needs. Annual capital expenditures are normally around 2% of sales. This corresponds to the needs for keeping and maintaining the current capacity level. The Board of Directors reviews the Company’s investment plans and proposals. As of December 31, 2016, no material land, buildings, machinery or equipment were pledged as collateral for outstanding indebtedness. Capital expenditures 2012–2016 SEK billion Capital expenditures Of which in Sweden Share of annual sales 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 6.1 2.0 8.3 2.6 5.3 2.4 4.5 1.9 5.4 1.3 2.8% 3.4% 2.3% 2.0% 2.4% 42 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Networks SEK billion 125 100 75 50 25 0 117.7 117.5 123.7 12 10 10 108.3 12,0 117,5 4 2013 2014 2015 2016 Net sales Operating margin % 15 12 9 6 3 0 Business results – Segments Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Networks Background Networks represented 48.7% of net sales in 2016 (50.1% in 2015), The segment delivers products and solutions that are needed for mobile and fixed communication, several gener- ations of radio networks, IP and transmission networks, core networks and cloud. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på Business in 2016 “Column type”. Sales as reported decreased by –12%. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales of mobile broadband, reduced sales of core net- works and lower IPR licensing revenues. Core networks sales declined due to lower sales of legacy products, not offset by growth of the new portfolio. Mobile broadband investments were nega- tively impacted by a weak macroeconomic envi- ronment in a number of markets such as Latin America, the Middle East and South Africa. In addition, sales declined in Europe following the completion of large coverage projects in 2015 and in India due to delayed spectrum auctions. The sales decline was partly offset by sales growth in South East Asia where large deliveries in mobile broadband coverage projects were made. In North America and in North East Asia, investments in network equipment were stable. In Mainland China, large-scale LTE deployments continued for the third consecutive year. Sales, adjusted for comparable units and currency, decreased by –13%. Operating income and margin decreased, mainly due to a lower share of mobile broadband capacity sales and lower IPR licensing revenues. The decrease was partly offset by reduced oper- ating expenses, mainly as an effect of the ongo- ing cost and efficiency program. The work to improve profitability continued with significant headcount reductions and structural changes. Restructuring charges amounted to SEK –4.0 (–2.8) billion and the negative effect from currency hedge contracts was SEK –0.7 (–0.9) billion. Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 43 Support Solutions Background Support Solutions represented 5.6% of net sales in 2016 (6.1% in 2015). The portfolio of Support Solutions is designed around measurable per- formance improvements in an operator’s busi- ness processes, with software that is scalable, configurable and that provides end-to-end capabilities. The business segment develops and delivers software-based solutions for OSS and BSS as well as TV and media solutions. Business in 2016 Sales as reported decreased by –17%, partly due to lower IPR licensing revenues. OSS and BSS sales declined due to lower sales of legacy products and lower software sales in digital transformation projects where sales are mainly project milestone based. In addition, sales declined in markets with a weak macroeco- nomic environment. Sales in TV & Media declined due to lower sales of legacy products primarily in North America. Customer trials on the next-generation TV & Media platform are ongoing, but have not yet translated into sales. Operating income declined to SEK –1.0 (1.5) billion mainly due to lower IPR licensing revenues and lower sales in both OSS and BSS as well as in TV & Media. Several activities in order to reduce cost and adjust the organization to lower business volumes are ongoing. The overall transition of business models continues, from traditional telecom software licenses to recurrent license revenue deals. FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report Global Services SEK billion 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 97.4 97.7 108.0 101.7 8 6 6 3 2013 2014 2015 2016 Net sales Operating margin Support Solutions SEK billion 15 12.2 12.7 10 12 15.0 10 12.5 5 0 –5 –10 0 – 8 2013 2014 2015 2016 Net sales Operating margin % 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 Global Services Background Global Services represented 45.7% of net sales in 2016 (43.7% in 2015). The segment delivers network rollout services and professional services (i.e., managed services, consulting and systems integration (CSI), customer support as well as network design and optimization services). Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Markera skiktade delar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg som ska vara på den översta rundade delen. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Då blir alla delar med rundad topp – inte bra ;). De nedre markeras då med vita pilen och i Column väljer man “none” och färglägger som vanligt från paletten swatches. Business in 2016 Sales as reported decreased by –6%. Profes- sional Services sales declined due to lower man- aged services activities in North America where a contract has been renewed with reduced scope. CDMA sales declined YoY impacting Professional Services sales negatively. Network Rollout sales declined due to lower mobile broadband demand, primarily in Europe and Latin America. Sales, adjusted for comparable units and currency, decreased by –5%. Global Services operating income decreased to SEK 3.3 (8.2) billion. Activities were performed to adapt the service delivery organization to lower business volumes and to increase the efficiency. Restructuring charges increased to SEK –3.0 (–1.7) billion. Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Professional Services operating income declined to SEK 5.2 (9.6) billion due to increased restructuring charges of SEK –2.3 (–0.7) billion, lower sales and a negative impact from large projects in systems integration transformation, where operators are looking to transform their IT environments to increase efficiency and prepare for 5G. Ericsson has been successful and won several IT transformation contracts. However, the short-term margin impact from these con- tracts is challenging as a consequence of invest- ments in competence build-up and market share. Network Rollout operating income declined to SEK –1.9 (–1.4) billion due to lower sales in combination with increased cost and negative effects from a few contracts in emerging mar- kets. The effort to improve Network Rollout profitability continues through efficiency improvements including implementation of global methods and tools. 44 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Business results – Regions North America Mobile broadband investments were stable. Professional Services sales were negatively impacted by reduced scope in a managed ser- vices contract. Support Solutions sales declined due to delayed investment decisions by custom- ers. The focus on 5G strongly increased, with trials ongoing with all major customers. Latin America Sales decreased following reduced mobile broadband investments due to a weak macro- economic environment in the region and due to devaluation of local currencies. The strong momentum for digital transformation continued. Professional Services sales declined due to lower activities in managed services. Northern Europe and Central Asia Sales declined, primarily due to continued lower mobile broadband investments in Russia. Global Services sales were flat with a decline in Network Rollout, offset by increased Managed Services sales in Sweden. OSS and BSS sales were flat while TV & Media sales declined. Western and Central Europe Sales declined as the initial LTE deployments were finalized. Operators continue to focus on transforming their networks to meet the increas- ing demand for coverage and capacity, while at the same time improving efficiency. Mediterranean Sales declined due to lower investments in mobile broadband infrastructure, mainly related to capacity business. Operator investments in ICT transformation and demand for managed services continued. Middle East Sales declined, primarily in Networks due to lower broadband investments in Egypt, Pakistan, Ethiopia and Turkey. The decrease was partly offset by growth in Global Services sales, mainly in network rollout and optimization services in Saudi Arabia. Sub-Saharan Africa Investments declined, impacted by a weak macroeconomic environment, local currency depreciation in key markets as well as low oil and commodity prices. India Mobile broadband sales declined mainly driven by delayed spectrum auctions which delayed operator investments. Professional Services sales remained stable with operators’ higher focus on network quality and cost optimization. North East Asia Sales declined slightly due to lower investments in Mainland China and Korea, partly offset by market share gains in Japan and Taiwan. In Mainland China 4G deployments continued. However, reduced investments in legacy tech- nologies and significantly reduced investment by one customer, impacted sales negatively. South East Asia and Oceania Sales increased, primarily driven by mobile broadband deployments across several mar- kets. Professional Services sales developed favorably as operators focus on efficiency and network optimization services. Other IPR licensing revenues amounted to SEK 10.0 (14.4) billion. Sales in 2015 were positively impac- ted by a global patent license agreement signed with Apple, which included an initial payment. Sales per region and segment 2016 and percent change from 2015 Networks Global Services Support Solutions Total Change 2016 Change SEK million North America Latin America Northern Europe and Central Asia Western and Central Europe Mediterranean Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa India North East Asia South East Asia and Oceania Other Total Share of total 2016 26,978 7,830 4,767 5,388 7,324 7,553 4,059 5,536 18,077 12,249 8,577 108,338 48.7% Change 3% –20% –23% –20% –20% –36% –15% –32% –3% 22% –30% –12% 2016 24,692 9,270 4,059 10,223 12,823 10,473 4,649 4,617 8,564 9,571 2,781 101,722 45.7% Change –11% –14% –1% –16% –4% 8% –5% 1% –3% 10% –3% –6% 2016 3,077 833 243 599 758 1,130 469 595 724 360 3,760 12,548 5.6% 1) Discontinued segment Modems is not shown separately in the table. SEK 0 (133) million is included as region Other in the total column. –26% –2% –26% –20% 1% –9% –28% –18% 6% –33% –14% –17% 54,747 17,933 9,069 16,210 20,905 19,156 9,177 10,748 27,365 22,180 15,118 1) 222,608 1) 100% Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 –6% –16% –15% –18% –10% –16% –11% –20% –3% 15% –23% –10% 45 FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report Corporate Governance In accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and the Swedish Corporate Governance Code (the “Code”), a separate Corporate Governance Report, including an Internal Control section, has been prepared and attached to this Annual Report. Continued compliance with the Swedish Corporate Governance Code Ericsson is committed to complying with best-practice corporate governance standards on a global level wherever possible. For 2016, Ericsson does not report any deviations from the Code. Business integrity Ericsson’s Code of Business Ethics summarizes the Group’s basic policies and directives gov- erning its relationships internally, with its stake- holders and with others. It also sets out how the Group works to secure that business activities are conducted with a strong sense of integrity. Board of Directors At the Annual General Meeting, held on April 13, 2016, Leif Johansson was re-elected Chairman of the Board and Nora Denzel, Börje Ekholm, Ulf J. Johansson, Kristin Skogen Lund, Sukhinder Singh Cassidy, Hans Vestberg and Jacob Wal- lenberg were re-elected members of the Board. Helena Stjernholm and Kristin S. Rinne were elected new Board members and Roxanne S. Austin, Alexander Izosimov and Anders Nyrén left the Board. Hans Vestberg left his positions within Ericsson, including his Board position, as of July 25, 2016. As of April 13, 2016, Pehr Claesson, Mikael Lännqvist and Karin Åberg were appointed employee representatives by the unions, with Zlatko Hadzic, Roger Svensson and Kjell-Åke Soting as deputies. Management Hans Vestberg left his position as President and CEO of the Group effective July 25, 2016 and was replaced by the Executive Vice President Jan Frykhammar. Effective January 16, 2017, Börje Ekholm was appointed new President and CEO of the Group. The President and CEO is supported by the Group management, consist- ing of the Executive Leadership Team (ELT). A global management system is in place to ensure that Ericsson’s business is well controlled and has the ability to fulfill the objectives of major stakeholders within established risk limits. The management system also monitors internal con- trol and compliance with applicable laws, listing requirements and governance codes. Remuneration Remuneration to the members of the Board of Directors and to Group management, as well as the Guidelines for remuneration to Group manage- ment resolved by the Annual General Meeting 2016, are reported in Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees”. The Board of Directors’ proposal for guide- lines for remuneration to Group management The Board of Directors proposes that the 2017 Annual General Meeting of shareholders resolve on the guidelines below for remuneration to Group Management for the period up to the 2018 Annual General Meeting. Compared to the guidelines resolved by the 2016 Annual General Meeting, it has been added that targets for vari- able compensation may also include share price-related targets. Shareholder value creation Executive Performance Stock Plan 2014 targets for 2014–2016 Base year 2013 Executive Performance Stock Plan 2015 targets for 2015–2017 Base year 2014 Executive Performance Stock Plan 2016 targets for 2016–2018 Base year 2015 Net sales growth 2–8% CAGR 1) Net sales growth 2–6% CAGR Net sales growth 2–6% CAGR Operating income growth 5–15% CAGR 1) Operating income growth 5–15% CAGR 2) Operating income growth 5–15% CAGR 2) Cash conversion ≥ 70% annually Cash conversion ≥ 70% annually 2) Cash conversion ≥ 70% annually 2) 1) Base year 2013 has been adjusted for the impact of the Samsung IPR agreement. 2) Extraordinary restructuring charges are excluded. 46 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Guidelines for Remuneration to Group Management For Group Management consisting of the Exec- utive Leadership Team, including the President and CEO, total remuneration consists of fixed salary, short- and long-term variable compensa- tion, pension and other benefits. The following guidelines apply for the remuneration of the Executive Leadership Team: > Variable compensation is in cash and stock- based programs, awarded against specific business targets derived from the long-term business plan approved by the Board of Directors. Targets may include share price- related or financial targets at either Group or unit level, operational targets, employee engagement targets or customer satisfaction targets. > All benefits, including pension benefits, follow the competitive practice in the home country taking total compensation into account. > By way of exception, additional arrangements can be made when deemed necessary. An additional arrangement can be renewed but each such arrangement shall be limited in time and shall not exceed a period of 36 months and twice the remuneration that the individual would have received had no addi- tional arrangement been made. > The mutual notice period may be no more than six months. Upon termination of employ- ment by the Company, severance pay amounting to a maximum of 18 months fixed salary is paid. Notice of termination given by the employee due to significant structural changes, or other events that in a determining manner affect the content of work or the con- dition for the position, is equated with notice of termination served by the Company. Executive Performance Stock Plan The Company has operated a Long-Term Vari- able Compensation program (LTV), building on a common platform of investment in, and match- ing of, Ericsson shares. It has consisted of three separate plans: one targeting all employees, one targeting key contributors and one targeting senior managers. The program has been designed to encourage long-term value creation in alignment with shareholders’ interests. The aim of the plan for senior managers has been to attract, retain and motivate executives in a com- petitive market through performance-based share-related incentives and to encourage the build-up of significant equity stakes. The perfor- mance criteria for senior managers under the Executive Performance Stock Plan have been approved by the Annual General Meeting. The targets for the 2014, 2015 and 2016 Executive Performance Stock Plans are shown in the illustration on page 46. The performance criteria are: Up to one-third of the award will vest if the target for compound annual growth rate of consoli- dated net sales is achieved. Up to one-third of the award will vest if the target for compound annual growth rate of consolidated operating income, is achieved. Up to one-third of the award will vest if cash conversion is at or above 70% during each of the years, vesting one-ninth of the award for each year the target is achieved. The cash conversion targets were reached in 2016, 2015 and 2014. Before the number of performance shares to be matched is finally determined, the Board of Directors shall examine whether the perfor- mance matching is reasonable considering the Company’s financial results and position, con- ditions on the share market and other circum- stances, and if not, reduce the number of per- formance shares to be matched. Since no Stock Purchase Plan will be pro- posed for 2017, alternative arrangements have been developed to replace the Executive Perfor- mance Stock Plan. For the Global Leadership Team, a share-based program is proposed for approval by the Annual General Meeting of shareholders (“AGM”) 2017. Details of the per- formance criteria are outlined in the notice of the AGM 2017. Material contracts Material contractual obligations are outlined in Note C31, “Contractual obligations.” These were entered into in the ordinary course of business and were primarily related to operating leases for office and production facilities, purchase contracts for outsourced manufacturing, R&D and IT operations, and the purchase of compo- nents for the Company’s own manufacturing. Ericsson is party to certain agreements, which include provisions that may take effect or be altered or invalidated by a change in control of the Company as a result of a public takeover offer. Such provisions are not unusual for certain types of agreements, such as for example financing agreements and certain license agree- ments. However, considering among other things the Company’s strong financial position, the Company believes that none of the agree- ments currently in effect would in and of itself entail any material consequence for Ericsson due to a change in control of the Company. Risk management Risks are defined in both a short-term and long- term perspective. They are related to long-term objectives as per the strategic direction as well as short-term objectives for next coming year. Risks are categorized into industry and market risks, commercial risks, operational risks and compliance risks. Ericsson’s risk management is Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 47 FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report based on the following principles, which apply universally across all business activities and risk types: > Risk management is an integrated part of the Ericsson Group Management System. > Each operational unit is accountable for own- ing and managing its risks according to poli- cies, directives and process tools. Decisions are made or escalated according to defined delegation of authority. Financial risks are coordinated through Group Function Finance. > Risks are dealt with during the strategy pro- cess, annual planning and target setting, continuous monitoring through monthly and quarterly steering group meetings and during operational processes (customer projects, customer bid/contract, acquisition, invest- ment and product development projects). They are subject to various controls such as decision tollgates and approvals. At least twice a year, in connection with the approval of strategy and targets, risks are reviewed by the Board of Directors. A central security unit coordinates manage- ment of certain risks, such as business interrup- tion, information security and physical security. The Group Crisis Management Council deals with events of a serious nature. For information on risks that could impact the fulfillment of targets and form the basis for mitigating activities, see the other sections of the Board of Directors’ report, Notes C2 “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” C14 “Trade receivables and customer finance,” C19 “Interest-bearing liabilities,” C20 “Financial risk management and financial instruments” and the chapter Risk factors. Sourcing and supply Ericsson’s hardware largely consists of electron- ics. For manufacturing, the Company purchases customized and standardized components and services from several global providers as well as from local and regional suppliers. The production of electronic modules and sub-assemblies is mostly outsourced to manu- facturing services companies, of which the vast majority are in low-cost countries. Final configu- ration of products is largely done in-house. This consists of assembling and testing modules and integrating them into complete units. Final assembly and testing are concentrated to a few sites. Ericsson has 10 manufacturing sites in Brazil, China, Estonia, India, Mexico and Sweden. A number of suppliers design and manufac- ture highly specialized and customized compo- nents. The Company generally negotiates global supply agreements with its primary suppliers. Ericsson’s suppliers are required to comply with the requirements of Ericsson’s Code of Conduct. In general, Ericsson has alternative supply sources and seeks to avoid single source supply situations. Variations in market prices for raw materials generally have a limited effect on total cost of goods sold. For more information, see the chapter Risk factors. Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility (CR) are central to Ericsson’s core business and the Company’s commitment to the triple bottom line of responsible financial and environmental per- formance and socio-economic development. Ericsson’s ambition is to be a relevant and responsible driver of positive change. The Com- pany aims to do this by creating positive impacts in society and minimizing risks for stakeholders. Ericsson’s approach to Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility is integrated into business operations throughout the value chain; performance is regularly measured and assessed. The Board of Directors is briefed on Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility issues twice per year, or as needed on an ad hoc basis. Group policies and directives are implemented to ensure consistency across global operations. Ericsson’s annual Sustain- ability and Corporate Responsibility Report provides additional information. Responsible business practices Since 2000, Ericsson has supported the UN Global Compact, endorses its ten principles regarding human rights and labor standards, anti-corruption and environmental protection, and reports its Communication on Progress at the Advanced level. In 2016, for the third year, Ericsson reported according to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights Reporting Framework. The Ericsson Group Management System includes a Code of Busi- ness Ethics, a Code of Conduct, a Sustainability Policy and an Occupational Health and Safety Policy which reflect responsible business prac- tices. These policies and practices are rein- forced by employee awareness training and monitoring, and their implementation is exter- nally assured. Anti-corruption Ericsson’s anti-corruption program, focused on prevention and accountability, is continuously strengthened. In 2016, that included: adding additional resources to the Compliance Office headed by the Chief Compliance Officer; launching an automated anti-corruption screen- ing tool for conducting due diligence of suppliers and other third parties in Region Northern Europe and Central Asia, with global rollout 48 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 planned for 2017. Between 2013 and the end of 2016, more than 95,900 active employees com- pleted an anti-corruption e-learning course. Human rights The Code of Business Ethics and Code of Con- duct reflect the Company’s ongoing commit- ment to respect human rights. Ericsson works actively to integrate the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights into its governance framework. Human rights due diligence was strengthened in areas such as Sales Compliance which evaluates possible risks to human rights based on unintended use of technology according to established criteria that is implemented globally. During 2016, more than 600 cases within the Sales Compliance Process were reviewed; 7% were rejected and 93% were approved or approved with mitigating conditions. Since 2013, Ericsson has performed UNGP- aligned Human Rights Impact Assessments in Myanmar, Iran and Ethiopia. In 2016, work was also initiated to evaluate Cuba from a human rights perspective. During 2016, a review of both the Code of Conduct and the Code of Business Ethics was initiated for example to assess the needs for updates and improvements in light of new legislation in the UK on modern slavery and human trafficking. Responsible sourcing Suppliers must comply with the requirements of Ericsson’s Code of Conduct. In 2016, third-party audits were introduced, which will enhance the credibility and robustness of supplier audits and assessments. The Company uses a risk-based approach to ensure that the high-risk portfolio areas, and highest-risk markets, are targeted first. For prioritized areas such as road and vehi- cle safety, working at heights, working hours and labor rights, Ericsson performs regular audits and works with suppliers to ensure measurable and continuous improvements. Findings are followed up to ensure that improvements are made. In 2016, over 330 audits and assess- ments were performed. Obs! Stapel gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Ericsson addresses the issue of conflict min- erals, including compliance with the US Dodd- Frank Act and the disclosure rule adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, through measures in its sourcing processes. The Company also works with suppliers on this issue and engages in industry initiatives such as the Conflict-Free Sourcing Initiative, driven by the Global e-Sustainability Initiative and the Electro nic Industry Citizenship Coalition. Ericsson encou rages smelters not yet validated as conflict free to undergo the Conflict-Free Smelter Pro- gram audit to ensure their conflict-free status. Occupational health and safety (OHS) Providing a safe and healthy work environment is of paramount importance to Ericsson. The Company takes a transparent and inclusive approach, which includes engagement with suppliers. Ericsson has a special focus on sup- pliers building and servicing networks on behalf of Ericsson. The vision is zero major incidents. OHS is integrated across operations globally, with a focus on awareness and prevention. In 2016, an Incident Review Board and Global OHS Board were established for overall governance of OHS. Supporting climate action At the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP 22) in Marrakech, Morocco in 2016, industries joined world leaders to support the goals set out in the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016. Ericsson is committed to develop and deliver solutions to support climate action. An ongoing priority is improving the life-cycle carbon foot- print as part of a broader circular economy approach. The Company works to reduce nega- tive environmental impacts while delivering solu- tions that enable a low-carbon economy. As energy use of products in operation remains the Company’s most significant environmental impact, Ericsson works with mobile operators to encourage network and site energy optimiza- tion, through innovative products, software and solutions. Proces ses and controls are in place to ensure compliance with relevant product-related environmental, customer and regulatory require- ments. An important aspect of Ericsson’s Design for Environment initiatives is materials management and efficiency. Ericsson has a long-term objective to main- tain absolute CO2e emissions from its own activ- ities for business travel, product transportation and facilities energy use in 2017 at the same level as in 2011. To achieve this long-term objec- tive, the Company aims to reduce CO2e emis- sions per employee by 30% over five years. The Company achieved a 5% reduction of CO2e emissions per employee in 2016. Over the past five years, CO2e emissions per employee have been reduced by 45% com- pared to a 2011 baseline. The company met its target to reduce twice as much societal CO2 emissions via its product and service offerings in areas such as utilities (smart meters) and transportation as emitted from Ericsson’s own operations. Radio waves and health Ericsson employs rigid product testing and installation procedures with the goal of ensuring that radio wave exposure levels from products Ericsson own activities – carbon footprint intensity target Tonnes CO2e/Employee Mtonnes 10 8 6 4 2 0 0,78 6,90 0,69 6,18 0,63 5,43 0,54 0,5 1,0 0,8 0,6 4,56 4,32 0,4 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0,2 0,0 Carbon footprint intensity, tonnes Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e)/ Employee Carbon footprint absolute emission, Mtonnes Ericsson life-cycle assessment – carbon footprint 2016 Mtonnes CO2e 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 ˜ 34 ˜ 3 0.6 ˜ 5 ˜ –0.4 Activities in 2016 Supply chain Own activities Future (lifetime) operation of products delivered in 2016 Operator activities Products in operation End-of-life treatment ˜ Approximately Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 49 FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report and network solutions are below established safety limits. The Company also provides public information on radio waves and health, and sup- ports independent research to further increase knowledge in this area. Since 1996, Ericsson has co-sponsored over 100 studies related to electromagnetic fields and health, primarily through the Mobile Manufacturers Forum. To assure scientific independence, firewalls were in place between the industrial sponsors and the researchers conducting these studies. Independent expert groups and public health authorities, including the World Health Organiza- tion, have reviewed the total amount of research and have consistently concluded that the balance of evidence does not demonstrate any health effects associated with radio wave exposure from either mobile phones or radio base stations. Reporting in accordance with GRI G4 core Ericsson publishes an annual Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility report and full key performance data is made available on the Ericsson website according to the Global Report- ing Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. The performance data is assured by a third-party. Legal proceedings In March 2016, Ericsson and Adaptix Inc. (Adap- tix) reached a settlement agreement, resolving all pending litigation between the parties includ- ing the patent infringement lawsuits filed by Adaptix against Ericsson with the US District Court for Eastern District of Texas and with the Tokyo District Court in Japan. In 2013, Ericsson filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the Delhi High Court against Indian handset company Micromax, seeking damages and an injunction. As part of its defense, Micro- max filed a complaint with the Competition Commission of India (CCI) and the CCI has decided to refer the case to the Director General’s Office for an in-depth investigation. In January 2014, the CCI opened another inves- tigation against Ericsson based on claims made by Intex Technologies (India) Limited. Ericsson has challenged CCI’s jurisdiction in these cases before the Delhi High Court and is waiting for a final decision by the Delhi High Court. Ericsson has made numerous attempts to sign a license agreement with both Micromax and Intex on Fair, Reasonable and Non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. In 2012, Wi-LAN Inc., a Canadian patent licensing company, filed a complaint against Ericsson in the US District Court for the South- ern District of Florida alleging that Ericsson’s LTE products infringe three of Wi-LAN’s US patents. On May 22, 2015, the Florida Court granted a Motion for Summary Judgment in favor of Ericsson, which judgement was in January 2017 vacated by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The case was remanded to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with the Federal Circuit’s opinion. In 2014, Ericsson was joined as a party to- litigation brought by Unwired Planet against Google, Samsung and Huawei in the English High Court in London, in which Unwired Planet accused the defendants of infringing certain patents, some of which were purchased from Ericsson in 2013. Around the same time Ericsson has also intervened in the similar pro- ceedings ongoing in the Dusseldorf District Court in which the defendants also include HTC and LG. The Defendants’ counter-allegations included that the agreement entered into between Unwired Planet and Ericsson in 2013 for the sale of part of Ericsson’s patent portfolio is invalid because of breach of competition law. Ericsson has rejected these claims. Unwired Planet has since settled its cases with Google and Samsung (both in the UK and Germany). In connection therewith these defendants’ counter-claims against Ericsson have been discontinued. In a decision issued in January, 2016, the Dusseldorf District Court found that there is no ground for the allegation that Ericsson’ sale of patents to Unwired Planet is not in breach of competition law, and rejected this and all other allegations made by the defendants’ against Ericsson. Ericsson remains as intervener in the German cases. This decision has been appealed. Further, in October 2016 Huawei withdrew its counterclaim against Ericsson in the UK. In addition to the proceedings discussed above, the Company is, and in the future may be, involved in various other lawsuits, claims and proceedings incidental to the ordinary course of business. Parent Company The Parent Company business consists mainly of corporate management, holding company functions and internal banking activities. It also handles customer credit management, performed on a commission basis by Ericsson Credit AB. The Parent Company has 5 (5) branch offices. In total, the Group has 79 (81) branch and repre- sentative offices. Financial information Income after financial items was SEK 15.6 (16.8) billion. The Parent Company had no sales in 2016 or 2015 to subsidiaries, while 43% (43%) of total purchases of goods and services were from such companies. Major changes in the Parent Company’s financial position for the year included: 50 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 > Increased current and non-current receiv- ables from subsidiaries of SEK 17.1 billion. > Decreased gross cash of SEK 5.7 billion. > Increased current and non-current liabilities to subsidiaries of SEK 7.6 billion. At the end of the year, gross cash: cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and inter- est-bearing securities non-current amounted to SEK 42.9 (48.6) billion. Share information As of December 31, 2016, the total number of shares in issue was 3,331,151,735, of which 261,755,983 were Class A shares, each carrying one vote, and 3,069,395,752 were Class B shares, each carrying one tenth of one vote. Both classes of shares have the same rights of participation in the net assets and earnings. The two largest shareholders at year-end were Investor AB and AB Industrivärden holding 21.77% and 15.15% respectively of the voting rights in the Parent Company. In accordance with the conditions of the Long- Term Variable Compensation Program (LTV) for Ericsson employees, 13,275,251 treasury shares were distributed to employees or sold in 2016. The quotient value of these shares was SEK 5.00, totaling SEK 66.4 million, representing less than 1% of capital stock, and compensation received for shares sold and distributed shares amounted to SEK 137.8 million. The holding of treasury stock at December 31, 2016 was 62,192,390 Class B shares. The quotient value of these shares is SEK 5.00, totaling SEK 311 million, representing 1.9% of capital stock, and the purchase price amounts to SEK 454.3 million. The Annual General Meeting (AGM) 2016 resolved to issue 26.1 million Class C shares for the Long-Term Variable Remuneration Program (LTV). In accordance with an authorization from the AGM, in the second quarter 2016, the Board of Directors resolved to repurchase the new issued shares, which were subsequently con- verted into Class B shares. The quotient value of the repurchased shares was SEK 5.00, totaling SEK 130.5 million, representing less than 1% of capital stock, and the acquisition cost was approximately SEK 130.7 million. Proposed disposition of earnings The Board of Directors proposes that a dividend of SEK 1.00 (3.70) per share be paid to sharehol- ders duly registered on the record date of March 31, 2017, and that the Parent Company shall retain the remaining part of non-restricted equity. The Class B treasury shares held by the Parent Company are not entitled to receive dividend. Assuming that no treasury shares remain on the record date, the Board of Directors proposes that earnings be distributed as follows: Amount to be paid to the shareholders Amount to be retained by the Parent Company Total non-restricted equity of the Parent Company SEK 3,331,151,735 SEK 41,420,521,393 SEK 44,751,673,128 As a basis for its dividend proposal, the Board of Directors has made an assessment in accor- dance with Chapter 18, Section 4 of the Swedish Companies Act of the Parent Company’s and the Group’s need for financial resources as well as the Parent Company’s and the Group’s liquid- ity, financial position in other respects and long- term ability to meet their commitments. The Group reports an equity ratio of 49.6% (51.8%) and a net cash amount of SEK 31.2 (41.2) billion. The Board of Directors has also considered the Parent Company’s result and financial posi- tion and the Group’s position in general. In this respect, the Board of Directors has taken into account known commitments that may have an impact on the financial positions of the Parent Company and its subsidiaries. The proposed dividend does not limit the Group’s ability to make investments or raise funds, and it is the Board of Directors’ assess- ment that the proposed dividend is well-balanced considering the nature, scope and risks of the business activities as well as the capital require- ments for the Parent Company and the Group in addition to coming years’ business plans and economic development. Post-closing events New segment structure from January 1, 2017 From January 1, 2017, financial reporting is done according to the new structure, i.e., by the new segments Networks, IT & Cloud and Media. Börje Ekholm takes office as CEO and President Börje Ekholm takes office as CEO and Presi- dent. On January 16, 2017, Ericsson announced that in connection with Börje Ekholm assuming the position as President and CEO of Ericsson, Jan Frykhammar, who has temporarily held the position as President and CEO, remains a mem- ber of the Executive Leadership Team and is appointed Executive Vice President and Advisor to the CEO. Jan Frykhammar will support Börje Ekholm during a transition period and will focus on corporate governance and efficiency. Magnus Mandersson remains Executive Vice President, advisor to the CEO, focusing on customer relationships, and a member of the Executive Leadership Team. Magnus Mandersson also remains Chairperson of four out of Ericsson’s ten regions. Carl Mellander remains acting Chief Financial Officer and a member of the Executive Leader- ship Team. Financials – Board of Directors’ report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 51 FINANCIALS – Board of Directors’ report Board assurance The Board of Directors and the President declare that the consolidated financial state- ments have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB and adopted by the EU, and give a fair view of the Group’s financial position and results of operations. The financial statements of the Parent Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in Sweden and give a fair view of the Parent Company’s financial position and results of operations. The Board of Directors’ Report for the Ericsson Group and the Parent Company provides a fair view of the development of the Group’s and the Parent Company’s operations, financial pos ition and results of operations and describes material risks and uncertainties facing the Parent Com- pany and the companies included in the Group. Stockholm, February 24, 2017 Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) Org. no. 556016-0680 Leif Johansson Chairman Helena Stjernholm Deputy Chairman Jacob Wallenberg Deputy Chairman Nora Denzel Member of the Board Börje Ekholm President, CEO and Member of the Board Ulf J. Johansson Member of the Board Kristin Skogen Lund Member of the Board Kristin S. Rinne Member of the Board Sukhinder Singh Cassidy Member of the Board Pehr Claesson Member of the Board Mikael Lännqvist Member of the Board Karin Åberg Member of the Board Our audit report has been submitted on February 24, 2017 PricewaterhouseCoopers AB Bo Hjalmarsson Authorized Public Accountant Lead Partner Johan Engstam Authorized Public Accountant 52 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 FINANCIALS CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS with NOTES Contents Consolidated financial statements Consolidated income statement Consolidated statement of comprehensive income Consolidated balance sheet Consolidated statement of cash flows Consolidated statement of changes in equity Notes to the consolidated financial statements C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 Significant accounting policies Critical accounting estimates and judgments Segment information Net sales Expenses by nature Other operating income and expenses Financial income and expenses Taxes Earnings per share Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Financial assets, non-current Inventories Trade receivables and customer finance Other current receivables Equity and other comprehensive income Post-employment benefits Provisions Interest-bearing liabilities Financial risk management and financial instruments Other current liabilities Trade payables Assets pledged as collateral Contingent liabilities Statement of cash flows Business combinations Leasing Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees Related party transactions Fees to auditors Contractual obligations Events after the reporting period 54 55 56 57 58 61 67 69 72 72 72 72 73 74 74 76 77 78 78 80 80 81 85 86 87 90 90 90 90 90 91 93 94 99 99 99 99 Financials – Consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 53 FINANCIALS – Consolidated financial statements CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Consolidated income statement January–December, SEK million Net sales Cost of sales Gross income Gross margin (%) Research and development expenses Selling and administrative expenses Operating expenses Other operating income and expenses Share in earnings of joint ventures and associated companies Operating income Financial income Financial expenses Income after financial items Taxes Net income Net income attributable to: Stockholders of the Parent Company Non-controlling interest Other information Average number of shares, basic (million) Earnings per share attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company, basic (SEK) 1) Earnings per share attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company, diluted (SEK) 1) 1) Based on Net income attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company. Notes C3, C4 C6 C3, C12 C3 C7 C7 C8 C9 C9 C9 2016 222,608 –156,243 66,365 29,8% –31,635 –28,866 –60,501 404 31 6,299 –115 –2,158 4,026 –2,131 1,895 1,716 179 3,263 0.53 0.52 2015 246,920 –161,101 85,819 34.8% –34,844 –29,285 –64,129 153 –38 21,805 525 –2,458 19,872 –6,199 13,673 13,549 124 3,249 4.17 4.13 2014 227,983 –145,556 82,427 36.2% –36,308 –27,100 –63,408 –2,156 –56 16,807 1,277 –2,273 15,811 –4,668 11,143 11,568 –425 3,237 3.57 3.54 54 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Consolidated statement of comprehensive income January–December, SEK million Net income Other comprehensive income Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Remeasurements of defined benefits pension plans including asset ceiling Tax on items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Available-for-sale financial assets Gains/losses arising during the period Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Fair value remeasurement Changes in cumulative translation adjustments Share of other comprehensive income of joint ventures and associated companies Tax on items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income Total comprehensive income attributable to: Stockholders of the Parent Company Non-controlling interests 2016 1,895 2015 13,673 2014 11,143 –1,766 520 –2,026 721 –10,017 2,218 –7 –2 4,235 –362 1 2,619 4,514 4,285 229 – 457 –604 141 – –1,311 12,362 12,218 144 – 47 8,734 579 5 1,566 12,709 12,981 –272 Financials – Consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 55 FINANCIALS – Consolidated financial statements Consolidated balance sheet December 31, SEK million Assets Non-current assets Intangible assets Capitalized development expenses Goodwill Intellectual property rights, brands and other intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Financial assets Equity in joint ventures and associated companies Other investments in shares and participations Customer finance, non-current Interest-bearing securities, non-current Other financial assets, non-current Deferred tax assets Current assets Inventories Trade receivables Customer finance, current Other current receivables Interest-bearing securities, current Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity Stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interest in equity of subsidiaries Non-current liabilities Post-employment benefits Provisions, non-current Deferred tax liabilities Borrowings, non-current Other non-current liabilities Current liabilities Provisions, current Borrowings, current Trade payables Other current liabilities Total equity and liabilities 1) 1) Of which interest-bearing liabilities SEK 26,686 (25,120) million. 56 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Notes C10, C26 C11, C26, C27 C12 C12 C12 C12, C20 C12 C8 C13 C14 C14 C15 C20 C25 C16 C17 C18 C8 C19, C20 C18 C19, C20 C22 C21 2016 2015 8,076 43,387 7,747 16,734 775 1,179 2,128 7,586 4,442 15,522 107,576 30,307 68,117 2,625 24,431 13,325 36,966 175,771 283,347 5,493 41,087 9,316 15,901 1,210 1,275 1,739 – 5,634 13,183 94,838 28,436 71,069 2,041 21,709 26,046 40,224 189,525 284,363 139,817 675 140,492 146,525 841 147,366 23,723 946 2,147 18,653 2,621 48,090 5,411 8,033 25,318 56,003 94,765 22,664 176 2,472 22,744 1,851 49,907 3,662 2,376 22,389 58,663 87,090 283,347 284,363 Consolidated statement of cash flows January–December, SEK million Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash Changes in operating net assets Inventories Customer finance, current and non-current Trade receivables Trade payables Provisions and post-employment benefits Other operating assets and liabilities, net Cash flow from operating activities Investing activities Investments in property, plant and equipment Sales of property, plant and equipment Acquisitions of subsidiaries and other operations Divestments of subsidiaries and other operations Product development Other investing activities Interest–bearing securities Cash flow from investing activities Cash flow before financing activities Financing activities Proceeds from issuance of borrowings Repayment of borrowings Proceeds from stock issue Sale/repurchase of own shares Dividends paid Other financing activities Cash flow from financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net change in cash Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period C25 Notes 2016 2015 2014 C25 C11 C25, C26 C25, C26 C10 1,895 6,112 8,007 –613 –950 5,933 2,775 3,106 –4,248 6,003 14,010 –6,129 482 –984 362 –4,483 –3,004 5,473 –8,283 5,727 1,527 –1,072 131 –26 –12,263 –39 –11,742 2,757 –3,258 40,224 36,966 13,673 10,611 24,284 –366 824 7,000 –2,676 544 –9,013 –3,687 20,597 –8,338 1,301 –2,201 1 –3,302 –543 5,095 –7,987 12,610 1,179 –1,336 – 169 –11,337 615 –10,710 –2,664 –764 40,988 40,224 11,143 11,200 22,343 –2,924 –710 1,182 1,265 –859 –1,595 –3,641 18,702 –5,322 522 –4,442 48 –1,523 –3,392 6,596 –7,513 11,189 1,282 –9,384 – – –9,846 –277 –18,225 5,929 –1,107 42,095 40,988 Financials – Consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 57 FINANCIALS – Consolidated financial statements Consolidated statement of changes in equity Equity and Other comprehensive income 2016 Capital stock Addi tional paid in capital 16,526 24,731 Retained earnings 105,268 Stock holders’ equity Non-control ling interest SEK million January 1, 2016 Net income Group Joint ventures and associated companies Other comprehensive income Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Remeasurements related to post-employment benefits Group Tax on items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Available-for-sale financial assets Gains (+)/Losses (–) arising during the period Group Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Group Changes in cumulative translation adjustments Group Joint ventures and associated companies Tax on items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Stock issue Sale of own shares Repurchase of own shares Stock purchase plans Group Dividends paid Transactions with non-controlling interest December 31, 2016 – – – – – – – – – – – 131 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16,657 24,731 146,525 1,690 26 1,690 26 –1,770 521 –1,770 521 –7 –2 4,188 –362 1 2,569 4,285 – 105 –131 957 –12,058 3 98,429 –7 –2 4,188 1) –362 1 2,569 4,285 131 105 –131 957 –12,058 2) 3 139,817 841 179 – 4 –1 – – 47 – – 50 229 – – –190 – –205 – 675 Total equity 147,366 1,869 26 –1,766 520 –7 –2 4,235 –362 1 2,619 4,514 131 105 –321 957 –12,263 3 140,492 1) Changes in cumulative translation adjustments include changes regarding revaluation of goodwill in local currency of SEK 2,355 million (SEK 1,592 million in 2015 and 4,794 million in 2014), and realized gain/losses net from sold/liquidated companies, SEK –90 million (SEK –3 million in 2015 and SEK 3 million in 2014). 2) Dividends paid per share amounted to SEK 3.70 (SEK 3.40 in 2015 and SEK 3.00 in 2014). 58 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Equity and Other comprehensive income 2015 SEK million January 1, 2015 Net income Group Joint ventures and associated companies Other comprehensive income Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Remeasurements related to post-employment benefits Group Tax on items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Group Changes in cumulative translation adjustments Group Joint ventures and associated companies Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Sale/repurchase of own shares Stock purchase plans Group Dividends paid Transactions with non-controlling interest December 31, 2015 Capital stock Addi tional paid in capital 16,526 24,731 Retained earnings 103,049 Stock holders’ equity Non-control ling interest 144,306 1,003 Total equity 145,309 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16,526 24,731 13,587 –38 13,587 –38 124 – 13,711 –38 –2,033 722 –2,033 722 457 457 –618 141 –1,331 12,218 –618 141 –1,331 12,218 169 169 865 –11,033 – 105,268 865 –11,033 – 146,525 7 –1 – 14 – 20 144 – – –304 –2 841 –2,026 721 457 –604 141 –1,311 12,362 169 865 –11,337 –2 147,366 Financials – Consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 59 FINANCIALS – Consolidated financial statements Equity and Other comprehensive income 2014 SEK million January 1, 2014 Net income Group Joint ventures and associated companies Other comprehensive income Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Remeasurements related to post-employment benefits Group Tax on items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Group Changes in cumulative translation adjustments Group Joint ventures and associated companies Tax on items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Sale/repurchase of own shares Stock purchase plans Group Dividends paid December 31, 2014 Capital stock Addi tional paid in capital 16,526 24,731 Retained earnings 98,947 Stock holders’ equity Non-control ling interest 140,204 1,419 Total equity 141,623 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16,526 24,731 11,624 –56 11,624 –56 –425 – 11,199 –56 –10,014 2,218 –10,014 2,218 47 47 8,578 579 5 1,413 12,981 8,578 579 5 1,413 12,981 –3 – – 156 – – 153 –272 –10,017 2,218 47 8,734 579 5 1,566 12,709 106 106 – 106 717 –9,702 103,049 717 –9,702 144,306 – –144 1,003 717 –9,846 145,309 60 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 FINANCIALS notes to the CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS C1 Significant accounting policies Introduction The consolidated financial statements comprise Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, the Parent Company, and its subsidiaries (“the Company”) and the Company’s interests in joint ventures and associated companies. The Parent Company is domiciled in Sweden at Torshamnsgatan 21, SE-164 83 Stockholm. The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as endorsed by the EU and RFR 1 “Additional rules for Group Accounting,” related interpretations issued by the Swedish Financial Reporting Board (Rådet för Finansiell Rapportering), and the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. For the financial reporting of 2016, the Company has applied IFRS as issued by the IASB (IFRS effective as per December 31, 2016). There is no difference between IFRS effective as per December 31, 2016, and IFRS as endorsed by the EU, nor is RFR 1 related interpretations issued by the Swedish Financial Reporting Board (Rådet för Finansiell Rapportering) or the Swedish Annual Accounts Act in con- flict with IFRS, for all periods presented. The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on February 24, 2017. The balance sheets and income statements are subject to approval by the Annual General Meeting of shareholders. Amendments applied as from January 1, 2016 There have not been any significant amendments of IFRS concerning the Company during 2016. The following changes are not due to changes in IFRS: Presentation in financial statements In the consolidated Balance sheet, Interest-bearing securities, non-cur- rent has been added as a new line and Short term investments has been renamed Interest-bearing securities, current. On the statement of Cash flow, the line Short-term investments has been renamed Interest-bearing securities. Accounting for bonds Due to the conditions in the market for government and mortgage bonds in Sweden, Ericsson intends to hold bonds purchased in its “Asset man- agement” portfolio until maturity instead of intending to hold them for trading. Bonds purchased in this portfolio after January 1, 2016 are deter- mined to be classified as available-for-sale. Bonds held as available-for- sale with a maturity longer than one year are included in Interest-bearing securities, non-current. Bonds held as available-for-sale with a maturity shorter than one year are included in Interest-bearing securities, current. Unrealized gains and losses are recognized in Other comprehensive income. When these securities are derecognized, the accumulated fair value adjustments will be included in financial income. Alternative Performance Measures, APMs Ericsson has applied the new guidelines issued by European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) on APMs (Alternative Performance Mea- sures). In summary, an APM is understood as a financial measure of his- torical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flows, other than a financial measure defined or specified in IFRS. The APMs presented in this annual report will be reconciled to the most directly rec- oncilable line items in the financial statements in the chapter “Other infor- mation – Alternative performance measures.” The APMs presented in this report may differ from similarly-titled measures used by other companies. For information on “New standards and interpretations not yet adopted,” refer to the end of this Note. Basis of presentation The financial statements are presented in millions of Swedish Krona (SEK). They are prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial assets and liabilities that are stated at fair value: derivative finan- cial instruments, financial instruments held for trading, financial instru- ments classified as available-for-sale and plan assets related to defined benefit pension plans. Financial information in the consolidated income statement, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the consolidated statement of cash flows and the consolidated statement of changes in equity with related notes are presented with two comparison years while for the consolidated balance sheet financial information with related notes is presented with only one comparison year. Basis of consolidation and composition of the Group The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with the purchase method. Accordingly, consolidated stockholders’ equity includes equity in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associated companies earned only after their acquisition. Subsidiaries are all companies for which Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, directly or indirectly, is the parent. To be classified as a parent, Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, directly or indirectly, must control another company which requires that the Parent Company has power over that other company, is exposed to variable returns from its involvement and has the ability to use its power over that other company. The financial state- ments of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that such control ceases. Intra-group balances and any unrealized income and expense arising from intra-group transactions are fully eliminated in preparing the consoli- dated financial statements. Unrealized losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment. The Company is composed of a parent company, Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, with generally fully-owned subsidiaries in many countries of the world. The largest operating subsidiaries are the fully-owned telecom vendor companies Ericsson AB, incorporated in Sweden and Ericsson Inc., incorporated in the US. Business combinations At the acquisition of a business, the cost of the acquisition, being the purchase price, is measured as the fair value of the assets given, and lia- bilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange, including any cost related to contingent consideration. Transaction costs attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. The acquisition cost is allocated to acquired assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities based upon appraisals made, including assets and liabilities that were not recognized on the acquired entity’s balance sheet, for example intangible assets such as customer relations, brands, patents and financial liabilities. Goodwill arises when the purchase price exceeds the fair value of recognizable acquired net assets. In acquisitions with non-controlling interests full or partial goodwill can be recognized. Final amounts are established within one year after the transaction date at the latest. In case there is a put option for non-controlling interest in a subsidiary a corresponding financial liability is recognized. Non-controlling interest The Company treats transactions with non-controlling interests as trans- actions with equity owners of the Company. For purchases from non-con- trolling interests, the difference between any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidi- ary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity. When the Company ceases to have control, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to its fair value, with the change in carrying amount Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 61 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements recognized in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest in an associate or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recog- nized in Other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Company had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in Other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss. At acquisition, there is a choice on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis to measure the non-controlling interest in the acquiree either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquiree’s net assets. are recognized in the income statement, unless deferred in Other com- prehensive income under the hedge accounting practices as described below. Changes in the fair value of monetary securities denominated in foreign currency classified as available-for-sale are analyzed between translation differences resulting from changes in the amortized cost of the security and other changes in the carrying amount of the security. Translation dif- ferences related to changes in the amortized cost are recognized in profit or loss, and other changes in the carrying amount are recognized in OCI. Translation differences on non-monetary financial assets and liabilities are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. Joint ventures and associated companies Joint ventures and associated companies are accounted for in accor- dance with the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment in joint venture or associate is initially recognized at cost and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognize the investor’s share of the profit or loss of the investee after the date of acquisition. If the Company’s interest in an associated company is nil, the Company shall not, as pre- scribed by IFRS, recognize its part of any future losses. Provisions related to obligations for such an interest shall, however, be recognized in relation to such an interest. Investments in associated companies, i.e., when the Company has significant influence and the power to participate in the financial and oper- ating policy decisions of the associated company, but is not in control or joint control over those policies. Normally, this is the case in voting stock interest, including effective potential voting rights, which stand at least at 20% but not more than 50%. Group companies The results and financial position of all the group entities that have a func- tional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows: Assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that balance sheet. Period income and expenses for each income statement are translated at period average exchange rates. All resulting net exchange differences are recognized as a separate component of Other comprehensive income (OCI). On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of the net investment in foreign operations, and of borrowings and other currency instruments designated as hedges of such investments, are accounted for in OCI. When a foreign operation is partially disposed of or sold, exchange differences that were recorded in OCI are recognized in the income statement as part of the gain or loss on sale. The Company’s share of income before taxes is reported in item “Share Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a for- in earnings of joint ventures and associated companies,” included in Operating Income. This reflects the fact that these interests are held for operating rather than investing or financial purposes. Ericsson’s share of income taxes related to associated companies is reported under the line item “Taxes,” in the income statement. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and its joint ventures and associated companies are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in these entities. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Shares in earnings of joint ventures and associated companies included in consolidated equity which are undistributed are reported in Retained earnings in the balance sheet. Impairment testing as well as recognition or reversal of impairment of investments in each joint venture and associated company is performed in the same manner as for intangible assets other than goodwill. The entire carrying value of each investment, including goodwill, is tested as a single asset. See also description under “Intangible assets other than goodwill” below. If the ownership interest in an associate is reduced but significant influ- ence is retained, only a proportionate share of the amounts previously recognized in Other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss where appropriate. In Note C2, “Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments,” further dis- closure is presented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncertainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Foreign currency remeasurement and translation Items included in the financial statements of each entity of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency’). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Swedish Krona (SEK), which is the Parent Company’s functional and presentation currency. Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of each respective trans- actions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at period-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies eign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the closing rate. The Company is continuously monitoring the economies with high inflation, the risk of hyperinflation and potential impact on the Company. There is no significant impact due to any currency translation of a hyper-inflationary economy. Statement of cash flows The statement of cash flows is prepared in accordance with the indirect method. Cash flows in foreign subsidiaries are translated at the average exchange rate during the period. Payments for subsidiaries acquired or divested are reported as cash flow from investing activities, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired or disposed of respectively. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, bank, and interest-bearing securities that are highly liquid monetary financial instruments with a remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition. Revenue recognition Background The Company offers a comprehensive portfolio of telecommunication and data communication systems, professional services, and support solu- tions. Products, both hardware and software as well as services, are in general standardized. The impact of this is that any acceptance terms are normally only formal requirements. In Note C3, “Segment information,” the Company’s products and services are disclosed in more detail as per operating segment. The Company’s products and services are generally sold under deliv- ery-type or multi-year recurring services contracts. The delivery type contracts often contain content from more than one segment. Accounting treatment Sales are based on fair values of consideration received and recorded net of value added taxes, goods returned and estimated trade discounts. Revenue is recognized when risks and rewards have been transferred to the customer, with reference to all significant contractual terms, when: > The product or service has been delivered > The revenue amount is fixed or determinable > The customer has received and activation has been made of separately sold software > Collection is reasonably assured 62 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Estimations of contractual performance criteria impact the timing and amounts of revenue recognized and may therefore defer revenue recogni- tion until the performance criteria are met. The profitability of contracts is periodically assessed, and provisions for any estimated losses are made immediately when losses are probable. Allocation and/or timing criteria specific to each type of contract are: > Delivery-type contracts – These contracts relate to delivery, installation, integration of products and provision of related services, normally under multiple elements contracts. Under multiple elements contracts, accounting is based on that the revenue recognition criteria are applied to the separately identifiable components of the contract. Revenue, including the impact of any discount or rebate, is allocated to each ele- ment based on relative fair values. Networks, Global Services and Sup- port Solutions have contracts that relate to this type of arrangement. > Contracts for services – These relate to multi-year service contracts such as support- and managed service contracts and other types of recurring services. Revenue is recognized when the services have been provided, generally pro rata over the contract period. Global- Services has contracts that relate to this type of arrangement. > Contracts generating license fees from third-parties for the use of the Company’s intellectual property rights – License fees are measured based on the substance of the contract. Examples are a percentage of sales or currency amount per unit and recognized over the license period or at a single point of time when no obligations remain. The amount of consideration shall also be reasonably certain. Networks and Support Solutions have contracts that relate to this type of arrangement. For sales between consolidated companies, associated companies, joint ventures and segments, the Company applies arm’s length pricing. In Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” a further disclosure is presented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncer- tainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Earnings per share Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing net income attribut- able to stockholders of the Parent Company by the weighted average number of shares outstanding (total number of shares less treasury stock) during the year. Diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing net income attrib- utable to stockholders of the Parent Company, when appropriately adjusted by the sum of the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding and dilutive potential ordinary shares. Potential ordinary shares are treated as dilutive when, and only when, their conversion to ordinary shares would decrease earnings per share. Rights to matching shares are considered dilutive when the actual fulfillment of any performance conditions as of the reporting date would give a right to ordinary shares. Financial assets Financial assets are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Regular purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on the settlement date. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or have been transferred and the Com- pany has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. Separate assets or liabilities are recognized if any rights and obligations are created or retained in the transfer. The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories: at fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables, and available- for-sale. The classification depends on the purpose for which the financial assets were acquired. Management determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition. Financial assets are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs for all financial assets not carried at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are initially rec- ognized at fair value, and transaction costs are expensed in the income statement. The fair values of quoted financial investments and derivatives are based on quoted market prices or rates. If official rates or market prices are not available, fair values are calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows at prevailing interest rates. Valuations of foreign exchange options and Interest Rate Guarantees (IRG) are made by using the Black- Scholes formula. Inputs to the valuations are market prices for implied volatility, foreign exchange and interest rates. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss either are designated as such at initial recognition or are financial assets held for trading. A financial asset is classified as held for trading if it is acquired principally for the pur- pose of selling in the near term. Derivatives are classified as held for trading, unless they are designated as hedging instruments for the purpose of hedge accounting. Assets held for trading are classified as current assets. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair values of the “Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss” category (excluding derivatives) are presented in the income statement within Financial income in the period in which they arise. Derivatives are presented in the income state- ment either as Cost of sales, Other operating income, Financial income or Financial expense, depending on the intent with the transaction. Loans and receivables Receivables, including those that relate to customer financing, are sub- sequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method, less allowances for impairment charges. Trade receivables include amounts due from customers. The balance represents amounts billed to customers as well as amounts where risk and rewards have been transferred to the customer but the invoice has not yet been issued. Collectability of the receivables is assessed for purposes of initial revenue recognition. Available-for-sale financial assets Investments in liquid bonds with low credit risk which are not held for trad- ing are classified as available-for-sale. If the maturity is longer than one year the bonds are included in Interest-bearing securities, non-current. Bonds held as available-for-sale with a maturity shorter than one year are included in Interest-bearing securities, current. Unrealized gains and losses are recognized in OCI. When these securities are derecognized, the accumulated fair value adjustments will be included in financial income. Under Introduction above the change as from 2016 is described. Dividends on available-for-sale equity instruments are recognized in the income statement as part of financial income when the Company’s right to receive payments is established. Changes in the fair value of monetary securities denominated in a for- eign currency and classified as available-for-sale are analyzed between translation differences resulting from changes in the amortized cost of the security and other changes in the carrying amount of the security. Trans- lation differences on monetary securities are recognized in profit or loss; translation differences on non-monetary securities are recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of monetary and non-monetary securities classi- fied as available-for-sale are recognized in OCI. When securities classified as available-for-sale are sold or impaired, the accumulated fair value adjust- ments previously recognized in OCI are included in the income statement. Impairment At each balance sheet date, the Company assesses whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. In the case of equity securities classified as available-for-sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is considered as evidence that the security is impaired. If any such evidence exists for available-for-sale financial assets, the cumulative loss – measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the cur- rent fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognized in profit or loss – is removed from OCI and recognized in the income statement. Impairment losses recognized in the income statement on equity instruments are not reversed through the income statement. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 63 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements An assessment of impairment of receivables is performed when there is objective evidence that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the original terms of the receivable. Significant financial difficulties of the debtor, probability that the debtor will enter bankruptcy or financial reorganization, and default or delinquency in pay- ments are considered indicators that the trade receivable is impaired. The amount of the allowance is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account, and the amount of the loss is recognized in the income statement within selling expenses. When a trade receivable is finally established as uncollectible, it is written off against the allowance account for trade receivables. Subsequent recov- eries of amounts previously written off are credited to selling expenses in the income statement. Financial liabilities Financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes bound to the contractual obligations of the instrument. Financial liabilities are derecognized when they are extinguished, i.e., when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expires. Borrowings Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in the income statement over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the balance sheet date. Trade payables Trade payables are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Fair value hedging and fair value hedge accounting The purpose of fair value hedges is to hedge the variability in the fair value of fixed-rate debt (issued bonds) from changes in the relevant benchmark yield curve for its entire term by converting fixed interest payments to a floating rate (e.g., STIBOR or LIBOR) by using interest rate swaps (IRS). The credit risk/spread is not hedged. The fixed leg of the IRS is matched against the cash flows of the hedged bond. Hereby, the fixed-rate bond/ debt is converted into a floating-rate debt in accordance with the policy. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recorded in the income statement, together with any changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attrib- utable to the hedged risk, when hedge accounting is applied. The Com- pany only applies fair value hedge accounting for hedging fixed interest risk on borrowings. Both gains and losses relating to the interest rate swaps hedging fixed rate borrowings and the changes in the fair value of the hedged fixed rate borrowings attributable to interest rate risk are rec- ognized in the income statement within Financial expenses. If the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the adjustment to the carrying amount of a hedged item for which the effective interest method is used is amortized to the income statement over the remaining period to maturity. When applying fair value hedge accounting, derivatives are initially recog- nized at fair value at trade date and subsequently re-measured at fair value. financial instruments.” Movements in the hedging reserve in OCI are shown in Note C16, “Equity and other comprehensive income.” The fair value of a hedging derivative is classified as a non-current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is more than 12 months, and as a current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is less than 12 months. Trading derivatives are classified as current assets or liabilities. Financial guarantees Financial guarantee contracts are initially recognized at fair value (i.e., usually the fee received). Subsequently, these contracts are measured at the higher of: > The amount determined as the best estimate of the net expenditure required to settle the obligation according to the guarantee contract. > The recognized contractual fee less cumulative amortization when amortized over the guarantee period, using the straight-line-method. > The best estimate of the net expenditure comprising future fees and cash flows from subrogation rights. Inventories Inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis. Risks of obsolescence have been measured by estimating market value based on future customer demand and changes in technology and cus- tomer acceptance of new products. A significant part of Inventories is Contract work in progress (CWIP). Recognition and derecognition of CWIP relates to the Company’s revenue recognition principles meaning that costs incurred under a customer con- tract are recognized as CWIP. When revenue is recognized, CWIP is derecognized and is instead recognized as Cost of sales. In Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” further dis- closure is presented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncertainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Intangible assets Intangible assets other than goodwill Intangible assets other than goodwill comprise intangible assets acquired through business combinations, such as patents, customer relations, trademarks and software, as well as capitalized development expenses and separately acquired intangible assets, mainly consisting of software. At initial recognition, acquired intangible assets related to business com- binations are stated at fair value and capitalized development expenses and software are stated at cost. Subsequent to initial recognition, these intangible assets are stated at initially recognized amounts less accumu- lated amortization and any impairment. Amortization and any impairment losses are included in Research and development expenses, which mainly consists of capitalized development expenses and technology; in Selling and administrative expenses, which mainly consists of expenses relating to customer relations and brands; and in Cost of sales. Costs incurred for development of products to be sold, leased, or oth- erwise marketed or intended for internal use are capitalized as from when technological and economic feasibility has been established until the product is available for sale or use. Research and development expenses directly related to orders from customers are accounted for as a part of Cost of sales. Other research and development expenses are charged to income as incurred. Amortization of acquired intangible assets, such as patents, customer relations, trademarks, and software, is made accord- ing to the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, not exceeding ten years. The Company has not recognized any intangible assets with indefinite At the inception of the hedge, the Company documents the relationship useful life other than goodwill. between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk man- agement objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedging trans- actions. The Company also documents its assessment, both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, of whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. The fair values of various derivative instruments used for hedging purposes are disclosed in Note C20, “Financial risk management and Impairment tests are performed whenever there is an indication of possible impairment. However, intangible assets not yet available for use are tested annually. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or its cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of the value in use and the fair value less costs to sell. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows after tax are discounted to their present value using an after- tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time 64 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 value of money and the risks specific to the asset. Application of after tax amounts in calculation, both in relation to cash flows and discount rate is applied due to that available models for calculating discount rate include a tax component. The after tax discount rate applied by the Company is not materially different from a discounting based on before-tax future cash flows and before-tax discount rates, as required by IFRS. Corporate assets have been allocated to cash-generating units in rela- tion to each unit’s proportion of total net sales. The amount related to cor- porate assets is not significant. Impairment losses recognized in prior periods are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recover- able amounts and if the recoverable amount is higher than the carrying value. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount after reversal does not exceed the carrying amount, net of amortization, which would have been reported if no impairment loss had been recognized. In Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” further dis- closure is presented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncertainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Goodwill As from the acquisition date, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each cash-generating unit (CGU) of the Company expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. The Company’s three operating segments have been identified as CGUs. An annual impairment test for the CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated is performed in the fourth quarter, or when there is an indication of impairment. Impairment testing as well as recognition of impairment of goodwill is performed in the same manner as for intangible assets other than goodwill: see description under “Intangible assets other than good- will” above. An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed. Additional disclosure is required in relation to goodwill impairment testing: see Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments” below and Note C10, “Intangible assets.” Property, plant, and equipment Property, plant, and equipment consist of real estate, machinery, servers and other technical assets, other equipment, tools and installation and construction in process and advance payment. They are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses. Depreciation is charged to income, on a straight-line basis, over the estimated useful life of each component of an item of property, plant, and equipment, including buildings. Estimated useful lives are, in general, 25–50 years for real estate and 3–10 years for machinery and equipment. Depreciation and any impairment charges are included in Cost of sales, Research and development or Selling and administrative expenses. The Company recognizes in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant, and equipment the cost of replacing a component and derecog- nizes the residual value of the replaced component. Impairment testing as well as recognition or reversal of impairment of property, plant and equipment is performed in the same manner as for intangible assets other than goodwill: see description under “Intangible assets other than goodwill” above. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the pro- ceeds less cost to sell with the carrying amount and are recognized within Other operating income and expenses in the income statement. Leasing Leasing when the Company is the lessee Leases on terms in which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Upon initial recognition, the leased asset is measured at an amount equal to the lower of its fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Subsequent to initial recognition, the asset is accounted for in accor- dance with the accounting policy applicable to that type of asset, although the depreciation period must not exceed the lease term. Other leases are operating leases, and the leased assets under such contracts are not recognized on the balance sheet. Costs under operating leases are recognized in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Lease incentives received are recognized as an integral part of the total lease expense, over the term of the lease. Leasing when the Company is the lessor Leasing contracts with the Company as lessor are classified as finance leases when the majority of risks and rewards are transferred to the lessee, and otherwise as operating leases. Under a finance lease, a receivable is recognized at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease and revenue is recognized in accordance with the revenue recognition principles. Under operating leases the equipment is recorded as property, plant and equipment and revenue as well as depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Income taxes Income taxes in the consolidated financial statements include both current and deferred taxes. Income taxes are reported in the income statement unless the underlying item is reported directly in equity or OCI. For those items, the related income tax is also reported directly in equity or OCI. A current tax liability or asset is recognized for the estimated taxes payable or refundable for the current year or prior years. Deferred tax is recognized for temporary differences between the book values of assets and liabilities and their tax values and for tax loss carry- forwards. A deferred tax asset is recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax loss carry-forwards can be uti- lized. In the recognition of income taxes, the Company offsets current tax receivables against current tax liabilities and deferred tax assets against deferred tax liabilities in the balance sheet, when the Company has a legal right to offset these items and the intention to do so. Deferred tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: goodwill not deduct- ible for tax purposes, for the initial recognition of assets or liabilities that affect neither accounting nor taxable profit, and for differences related to investments in subsidiaries when it is probable that the temporary differ- ence will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rate that is expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. An adjustment of deferred tax asset/liability balances due to a change in the tax rate is recognized in the income statement, unless it relates to a temporary difference earlier recognized directly in equity or OCI, in which case the adjustment is also recognized in equity or OCI. The measurement of deferred tax assets involves judgment regarding the deductibility of costs not yet subject to taxation and estimates regard- ing sufficient future taxable income to enable utilization of unused tax losses in different tax jurisdictions. All deferred tax assets are subject to annual review of probable utilization. In Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” further dis- closure is presented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncertainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Provisions and contingent liabilities Provisions are made when there are legal or constructive obligations as a result of past events and when it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligations and the amounts can be reliably estimated. When the effect of the time value of money is material, dis- counting is made of estimated outflows. However, the actual outflows as a result of the obligations may differ from such estimates. The provisions are mainly related to warranty commitments, restructur- ing, customer projects and other obligations, such as unresolved income tax and value added tax issues, claims or obligations as a result of patent infringement and other litigations, supplier claims and customer finance guarantees. Product warranty commitments consider probabilities of all material quality issues based on historical performance for established products and expected performance for new products, estimates of repair cost per unit, and volumes sold still under warranty up to the reporting date. A restructuring obligation is considered to have arisen when the Com- Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 65 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements pany has a detailed formal plan for the restructuring (approved by man- agement), which has been communicated in such a way that a valid expectation has been raised among those affected. Provision for restruc- turing is recorded when the Company can reliably estimate the liabilities relating to the obligation. Project related provisions include estimated losses on onerous contracts, contractual penalties and undertakings. For losses on customer contracts, a provision equal to the total estimated loss is recorded when a loss from a contract is anticipated and possible to estimate reliably. These contract loss estimates include any probable penalties to a customer under a loss contract. Other provisions include provisions for unresolved tax issues, litigations, supplier claims, customer finance and other provisions. The Company provides for estimated future settlements related to patent infringements based on the probable outcome of each infringement. The actual out- come or actual cost of settling an individual infringement may vary from the Company’s estimate. The Company estimates the outcome of any potential patent infringe- ment made known to the Company through assertion and through the Company’s own monitoring of patent-related cases in the relevant legal systems. To the extent that the Company makes the judgment that an identified potential infringement will more likely than not result in an outflow of resources, the Company records a provision based on the Company’s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle with the counterpart. In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to proceed- ings, lawsuits and other unresolved claims, including proceedings under laws and government regulations and other matters. These matters are often resolved over a long period of time. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of any adverse judgments in or outcomes of these matters, as well as potential ranges of possible losses. Provisions are recognized when it is probable that an obligation has arisen and the amount can be reasonably estimated based on a detailed analysis of each individual issue. Certain present obligations are not recognized as provisions as it is not probable that an economic outflow will be required to settle the obligation or the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reli- ability. Such obligations are reported as contingent liabilities. For further detailed information, see Note C24, “Contingent liabilities.” In Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” further disclosure is pre- sented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncertainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Post-employment benefits Pensions and other post-employment benefits are classified as either defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans. Under a defined con- tribution plan, the Company’s only obligation is to pay a fixed amount to a separate entity (a pension trust fund) with no obligation to pay further contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee benefits. The related actuarial and investment risks fall on the employee. The expenditures for defined contribution plans are recognized as expenses during the period when the employee provides service. Under a defined benefit plan, it is the Company’s obligation to provide agreed benefits to current and former employees. The related actuarial and investment risks fall on the Company. The present value of the defined benefit obligations for current and for- mer employees is calculated using the Projected Unit Credit Method. The discount rate for each country is determined by reference to market yields on high-quality corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company’s obligations. In countries where there is no deep market in such bonds, the market yields on government bonds are used. The calculations are based upon actuarial assumptions, assessed on a quarterly basis, and are as a minimum prepared annually. Actuarial assumptions are the Company’s best estimate of the variables that deter- mine the cost of providing the benefits. When using actuarial assump- tions, it is possible that the actual results will differ from the estimated results or that the actuarial assumptions will change from one period to another. These differences are reported as actuarial gains and losses. They are, for example, caused by unexpectedly high or low rates of employee turnover, changed life expectancy, salary changes, remeasure- ment of plan assets and changes in the discount rate. Actuarial gains and 66 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 losses are recognized in OCI in the period in which they occur. The Com- pany’s net liability for each defined benefit plan consists of the present value of pension commitments less the fair value of plan assets and is recognized net on the balance sheet. When the result is a net benefit to the Company, the recognized asset is limited to the present value of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan. Interest cost on the defined benefit obligation and interest income on plan assets is calculated as a net interest amount by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability. All past service costs are recognized immediately. Swedish special payroll tax is accounted for as a part of the pension cost and the pension liability respectively. Payroll taxes related to actuarial gains and losses are included in deter- mining actuarial gains and losses, reported under OCI. In Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” further dis- closure is presented in relation to key sources of estimation uncertainty. Share-based compensation to employees and the Board of Directors Share-based compensation is related to remuneration to all employees, including key management personnel and the Board of Directors. Under IFRS, a company shall recognize compensation costs for share- based compensation programs based on a measure of the value to the company of services received under the plans. This value is based on the fair value of, for example, free shares at grant date, measured as stock price as per each investment date. The value at grant date is charged to the income statement as any other remuneration over the service period. For example, value at grant date is 90. Given the normal service period of three years within Ericsson, 30 would be charged per year during the service period. The amount charged to the income statement is reversed in equity each time of the income statement charge. The reason for this IFRS accounting principle is that compensation cost is a cost with no direct cash flow impact. The purpose of share-based accounting according to IFRS (IFRS 2) is to present the impact of share- based programs, being part of the total remuneration, in the income statement. Compensation to employees Stock purchase plans For stock purchase plans, compensation costs are recognized during the vesting period, based on the fair value of the Ericsson share at the employee’s investment date. The fair value is based upon the share price at investment date, adjusted for the fact that no dividends will be received on matching shares prior to matching and other features that are non- vesting conditions. The employee pays a price equal to the share price at investment date for the investment shares. The investment date is consid- ered as the grant date. In the balance sheet, the corresponding amounts are accounted for as equity. Vesting conditions are non-market-based and affect the number of shares that Ericsson will match. Other features of a share-based payment are non-vesting conditions. These features would need to be included in the grant date fair value for transactions with employees and others providing similar services. Non-vesting conditions would not impact the number of awards expected to vest or valuation thereof subsequent to grant date. When calculating the compensation costs for shares under performance-based matching programs, the Company at each reporting date assesses the probability that the perfor- mance targets will be met. Compensation expenses are based on esti- mates of the number of shares that will match at the end of the vesting period. When shares are matched, social security charges are to be paid in certain countries on the value of the employee benefit. The employee benefit is generally based on the market value of the shares at the match- ing date. During the vesting period, estimated amounts for such social security charges are expensed and accrued. Compensation to the Board of Directors During 2008, the Parent Company introduced a share-based compensa- tion program as a part of the remuneration to the Board of Directors. The program gives non-employee Directors elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders a right to receive part of their remuneration as a future pay- ment of an amount which corresponds to the market value of a share of class B in the Parent Company at the time of payment, as further dis- closed in Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees.” The cost for cash settlements is measured and recognized based on the estimated costs for the program on a pro rata basis during the service period, being one year. The estimated costs are remeasured during and at the end of the service period. Segment reporting An operating segment is a component of a company whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker, (CODM), to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance. The President and the Chief Execu- tive Officer is defined as the CODM function in the Company. The segment presentation, as per each segment, is based on the Company’s accounting policies as disclosed in this note. The arm’s length principle is applied in transactions between the segments. The Company’s segment disclosure about geographical areas is based on the country in which transfer of risks and rewards occur. New standards and interpretations not yet adopted A number of issued new standards, amendments to standards and inter- pretations are not yet effective for the year ended December 31, 2016 and have not been applied in preparing these consolidated financial state- ments. Below is a list of applicable standards/interpretations that have been issued and are effective for periods as described per standard. IFRS 9, “Financial instruments.” The complete version of IFRS 9 replaces most of the guidance in IAS 39. IFRS 9 retains but simplifies the- mixed measurement model and establishes three primary measurement- categories for financial assets: amortized cost, fair value through OCI and fair value through profit or loss. The basis of classification depends on the entity’s business model and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Investments in equity instruments are required to be measured at fair value through profit or loss with the irrevocable option at inception to present changes in fair value in OCI. There is now a new expected credit losses model that replaces the incurred loss impairment model used in IAS 39. IFRS 9 also amends the principles for hedge accounting. This standard is effective as from January 1, 2018. The Com- pany has not yet finalized the evaluation of any impact on financial result or position. for that right. The accounting for lessors will be based on the same classi- fication as under IAS 17, operating or finance leasing. The definition of a lease is amended. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. EU has not yet adopted the standard. The Company will apply the new standard as from January 1, 2019. The initial assessment indicates that the main impact on the balance sheet is expected, where the Company is the lessee, primarily in contracts for real estate and vehicles. C2 Critical accounting estimates and judgments The preparation of financial statements and application of accounting standards often involve management’s judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions deemed to be reasonable at the time they are made. However, other results may be derived with different judgments or using different assumptions or estimates, and events may occur that could require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset or liabil- ity affected. Following are the most important accounting policies subject to such judgments and the key sources of estimation uncertainty that the Company believes could have the most significant impact on the reported results and financial position. The information in this note is grouped as per: > Key sources of estimation uncertainty > Judgments management has made in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies. Revenue recognition Key sources of estimation uncertainty Examples of estimates of total contract revenue and cost that are nec- essary are the assessing of customer possibility to reach conditional purchase volumes triggering contractual discounts to be given to the customer, the impact on the Company revenue in relation to performance criteria and whether any loss provisions shall be made. As disclosed in note C3 “Segment information” there is no customer for which revenues exceeds 10% of the Company’s total revenue. It is, however, also dis- closed that most of the sales are derived from large, multi-year agree- ments with a limited number of significant customers. For further discussion on revenue recognition, see Note C1, “Significant IFRS 15, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” establishes a new accounting policies” and Note C4, “Net sales.” principle based model of recognizing revenue from customer contracts. This is a five-step model that requires revenue to be recognized as control over goods and services are transferred to the customer. IFRS 15 will be effective for implementation on January 1, 2018. The Company has evaluated the resulting changes to accounting principles and internal processes due to the new revenue recognition model and is currently implementing the changes in line with the implementation date January 1, 2018. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the implementa- tion of the standard at transition date, including impact on the compara- tive numbers for prior reporting periods. This exercise is yet to be com- pleted, therefore it is not practicably possible to disclose reliable esti- mates of the impact on financial statements at the transition date. The standard provides a choice of two transition methods, full retrospective or cumulative effect method. The full retrospective method requires restate- ment of prior year comparatives and adjustment to equity to the earliest presented comparative period, i.e. January 1, 2016, whereas with the cumulative effect method, the impact is adjusted to equity at the transition date of January 1, 2018. The Company has not decided on the transition method to be adopted at January 1, 2018 but will consider factors such as materiality of the impact on prior reporting periods (when reliably estimated), practicalities and costs of data gathering, in arriving at the decision. IFRS 16 “Leases”. In January 2016, IASB issued a new lease standard that will replace IAS 17 Leases and the related interpretations IFRIC 4, SIC-15 and SIC-27. The standard requires assets and liabilities arising from all leases, with some exceptions, to be recognized on the balance sheet. This model reflects that, at the start of a lease, the lessee obtains the right to use an asset for a period of time and has an obligation to pay Judgments made in relation to accounting policies applied Parts of the Company’s sales are generated from large and complex cus- tomer contracts. Managerial judgment is applied regarding, among other aspects, conformance with acceptance criteria and if transfer of risks and rewards to the buyer have taken place to determine if revenue and costs should be recognized in the current period, degree of completion and the customer credit standing to assess whether payment is likely or not to justify revenue recognition. Trade and customer finance receivables Key sources of estimation uncertainty The Company monitors the financial stability of its customers and the environment in which they operate to make estimates regarding the likelihood that the individual receivables will be paid. Total allowances for estimated losses as of December 31, 2016, were SEK 1.7 (1.5) billion or 2.2% (2.0%) of gross trade and customer finance receivables. For further detailed information, see Note C14, “Trade receivables and customer finance.” Credit risks for outstanding customer finance credits are regularly assessed as well, and allowances are recorded for estimated losses. Inventory valuation Key sources of estimation uncertainty Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Esti- mates are required in relation to forecasted sales volumes and inventory balances. In situations where excess inventory balances are identified, Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 67 Provisions Key sources of estimation uncertainty Provisions mainly comprise amounts related to restructuring, warranty, contractual obligations and penalties to customers and estimated losses on customer contracts, risks associated with patent and other litigations, supplier or subcontractor claims and/or disputes, as well as provisions for unresolved income tax and value added tax issues. In relation to restruc- turing, the Company is executing a cost and efficiency program that was first initiated in the last quarter of 2014 and then expanded in the second quarter of 2016. The estimates related to the amounts of provisions for restructuring, penalties, claims or losses receive special attention from the management. At December 31, 2016, provisions amounted to SEK 6.4 (3.8) billion. For further detailed information, see Note C18, “Provisions.” Judgments made in relation to accounting policies applied Whether a present obligation is probable or not requires judgment. The nature and type of risks for these provisions differ and management’s judgment is applied regarding the nature and extent of obligations in deciding if an outflow of resources is probable or not. Contingent liabilities Key sources of estimation uncertainty As disclosed under ‘Provisions’ there are uncertainties in the estimated amounts. The same type of uncertainty exists for contingent liabilities. Judgments made in relation to accounting policies applied As disclosed under Note C1, “Significant accounting policies” a potential obligation that is not likely to result in an economic outflow is classified as a contingent liability, with no impact on the Company’s financial state- ments. However, should an obligation in a later period be deemed to be probable, then a provision shall be recognized, impacting the financial statements. Pension and other post-employment benefits Key sources of estimation uncertainty Accounting for the costs of defined benefit pension plans and other appli- cable post-employment benefits is based on actuarial valuations, relying on key estimates for discount rates, future salary increases, employee turnover rates and mortality tables. The discount rate assumptions are based on rates for high-quality fixed-income investments with durations as close as possible to the Company’s pension plans. In countries where there is not a deep market in high-quality corporate bonds, the market yields on government bonds shall be applied. As of 2015, due to the market situation in Sweden, the Company has applied yields on Swedish government bonds for the calculation of the defined benefit obligation in Sweden. The discount rate applied in Sweden was 1.8% (2.1%). At December 31, 2016, defined benefit obligations for pensions and other post-employment benefits amounted to SEK 87.2 (78.1) billion and fair value of plan assets to SEK 64.5 (58.2) billion. For more information on estimates and assumptions, see Note C17, “Post-employment benefits.” Foreign exchange risks Key sources of estimation uncertainty Foreign exchange risk impacts the financial results of the Company: see further disclosure in Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments,” under Foreign exchange risk. FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements estimates of net realizable values for the excess volumes are made. Inven- tory allowances for estimated losses as of December 31, 2016, amounted to SEK 2.4 (2.6) billion or 7% (8%) of gross inventory. For further detailed information, see Note C13, “Inventories.” Deferred taxes Key sources of estimation uncertainty Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differ- ences and for tax loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax is recognized net of valuation allowances. The valuation of temporary differences and tax loss carry-forwards, is based on management’s estimates of future taxable profits in different tax jurisdictions against which the temporary differ- ences and loss carry-forwards may be utilized. The largest amounts of tax loss carry-forwards are reported in Sweden, with an indefinite period of utilization (i.e. with no expiry date). For further detailed information, please refer to Note C8, “Taxes.” At December 31, 2016, the value of deferred tax assets amounted to SEK 15.5 (13.2) billion. The deferred tax assets related to loss carry-for- wards are reported as non-current assets. Accounting for income tax, value added tax, and other taxes Key sources of estimation uncertainty Accounting for these items is based upon evaluation of income, value added and other tax rules in all jurisdictions where the Company performs activities. The total complexity of rules related to taxes and the accounting for these require management’s involvement in judgments regarding classification of transactions and in estimates of probable outcomes of claimed deductions and/or disputes. Acquired intellectual property rights and other intangible assets, including goodwill Key sources of estimation uncertainty At initial recognition, future cash flows are estimated, to ensure that the initial carrying values do not exceed the expected discounted cash flows for the items of this type of assets. After initial recognition, impairment testing is performed whenever there is an indication of impairment, except in the case of goodwill for which impairment testing is performed at least once per year. Negative deviations in actual cash flows compared to esti- mated cash flows as well as new estimates that indicate lower future cash flows might result in recognition of impairment charges. For further discussion on goodwill, see Note C1, “Significant account- ing policies” and Note C10, “Intangible assets.” Estimates related to acquired intangible assets are based on similar assumptions and risks as for goodwill. In Note C10 “Intangible assets,” it is disclosed that for the Media segment the headroom is SEK 5.6 billion when a discount of 8.0% is applied. The recoverable amount is equal to its carrying amount when the discount factor is increased to 10.0%. For more information, see Note C10, “Intangible assets.” At December 31, 2016, the amount of acquired intellectual property rights and other intangible assets amounted to SEK 51.1 (50.4) billion, including goodwill of SEK 43.4 (41.1) billion. Judgments made in relation to accounting policies applied At initial recognition and subsequent remeasurement, management judg- ments are made, both for key assumptions and regarding impairment indicators. In the purchase price allocation made for each acquisition, the purchase price shall be assigned to the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities based on fair values for these assets. Any remaining excess value is reported as goodwill. This allocation requires management judgment as well as the definition of cash-generating units for impairment testing purposes. Other judg- ments might result in significantly different results and financial position in the future. 68 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C3 Segment information Operating segments When determining Ericsson’s operating segments, consideration has been given to which markets and what type of customers the products and services aim to attract, as well as the distribution channels they are sold through. Commonality regarding technology, research and develop- ment has also been taken into account. To best reflect the business focus and to facilitate comparability with peers, three operating segments are reported: > Networks > Global Services > Support Solutions > (Modems, closed during second half of 2015) Networks delivers products and solutions for mobile access, IP and transmission networks, core networks and cloud. The offering includes: > Radio access solutions that interconnect with devices such as mobile phones, tablets and PCs. > IP routing and transport solutions including routers, Ericsson’s evolved IP network as well as backhaul including microwave (MINI-LINK) and optical transmission solutions for mobile and fixed networks > Core networks are based on the Ericsson Blade Server platform and include solutions such as the IMS > A cloud platform that can handle all types of workloads for all clouds; telecom cloud, IT cloud and commercial cloud. Global Services delivers managed services, product-related services, consulting and systems integration services as well as broadcast and media services. The offering includes: > Managed Services: Services for designing, building, operating and managing the day-to-day operations of the customer’s network or solu- tion; maintenance; network sharing solutions; plus shared solutions such as hosting of platforms and applications. Ericsson also offers managed services of IT environments. Unallocated Some revenues, costs, assets and liabilities are not identified as part of any operating segment and are therefore not allocated. Examples of such items are costs for corporate staff, IT costs and general marketing costs. Regions The Regions are the Company’s primary sales channel. The Company operates worldwide and reports its operations divided into ten geographi- cal regions and one region Other: > North America > Latin America > Northern Europe & Central Asia > Western and Central Europe > Mediterranean > Middle East > Sub-Saharan Africa > India > North East Asia > South East Asia & Oceania > Other. Region “Other” includes licensing revenues, broadcast services, power modules, mobile broadband modules, Ericsson-LG Enterprise and other businesses. Major customers The Company does not have any customer for which revenues from transactions have exceeded 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the years 2016, 2015 or 2014. Ericsson derives most of its sales from large, multi-year agreements with a limited number of significant customers. Out of a customer base of more than 500, mainly consisting of network operators, the 10 largest customers accounted for 46% (46%) of net sales. The largest customer accounted for approximately 7% (7%) of sales in 2016. For more information, see Risk Factors, “Market, Technology and > Product-related services: Services to expand, upgrade, restructure or Business Risks.” migrate networks; network-rollout services; customer support; network design and optimization services. > Consulting and Systems Integration: Technology and operational consulting; integration of multi-vendor equipment; design and integra- tion of new solutions and transforming programs. > Broadcast Services: Services include responsibility for technical platforms and operational services related to TV content management, playout and service provisioning. Support Solutions provides software suites for operators. The offering includes: > Operations Support Systems: plan, build and optimize, service fulfill- ment and service assurance. > Business Support Systems: revenue management (prepaid, post-paid, convergent charging and billing), mediation and customer care solutions. > TV & Media solutions: a suite of open, standards-based solutions and products for the creation, management and delivery of TV on any device over any network, including a TV platform for content creation, content management, on-demand video delivery, advanced video compression and video-optimized delivery network infrastructure. > M-Commerce solutions for money transfer: payment transactions and services between mobile subscribers and operators or other service providers. Modems performed design, development and sales of the LTE multi- mode thin modems solutions, including 2G, 3G and 4G interoperability. Modems was consolidated into Ericsson in late 2013. Since the integra- tion, the addressable market for thin modems has been reduced. In addi- tion, there is strong competition, price erosion and an accelerating pace of technology innovation. As a consequence, Ericsson announced, on September 18, 2014, the discontinuation of further development of modems. Modems have had no impact on Group profit and loss from the second half of 2015. Marketing channels Marketing in a business-to-business environment is expanding, from being primarily conducted through personal meetings, to on-line forums, expert blogs and social media. Ericsson performs marketing through: > Customer engagement with a consultative approach > Selective focus on events and experience centers for customer experi- ence and interaction > Continuous dialogue with customers and target audiences through social and other digital media (including virtual events) > Activation of the open social and digital media landscape to strengthen message reach and impact > Execution of solutions-driven programs, aligned globally and regionally. New segment structure from January 1, 2017 From January 1, 2017, segment reporting is based on a new structure, with three new operating segments: > Segment Networks. Products and services with a focus on evolving and managing our customers’ telecom networks. The portfolio of radio networks and backhaul solutions are based on industry standards and can also be industrialized and adjusted to meet the demands of other industry verticals as utilities, transport and public safety. In addition, Ericsson services capabilities address operator demand in an increas- ingly complex network environment. > Segment IT & Cloud. Products and services providing solutions for our customers’ digital transformation journeys across the Support Systems, Telecom core and IT Cloud domains through a combination of products, technology and expertise in networks, software, cloud and business processes. > Segment Media. Products and services that enable content owners, broadcasters, TV service providers and network operators to efficiently deliver, manage and monetize new TV experiences. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 69 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Operating segments 2016 Segment sales Net sales Operating income Operating margin (%) Financial income Financial expenses Income after financial items Taxes Net income Other segment items Share in earnings of JV and associated companies Amortization Depreciation Impairment losses Reversals of impairment losses Restructuring expenses Gains/losses from divestments Operating segments 2015 Segment sales Net sales Operating income Operating margin (%) Financial income Financial expenses Income after financial items Taxes Net income Networks 108,338 108,338 4,727 4% Global Services 101,722 101,722 3,308 3% Support Solutions Total Segments Unallocated 12,548 12,548 –951 –8% 222,608 222,608 7,084 3% 19 –2,320 –3,018 –107 6 –4,040 –15 46 –869 –1,207 –42 2 –2,984 – 3 –1,276 –196 –92 – –449 – 68 –4,465 –4,421 –241 8 –7,473 –15 Networks 123,720 123,720 12,943 10% Global Services 108,018 108,018 8,215 8% Support Solutions Modems1) Total Segments Unallocated 15,049 15,049 1,504 10% –33 –1,118 –188 – 1 –480 – 133 133 7 – 246,920 246,920 22,669 9% – – –108 – – –15 – –85 –5,474 –4,705 –20 16 –5,015 1 – – –864 – 47 –44 – – – –25 –50 – – –785 – –37 – – – – –94 138 Group 222,608 222,608 6,299 3% –115 –2,158 4,026 –2,131 1,895 31 –4,465 –4,421 –241 8 –7,567 123 Group 246,920 246,920 21,805 9% 525 –2,458 19,872 –6,199 13,673 –38 –5,518 –4,705 –20 16 –5,040 –49 Other segment items Share in earnings of JV and associated companies Amortization Depreciation Impairment losses Reversals of impairment losses Restructuring expenses Gains/losses from divestments 1) Modems was closed during second half of 2015. –95 –3,327 –3,197 –20 11 –2,839 – 43 –1,029 –1,212 – 4 –1,681 1 70 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Operating segments 2014 Segment sales Net sales Operating income Operating margin (%) Financial income Financial expenses Income after financial items Taxes Net income Networks 117,487 117,487 13,544 12% Global Services 97,659 97,659 6,067 6% Support Solutions 12,655 12,655 –31 0% Modems 182 182 –2,025 – Other segment items Share in earnings of JV and associated companies Amortization Depreciation Impairment losses Reversals of impairment losses Restructuring expenses Gains/losses from divestments 33 –3,497 –3,225 –34 14 –443 – 32 –1,036 –820 –1 4 –835 – –52 –902 –124 –2 – –146 – – –168 –160 – 1 –32 – Total Segments Unallocated 227,983 227,983 17,555 8% 13 –5,603 –4,329 –37 19 –1,456 – – – –748 – –69 5 – – – – –36 Regions North America 3) Latin America Northern Europe & Central Asia 1) 2) Western & Central Europe 2) Mediterranean 2) Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa India North East Asia 4) South East Asia & Oceania Other 1) 2) 3) 4) Total 1) Of which in Sweden 6) 2) Of which in EU 6) 3) Of which in the United States 6) 4) Of which in China 6) Net sales Non-current assets 5) 2016 54,747 17,933 9,069 16,210 20,905 19,156 9,177 10,748 27,365 22,180 15,118 222,608 3,123 38,525 56,748 19,156 2015 58,261 21,357 10,649 19,732 23,310 22,849 10,349 13,381 28,237 19,235 19,560 246,920 3,796 45,585 64,299 18,977 2014 54,509 22,570 12,373 19,706 23,003 21,277 8,749 7,702 27,572 15,858 14,664 227,983 4,144 45,101 55,722 14,335 2016 14,650 1,543 53,647 3,499 1,048 50 36 458 1,556 232 – 76,719 53,111 57,759 11,053 530 2015 14,870 1,321 48,910 3,886 1,208 99 40 390 2,005 278 – 73,007 48,467 53,759 12,325 1,547 5) Total non-current assets excluding financial instruments, deferred tax assets, and post-employment benefit assets. 6) Including IPR revenue reported under Other above. For employee information, see Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees.” Group 227,983 227,983 16,807 7% 1,277 –2,273 15,811 –4,668 11,143 –56 –5,598 –4,329 –37 19 –1,456 –36 2014 16,148 1,749 43,868 4,227 1,389 100 54 471 2,217 345 – 70,568 43,298 48,881 13,116 1,370 Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 71 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C4 Net sales Net sales Sales of products and network rollout services Professional Services sales License revenues Net sales Export sales from Sweden 2016 2015 2014 135,778 76,816 10,014 222,608 107,036 150,775 81,749 14,396 246,920 117,486 147,235 70,831 9,917 227,983 113,734 C5 Expenses by nature Expenses by nature Goods and services Employee remuneration Amortization and depreciation Impairments and obsolescence allowances, net of reversals Financial expenses Taxes Expenses incurred Inventory increase/decrease (–/+) 1) Additions to capitalized development 2016 2015 2014 133,848 77,774 8,886 1,325 2,158 2,131 226,122 –606 –4,483 137,458 80,054 10,223 1,438 2,458 6,199 237,830 –394 –3,548 132,185 70,166 9,927 1,138 2,273 4,668 220,357 –2,929 –1,523 Expenses charged to the income statement 221,033 233,888 215,905 1) The inventory changes are based on changes of net inventory values. C7 Financial income and expenses Financial income and expenses Total restructuring charges in 2016 were SEK 7.6 (5.0) billion and were mainly related to the cost and efficiency program initially announced in November 2014. Restructuring charges are included in the expenses presented above. Restructuring charges by function Cost of sales R&D expenses Selling and administrative expenses Total restructuring charges 2016 3,475 2,739 1,353 7,567 2015 2,274 2,021 745 5,040 2014 1,029 304 123 1,456 C6 Other operating income and expenses Other operating income and expenses Gains on sales of intangible assets and PP&E Losses on sales of intangible assets and PP&E Gains on sales of investments and operations 1) Losses on sales of investments and operations 1) Capital gains/losses, net Other operating revenues/expenses 2) Total other operating income and expenses 2016 423 –509 219 –96 37 367 404 2015 363 –158 1 –50 156 –3 153 2014 843 –935 8 –44 –128 –2,028 –2,156 1) Includes divestments presented in Note C26 “Business combinations.” 2) Includes revaluation of cash flow hedges of SEK –0.9 billion (SEK –1.1 billion in 2015 and SEK –2.8 billion in 2014) partly offset by result from trading activities. Contractual interest on financial assets Of which on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss Contractual interest on financial liabilities Net gains/losses on: Instruments at fair value through profit or loss 1) Of which included in fair value hedge relationships Loans and receivables Liabilities at amortized cost Other financial income and expenses Total 2016 2015 2014 Financial income Financial expenses Financial income Financial expenses Financial income Financial expenses 32 –316 – –68 – –79 – – – – –1,355 –729 71 – 218 –292 –115 –2,158 385 –110 – 190 – –53 – 3 525 – – –1,428 –760 152 – 213 –483 713 297 – 624 – –70 – 10 – – –1,376 –651 –123 – –32 –214 –2,458 1,277 –2,273 1) Excluding net loss from operating assets and liabilities, SEK 234 million (net loss of SEK 165 million in 2015 and net loss of SEK 143 million in 2014), reported as Cost of sales. 72 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C8 Taxes The Company’s tax expense for 2016 was SEK –2,131 (–6,199) million or 52.9% (31.2%) of income after financial items. The tax rate may vary between years depending on business and geographical mix. Income taxes recognized in the income statement Current income taxes for the year Current income taxes related to prior years Deferred tax income/expense (+/–) Share of taxes in joint ventures and associated companies Tax expense 2016 –3,654 –489 2,017 2015 –6,641 –104 546 2014 –5,714 –66 1,112 –5 – – –2,131 –6,199 –4,668 A reconciliation between reported tax expense for the year and the theoretical tax expense that would arise when applying statutory tax rate in Sweden, 22.0%, on the consolidated income before taxes, is shown in the table below. Reconciliation of Swedish income tax rate with effective tax rate Expected tax expense at Swedish tax rate 22.0% Effect of foreign tax rates Of which joint ventures and associated companies Current income taxes related to prior years Remeasurement of tax loss carry- forwards Remeasurement of deductible temporary differences Tax effect of non-deductible expenses Tax effect of non-taxable income Tax effect of changes in tax rates Tax expense Effective tax rate 2016 2015 2014 –886 –536 – –489 143 119 –1,357 935 –60 –2,131 52.9% –4,372 –1,101 –3,479 –856 – –104 –250 185 –1,559 981 21 –6,199 31.2% –2 –66 –51 –459 –2,125 2,383 –15 –4,668 29.5% Deferred tax balances Deferred tax assets and liabilities are derived from the balance sheet items as shown in the table below. Tax effects of temporary differences and tax loss carry-forwards Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Net balance 2016 Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment Current assets Post-employment benefits Provisions Other Loss carry-forwards Deferred tax assets/liabilities Netting of assets/liabilities Deferred tax balances, net 2015 Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment Current assets Post-employment benefits Provisions Other Loss carry-forwards Deferred tax assets/liabilities Netting of assets/liabilities Deferred tax balances, net Changes in deferred taxes, net Opening balance, net Recognized in Net income Recognized in Other comprehensive income Acquisitions/disposals of subsidiaries Currency translation differences Closing balance, net 1,223 2,352 4,382 1,631 4,557 4,883 19,028 –3,506 15,522 1,056 2,218 4,247 1,813 2,799 4,241 16,374 –3,191 13,183 4,173 501 692 13 274 – 5,653 –3,506 2,147 4,032 568 776 83 204 – 5,663 –3,191 2,472 2016 10,711 2,017 521 –57 183 13,375 13,375 13,375 10,711 10,711 2015 9,601 546 721 121 –278 10,711 Tax effects reported directly in Other comprehensive income amount to SEK 521 (721) million, of which actuarial gains and losses related to pensions constituted SEK 520 (721) million. Deferred tax assets are only recognized in countries where the Com- pany expects to be able to generate corresponding taxable income in the future to benefit from tax reductions. Significant tax loss carry-forwards are related to countries with long or indefinite periods of utilization, mainly Sweden and Germany. Of the total SEK 4,883 (4,241) million recognized deferred tax assets related to tax loss carry-forwards, SEK 3,774 (3,378) million relates to Sweden with indefinite periods of utilization. The assessment is that the Company will be able to generate sufficient income in the coming years to also utilize the remaining part of the recognized amounts. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 73 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Tax loss carry-forwards Deferred tax assets regarding tax loss carry-forwards are reported to the extent that realization of the related tax benefit through future taxable profits is probable also when considering the period during which these can be utilized, as described below. As of December 31, 2016, the recognized tax loss carry-forwards amounted to SEK 20,929 (18,162) million. The tax value of these tax loss carry-forwards is reported as an asset. The final years in which the recognized tax loss carry-forwards can be utilized are shown in the following table. Tax loss carry-forwards: year of expiration Year of expiration 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 or later Total Tax loss carry-forwards Tax value 301 34 105 259 254 19,976 20,929 95 8 25 83 43 4,629 4,883 In addition to the table above there are tax loss carry-forwards of SEK 3,936 (5,300) million at a tax value of SEK 950 (1,436) million that have not been recognized due to judgments of the possibility they will be used against future taxable profits in the respective jurisdictions. The majority of these tax loss carry-forwards have an expiration date in excess of five years. C9 Earnings per share Earnings per share Basic Net income attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company (SEK million) Average number of shares outstanding, basic (millions) Earnings per share, basic (SEK) Diluted Net income attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company (SEK million) Average number of shares outstanding, basic (millions) Dilutive effect for stock purchase plans (millions) Average number of shares outstanding, diluted (millions) Earnings per share, diluted (SEK) 2016 2015 2014 1,716 13,549 11,568 3,263 0.53 3,249 4.17 3,237 3.57 1,716 13,549 11,568 3,263 40 3,303 0.52 3,249 33 3,282 4.13 3,237 33 3,270 3.54 C10 Intangible assets Intangible assets 2016 Cost Opening balance Acquisitions/capitalization Balances regarding acquired/divested businesses 1) Sales/disposals Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated amortization Opening balance Amortization Sales/disposals Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated impairment losses Opening balance Impairment losses Closing balance Net carrying value Capitalized development expenses Goodwill For internal use To be marketed Acquired costs Internal costs Total Total 15,307 4,333 – –1,394 – – 18,246 –7,995 –1,642 1,394 – –8,243 –2,038 –85 –2,123 7,880 2,213 – 1,697 150 – – – – – – – – 2,213 1,847 –2,158 – – – –2,158 –55 – –55 – –1,441 –173 – – –1,614 –37 – –37 196 19,217 4,483 – –1,394 – – 22,306 –11,594 –1,815 1,394 – –12,015 –2,130 –85 –2,215 8,076 41,105 – 585 – –640 2,355 43,405 – – – – – –18 – –18 43,387 Intellectual property rights (IPR), trade marks and other intangible assets Trademarks, customer rel ation ships and similar rights Patents and acquired R&D 24,284 4 175 –842 640 803 31,611 11 2 –28 – 680 Total 55,895 15 177 –870 640 1,483 25,064 32,276 57,340 –15,976 –1,418 812 –735 –17,317 – – – 7,747 –25,272 –1,232 28 –469 –26,945 –5,331 – –5,331 – –41,248 –2,650 840 –1,204 –44,262 –5,331 – –5,331 7,747 1) For more information on acquired/divested businesses, see Note C26, “Business combinations.” 74 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Intangible assets 2015 Cost Opening balance Acquisitions/capitalization Balances regarding acquired/divested businesses 1) Sales/disposals Reclassification Translation difference Capitalized development expenses Goodwill For internal use To be marketed Acquired costs Internal costs Total Total Intellectual property rights (IPR), trade marks and other intangible assets Trademarks, customer rel ation ships and similar rights Patents and acquired R&D 12,204 3,329 2,213 – 1,478 219 15,895 3,548 38,348 – 23,362 70 31,005 – – – –226 – – – – – – – – – – – –226 – 1,165 – – 1,592 261 –28 – 619 184 –55 – 477 Total 54,367 70 445 –83 – 1,096 Closing balance 15,307 2,213 1,697 19,217 41,105 24,284 31,611 55,895 Accumulated amortization Opening balance Amortization Sales/disposals Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated impairment losses Opening balance Impairment losses Closing balance Net carrying value –6,616 –1,379 – – –7,995 –2,018 –20 –2,038 5,274 –2,158 – – – –2,158 –55 – –55 – –1,441 – – – –1,441 –37 – –37 219 –10,215 –1,379 – – –11,594 –2,110 –20 –2,130 5,493 – – – – – –18 – –18 41,087 –13,444 –2,147 24 –409 –15,976 – – – 8,308 –23,058 –1,992 52 –274 –25,272 –5,331 – –5,331 1,008 –36,502 –4,139 76 –683 –41,248 –5,331 – –5,331 9,316 1) For more information on acquired/divested businesses, see Note C26, “Business combinations.” The goodwill impairment testing is based on five-year business plans. The testing has been based on the new segments that became effective as per January 1, 2017 due to that the business plans where prepared for the new segments. In Note C3 “Operating segments” information about the new segments is disclosed. The total goodwill for the Company is SEK 43.4 (41.1) billion and is allocated to the new operating segments Networks, at the sum of SEK 26.2 (n/a) billion, IT & Cloud, at the sum of SEK 9.8 (n/a) billion and Media, at the sum of SEK 7.4 (n/a) billion. The allocation of goodwill to the new segments has been done using a relative value approach, except for the goodwill related to one acquisition where the alternative approach has been used. The recoverable amounts for cash-generating units are established as the present value of expected future cash flows. Estimation of future cash flows includes assumptions mainly for the following key financial parameters: > Sales growth > Development of operating income (based on operating margin or cost of goods sold and operating expenses relative to sales) > Development of working capital and capital expenditure requirements. > The assumptions regarding industry-specific market drivers and mar- ket growth are approved by Group management and each operating segment’s management. These assumptions are based on industry sources as input to the projections made within the Company for the development 2016–2021 for key industry parameters: > The number of global mobile subscriptions is estimated to grow from around 7.9 billion by the end of 2016 to around 9.9 billion by the end of 2021 (including Cellular M2M). Of these, around 7.9 billion will be mobile broadband subscriptions, taking mobile PC, tablets, routers and Cellu- lar connected Internet of Things devices and handsets into account. Out of all phone subscriptions, 6.4 billion will be associated with a smartphone. > The overall number of connected things will grow to around 26 billion devices in 2021, including also M2M and connected consumer elec- tronics. > Mobile data traffic volume is estimated to increase by around six times in the period 2016–2021. The mobile traffic is driven by smartphone users and video traffic. Smartphone traffic will grow by around seven times, and video traffic will grow around eight times in the period of 2016–2021. The assumptions are also based upon information gathered in the Company’s long-term strategy process, including assessments of new technology, the Company’s competitive position and new types of busi- ness and customers, driven by the continued integration of telecom, data and media industries. The impairment testing is based on specific estimates for the first five years and with a reduction of nominal annual growth rate to an average GDP growth of 1% (3%) per year thereafter. The impairment tests for goodwill did not result in any impairment. An after-tax discount rate of 8.0% (8.5%) has been applied for the discounting of projected after-tax cash flows. The same rate has been applied for all cash-generating units, since there is a high degree of inte- gration between them. In addition, when a reasonably higher discount rate of 10.0% has been applied in the impairment tests, headroom for Networks and IT & Cloud is still positive. For the Media segment the headroom is SEK 5.6 billion when a dis- count of 8.0% is applied. The recoverable amount is equal to its carrying amount when the discount factor is increased to 10.0%. Group sales of media products and services declined in 2016 due to lower sales of legacy products. The transition to next-generation platform is ongoing with several customer trials. However, this has not yet trans- lated into sales. Mobile video consumption is growing rapidly however there are significant M&A activities ongoing in the industry impacting pur- chasing behavior and the short- to mid-term addressable market growth. The assumptions for 2015 are disclosed in Note C10, “Intangible assets” in the Annual Report of 2015. The Company’s discounting is based on after-tax future cash flows and after-tax discount rates. This discounting is not materially different from a discounting based on before-tax future cash flows and before-tax discount rates, as required by IFRS. In Note C1, “Significant accounting policies,” and Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments,” further disclosures are given regarding goodwill impairment testing. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 75 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C11 Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment 2016 Real estate Machinery and other technical assets Other equipment, tools and installations Construction in progress and advance payments Cost Opening balance Additions Balances regarding acquired/divested businesses Sales/disposals Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated depreciation Opening balance Depreciations Balances regarding divested businesses Sales/disposals Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated impairment losses Opening balance Impairment losses Reversals of impairment losses Sales/disposals Translation difference Closing balance Net carrying value 6,475 177 –1 –1,410 1,633 258 7,132 –3,634 –506 2 643 4 –138 –3,629 – –43 – – – –43 3,460 4,560 148 –53 –596 110 117 4,286 –3,779 –330 26 534 1 –103 –3,651 –10 –1 8 – – –3 632 28,753 1,519 2 –2,610 4,570 900 33,134 –21,208 –3,585 7 2,434 –4 –705 –23,061 –6 –112 – 39 – –79 9,994 Contractual commitments for the acquisition of property, plant and equipment as per December 31, 2016, amounted to SEK 476 (394) million. 2,648 16,734 Real estate Machinery and other technical assets Other equipment, tools and installations Construction in progress and advance payments Property, plant and equipment 2015 Cost Opening balance Additions Balances regarding acquired/divested businesses Sales/disposals Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated depreciation Opening balance Depreciations Sales/disposals Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Accumulated impairment losses Opening balance Reversals of impairment losses Sales/disposals Translation difference Closing balance Net carrying value 76 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 6,378 49 13 –773 771 37 6,475 –2,980 –501 151 –323 19 –3,634 –32 – 32 – – 2,841 5,273 163 – –1,006 166 –36 4,560 –4,074 –441 909 –196 23 –3,779 –20 11 – –1 –10 771 27,026 2,222 32 –2,412 1,994 –109 28,753 –20,406 –3,763 2,403 519 39 –21,208 –14 5 2 1 –6 7,539 Total 44,538 6,129 –52 –4,885 –2 1,472 47,200 –28,621 –4,421 35 3,611 1 –946 –30,341 –16 –156 8 39 – –125 Total 40,867 8,338 45 –4,441 – –271 44,538 –27,460 –4,705 3,463 – 81 –28,621 –66 16 34 – –16 4,750 4,285 – –269 –6,315 197 2,648 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2,190 5,904 – –250 –2,931 –163 4,750 – – – – – – – – – – – 4,750 15,901 C12 Financial assets, non-current Equity in joint ventures and associated companies Opening balance Share in earnings Distribution of capital stock Taxes Reclassification Dividends Divested business 1) Translation difference Closing balance 2) 2016 1,210 31 – –5 – –84 –15 –362 775 2015 2,793 –38 –1,558 – –36 –92 – 141 1,210 1) For more information see Note C26, “Business combinations.” 2) Goodwill, net, amounts to SEK 1 (15) million. There were no major holdings in joint ventures or associated companies in 2016. Significant holdings from previous years are specified below. All companies apply IFRS in the reporting to the Company as issued by IASB. Ericsson’s share of assets, liabilities and income in associated company Rockstar Consortium 2016 2015 2014 Percentage in ownership interest Total assets Total liabilities Net assets (100%) Company’s share of net assets (21.26%) Net sales Income after financial items Net income and total comprehensive income (100%) Company’s share of net income and other comprehensive income (21.26%) 21,26% 21.26% 21.26% 7,348 196 21 5 22 – 22 3 – – – – 16 3 – –642 7,152 1,520 – –484 –642 –484 –137 –103 Rockstar Consortium LLC (Rockstar) is a company that was formed in 2011 by Apple, Blackberry, Ericsson, Microsoft, and Sony to purchase approximately 4,000 patent assets out of the original about 6,000 from the Nortel bankruptcy estate. On December 23, 2014, it was agreed between the owners of Rockstar and RPX Corporation (RPXC) that RPX shall purchase the remaining patents of Rockstar. The transaction occured in 2015 and after that the main part of the capital stock has been distrib- uted to the owners. Rockstar Consortium has concluded its operations. Other investments in shares and participations Customer finance, non-current Interest-bearing securities, non-current Derivatives, non-current Other financial assets, non-current 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2,567 133 2,115 234 1,755 2,704 2,011 2,324 – 7,593 –267 –240 –2,333 –2,018 Financial assets, non-current Cost Opening balance Additions Disposals/repayments/ deductions Change in value in funded pension plans 1) Revaluation Reclassification Translation difference – 2 – 81 – 457 – 1 – – –12 23 Closing balance 2,516 2,567 2,137 Accumulated impairment losses/allowances Opening balance Impairment losses/allowances Disposals/repayments/ deductions Translation difference Closing balance Net carrying value –1,292 37 –1 –81 –1,337 1,179 –1,524 62 217 –47 –1,292 1,275 –16 –5 12 – –9 – – –7 – – 7,586 – – – – – – – –581 19 1,755 –79 –4 67 – –16 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 452 – – – – –452 – – – – – – – – 551 – – – –99 – – 452 – – – – – 452 5,365 785 5,621 1,882 –187 –1,174 –1,622 62 – 245 4,648 –183 –1 –1 –21 –206 4,442 –740 – – –224 5,365 –272 74 –7 22 –183 5,182 2,128 1,739 7,586 1) This amount includes asset ceiling. For further information, see Note C17, “Post-employment benefits.” Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 77 2016 2015 69,430 –1,403 68,027 90 68,117 5,003 –250 4,753 2,625 13,082 72,208 –1,202 71,006 63 71,069 4,066 –286 3,780 2,041 11,101 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C13 Inventories Inventories Raw materials, components, consumables and manufacturing work in progress Finished products and goods for resale Contract work in progress Inventories, net C14 Trade receivables and customer finance 2016 2015 5,043 12,183 13,081 30,307 6,807 8,778 12,851 28,436 Trade receivables and customer finance Trade receivables excluding associated companies and joint ventures Allowances for impairment Trade receivables, net Trade receivables related to associated companies and joint ventures The amount of inventories, excluding contract work in progress, recog- nized as expense and included in Cost of sales was SEK 63,386 (66,886) million. Contract work in progress includes amounts related to delivery-type contracts and service contracts with ongoing work in progress. Trade receivables, total Customer finance credits Allowances for impairment Customer finance credits, net Of which current Reported amounts are net of obsolescence allowances of SEK 2,412 Credit commitments for customer finance (2,555) million. Movements in obsolescence allowances Opening balance Additions, net Utilization Translation difference Balances regarding acquired/ divested businesses Closing balance 2016 2,555 725 –981 113 2015 2,326 1,480 –1,295 44 – – 2,412 2,555 2014 2,496 691 –979 204 –86 2,326 Days sales outstanding (DSO) were 95 (87) in December 2016. Movements in allowances for impairment Opening balance Additions Utilized Reversal of excess amounts Reclassification Translation difference Closing balance Trade receivables Customer finance 2016 1,202 356 –156 –28 – 29 1,403 2015 1,123 184 –59 –26 –2 –18 1,202 2016 286 78 –108 –8 – 2 250 2015 408 27 –47 –99 – –3 286 Aging analysis as per December 31 Total Of which neither impaired nor past due Of which impaired, not past due less than 90 days 90 days or more less than 90 days 90 days or more Of which past due in the following time intervals: Of which past due and impaired in the following time intervals: 2016 Trade receivables, excluding associated companies and joint ventures Allowances for impairment Customer finance credits Allowances for impairment 2015 Trade receivables, excluding associated companies and joint ventures Allowances for impairment Customer finance credits Allowances for impairment 69,430 –1,403 5,003 –250 72,208 –1,202 4,066 –286 58,198 – 3,250 – 64,485 – 2,323 – 62 –62 1,480 –64 82 –82 1,419 –24 4,406 – 10 – 3,150 – 4 – 5,423 – 3 – 3,371 – 5 – 10 –10 24 –6 74 –74 16 –9 1,331 –1,331 236 –180 1,046 –1,046 299 –253 78 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Credit risk Credit risk is divided into three categories: credit risk in trade receivables, customer finance risk and financial credit risk, see Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments.” number of customers. As of December 31, 2016, there were a total of 81 (91) customer finance arrangements originated by or guaranteed by the Company. The five largest facilities represented 55% (50%) of the total credit exposure in 2016. Credit risk in trade receivables Credit risk in trade receivables is governed by a policy applicable to all legal entities in the Company. The purpose of the policy is to: > Avoid credit losses through establishing internal standard credit approval routines in all the Company’s legal entities > Ensure monitoring and risk mitigation of defaulting accounts, i.e. events of non-payment and/or delayed payments from customers > Ensure efficient credit management within the Company and thereby improve Days sales outstanding and Cash flow > Define escalation path and approval process for customer credit limits. The credit worthiness of all customers is regularly assessed. Through credit management system functionality, credit checks are performed every time a sales order or an invoice is generated in the source system. These are based on the credit risk set on the customer. Credit blocks appear if past due receivables are higher than permitted levels. Release of a credit block requires authorization. Letters of credits are used as a method for securing payments from customers operating in emerging markets, in particular in markets with unstable political and/or economic environments. By having banks con firming the letters of credit, the political and commercial credit risk exposures to the Company are mitigated. Trade receivables amounted to SEK 69,430 (72,208) million as of December 31, 2016. Provisions for expected losses are regularly assessed and amounted to SEK 1,403 (1,202) million as of December 31, 2016. The Company’s nominal credit losses have, however, historically been low. The amounts of trade receivables closely follow the distribution of the Company’s sales and do not include any major concentrations of credit risk by customer or by geography. The five largest customers represented 27% (30%) of the total trade receivables in 2016. Customer finance credit risk All major commitments to finance customers are made only after approval by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors, according to the established credit approval process. Prior to the approval of new facilities reported as customer finance, an internal credit risk assessment is conducted in order to assess the credit rating of each transaction, for political and commercial risk. The credit risk analysis is made by using an assessment tool, where the political risk rat- ing is identical to the rating used by all Export Credit Agencies within the OECD. The commercial risk is assessed by analyzing a large number of parameters, which may affect the level of the future commercial credit risk exposure. The output from the assessment tool for the credit rating also includes an internal pricing of the risk. This is expressed as a risk margin per annum over funding cost. The reference pricing for political and com- mercial risk, on which the tool is based, is reviewed using information from Export Credit Agencies and prevailing pricing in the bank loan market for structured financed deals. The objective is that the internally set risk margin shall reflect the assessed risk and that the pricing is as close as possible to the current market pricing. A reassessment of the credit rating for each customer finance facility is made on a regular basis. Risk provisions related to customer finance risk exposures are only made upon events which occur after the financing arrangement has become effective and which are expected to have a significant adverse impact on the borrower’s ability and/or willingness to service the outstanding debt. These events can be political (normally outside the control of the borrower) or commercial, e.g. a borrower’s deteriorated creditworthiness. As of December 31, 2016, the Company’s total outstanding exposure related to customer finance was SEK 5,003 (4,066) million. As of Decem- ber 31, 2016, the Company also had unutilized customer finance commit- ments of SEK 13,082 (11,101) million. Customer finance is arranged for infrastructure projects in different geographic markets and for a large Total outstanding customer finance exposure per region as of December 31 Percent North America Latin America Northern Europe & Central Asia Western & Central Europe Mediterranean Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa India North East Asia South East Asia and Oceania Total 2016 2015 7 7 5 2 6 31 25 3 – 14 12 16 3 5 13 29 12 1 – 9 100 100 The effect of risk provisions and reversals for customer finance affecting the income statement amounted to a net negative impact of SEK 24 mil- lion in 2016 compared to a net positive impact of SEK 33 million in 2015. Credit losses amounted to SEK 108 (47) million in 2016. Security arrangements for customer finance facilities normally include pledges of equipment, pledges of certain assets belonging to the borrower and pledges of shares in the operating company. If available, third-party risk coverage is, as a rule, arranged. “Third-party risk coverage” means that a financial payment guarantee covering the credit risk has been issued by a bank, an export credit agency or other financial institution. A credit risk cover from a third-party may also be issued by an insurance company. A credit risk transfer under a sub-participation arrangement with a bank can also be arranged. In this case the entire credit risk and the funding is taken care of by the bank for the part that they cover. Information about guarantees related to customer finance is included in Note C24, “Contingent liabilities,” and information about leasing is included in Note C27, “Leasing.” The table below summarizes the Company’s outstanding customer finance as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Outstanding customer finance Customer finance credits Financial guarantees for third-parties Accrued interest Less third-party risk coverage Ericsson’s risk exposure, including financial guarantees 2016 5,003 124 16 –805 4,338 2015 4,066 70 26 –1,478 2,684 Transfers of financial assets Transfers where the Company has not derecognized the assets in their entirety As of December 31, 2016, there existed no customer financing assets that the Company had transferred to third parties where the Company did not derecognize the assets in their entirety. However, it existed such transac- tions in 2015. The total carrying amount of the original assets transferred was in 2015 SEK 534 million; the amount of the assets that the Company continued to recognize in 2015 was SEK 27 million; and the carrying amount of the associated liabilities was SEK 0. Transfers where the Company has continuing involvement During 2016, the Company derecognized financial assets where it had continuing involvement. A repurchase of these assets would amount to SEK 630 (0) million. No assets or liabilities were recognized in relation to the continuing involvement. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 79 Dividend proposal The Board of Directors will propose to the Annual General Meeting 2017 a dividend of SEK 1.00 per share (SEK 3.70 in 2016 and SEK 3.40 in 2015). Additional paid in capital This relates to payments made by owners and includes share premiums paid. Retained earnings Retained earnings, including net income for the year, comprise the earned profits of the Parent Company and its share of net income in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associated companies. Retained earnings also include: Remeasurements related to post-employment benefits Actuarial gains and losses resulting from experience-based events and changes in actuarial assumptions, fluctuations in the effect of the asset ceiling, and adjustments related to the Swedish special payroll taxes. Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations The fair value reserve comprises the cumulative net change in the fair value of available-for-sale financial assets. Cash flow hedges The cash flow hedge reserve comprises the effective portion of the cumulative net change in the fair value of cash-flow-hedging instruments related to hedged transactions that have not yet occurred. Cumulative translation adjustments The cumulative translation adjustments comprise all foreign currency differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations and changes regarding revaluation of excess value in local currency as well as from the translation of liabilities that hedge the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries. FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C15 Other current receivables Other current receivables Prepaid expenses Accrued revenues Advance payments to suppliers Derivatives with a positive value 1) Taxes Other Total 2016 4,501 1,584 1,384 1,108 13,974 1,880 24,431 2015 4,883 1,604 515 950 11,582 2,175 21,709 1) See also Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments.” C16 Equity and other comprehensive Income Capital stock 2016 Capital stock at December 31, 2016, consisted of the following: Capital stock Parent Company Class A shares Class B shares Total Number of shares 261,755,983 3,069,395,752 3,331,151,735 Capital stock (SEK million) 1,309 15,348 16,657 The capital stock of the Parent Company is divided into two classes: Class A shares (quota value SEK 5.00) and Class B shares (quota value SEK 5.00). Both classes have the same rights of participation in the net assets and earnings. Class A shares, however, are entitled to one vote per share while Class B shares are entitled to one tenth of one vote per share. At December 31, 2016, the total number of treasury shares was 62,192,390 (49,367,641 in 2015 and 63,450,558 in 2014) Class B shares. Ericsson repurchased 26.1 million shares in 2016 in relation to the Stock Purchase Plan. Reconciliation of number of shares Number of shares Jan 1, 2016 Number of shares Dec 31, 2016 Number of shares 3,305,051,735 3,331,151,735 Capital stock (SEK million) 16,526 16,657 For further information about the number of shares, see the chapter Share Information. 80 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C17 Post-employment benefits Ericsson sponsors a number of post-employment benefit plans through- out the Company, which are in line with market practice in each country. The year 2016 was characterized by a decrease in discount rates in most plans. In total, discount rate changes resulted in actuarial losses on defined benefit obligations of SEK 9 billion. The devel opment of plan assets was greater than expected resulting in actuarial gains of SEK 4 bil- lion. Swedish plans Sweden has both defined benefit and defined contribution plans based on collective agreement between the parties in the Swedish labor market: > A defined benefit plan, known as ITP 2 (occupational pension for sala- ried employees in manufacturing industries and trade), complemented by a defined contribution plan, known as ITPK (supplementary retire- ment benefits). This is a final salary-based plan. > A defined contribution plan, known as ITP 1, for employees born in 1979 or later. > A defined contribution plan ITP 1 or alternative ITP, for employees earning more than 10 income base amount and who have opted out of the defined benefit plan ITP 2, where rules are set by the Company and approved by each employee selected to participate. The Company has by far most of its Swedish pension liabilities under defined benefit plans which are funded to 55% (52%) through Ericsson Pensionsstiftelse (a Swedish Pension Foundation). The Pensionsstiftelse covers the liability up to the value of the defined benefit obligation based on Swedish GAAP calculations. There are no funding requirements for the Swedish plans. The disability and survivors’ pension part of the ITP-plan is secured through an insurance solution with the company Alecta, see section about Multi-employer plans. The benefit payments are made by the Company since the liability is growing and the necessary surplus therefore is not yet reached. For the unfunded plans the Company meets the payment obligation when it falls due. The responsibility for governance of the plans and the plan assets lies with the Company and the Pensionsstiftelse. The Swedish Pensions- stiftelse is managed on the basis of a capital preservation strategy and the risk profile is set accordingly. Traditional asset-liability matching (ALM) studies are undertaken on a regular basis to allocate within different asset classes. The plans are exposed to various risks, e.g., a sudden decrease in the bond yields, which would lead to an increase in the plan liability. A sudden instability in the financial market might also lead to a decrease in fair value of plan assets held by the Pensionsstiftelse, as the holdings of plan assets partly are exposed to equity markets; however, this may be partly offset by higher values in fixed income holdings. Swedish plans are linked to inflation and higher inflation will most likely lead to a higher liability. For the time being, inflation is a low risk factor to the Swedish plans as actual rate of inflation has not reached the ceiling target set by the Central Bank of Sweden. Multi-employer plans As before, the Company has secured the disability and survivors’ pension part of the ITP Plan through an insurance solution with the insurance com- pany Alecta. Although this part of the plan is classified as a multi-em- ployer defined benefit plan, it is not possible to get sufficient information to apply defined benefit accounting, as for most of the accrued pension benefits in Alecta, information is missing on the allocation of earnings process between employers. Full vesting is instead registered on the last employer. Alecta is not able to calculate a breakdown of assets and pro- visions for each respective employer, and therefore, the disability and survivors’ pension portion of the ITP Plan has been accounted for as a defined contribution plan. Alecta has a collective funding ratio which acts as a buffer for its insurance commitments to protect against fluctuations in investment return and insurance risks. Alecta’s target ratio is 140% and reflects the fair value of Alecta’s plan assets as a percentage of plan commitments, then meas- ured in accordance with Alecta’s actuarial assumptions, which are different from those in IAS 19R. Alecta’s collective funding ratio was 149% (153%) as of December 31, 2016. The Company’s share of Alecta’s saving pre- miums is 0.6%; the total share of active members in Alecta are 2.2%. The expected contribution to the plan is SEK 136 million for 2017. Contingent liabilities / Assets pledged as collateral Contingent liabilities include the Company’s mutual responsibility as a credit insured company of PRI Pensionsgaranti in Sweden. This mutual responsibility can only be imposed in the instance that PRI Pensions- garanti has consumed all of its assets, and it amounts to a maximum of 2% of the Company’s pension liability in Sweden. The Company has a pledged business mortgage of SEK 2 billion to PRI Pensionsgaranti. US plans The Company operates defined benefit pension plans in the US, which are a combination of final salary pension plans and contribution-based arrangements. The final salary pension plans provide benefits to mem- bers in the form of a guaranteed level of pension payable for life. The level of benefits provided depends on members’ length of service and their salary in the final years leading up to retirement. Retirees generally do not receive inflationary increases once in payment. The other type of plan is a contribution-based pension plan, which provides a benefit determined using a “cash balance” approach. The balance is credited monthly with interest credits and contribution credits, based on a combination of current year salary and length of service. The majority of benefit payments are from trustee-administered funds; however, there are also a number of unfunded plans where the Company meets the benefit payment obligation as it falls due. In the US, the Com- pany’s policy is at least to meet or exceed the funding requirements of federal regulations. The funded level in the US Pension Plan is above the point at which minimum funding would be required for fiscal year 2016. Plan assets held in trusts are governed by local regulations and prac- tice, as is the nature of the relationship between the Company and the trustees (or equivalent) and their composition. Responsibility for govern- ance of the plans – including investment decisions and contribution schedules – lies with the Plan Administrative Committee (PAC). The PAC is composed of representatives from the Company. The Company’s plans are exposed to various risks associated with pension plans, i.e., a sudden decrease in bond yields would lead to an increase in the present value of the defined benefit obligation. A sudden instability in the financial markets might also lead to a decrease in the fair value of plan assets held by the trust. Pension benefits in the US are not linked to inflation; however, higher inflation poses the risk of increased final salaries being used to determine benefits for active employees. There is also a risk that the duration of payments to retirees will exceed the life expectancy in mortality tables. Other plans The Company also sponsors plans in other countries. The main plans are in Brazil, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The plan in Brazil is a pension plan wholly funded with a net surplus of assets. The plans in Ireland and the UK are final salary pension plans and are partly or wholly funded. The plans are managed by corporate trustees with directors appointed partly by the local company and partly by the plan members. The trustees are independent from the local company and subject to the specific country’s pension laws. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 81 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Amount recognized in the Consolidated balance sheet Amount recognized in the Consolidated balance sheet 2016 Defined benefit obligation (DBO) Fair value of plan assets Deficit/surplus (+/–) Plans with net surplus, excluding asset ceiling 1) Provision for post-employment benefits 2) 2015 Defined benefit obligation (DBO) Fair value of plan assets Deficit/surplus (+/–) Plans with net surplus, excluding asset ceiling 1) Provision for post-employment benefits 2) Sweden US Other Total 38,202 20,956 17,246 – 17,246 37,109 19,271 17,838 – 17,838 22,710 21,545 1,165 – 1,165 19,873 20,114 –241 918 677 26,263 21,984 4,279 1,033 5,312 21,159 18,793 2,366 1,783 4,149 87,175 64,485 22,690 1,033 23,723 78,141 58,178 19,963 2,701 22,664 1) Plans with a net surplus, i.e., where plan assets exceed DBO, are reported as Other financial assets, non-current: see Note C12, “Financial assets.” The asset ceiling decreased during the year by SEK 46 million from SEK 530 million in 2015 to SEK 484 million in 2016. 2) Plans with net liabilities are reported in the balance sheet as Post-employment benefits, non-current. Total pension cost recognized in the Consolidated income statement The costs for post-employment benefits within the Company are distributed between defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans, with a trend toward defined contribution plans. Pension costs for defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans 2016 Pension cost for defined contribution plans Pension cost for defined benefit plans Total Total pension cost expressed as a percentage of wages and salaries 2015 Pension cost for defined contribution plans Pension cost for defined benefit plans Total Total pension cost expressed as a percentage of wages and salaries 2014 Pension cost for defined contribution plans Pension cost for defined benefit plans Total Total pension cost expressed as a percentage of wages and salaries Sweden 1,061 1,314 2,375 1,136 1,806 2,942 953 1,039 1,992 US 687 167 854 729 81 810 562 39 601 Other 1,472 633 2,105 1,375 666 2,041 713 651 1,364 Total 3,220 2,114 5,334 8.9% 3,240 2,553 5,793 9.5% 2,228 1,729 3,957 6.8% 82 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Change in the net defined benefit obligation Change in the net defined benefit obligation Opening balance Reclassification Included in the income statement Current service cost Past service cost and gains and losses on settlements Interest cost/ income (+/–) Taxes and administrative expenses Other Remeasurements Return on plan assets excluding amounts in interest expense/income Actuarial gains/losses (–/+) arising from changes in demographic assumptions Actuarial gains/losses (–/+) arising from changes in financial assumptions Experience-based gains/losses (–/+) Other changes Translation difference Contributions and payments from: Employers 1) Plan participants Payments from plans: Benefit payments Settlements Business combinations and divestments Closing balance 1) The expected contribution to the plans is SEK 1,286 million during 2017. 2) The weighted average duration of DBO is 20.4 years. Present value of the defined benefit obligation 2016 DBO, closing balance Of which partially or fully funded Of which unfunded 2015 DBO, closing balance Of which partially or fully funded Of which unfunded Present value of obligation 2016 2) 78,141 104 Fair value of plan assets 2016 –58,178 –104 Total 2016 19,963 – Present value of obligation 2015 2) Fair value of plan assets 2015 73,752 – –56,862 – 1,853 –182 2,451 53 –16 4,159 – – –2,176 49 2 –2,125 1,853 –182 275 102 –14 2,034 1,975 169 2,446 143 –10 4,723 – – –2,172 22 2 –2,148 Total 2015 16,890 – 1,975 169 274 165 –8 2,575 – –4,280 –4,280 – 1,088 1,088 –405 8,255 –1,550 6,300 1,002 –902 28 –1,568 – –89 87,175 – – – –4,280 –834 –562 –22 1,568 – 52 –405 8,255 –1,550 2,020 1,768 135 –1,020 883 – – – 1,088 1,768 135 –1,020 1,971 168 1,167 –1,243 –76 –1,464 6 – – –37 –764 57 –1,550 –127 – 78,141 –579 –38 1,570 34 – –1,343 19 20 –93 – –58,178 19,963 –64,485 22,690 Sweden US Other Total 38,202 37,679 523 37,109 36,583 526 22,710 21,956 754 19,873 19,196 677 26,263 23,449 2,814 21,159 18,590 2,569 87,175 83,084 4,091 78,141 74,369 3,772 Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 83 Sweden US Other Total Of which unquoted 1,819 3,983 8,791 4,093 2,270 – – 20,956 – – 3,001 4,588 6,602 2,654 2,426 – – 19,271 – – 414 692 18,286 – 1,505 – 648 21,545 – – 715 612 16,884 – 1,354 – 549 20,114 – – 793 4,195 13,898 330 476 1,125 1,167 21,984 – – 141 4,428 12,404 155 233 629 803 18,793 – – 3,026 8,870 40,975 4,423 4,251 1,125 1,815 64,485 – – 3,857 9,628 35,890 2,809 4,013 629 1,352 58,178 – – 14% 19% 70% 100% 65% 100% 69% 19% 12% 79% 100% 71% 100% 48% Total remeasurements in Other comprehensive income related to post- employment benefits Actuarial gains and losses (+/–) The effect of asset ceiling Swedish special payroll taxes 1) Total 2016 –1,955 254 –65 –1,766 2015 –1,507 –55 –464 –2,026 1) Swedish payroll taxes are included in recognized gain/loss during the year in OCI. Sensitivity analysis of significant actuarial assumptions Impact on DBO, SEK billion Discount rate +0.5% Discount rate –0.5% 2016 2015 –9 +8 –8 +7 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Asset allocation by asset type and geography 2016 Cash and cash equivalents Equity securities Debt securities Real estate Investment funds Assets held by insurance company Other Total Of which real estate occupied by the Company Of which securities issued by the Company 2015 Cash and cash equivalents Equity securities Debt securities Real estate Investment funds Assets held by insurance company Other Total Of which real estate occupied by the Company Of which securities issued by the Company Actuarial assumptions Financial and demographic actuarial assumptions 1) Financial assumptions Discount rate, weighted average Demographic assumptions Life expectancy after age 65 in years, weighted average 2016 2015 2.8% 3.3% 23 23 1) Weighted average for the Group for disclosure purposes only. Country-specific assumptions were used for each actuarial calculation. Actuarial assumptions are assessed on a quarterly basis. See also Note C1 “Significant accounting policies” and Note C2 “Critical accounting estimates and judgments.” Sweden The defined benefit obligation has been calculated using a discount rate based on yields of Swedish government bonds. IAS 19 Employee Benefits prescribes that if there is not a deep market in high-quality corporate bonds the market yields on government bonds shall be applied for the pension liability calculation. US The defined benefit obligation has been calculated using a discount rate based on yields of high-quality corporate bonds, where “high-quality” has been defined as a rating of AA and above. 84 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C18 Provisions Provisions 2016 Opening balance Additions Reversal of excess amounts Negative effect on Income statement Utilization/Cash out Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance 2015 Opening balance Additions Reversal of excess amounts Negative effect on Income statement Utilization/Cash out Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Warranty Restruc turing 528 267 –207 –365 9 16 248 824 723 –59 –984 1 23 528 1,466 5,271 –130 –2,440 1 –5 4,163 801 3,619 –189 –2,766 14 –13 1,466 Other 1,844 808 –352 –348 –18 12 1,946 2,802 634 –230 –1,312 – –50 1,844 Total 3,838 6,346 –689 5,657 –3,153 –8 23 6,357 4,427 4,976 –478 4,498 –5,062 15 –40 3,838 Provisions will fluctuate over time depending on business mix, market mix and technology shifts. Risk assessment in the ongoing business is performed monthly to identify the need for new additions and reversals. During certain years the Company undertakes restructuring activities that may require recognition of provisions. Management uses its best judg- ment to estimate provisions based on this assessment. Under certain circumstances, provisions are no longer required due to outcomes being more favorable than anticipated, which affect the provisions balance as a reversal. In other cases, the outcome can be negative, and if so, a charge is recorded in the income statement. For 2016, new or additional provisions amounting to SEK 6.3 billion were made, and SEK 0.7 billion of provisions were reversed. The actual cash outlays for 2016 were SEK 3.2 billion compared with the estimated SEK 2.5 billion. The total cash out for 2016 was made up of warranty pro- visions of SEK 0.4 billion, restructuring provisions of SEK 2.4 billion and other provisions of SEK 0.3 billion. The expected total cash outlays in 2017 are approximately SEK 4.4 billion. Of the total provisions, SEK 946 (176) million is classified as non-cur- rent. For more information, see Note C1, “Significant accounting policies” and Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments.” Warranty provisions Warranty provisions are based on historic quality rates for established products as well as estimates regarding quality rates for new products and costs to remedy the various types of faults predicted. Provisions amounting to SEK 0.3 billion were made and due to more favorable out comes in certain cases reversals of SEK 0.2 billion were made. The actual cash outlays for 2016 were SEK 0.4 billion, in line with the expected SEK 0.4 billion. The cash outlays of warranty provisions during year 2017 are estimated to total approximately SEK 0.1 billion. Restructuring provisions In 2016, SEK 5.3 billion in provisions were made and SEK 0.1 billion were reversed due to a more favorable outcome than expected. Provisions were mainly related to the cost and efficiency program initially announced in November 2014. The scope of the structural efficiency measures involves service delivery, supply and manufacturing, R&D and SG&A (Sell- ing, General and Administrative expenses). The cash outlays for restruc- turing provisions were SEK 2.4 billion for the full-year, compared with the expected SEK 1.2 billion. The cash outlays for 2017 for these provisions are estimated to total approximately SEK 3.2 billion. Other provisions Other provisions include provisions for probable contractual penalties, tax issues, litigations, supplier claims, and other. During 2016, new pro- visions amounting to SEK 0.8 billion were made and SEK 0.4 billion were reversed due to a more favorable outcome. The cash outlays were SEK 0.3 billion in 2016 compared to the estimate of SEK 0.8 billion. For 2017, the cash outlays for other provisions are estimated to total approximately SEK 1.1 billion. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 85 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C19 Interest-bearing liabilities As of December 31, 2016, the Company’s outstanding interest-bearing liabilities was SEK 26.7 (25.1) billion. Interest-bearing liabilities Borrowings, current Current part of non-current borrowings 1) Other current borrowings Total current borrowings Borrowings, non-current Notes and bond loans Other borrowings, non-current Total non-current interest-bearing liabilities Total interest-bearing liabilities 1) Including notes and bond loans of SEK 4,900 (0) million. 2016 2015 4,954 3,079 8,033 10,556 8,097 18,653 26,686 435 1,941 2,376 14,699 8,045 22,744 25,120 Notes, bonds, bilateral loans and committed credit To secure long-term funding, the Company uses notes and bond pro- grams together with bilateral research and development loans. All out- standing notes and bond loans are issued by the Parent Company under its Euro Medium-Term Note (EMTN) program or under its U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Registered program. Bonds issued at a fixed interest rate are normally swapped to a floating interest rate using interest rate swaps leaving a maximum of 50% of outstanding loans at fixed interest rates. Total weighted average interest rate cost for the long- term funding during the year was 2.76% (2.58%). The outstanding EUR bond is revalued based on changes in benchmark interest rates accord- ing to the fair value hedge methodology stipulated in IAS 39. In June 2016, the Company exercised its first extension option under the USD 2 billion multi-currency revolving credit facility, extending the maturity date to June 2021. One extension option of one year remains. In November 2016, the Company signed a new EUR 0.5 billion term loan facility. The new facility has a tenor of two years with one extension option of one year and the facility serves for general corporate purposes. Issued–maturing Notes and bond loans 2007–2017 2010–2020 2) 2012–2022 Total notes and bond loans Bilateral loans 2012–2019 3) 2012–2021 4) 2013–2020 5) Total bilateral loans Committed credit Long-term committed credit facility 6) Term loan facility 7) Total committed credit Nominal amount Coupon Currency Book value (SEK million) 9) Maturity date 5.375% 4.125% 500 170 1,000 98 98 684 2,000 500 EUR USD USD USD USD USD USD EUR 4,900 1) 1,540 9,016 8) 15,456 887 889 6,193 7,969 – – – June 27, 2017 December 23, 2020 May 15, 2022 September 30, 2019 September 30, 2021 November 6, 2020 June 5, 2021 November 10, 2018 Unrealized hedge gain/loss (included in book value) –120 –120 1) Interest rate swaps are designated as fair value hedges. 2) Private Placement, Swedish Export Credit Corporation (SEK). 3) Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), R&D project financing. 4) Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), R&D project financing. 5) European Investment Bank (EIB), R&D project financing. 6) Multi-currency revolving credit facility. Unutilized. One one-year extension option remains. 7) Bridge term loan facility. Unutilized. One one-year extension option remains. 8) Market value SEK 9,092 million. 9) Market value is approximately equal to book value except where indicated. 86 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C20 Financial risk management and financial instruments The Company’s financial risk management is governed by a policy approved by the Board of Directors. The Finance Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing the capital structure and financial management of the Company and approving certain matters (such as investments, customer finance commitments, guarantees and borrowing) and continuously monitors the exposure to financial risks. The Company defines its managed capital as the total Company equity. For the Company, a robust financial position with a strong equity ratio, solid investment grade rating, low leverage and ample liquidity is deemed important. This provides financial flexibility and independence to operate and manage variations in working capital needs as well as to capitalize on business opportunities. The Company’s overall capital structure should support the financial targets: to grow faster than the market, deliver best-in-class margins and generate a healthy cash flow. The capital structure is managed by balanc- ing equity, debt financing and liquidity in such a way that the Company can secure funding of operations at a reasonable cost of capital. Regular borrowings are complemented with committed credit facilities to give additional flexibility to manage unforeseen funding needs. The Company strives to finance growth, normal capital expenditures and dividends to shareholders by generating cash flows from operating activities. The Company’s capital objectives are: > To maintain an equity ratio above 40% > A cash conversion rate above 70% > To maintain a positive net cash position larger than the pension liability > To maintain a solid investment grade rating by Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s. Capital objectives-related information, SEK billion Capital Equity ratio Cash conversion Positive net cash Credit rating Moody’s Standard & Poor’s 2016 140 50% 175% 31.2 2015 147 52% 85% 41.2 Baa3, negative BBB, negative Baa1, stable BBB+, stable The definition of Net cash has been adjusted in order to more clearly rep- resent Ericsson’s ability to meet financial obligations. Post-employment benefits are no longer included in the calculation of Net cash. Inter- est-bearing securities, non-current are now included in Net cash because these are liquid instruments with low credit risk. The revised definition is as follows: Net cash: Cash and cash equivalents plus interest-bearing securities (cur- rent and non-current) less interest-bearing liabilities (which include: non-current borrowings and current borrowings). In October 2016, Moody’s announced that they have downgraded the senior unsecured debt ratings to Baa2 from Baa1 and the MTN program rating to Baa2 from Baa1. At the same time, the agency placed the com- pany’s Baa2/Baa2 ratings on review for further downgrade. In December 2016, Moody’s concluded their review and announced that they have downgraded the senior unsecured debt ratings to Baa3 from Baa2 and the MTN program rating to Baa3 from Baa2, with a negative outlook. In October 2016, S&P announced that they have downgraded the long-term corporate credit rating on Ericsson to BBB from BBB+, with a negative outlook. The Company has a treasury function with the principal role to ensure that appropriate financing is in place through loans and committed credit facil- ities, actively managing the Company’s liquidity as well as financial assets and liabilities, and managing and controlling financial risk exposures in a manner consistent with underlying business risks and financial policies. Hedging activities, cash management and insurance management are largely centralized to the treasury function in Stockholm. The Company also has a customer finance function with the main objective to find suitable third-party financing solutions for customers and to minimize recourse to the Company. To the extent that customer loans are not provided directly by banks, the Parent Company provides or guarantees vendor credits. The customer finance function monitors the exposure from outstanding vendor credits and credit commitments. The Company classifies financial risks as: > Foreign exchange risk > Interest rate risk > Credit risk > Liquidity and refinancing risk > Market price risk in own and other equity instruments. The Board of Directors has established risk limits for defined exposures to foreign exchange and interest rate risks as well as to political risks in certain countries. For further information about accounting policies, see Note C1, “Significant accounting policies.” Foreign exchange risk The Company is a global company with sales mainly outside Sweden. Sales and incurred costs are to a large extent denominated in currencies other than SEK and therefore the financial results of the Company are impacted by currency fluctuations. The Company reports the financial statements in SEK. Movements in exchange rates between currencies that affect these statements are impacting the comparability between periods. Line items, primarily sales, are impacted by translation exposure incurred when converting foreign entities’ financial statements into SEK. Line items and profitability, such as operating income are impacted by transaction exposure incurred when financial assets and liabilities, primarily trade receivables and trade payables, are initially recognized and subsequently remeasured due to change in foreign exchange rates. The table below presents the net exposure for the largest cur rencies impact on sales and also net transaction exposure of these currencies on profitability. Currency exposure, SEK billion Exposure currency Sales translation exposure Sales transaction exposure Sales net exposure Incurred cost transaction exposure 1) Net transaction exposure USD EUR CNY INR JPY AUD GBP SAR BRL 55.2 26.5 15.8 10.5 7.0 5.9 7.1 4.3 4.3 45.8 13.1 –0.3 0.0 0.0 –0.1 –1.7 0.3 0.0 101.0 39.6 15.5 10.5 7.0 5.8 5.4 4.6 4.3 –17.4 –7.4 –5.1 –1.3 4.5 2.1 0.9 2.8 0.6 28.4 5.7 –5.4 –1.3 4.5 2.0 –0.8 3.1 0.6 1) Transactions in foreign currency – internal sales, internal purchases, external purchases. Translation exposure Translation exposure relates to sales and cost incurred in foreign entities when converted into SEK upon consolidation. These exposures cannot be addressed by hedging, but as the income statement is translated using average rate, the impact of volatility in foreign currency rates is reduced. Transaction exposure Transaction exposure relates to sales and cost incurred in non-reporting currencies in individual group companies. Foreign exchange risk is as far as possible concentrated in Swedish group companies, primarily Ericsson AB. Sales to foreign subsidiaries are normally denominated in the func- tional currency of the customers, and so tend to be denominated in Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 87 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements USD or another foreign currency. In order to limit the exposure toward exchange rate fluctuations on future revenues and costs, committed and forecasted future sales and purchases in major currencies are hedged with 7% of 12-month forecast monthly. By this, the Company will have hedged 84% of the next month and 7% of the 12th month of an average forecast of the individual month at any given reporting date. This corre- sponds to approximately 5–6 months of an average forecast. Outstanding derivatives contracts that are hedging future sales and costs incurred are revalued against “Other operating income and expense.” The sensitivity in “Other operating income and expense” in relation to this revaluation is dependent on changes in foreign exchange rates, forecasts, seasonality and hedging policy. USD is the Company’s largest exposure and at year-end a change by 0.25 SEK/USD would impact profit and loss with approximately SEK 0.3 billion. Revaluation results of these derivative contracts amounted to SEK –0.4 billion in 2016. According to Company policy, transaction exposure in subsidiaries’ balance sheets (i.e., trade receivables and payables and customer finance receivables) should be fully hedged, except for non-tradable currencies. Foreign exchange exposures in balance sheet items are hedged through offsetting balances or derivatives. Interest rate risk The Company is exposed to interest rate risk through market value fluct- uations in certain balance sheet items and through changes in interest revenues and expenses. The net cash position was SEK 31.2 (41.2) billion at the end of 2016, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and interest- bearing securities of SEK 57.9 (66.3) billion, interest-bearing liabilities of SEK 26.7 (25.1). The Company manages the interest rate risk by i) matching fixed and floating interest rates in interest-bearing balance sheet items and ii) avoid- ing significant fixed interest rate exposure in the Company’s net cash position. The policy is that interest-bearing assets shall have an average interest duration of between 6 and 14 months, taking derivative instru- ments into consideration. Interest-bearing liabilities do not have a firm target for the duration, nor a firm target for fixed/floating interest rate, as duration and interest mix are decided based on market conditions when the liabilities are issued. The treasury function has a mandate to deviate from the asset management benchmark given by the Board and take for- eign exchange positions up to an aggregated risk of VaR SEK 45 million given a confidence level of 99% and a 1-day horizon. Interest duration, SEK billion Interest-bearing trading Interest-bearing assets Interest-bearing liabilities < 3M 3–12M 1.4 30.5 29.4 –1.4 –4.6 –18.0 1–3Y 0.0 24.2 –17.4 3–5Y 0.0 11.7 –11.4 >5Y 0.0 –3.9 –9.3 Total 0.0 57.9 –26.7 When managing the interest rate exposure, the Company uses derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps. Derivative instruments used for converting fixed rate debt into floating rate debt are designated as fair value hedges. Outstanding derivatives Outstanding derivatives 1) Fair value Asset Liability Asset Liability 2016 2015 Currency derivatives Maturity within 3 months Maturity between 3 and 12 months Total Interest rate derivatives Maturity within 3 months Maturity between 3 and 12 months Maturity between 1 and 3 years Maturity between 3 and 5 years Maturity of more than 5 years Total Of which designated in fair value hedge relations 351 262 613 – 239 191 – 65 495 2) 120 193 137 330 – 82 205 6 116 409 – 316 224 540 5 165 545 53 94 862 2) 338 137 41 178 – 234 243 176 108 761 – 1) Some of the derivatives hedging non-current liabilities are recognized in the balance sheet as non-current derivatives due to hedge accounting. 2) Of which SEK 0 (452) million is reported as non-current assets. Sensitivity analysis The Company uses the VaR methodology to measure foreign exchange and interest rate risks in portfolios managed by the treasury function. This statistical method expresses the maximum potential loss that can arise with a certain degree of probability during a certain period of time. For the VaR measurement, the Company has chosen a probability level of 99% and a 1-day time horizon. The daily VaR measurement uses market volatil- ities and correlations based on historical daily data (one year). The average VaR calculated for 2016 was SEK 16.3 (11.7) million for the combined mandates. No VaR-limits were exceeded during 2016. Financial credit risk Financial instruments carry an element of risk in that counterparts may be unable to fulfill their payment obligations. This exposure arises in the investments in cash, cash equivalents, interest-bearing securities and from derivative positions with positive unrealized results against banks and other counterparties. The Company mitigates these risks by investing cash primarily in well- rated securities such as treasury bills, government bonds, commercial papers, and mortgage-covered bonds with short-term ratings of at least A-2/P-2 or equivalents, and long-term ratings of AAA. Separate credit limits are assigned to each counterpart in order to minimize risk concen- tration. All derivative transactions are covered by ISDA netting agree- ments to reduce the credit risk. At December 31, 2016, the credit risk in financial cash instruments was equal to the instruments’ carrying value. Credit exposure in derivative instruments was SEK 1.1 (1.4) billion. Liquidity risk The Company minimizes the liquidity risk by maintaining a sufficient cash position, centralized cash management, investments in highly liquid inter- est-bearing securities, and by having sufficient committed credit lines in place to meet potential funding needs. For information about contractual obligations, see Note C31, “Contractual obligations.” The current cash position is deemed to satisfy all short-term liquidity requirements as well as non-current borrowings. 88 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Cash, cash equivalents and interest-bearing securities SEK billion Banks Type of issuer/counterpart Governments Corporates Mortgage institutes 2016 2015 Remaining time to maturity < 3 months 3–12 months 29.0 0.1 1–5 years 0.2 >5 years 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 37.0 40.3 0.5 0.0 0.7 1.3 3.0 7.1 0.0 12.0 19.3 22.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 Total 29.3 7.9 8.0 12.7 57.9 66.3 Financial instruments carried at other than fair value The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, recognized at fair value, is determined based on quoted market prices or rates. For further information about valuation principles, see Note C1, “Significant account- ing policies.” Financial instruments, such as trade receivables, borrowings and payables, are carried at amortized cost which is deemed to be equal to fair value, except for those noted in the table Notes, bonds, bilateral loans and committed credits in Note C19, “Interest-bearing liabilities.” When a market price is not readily available and there is insign i ficant interest rate exposure and credit spreads affecting the value, the carrying value is considered to represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. The instruments are classified as held for trading, loans and receivables, or available-for-sale. Cash, cash equivalents and interest-bearing securi- ties are mainly held in SEK unless offset by EUR-funding. Instruments held for trading with a remaining maturity longer than one year amounted to SEK 12.0 billion and were reported as Interest-bearing securities, current. Market price risk in own shares and other listed equity investments The Company is exposed to fluctuations in its own share price through stock purchase plans for employees and synthetic share-based com- pensations to the Board of Directors. Refinancing risk Refinancing risk is the risk that the Company is unable to refinance out- standing debt under reasonable terms and conditions, or at all, at a given point in time. Debt financing is mainly carried out through borrowing in the Swedish and international debt capital markets. Bank financing is used for certain subsidiary funding and to obtain committed credit facilities, see Note C19, “Interest-bearing liabilities.” Funding programs 1) Euro Medium-Term Note program (USD million) SEC Registered program (USD million) Amount Utilized Unutilized 5,000 2) 698 1,000 4,288 – 1) There are no financial covenants related to these programs. 2) Program amount indeterminate. Fair valuation of the Company’s financial instruments The Company’s financial instruments accounted for at fair value generally meet the requirements of level 1 valuation due to the fact that they are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Exceptions to this relates to: > OTC derivatives with an amount of gross SEK 1.2 (1.8) billion in relation to assets and gross SEK 0.9 (1.3) billion in relation to liabilities were val- ued based on references to other market data as currency or interest rates. These valuations fall under level 2 valuation as defined by IFRS. > Ownership in other companies and other financial investments where the Company neither has control nor significant influence. The amount recognized in these cases was SEK 2.1 (2.1) billion. These assets, clas- sified as level 3 assets for valuation purposes, have been valued based on value in use technique. Stock purchase plans for employees The obligation to deliver shares under the stock purchase plan is covered by holding Ericsson Class B shares as treasury stock. A change in the share price will result in a change in social security charges, which rep- resents a risk to the income statement. The cash flow exposure is fully hedged through the holding of Ericsson Class B shares as treasury stock to be sold to generate funds, which also cover social security payments. Synthetic share-based compensations to the Board of Directors In the case of these plans, the Company is exposed to risks in relation to own share price, both with regards to compensation expenses and social security charges. The obligation to pay compensation amounts under the synthetic share-based compensations to the Board of Directors is covered by a liability in the balance sheet. For further information about the stock purchase plan and synthetic share-based compensations to the Board of Directors, see Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees.” Offsetting financial assets and liabilities As required by IFRS, the Company has off set financial instruments under ISDA agreements. The related assets amounted to SEK 1.2 (1.8) billion, prior to offsetting of SEK 0.1 (0.4) billion, with a net amount of SEK 1.1 (1.4) billion recognized in the balance sheet. The related liabilities amounted to SEK 0.9 (1.3) billion, prior to offsetting of SEK 0.1 (0.4) billion, with a net amount of SEK 0.8 (0.9) billion recognized in the balance sheet. Financial instruments, book value SEK billion Note Assets at fair value through profit or loss Loans and receivables Available-for-sale Financial liabilities at amortized cost Total Customer finance Trade receiv ables C14 C14 4.8 68.1 Interest- bearing securities C12 13.3 7.6 Cash equiva lents Borrow ings Trade payables Other financial assets Other current receiv ables Other current l iabilities C25 8.9 2.5 C19 C22 C12 0.9 3.5 1.2 C15 1.1 C21 –0.7 4.8 68.1 20.9 11.4 –26.7 –26.7 –25.3 –25.3 5.6 1.1 –0.7 2016 2015 23.5 78.9 8.8 –52.0 59.2 40.2 84.2 1.3 –47.5 78.2 Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 89 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C21 Other current liabilities C24 Contingent liabilities Other current liabilities Income tax liabilities Advances from customers Accrued interest Accrued expenses Of which employee-related Of which supplier-related Of which other 1) Deferred revenues Derivatives with a negative value 2) Other 3) Total 2016 – 5,391 367 30,716 9,414 13,003 8,299 13,990 739 4,800 56,003 2015 3,924 5,038 475 32,629 13,229 12,119 7,281 11,229 939 4,429 58,663 1) Major balance relates to accrued expenses for customer projects. 2) See Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments.” 3) Includes items such as VAT and withholding tax payables and other payroll deductions, and liabilities for goods received where the related invoice has not yet been received. C22 Trade payables Trade payables Trade payables to associated companies and joint ventures Trade payables, excluding associated companies and joint ventures Total 2016 296 2015 329 25,022 25,318 22,060 22,389 C23 Assets pledged as collateral Assets pledged as collateral Chattel mortgages 1) Bank deposits Total 1) See also Note C17, “Post-Employment benefits.” 2016 2,240 344 2,584 2015 2,231 295 2,526 Contingent liabilities Contingent liabilities Total 2016 1,186 1,186 2015 922 922 Contingent liabilities assumed by Ericsson include guarantees of loans to other companies of SEK 24 (23) million. Ericsson has SEK 33 (32) million issued to guarantee the performance of a third-party. All ongoing legal and tax proceedings have been evaluated, their potential economic outflows and probability estimated and necessary provisions made. In Note C2, “Critical Accounting Estimates and Judg- ments.” further disclosure is presented in relation to (i) key sources of estimation uncertainty and (ii) the decision made in relation to accounting policies applied. Financial guarantees for third-parties amounted to SEK 124 (70) million as of December 31, 2016. The maturity date for the majority of the issued guarantees occurs in 2020 at the latest. C25 Statement of cash flows Interest paid in 2016 was SEK –1,269 million (SEK 926 million in 2015 and SEK 1,120 million in 2014) and interest received in 2016 was SEK 110 million (SEK 550 million in 2015 and SEK 1,369 million in 2014). Taxes paid, including withholding tax, were SEK 9,105 million in 2016 (SEK 7,705 mil- lion in 2015 and SEK 6,114 million in 2014). Cash and cash equivalents include cash of SEK 25,577 (22,431) million and temporary investments of SEK 11,389 (17,793) million. For more infor- mation regarding the disposition of cash and cash equivalents and unuti- lized credit commitments, see Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments.” Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2016, include SEK 4.2 billion (4.7) in countries where there exist significant cross-border con- version restrictions due to hard currency shortage or strict government controls. This amount is therefore not considered available for general use by the Parent Company. 90 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash C26 Business combinations 2016 2015 2014 4,421 148 4,569 4,705 –16 4,689 4,329 –13 4,316 1,815 1,379 1,270 2,650 4,465 4,139 5,518 4,328 5,598 85 – 20 – 31 – 4,550 5,538 5,629 Acquisitions and divestments Acquisitions Acquisitions 2014–2016 Total consideration, including cash Acquisition-related costs 1) Net assets acquired Cash and cash equivalents Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets Other assets Provisions, including post-employment benefits Other liabilities Total identifiable net assets Goodwill 9,119 10,227 9,945 Total 2016 920 4 139 19 817 290 – –290 975 –55 2) 920 2015 2,119 2014 4,767 19 50 271 45 445 572 – –379 954 1,165 2,119 407 427 2,540 817 –288 –1,150 2,753 2,014 4,767 –6,200 –2,835 –1,235 ated income statement. 1) Acquisition-related costs are included in Selling and administrative expenses in the consolid- Property, plant and equipment Depreciation Impairment losses/reversals of impairments Total Intangible assets Amortization Capitalized development expenses Intellectual Property Rights, brands and other intangible assets Total amortization Impairments Capitalized development expenses Intellectual Property Rights, brands and other intangible assets Total Total depreciation, amortization and impairment losses on property, plant and equipment and intangible assets Taxes Dividends from joint ventures/associated companies 1) Undistributed earnings in joint ventures/ associated companies 1) Gains/losses on sales of investments and operations, intangible assets and PP&E, net 2) Other non-cash items 3) Total adjustments to reconcile net income to cash 84 –26 92 38 249 56 –37 3,172 –156 3,245 128 2,057 6,112 10,611 11,200 1) See Note C12, “Financial assets, non-current.” 2) See Note C6, “Other operating income and expense.” 3) Refers mainly to unrealized foreign exchange, gains/losses on financial instruments. Acquisitions/divestments of subsidiaries and other operations Acquisitions Divestments 2016 Cash flow from business combinations 1) Acquisitions/divestments of other investments Total 2015 Cash flow from business combinations 1) Acquisitions/divestments of other investments Total 2014 Cash flow from business combinations 1) Acquisitions/divestments of other investments Total 1) See also Note C26, “Business combinations.” –781 –203 –984 –1,867 –334 –2,201 –4,410 –32 –4,442 25 337 362 – 1 1 42 6 48 2) Of which SEK 585 million was acquired goodwill and SEK –640 million refers to a reclassifica- tion when the preliminary purchase price allocations made in 2015 were finalized 2016. In 2016, Ericsson made acquisitions with a negative cash flow effect amounting to SEK 781 (1,867) million. The acquisitions presented below are not material but the Company gives the information to provide the reader a summarized view of the content of the acquisitions made. The acquisitions consist primarily of: FYI Television: On January 25, 2016, the Company acquired 100% of the shares in FYI Television, a US based premier entertainment metadata and rich media content supplier based in Grand Prairie, Texas, with approxi- mately 150 employees. The acquisition makes it possible to combine FYI Television’s US-market expertise and reach with Ericsson’s experience in content discovery in Europe, which is a key component of Ericsson’s TV and Media strategy to improve the video experience in a multiscreen world. Balances to facilitate the Purchase price allocation are final. Ericpol: On April 13, 2016, the Company acquired 100% of the shares in Ericpol a software development company in Poland within telecommuni- cations who has been a supplier to Ericsson for over 20 years. Approxi- mately 2,000 employees joined the Company. With the acquisition of Ericpol’s operations in Poland and Ukraine, the Company secures well integrated software development competence within radio, cloud and IP to enable business continuity. Balances to facilitate the Purchase price allocation are preliminary. Nodeprime: On April 15, 2016, the Company acquired 100% of the shares in Nodeprime a US based company, with an infrastructure man- agement platform, designed to support the command and control of the complete ecosystem of components in today’s existing datacenters. Inte- grated into the Ericsson Hyperscale Datacenter System 8000, this soft- ware platform enables discovery, analysis and automated configuration of existing and new datacenter hardware platforms. This allows datacenters to become hyperscale and adopt distributed infrastructure. By acquiring Nodeprime’s competence, the Company aims to reduce sourcing risk and to secure control of roadmap direction and acceleration. Balances to facilitate the Purchase price allocation are final. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 91 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements The preliminary purchase price allocations made in 2015 were finalized during 2016 with the following effects: An increase in intangible assets of SEK 585 million and a decrease in goodwill of SEK 640 million. In order to finalize a purchase price allocation all relevant information needs to be in place. Examples of such information are final consideration and final opening balances, which may remain preliminary for a period of time due to for example adjustments of working capital, tax items or decisions from local authorities. Divestments Divestments 2014–2016 Proceeds Net assets disposed of Property, plant and equipment Investments in joint ventures and associated companies Other assets Other liabilities Net gains/losses from divestments Less Cash and cash equivalents Cash flow effect 2016 25 36 15 5 –114 –58 83 – 25 2015 0 – – 52 –3 49 –49 – 0 2014 42 – 32 46 – 78 –36 – 42 In 2016, the Company made some minor divestments with a cash flow effect amounting to SEK 25 (0) million. Description Transaction date Acquisitions 2014–2016 Company Nodeprime Ericpol FYI Television Envivio ICON Sunrise technology Timelessmind Apcera Fabrix MetraTech Red Bee Media Azuki A US based software development company with an infrastructure management platform. A software development company in Poland within telecommunications. A US based premier entertainment metadata and rich media content supplier. A US-based company with competence in software-defined and cloud-enabled architectures for video processing. A consulting and systems integration business with approximately 250 employees and consultants. A business which has a strong track record of delivering complex IT solutions to leading operators in China. A Canada-based consulting and systems integration business specializing in operations and business support (OSS and/BSS). The acquisition of a majority stake in Apcera strengthens Ericsson’s position in enterprise cloud. The acquisition of Fabrix Systems extends Ericsson’s overall leadership position in TV & Media. The acquisition of MetraTech accelerates Ericsson’s cloud and enterprise billing capabilities within BSS. A leading media services company headquartered in the UK with an extensive list of high-profile broadcast services customers. A provider of TV Anywhere delivery platforms for service providers, content owners and broadcasters. Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Jan 2016 Oct 2015 Aug 2015 Jul 2015 Apr 2015 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Sep 2014 May 2014 Feb 2014 Transaction date Jul 2016 Divestments 2014–2016 Company Description Birla Ericsson Optical Ltd A divestment of the shares in the associated company. 92 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C27 Leasing Leasing with the Company as lessee Assets under finance leases, recorded as property, plant and equipment, consist of: Expenses in 2016 for leasing of assets were SEK 3,710 (3,449) million, of which variable expenses comprised SEK 217 (35) million. The leasing contracts vary in length from 1 to 15 years. Finance leases Cost Real estate Accumulated depreciation Real estate Net carrying value 2016 2015 – – – – – 701 701 –249 –249 452 The Company’s lease agreements normally do not include any contin- gent rents. In the few cases they occur, they relate to charges for heating linked to the oil price index. Most of the leases of real estate contain terms of renewal, giving the Company the right to prolong the agreement in question for a predefined period of time. Leases with the Company as lessor Leasing income relates to subleasing of real estate as well as equipment provided to customers under leasing arrangements. These leasing con- tracts vary in length from 1 to 16 years. At December 31, 2016, future minimum payment receivables were distributed as follows: Due to replacement of former lease contract with operating lease contract the Company has from 2016 no finance leases. Future minimum payment receivables As of December 31, 2016, future minimum lease payment obligations were distributed as follows: Future minimum lease payment obligations 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 and later Total Future finance charges Present value of finance lease liabilities Finance leases Operating leases – – – – – – – – – 3,120 2,745 1,985 1,575 1,717 5,493 16,635 n/a n/a 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 and later Total Leasing income in 2016 was SEK 47 (73) million. Finance leases Operating leases – – – – – – – 40 21 10 7 7 8 93 Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 93 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements C28 Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees Remuneration to the Board of Directors Remuneration to members of the Board of Directors SEK Board fees Number of synthetic shares/portion of Board fee Value at grant date of synthetic shares allocated in 2016 Number of previously allocated synthetic shares outstanding Net change in value of synthetic shares 1) Board member Leif Johansson Helena Stjernholm Jacob Wallenberg Nora Denzel Börje Ekholm 3) Ulf J. Johansson Kristin Skogen Lund Kristin S. Rinne Sukhinder Singh Cassidy Employee Representatives Pehr Claesson Mikael Lännqvist Karin Åberg Zlatko Hadzic (deputy) Kjell-Åke Soting (deputy) Roger Svensson (deputy) 4,075,000 0/0% 990,000 990,000 990,000 742,500 990,000 990,000 990,000 990,000 39,000 31,500 30,000 18,000 19,500 19,500 11,093/75% 7,395/50% 0/0% 8,319/75% 0/0% 3,697/25% 7,395/50% 3,697/25% – – – – – – A – 742,454 494,947 – 556,790 – 247,440 494,947 247,440 – – – – – – B – –148,979 1) –444,785 1) –127,656 1) –791,841 1) – –229,741 1) –99,315 1) –112,727 1) – – – – – – – – 17,791 5,489 35,360 – 8,293 – 2,513 – – – – – – Committee fees Total fees paid in cash 2) Total remuner ation 2016 C (A+B+C) 400,000 175,000 175,000 250,000 131,250 350,000 250,000 – 175,000 4,475,000 4) 422,500 670,000 5) 1,240,000 316,875 1,340,000 6) 992,500 495,000 917,500 – – – – – – 39,000 31,500 30,000 18,000 19,500 19,500 4,475,000 1,015,975 720,162 1,112,344 81,824 1,340,000 1,010,199 890,632 1,052,213 39,000 31,500 30,000 18,000 19,500 19,500 Total Total 11,905,000 11,905,000 41,596 41,596 2,784,018 2,784,018 69,446 –1,955,044 1,906,250 11,026,875 11,855,849 7) 96,508 8) –2,422,266 8)9) 1,906,250 11,026,875 11,388,627 7) 1) The difference in value as of the time for payment, compared to December 31, 2015, for synthetic shares allocated in 2011 (for which payment was made in 2016). The difference in value as of December 31, 2016, compared to December 31, 2015, for synthetic shares allocated in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Calculated on a share price of SEK 53.50. The difference in value as of December 31, 2016, compared to grant date for synthetic shares allocated in 2016. The value of synthetic shares allocated in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 includes respectively SEK 2.75, SEK 3.00, SEK 3.40 and SEK 3.70 per share in compensation for dividends resolved by the Annual General Meetings 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 and the value of the synthetic shares allocated in 2011 includes dividend compensation for dividends resolved in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. 2) Committee fee and cash portion of the Board fee. 3) The Board remuneration resolved by the annual general meeting of shareholders is only for non-employee Board members. Since Börje Ekholm is employed by the Company as President and CEO since January 16, 2017, his shareholder resolved remuneration has been adjusted accordingly. 4) In addition, an amount corresponding to statutory social charges in respect of the part of the fee that has been invoiced from a business was paid, amounting to SEK 1,406,045. 5) In addition, an amount corresponding to statutory social charges in respect of the part of the fee that has been invoiced from a business was paid, amounting to SEK 210,514. 6) In addition, an amount corresponding to statutory social charges in respect of the part of the fee that has been invoiced from a business was paid, amounting to SEK 219,224. 7) Excluding social security charges and amounts invoiced through a business corresponding to such social security charges in to the amount of SEK 2,248,324. 8) Including synthetic shares previously allocated to the former Directors Roxanne S. Austin and Alexander Izosimov. 9) Including synthetic shares previously allocated to the former Director Nancy McKinstry and Sir Peter L. Bonfield. For these synthetic shares, the net change in value corresponds to the difference in value as of the time for payment compared to December 31, 2015. Comments to the table > The Chairman of the Board was entitled to a Board fee of SEK 4,075,000 and a fee of SEK 200,000 for each Board Committee on which he served as Chairman. > The other Directors elected by the Annual General Meeting were enti- tled to a fee of SEK 990,000 each. In addition, the Chairman of the Audit Committee was entitled to a fee of SEK 350,000 and the other non- employee members of the Audit Committee were entitled to a fee of SEK 250,000 each. The Chairmen of the Finance and Remuneration Committees were entitled to a fee of SEK 200,000 each and the other non-employee members of the Finance and the Remuneration Com- mittees were entitled to a fee of SEK 175,000 each. > Members of the Board, who are not employees of the Company, have not received any remuneration other than the fees and synthetic shares as above. None of the Directors have entered into a service contract with the Parent Company or any of its subsidiaries, providing for termi- nation benefits. > Members and deputy members of the Board who are Ericsson employ- ees received no remuneration or benefits other than their entitlements as employees and a fee to the employee representatives and their deputies of SEK 1,500 per attended Board meeting, and Committee meeting. > Board members invoicing for the amount of the Board and Committee fee from a business may add to the invoice an amount corresponding to social charges. The social charges thus included in the invoiced amount are not higher than the general payroll tax that would otherwise have been paid by the Company. The entire amount, i.e., the cash por- tion of the Board fee and the Committee fee, including social charges, constitutes the invoiced Board fee. > The Annual General Meeting 2016 resolved that non-employee Direc- tors may choose to receive the Board fee (i.e., exclusive of Committee fee) as follows: i) 25% of the Board fee in cash and 75% in the form of synthetic shares, with a value corresponding to 75% of the Board fee at the time of allocation, ii) 50% in cash and 50% in the form of synthetic shares, or iii) 75% in cash and 25% in the form of synthetic shares. Directors may also choose not to participate in the synthetic share program and receive 100% of the Board fee in cash. Committee fees are always paid in cash. The number of synthetic shares allocated is based on a volume-weighted average of the market price of Ericsson Class B shares on Nasdaq Stock- holm during the five trading days immediately following the publication of Ericsson’s interim report for the first quarter 2016; SEK 66.93. The number of synthetic shares is rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares. The synthetic shares are vested during the Directors’ term of office and the right to receive payment with regard to the allocated synthetic shares occurs after the publication of the Company’s year-end financial state- ment during the fifth year following the Annual General Meeting which 94 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 resolved on the synthetic share program, i.e., in 2021. The amount pay- able shall be determined based on the volume-weighted average price for shares of Class B during the five trading days immediately following the publication of the year-end financial statement. Synthetic shares were allocated to members of the Board for the first time in 2008 and have been allocated annually since then on equal terms and conditions. Payment based on synthetic shares allocated in 2011 occurred in 2016 and, in accordance with the terms and conditions for the synthetic share advance payment was then also made to the former Director Sir Peter L. Bonfield. The amounts paid in 2016 under the syn- thetic share programs were determined based on the volume-weighed average price for shares of Class B on Nasdaq Stockholm during the five trading days immediately following the publication of the year-end finan- cial statements for 2015: SEK 74.68 and totalled SEK 2,245,951 excluding social security charges. The payments made do not constitute a cost for the Company in 2016. The Company’s costs for the synthetic shares have been disclosed each year and the net change in value of the synthetic shares for which payment was made in 2016, is disclosed in the table “Remuneration to members of the Board of Directors” on page 94. The value of all outstanding synthetic shares fluctuates in line with the market value of Ericsson’s Class B share and may differ from year to year compared to the original value on their respective grant dates. The change in value of the outstanding synthetic shares is established each year and affects the total recognized costs that year. As of December 31, 2016, the total outstanding number of synthetic shares under the pro- grams is 138,105 and the total accounted debt is SEK 8,207,895 (includ- ing synthetic shares previously allocated to the former Directors Roxanne S. Austin and Alexander Izosimov). Remuneration to the Group management The Company’s costs for remuneration to the Group management are the costs recognized in the Income statement during the fiscal year. These costs are disclosed under “Remuneration costs” below. Costs recognized during a fiscal year in the Income statement are not fully paid by the Company at the end of the fiscal year. The unpaid amounts that the Company has in relation to the Group management are disclosed under “Outstanding balances.” Remuneration costs The total remuneration to the President and CEO and to other members of the Group management, consisting of the Executive Leadership Team (ELT), includes fixed salary, short- and long-term variable compensation, pension and other benefits. These remuneration elements are based on the guidelines for remuneration to Group management as approved by the Annual General Meeting held in 2016: see the approved guidelines in section “Guidelines for remuneration to Group management 2016.” Remuneration costs for the President and CEO and other members of Executive Leadership Team (ELT) SEK Salary Cost for annual variable remuneration earned in the year to be paid the year after Long-term variable compensation provision Pension costs Other benefits Social charges and taxes Total Pres ident and CEO1) 2016 President and CEO2) 2016 Total: President and CEO 2016 Pres ident and CEO 2015 Other members of ELT 2016 Other members of ELT 2015 Total 2016 Total 2015 40,069,7223) 5,812,635 45,882,357 14,165,287 119,501,092 98,777,226 165,383,449 112,942,513 – – – 16,173,429 6,230,285 45,485,406 6,230,285 61,658,835 8,240,244 10,350,001 44,080 17,864,315 76,568,362 486,839 1,604,757 25,912 2,376,750 10,306,894 8,727,083 11,954,758 69,992 20,241,066 86,875,256 7,183,919 9,452,006 75,630 14,106,432 9,278,252 29,387,498 12,604,635 29,147,247 8,671,955 24,608,406 8,247,554 23,515,519 18,005,336 41,342,256 12,674,627 49,388,312 15,855,873 34,060,412 8,323,184 37,621,951 61,156,702 206,149,008 209,306,065 293,024,265 270,462,767 1) Hans Vestberg served as President and CEO until July 25, 2016 and left Ericsson as of January 25, 2017. Remuneration costs shown for Hans Vestberg includes this full period. 2) Jan Frykhammar served as President and CEO from July 25, 2016 to January 16, 2017. Remuneration costs shown for Jan Frykhammar includes the period from July 25, 2016 to December 31, 2016 (costs for the rest of the year is included in “Other members of ELT 2016”). 3) Includes severance pay and compensation for unused vacation. Comments to the table > Hans Vestberg was President and CEO of Ericsson until July 25, 2016, and Jan Frykhammar was appointed President and CEO from July 25, 2016. > During 2016, there were two Executive Vice Presidents who have been appointed by the Board of Directors, none of which acted as deputy to the President and CEO during the year. Executive Vice Presidents are included in the group “Other members of ELT”. > The group “Other members of ELT” comprises the following persons: Per Borgklint, Bina Chaurasia (left ELT effective November 15 and Ericsson December 31, 2016), Ulf Ewaldsson, Jan Frykhammar, Nina Macpherson, Magnus Mandersson, Helena Norrman, Mats H. Olsson (left ELT effective May 18 and Ericsson November 18, 2016), Rima Qureshi, Angel Ruiz (left ELT effective June 30, 2016), Anders Thulin (left ELT and Ericsson June 30, 2016), and Jan Wäreby (left ELT effec- tive June 30 and Ericsson November 30, 2016). In addition, Arun Ban- sal, Niklas Heuveldop, Chris Houghton, Fredrik Jejdling, Anders Lind- blad, Jean-Philippe Poirault, Charlotta Sund and Elaine Weidman- Grunewald all joined ELT on July 1, 2016. Carl Mellander joined ELT on July 25, 2016 and MajBritt Arfert joined ELT on November 15, 2016. > The salary stated in the table for the President and CEO and other members of the ELT includes vacation pay paid during 2016 as well as other contracted compensation expensed in 2016. During 2016, a deci- sion was taken by the Remuneration Committee to pay out saved vaca- tion balances. These payments are included in salaries stated above. > The remuneration costs for 2016 includes termination provisions, including estimates of future severance pay and compensation for unused vacation, in respect of individuals who left Ericsson during 2016. For the former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, the contractual sev- erance pay amounted to 18 months’ salary (SEK 21,206,863 excluding social charges and taxes). > “Long-term variable compensation provision” refers to the compensa- tion costs during 2016 for all outstanding share-based plans. > For the former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, and other members of the ELT employed in Sweden before 2011, a supplementary plan is applied in addition to the occupational pension plan for salaried staff on the Swedish labor market (ITP) with pension payable from the age of 60 years. These pension plans are not conditional upon future employ- ment at Ericsson. Outstanding balances The Company has recognized the following liabilities relating to unpaid remunerations in the Balance sheet: > Ericsson’s commitments for defined benefit based pensions as of December 31, 2016 under IAS 19 amounted to SEK 13,949,474 for the President and CEO which includes disability and survivor’s pension. For other members of the ELT the Company’s commitments amounted to SEK 44,800,609 of which SEK 38,333,332 refers to the ITP and early retirement and the remaining SEK 6,467,277 to disability and survivor’s pensions. > For previous Presidents and CEOs, the Company has made provisions for defined benefit pension plans in connection with their active service periods within the Company. > Deferred salary, earned in 2016 or earlier, to be paid 12 months after period end or later, amounts to SEK 9,665,780. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 95 Long-Term Variable compensation The Stock Purchase Plan The Stock Purchase Plan has been designed to offer an incentive for all employees to participate in the Company where practicable. For the 2016 plan, employees are able to save up to 7.5% of their gross fixed salary (The former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, could save up to 10% of gross fixed salary and short-term variable remuneration) for purchase of Class B contribution shares at market price on Nasdaq Stockholm or American Depositary Shares (ADSs) on NASDAQ New York (contribution shares) during a twelve-month period (contribution period). If the contribu- tion shares are retained by the employee for three years after the invest- ment and their employment with the Ericsson Group continues during that time, then the employee’s shares will be matched with a corresponding number of Class B shares or ADSs free of consideration. Employees in 100 countries participate in the plans. The table below shows the contribution periods and participation details for ongoing plans as of December 31, 2016. Stock Purchase Plans Plan Stock Purchase plan 2013 Stock Purchase plan 2014 Stock Purchase plan 2015 Stock Purchase plan 2016 Contribution period August 2013 – July 2014 August 2014 – July 2015 August 2015 – July 2016 August 2016 – July 2017 Number of participants at launch Take-up rate – percent of eligible employees 29,000 32,000 33,800 31,500 29% 30% 31% 29% Participants save each month, beginning with the August payroll, towards quarterly investments. These investments (in November, February, May and August) are matched on the third anniversary of each such invest- ment, subject to continued employment, and hence the matching spans over two financial years and two tax years. No Stock Purchase Plan is being proposed for 2017. The Key Contributor Retention Plan The Key Contributor Retention Plan is part of Ericsson’s talent manage- ment strategy and is designed to give recognition for performance, critical skills and potential as well as to encourage retention of key employees. Under the program, up to 10% of employees (2016 plan: 10,742 employ- ees nominated) are selected through a nomination process that identifies individuals according to performance, critical skills and potential. Partici- pants selected obtain one extra matching share in addition to the ordinary one matching share for each contribution share purchased under the Stock Purchase Plan during a twelve-month period. Since no Stock Purchase Plan will be proposed for 2017, alternative arrangements will be developed to replace the Key Contributor Plan. FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Maximum outstanding matching rights As of December 31, 2016 Number of Class B shares The President and CEO Other members of the ELT Stock Purchase Plans 2013–2016 Executive Performance Stock Plans 2013–2016 84,871 388,296 Comments to the table > For the definition of matching rights, see the description in section “Long-term variable compensation”. > Matching result of 39.7% is included for the 2013 plan. > Cash conversion targets for 2014, 2015 and 2016 were reached. > During 2016, the two serving Presidents and CEOs received 90,086 matching shares and other members of the ELT received 122,648 matching shares. Option agreements Prior to taking office as President and CEO of Ericsson, Board member Börje Ekholm entered into an option agreement with Investor AB and AB Industrivärden, shareholders of Ericsson. Each of these two shareholders has issued 1,000,000 call options to Börje Ekholm on market terms (valu- ation conducted, using the Black & Scholes model, by an independent third party). Under the agreements, Börje Ekholm has purchased in total 2,000,000 call options, issued by the shareholders, for a purchase price of SEK 0.49 per call option. Each call option entitles the purchase of one Ericsson B share from the shareholders at a strike price of SEK 80 per share during one year after a seven-year period. Since the President and CEO has the power to influence the dividend paid by the Company, a potential conflict of interest exists. The option agreements therefore contain a strike price recalculation mechanism which is intended to make the options payoff neutral regardless of what the actual dividends are. Due to the fact that the call options were purchased on market terms as described above, no compensation expense has been recognized by the Company and will not be recognized during the remaining part of the seven-year period. Guidelines for remuneration to Group management 2016 For Group management consisting of the Executive Leadership Team, including the President and CEO, total remuneration consists of fixed salary, short- and long-term variable compensation, pension and other benefits. The following guidelines apply to the remuneration of the Executive Leadership Team: > Variable compensation is in cash and stock-based programs awarded against specific business targets derived from the long-term business plan approved by the Board of Directors. Targets may include financial targets at either Group or unit level, operational targets, employee engagement targets or customer satisfaction targets. > All benefits, including pension benefits, follow the competitive practice in the home country taking total compensation into account. > By way of exception, additional arrangements can be made when deemed necessary. An additional arrangement can be renewed but each such arrangement shall be limited in time and shall not exceed a period of 36 months and twice the remuneration that the individual would have received had no additional arrangement been made. > The mutual notice period may be no more than six months. Upon termi- nation of employment by the Company, severance pay amounting to a maximum of 18 months fixed salary is paid. Notice of termination given by the employee due to significant structural changes, or other events that in a determining manner affect the content of work or the condition for the position, is equated with notice of termination served by the Company. 96 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Executive Performance Stock Plan targets 2016 Growth (Net sales growth) Margin (Operating income growth) 1) Cash Flow (Cash conversion) 2015 Growth (Net sales growth) Margin (Operating income growth) 1) Cash Flow (Cash conversion) 2014 Growth (Net sales growth) 2) Margin (Operating income growth) 2) Cash Flow (Cash conversion) Base year value SEK billion Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 246.9 Compound annual growth rate of 2–6% 24.8 Compound annual growth rate of 5–15% ≥70% ≥70% ≥70% – 228.0 Compound annual growth rate of 2–6% 16.8 Compound annual growth rate of 5–15% ≥70% ≥70% ≥70% – 225.3 Compound annual growth rate of 2–8% 15.7 Compound annual growth rate of 5–15% ≥70% ≥70% ≥70% – The Executive Performance Stock Plan The Executive Performance Stock Plan has been designed to focus man- agement on driving earnings and provide competitive remuneration. Senior managers, including ELT, were selected to obtain up to four or six extra shares (performance matching shares) in addition to the ordinary one matching share for each contribution share purchased under the Stock Purchase Plan. Up to 0.5% of employees (2016 plan: 509 execu- tives) are offered participation in the plan. The former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, could save up to 10% of gross fixed salary and short-term variable compensation, and could obtain up to nine performance-match- ing shares in addition to the Stock Purchase Plan matching share for each contribution share. The performance targets are linked to growth of Net Sales, Operating Income and Cash Conversion. The table “Executive Performance Stock Plan targets” show ongoing Executive Performance Stock Plans as of December 31, 2016. Since no Stock Purchase Plan will be proposed for 2017, alternative arrangements will be developed to replace the Executive Performance Stock Plan. For the Global Leadership Team, a share-based arrangement is proposed for approval by the 2017 Annual General Meeting of share- holders. 1) Excluding extraordinary restructuring charges. 2) Base year 2013 has been adjusted for the impact of the Samsung IPR agreement. Shares for all plans Plan (million shares) Originally designated Outstanding beginning of 2016 Awarded during 2016 Exercised/matched during 2016 Forfeited/expired during 2016 Outstanding end of 2016 1) Compensation costs charged during 2016 (SEK million) 3) A B C D E F=B+C–D–E G Stock Purchase Plan, Key Contributor Retention Plan and Executive Performance Stock Plans 2016 21.6 – 7.6 – 0.1 7.5 11.7 2) 2015 23.5 4.4 16.1 1.0 0.8 18.7 288.3 2) 2014 22.8 13.5 – 1.0 0.7 11.8 348.5 2) 2013 26.6 11.5 – 3.0 1.5 7.0 250.1 2) 2012 26.2 6.6 – 6.5 0.1 – 58.1 2) Total 120.7 36.0 23.7 11.5 3.2 45.0 956.7 1) Shares under the Executive Performance Stock Plans were based on the fact that the 2012 plan came out at 33%, in casu 67% lapsed and that the 2013 plan vested for 39.7% and lapsed for 60.3%. For the other ongoing plans, cost is estimated. 2) Fair value is calculated as the share price on the investment date, reduced by the net present value of the dividend expectations during the three-year vesting period. Net present value calculations are based on data from external party. For shares under the Executive Performance Stock Plans, the company makes a forecast for the fulfillment of the financial targets for all ongoing plans except for 2012 and 2013 plans as disclosed under 1) when calculating the compensation cost. Fair value of the Class B share at each investment date during 2016 was: February 15 SEK 63.62, May 15 SEK 50.52, August 15 SEK 50.39 and November 15 SEK 38.83. 3) Total compensation costs charged during 2015: SEK 865 million, 2014: SEK 717 million. Shares for all plans All plans are funded with treasury stock and are equity settled. Treasury stock for all plans has been issued in directed cash issues of Class C shares at the quotient value and purchased under a public offering at the subscription price plus a premium corresponding to the subscribers’ financing costs, and then converted to Class B shares. For all plans, additional shares have been allocated for financing of social security expenses. Treasury stock is sold on the Nasdaq Stock- holm to cover social security payments when arising due to matching of shares. During 2016, 1,706,600 shares were sold at an average price of SEK 61.31. Sales of shares are recognized directly in equity. If, as of December 31, 2016, all shares allocated for future matching under the Stock Purchase Plan were transferred, and shares designated to cover social security payments were disposed of as a result of the exer- cise and the matching, approximately 64 million Class B shares would be transferred, corresponding to 2.0% of the total number of shares out- standing, or 3,269 million not including treasury stock. As of December 31, 2016, 62 million Class B shares were held as treasury stock. The table above shows how shares (representing matching rights but excluding shares for social security expenses) are being used for all out- standing plans. From up to down the table includes (A) the number of shares originally approved by the Annual General Meeting; (B) the number of originally designated shares that were outstanding at the beginning of 2016; (C) the number of shares awarded during 2016; (D) the number of shares matched during 2016; (E) the number of shares forfeited by partici- pants or expired under the plan rules during 2016; and (F) the balance left as outstanding at the end of 2016, having added new awards to the shares outstanding at the beginning of the year and deducted the shares related to awards matched, forfeited and expired. The final row (G) shows the compensation costs charged to the accounts during 2016 for each plan, calculated as fair value in SEK. For a description of compensation cost, including accounting treat- ment, see Note C1, “Significant accounting policies,” section Share- based compensation to employees and the Board of Directors. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 97 FINANCIALS – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Employee numbers, wages and salaries Employee numbers Average number of employees North America Latin America Northern Europe & Central Asia 1) 2) Western & Central Europe 2) Mediterranean 2) Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa India North East Asia South East Asia & Oceania Total 1) Of which in Sweden 2) Of which in EU 2016 2015 Women 2,862 2,343 5,070 2,502 3,035 374 369 4,396 4,297 1,688 26,936 3,650 10,056 Men 10,667 8,672 14,941 11,312 9,718 2,775 1,795 17,983 9,186 2,431 89,480 12,359 33,852 Total 13,529 11,015 20,011 13,814 12,753 3,149 2,164 22,379 13,483 4,119 116,416 16,009 43,907 Women 3,117 2,583 5,256 2,399 3,122 513 520 3,967 4,178 1,200 26,854 4,002 10,052 Men 11,912 9,812 15,549 10,144 10,023 3,215 1,997 17,865 9,446 2,900 92,864 13,106 33,908 Total 15,029 12,395 20,805 12,543 13,145 3,728 2,517 21,832 13,624 4,100 119,718 17,108 43,960 Number of employees by region at year-end Wages and salaries and social security expenses Employee wages and salaries North America Latin America Northern Europe & Central Asia 1) 2) Western & Central Europe 2) Mediterranean 2) Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa India North East Asia South East Asia & Oceania Total 1) Of which in Sweden 2) Of which in EU 2016 11,547 9,513 19,136 13,646 12,578 3,346 2,086 22,552 13,042 4,018 14,548 10,412 20,700 12,220 12,702 3,639 2,301 21,999 13,706 4,054 111,464 15,303 42,625 116,281 17,041 43,117 2015 (SEK million) Wages and salaries Social security expenses Of which pension costs 2016 60,064 17,710 5,254 2015 60,805 19,249 5,793 Amounts related to the President and CEO and the Executive Leadership Team are included in the table above. Remuneration to Board members and Presidents in subsidiaries (SEK million) Salary and other remuneration Of which annual variable remuneration Pension costs 2016 462 106 38 2015 368 56 47 Number of employees by gender and age at year-end 2016 Board members, Presidents and Group management by gender at year end Under 25 years old 25–35 years old 36–45 years old 46–55 years old Over 55 years old Percent of total Women 2,037 10,562 7,036 4,375 1,539 23% Men 2,767 32,120 27,594 17,817 5,617 77% Percent of total 4% 38% 31% 20% 7% 100% Parent Company Board members and President Group Management Subsidiaries Board members and Presidents 2016 2015 Women Men Women Men 46% 35% 54% 65% 36% 31% 64% 69% 19% 81% 13% 87% Employee movements Headcount at year-end Employees who have left the Company Employees who have joined the Company Temporary employees 2016 2015 111,464 19,865 15,048 1,148 116,281 16,610 14,836 1,413 98 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 C29 Related party transactions During 2016, various minor related party transactions were executed pursuant to contracts based on terms customary in the industry and negotiated on an arm’s length basis. For information regarding equity and Ericsson’s share of assets, liabilities and income in joint ventures and associated companies, see Note C12, “Financial assets, non-current. ” For information regarding transactions with the Board of Directors and Group management, see Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees.” For information about the Company’s pension trusts, see Note C17, ”Post-employment benefits.” C30 Fees to Auditors Fees to auditors 2016 Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax fees Other fees Total 2015 Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax fees Other fees Total 2014 Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax fees Other fees Total PwC Others Total 90 10 10 16 126 91 11 19 8 129 83 11 15 18 127 3 – 8 11 22 2 – 13 – 15 7 0 4 1 12 93 10 18 27 148 93 11 32 8 144 90 11 19 19 139 During the period 2014–2016, in addition to audit services, PwC provided certain audit-related services, tax and other services to the Company. The audit-related services include quarterly reviews, ISO audits, SSAE 16 reviews and services in connection with the issuing of certificates and opinions and consultation on financial accounting. The tax services include general expatriate services and corporate tax compliance work. Other services include, work related to acquisitions and operational effec- tiveness. Audit fees to other auditors largely consist of local statutory audits. C31 Contractual obligations Contractual obligations 2016 SEK billion Current and Non-current debt 1) 2) Finance lease obligations 3) Operating leases 3) Other non-current liabilities Purchase obligations 4) Trade payables Commitments for customer finance 5) Total Payment due by period <1 year 1–3 years 3–5 years >5 years 8.0 – 3.1 – 5.3 25.3 13.1 54.8 1.0 – 4.7 0.2 0.5 – – 6.4 8.8 – 3.3 – 1.2 – 9.4 – 5.5 2.4 – – – 13.3 – 17.3 Total 27.2 – 16.6 2.6 7.0 25.3 13.1 91.8 1) Including interest payments. 2) See also Note C19, “Interest-bearing liabilities.” 3) See also Note C27, “Leasing.” 4) The amounts of purchase obligations are gross, before deduction of any related provisions. 5) See also Note C14, “Trade receivables and customer finance.” For information about financial guarantees, see Note C24, “Contingent liabilities.” Except for those transactions described in this report, the Company has not been a party to any material contracts over the past three years other than those entered into during the ordinary course of business. C32 Events after the reporting period New segment structure from January 1, 2017 From January 1, 2017, financial reporting is done according to the new structure, i.e., by the new segments Networks, IT & Cloud and Media. Börje Ekholm takes office as CEO and President Börje Ekholm takes office as CEO and President. On January 16, 2017, Ericsson announced that in connection with Börje Ekholm assuming the position as President and CEO of Ericsson, Jan Frykhammar, who has temporarily held the position as President and CEO, remains a member of the Executive Leadership Team and is appointed Executive Vice President and advisor to the CEO. Jan Frykhammar will support Börje Ekholm during a transition period and will focus on corporate governance and efficiency. Magnus Mandersson remains Executive Vice President, advisor to the CEO, focusing on customer relationships, and a member of the Executive Leadership Team. Magnus Mandersson also remains Chairperson of four out of Ericsson’s ten regions. Carl Mellander remains acting Chief Financial Officer and a member of the Executive Leadership Team. Financials – Notes to the consolidated financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 99 FINANCIALS Parent company FINANCIAL STATEMENTS with NOTES Contents Parent Company financial statements Parent Company income statement and statement of comprehensive income Parent Company balance sheet Parent Company statement of cash flows Parent Company statement of changes in stockholders’ equity Notes to the Parent Company financial statements P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 Significant accounting policies Other operating income and expenses Financial income and expenses Taxes Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Financial assets Investments Inventories Trade receivables and customer finance Receivables and liabilities – subsidiary companies Other current receivables Equity and other comprehensive income Untaxed reserves Post-employment benefits Other provisions Interest-bearing liabilities Financial risk management and financial instruments Other current liabilities Trade payables Assets pledged as collateral Contingent liabilities Statement of cash flows Leasing Information regarding employees Related party transactions Fees to auditors Events after the reporting period 101 102 104 105 106 106 106 107 107 108 109 110 111 111 112 112 113 114 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 117 117 117 118 118 118 100 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Parent company FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Parent Company income statement January–December, SEK million Notes 2016 2015 2014 Net sales Cost of sales Gross income Selling expenses Administrative expenses Operating expenses Other operating income and expenses Operating income Financial income Financial expenses Income after financial items Contributions to subsidiaries, net Taxes Net income Parent Company statement of comprehensive income January–December, SEK million Net income Other comprehensive income Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Interest-bearing securities, non-current Gains/losses arising during the period Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Fair value remeasurement Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income P2 P3 P3 P14 P4 – – – –70 –1,115 –1,185 2,698 1,513 15,179 –1,140 15,552 –1,100 14,452 –206 14,246 – – – –118 –922 –1,040 2,889 1,849 15,966 –1,014 16,801 –1,500 15,301 –208 15,093 – – – –262 –947 –1,209 3,088 1,879 26,912 –3,228 25,563 –1,700 23,863 –263 23,600 2016 14,246 2015 15,093 2014 23,600 –7 –5 –12 – 457 457 – 46 46 14,234 15,550 23,646 Financials – Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 101 Notes P5 P6 P7, P8 P7, P8 P7 P7, P11 P7, P10 P4 P7 P7 P9 P10 P10 P11 P12 P18 P18 2016 2015 547 396 809 456 81,564 330 955 18,667 1,467 179 1,233 7,586 80,928 330 1,067 14,322 1,440 218 1,610 – 112,924 101,180 3 – 43 1,091 35,143 160 2,039 12,991 22,311 73,781 6 1,241 22,337 158 1,949 25,506 23,118 74,315 186,705 175,495 FINANCIALS – Parent Company financial statements Parent Company balance sheet December 31, SEK million Assets Fixed assets Intangible assets Tangible assets Financial assets Investments Subsidiaries Joint ventures and associated companies Other investments Receivables from subsidiaries Customer finance, non-current Deferred tax assets Other financial assets, non-current Interest-bearing securities, non-current Current assets Inventories Receivables Trade receivables Customer finance, current Receivables from subsidiaries Current income taxes Other current receivables Short-term investments Cash and cash equivalents Total assets 102 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 December 31, SEK million Stockholders’ equity, provisions and liabilities Stockholders’ equity Capital stock Revaluation reserve Statutory reserve Restricted equity Retained earnings Net income Fair value reserves Non-restricted equity Provisions Post-employment benefits Other provisions Non-current liabilities Notes and bond loans Other borrowings, non-current Liabilities to subsidiaries Other non-current liabilities Current liabilities Borrowings, current Trade payables Liabilities to subsidiaries Other current liabilities Notes P13 P15 P16 P17 P17 P11 P17 P20 P11 P19 2016 2015 16,657 20 31,472 48,149 29,946 14,246 560 44,752 92,901 410 475 885 10,556 7,969 31,559 344 50,428 4,900 586 35,267 1,738 42,491 16,526 20 31,472 48,018 26,913 15,093 572 42,578 90,596 395 412 807 15,228 6,859 24,034 336 46,457 – 459 35,234 1,942 37,635 Total stockholders’ equity, provisions and liabilities 186,705 175,495 Financials – Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 103 FINANCIALS – Parent Company financial statements Parent Company statement of cash flows January–December, SEK million Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash Changes in operating net assets Inventories Customer finance, current and non-current Trade receivables Trade payables Provisions and post-employment benefits Other operating assets and liabilities, net Cash flow from operating activities Investing activities Investments in property, plant and equipment Investments in intangible assets Sales/disposals of property, plant and equipment Investments in shares and other investments Divestments of shares and other investments Lending, net Other investing activities Short-term investments Cash flow from investing activities Cash flow before financing activities Financing activities Changes in current liabilities to subsidiaries Proceeds from issuance of borrowings Repayment of borrowings Stock issue Sale/repurchase of own shares Dividends paid Settled contributions from/to (–) subsidiaries Other financing activities Cash flow from financing activities Effect from remeasurement in cash Net change in cash Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period P18 104 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Notes 2016 2015 2014 P23 14,246 1,738 15,984 –3 123 1,179 166 105 54 1,624 17,608 –178 –6 51 –1,478 836 –18,173 –22 3,690 –15,280 2,328 7,882 – – 131 –26 –12,058 –1,500 –322 –5,893 2,758 –807 23,118 22,311 15,093 2,207 17,300 27 137 1,612 –374 –664 –2,223 –1,485 15,815 –148 –17 – –166 1 –4,387 –875 5,616 24 15,839 –5,088 – – – 169 –11,033 –1,682 63 –17,571 407 –1,325 24,443 23,118 23,600 2,057 25,657 –20 –853 –1,083 –74 –425 2,360 –95 25,562 –223 –902 153 –979 201 –7,918 – 3,435 –6,233 19,329 –5,016 – –7,982 – 106 –9,702 –431 –619 –23,644 4,804 489 23,954 24,443 Parent Company statement of changes in stockholders’ equity SEK million January 1, 2016 Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Stock issue Sale of own shares Stock purchase plans Repurchase of own shares Dividends paid December 31, 2016 January 1, 2015 Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Stock issue Sale of own shares Stock purchase plans Repurchase of own shares Dividends paid December 31, 2015 Capital stock Revaluation reserve Statutory reserve Total restricted equity Disposition reserve Fair value reserves 16,526 20 31,472 48,018 100 – 131 – – – – 16,657 16,526 – – – – – – – – – – – – 20 20 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 131 – – – – 31,472 48,149 31,472 48,018 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 100 100 – – – – – – 572 –12 – – – – – 560 115 457 – – – – – 16,526 20 31,472 48,018 100 572 Other retained earnings Non- restricted equity 41,906 42,578 Total 90,596 14,246 14,234 14,234 – 105 24 –131 –12,058 44,092 – 105 24 –131 –12,058 44,752 131 105 24 –131 –12,058 92,901 37,656 37,871 85,889 15,093 15,550 15,550 – 169 21 – –11,033 41,906 – 169 21 – –11,033 42,578 – 169 21 – –11,033 90,596 Financials – Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 105 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements FINANCIALS notes to the Parent Company FINANCIAL STATEMENTS P1 Significant accounting policies P2 Other operating income and expenses The financial statements of the Parent Company, Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, have been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and RFR 2 “Reporting in separate financial statements.” RFR 2 requires the Parent Company to use the same accounting principles as for the Group, i.e., IFRS, to the extent allowed by RFR 2. The main deviations between accounting policies adopted for the Group and accounting policies for the Parent Company are: Subsidiaries, associated companies and joint ventures The investments are accounted for according to the acquisition cost method. Investments are carried at cost and only dividends are accounted for in the income statement. An impairment test is performed annually and write-downs are made when permanent decline in value is established. Contributions to/from subsidiaries and shareholders’ contributions are accounted for according to RFR 2. Contributions from/to Swedish subsidiaries are reported net in the income statement. Shareholders’ contributions increase the Parent Company’s investments. Classification and measurement of financial instruments IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement is adopted, except regarding financial guarantees where the exception allowed in RFR 2 is chosen. Financial guarantees are included in Contingent liabilities. Deferred taxes The accounting of untaxed reserves in the balance sheet results in differ- ent accounting of deferred taxes as compared to the principles applied in the consolidated statements. Swedish GAAP and tax regulations require a company to report certain differences between the tax basis and book value as an untaxed reserve in the balance sheet of the standalone finan- cial statements. Changes to these reserves are reported as an addition to, or withdrawal from, untaxed reserves in the income statement. Pensions Pensions are accounted for in accordance with the recommendation FAR SRS RedR 4 “Accounting for pension liability and pension cost” from the Institute for the Accountancy Profession in Sweden. According to RFR 2, IAS 19R shall be adopted regarding supplementary disclosures when applicable. Business combinations Transaction costs attributable to the acquisition are included in the cost of acquisition in the Parent Company statements compared to Group Statements where these costs are expensed as incurred. Other operating income and expenses License revenues and other operating revenues Subsidiary companies Other Net gains/losses (–) on sales of tangible assets Total 2016 2015 2014 2,414 284 – 2,698 2,584 305 – 2,889 2,882 207 –1 3,088 P3 Financial income and expenses Financial income and expenses Financial income Result from participations in subsidiary companies Dividends Net gains on sales Result from participations in joint ventures and associated companies Dividends Net gains on sales Result from other securities and receivables accounted for as fixed assets Net gains on sales Other interest income and similar profit/loss items Subsidiary companies Other Total Financial expenses Losses on sales of participations in subsidiary companies Write-down of investments in subsidiary companies Net loss from joint ventures and associated companies Write-down of participations in other companies Interest expenses and similar profit/loss items 2016 2015 2014 14,111 37 15,254 – 24,644 91 81 – 40 73 – – 1,101 –191 899 –260 249 200 – 740 988 15,179 15,966 26,912 –7 – –1 –129 –356 –317 – – –24 –44 –63 –826 –91 –1,140 14,039 –26 –500 –88 –1,014 14,952 – – –103 –1,121 –1,686 –3,228 23,684 Critical accounting estimates and judgments See Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note C2, “Critical accounting estimates and judgments.” Major critical accounting estimates and judgments applicable to the Parent Company include “Trade and customer finance receivables” and “Acquired intellectual property rights and other intangible assets, excluding goodwill.” Subsidiary companies Other Other financial expenses Total Financial net Interest expenses on pension liabilities are included in the interest expenses shown above. 106 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 P4 Taxes P5 Intangible assets Income taxes recognized in the income statement Patents, licenses, trademarks and similar rights Accumulated acquisition costs Opening balance Acquisitions Sales/disposals Closing balance Accumulated amortization Opening balance Amortization Sales/disposals Closing balance Accumulated impairment losses Opening balance Impairment losses Closing balance Net carrying value The balances are mainly related to RF technology. 2016 2015 5,080 6 – 5,086 –3,326 –268 – –3,594 –945 – –945 547 5,063 17 – 5,080 –2,925 –401 – –3,326 –945 – –945 809 Current income taxes for the year Current income taxes related to prior years Deferred tax income/expense (+/–) Tax expense 2016 –54 –113 –39 –206 2015 –69 –130 –9 –208 2014 –87 –170 –6 –263 A reconciliation between actual tax expense for the year and the theoreti- cal tax expense that would arise when applying the statutory tax rate in Sweden, 22.0%, on the income before taxes is shown in the table below. Reconciliation of Swedish income tax rate with actual tax Expected tax expense at Swedish tax rate 22.0% Current income taxes related to prior years Tax effect of non-deductible expenses Tax effect of non-taxable income Tax effect related to write-downs of investments in subsidiary companies Actual tax expense 2016 –3,176 –113 –14 3,125 –28 –206 2015 –3,366 –130 –13 3,383 –82 –208 2014 –5,250 –170 –326 5,554 –71 –263 Deferred tax balances Tax effects of temporary differences have resulted in deferred tax assets as follows: Deferred tax assets Deferred tax assets 2016 179 2015 218 Deferred tax assets refer mainly to costs related to customer finance and post-employment benefits. Financials – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 107 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements P6 Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment 2016 Accumulated acquisition costs Opening balance Additions Sales/disposals Reclassifications Closing balance Accumulated depreciation Opening balance Depreciation Sales/disposals Closing balance Net carrying value 2015 Accumulated acquisition costs Opening balance Additions Sales/disposals Reclassifications Closing balance Accumulated depreciation Opening balance Depreciation Sales/disposals Closing balance Net carrying value Other equipment and instal lations Construction in process and advance payments 1,686 70 –237 100 1,619 –1,324 –187 231 –1,280 339 1,569 21 – 96 1,686 –1,163 –161 – –1,324 362 94 108 –45 –100 57 – – – – 57 64 126 – –96 94 – – – – 94 Total 1,780 178 –282 – 1,676 –1,324 –187 231 –1,280 396 1,633 147 – – 1,780 –1,163 –161 – –1,324 456 108 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 P7 Financial assets Investments in subsidiary companies, joint ventures and associated companies Opening balance Acquisitions and stock issues Shareholders’ contribution Repayment of shareholders’ contribution Write-downs Disposals Closing balance Other financial assets Subsidiary companies Associated companies 2016 80,928 458 892 –571 –129 –14 81,564 2015 81,265 7 – – –344 – 80,928 2016 2015 330 – – – – – 330 337 – – – –7 – 330 Other investments in shares and participations Receivables from subsidiaries, non-current Interest-bearing securities, non-current Customer finance, non-current Other financial assets, non-current 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Accumulated acquisition costs Opening balance Additions Disposals/repayments/ deductions Reclassifications Fair value remeasurement Translation difference 1,099 118 –203 – –5 – 507 159 –24 – 457 – 14,322 3,490 13,290 – – 7,593 – – – 855 –54 – – 1,086 – – –7 – Closing balance 1,009 1,099 18,667 14,322 7,586 Accumulated write-downs/ allowances Opening balance Write-downs/allowances Disposals/repayments/ deductions Reclassifications Translation difference Closing balance Net carrying value –32 –22 – – – –54 955 –11 –21 – – – –32 1,067 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18,667 14,322 7,586 1) Convertible loan with PanOptis Holdings, LLC signed of 870 MSEK on the 19th of December 2015. – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,456 2,200 –2,264 –12 – 96 1,476 –16 –3 11 – –1 –9 1,467 1,554 2,262 –1,807 –581 – 28 1,456 –79 –3 67 – –1 –16 1,440 1,610 119 –44 –452 – – 811 923 1) –25 –99 – – 1,233 1,610 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,233 1,610 Financials – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 109 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements P8 Investments The following listing shows certain shareholdings owned directly and indirectly by the Parent Company as of December 31, 2016. A complete listing of shareholdings, prepared in accordance with the Swedish Annual Accounts Act and filed with the Swedish Companies Registra- tion Office (Bolagsverket), may be obtained upon request to: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, External Reporting, SE-164 83 Stockholm, Sweden. Shares owned directly by the Parent Company Company Subsidiary companies Ericsson AB Ericsson Shared Services AB Netwise AB Datacenter i Rosersberg AB Datacenter i Mjärdevi Aktiebolag AB Aulis Ericsson Credit AB Other (Sweden) Ericsson Austria GmbH Ericsson Danmark A/S Oy LM Ericsson Ab Ericsson Participations France SAS Ericsson Germany GmbH Ericsson Hungary Ltd. L M Ericsson Limited Ericsson Telecomunicazioni S.p.A. Ericsson Holding International B.V. Ericsson A/S Ericsson Television AS Ericsson Corporatia AO Ericsson España S.A. Ericsson AG Ericsson Holdings Ltd. Other (Europe, excluding Sweden) Ericsson Holding II Inc. Companía Ericsson S.A.C.I. Ericsson Canada Inc. Belair Networks Ericsson Telecom S.A. de C.V. Other (United States, Latin America) Teleric Pty Ltd. Ericsson Ltd. Ericsson (China) Company Ltd. Ericsson India Private Ltd. Ericsson India Global Services PVT. Ltd Ericsson Media Solutions Ltd Ericsson-LG CO Ltd. Ericsson (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. Ericsson Telecommunications Pte. Ltd. Ericsson South Africa PTY. Ltd Ericsson Taiwan Ltd. Ericsson (Thailand) Ltd. Other countries (the rest of the world) Total Joint ventures and associated companies ST-Ericsson SA Rockstar Consortium Group Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d. Total Reg. No. Domicile Percentage of own- ership Par value in local currency, million Carrying value, SEK million 556056-6258 556251-3266 556404-4286 556895-3748 556366-2302 556030-9899 556326-0552 Sweden Sweden Sweden Sweden Sweden Sweden Sweden Austria Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy The Netherlands Norway Norway Russia Spain Switzerland United Kingdom United States Argentina Canada Canada Mexico Australia China China India India Israel Korea Malaysia Singapore South Africa Taiwan Thailand Switzerland Canada Croatia 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 – 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 – 100 95 1) 100 100 100 – 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 70 100 70 90 49 2) – 50 21 49 50 361 2 – 10 14 5 – 4 90 13 26 – 1,301 4 44 222 75 161 5 43 – 328 – 2,897 41 – – 939 – 20 2 65 725 389 9 375 2 2 – 270 90 – 137 1 65 20,731 2,216 306 88 69 6 5 1,642 65 216 196 524 4,232 120 34 5,357 3,200 114 1,670 5 170 – 4,094 680 29,907 15 51 170 1,050 96 100 2 475 147 64 711 2,544 4 1 135 36 17 299 81,564 – – 330 330 1) Through subsidiary holdings, total holdings amount to 100% of Compania Ericsson S.A.C.I. 2) Through subsidiary holdings, total holdings amount to 100% of Ericsson (Thailand) Ltd. 110 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Shares owned by subsidiary companies Company Subsidiary companies Ericsson Cables Holding AB Ericsson France SAS Ericsson Telekommunikation GmbH 1) Ericsson Telecommunicatie B.V. Ericsson Telekomunikasyon A.S. Ericsson Ltd. Creative Broadcast Services Holdings Ltd. Ericsson Inc. Ericsson Wifi Inc. Drutt Corporation Inc. Redback Networks Inc. Telcordia Technologies Inc. Ericsson Telecomunicações S.A. Ericsson Australia Pty. Ltd. Ericsson (China) Communications Co. Ltd. Nanjing Ericsson Panda Communication Co. Ltd. Ericsson Japan K.K. Ericsson Communication Solutions Pte Ltd. Reg. No. Domicile Percentage of ownership 556044-9489 Sweden France Germany The Netherlands Turkey United Kingdom United Kingdom United States United States United States United States United States Brazil Australia China China Japan Singapore 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 51 100 100 1) Disclosures Pursuant to Section 264b of the German Commercial Code (Handelsgesetzbuch – HGB) Applying Section 264b HGB, Ericsson Holding GmbH and Ericsson Telekommunikation GmbH, located in Frankfurt am Main/Germany, are exempted from the obligation to prepare, have audited and disclose financial statements and a management report in accordance with the legal requirements being applicable for German corporations. P9 Inventories Inventories Finished products and goods for resale Inventories P10 Trade receivables and customer finance Credit risk management is governed on a Group level. For further information, see Notes to the consolidated financial state- ments – Note C14, “Trade receivables and customer finance” and Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments.” Trade receivables and customer finance 2016 2015 3 3 – – Trade receivables excluding associated companies and joint ventures Allowances for impairment Trade receivables, net Trade receivables related to associated companies and joint ventures Trade receivables, total Customer finance Allowances for impairment Customer finance, net 2016 2015 64 –22 42 1 43 2,663 –105 2,558 28 –22 6 – 6 2,871 –190 2,681 Movements in allowances for impairment Opening balance Additions Utilization Reversal of excess amounts Translation difference Closing balance Trade receivables Customer finance 2016 2015 22 1 – –1 – 22 23 – – – –1 22 2016 190 27 –108 –5 1 105 2015 255 27 –47 –42 –3 190 Financials – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 111 Trade receivables excluding associated companies and joint ventures Allowances for impairment of receivables Trade receivables related to associated companies and joint ventures Customer finance Allowances for impairment of customer finance 22 4 30 – – 8 64 22 – –4 – – 10 28 – – – – – –22 –22 – – – – – –22 –22 1 – – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1,438 1,058 3 3 14 147 2,663 1,568 1,075 4 3 11 210 2,871 – –7 – – –6 –92 –105 – –12 – – –8 –170 –190 2016 2,663 122 2,785 16 –805 1,996 2,558 1,091 3,390 2015 2,871 70 2,941 26 –1,431 1,536 2,681 1,241 3,432 P11 Receivables and liabilities – subsidiary companies Receivables and liabilities – subsidiary companies Payment due by period < 1 year 1–5 years >5 years Total 2016 Total 2015 Non-current receivables 1) Financial receivables 54 18,613 Current receivables Trade receivables Financial receivables Total Non-current liabilities 1) Financial liabilities Current liabilities Trade payables Financial liabilities Total 2,093 33,050 35,143 – 284 34,983 35,267 – – – – – – – – – – – 18,667 14,322 2,093 33,050 35,143 3,107 19,230 22,337 31,559 31,559 24,034 – – – 284 34,983 35,267 233 35,001 35,234 1) Including non-interest-bearing receivables and liabilities, net, amounting to SEK –31,559 (–24,034) million. P12 Other current receivables Other current receivables Prepaid expenses Accrued revenues Derivatives with a positive value Other Total 2016 267 51 1,077 644 2,039 2015 304 62 973 610 1,949 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Aging analysis as per December 31 2016 Neither impaired nor past due Impaired, not past due Past due in less than 90 days Past due in 90 days or more Past due and impaired in less than 90 days Past due and impaired in 90 days or more Total 2015 Neither impaired nor past due Impaired, not past due Past due in less than 90 days Past due in 90 days or more Past due and impaired in less than 90 days Past due and impaired in 90 days or more Total Outstanding customer finance On-balance sheet customer finance Financial guarantees for third-parties Total customer finance Accrued interest Less third-party risk coverage Parent Company’s risk exposure On-balance sheet credits, net carrying value Of which current Credit commitments for customer finance Transfers of financial assets Transfers where the Parent Company has not derecognized the assets in their entirety As per December 31, 2016 there existed no customer financing assets that the Parent Company had transferred to third-parties where the Par- ent Company did not derecognize the assets in their entirety. However, it existed such transaction in 2015. The total carrying amount of the original assets transferred, before the transfer, was 2015 SEK 534 million; the amount of the assets that the Parent Company continues to recognize was 2015 SEK 27 million; and the carrying amount of the associated liabil- ities was SEK 0 million. 112 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 P13 Equity and other comprehensive income Capital stock 2016 Capital stock at December 31, 2016, consisted of the following: Capital stock Class A shares 1) Class B shares 1) Total Number of shares Capital stock 261,755,983 3,069,395,752 3,331,151,735 1,309 15,348 16,657 1) Class A shares (quotient value SEK 5.00) and Class B shares (quotient value SEK 5.00). The Board of Directors proposes that a dividend of SEK 1.00 (3.70) per share be paid to shareholders duly registered on the record date of March 31, 2017, and that the Parent Company shall retain the remaining part of non-restricted equity. The Class B treasury shares held by the Parent Company are not entitled to receive dividend. Assuming that no treasury shares remain on the record date, the Board of Directors pro- poses that earnings be distributed as follows: Proposed disposition of earnings Proposed disposition of earnings Amount to be paid to the shareholders Amount to be retained by the Parent Company Total non-restricted equity of the Parent Company SEK 3,331,151,735 SEK 41,420,521,393 SEK 44,751,673,128 Equity and other comprehensive income 2016 January 1, 2016 Net income Other comprehensive income Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Interest-bearing securities, non-current Gains/losses arising during the period Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Fair value remeasurement Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Stock issue Sale of own shares Stock Purchase Plans Repurchase of own shares Dividends paid December 31, 2016 Equity and other comprehensive income 2015 January 1, 2015 Net income Other comprehensive income Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss Revaluation of other investments in shares and participations Fair value remeasurement Total other comprehensive income, net of tax Total comprehensive income Transactions with owners Stock issue Sale of own shares Stock Purchase Plans Repurchase of own shares Dividends paid December 31, 2015 Capital stock Revaluation reserve Statutory reserve Total restricted equity Disposition reserve Fair value reserves 16,526 – – – – – 131 – – – – 20 – – – – – – – – – – 31,472 48,018 100 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 131 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 572 – –7 –5 –12 –12 – – – – – 16,657 20 31,472 48,149 100 560 Capital stock Revaluation reserve Statutory reserve Total restricted equity Disposition reserve Fair value reserves 16,526 – – – – – – – – – 20 – – – – – – – – – 31,472 48,018 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 100 – – – – – – – – – 115 – 457 457 457 – – – – – 16,526 20 31,472 48,018 100 572 Other retained earnings Non- restricted equity 41,906 42,578 Total 90,596 14,246 14,246 14,246 – – – – – 105 24 –131 –12,058 44,092 –7 –7 –5 –12 –12 – 105 24 –131 –12,058 44,752 –5 –12 –12 131 105 24 –131 –12,058 92,901 Other retained earnings Non- restricted equity 37,656 37,871 Total 85,889 15,093 15,093 15,093 – – – – 169 21 – –11,033 41,906 457 457 457 – 169 21 – –11,033 42,578 457 457 457 – 169 21 – –11,033 90,596 Financials – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 113 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements P14 Untaxed reserves Contributions to Swedish subsidiaries amount to SEK 1,100 (1,500) million. There were no contributions from Swedish subsidiaries in 2016 and 2015. P15 Post-employment benefits The Parent Company has two types of pension plans: > Defined contribution plans: post-employment benefit plans where the Parent Company pays fixed contributions into separate entities and has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions if the entities do not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee benefits relat- ing to employee service. The expenses for defined contribution plans are recognized during the period when the employee provides service. > Defined benefit plans: post-employment benefit plans where the Parent Company’s undertaking is to provide predetermined benefits that the employee will receive on or after retirement. The ITP2 plan for the Parent Company is partly funded. ITP2 is a supplementary pension plan for salaried employees born before 1979. Pension obligations are calculated annually, on the balance sheet date, based on actuarial assumptions. Defined benefit obligation – amount recognized in the Balance sheet Present value of wholly or partially funded pension plans 1) Fair value of plan assets Unfunded/net surplus (–) of funded pension plans Present value of unfunded pension plans Excess from plan assets not accounted for Closing balance provision for pensions 2016 832 –1,174 –342 410 342 410 2015 814 –1,080 –266 395 266 395 1) The ITP2 obligation is covered by the Swedish law on safeguarding of pension commitments and amounts to SEK 825 (804) million. The defined benefit obligations are calculated based on the actual salary levels at year-end and based on a discount rate of 2.9%. Weighted average life expectancy after the age of 65 is 25 years for women and 23 years for men. The Parent Company utilizes no assets held by the pension trust. Return on plan assets was 8.7 (4.7)%. P16 Other provisions Other provisions 2016 Opening balance Additions Reversal of excess amounts Cash out/utilization Reclassifications Closing balance 2015 Opening balance Additions Reversal of excess amounts Cash out/utilization Reclassifications Closing balance 1) Of which SEK 470 (407) million is expected to be utilized within one year. 114 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Plan assets allocation Cash and cash equivalents Equity securities Debt securities Real estate Investment funds Total Of which Ericsson securities Change in the defined benefit obligation Opening balance Pension costs, excluding taxes, related to defined benefit obligations accounted for in the income statement Pension payments Return on plan assets Return on plan assets not accounted for Closing balance provision for pensions 2016 2015 102 223 493 229 127 – 205 538 149 188 1,174 – 1,080 – 2016 395 110 –77 –94 76 410 2015 390 104 –78 –49 28 395 Estimated pension payments for 2017 are SEK 81 million. Total pension cost and income recognized in the Income statement 2016 2015 2014 Defined benefit obligations Costs excluding interest and taxes Interest cost Credit insurance premium Total cost defined benefit plans excluding taxes Defined contribution plans Pension insurance premium Total cost defined contribution plans excluding taxes Return on plan assets Total pension cost, net excluding taxes 74 36 2 68 36 – 112 104 85 85 –18 179 71 71 –21 154 39 54 2 95 65 65 –24 136 Of the total pension cost, SEK 162 (139 in 2015 and 106 in 2014) million is included in operating expenses and SEK 17 (15 in 2015 and 30 in 2014) million in the financial net. Restruc turing Customer finance Other Total other provisions1) 50 83 –60 –2 – 71 32 32 –12 –2 – 50 4 – – – – 4 8 – –4 – – 4 358 70 – –28 – 400 1,041 126 – –809 – 358 412 153 –60 –30 – 475 1,081 158 –16 –811 – 412 p17 Interest-bearing liabilities As of December 31, 2016, the Parent Company’s outstanding inter- est-bearing liabilities, excluding liabilities to subsidiaries, stood at SEK 23.4 (22.1) billion. Interest-bearing liabilities Borrowings, current Current part of non-current borrowings Other current borrowings Total current borrowings Borrowings, non-current Notes and bond loans Other borrowings, non-current Total non-current interest-bearing liabilities Total interest-bearing liabilities 1) Including notes and bond loans of SEK 4,900 (0) million. 2016 2015 4,900 1) – 4,900 – – – 10,556 7,969 18,525 23,425 14,699 7,388 22,087 22,087 Notes, bonds, bilateral loans and committed credit To secure long-term funding, the Parent Company uses notes and bond programs together with bilateral research and development loans. All out- standing notes and bond loans are issued by the Parent Company under its Euro Medium-Term Note (EMTN) program or under its U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Registered program. Bonds issued at a fixed interest rate are normally swapped to a floating interest rate using interest rate swaps leaving a maximum of 50% of outstanding loans at fixed interest rates. Total weighted average interest rate cost for the long- term funding during the year was 2.76% (2.58%). The outstanding EUR bond is revalued based on changes in benchmark interest rates accord- ing to the fair value hedge methodology stipulated in IAS 39. In June 2016, the Company exercised its first extension option under- the USD 2 billion multi-currency revolving credit facility, extending thema- turity date to June 2021. One extension option of one year remains.In November 2016, the Company signed a new EUR 0.5 billion termloan facility. The new facility has a tenor of two years with one extension option of one year and the facility serves for general corporate purposes. Issued–maturing Notes and bond loans 2007–2017 2010–2020 2) 2012–2022 Total notes and bond loans Bilateral loans 2012–2019 3) 2012–2021 4) 2013–2020 5) Total bilateral loans Committed credit Long-term committed credit facility 6) Term loan facility 7) Total committed credit Nominal amount Coupon Currency Book value (SEK million) 9) Maturity date 5.375% 4.125% 500 170 1,000 98 98 684 2,000 500 EUR USD USD USD USD USD USD EUR 4,900 1) 1,540 9,016 8) 15,456 887 889 6,193 7,969 – – – June 27, 2017 December 23, 2020 May 15, 2022 September 30, 2019 September 30, 2021 November 6, 2020 June 5, 2021 November 10, 2018 Unrealized hedge gain/loss (included in book value) –120 –120 1) Interest rate swaps are designated as fair value hedges. 2) Private Placement, Swedish Export Credit Corporation (SEK). 3) Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), R&D project financing. 4) Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), R&D project financing. 5) European Investment Bank (EIB), R&D project financing. 6) Multi-currency revolving credit facility. Unutilized. One 8) Market value SEK 9,092 million. 9) Market value is approximately equal to book value one-year extension option remains. except where indicated. 7) Bridge term loan facility. Unutilized. One one-year extension option remains. P18 Financial risk management and financial instruments Ericsson’s financial risk management is governed on a Group level. For further information see Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Note C20, ”Financial Risk Management and Financial Instruments”. Outstanding derivatives 1) Fair value Asset Liability Asset Liability 2016 2015 Currency derivatives Maturity within 3 months Maturity between 3 and 12 months Maturity between 1 and 3 years Total Of which internal 572 469 1,041 437 345 157 502 173 377 225 – 602 49 352 225 – 577 398 Fair value Asset Liability Asset Liability 2016 2015 Interest rate derivatives Maturity within 3 months Maturity between 3 and 12 months Maturity between 1 and 3 years Maturity between 3 and 5 years Maturity of more than 5 years Total Of which designated in fair value hedge relations – 239 191 – 65 495 2) 120 – 82 205 6 116 409 – 5 165 545 53 94 862 2) 338 – 234 243 176 108 761 – 1) Some of the derivatives hedging non-current liabilities are recognized in the balance sheet as non-current due to hedge accounting 2) Of which SEK 0 (452) million is reported as non-current assets. Financials – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 115 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Note 18, contd. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments 1) Funding programs 1) SEK billion Banks Type of issuer/counterpart Governments Corporations Mortgage institutes 2016 2015 Remaining time to maturity < 3 months 3–12 months 14.3 – 1–5 years – >5 years – – 8.0 – 22.3 23.0 0.5 – 0.7 1.2 2.6 7.1 – 12.0 19.1 22.4 0.3 – – 0.3 0.6 Total 14.3 7.9 8.0 12.7 42.9 48.6 1) Including interest-bearing securities, non-current. The instruments are either classified as held for trading or as assets available-for-sale with maturity less than one year and are therefore short- term investments. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are mainly held in SEK unless offset by EUR-funding. Instruments held for trading with a remaining maturity longer than one year amounted to SEK 11.9 billion and were reported as Interest-bearing securities, current. Debt financing is mainly carried out through borrowing in the Swedish and international debt capital markets. Bank financing is used for certain subsidiary funding and to obtain committed credit facilities, see Note P17, “Interest-bearing liabilities.” Euro Medium-Term Note program (USD million) SEC Registered program (USD million) Amount Utilized Unutilized 5,000 2) 698 1,000 4,302 – 1) There are no financial covenants related to these programs. 2) Program amount indeterminate. In October 2016, Moody’s announced that they have downgraded the senior unsecured debt ratings to Baa2 from Baa1 and the MTN program rating to Baa2 from Baa1. At the same time, the agency placed the com- pany’s Baa2/Baa2 ratings on review for further downgrade. In December 2016, Moody’s concluded their review and announced that they have- downgraded the senior unsecured debt ratings to Baa3 from Baa2 and the MTN program rating to Baa3 from Baa2, with a negative outlook. In October 2016, S&P announced that they have downgraded the long-term corporate credit rating on Ericsson to BBB from BBB+, with a negative outlook. Fair valuation of the Company’s financial instruments The Company’s financial instruments generally meet the requirements of level 1 valuation due to the fact that they are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Exceptions to this relates to: > OTC derivatives with an amount of gross SEK 1.9 (2.8) billion in relation to assets and gross SEK 1.2 (2.7) billion in relation to liabilities were val- ued based on references to other market data as currency or interest rates. These valuations fall under level 2 valuation as defined by IFRS. > Ownership in other companies and other financial investments where the Company neither has control nor significant influence. The amount recognized in these cases was SEK 1.9 (1.9) billion. These assets, clas- sified as level 3 assets for valuation purposes, have been valued based on value in use technique. Financial instruments, book value Trade recei v ables Inter- est-bearing securities Rec eiv- ables and liabilities sub sidi- aries Interest bearing lia- bilities Trade payables Cash equivalent Other current receivables Other current liabilities Other financial assets P10 P7 / P18 P11 P17 P20 P12 1.1 P19 –0.7 8.9 P7 0.9 0.3 1.0 SEK billion Note Assets at fair value through profit or loss Loans and receivables Available-for-sale Financial Liabilities at amortized cost 2.6 13.0 7.6 53.8 –66.8 –13 Total 2.6 20.6 –23.4 –23.4 –0.4 –0.4 8.9 1.1 –0.7 2.2 P19 Other current liabilities P20 Trade payables Other current liabilities Trade payables Accrued interest Accrued expenses, of which Employee related Other Deferred revenues Derivatives with a negative value Other current liabilities Total 2016 2015 212 616 289 326 16 738 156 195 643 382 261 43 940 121 1,738 1,942 Trade payables excluding associated companies and joint ventures Associated companies and joint ventures Total All trade payables fall due within 90 days. 116 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 2016 2015 23.5 56.4 8.6 –90.6 –2.1 40.2 39.4 1.1 –81.7 –1.0 2016 2015 400 186 586 273 186 459 P21 Assets pledged as collateral P24 Leasing Assets pledged as collateral Bank deposits Total 2016 584 584 2015 526 526 Leasing with the Parent Company as lessee At December 31, 2016, future payment obligations for leases were distributed as follows: Future payment obligations for leases The major item in bank deposits is the internal bank’s clearing and settle- ment commitments of SEK 345 (295) million. P22 Contingent liabilities Contingent liabilities Total contingent liabilities 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 and later Total Operating leases 616 520 486 428 400 1,099 3,549 2016 2015 22,677 22,461 Leasing with the Parent Company as lessor At December 31, 2016, future minimum payment receivables were distributed as follows: Contingent liabilities include pension commitments of SEK 17,373 (17,544) million. In accordance with standard industry practice, the Company enters into commercial contract guarantees related to contracts for the supply of telecommunication equipment and services. The total amount for 2016 was SEK 23,094 (22,420) million. Potential payments due under these bonds are related to the Company’s performance under applicable contracts. For information about financial guarantees, see Note P10, “Trade Receivables and Customer Finance.” P23 Statement of cash flows Interest paid in 2016 amounted to SEK 564 million (SEK 557 in 2015 and SEK 864 million in 2014) and interest received was SEK 304 million (SEK 1,009 in 2015 and SEK 1,657 million in 2014). Taxes paid, including with- holding tax, were SEK 121 million in 2016 (SEK 327 million in 2015 and SEK 321 million in 2014). Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash Property, plant and equipment Depreciation Total Intangible assets Amortization Total Total depreciation and amortization on tangible and intangible assets Taxes Write-downs and capital gains (–)/losses on sale of fixed assets, excluding customer finance, net Unsettled group contributions Unsettled dividends Other non-cash items Total adjustments to reconcile net income to cash 2016 2015 2014 187 187 268 268 455 84 78 1,100 –7 28 161 161 402 402 563 –119 400 1,500 – –137 171 171 355 355 526 –58 28 1,700 – –139 1,738 2,207 2,057 Future minimum payment receivables Operating leases 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 and later Total 4 1 – – – – 5 The operating lease income is mainly income from the subleasing of real estate. See Notes to the consolidated financial statements, Note C27, “Leasing.” P25 Information regarding employees Average number of employees 2016 2015 Men Women Total Men Women Total 209 172 381 209 209 193 17 210 193 193 402 189 591 402 402 192 165 357 192 192 167 19 186 167 167 359 184 543 359 359 Northern Europe & Central Asia 1) 2) Middle East Total 1) Of which in Sweden 2) Of which in EU Remuneration Wages and salaries and social security expenses Wages and salaries Social security expenses Of which pension costs Wages and salaries per region Northern Europe & Central Asia 1) 2) Middle East Total 1) Of which in Sweden 2) Of which in the EU 2016 2015 755 361 221 733 361 194 2016 2015 480 275 755 480 480 479 254 733 479 479 Financials – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 117 FINANCIALS – Notes to the Parent Company financial statements Note 25, contd. Remuneration in foreign currency has been translated to SEK at average exchange rates for the year. Remuneration to the Board of Directors and the President and CEO See Notes to the consolidated financial statements, Note C28, “Informa- tion regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group manage- ment and employees.” Long-term variable compensation The Stock Purchase Plan Compensation costs for all employees of the Parent Company amounted to SEK 24.7 (21.0) million. P26 Related party transactions During 2016, various transactions were executed pursuant to contracts based on terms customary in the industry and negotiated on an arm’s length basis. Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d. Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d. is a company providing the design, sales and service of telecommunications systems and equipment and an associ- ated member of the Ericsson Group. Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d. is located in Zagreb, Croatia. The Parent Company holds 49.07% of the shares. For the Parent Company, the major transactions are license revenues for Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d.’s usage of trademarks and received dividends. Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d. Related party transactions License revenues Dividends Related party balances Receivables 2016 2015 4 81 4 3 72 – The Parent Company does not have any contingent liabilities, assets pledged as collateral or guarantees toward Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d. ST-Ericsson ST-Ericsson was formed in 2009 as a joint venture, equally owned by Ericsson and STMicroelectronics. In early 2013 the parents agreed to split up and close the joint venture. The company ST-Ericsson is winding down and all business has been transferred to parents or divested during 2013. In 2013, the Parent Company acquired the remaining shares in ST-Ericsson AT SA which is now a fully owned subsidiary. The Parent Company does not have any contingent liabilities, assets pledged as collateral or guarantees towards ST-Ericsson. P27 Fees to auditors Fees to auditors 2016 Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax services fees Other fees Total 2015 Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax services fees Other fees Total 2014 Audit fees Audit-related fees Tax services fees Other fees Total PwC 23 8 1 – 32 22 8 2 – 32 24 7 1 1 33 The allocation of fees to the auditors is based on the requirements in the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. During the period 2014–2016, in addition to audit services, PwC provided certain audit-related services, tax and other services to the Parent Com- pany. The audit-related services include quarterly reviews, SSAE 16 reviews and services in connection with the issuing of certificates and opinions and consultation on financial accounting. The tax services include corporate tax compliance work. Other services include services related to acquisitions. P28 Events after the reporting period Börje Ekholm takes office as CEO and President Börje Ekholm takes office as CEO and President. On January 16, 2017, Ericsson announced that in connection with Börje Ekholm assuming the position as President and CEO of Ericsson, Jan Frykhammar, who has temporarily held the position as President and CEO, remains a member of the Executive Leadership Team and is appointed Executive Vice President and advisor to the CEO. Jan Frykhammar will support Börje Ekholm during a transition period and will focus on corporate governance and efficiency. Magnus Mandersson remains Executive Vice President, advisor to the CEO, focusing on customer relationships, and a member of the Executive Leadership Team. Magnus Mandersson also remains Chairperson of four out of Ericsson’s ten regions. Carl Mellander remains acting Chief Financial Officer and a member of ST-Ericsson Related party transactions License revenues Dividends Related party balances Receivables Payables 2016 2015 the Executive Leadership Team. – – 187 186 – – 185 186 Other related parties For information regarding the remuneration of management, see Notes to the consolidated financial statements, Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees.” 118 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 FINANCIALS risk factors You should carefully consider all the information in this Annual Report and in particular the risks and uncertainties outlined below. Based on the information currently known to us, we believe that the following information identifies the most significant risk factors affecting our business. Any of the factors described below, or any other risk factors discussed elsewhere in this report, could have a material negative effect on our business, revenues, operating and after-tax results, profit margins, financial condition, cash flow, liquidity, credit rating, market share, reputation, brand and/or our share price. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business. Furthermore, our operating results may have a greater variability than in the past and we may have difficulties in accurately predicting future developments. See also “Forward-Looking Statements.” Market, Technology and Business Risks Challenging global economic conditions and political unrest and uncertainty as well as geopolitical risks may adversely impact the demand and pricing for our products and services as well as limit our ability to grow. Challenging global economic conditions and political unrest anduncertainty as well as geopolitical risk could have adverse, wide-ranging effects on demand for our products and for the products of our customers. Adverse global economic conditions and political unrest and uncertainty as well as geopolitical risk could cause operators and other customers to postpone invest- ments or initiate other cost-cutting initiatives to improve their finan- cial position. This could result in significantly reduced expendi- tures for our products and services, including network infrastruc- ture, in which case our operating results would suffer. If demand for our products and services were to fall in the future, we could experience material adverse effects on our revenues, cash flow, capital employed and value of our assets and we could incur operating losses. Furthermore, if demand is significantly weaker or more volatile than expected, our credit rating, borrowing oppor- tunities and costs as well as the trading price of our shares could be adversely impacted. Should global economic conditions fail to improve or worsen or should political unrest and uncertainty or geopolitical problems fail to, improve, or worsen, other business risks we face could intensify and could also negatively impact the business prospects of operators and other customers. Some operators and other customers, in particular in markets with weak currencies, may incur borrowing difficulties and slower traffic development, which may negatively affect their investment plans and cause them to purchase less of our products and services. The potential adverse effects of an economic downturn include: > Reduced demand for products and services, resulting in increased price competition or deferrals of purchases, with lower revenues not fully compensated through reduced costs > Risks of excess and obsolete inventories and excess manu- facturing capacity Contents Market, Technology and Business risks Regulatory, Compliance and Corporate Governance risks Risks associated with owning Ericsson shares 119 125 127 > Risk of financial difficulties or failures among our suppliers > Increased demand for customer finance, difficulties in collec- tion of accounts receivable and increased risk of counter party failures > Risk of impairment losses related to our intangible assets as a result of lower forecasted sales of certain products > Increased difficulties in forecasting sales and financial results as well as increased volatility in our reported results > Changes in the value in our pension plan assets resulting from for example, adverse equity and credit market developments and/or increased pension liabilities resulting from, for example, lower discount rates. Such development may trigger additional pension trust capitalization needs affecting the company’s cash balance negatively > End user demand could also be adversely affected by reduced consumer spending on technology, changed operator pricing, security breaches and trust issues. > On June 23, 2016, the UK held a referendum in which voters approved an exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit”. As a result of the referendum it is expected that the British government will begin negotiating the terms of the UK´s withdrawal from the European Union. The long-term effects of Brexit will depend on any agreements the UK makes to retain access to European markets either during a transi- tional period or permanently as well as on the agreements the UK makes with other trading partners. Any of the potential effects of Brexit could have unpredictable consequences for credit markets and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial performance. > The recent change in political leadership in the U.S. has led to uncertainty about the U.S.’ position in a number of areas such as foreign policy, international trade, customs and taxation, which could adversely affect our business, results of opera- tions and financial performance. Financials – Risk factors Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 119 FINANCIALS – Risk factors We may not be successful in implementing our strategy or in achieving improvements in our earnings or in estimating addressable markets or market CAGR in the markets where we operate. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement our strategy to achieve future earnings, growth or cre- ate shareholder value. When deemed necessary, we undertake specific restructuring or cost-saving initiatives; however, there are no guarantees that such initiatives will be sufficient, successful or executed in time to deliver any improvements in our earnings. Furthermore, this annual report includes certain estimates with respect to addressable markets as well as with respect to CAGR in the markets in which we operate, including the Networks, IT & Cloud, Media, and Industry and Society business. If the underlying assumptions on which our estimates are based prove not to be accurate, the actual addressable markets and CAGR may be mate- rially different from the estimates presented in this annual report. The telecommunications industry fluctuates and is affected by many factors, including the economic environment, and deci- sions made by operators and other customers regarding their deployment of technology and their timing of purchases. The telecommunications industry has experienced downturns in the past in which operators substantially reduced their capital spending on new equipment. While we expect the network service provider equipment market, telecommunications services market and ICT market to grow in the coming years, the uncertainty sur- rounding the global economic recovery and the geopolitical situa- tion may materially harm actual market conditions. Moreover, mar- ket conditions are subject to substantial fluctuation, and could vary geographically and across technologies. Even if global conditions improve, conditions in the specific industry segments in which we participate may be weaker than in other segments. In that case, our revenue and operating results may be adversely affected. If capital expenditures by operators and other customers are weaker than we anticipate, our revenues, operating results and profitability may be adversely affected. The level of demand from operators and other customers who buy our products and ser- vices can change quickly and can vary over short periods of time, including from month to month. Due to the uncertainty and varia- tions in the telecommunication industry, as well as in the ICT industry, accurately forecasting revenues, results, and cash flow remains difficult. Sales volumes and gross margin levels are affected by the mix and order time of our products and services. Our sales to operators and other customers represent a mix of equipment, software and services, which normally generate different gross margins. We sell our own products as well as third- party products, which normally have lower margins than our own products. As a consequence, our reported gross margin in a specific period will be affected by the overall mix of products and services as well as the relative content of third-party products. In the areas IT & Cloud, Media and Industry and Society, third-party products and services represent a larger portion of our business than our traditional sales, which challenge our business models including our terms and conditions. Further, network expansions and upgrades have much shorter lead times for delivery than initial network build outs. Orders for such network expansions and upgrades are normally placed at short notice by customers, often less than a month in advance, and consequently variations in demand are difficult to forecast. As a result, changes in our prod- 120 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 uct and service mix and the short order time for certain of our products may affect our ability to accurately forecast sales and margins or detect in advance whether actual results will deviate from market consensus. Short-term variation could have a mate- rial adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flow. We may not be able to properly respond to market trends in the industries in which we operate, including the conver- gence of IT and telecom. We are affected by market conditions and trends within the indus- tries in which we operate, including the convergence of the IT and telecom industries. Technological developments largely drive convergences enabling digitalization and a move from dedicated hardware to software and cloud based services. This is changing the competitive landscape as well as value chains and business models and affects our objective-setting, risk assessment and strategies. The change lowers entry barriers to the market and competitors new to our business have entered and may continue to enter the market and negatively impact our market share in selected areas. If we fail to understand the market development, or fail to acquire the necessary competencies to develop and sell products, services and solutions that are competitive in this changing business environment, our business, operating results and financial condition will suffer. Our business depends upon the continued growth of mobile communications and the success of our existing customer base, the telecom operators. If growth slows or if our custom- ers do not manage to maintain or grow relevance in the emerg- ing digital value chain or if our products and/or services are not successful , our customers´ investment in networks may slow or stop, harming our business and operating results. A substantial portion of our business depends on the continued growth of mobile communications in terms of both the number of subscriptions and usage per subscriber, which in turn drives the continued deployment and expansion of network systems by our customers. If operators fail to increase the number of subscribers and/or usage does not increase, our business and operating results could be materially adversely affected. Also, if operators fail to mon- etize services, fail to adapt their business models or experience a decline in operator revenues or profitability, their willingness to fur- ther invest in their networks may decrease which will reduce their demand for our products and services and have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Traffic development on cellular network could be affected if more traffic is offloaded to WI-FI-networks. Further alternative ser- vices provided over the internet have profound effects on operator voice/SMS revenues with possible reduced capital expenses con- sequences. Our value system is depending on the development and success of global standards. This could be affected adversely in the future by industry forces more interested in de-facto stan- dards and or geo-political forces leading to standards fragment- ation and increased difficulties of creating economies of scale. Fixed and mobile networks converge and new technologies, such as IP and broadband, enable operators to deliver services in both fixed and mobile networks. We are dependent of the uptake of such services and the outcome of regulatory and standardiza- tion activities such as spectrum allocation. If delays in uptake, standardization or regulation occur, this could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. We face intense competition from our existing competitors as well as new entrants, including IT companies entering the telecommunications market, and this could materially adversely affect our results. The markets in which we operate are highly competitive in terms of price, functionality, service quality, customization, timing of development, and the introduction of new products and services. We face intense competition from significant competitors, many of which are very large, with substantial technological and financial resources and established relationships with operators. We also encounter increased competition from new market entrants and alternative technologies are evolving industry standards. In partic- ular, we face competition from large IT companies and web scale companies entering the telecommunications market who benefit from economies of scale due to being active in several industries. We cannot assure that we will be able to compete successfully with these companies. Our competitors may implement new tech- nologies before we do, offer more attractively priced or enhanced products, services or solutions, or they may offer other incentives that we do not provide. Some of our competitors may also have greater resources in certain business segments or geographic markets than we do. Increased competition could result in reduced profit margins, loss of market share, increased research and development costs as well as increased sales and marketing expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our busi- ness, operating results, financial condition and market share. Additionally, we operate in markets characterized by rapidly changing technology and also the nature in which this technology is being brought to market is rapidly changing e.g. through open- source projects. This results in continuous price erosion and increased price competition for our products and services. If our counter measures, including enhanced products and business models or cost reductions cannot be achieved or do not occur in a timely manner, there could be adverse impacts on our business, operating results, financial condition and market share. Vendor consolidation may lead to stronger competitors who are able to benefit from integration, scale and greater resources. Industry convergence and consolidation among equipment and services suppliers could potentially result in stronger competitors that are competing as end-to-end suppliers as well as competi- tors more specialized in particular areas, which could for example impact our areas such as IT & Cloud, Media and Industry and Society. Consolidation may also result in competitors with greater resources than we have or in reduction of our current scale advan- tages. This could have a materially adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial con dition and market share. A significant portion of our revenue is currently generated from a limited number of key customers, and operator con- solidation may increase our dependence on key customers. We also are significantly dependent on the sales of certain of our products and services both in core business and targeted areas. We derive most of our business from large, multi-year agreements with a limited number of significant customers. Many of these agreements are opened up on a yearly basis to renegotiate the price for our products and services and do not contain committed purchase volumes. Although no single customer represented more than 7% of our sales in 2016, our ten largest customers accounted for 46% of our sales in 2016. A loss of or a reduced role with a key customer could have a significant adverse impact on sales, profit and market share for an extended period. In addi- tion, our dependence on the sales of certain of our products and services in both core business and targeted areas may have significant adverse impact on sales, profit and market share. In recent years, network operators have undergone significant consolidation, resulting in fewer operators with activities in several countries. This trend is expected to continue, and intra-country consolidation is likely to accelerate as a result of competitive pres- sure. A market with fewer and larger operators will increase our reli- ance on key customers and may negatively impact our bargaining position and profit margins. Moreover, if the combined companies operate in the same geographic market, networks may be shared and less network equipment and fewer associated services may be required. Network investments could be delayed by the consoli- dation process, which may include, among others, actions relating to merger or acquisition agreements, securing necessary regula- tory approvals, or integration of businesses. Network operators also share parts of their network infrastructure through coopera- tion agreements rather than legal consolidations, which may adversely affect demand for network equipment. Accordingly, operator consolidation may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, market share and financial condition. Certain long-term agreements with customers still include commitments to future price reductions, requiring us to constantly manage and control our cost base. Long-term agreements with our customers are typically awarded on a competitive bidding basis. In some cases, such agreements also include a commitment to future price reductions. In order to maintain our gross margin with such price reductions, we continu- ously strive to reduce the costs of our products through design improvements, negotiation of better purchase prices from our suppliers, allocation of more production to low-cost countries and increased productivity in our own production. However, there can be no assurance that our actions to reduce costs will be sufficient or quick enough to maintain our gross margin in such contracts, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, oper- ating results and financial condition. Growth of our managed services business is difficult to predict, and requires taking significant contractual risks. Operators increasingly outsource parts of their operations to reduce cost and focus on new services. To address this oppor- tunity, we offer operators various services in which we manage their networks. The growth rate in the managed services market is difficult to forecast and each new contract carries a risk that transformation and integration of the operations will not be as fast or smooth as planned. Additionally, early contract margins are generally low and the mix of new and old contracts may negatively affect reported results in a given period. Contracts for such services normally cover several years and generate recurring revenues. However, such contracts have been, and may in the future be, terminated or reduced in scope, which has negative impacts on sales and earnings. While we believe we have a strong position in the managed services market, competition in this area is increasing, which may have adverse effects on our future growth, business, operating results and profitability. Financials – Risk factors Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 121 FINANCIALS – Risk factors We depend upon the development of new products and enhancements to our existing products, and the success of our substantial research and development investments is uncertain. Rapid technological and market changes in our industry require us to make significant investments in technological innovation. We invest significantly in new technology, products and solutions. In order for us to be successful, those technologies, products and solutions must be accepted by relevant standardization bodies and by the industry as a whole. The failure of our research and development efforts to be technically or commercially successful could have adverse effects on our business, operating results and financial condition. If we invest in the development of technologies, products and solutions that do not function as expected, are not adopted by the industry, are not ready in time, or are not success- ful in the marketplace, our sales and earnings may materially suffer. Additionally, it is common for research and development projects to encounter delays due to unforeseen problems. Delays in pro- duction and research and development may increase the cost of research and development efforts and put us at a disadvantage against our competition. This could have a material adverse effect upon our business, operating results and financial condition. We engage in acquisitions and divestments which may be disruptive and require us to incur significant expenses. In addition to in-house innovation efforts, we make strategic acquisitions in order to obtain various benefits such as reduced time-to-market, access to technology and competence, increased scale or to broaden our product portfolio or customer base. Future acquisitions could result in the incurrence of contingent liabilities and an increase in amortization expenses related to goodwill and other intangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity. Risks we could face with respect to acquisitions include: > Difficulties in the integration of the operations, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired company > Risks of entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience > Potential loss of employees > Diversion of management’s attention away from other business concerns > Expenses of any undisclosed or potential legal liabilities of the acquired company > Difficulties in identifying attractive available targets. From time to time we also divest parts of our business to optimize our product portfolio or operations. Any decision to dispose of or otherwise exit businesses may result in the recording of special charges, such as workforce reduction costs and industry- and technology-related write-offs. We cannot assure that we will be successful in consummating future acquisitions or divestments on favorable terms or at all. The risks associated with such acqui- sitions and divestments could have a material adverse effect upon our business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity. We are in, and may enter into new, JV arrangements and have, and may have new, partnerships, which may not be successful and expose us to future costs. Our JV and partnership arrangements, including for example our partnership with Cisco, may fail to perform as expected for various reasons, including an incorrect assessment of our needs and syn- 122 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 ergies, our inability to take action without the approval of our part- ners, our difficulties in implementing our business plans, the lack of capabilities or financial instability of our strategic partners. Our ability to work with these partners or develop new products and solutions may become constrained, which could harm our com- petitive position in the market. Additionally, our share of any losses from or commitments to contribute additional capital to such JVs and partnerships may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condi- tion and cash flow. We rely on a limited number of suppliers of components, production capacity and R&D and IT services, which exposes us to supply disruptions and cost increases. Our ability to deliver according to market demands and contrac- tual commitments depends significantly on obtaining a timely and adequate supply of materials, components, production capacity and other vital services on competitive terms. Although we strive to avoid single-source supplier solutions, this is not always possi- ble. Accordingly, there is a risk that we will be unable to obtain key supplies we need to produce our products and provide our ser- vices on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Failure by any of our suppliers could interrupt our product or services supply or operations and significantly limit sales or increase our costs. To find an alternative supplier or redesign products to replace com- ponents may take significant time which could cause significant delays or interruptions in the delivery of our products and services. We have from time to time experienced interruptions of supply and we may experience such interruptions in the future. Furthermore, our procurement of supplies requires us to pre- dict future customer demands. If we fail to anticipate customer demand properly, an over or under supply of components and production capacity could occur. In many cases, some of our competitors utilize the same manufacturers and if they have pur- chased capacity ahead of us we could be blocked from acquiring the needed products. This factor could limit our ability to supply our customers and increase costs. At the same time, we commit to certain capacity levels or component quantities, which, if unused, will result in charges for unused capacity or scrapping costs. We are also exposed to financial counterpart risks to suppliers when we pay in advance for supplies. Such supply dis- ruptions and cost increases may negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Product or service quality issues could lead to reduced revenue and gross margins and declining sales to existing and new customers. Sales contracts normally include warranty undertakings for faulty products and often include provisions regarding penalties and/or termination rights in the event of a failure to deliver ordered prod- ucts or services on time or with required quality. Although we undertake a number of quality assurance measures to reduce such risks, product quality or service performance issues may negatively affect our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition. If significant warranty obligations arise due to reliability or quality issues, our operating results and financial position could be negatively impacted by costs associated with fixing software or hardware defects, high service and warranty expenses, high inventory obsolescence expense, delays in collecting accounts receivable or declining sales to existing and new customers. Due to having a significant portion of our costs in SEK and revenues in other currencies, our business is exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations that could negatively impact o ur revenues and operating results. We incur a significant portion of our expenses in SEK. As a result of our international operations, we generate, and expect to con- tinue to generate, a significant portion of our revenue in currencies other than SEK. To the extent we are unable to match revenue received in foreign currencies with costs paid in the same cur- rency, exchange rate fluctuations could have a negative impact on our consolidated income statement, balance sheet and cash flows when foreign currencies are exchanged or translated to SEK, which increases volatility in reported results. As market prices are predominantly established in US dollars or Euros, we presently have a net revenue exposure in foreign curren- cies which means that a stronger SEK exchange rate would gen- erally have a negative effect on our reported results. Our attempts to reduce the effects of exchange rate fluctuations through a vari- ety of hedging activities may not be sufficient or successful, result- ing in an adverse impact on our results and financial condition. Our ability to benefit from intellectual property rights (IPR), which are critical to our business, may be limited by changes in regulation relating to patents, inability to prevent infringement, the loss of licenses to or from third-parties, infringement claims brought against us by competitors and others and changes in the area of open standards, especially in light of recent attention on licensing of open standard essential patents. Although we have a large number of patents, there can be no assurance that they will not be challenged, invalidated, or circum- vented, or that any rights granted in relation to our patents will in fact provide us with competitive advantages. We utilize a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality policies, nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements in addition to relying on patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. However, these measures may not be adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation. In addition, we rely on many software patents, and limitations on the patentability of software may materially affect our business. Moreover, we may not be able to detect unauthorized use or take appropriate and timely steps to establish and enforce our proprietary rights. In fact, existing legal systems of some countries in which we conduct business offer only limited protection of intel- lectual property rights, if at all. Our solutions may also require us to license technologies from third-parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses and there can be no assurance that they will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Moreover, the inclusion in our products of software or other intellectual prop- erty licensed from third-parties on a non-exclusive basis could limit our ability to protect proprietary rights in our products. Many key aspects of telecommunications and data network technology are governed by industry-wide standards usable by all market participants. As the number of market entrants and the complexity of technology increases, the possibility of functional overlap and inadvertent infringement of intellectual property rights also increases. In addition to industry-wide standards, other key industry-wide software solutions are today developed by market participants as free and open source software. Contributing to the development and distribution of software developed as free and open source software may limit our ability to enforce applic- able patents in the future. Third-parties have asserted, and may assert in the future, claims, directly against us or against our cus- tomers, alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights. Defending such claims may be expensive, time-consuming and divert the efforts of our management and/or technical personnel. As a result of litigation, we could be required to pay damages and other compensation directly or to indemnify our customers for such damages and other compensation, develop non-infringing prod- ucts/technology or enter into royalty or licensing agreements. How- ever, we cannot be certain that such licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and such judgments could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition. Using free and open source software may allow third-parties to further investigate our software due to the accessibility of source code. This may in turn make this software more prone to assertions from third-parties. Recent attention on licensing of patents necessary to conduct an open standard (e.g. 2G, 3G and 4G technology), investigations held by antitrust authorities, court judgments and legislative change could potentially affect Ericsson’s ability to benefit from its patent portfolio in the area of such open standards, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, oper- ating results and financial condition. Ericsson holds a leading pat- ent portfolio in open standards and possible changes regarding such a portfolio may materially affect our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition. We are involved in lawsuits and investigations which, if determined against us, could require us to pay substantial damages, fines and/or penalties. In the normal course of our business we are involved in legal pro- ceedings. These lawsuits include such matters as commercial disputes, claims regarding intellectual property, antitrust, tax and labor disputes. Litigation can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. An unfavorable resolution of a particular lawsuit could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and reputation. As a publicly listed company, Ericsson may be exposed to law- suits in which plaintiffs allege that the Company or its officers have failed to comply with securities laws, stock market regulations or other laws, regulations or requirements. Whether or not there is merit to such claims, the time and costs incurred to defend the Company and its officers and the potential settlement or com- pensation to the plaintiffs could have significant impact on our reported results and reputation. For additional information regard- ing certain of the lawsuits in which we are involved, see “Legal Proceedings” in the Board of Directors’ Report. Our operations are complex and several critical operations are centralized in a single location. Any disruption of our operations, whether due to natural or man-made events, may be highly damaging to the operation of our business. Our business operations rely on complex operations and commu- nications networks, which are vulnerable to damage or disturb- ance from a variety of sources. Having outsourced significant portions of our operations, such as IT, finance and HR operations, we depend on the performance of external companies, including their security and reliability measures. Regardless of protection measures, systems and communications networks are suscepti- ble to disruption due to failure, vandalism, computer viruses, security or privacy breaches, natural disasters, power outages and other events. We also have a concentration of operations on Financials – Risk factors Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 123 FINANCIALS – Risk factors certain sites, including R&D, production, network operation cen- ters, ICT centers and logistic centers and shared services centers, where business interruptions could cause material damage and costs. The delivery of goods from suppliers, and to customers, could also be hampered for the reasons stated above. Interrup- tions to our systems and communications may have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. Cyber security incidents may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and brand. Ericsson’s business operations involve areas that are particularly vulnerable to cyber security incidents that may impact confidenti- ality, availability or integrity of products, services, or solutions. These incidents may include data breaches, intrusions, espionage, know-how and data privacy infringements, leakage, unauthorized or accidental modification of data and general malfeasance. Examples of these areas include, among others, research and development, managed services, usage of cloud solutions, soft- ware development, lawful interception, product engineering, IT, finance and HR operations. Any cyber security incident including unintended use, involving our operations, product development, services, our third-party providers or installed product base, could cause severe harm to Ericsson and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and brand. Ericsson relies heavily on third-parties to whom we have out- sourced significant aspects of our IT infrastructure, product devel- opment, engineering services, finance and HR operations. While we have taken precautions relating to the selection, integration and ongoing management of these third-parties, any event or incident that is caused as a result of vulnerabilities in their operations or products supplied to us could have a material adverse effect upon Ericsson, our business, financial condition, reputation and brand, potentially slowing operations, leaking valuable intellectual prop- erty or sensitive information or damaging our products which have been installed in our customers’ networks. We must continue to attract and retain highly qualified employees to remain competitive. We believe that our future success largely depends on our cont- inued ability to hire, develop, motivate and retain engineers and other qualified personnel needed to develop successful new products, support our existing product range and provide ser- vices to our customers. Competition for skilled personnel and highly qualified manag- ers in the industries in which we operate remains intense. We are continuously developing our corporate culture, remuneration, promotion and benefits policies as well as other measures aimed at empowering our employees and reducing employee turnover. However, there are no guarantees that we will be successful in attracting and retaining employees with appropriate skills in the future, and failure in retention and recruiting could have a material adverse effect on our business and brand. If our customers’ financial conditions decline, we will be exposed to increased credit and commercial risks. After completing sales to customers, we may encounter difficulty collecting accounts receivables and could be exposed to risks associated with uncollectable accounts receivable. We regularly assess the credit worthiness of our customers and based on that assessment we determine a credit limit for each one of them. Challenging economic conditions have impacted some of our customers’ ability to pay their invoices. Although our credit losses 124 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 have historically been low and we have policies and procedures for managing customer finance credit risk, we may be unable to avoid future losses on our trade receivables. We have also experi- enced demands for customer financing, and in adverse financial markets or more competitive environments, those demands may increase. Upon the financial failure of a customer, we may experi- ence losses on credit extended and loans made to such customer, losses relating to our commercial risk exposure, and the loss of the customer’s ongoing business. If customers fail to meet their obligations to us, we may experience reduced cash flows and losses in excess of reserves, which could materially adversely impact our operating results and financial condition. We rely on various sources for short-term and long-term capital for the funding of our business. Should such capital become unavailable or available in insufficient amounts or unreasonable terms, our business, financial condition and cash flow may materially suffer. Our business requires a significant amount of cash. If we do not generate sufficient amounts of capital to support our operations, service our debt and continue our research and development and customer finance programs, or if we cannot raise sufficient amounts of capital at the required times and on reasonable terms, our business, financial condition and cash flow are likely to be adversely affected. Access to funding may decrease or become more expensive as a result of our operational and financial con- dition, market conditions, including financial conditions in the Eurozone, or due to deterioration in our credit rating. There can be no assurance that additional sources of funds that we may need from time to time will be available on reasonable terms or at all. If we cannot access capital on a commercially viable basis, our business, financial condition and cash flow could materially suffer. Impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets may nega- tively impact our financial condition and results of operations. An impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets could adver- sely affect our financial condition or results of operations. We have a significant amount of goodwill and other intangible assets; for example, patents, customer relations, trademarks and software. Goodwill is the only intangible asset the company has recog- nized to have indefinite useful life. Other intangible assets are mainly amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, but for no more than ten years, and are reviewed for impairment whenever events such as product discontinuances, product dispositions or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. Those not yet in use are tested for impairment annually. Historically, we have recognized impairment charges related to intangible assets mainly due to restructuring. Additional impair- ment charges may be incurred in the future that could be signifi- cant due to various reasons, including restructuring actions or adverse market conditions that are either specific to us or the broader telecommunications industry or more general in nature and that could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Negative deviations in actual cash flows compared to esti- mated cash flows as well as new estimates that indicate lower future cash flows might result in recognition of impairment charges. Estimates require management judgment as well as the definition of cash-generating units for impairment testing purposes. Other judgments might result in significantly different results and may differ from the actual financial condition in the future. Regulatory, Compliance and Corporate Governance risk Ericsson may fail or be unable to comply with laws or regul- ations and could experience penalties and adverse rulings in enforcement or other proceedings. Compliance with changed laws or regulations may subject Ericsson to increased costs or reduced products and services demand. Compliance failure as well as required operational changes could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and brand. The industries in which we operate are subject to laws and regu- lations. While Ericsson strives for compliance, we cannot assure that violations do not occur. If we fail to or are unable to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could experience pen- alties and adverse rulings in enforcement or other proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, fin ancial condition and reputation. Further changes in laws or regulations could subject us to lia- bility, increased costs, or reduced products and services demand and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial con- dition and brand. Changes to regulations may adversely affect both our custom- ers’ and our own operations. For example, regulations imposing more stringent, time-consuming or costly planning and zoning requirements or building approvals for radio base stations and other network infrastructure could adversely affect the timing and costs of network construction or expansion, and ultimately the commercial launch and success of these networks. Similarly, tariff and roaming regulations or rules on network neutrality could also affect operators’ ability or willingness to invest in network infra- structure, which in turn could affect the sales of our systems and services. Additionally, delay in radio frequency spectrum alloca- tion, and allocation between different types of usage may adversely affect operator spending or force us to develop new products to be able to compete. Further, we develop many of our products and services based on existing regulations and technical standards. Changes to exist- ing regulations and technical standards, or the implementation of new regulations and technical standards relating to products and services not previously regulated, could adversely affect our development efforts by increasing compliance costs and causing delay. Demand for those products and services could also decline. Regulatory changes in license fees, environmental, health and safety, privacy (including the cross-border transfer of personal data for example between the EU and the US), and other regula- tory areas may increase costs and restrict our operations or the operations of network operators and service providers. Also indi- rect impacts of such changes and regulatory changes in other fields, such as pricing regulations, could have an adverse impact on our business even though the specific regulations may not apply directly to our products or us. Our substantial international operations are subject to uncertainties which could affect our operating results. We conduct business throughout the world and are subject to the effects of general global economic conditions as well as con- ditions unique to specific countries or regions. We have custom- ers in more than 180 countries, with a significant proportion of our sales to emerging markets in the Asia Pacific region, Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Our extensive operations are subject to additional risks, includ- ing civil disturbances, acts of terrorism, economic and geopolitical instability and conflict, potential misuse of technology leading to human rights violations, pandemics, the imposition of exchange controls, economies which are subject to significant fluctuations, nationalization of private assets or other governmental actions affecting the flow of goods and currency, effects from changing climate and difficulty of enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through local legal systems. Further, in certain mar- kets in which we operate, there is a risk of protectionist govern- mental measures implemented to assist domestic market partici- pants at the expense of foreign competitors. The implementation of such measures could adversely affect our sales or our ability to purchase critical components. We must always comply with relevant export control regulations and sanctions or other trade embargoes in force in all parts of the business process. The political situation in parts of the world, par- ticularly in the Middle East, remains uncertain and the level of sanc- tions is still high. A universal element of these sanctions are the financial restrictions with respect to individuals and/or legal enti- ties, but sanctions can also restrict certain exports and ultimately lead to a complete trade embargo towards a country. Specifically, on Iran, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (“JCPOA”) agree- ment between Iran and other countries have relaxed many of the nuclear related sanctions towards Iran, particularly the EU sanc- tions. Although many sanctions against Iran have already been relaxed, there are provisions to re-introduce sanctions if parts of the agreement are not met. The change in political leadership in the U.S. has also led to uncertainty about their position in foreign policy, including sanctions towards Iran and other sanctioned countries. Further there is a risk in many countries of unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs and other trade barri- ers, price or exchange controls, or other governmental policies which could limit our operations and decrease our profitability. Further export control regulations, sanctions or other forms of trade restrictions put upon countries in which we are active may result in a reduction of commitment in those countries. The need to terminate activities as a result of further trade restrictions may also expose us to customer claims and other actions. Although we seek to comply with all such regulations, there can be no assur- ance that we are or will be compliant with all relevant regulations at all times. Such potential violations could have material adverse effects on our business, operating results, reputation and brand. Financials – Risk factors Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 125 FINANCIALS – Risk factors The business operations are complex involving the development, production and delivery of telecom solutions to customers in a very large number of jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction has its own tax legislation and regulations and we therefore face the challenge of complying with the relevant rules in each of these countries. These rules involve income taxes and indirect taxes such as VAT and sales taxes as well as withholding taxes on domestic and cross border payments and social security charges related to our employees. Constant changes of the rules and the interpretation of the legislation also create exposures regarding taxes. This results in complex tax issues and tax disputes that may lead to additional tax payment obligations. Being a global operation, we also face risk of being taxed for the same income in more than one jurisdiction (double taxation). This could have adverse effects on our operating results, reputation and brand. In certain regional markets, there are trade barriers that limit competition. Should these trade barriers be removed or lowered, competition may increase, which could have material adverse effects on our business and operating results. There has been a concern reported by some media and others, that certain countries may use features of their telecommunica- tions systems in ways that could result in potential violation of human rights. This may adversely affect the telecommunications business and may have a negative impact for people, our reputa- tion and brand. We may fail to comply with our corporate governance standards, which could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition, reputation and brand. We are subject to corporate governance laws and regulations as well as several corporate responsibility and sustainability require- ments. In some of the countries where we operate, corruption risks are high, therefore there is a higher focus on anticorruption, for example with changed legislation in many countries. To ensure that our operations are conducted in accordance with applicable laws and requirements, our management system includes a Code of Business Ethics, a Code of Conduct and a Sustainability Policy, as well as other policies and directives to govern our processes and operations. Our commitment to apply the UN Global Compact ten principles, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and principles of the World Economic Forum’s Partnering Against Corruption Initiative to our operations cannot fully prevent unintended or unlawful use of our technology by democratic and non-democratic regimes, violation of our Code of Business Ethics, corruption or violations of our Code of Conduct in the supply chain. There is also an increased demand from external stakeholders, for example non-governmental organizations and investors, on trans- parency about sustainability and corporate responsibility issues that might be difficult to fulfill. Ericsson is voluntarily cooperating with inquiries from the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the United States Department of Justice regard- ing its compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. These inquiries concern the last ten years. While Ericsson is fully cooperating with the U.S. authorities to answer these and addi- tional questions, the outcome of these questions is currently not determinable. While we attempt to monitor and audit internally and externally our compliance with the policies and directives as well as our suppliers’ adherence to our Code of Conduct and strive for continuous improvements, we cannot provide any assurances that violations will not occur which could have material adverse effects on our business, operating results, financial condition, reputation, and brand. Failure to comply with environmental, health and safety regulations in many jurisdictions may expose us to significant penalties and other sanctions. We are subject to certain environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that affect our operations, facilities, products and services in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. While we work actively to ensure compliance with material laws, regulations and customer requirements related to the environment, health, and safety that apply to us, we can provide no assurance that we have been, are, or will be compliant with these laws, regulations and requirements. If we have failed or fail to comply with these laws, regulations and requirements we could be subject to signifi- cant penalties and other sanctions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial con- dition, reputation and brand. Additionally, there is a risk that we may have to incur expenditures to cover environmental and health and safety- liabilities to maintain compliance with current or future applicable laws and regulations or to undertake any necessary remediation. It is difficult to reasonably estimate the future impact of environmental matters, such as climate change and extreme weather events, including potential liabilities. Adverse future events, regulations, or judgments could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial con dition, reputation and brand. Potential health risks related to radiofrequency electro- magnetic fields may subject us to various product liability claims and result in regulatory changes. The mobile telecommunications industry is subject to claims that mobile devices and other equipment that generate radiofrequency electromagnetic fields may expose users to health risks. At present, a substantial number of scientific reviews conducted by various independent research bodies have concluded that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, at levels within the limits prescribed by public health authority safety standards and recommendations, cause no adverse effects to human health. However, any perce- ived risk or new scientific findings of adverse health effects from mobile communication devices and equipment could adversely affect us through a reduction in sales or through liability claims. 126 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Although Ericsson’s products are designed to comply with currently applicable safety standards and regulations regarding radio frequency electromagnetic fields, we cannot guarantee that we will not become the subject of product liability claims or be held liable for such claims or be required to comply with future changed regulatory requirements that may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, reputation and brand. Regulations related to “conflict minerals” may cause us to incur additional expenses, and may make our supply chain more complex. In 2012, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted a rule requiring disclosures of specified minerals ( “con- flict minerals”) that are necessary to the functionality or production of products manufactured or contracted to be manufactured by companies that file periodic reports with the SEC, whether or not these products or their components are manufactured by third- parties. While we believe that we are able to fulfill these require- ments without materially affecting our costs or access to materials we can provide no assurance that there will not be material costs associated with complying with the disclosure requirements. These requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availa- bility and pricing of minerals used in the manufacture of certain of our products. In addition, since our supply chain is complex, we may not be able to sufficiently verify the origins for these minerals contained in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement, which may harm our reputation. We may also encounter challenges if customers require that all of the compo- nents of our products be certified as conflict-free. Risks associated with owning Ericsson shares Our share price has been and may continue to be volatile, especially as technology companies, securities and markets as a whole remain volatile. Our share price has been volatile due to various factors, including our operating performance as well as the high volatility in the securities markets generally and volatility in telecommunications and technology companies’ securities in particular. Our share price is also likely to be affected by future developments in our market, our financial results and the expectations of financial ana- lysts, as well as statements and market speculation regarding our prospects or the timing or content of any public communications, including reports of operating results, by us or our competitors. Factors other than our financial results that may affect our share price include, but are not limited to: > A weakening of our brand name or other circumstances with adverse effects on our reputation > Announcements by our customers, competitors or us regard- ing capital spending plans of our customers > Financial difficulties for our customers > Awards of large supply or service contracts > Speculation in the press or investment community about the company and its operations or about the business level or growth in the telecommunications market > Technical problems, in particular those relating to the introduc- tion and viability of new network systems, including LTE evolu- tion / 5G small cells products and new platforms such as the HDS 8000 ( Hyperscale Datacenter System) platform. > Actual or expected results of ongoing or potential litigation > Announcements concerning bankruptcy or investigations into the accounting procedures of ourselves or other telecommuni- cations companies > Our ability to forecast and communicate our future results in a manner consistent with investor expectation Our corporate restructure may not produce the expected results Ericsson is undergoing a corporate restructure as well as a com- pany transformation in an effort to drive efficiency and growth across the company. This includes changes to the business, man- agement and a reduction in our workforce. These activities pose certain risks to our business and may not produce the expected results which could have an adverse effect on our business, finan- cial condition, results of operations, reputation, brand and share price. Currency fluctuations may adversely affect our share price or value of dividends. Because our shares are quoted in SEK on Nasdaq Stockholm (our primary stock exchange), but in US dollars on NASDAQ New York (ADSs), fluctuations in exchange rates between SEK and US dollars may affect our share price. In addition, because we pay cash dividends in SEK, fluctuations in exchange rates may affect the value of distributions when converted into other currencies. An increasing part of the trade in our shares is carried out on alterna- tive exchanges or markets, which may lead to less accurate share price information on Nasdaq Stockholm or NASDAQ New York. Financials – Risk factors Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 127 FINANCIALS – Auditor’s report Auditor’s report To the Annual General Meeting of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Corporate Identity Number 556016-0680 Report on the audit of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts Opinion We have audited the annual accounts and consolidated accounts of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson for the year 2016. The compa- ny’s annual accounts and consolidated accounts of the company are included on pages 38-127 in this document. In our opinion, the annual accounts have been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Parent Company as at 31 December 2016 and its financial performance and cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act. The consolidated accounts have been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as at 31 December 2016 and their financial performance and cash flows for the year then ended, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as adopted by the EU, and the Annual Accounts Act. The statutory administration report is consistent with the other parts of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts. We, therefore, recommend that the annual meeting of share- holders adopt the income statement and balance sheet for the Parent Company and for the Group. Basis for opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with International Stan- dards on Auditing (ISA) and generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities section. We are inde- pendent of the parent company and the group in accordance with professional ethics for accountants in Sweden and have otherwise fulfilled our ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is suffi- cient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinions. Our audit approach Overview > Overall group materiality: SEK 800 million, which represents 5% of the average income before tax for the last four years adjusted for restructuring costs in 2016 which are covered by separate audit procedures. > The scope of our audit is based on our understanding of the risk areas in Ericsson, the signi- ficance of these risks and how they are handled and controlled within the company. Conse- quently, the greatest weight is assigned to those risk areas deemed to be most important, where the risk of material misstatement is the most significant. In this assessment, consideration has also been given as to whether the preparation of the accounts has been dependent on management’s estimates and subjective judgements. > Revenue recognition for major contracts > Revenue recognition for license fees > Carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets > Provisions 128 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Materiality The scope of our audit was influenced by our application of materiality. An audit is designed to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are free from material misstate- ment. Misstatements may arise due to fraud or error. They are considered material if individually or in aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. Based on our professional judgement, we determined certain quantitative thresholds for materiality, including the overall materi- ality for the financial statements as a whole. These, together with qualitative considerations, helped us to determine the scope of our audit and the nature, timing and extent of our audit proce- dures and to evaluate the effect of misstatements, both individu- ally and in aggregate on the financial statements as a whole. Overall group materiality SEK 800 million (SEK 800 million) How we determined it Rationale for the materiality benchmark applied 5% of the average income before tax for the last four years adjusted for restructuring costs in 2016 which are covered by separate audit procedures. We choose the adjusted average income before tax as we consider this measure to be a key driver of business value for the stakeholders. We agreed with the Audit Committee that we would report to them misstatements identified during our audit above SEK 80 million as well as misstatements below that amount that, in our view, warranted reporting for qualitative reasons. Audit scope The Ericsson Group delivers integrated solutions for a wide range of customers primarily within the telecommunication industry. The solutions provided by Ericsson are normally a combination of hardware, software and services. The customer contracts are often of a complex nature with a number of performance criteria. Ericsson has also significant revenues from patent license agree- ments with other hardware and software suppliers. As a global player, Ericsson is impacted by the macro economic development and the customers response to this such as investment levels and access to financing of investments. The competition within the industry Ericsson operates is significant which in many markets have resulted in price pressure. As a result, Ericsson has initiated several activities to reduce the cost levels and to increase the flexi- bility in production. We designed our audit by determining materiality and assess- ing the risks of material misstatement in the consolidated financial statements. In particular, we considered where management made subjective judgements; for example, in respect of significant accounting estimates that involved making assumptions and con- sidering future events that are inherently uncertain. As in all of our audits, we also addressed the risk of management override of internal controls, including among other matters consideration of whether there was evidence of bias that represented a risk of material misstatement due to fraud. We tailored the scope of our audit in order to perform sufficient work to enable us to provide an opinion on the consolidated finan- cial statements as a whole, taking into account the structure of the Group, the accounting processes and controls, and the industry in which the group operates. The group conducts business in more than 180 countries and has centralized systems, procedures and a centralized financing function. We have organized the audit work by having our central team to carry out the testing of all centralized systems and proce- dures whereby the local auditors carry out additional testing based on our instructions. The 14 most important entities within the Group represent 71% of net sales and 73% of total assets. All of these entities were a part of our audit of the consolidated accounts. Our audit is carried out continuously during the year with spe- cial attention at each quarter end. In connection with the issuance of the interim reports, we report our observations to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and for the third and fourth quarters, we have also issued public review reports. At the end of the year, we also report our main observations to the full Board of Directors. Financials – Auditor’s report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 129 FINANCIALS – Auditor’s report Key Audit Matters Key audit matters of the audit are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of, and in forming our opinion thereon, the annual accounts and consolidated accounts as a whole, but we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. Key audit matter How our audit addressed the Key audit matter Revenue recognition of major contracts The application of revenue recognition accounting standards is complex and requires management judgement and estimates. Large and complex customer contracts are a major part of the business and many of these include multiple elements of products, software and services as well as complex contract terms. The organization of the Ericsson Group also results in that a customer contract often involves more than one legal entity within the group. Refer to the Annual Report Note C2 – Critical accounting estimates and judge- ments. Our audit included a combination of testing of internal controls over financial report- ing including procedures relating to business case reviews performed by the Groups central board for complex deals, analytical procedures and detailed tests of major new contracts. Our audit also included detailed tests of proof of delivery to confirm that risk had been transferred to the customer as well as data analytics relating to revenue related manual journal entries. Based on our work, we noted no significant issues regarding the accuracy of revenue reported for the year. Revenue recognition of license fees With more than 42 000 patents, license fees have a significant effect on the Groups income. Many license agreements include both up-front fees and fees relating to the number of units sold by the customer. Refer to the Annual Report Note C2 – Critical accounting estimates and judgements. Our audit included a combination of testing of internal controls over financial reporting, assessment of the Groups accounting policy for license fees, analytical procedures and detailed tests of major new contracts. Based on our work, we noted no significant issues regarding the accuracy of revenue reported for the year. Carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill and other intangible assets are significant to the consolidated accounts and are sensitive to impairment. Under IFRS, these assets require annual impairment tests which require management judgment and estimates such as projected cash flows, future market conditions and discount rates. All of these are subject to judgement and subjectivity and might be affected by the current turbulence in the global economy. Refer to the Annual Report Note C2 – Critical accounting estimates and judgements and Note C10 – Intangible assets. Our audit included a combination of testing of controls over financial reporting, analytical procedures and detailed tests of management impairment tests. In our detailed testing, we have involved our valuation experts to challenge the assump- tions and estimates made by management. Based on our work, we noted that there is no indication of impairment of goodwill or other intangible except for one segment Media. A stress test has been performed and presented in Note C10- Intangible assets. The future cash flow is based on five years business plans for the new segments from 2017 Networks, IP & Cloud and Media and includes several key assumptions. Should the discount rate be increased from 8% to 10.0% the recoverable amount is equal to the carrying amount, SEK 7.4 bn for segment Media. Provisions The need for provisions are by nature based on judgement and management esti- mates of future outflow of cash. Ericsson has made provisions relating to customer projects, warranty, litigations, restructuring and other contractual obligations. Refer to the Annual Report Note C2 – Critical accounting estimates and judgements and Note C18 – Provisions. Our audit included a combination of testing of controls over financial reporting, ana- lytical procedures and detailed testing to ensure that provisions made are sufficient for existing commitments and exposures. In our detailed testing, we have also tested additions to and utilization of provisions made for restructuring to ensure correct classification. The Profitability Plus program has continued 2016 including significant reductions in Sweden resulting in restructuring costs of SEK 7.6 bn in 2016. 130 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Other information than the annual accounts and consolidated accounts. This document also contains other information than the annual accounts and consolidated accounts and is found on pages 1–37, 133 and 162–184 . The Board of Directors and the Managing Director are responsible for this other information. Our opinion on the annual accounts and consolidated accounts does not cover this other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion regarding this other information. In connection with our audit of the annual accounts and con- solidated accounts, our responsibility is to read the information identified above and consider whether the information is materially inconsistent with the annual accounts and consolidated accounts. In this procedure we also take into account our knowledge other- wise obtained in the audit and assess whether the information otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we, based on the work performed concerning this informa- tion, conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard. Responsibilities of the Board of Directors and the Managing Director The Board of Directors and the Managing Director are responsible for the preparation of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts and that they give a fair presentation in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and, concerning the consolidated accounts, in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the EU. The Board of Directors and the Managing Director are also responsible for such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of annual accounts and consolidated accounts that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the annual accounts and consolidated accounts, The Board of Directors and the Managing Director are responsible for the assessment of the company’s and the group’s ability to continue as a going concern. They disclose, as applicable, mat- ters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting. The going concern basis of accounting is however not applied if the Board of Directors and the Managing Director intends to liquidate the company, to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. The Audit Committee shall, without prejudice to the Board of Director’s responsibilities and tasks in general, among other things oversee the company’s financial reporting process. Auditor’s Responsibilities Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the annual accounts and consolidated accounts as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinions. Rea- sonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guar- antee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs and gen- erally accepted auditing standards in Sweden will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these annual accounts and consolidated accounts. As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs, we exercise profes- sional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also: > Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive Financials – Auditor’s report to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinions. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the over- ride of internal control. > Obtain an understanding of the company’s internal control rele- vant to our audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control. > Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the Board of Directors and the Managing Director. > Conclude on the appropriateness of the Board of Directors’ and the Managing Director’s use of the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the annual accounts and consolidated accounts. We also draw a conclusion, based on the audit evi- dence obtained, as to whether any material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the company’s and the group’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor’s report to the related disclosures in the annual accounts and consolidated accounts or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion about the annual accounts and consolidated accounts. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor’s report. However, future events or conditions may cause a company and a group to cease to con- tinue as a going concern. > Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts, including the dis- closures, and whether the annual accounts and consolidated accounts represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation. > Obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the group to express an opinion on the consolidated accounts. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the group audit. We remain solely responsible for our opinions. We must inform the Board of Directors of, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit. We must also inform of significant audit findings during our audit, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identified. We must also provide the Board of Directors with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regard- ing independence, and to communicate with them all relation- ships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards. From the matters communicated with the Board of Directors, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts, includ- ing the most important assessed risks for material misstatement, and which therefore comprise the key audit matters. We describe these matters in the auditors’ report unless laws or regulations preclude disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be com- municated in the auditors’ report because the adverse conse- quences of doing so could reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication. 131 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 FINANCIALS – Auditor’s report Report on other legal and regulatory requirements Opinion In addition to our audit of the annual accounts and consolidated accounts, we have audited the administration of the Board of Directors and Managing Directors of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson for the year 2016 and the proposed appropriations of the company’s profit or loss. We recommend to the annual general meeting of shareholders that the profit be appropriated in accordance with the proposal in the statutory administration report and that the members of the Board of Directors and the Managing Directors be discharged from liability for the financial year. Basis for opinion We conducted the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities section. We are independent of the parent company and the group in accordance with professional ethics for accountants in Sweden and have otherwise fulfilled our ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is suffi- cient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinions. Responsibilities of the Board of Directors and the Managing Director The Board of Directors is responsible for the proposal for appro- priations of the company’s profit or loss. At the proposal of a dividend, this includes an assessment of whether the dividend is justifiable considering the requirements which the company’s and the group’s type of operations, size and risks place on the size of the parent company’s and the group’s equity, consolidation requirements, liquidity and position in general. The Board of Directors is responsible for the company’s orga- nization and the administration of the company’s affairs. This includes among other things continuous assessment of the com- pany’s and the group’s financial situation and ensuring that the company’s organization is designed so that the accounting, man- agement of assets and the company’s financial affairs otherwise are controlled in a reassuring manner. The Managing Director shall manage the ongoing administration according to the Board of Directors’ guidelines and instructions and among other matters take measures that are necessary to fulfil the company’s account- ing in accordance with law and handle the management of assets in a reassuring manner. Auditor’s Responsibilities Our objective concerning the audit of the administration, and thereby our opinion about discharge from liability, is to obtain audit evidence to assess with a reasonable degree of assurance whether any member of the Board of Directors or the Managing Director in any material respect: > has undertaken any action or been guilty of any omission which can give rise to liability to the company, or > in any other way has acted in contravention of the Companies Act, the Annual Accounts Act or the Articles of Association. Our objective concerning the audit of the proposed appropriations of the company’s profit or loss, and thereby our opinion about this, is to assess with reasonable degree of assurance whether the proposal is in accordance with the Companies Act. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden will always detect actions or omissions that can give rise to liability to the company, or that the proposed appropriations of the company’s profit or loss are not in accordance with the Companies Act. As part of an audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. The examination of the administration and the proposed appropria- tions of the company’s profit or loss is based primarily on the audit of the accounts. Additional audit procedures performed are based on our professional judgment with starting point in risk and materi- ality. This means that we focus the examination on such actions, areas and relationships that are material for the operations and where deviations and violations would have particular importance for the company’s situation. We examine and test decisions undertaken, support for decisions, actions taken and other circum- stances that are relevant to our opinion concerning discharge from liability. As a basis for our opinion on the Board of Directors’ proposed appropriations of the company’s profit or loss we exam- ined the Board of Directors’ reasoned statement and a selection of supporting evidence in order to be able to assess whether the proposal is in accordance with the Companies Act. Stockholm, February 24, 2017 PricewaterhouseCoopers AB Bo Hjalmarsson Authorised Public Accountant Lead partner Johan Engstam Authorised Public Accountant 132 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Forward-looking statements Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these and other forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that these expectations will materialize. Because for- ward-looking statements are based on assumptions, judgments and estimates, and are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results could differ materially from those described or implied herein. Important factors that could affect whether and to what extent any of our forward-looking statements materialize include, but are not limited to the factors described in “Risk factors”. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any for- ward-looking statements included in this Annual Report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law or stock exchange regulation. This Annual Report includes forward-looking statements, includ- ing statements reflecting management’s current views relating to the growth of the market, future market conditions, future events and expected operational and financial performance. The words “believe,” “expect,” “foresee,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “intend,” “may,” “could,” “plan,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “will,” “should,” “predict,” “aim,” “ambition,” “target,” “might,” or, in each case, their negative, and similar words are intended to help identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may be found throughout this docu- ment, and include statements regarding: > Our goals, strategies and operational or financial performance expectations > Development of corporate governance standards, stock market regulations and related legislation > The future characteristics of the markets in which we operate > Projections and other characterizations of future events > Our liquidity, capital resources, capital expenditures, our credit ratings and the development in the capital markets, affecting our industry or us > The expected demand for our existing as well as new products and services > The expected operational or financial performance of joint ventures and other strategic cooperation activities > The time until acquired entities will be accretive to income > Technology and industry trends including regulatory and standardization environment, competition and our customer structure > Our plans for new products and services including research and development expenditures. Financials – Forward-looking statements Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 133 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REPORT 2016 Corporate governance describes how rights and responsibilities are distributed among corporate bodies according to applicable laws, rules and internal processes. Corporate governance also defines the decision-making systems and structure through which owners directly or indirectly control a company. I believe that a robust corporate culture is fundamental to maintain credible, competitive and sustainable business opera- tions worldwide. Having global operations implies challenges. Therefore, as Chairman of the Board, I must continuously work to keep good governance, leadership and talent management high on the agenda in the Board room as well as throughout the global operations. A robust corporate culture must be anchored in a strong commitment from the Board and from management who must clearly emphasize the importance of conducting business with integrity. Such commitment is fundamental to create and maintain a robust corporate culture throughout a global organiza- tion. 2016 has been a year of change for Ericsson with a new organization, many new members of the Executive Leadership Team and a new CEO appointed. In a professional executive recruitment process, evaluating both internal and external candi- dates, many important in depth considerations are made by the Board, for example in relation to the Group strategy, talent man- agement and corporate culture, which is valuable for the Board. In times of change, stability in terms of corporate culture and core values becomes even more important. The Board of Directors also has an important role to give Group management clear governance frameworks and mandates, and to set the Group strategy. I always strive to enable an open and meaningful dialogue, both within the Board and between the Board and the Group management. The management dialogue aims to give the Board relevant insights in the business activities of Ericsson and in the markets in which Ericsson operates. The Board also visits various parts of the Group’s business operations as well as engages with customers, partners, academia and thought leaders in order to gain further insights. I believe that these insights are necessary for the Board to provide relevant support to management and add value, while also exercising due control of the business operations. Ericsson takes compliance concerns very seriously and the Company uses considerable resources to investigate alleged compliance concerns. This Corporate Governance Report 2016 aims to describe how Ericsson continuously works with these matters and how we focus on establishing efficient and reliable controls and procedures. I believe that Ericsson’s continuous corporate governance focus and work to create a robust corporate culture have an important role to build trust, and in turn generate value for our investors. Leif Johansson Chairman of the Board of Directors 134 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Contents Regulation and compliance Governance structure Shareholders General Meetings of shareholders Nomination Committee Board of Directors Committees of the Board of Directors Remuneration to Board members Members of the Board of Directors Management Members of the Executive Leadership Team Auditor Internal control over financial reporting 2016 Auditor’s report on the Corporate Governance Report 135 136 136 137 138 139 142 145 146 150 154 158 159 161 This Corporate Governance Report is rendered as a separate report added to the Annual Report in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act ((SFS 1995:1554) Chapter 6, Sections 6 and 8) and the Swedish Corporate Governance Code. The report has been reviewed by Ericsson’s auditor in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act. A report from the auditor is appended hereto. Key events > Börje Ekholm was appointed new President and CEO effective January 16, 2017 > Effective July 25, 2016, Jan Frykhammar was appointed new President and CEO when the former Director and President and CEO Hans Vestberg left his positions > Effective July 1, 2016, new members of the Executive Leadership Team were appointed following a series of organizational and structural changes to strengthen strategy execution > Kristin S. Rinne and Helena Stjernholm were elected new members of the Board at the Annual General Meeting 2016 Ericsson’s core values Regulation and compliance Professionalism Respect Perseverance Our values are the found- ation of our culture. They guide us in our daily work, in how we relate to each other and the world around us and in the way we do business. The Code of Business Ethics and the Code of Conduct can be found on Ericsson’s website. Code of Business Ethics ERICSSON Code of Conduct External rules As a Swedish public limited liability company with securities quoted on Nasdaq Stockholm as well as on NASDAQ New York, Ericsson is sub- ject to a variety of rules that affect its gover- nance. The most relevant external rules applica- ble to us include: > The Swedish Companies Act > Applicable EU regulations > The Rule Book for issuers of Nasdaq Stockholm > The Swedish Corporate Governance Code (the “Code”) > NASDAQ Stock Market Rules, including applicable NASDAQ New York corporate governance requirements (subject to certain exemptions principally reflecting mandatory Swedish legal requirements) > Applicable requirements of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) Internal rules In addition, to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the high standards that we set for ourselves, Ericsson has adopted internal rules that include: > A Code of Business Ethics > Group Steering Documents, including Group policies and directives, instructions and busi- ness processes for approval, control and risk management > A Code of Conduct, which applies to product development, production, supply and sup- port of Ericsson products and services worldwide. Compliance with regulations Compliance with the Swedish Corporate Governance Code The Code is based on the principle of “comply or explain” and is published on the website of the Swed- ish Corporate Governance Board, which adminis- trates the Code: www.corporategovernanceboard.se. Ericsson is committed to com plying with best-practice corporate governance on a global level wherever pos- sible. This includes continued compliance with the Code. Ericsson does not report any deviations from the rules of the Code in 2016. The articles of association and the work proce- dure for the Board of Directors also include inter- nal corporate governance rules. Code of Business Ethics Ericsson’s Code of Business Ethics summarizes fundamental Group policies and directives and contains rules to ensure that business is con- ducted with a strong sense of integrity. This is critical to maintain trust and credibility with Ericsson’s customers, partners, employees, shareholders and other stakeholders. The Code of Business Ethics contains rules for all individuals performing work for Ericsson under the staff management of Ericsson. The Code of Business Ethics has been translated into more than 30 languages. This ensures that it is accessible to everyone working for Ericsson. Upon recruitment, employees acknowledge that they are aware of the principles of the Code of Business Ethics. This procedure is repeated during the term of employment. Through this process, Ericsson strives to raise awareness throughout its global operations. Everyone working for Ericsson has an individ- ual responsibility to ensure that business prac- tices adhere to the Code of Business Ethics. Compliance with applic able stock exchange rules There has been no infringement by Ericsson of applicable stock exchange rules and no breach of good practice on the securities market reported by the disciplinary committee of Nasdaq Stockholm or the Swedish Securities Council in 2016. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 135 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Shareholders Ownership percentage (voting rights) Swedish institutions: 55.17% Of which: – Investor AB: – AB Industrivärden: (together with SHB Pensions- stiftelse and Pensionskassan SHB Försäkringsförening) 21.77% 19.27% Foreign institutions: Swedish retail investors: Others: 34.08% 5.90% 4.85% Source: Nasdaq Governance structure Shareholders may exercise their decision-mak- ing rights in Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (the “Parent Company”) at General Meetings of shareholders. A Nomination Committee is appointed each year by the major shareholders in accordance with the Instruction for the Nomination Commit- tee adopted by the Annual General Meeting of shareholders. The tasks of the Nomination Com- mittee include the proposal of Board members and external auditor for election by the Annual General Meeting of shareholders and proposal of Board member and auditor remuneration. In addition to the Board members elected by shareholders, the Board of Directors consists of employee representatives and their deputies that the unions have the right to appoint under Swedish law. The Board of Directors is ultimately responsible for the strategy and the organization of Ericsson and the management of its opera- tions. The President and CEO, appointed by the Board of Directors, is responsible for handling the day-to-day management of Ericsson in accordance with guidelines issued by the Board. The President and CEO is supported by the Executive Leadership Team. The external auditor of Ericsson is elected by the General Meeting of shareholders. Shareholders Ownership structure As of December 31, 2016, the Parent Company had 465,733 registered shareholders, of which 453,424 were resident or located in Sweden (according to the share register kept by Euro- clear Sweden AB). Swedish institutions held approximately 55.2% of the votes. The largest shareholders as of December 31, 2016 were Investor AB with approximately 21.8% of the votes and AB Industrivärden (together with Svenska Handelsbankens Pensionsstiftelse and Pensionskassan SHB Försäkringsförening), with approximately 19.3% of the votes. A significant number of the shares held by foreign investors are nominee-registered, i.e. held of record by banks, brokers and/or nomi- nees. This means that the actual shareholder is not displayed in the share register or included in the shareholding statistics. More information on Ericsson’s shareholders can be found in the chapter “Share Information” in the Annual Report. Shares and voting rights The share capital of the Parent Company con- sists of two classes of shares listed on Nasdaq Stockholm: A and B shares. Each Class A share carries one vote and each Class B share carries one tenth of one vote. Class A and B shares enti- tle the holder to the same proportion of assets and earnings and carry equal rights to divi- dends. The Parent Company may also issue Class C shares, which shares are converted into Class B shares before they are used to create treasury stock to finance and hedge long-term variable compensation programs resolved by the Gen- eral Meeting of shareholders. In the United States, the Ericsson Class B shares are listed on NASDAQ New York in the form of American Depositary Shares (ADS) evi- denced by American Depositary Receipts (ADR). Each ADS represents one Class B share. The members of the Board of Directors and the Executive Leadership Team have the same voting rights on shares as other shareholders holding the same class of shares. Governance structure General Meetings of shareholders Annual General Meeting/Extraordinary General Meeting Unions Board of Directors Directors elected by the General Meetings of shareholders 3 Directors and 3 Deputies appointed by the Trade Unions Audit Committee Finance Committee Remuneration Committee Nomination Committee External Auditor President and CEO Management 136 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Contact the Board of Directors The Board of Directors Secretariat SE-164 83 Stockholm Sweden boardsecretariat@ericsson.com Decisions of the AGM 2016 included: > Payment of a dividend of SEK 3.70 per share > Re-election of Leif Johansson as Chairman of the Board of Directors > Re-election of other members of the Board of Directors: Nora Denzel, Börje Ekholm, Ulf J. Johansson, Kristin Skogen Lund, Sukhinder Singh Cassidy, Hans Vestberg and Jacob Wallenberg > Election of new Board members: Kristin S. Rinne and Helena Stjernholm > Approval of Board of Directors’ fees: – Chairman: SEK 4,075,000 (previously SEK 4,000,000) – Other non-employee Board members: SEK 990,000 each (previously SEK 975,000) – Chairman of the Audit Committee: SEK 350,000 (unchanged) – Other non-employee members of the Audit Committee: SEK 250,000 each (unchanged) – Chairmen of the Finance and Remunera- tion Committees: SEK 200,000 each (unchanged) – Other non-employee members of the Finance and Remuneration Committees: SEK 175,000 each (unchanged) > Approval for part of the Directors’ fees to be paid in the form of synthetic shares > Approval of Guidelines for remuneration to Group management > Implementation of a Long-Term Variable Compensation Program 2016, including a share issue of and authorization to the Board to buy back 26,100,000 shares for the program. The minutes from the AGM 2016 are available on Ericsson’s website. General Meetings of shareholders Decision-making at General Meetings The decision-making rights of Ericsson’s share- holders are exercised at General Meetings of shareholders. Most resolutions at General Meet- ings are passed by a simple majority. However, the Swedish Companies Act requires qualified majorities in certain cases, for example in case of: > Amendment of the Articles of Association > Resolution to transfer treasury stock to employees participating in long-term variable compensation programs. The Annual General Meeting of shareholders The Annual General Meeting of shareholders (AGM) is held in Stockholm. The date and venue for the meeting are announced on the Ericsson website no later than at the time of release of the third-quarter interim financial report in the preceding year. Shareholders who cannot participate in person may be represented by proxy. Only shareholders registered in the share register have voting rights. Nominee-registered share- holders who wish to vote must request to be entered into the share register by the record date for the AGM. The AGM is held in Swedish and is simultane- ously translated into English. All documentation provided by the Company is available in both Swedish and English. The AGM gives shareholders the opportunity to raise questions relating to the operations of the Group. Normally, the majority of the mem- bers of the Board of Directors and the Executive Leadership Team is present to answer such questions. The external auditor is always present at the AGM. Ericsson’s Annual General Meeting 2016 Including shareholders represented by proxy, 3,251 shareholders were represented at the AGM held on April 13, 2016, representing more than 69% of the votes. The meeting was also attended by members of the Board of Directors, members of the Exec- utive Leadership Team and the external auditor. Annual General Meeting 2017 Ericsson’s AGM 2017 will take place on March 29, 2017, at 3 p.m. at Kistamässan in Stockholm. Further information is available on Ericsson’s website. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 137 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Nomination Committee The Annual General Meeting of shareholders has adopted an Instruction for the Nomination Committee that includes the tasks of the Nomi- nation Committee and the procedures for appointing its members. The Instruction applies until the General Meeting of shareholders resolves otherwise. Under the Instruction, the Nomination Committee shall consist of: > Representatives of the four largest sharehold- ers by voting power by the end of the month in which the AGM was held, and > The Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Committee may also include additional members following a request by a shareholder. The request must be justified by changes in the shareholder’s ownership of shares and be received by the Nomination Committee no later than December 31 of each year. No fees are paid to the members of the Nomination Committee. Members of the Nomination Committee The current Nomination Committee members appointed in May 2016 are: > Petra Hedengran (Investor AB), Chairman of the Nomination Committee > Bengt Kjell (AB Industrivärden, Svenska Handelsbankens Pensionsstiftelse) > Johan Held (AFA Försäkring) > Anders Oscarsson (AMF – Försäkring och Fonder) > Leif Johansson, Chairman of the Board of Directors The tasks of the Nomination Committee The main task of the Committee is to propose Board members for election by the AGM. As member of the Nomination Committee, the Chairman of the Board of Directors fulfills an important role to inform the Committee of the Company’s strategy and future challenges. Such insights are necessary for the Committee to be able to assess the competence and experience that is required by the Board. In addition, the Committee must consider independence rules applicable to the Board of Directors and its committees. The Nomination Committee also makes the following proposals, for resolution by the AGM: > Proposal for remuneration to non-employee Directors elected by the AGM and remunera- tion to the auditor > Proposal for election of auditor, whereby can- didates are selected in cooperation with the Audit Committee of the Board > Proposal for election of Chairman at the AGM > Proposal of changes to the Instruction for the Nomination Committee (if any). Work of the Nomination Committee for the AGM 2017 The Nomination Committee started its work by going through a checklist of its duties under the Code and the Instruction for the Nomination Committee and by setting a time plan for its work ahead. A good understanding of Ericsson’s business and strategy is important for the mem- bers of the Nomination Committee. Therefore, the Chairman of the Board presented his views to the Committee members on the Company’s position and strategy. During the fall of 2016, the Committee also met with Ericsson’s President and CEO, Jan Frykhammar, who presented his views in this respect. The Committee was thoroughly informed of the results of the evaluation of the Board work and procedures, including the performance of the Chairman of the Board. On this basis, the Committee has assessed the competence and experience required by Ericsson Board mem- bers. The Nomination Committee has applied the Swedish Corporate Governance Code, sec- tion 4.1, as diversity policy and has continuously assessed the need for improvement of the com- position of the Board in terms of diversity in competence, experience, age, gender and cul- tural/geographic background. The Nomination Committee aims to propose a composition of Board members with complementing experi- ences and competencies to make it possible for the Board to contribute to a positive develop- ment of Ericsson. The Nomination Committee searches for potential Board member candi- dates both with a long-term and a short-term perspective and always focuses on diversity to ensure that the Board get different perspectives into the Board work and considerations. The Nomination Committee also considers the need for renewal and carefully assesses whether the proposed Directors have the capability to devote necessary time and care to the Board work. In 2016, the Committee met with the Chair- man of the Audit Committee to acquaint itself with the assessments made by the Company and the Audit Committee of the quality and effi- ciency of external auditor work. The Audit Com- mittee also provided its recommendations on external auditor and audit fees. As of February 24, 2017, the current Nomina- tion Committee has held six meetings. Contact the Nomination Committee Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson The Nomination Committee c/o The Board of Directors Secre- tariat SE-164 83 Stockholm Sweden nomination.committee @ericsson.com Proposals to the Nomination Committee Shareholders may submit propos- als to the Nomination Committee at any time, but should do so in due time before the AGM to ensure that the proposals can be consid- ered by the Committee. Further information is available on Ericsson’s website. 138 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Board of Directors The Board of Directors is ultimately responsible for the organization of Ericsson and the manage- ment of Ericsson’s operations. The Board app- oints the President and CEO who is responsible for managing the day-to-day operations in accord- ance with guidelines from the Board. The Presi- dent and CEO ensures that the Board is updated regularly on issues of importance to Ericsson. This includes updates on business develop- ment, results, financial position and liquidity. Directors serve from the close of one AGM to the close of the next, but can serve any number of consecutive terms. The President and CEO may be elected a Director of the Board, but, under the Swedish Companies Act, the President of a public com- pany may not be elected Chairman of the Board. Conflicts of interest Ericsson maintains rules and regulations regard- ing conflicts of interest. Directors are disqualified from participating in any decision regarding agreements between themselves and Ericsson. The same applies to agreements between Ericsson and any third-party or legal entity in which the Board member has an interest that may be contrary to the interests of Ericsson. The Audit Committee oversees the proce- dures for related-party transactions and has implemented a pre-approval process for non-audit services carried out by the external auditor. Composition of the Board of Directors The current Board of Directors consists of nine Directors elected by the shareholders at the AGM 2016 for the period until the close of the AGM 2017. The former Director and President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, was also elected Director at the AGM 2016 but, on July 25, 2016, it was announced that he left his positions with Ericsson, including his Board position, effective immediately. The Board of Directors also con- sists of three employee representatives, each with a deputy, appointed by the trade unions for the same period of time. Work procedure Pursuant to the Swedish Companies Act, the Board of Directors has adopted a work proce- dure and Committee charters outlining rules for the distribution of tasks among the Board, its Committees and the President and CEO. This complements rules in the Swedish Companies Act and in the Articles of Association of the Company. The work procedure and the Com- mittee charters are reviewed, evaluated and amended by the Board as required or appro- priate, and are adopted by the Board at least once a year. Independence The Board of Directors and its Committees are subject to a variety of independence rules under applicable Swedish law, the Code and appli- cable US securities laws, SEC rules and the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. Ericsson can rely on exemptions from certain US and SEC requirements and may decide to follow Swedish practices in lieu of the NASDAQ Stock Market independence rules. The composition of the Board of Directors meets all applicable independence criteria. The Nomination Committee concluded before the AGM 2016 that, for purposes of the Code, at least six of the nominated Directors were inde- pendent from Ericsson, its senior management and its major shareholders. These were Nora Denzel, Leif Johansson, Ulf J. Johansson, Kristin S. Rinne, Kristin Skogen Lund and Sukhinder Singh Cassidy. Structure of the work of the Board of Directors The work of the Board follows a yearly cycle. This enables the Board to appropriately address each of its duties and to keep strategy, risk assessment and value creation high on the agenda. In addition to Board meetings, the annual work cycle of the Board includes two Board Strategic Days held in connection with Board meetings. The Board Strategic Days are described below under Training and Board Strategic Days. As the Board is responsible for financial over- sight, financial information is presented and eval- uated at each Board meeting. Furthermore, the Chairman of each Committee, reports on Com- mittee work at each Board meeting and minutes from Committee meetings are distributed to all Directors prior to the Board meetings. At Board meetings, the President and CEO reports on business and market developments as well as on the financial performance of the Group. Strategic issues and risks are also addressed at most Board meetings. The Board is regularly informed of developments in legal and regulatory matters of importance. Board and Committee meetings may, as appropriate, be held by way of telephone or video conference, and resolutions may be taken per capsulam (unanimous written consent). Such resolutions are accounted for as Board/Committee meetings. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 139 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report The 2016 annual work cycle of the Board: > Fourth-quarter and full-year financial results meeting Following the end of the calendar year, the Board held a meeting which focused on the financial results of the entire year 2015 and handled the fourth-quarter financial report. > Board Strategic Day A Board Strategic Day, focusing on deepen- ing Board member knowledge of matters of strategic importance for Ericsson, was held in connection with a Board meeting in the spring. > Board meeting In March, an ordinary Board meeting was held to address various matters, including for example regular executive succession plan- ning review. > Statutory Board meeting The statutory Board meeting was held in con- nection with the AGM 2016. At this meeting, members of each of the three Board Commit- tees were appointed and the Board resolved on signatory powers. > First interim report meeting At the next ordinary meeting, the Board han- dled the interim financial report for the first quarter of the year. > Main strategy meeting In accordance with the annual cycle for the strategy process, a main strategy Board meeting was held, in essence dedicated to short- and long-term strategies of the Group. Following the Board’s input on, and approval of, the overall strategy, the strategy was cascaded throughout the entire organization, starting at the Global Leadership Summit held after the summer with Ericsson’s top 300 leaders. > Second interim report meeting At the second interim report meeting, the Board handled the interim financial report for the second quarter of the year. > Follow-up strategy and risk management meeting Following the summer, a meeting was held to address particular strategy matters in further detail and to finally confirm the Group strat- egy. The meeting also addressed the overall risk management of the Group. > Board Strategic Day A Board Strategic Day, focusing on deepen- ing Board member knowledge of matters of strategic importance for Ericsson, was held in connection with a Board meeting in October. > Third interim report meeting A Board meeting was held to handle the interim financial report for the third quarter of the year. At this meeting, the results of the Board evaluation were presented to and discussed by the Board. > Budget and financial outlook meeting A meeting was held for the Board to address the budget and financial outlook as well as to further analyze internal and external risks. Training and Board Strategic Days New Directors receive comprehensive training tailored to their individual needs. Introductory training typically includes meetings with heads The Board’s annual work cycle 2016 The annual cycle applied to the Board’s work allows the Board to appropriately address its duties during the year. It also facilitates the organization in aligning its global processes to allow appropriate Board involve- ment. This is particularly relevant for the Group’s strategy process and risk management. Budget and financial outlook meeting Third interim report meeting > Q3 Financial report > Board work evaluation Follow-up strategy and risk management meeting Board Strategic Day Second interim report meeting > Q2 Financial report 140 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Fourth-quarter and full-year financial results meeting > Financial result of the entire year Q4 Dec Jan Q1 Nov Feb Board Strategic Day Oct Sep Mar Apr Aug May Q3 Jul Jun Q2 Board meeting Statutory Board meeting (in connection with AGM) > Appointment of Committee Members > Authorization to sign for the Company First interim report meeting > Q1 Financial report Main strategy meeting of business units, customer groups and Group functions, as well as training required by Nasdaq Stockholm on listing issues and insider rules. In addition, the company arranges training for Board members at regular intervals. Bi-annual Board Strategic Days are arranged for Board members as part of ordinary Board meetings, normally spanning one full day each. The Board Strategic Days focus on combining strategy issues with making deep dives into issues of importance for the Ericsson Group. The purpose of the Board Strategic Days is to ensure that members of the Board have knowl- edge and understanding of the business activi- ties of the Group, the business environment and the Group’s strategic options and challenges. Directors’ knowledge in these fields is crucial to allow well-founded Board resolutions, and to ensure that the Company takes due advantage of the different competences of the Directors. The Board Strategic Days also form an import- ant platform for contacts between Directors and talent from different parts of Ericsson’s organiza- tion where the Board gets the opportunity to meet Ericsson employees and leaders. Such contacts and meetings are highly valued by the Board as part of the Board’s involvement in Ericsson’s talent management. During 2016, focus areas at Board Strategic Days included cyber security, 5G, Industry and Society, IoT and Media. As a rule, the Board Strategic Days also include sustainability and corporate responsibility updates for Board members. Auditor involvement The Board meets with Ericsson’s external audi- tor in closed sessions at least once a year to receive and consider the auditor’s observations. The auditor reports to management on the accounting and financial reporting practices of the Group. The Audit Committee also meets regularly with the auditor to receive and consider observations on the interim reports and the Annual Report. The auditor has been instructed to report on Organization of the Board work Number of Committee members as of December 31, 2016 whether the accounts, the management of funds and the general financial position of the Group are presented fairly in all material respects. In addition, the Board reviews and assesses the process for financial reporting, as described below under “Internal control over financial reporting 2016”. Combined with other steps taken internally, the Board’s and the auditor’s review of the interim and annual reports are deemed to give reasonable assurance of the effectiveness of the internal controls over finan- cial reporting. Work of the Board of Directors in 2016 In 2016, 13 Board meetings were held. For attendance at Board meetings, see the table on page 145. Strategy and risk management are always high on the Board’s agenda and the bi-annual Board Strategic Days aim at providing the Board with good insight into these matters. Sustain- ability and corporate responsibility are increas- ingly important to Ericsson and are integrated into Ericsson’s business strategy. The Board continuously monitors the interna- tional developments and their possible impact on Ericsson. Industry transformation, talent management, cybersecurity, profitability, cost reductions and efficiency gains are among the matters that have continued to be in focus within Ericsson during the year. The Board also addressed the re-organization carried out during the year, and the process to appoint a new President and CEO. Board work evaluation A key objective of the Board evaluation is to ensure that the Board work is functioning well. This includes gaining an understanding of the issues that the Board thinks warrant greater focus, as well as determining areas where addi- tional competence is needed within the Board and whether the Board composition is appro- priate. The evaluation also serves as guidance for the work of the Nomination Committee. Board of Directors 12 Directors Audit Committee (4 Directors) Finance Committee (4 Directors) Oversight of financial reporting Oversight of internal control Financing Investing Oversight of auditing Customer credits Remuneration Committee (4 Directors) Guidelines for remuneration to Group management Long-Term Variable Remuner ation Executive remuneration Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 141 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Each year, the Chairman of the Board initiates and leads the evaluation of the Board and Com- mittee work and procedures. Evaluation tools include detailed questionnaires and discussions. The services of an external corporate advisory firm have been retained by the Company to assist in developing questionnaires, carrying out surveys and summarizing responses. In 2016, Directors responded to written questionnaires, covering the Director’s individual performance, Board work in general, Committee work and the Chairman’s performance. The Chairman was not involved in the development or compilation of the questionnaire which related to his performance, nor was he present when his performance was evaluated. The Chairman evaluation was coordinated by one of the Dep- uty Chairmen, Jacob Wallenberg. As part of the evaluation process, the Chairman of the Board also had individual discussions with each of the Directors. The results from the evaluations were presented to the Board and were thoroughly dis- cussed. An action plan was developed to further improve the work of the Board. The Nomination Committee was informed of the results of the Board work and Chairman evaluation. Committees of the Board of Directors The Board of Directors has established three Committees: the Audit Committee, the Finance Committee and the Remuneration Committee. Members of each Committee are appointed for one year from amongst the Board members. In January 2017, the Board resolved to establish a fourth Board Committee for Technology and Science as from the statutory Board meeting to be held in connection with the 2017 Annual General Meeting of shareholders. The task of the Committees is mainly to pre- pare matters for resolution by the Board. How- ever, the Board has authorized each Committee to determine and handle certain issues in limited areas. It may also on occasion provide extended authorization for the Committees to determine specific matters. If deemed appropriate, the Board of Directors and each Committee have the right to engage independent external expertise, either in general or with respect to specific matters. Prior to the Board meetings, each Committee submits the minutes of Committee meetings to the Board and the Chairman of the Committee reports on the work of the Committee at each Board meeting. Audit Committee On behalf of the Board, the Audit Committee monitors the following: > The scope and accuracy of the financial statements > Compliance with legal and regulatory require- ments > Internal control over financial reporting > Risk management > The effectiveness and appropriateness of the Group’s anti-corruption program. The Audit Committee also reviews the annual and interim financial reports and oversees the external audit process, including audit fees. The Audit Committee itself does not perform audit work. Ericsson’s internal audit function reports directly to the Audit Committee. Ericsson’s external auditor is elected by the AGM. The Committee is involved in the prepa- ratory work for the Nomination Committee to propose external auditor for election by the AGM. It also monitors Group transactions and the ongoing performance and independence of the auditor with the aim to avoid conflicts of interest. In order to ensure the auditor’s indepen- dence, the Audit Committee has established pre-approval policies and procedures for non-audit related services to be performed by the external auditor. Pre-approval authority may not be delegated to management. The Audit Committee also oversees Ericsson’s process for reviewing transactions with related parties and Ericsson’s whis- tle-blower procedures. Members of the Committees as of December 31, 2016 Members of the Committees of the Board of Directors Audit Committee Finance Committee Remuneration Committee Ulf J. Johansson (Chairman) Leif Johansson (Chairman) Leif Johansson (Chairman) Nora Denzel Mikael Lännqvist Kristin Skogen Lund Pehr Claesson Helena Stjernholm Jacob Wallenberg Börje Ekholm Sukhinder Singh Cassidy Karin Åberg 142 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Whistle-blower procedures Ericsson’s whistle-blower tool, Ericsson Comp- liance Line, managed by an external service pro- vider, can be used for reporting of alleged viola- tions of laws or the Code of Business Ethics that: > are conducted by Group or local manage- ment, and > relate to corruption, questionable accounting or auditing matters or otherwise seriously affect vital interests of the Group or personal health and safety. Violations reported through the Ericsson Com- pliance Line are handled by Ericsson’s Group Compliance Forum, consisting of representa- tives from Ericsson’s internal audit function, Group Function Legal Affairs, Group Security, and Group Function Human Resources. Alleged violations reported in Ericsson Compliance Line are reported to the Audit Committee. Reports include information about the incident category and a description of the report and decision and output. Investigations relating to severe alleged violations are handled by Corporate Audit’s Corporate Investigation team to secure indepen- dence. Other investigations are handled in the Regions. The Corporate Investigation team over- sees these investigations as deemed appropriate. Members of the Audit Committee The Audit Committee consists of four Board members appointed by the Board in connection with the AGM 2016: Ulf J. Johansson (Chairman), Nora Denzel, Kristin Skogen Lund and Mikael Lännqvist (employee representative). The Board has appointed shareholder elected Board mem- bers with CEO experience to the Committee. The composition of the Audit Committee meets all applicable independence require- ments, including the conditions for reliance on an exemption for employee representatives. The Board of Directors has determined that each of Ulf J. Johansson, Nora Denzel and Kristin Skogen Lund is an audit committee financial expert, as defined under the SEC rule. Each of these three members is considered indepen- dent under applicable US securities laws, SEC rules and NASDAQ Stock Market Rules and each of them is financially literate and familiar with the accounting practices of an international company, such as Ericsson. Work of the Audit Committee in 2016 The Audit Committee held eight meetings in 2016. Directors’ attendance is reflected in the table on page 145. During the year, the Audit Committee reviewed the scope and results of external financial audits and the independence of the external auditor. Prior to publishing it, the Committee also reviewed and discussed each interim report and the annual report with the external auditor. The Committee also reviewed the pre-approval policies and procedures to secure compliance with new EU regulations regarding audits, and monitored the external audit fees and approved non-audit-services performed by the external auditor in accordance with such policies and procedures. The Committee approved the audit plan for the internal audit function based on among other things the annual risk assessment, and reviewed the reports of the internal audit function. The Committee also received and reviewed reports under the whistle-blower tool, Ericsson Compli- ance Line. The Committee monitored the continued compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as well as the internal control and risk management process and monitored and evaluated the effec- tiveness and appropriateness of Ericsson’s anti-corruption program. In 2016, the Committee received training on new IFRS rules. Finance Committee The Finance Committee’s responsibilities include: > Handling matters related to acquisitions, investments and divestments > Handling capital contributions to Group and affiliated companies > Raising loans, issuing guarantees and similar undertakings, and approving financial sup- port to customers and suppliers > Continuously monitoring the Group’s financial risk exposure. The Finance Committee is authorized to deter- mine matters such as: > Direct or indirect financing > Provision of credits > Granting of guarantees and similar under- takings > Certain investments, divestments and financial commitments. Members of the Finance Committee The Finance Committee consists of four Board members appointed by the Board in connection with the AGM 2016: Leif Johansson (Chairman), Pehr Claesson (employee representative), Helena Stjernholm and Jacob Wallenberg. The Board has appointed shareholder elected Board members with extensive industrial and financial experience to the Committee. Work of the Finance Committee in 2016 The Finance Committee held 13 meetings in 2016. Directors’ attendance is reflected in the table on page 145. During the year, the Finance Committee approved numerous customer finance credit arrangements and reviewed a number of potential acquisitions and divest- ments and real estate investments. The Finance Committee spent significant time discussing Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 143 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report and securing an adequate capital structure, as well as examining cash flow and working capital performance. International developments and their impact on Ericsson are continuously moni- tored, as well as Ericsson’s financial position and foreign exchange and credit exposures. Remuneration Committee The Remuneration Committee’s responsibilities include: > Reviewing and preparing, for resolution by the Board, proposals on salary and other remuneration, including retirement compen- sation, for the President and CEO. > Reviewing and preparing, for resolution by the Board, proposals to the AGM on guide- lines for remuneration to the Executive Lead- ership Team (ELT). > Approving proposals on salary and other remuneration, including retirement compen- sation, for the other members of the ELT. > Reviewing and preparing, for resolution by the Board, proposals to the AGM on the Long-Term Variable Compensation Program and similar equity arrangements. In its work, the Remuneration Committee considers trends in remuneration, legislative changes, disclosure rules and the general global executive remuneration environment. It reviews salary survey data before preparing salary adjustment recommendations for the President and CEO for resolution by the Board and before approving any salary adjustments for the other members of the ELT. Members of the Remuneration Committee The Remuneration Committee appointed by the Board in connection with the AGM 2016 consisted of four Board members: Leif Johansson (Chair- man), Börje Ekholm, Sukhinder Singh Cassidy and Karin Åberg (employee representative). Börje Ekholm left the Committee upon his appointment as President and CEO on January 16, 2017 and the Committee now consists of three Board members. The Board has appointed shareholder elected Board members to the Committee with experiences from different markets of relevance to the Group, including the Swedish and the US markets. During the year 2016, Piia Pilv advised and assisted the Remuneration Committee as an independent expert. At its final meeting of 2016, the Remuneration Committee resolved to appoint Peter Boreham from Mercer as its independent advisor for 2017. Work of the Remuneration Committee in 2016 The Remuneration Committee held seven meet- ings in 2016. Director’s attendance is reflected in the table on page 145. The Remuneration Committee reviewed and prepared a proposal for the Long-Term Variable Compensation program (LTV) 2016 for resolu- tion by the Board and further approval by the AGM 2016. It further resolved on salaries and Short-Term Variable remuneration for 2016 for the members of the ELT and prepared proposals regarding remuneration to the President and CEO for resolution by the Board. It also prepared guidelines for remuneration to the ELT for resolu- tion by the Board and subsequent referral to the AGM for approval. With several changes to the ELT during 2016, the Remuneration Committee has also resolved on salaries and Short-Term Variable remuneration for individuals joining the ELT. During the latter part of 2016, the Remunera- tion Committee reviewed the current LTV struc- ture and executive remuneration. The resulting proposals on LTV and guidelines for remunera- tion to the ELT will be referred to the AGM 2017 for resolution. For further information on fixed and variable remuneration, please see Notes to the consoli- dated financial statements – Note C28 “Informa- tion regarding members of the Board of Direc- tors, the Group management and employees” and the “Remuneration Report” included in the Annual Report. 144 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Directors’ attendance and fees 2016 Board member Leif Johansson Anders Nyrén 2) Helena Stjernholm 3) 4) Jacob Wallenberg Roxanne S. Austin 5) Nora Denzel 6) Börje Ekholm 7) Alexander Izosimov 8) Ulf J. Johansson Kristin Skogen Lund Kristin S. Rinne 3) Sukhinder Singh Cassidy 9) Hans Vestberg 10) Pehr Claesson Mikael Lännqvist Karin Åberg Zlatko Hadzic Kjell-Åke Soting Roger Svensson Total number of meetings Fees resolved by the AGM 2016 Number of Board/Committee meetings attended in 2016 Board fees, SEK 1) Committee fees, SEK Board Audit Committee Finance Committee Remuneration Committee 4,075,000 – 990,000 990,000 – 990,000 742,500 – 990,000 975,000 990,000 990,000 – 39,000 11) 31,500 11) 30,000 11) 18.000 11) 19,500 11) 19,500 11) 400,000 – 175,000 175,000 – 250,000 131,250 – 350,000 250,000 – 175,000 – – – – – – – 13 2 11 12 2 13 12 2 13 13 11 13 7 13 13 13 12 13 13 13 13 4 9 13 13 13 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 2 7 5 7 7 1) Non-employee Directors can choose to receive part of their Board fee (exclusive of Committee fees) in the form of synthetic shares. 2) Resigned from the Board and from the Finance Committee as of April 13, 2016. 3) Elected member of the Board at the AGM held on April 13, 2016. 4) Appointed member of the Finance Committee as of April 13, 2016. 5) Resigned from the Board and from the Remuneration Committee as of April 13, 2016. 6) Appointed member of the Audit Committee as of April 13, 2016. 7) Board member remuneration resolved by the AGM is only for non-employee Directors elected by the shareholders. Since January 16, 2017, Börje Ekholm is employed by the Company and his Board and Committee remuneration have been adjusted accordingly. 8) Resigned from the Board and from the Audit Committee as of April 13, 2016. 9) Appointed member of the Remuneration Committee as of April 13, 2016. 10) Resigned from the Board as of July 25, 2016. Board member remuneration resolved by the AGM is only for non-employee Directors elected by the shareholders.Hans Vestberg was employed by the Company. 11) Employee representative Board members and their deputies are not entitled to a Board fee, but instead get paid compensation in the amount of SEK 1,500 per attended Board and Committee meeting. Remuneration to Board members Remuneration to Board members not employed by the Company is proposed by the Nomination Committee for resolution by the AGM. The AGM 2016 approved the Nomination Committee’s pro- posal for fees to non-employee Board members for Board and Committee work. For further information on Board of Directors’ fees 2016, please refer to Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note C28 “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees” in the Annual Report. The AGM 2016 also approved the Nomination Committee’s proposal that Board members may be paid part of their Board fee in the form of synthetic shares. A synthetic share gives the right to receive a future cash payment of an amount which corre- sponds to the market value of a Class B share in Ericsson at the time of payment. The Director’s right to receive payment with regard to allocated synthetic shares occurs, as a general rule, after the publication of the Company’s year-end financial state- ment during the fifth year following the General Meeting that resolved on the allocation of the synthetic shares. The purpose of paying part of the Board of Directors’ fee in the form of synthetic shares is to further align the Directors’ interests with shareholder interests. For more information on the terms and conditions of the synthetic shares, please refer to the notice convening the AGM 2016 and to the minutes from the AGM 2016, which are available at Ericsson’s website. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 145 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Members of the Board of Directors Board members elected by the AGM 2016 Leif Johansson (first elected 2011) Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and of the Finance Committee Born 1951. Master of Science in Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Board Chairman: Astra Zeneca PLC. Board Member: Autoliv, Inc., Ecolean AB and The Confederation of Swedish Enterprise. Holdings in Ericsson: 103,933 Class B shares 1). Principal work experience and other information: Member of the European Round Table of Industrialists since 2002, and served as its Chairman 2009– 2014. President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 2012. Chairman of the International Advisory Board of the Nobel Foundation. President and CEO of AB Volvo 1997–2011. Executive Vice President of AB Electrolux 1988–1991, President 1991–1994 and President and CEO of AB Electrolux 1994–1997. Holds honorary Doctorates at Blekinge Institute of Technology, the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Tech­ nology. Awarded the Large Gold Medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 2011. Helena Stjernholm (first elected 2016) Jacob Wallenberg (first elected 2011) Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors, Member of the Finance Committee Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors, Member of the Finance Committee Born 1970. Master of Science in Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden. Board Member: AB Industrivärden, AB Volvo and Sandvik AB. Holdings in Ericsson: 20,060 Class B shares 1), and 11,093 synthetic shares 2). Principal work experience and other information: President and CEO of AB Industrivärden since 2015. Partner in the private equity firm IK Investment Partners (2008– 2015), with responsibility for the Stockholm office from 2011 to 2015. Investment Manager at IK Investment Partners (1998–2008). Previous experience as consultant for Bain & Company (1997–1998). Born 1956. Bachelor of Science in Economics and Master of Business Administration, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA. Officer of the Reserve, Swedish Navy. Board Chairman: Investor AB. Deputy Board Chairman: SAS AB, ABB Ltd, FAM and Patricia Industries. Board Member: The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stockholm School of Economics and The Confederation of Swedish Enterprise. Holdings in Ericsson: 227,703 Class B shares 1), and 25,186 synthetic shares 2). Principal work experience and other information: Chairman of the Board of Investor AB since 2005. President and CEO of SEB in 1997 and Chairman of SEB’s Board of Directors 1998–2005. Executive Vice President and CFO of Investor AB 1990–1993. Honorary Chairman of IBLAC (Mayor of Shanghai’s International Business Leaders Advisory Council) and member of The European Round Table of Industrialists. The Board memberships and holdings in Ericsson reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. 2) Since 2008, the AGM has each year resolved that part of the Board fee may be received in the form of synthetic shares. A synthetic share is a right to receive in the future a payment corresponding to the value of the Class B share in Ericsson at the time of payment. Please see page 145 for further information. 146 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Nora Denzel (first elected 2013) Member of the Audit Committee Börje Ekholm (first elected 2006) Ulf J. Johansson (first elected 2005) Member of the Remuneration Committee (until January 15, 2017) Chairman of the Audit Committee Born 1945. Doctor of Technology and Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Board Chairman: Acando AB, Eurostep Group AB and Trimble Inc. Holdings in Ericsson: 6,435 Class B shares 1). Principal work experience and other information: Founder of Europolitan Vodafone AB, where he was the Chairman of the Board 1990–2005. Previous positions at Spectra­Physics AB as President and CEO and at Ericsson Radio Systems AB. Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. Born 1962. Master of Business Administration, Santa Clara University, USA. Bachelor of Science in Computer Science, State University of New York, USA. Board Member: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Holdings in Ericsson: 3,850 Class B shares 1), and 5,489 synthetic shares 2). Principal work experience and other information: CEO (interim) of Outerwall Inc. (January 2015 – August 2015). Senior Vice President Big Data, Marketing and Social Product Design and General Manager QuickBooks Payroll Division (2008–2012). Previous positions include Senior Vice President and General Manager of HP’s Global Software, Storage and Consulting Divisions (2000–2006), Senior Vice President Product Operations Legato Systems (bought by EMC) and various engineering, marketing and executive positions at IBM. Non­Profit board member of the Anita Borg Institute and the Northern California Chapter of the National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD). Industrial Advisor to the Private Equity Firm EQT. Born 1963. Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Master of Business Administration, INSEAD, France. Board Chairman: NASDAQ OMX Group Inc. and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Board Member: Alibaba, Inc. and Trimble Inc. Holdings in Ericsson: 1,030,760 Class B shares 1), 2,000,000 call options, and 43,679 synthetic shares 2) . Principal work experience and other information: President and CEO of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson since January 16, 2017. CEO of Patricia Industries, a division within Investor AB (2015 – January 15, 2017). President and CEO of Investor AB (2005–2015). Formerly Head of Investor Growth Capital Inc. and New Investments. Previous positions at Novare Kapital AB and McKinsey & Co Inc. Member of the Board of Trustees of Choate Rosemary Hall. The Board memberships and holdings in Ericsson reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. 2) Since 2008, the AGM has each year resolved that part of the Board fee may be received in the form of synthetic shares. A synthetic share is a right to receive in the future a payment corresponding to the value of the Class B share in Ericsson at the time of payment. Please see page 145 for further information. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 147 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Board members elected by the AGM 2016, cont. Kristin Skogen Lund (first elected 2013) Member of the Audit Committee Kristin S. Rinne (first elected 2016) Born 1954. Bachelor of Arts, Washburn University, USA. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 7,395 synthetic shares2). Principal work experience and other information: Previously Senior Vice President, Network Technology, Network Architecture & Planning, at AT&T (2007–2014). CTO of Cingular Wireless (2005– 2007) and VP Technology & New Product Development of Cingular Wireless (2000–2005). Previous positions within Southwestern Bell and SBC (1976–2000). Non­profit Board member of Curing Kids Cancer, Washburn University Foundation and Wycliffe Associates. Born 1966. Master of Business Administration, INSEAD, France. Bachelor in International Studies and Business Administration, University of Oregon, USA. Board Chairman: The Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra. Holdings in Ericsson: 11,990 synthetic shares 2). Principal work experience and other information: Director General of the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (NHO) since 2012. Executive Vice President and Head of Digital Services and Broadcast and Executive Vice President and Head of Nordic Region, Group Executive Manage­ ment at Telenor (2010–2012). Previous positions include Chief Executive Officer and Commercial Director at Aftenposten, Chief Executive Officer at Scanpix, Managing Director and Editor in Chief at Scandinavia Online, and several positions at the Coca­Cola Company, Unilever and Norges Eksportråd. Sukhinder Singh Cassidy (first elected 2015) Member of the Remuneration Committee Born 1970. Bachelor of Arts Degree in Honors Business Administration from the Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, Canada. Board Chairman: Joyus.com. Board Member: Tripadvisor LLC. Holdings in Ericsson: 6,210 synthetic shares 2). Principal work experience and other information: Founder, CEO and Chairman of Joyus.com since 2011. Founder of Choose­ Possibility Inc. (a benefit corpor­ ation focused on gender diversity in the tech industry). CEO of Polyvore, Inc. 2010, CEO­in­ Residence of Accel Partners 2009–2010, senior executive positions with Google Inc., 2003– 2009, including President, Asia­ Pacific and Latin America Sales & Operations, Vice President Asia­ Pacific and Latin America, and General Manager, Local Search & Content Partnerships. Previous positions with Yodlee.com, Amazon.com, British Sky Broadcasting Group and Merrill Lynch. The Board memberships and holdings in Ericsson reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. 2) Since 2008, the AGM has each year resolved that part of the Board fee may be received in the form of synthetic shares. A synthetic share is a right to receive in the future a payment corresponding to the value of the Class B share in Ericsson at the time of payment. Please see page 145 for further information. 148 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Board members and deputies appointed by the trade unions Pehr Claesson (first appointed 2008) Mikael Lännqvist (first appointed 2015) Karin Åberg (first appointed 2007) Employee representative, Member of the Finance Committee Employee representative, Member of the Audit Committee Employee representative, Member of the Remuneration Committee Born 1966. Appointed by the union The Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers. Holdings in Ericsson: 2,955 Class B shares 1). Employed since 1997. Has currently an industry marketing position within Group Function Marketing and Communications, IT & Cloud. Born 1969. Appointed by the union IF Metall. Born 1959. Appointed by the union Unionen. Holdings in Ericsson: 1,552 Class B shares 1). Holdings in Ericsson: 4,596 Class B shares 1). Employed since 1995. Working as Analysis Technician within Business Unit Network Products. Employed since 1998. Working as a Service Engineer within the IT organization. Zlatko Hadzic (first appointed 2015) Kjell-Åke Soting (first appointed 2016) Roger Svensson (first appointed 2011) Deputy employee representative Deputy employee representative Deputy employee representative Born 1970. Appointed by the union IF Metall. Born 1963. Appointed by the union Unionen. Holdings in Ericsson: None 1). Holdings in Ericsson: 2,797 Class B shares 1). Employed since 2010. Working as NPI Operator within Business Unit Network Products. Employed since 1996. Working as EMS Manager within Business Unit Network Products Born 1971. Appointed by the union The Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers. Holdings in Ericsson: 16,333 Class B shares 1). Employed since 1999. Working as Global Process Architect for Test within Business Unit Network Products. Hans Vestberg was the only Director who held an operational management position at Ericsson in 2016. On July 25, 2016, Hans Vestberg left the Board. As of January 16, 2017, Börje Ekholm has been appointed President and CEO. Roxanne S. Austin, Alexander Izosimov and Anders Nyrén left the Board in connection with the AGM 2016 and Helena Stjernholm and Kristin S. Rinne were elected new members of the Board at the AGM 2016. 1) The number of shares reflects ownership as of December 31, 2016 and includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 149 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Management The President/CEO and the Executive Leadership Team The Board of Directors appoints the President and CEO and the Executive Vice Presidents. The President and CEO is responsible for the management of day­to­day operations and is supported by the other members of the Execu­ tive Leadership Team (ELT). The ELT members as of December 31, 2016, are presented on pages 154–158 together with the new CEO appointed as of January 16, 2017. The role of the ELT is to: > Establish a strong corporate culture, a long­ term vision and Group strategies and policies, all based on objectives stated by the Board. > Determine targets for operational units, allo­ cate resources and monitor unit performance. > Secure operational excellence and realize global synergies through efficient organiza­ tion of the Group. During 2016, many new appointments to the ELT were made following the re­organization effec­ tive July 1, 2016. During 2016, the ELT had a great focus on strategy execution and on ensur­ ing due implementation of the re­organization throughout Ericsson. Execution of the cost­effi­ ciency program has also been a prioritized area. Remuneration to the Executive Leadership Team Guidelines for remuneration to the ELT were approved by the AGM 2016. For further informa­ tion on fixed and variable remuneration, see the Ericsson Group Management System Demands and Expectations Customers Key Stakeholders Business Environment Management and Control Vision Policies Directives Satisfaction through Value Deliverables Objectives Strategies Results The Ericsson Business Processes Performance improvement Performance evaluation Organization and Resources Corporate Culture 150 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Remuneration Report and Notes to the consoli­ dated financial statements – Note C28, “Informa­ tion regarding members of the Board of Direc­ tors, the Group management and employees” in the Annual Report. The Ericsson Group Management System Ericsson has one global management system, known as the Ericsson Group Management System (EGMS) to drive corporate culture and to ensure that the business is managed: > To fulfill the objectives of Ericsson’s major stakeholders (customers, shareholders, employees). > Within established risk limits and with reliable internal control. > In compliance with relevant applicable laws, listing requirements, governance codes and corporate responsibilities. The EGMS is a framework consisting of rules and requirements for Ericsson’s business, spec­ ified through process and organization descrip­ tions, policies, directives and instructions. The management system is applied in all Ericsson’s operations globally, and its consistency and global reach is designed to build trust in the way Ericsson works. The EGMS is founded on ISO 9001 (international standard for quality manage­ ment systems) but is designed as a dynamic governance system, enabling Ericsson to adapt the system to evolving demands and expecta­ tions, including new legislation as well as cus­ tomers’ and other stakeholders’ requirements. Ericsson does not implement external require­ ments without analyzing them and putting them into the Ericsson context. The EGMS comprises three elements: > Management and control > Ericsson business processes > Organization and resources. Management and control Ericsson’s strategy and target­setting processes consider the demands and expectations of customers as well as other key stakeholders. Ericsson uses balanced scorecards as tools for translating strategic objectives into a set of per­ formance indicators for its operational units. Based on annual strategy work, these score­ cards are updated with targets for each unit for the next year and are communicated throughout the organization. Group­wide policies and directives govern how the organization works and are core ele­ ments in managing and controlling Ericsson. The Group Policies and Directives include, among other things, a Code of Business Ethics, a Code of Conduct and accounting and reporting direc­ tives to fulfill external reporting requirements. Ericsson has a Group Steering Documents Committee for purposes of aligning policies and directives with Group strategies, values and structures. Ericsson business processes As a market leader, Ericsson utilizes the compet­ itive advantages that are gained through global scale and has implemented common processes and IT tools across all operational units world­ wide. Customer requirements are identified, clarified and formalized in Ericsson Business Processes where requirements transform from theory to practice. Ericsson attempts to reduce costs with efficient and effective process flows and with standardized internal controls and per­ formance indicators. Organization and resources Ericsson is operated in two dimensions: one operational structure and one legal structure. The operational structure aligns accountability and authority regardless of country borders and supports the process flows with cross­country operations. In the operational structure, Ericsson is organized in group functions, segments, busi­ ness units, customer groups and regions. The legal structure is the basis for legal requirements and responsibility as well as for tax and statutory reporting purposes. There are more than 200 legal entities within the Ericsson Group with approximately 80 branch offices with represen­ tation (via legal entities, branch and representa­ tive offices) in more than 150 countries. Chief Compliance Officer Ericsson has a Chief Compliance Officer (CCO), reporting to the Chief Legal Officer. The CCO’s responsibilities among other things include to further develop Ericsson’s anti­corruption pro­ gram and the CCO regularly reports to the Audit Committee. Attention from senior­management level on anti­corruption and compliance is cru­ cial, as is ensuring that these matters are addressed from a cross­functional perspective. Ericsson’s anti­corruption program is reviewed and evaluated by the Audit Committee at least annually. Audits, assessments and certification The purpose of audits and assessments is to determine levels of compliance and to provide valuable information for understanding, analyz­ ing and continually improving performance. Management monitors compliance with policies, directives and processes through internal self­assessment within all units. This is comple­ mented by internal and external audits. Due to demands and requirements from cus­ tomers and other external stakeholders, Ericsson sometimes needs to take decisions on certification in order to stay competitive in the market. Certification means that Ericsson’s inter­ pretation of standards or requirements are con­ firmed by a third­party assessment. As the EGMS is a global system, group­wide certificates are issued by a third­party certifica­ tion body proving that the system is efficient throughout the whole organization. Ericsson is currently globally certified to ISO 9001 (Quality), ISO 14001 (Environment) and OHSAS 18001 (Health & Safety). Selected Ericsson units are also certified to additional standards, for exam­ ple ISO 27001 (Information Security) and TL 9000 (telecom­specific standard). EGMS is also audited within the scope of the audit plan of Ericsson’s internal audit function. Ericsson’s external financial audits are per­ formed by PricewaterhouseCoopers, and ISO/ management system audits are performed by EY. Internal audits are performed by the compa­ ny’s internal audit function which reports to the Audit Committee. Ericsson conducts audits of suppliers in order to secure compliance with Ericsson’s Code of Conduct, which includes rules that suppliers to the Ericsson Group must comply with. Risk management Ericsson’s risk management is integrated into the operational processes of the business, and is a part of the EGMS to ensure accountability, effectiveness, efficiency, business continuity and compliance with corporate governance, legal and other requirements. The Board of Directors also oversees the Company’s risk management. Risks related to long­term objec­ tives for Ericsson’s business units and customer groups are discussed and strategies are formally approved by the Board as part of the annual strategy process. Risks related to annual targets for the Company are also reviewed by the Board and then monitored continuously during the year. Certain transactional risks require specific Board approval, e.g. acquisitions, divestments management remuneration, borrowing or cus­ tomer finance in excess of pre­defined limits. Operational, financial and compliance risks Operational and financial risk Operational risks are owned and managed by operational units. Risk management is embed­ ded in various process controls, such as deci­ sion tollgates and approvals. Certain cross­pro­ cess risks are centrally coordinated, such as information security, IT security, corporate responsibility and business continuity and insur­ able risks. Financial risk management is gov­ erned by a Group policy and carried out by the Treasury and Customer Finance functions, both supervised by the Finance Committee. The pol­ icy governs risk exposures related to foreign exchange, liquidity/financing, interest rates, credit risk and market price risk in equity instru­ Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 151 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report ments. For further information on financial risk management, see Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note C14, “Trade receiv­ ables and customer finance,” Note C19, “Inter­ est­bearing liabilities” and Note C20, “Financial risk management and financial instruments” in the Annual Report. Compliance risks Ericsson has implemented Group policies and directives in order to comply with applicable laws and regulations, as well as its Code of Business Ethics and Code of Conduct. Risk management is integrated in the Company’s business processes. Policies and controls are implemented to comply with financial reporting standards and stock market regulations. Risk mitigation Examples of significant activities to mitigate risks are: > Conducting regular supplier Code of Conduct audits > Continuously assessing and managing risks relating to Corporate Responsibility including anti­corruption > Conducting business continuity management in an efficient way > Continuously monitoring information systems to guard against data breaches > Reviewing top risks and mitigating actions in regular monthly reporting and at various inter­ nal governance meetings Strategic and tactical risks Strategic risks constitute the highest risk to the Company if not managed properly as they could have a long­term impact. Ericsson therefore reviews its long­term objectives, main strategies and business scope on an annual basis and continuously works on its tactics to reach these objectives and to mitigate any risks identified. Objectives are set for three to five years in the annual strategy process and for one year in the target setting process. Risks are assessed and strategies are developed to achieve the objec­ tives. The strategy process in the Company is well established and involves regions, business units, customer groups and group functions. The strategy is summarized and discussed in a yearly Leadership Summit with approximately 300 leaders from all parts of the business attending. By involving all parts of the business in the process, potential risks are identified early and mitigating actions can be incorporated in the strategy and in the annual target­setting pro­ cess following the finalization of the strategy. Key components in the evaluation of risk related to Ericsson’s long­term objectives include for example technology development, cyber security related matters, industry and market fundamentals, the development of the economy, the political and international environ­ ment, health and environmental aspects and laws and regulations. The outcome of the strategy process forms the basis for the annual target­setting process, Strategy process The annual strategy and target­ setting process, including risk management, involves regions, business unit customer groups and Group functions. Technology Strategy Business strategy directives Quantitative and qualitative situation analysis Target Setting Related risk identification and mitigation (12­month horizon) Board target approval Review of one­year risks Region strategy development Board quarterly risk monitoring Board approval of Group strategy Review of long­term risks 152 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Group management strategic direction, strategic risk identification and mitigation Q4 Dec Jan Q1 Nov Feb Group strategy development (five­year perspective) Oct Sep Ericsson Strategy process Mar Apr Aug May Q3 Jul Jun Q2 Region strategy directives Function strategy directives Functional strategy development Strategic risk identification and mitigation Leadership Summit on strategy which involves regions, business units, cus­ tomer groups and group functions. Risks related to the targets are identified as part of this pro­ cess together with actions to mitigate the identi­ fied risks. Follow­up of targets, risks and mitigat­ ing actions are reported and discussed continu­ ously in internal governance meetings and are reviewed by the Board of Directors. Ericsson continuously strives to improve its risk management and believes that it is important that the entire global organization takes part in the risk management and strategy work. For more information on risks related to Ericsson’s business, see the chapter “Risk factors” in the Annual Report. Process to identify and manage strategic and tactical risks for regions, business units and group functions The process is aligned with the strategy and target­setting process Leadership Team meeting and workshop Preparations Establish gross list Prioritize risks Assign responsibility Manage risks Compile input: > Business unit plan, region plan, functional strategy including SWOT analysis > Preparatory meetings/ workshop Consider the four risk categories: > Industry & market risks > Commercial risks > Operational risks > Compliance risks > Rank the risks based on business impact and probability > Document risk heat map in relation with strategic objectives (up to 5 years) and with short­term targets (1 year) > Define management response; accept, reduce, eliminate > Assign responsibility for managing each top risk > Agree on cooperation between units > Develop mitigation actions > Secure risk reviews in monthly business reports and gover­ nance meetings Example of risk heat map document Risk heat maps are gener­ ated by business units, regions and Group functions in four risk categories: > Industry & market > Commercial > Operational > Compliance RISK HEAT MAP (illustration only) Time horizon 1–5 years Industry & Market Commercial Operational Compliance ) h g H i , i m u d e M , w o L ( y t i l i b a b o r P Impact (Low, Medium, High) Impact (Low, Medium, High) Impact (Low, Medium, High) Impact (Low, Medium, High) Management response Accept Reduce Eliminate Risk description Mitigating action 1 2 3 4 5 Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 153 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Members of the Executive Leadership Team Börje Ekholm President and CEO since January 16, 2017 Born 1963. Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Master of Business Administration, INSEAD, France. Board Chairman: NASDAQ OMX Group Inc. and KTH Royal Institute of Technology Board Member: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Alibaba, Inc. and Trimble Inc. Holdings in Ericsson: 1,030,760 Class B shares 1), 2,000,000 call options, and 43,679 synthetic shares. Background: President and CEO of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson since January 16, 2017. CEO of Patricia Industries, a division within Investor AB (2015 – January 15, 2017). President and CEO of Investor AB (2005–2015). Formerly Head of Investor Growth Capital Inc. and New Investments. Previous positions at Novare Kapital AB and McKinsey & Co Inc. Member of the Board of Trustees of Choate Rosemary Hall. Jan Frykhammar Executive Vice President and Advisor to the CEO (since January 16, 2017) and President and CEO (July 25, 2016 – January 15, 2017) and Head of Segment Networks (July 25, 2016 – December 31, 2016) Magnus Mandersson Executive Vice President (since 2011), Advisor to the CEO (since July 1, 2016) and Head of Segment and Business Unit Global Services (2010–December 31, 2016) MajBritt Arfert Acting Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer and Head of Group Function Human Resources (since November 15, 2016) Born 1965. Bachelor of Business Administration and Economics, University of Uppsala, Sweden. Born 1959. Bachelor of Business Administration, University of Lund, Sweden. Born 1963. Bachelor of Human Resources, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Board Member: Lund University and the Supervisory Council of Interogo Foundation. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 18,681 Class B shares. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 53,920 Class B shares. Background: Head of Business Unit Global Services (2010–2016). Previously Head of Business Unit CDMA, Market Unit Northern Europe, Global Customer Account Deutsche Telekom AG and Product Area Managed Services. Previously also President and CEO of SEC/Tele2 Europe and COO of Millicom International Cellular S.A. Background: Head of Human Resources Ericsson Sweden since September 2015. Previously Vice President and Head of Human Resources Business Unit Support Solutions (2007–2015). Previous positions include various Human Resources positions, including Head of Human Resources for Sony Ericsson in Germany (2001–2004). Board Member: Attendo AB, Confederation of Swedish Enterprises, the Swedish International Chamber of Commerce and Teknikföretagen. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 62,340 Class B shares. Background: Executive Vice President and Head of Group Function Finance (2009–2016). Previously Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit Global Services. Various previous positions within Ericsson including Sales and Business Control in Business Unit Global Services, CFO in North America and Vice President, Finance and Commercial within the Global Customer Account Vodafone. Changes in the Executive Leadership Team Effective January 16, 2017, the Director Börje Ekholm was appointed new President and CEO of Ericsson replacing Jan Frykhammar who assumed the role on July 25, 2016, when the former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, left his position. Effective January 16, 2017, Jan Frykhammar assumed the role as Executive Vice President and Advisor of the CEO . Bina Chaurasia left her role as Chief Human Resources Officer and Head of Group Function Human Resources, effective November 15, 2016, and was replaced by MajBritt Arfert who has been acting in that role since that date. Ulf Ewaldsson was appointed Chief Technology Officer and Head of Strat­ egy on September 20, 2016, and former Chief Strategy Officer, Rima Qureshi was appointed Head of Region North America on July 1, 2016. The Board memberships and Ericsson holdings reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. 154 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Arun Bansal Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit Network Products (since July 1, 2016) Per Borgklint Senior Vice President, Chief Innovation Officer, Head of Business United Media (since July 1, 2016) and Head of Segment Support Solutions (2011– December 31, 2016) Ulf Ewaldsson Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, Head of Strategy and Head of Group Function Strategy and Technology (since September 20, 2016) Niklas Heuveldop Senior Vice President, Chief Customer Officer and Head of Group Function Sales (since July 1, 2016) Born 1968. Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics) University of Jiwaji and Postgraduate Diploma in Marketing, Indira Gandhi National Open University, India. Board Member: OPCOM Cables Sdn Bhd, Malaysia. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 35,000 Class B shares. Background: Previously Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit Radio. Joined Ericsson in 1995 and has held various senior positions in the company, including Head of Region South East Asia and Oceania and Country Manager in Indonesia and Bangladesh. Born 1972. Master of Science in Business Administration, Jönköping International Business School, Sweden. Born 1965. Master of Science in Engineering and Business Management, Linköping Institute of Technology, Sweden. Born 1968. Master of Science in Industrial Engineering and Management, the Linköping Institute of Technology, Sweden. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 7,583 Class B shares. Background: Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit Support Solutions (2011– 2016). Previously CEO of Net1 (Ice. net), Canal Plus Nordic and Versatel. Has also previously held several leading positions at Tele2. Board Member: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, Assa Abloy AB, and TM Forum. Board Member: The Swedish­ American Chamber of Commerce New York. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 44,421 Class B shares. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 8,241 Class B shares. Background: Chief Technology Officer and Head of Group Function Technology (2012 – September 19, 2016). Joined Ericsson in 1990 and has held various managerial positions within Ericsson, including Head of Product Area Radio within Business Unit Networks. Member of the European Cloud Partnership Steering Board. Background: Previous positions include Head of Global Customer Unit AT&T and a series of senior leadership positions across Ericsson, including Head of Market Unit Central America and Caribbean. Previously CEO of ServiceFactory and COO of WaterCove Networks. Mats H. Olsson (former Head of Ericsson Asia­Pacific) left ELT on May 18, 2017. In connection with the re­organization, effective July 1, 2016, the fol­ lowing former ELT members left the ELT: Angel Ruiz (former Head of Region North America), Anders Thulin (former Chief Information Officer and Head of Group Function Business Excellence and Common Func­ tions) and Jan Wäreby (former Head of Group Function Sales). In connection with the announcement of the appointment of Börje Ekholm as new President and CEO of Ericsson, Investor AB and AB Industrivärden, shareholders in Ericsson, announced that both compa­ nies were to enter into an option agreement with Börje Ekholm on market terms (valuation conducted, using the Black & Scholes model, by an inde­ pendent third party) under which each of them would issue 1,000,000 call options to Börje Ekholm. Under these agreements, Börje Ekholm has pur­ chased in total 2,000,000 call options issued by the shareholders, for a purchase price of SEK 0.49 per call option. Each call option entitles the purchase of one Ericsson B share from the shareholders at a strike price of SEK 80 per share during one year after a seven­year period. See Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note C28 “Information regard­ ing members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees” in the Annual Report for further information. The Board memberships and Ericsson holdings reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 155 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Members of the Executive Leadership Team, cont. Chris Houghton Senior Vice President and Head of Region North East Asia (since August 2015) Fredrik Jejdling Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit Network Services (since July 1, 2016) Anders Lindblad Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit IT & Cloud Products (since July 1, 2016) Born 1966. Bachelor of Law, Huddersfield Polytechnic, England. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 21,584 Class B shares. Background: Previously Head of Region India and Head of Customer Unit UK and Ireland. Has also previously held mana­ gement positions within Ericsson in China, Hungary, India, Ireland, Japan, Sweden and the UK. Born 1969. Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden. Born 1968. Master of Science in Industrial Engineering and Management, Linköping University, Sweden. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 8,989 Class B shares. Background: Previously Head of Region Sub­Saharan Africa. Has held a variety of positions in commercial operations and financials, including Head of Region India, and Head of Sales and Finance for Business Unit Global Services. Previous posi­ tions include senior positions with LUX Asia Pacific and Tele2 Group. Board Member: LUISS Business School, Rome, Italy. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 30,766 Class B shares. Background: Previously Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit Cloud & IP, and Head of Region Middle East. Has held a variety of international positions in business development and commercial operations. Has previously served as a fighter pilot and air force engineer in the Swedish Air Force. Nina Macpherson Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Head of Group Function Legal Affairs and secretary to the Board of Directors (since 2011) Born 1958. Master of Laws, LL.M., University of Stockholm, Sweden. Board Member: The Association for Swedish Listed Companies and the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC). Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 33,375 Class B shares. Background: Previously Vice President and Deputy Head of Group Function Legal Affairs at Ericsson. Previous positions also include private practice and in­house attorney. Member of the Swedish Securities Council. The Board memberships and Ericsson holdings reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. 156 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Carl Mellander Acting Chief Financial Officer and Head of Group Function Finance and Common Functions (since July 25, 2016) Helena Norrman Senior Vice President, Chief Marketing and Communications Officer and Head of Group Function Marketing and Communications (since 2014) Born 1964. Bachelor of Business Administration and Economics, University of Stockholm, Sweden. Born 1970. Master of International Business Administration, Linköping University, Sweden. Board Member: Swedish Association of Corporate Treasurers. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 22,127 Class B shares. Background: Previously Vice President and Head of Treasury at Ericsson. Has previously held various positions within finance and business control within Ericsson, including Head of Finance in Region Western and Central Europe (2010–2015), and prior to that Head of Finance for Market Unit Northern Europe. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 29,588 Class B shares. Background: Senior Vice President and Head of Group Function Communications (2011– 2014). Previously Vice President, Communications Operations at Group Function Communications. Has held various positions within Ericsson’s global communications organization since 1998. Previous positions as communications consultant. Jean-Philippe Poirault Senior Vice President and Head of Business Unit IT & Cloud Services (since July 1, 2016) Rima Qureshi Senior Vice President and Head of Region North America (since July 1, 2016) Born 1965. Master’s degrees from École supérieure d’électricité (CentraleSupelec Group) and ESTP Paris, France. Born 1965. Bachelor of Information Systems and Master of Business Administration, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 1,406 Class B shares. Background: Previously Head of Consulting and Systems Integration, Business Unit Global Services, and Head of Strategy & Portfolio Innovation. Prior to joining Ericsson in 2011, President of Alcatel­Lucent’s Multimedia, IT and Telecom Service Business Unit. Board Member: MasterCard Incorporated and Great­West Lifeco Inc. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 15,165 Class B shares. Background: Previously Chief Strategy Officer and Head of Group Function Strategy (2014 September 19, 2016). Has held various positions within Ericsson since 1993 including Senior Vice President Strategic Projects (2013–2014), and Head of Business Unit CDMA Mobile Systems (2010–2012). The Board memberships and Ericsson holdings reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 157 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report Members of the Executive Leadership Team, cont. Auditor According to the Articles of Association, the Parent Com­ pany shall have no less than one and no more than three registered public accounting firms as external indepen­ dent auditor. Ericsson’s auditor is currently elected each year at the AGM pursuant to the Swedish Companies Act for a one­year mandate period. The auditor reports to the shareholders at General Meetings. The duties of the auditor include: > Updating the Board of Directors regarding the plan­ ning, scope and content of the annual audit work > Reviewing the interim reports to assess that the finan­ cial statements are presented fairly in all material respects and providing review opinions over the interim reports for the third and fourth quarters and the year­end financial statements > Reviewing and providing an audit opinion over the Annual Report > Advising the Board of Directors of non­audit services performed, the consideration paid and other issues that determine the auditor’s independence. Auditing work is carried out by the auditor continuously throughout the year. For further information on the con­ tacts between the Board and the auditor, please see “Work of the Board of Directors” earlier in this Corporate Governance Report. Current auditor PricewaterhouseCoopers AB was elected auditor at the AGM 2016 for a period of one year, i.e. until the close of the AGM 2017. PricewaterhouseCoopers AB has appointed Bo Hjalmarsson, Authorized Public Accountant, to serve as auditor in charge. Bo Hjalmarsson is also auditor in charge in SAS AB and SAAB AB. Fees to the auditor Ericsson paid the fees (including expenses) for audit­re­ lated and other services listed in the table in Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note C30, “Fees to auditors” in the Annual Report. Charlotta Sund Senior Vice President and Head of Customer Group Industry and Society (since July 1, 2016) Born 1963. Master of Science in Industrial Engineering and Management from the the Institute of Technology, Linköping University, Sweden. Board Member: None. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 9,600 Class B shares. Background: Previously Head of Region Northern Europe and Central Asia. Has held a variety of positions within Ericsson, including Head of Customer Unit Industry and Society, Region Northern Europe and Central Asia, and Vice President and Head of Multimedia & Systems Integration, Market Unit Nordic and Baltics. Elaine Weidman-Grunewald Senior Vice President, Chief Sustainability Officer and Head of Group Function Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility (since July 1, 2016) Born 1967. Double Master’s degree in Resource and Environmental Management and International Relations, Boston University Center for Energy and Environmental Studies in the US. Board Member: Millennium Promise. Holdings in Ericsson: 1) 8,997 Class B shares. Background: Head of Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility and held various positions in this field at Ericsson since 2005. Joined Ericsson in 1998 and has previously held positions in product management, marketing and sales in the US and Sweden. Prior to joining Ericsson, she worked in international sales, business development and environmental certification. The Board memberships and Ericsson holdings reported above are as of December 31, 2016. 1) The number of shares includes holdings by related persons, as well as holdings of any ADS, if applicable. 158 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Internal control over financial reporting 2016 This section has been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and the Swedish Corporate Gover­ nance Code and is limited to internal control over financial reporting. Since Ericsson is listed in the United States, the requirements outlined in the Sarbanes­Oxley Act (SOX) apply, subject to certain exceptions. These regulate the establishment and maintenance of internal control over financial reporting as well as management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the controls. In order to support high­quality reporting and to meet the requirement of SOX, the Company has implemented detailed documented controls and testing and reporting procedures based on the internationally established 2013 COSO framework for internal control. The COSO frame­ work is issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organi­ zations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Management’s internal control report according to SOX will be included in Ericsson’s Annual Report on Form 20­F and filed with the SEC in the United States. Disclosure policies Ericsson’s financial reporting and disclosure policies aim to ensure transparent, relevant and consistent communi­ cation with equity and debt investors on a timely, fair and equal basis. This will support a fair market value for Ericsson securities. Ericsson wants current and potential investors to have a good understanding of how the Com­ pany works, including operational performance, pros­ pects and potential risks. To achieve these objectives, financial reporting and disclosure must be: > Transparent – enhancing understanding of the eco­ nomic drivers and operational performance of the business, building trust and credibility. > Consistent – comparable in scope and level of detail to facilitate comparison between reporting periods. > Simple – to support understanding of business opera­ tions and performance and to avoid misinterpretations. > Relevant – with focus on what is relevant to Ericsson’s stakeholders or required by regulation or listing agree­ ments, to avoid information overload. > Timely – with regularly scheduled disclosures as well as ad­hoc information, such as press releases on important events, performed in a timely manner. > Fair and equal – where all material information is pub­ lished via press releases to ensure that the whole investor community receives the information at the same time. > Complete, free from material errors and a reflection of best practice – disclosures compliant with applicable financial reporting standards and listing requirements and in line with industry norms. Ericsson’s website comprises comprehensive informa­ tion on the Group, including: > An archive of annual and interim reports. > Access to recent news. Disclosure controls and procedures Ericsson has controls and procedures in place to allow for timely disclosure in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, including the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and under agreements with Nasdaq Stock­ holm and NASDAQ New York. These procedures also require that such information is provided to management, including the CEO and the CFO, so timely decisions can be made regarding required disclosure. The Disclosure Committee comprises members with various expertise. It assists management in fulfilling their responsibility regarding disclosures made to the share­ holders and the investment community. One of the main tasks of the committee is to monitor the integrity and effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures. Ericsson has investments in certain entities that the Company does not control or manage. With respect to such entities, disclosure controls and procedures are substantially more limited than those maintained with respect to subsidiaries. Ericsson’s President and CEO and the CFO evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that they were effective at a reasonable assur­ ance level as of December 31, 2016. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Internal control over financial reporting Ericsson has integrated risk management and internal control into its business processes. As defined in the COSO framework, internal control is an aggregation of components such as a control environment, risk assess­ ment, control activities, information and communication and monitoring. During the period covered by the Annual Report 2016, there were no changes to the internal control over finan­ cial reporting that have materially affected, or are reason­ ably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting. Control environment The Company’s internal control structure is based on the division of tasks between the Board of Directors and its Committees and the President and CEO. The Company has implemented a management system that is based on: > Steering documents, such as policies, directives and a Code of Business Ethics. > A strong corporate culture. > The Company’s organization and mode of operations, with well­defined roles and responsibilities and dele­ gations of authority. > Several well­defined Group­wide processes for plan­ ning, operations and support. Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 159 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Corporate Governance Report The most essential parts of the control environment rela­ tive to financial reporting are included in steering docu­ ments and processes for accounting and financial report­ ing. These steering documents are updated regularly to include, among other things: > Changes to laws. > Financial reporting standards and listing requirements, such as IFRS and SOX. The processes include specific controls to be performed to ensure high­quality financial reports. The management of each reporting legal entity, region and business unit is supported by a financial controller function with execu­ tion of controls related to transactions and reporting. The financial controller functions are organized in a number of Company Control Hubs, each supporting a number of legal entities within a geographical area. A financial con­ troller function is also established on Group level, report­ ing to the CFO. Risk assessment Risks of material misstatements in financial reporting may exist in relation to recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, revenue and cost or insufficient disclo­ sure. Other risks related to financial reporting include fraud, loss or embezzlement of assets and undue favor­ able treatment of counterparties at the expense of the Company. Policies and directives regarding accounting and financial reporting cover areas of particular significance to support correct, complete and timely accounting, reporting and disclosure. Identified types of risks are mitigated through well­de­ fined business processes with integrated risk management activities, segregation of duties and appropriate delegation of authority. This requires specific approval of material transactions and ensures adequate asset management. Control activities The Company’s business processes include financial controls regarding the approval and accounting of busi­ ness transactions. The financial closing and reporting process has controls regarding recognition, measure­ ment and disclosure. These include the application of critical accounting policies and estimates, in individual subsidiaries as well as in the consolidated accounts. Regular analyses of the financial results for each sub­ sidiary, region and business unit cover the significant ele­ ments of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and cash flow. Together with further analysis of the consolidated finan­ cial statements performed at Group level, these proce­ dures are designed to produce financial reports without material errors. For external financial reporting purposes, the Dis­ closure Committee performs additional control proce­ dures to review whether the disclosure requirements are fulfilled. The Company has implemented controls to ensure that financial reports are prepared in accordance with its internal accounting and reporting policies and IFRS as well as with relevant listing regulations. It maintains detailed documentation on internal controls related to accounting and financial reporting. It also keeps records on the monitoring of the execution and results of such controls. This allows the President and CEO and the CFO to assess the effectiveness of the controls in a way that is compliant with SOX. Entity­wide controls, focusing on the control environ­ ment and compliance with financial reporting policies and directives, are implemented in all subsidiaries. Detailed process controls and documentation of controls performed are also implemented in almost all subsidiar­ ies, covering the items with significant materiality and risk. In order to secure compliance, governance and risk management in the areas of legal entity accounting and taxation, as well as securing funding and equity levels, the Company operates through a Company Control hub structure, covering subsidiaries in each respective geo­ graphical area. During 2016, the Company further devel­ oped its internal control function within Group Function Finance, Financial Control to cover a wider scope than previously. Based on a common IT platform, a common chart of account and common master data, the hubs and shared services centers perform accounting and financial reporting services for most subsidiaries. Information and communication The Company’s information and communication chan­ nels support complete, correct and timely financial reporting by making all relevant internal process instruc­ tions and policies accessible to all the employees concerned. Regular updates and briefing documents regarding changes in accounting policies, reporting and disclosure requirements are also supplied. Subsidiaries and operating units prepare regular finan­ cial and management reports for internal steering groups and Company management. These include analysis and comments on financial performance and risks. The Board of Directors receives financial reports monthly. Ericsson has established a whistleblower tool, Ericsson Compliance Line, that can be used for the reporting of alleged violations that: > are conducted by Group or local management, and > relate to corruption, questionable accounting or audit­ ing matters or otherwise seriously affect vital interests of the Group or personal health and safety. Monitoring The Company’s process for financial reporting is reviewed annually by management. This forms a basis for evaluating the internal management system and inter­ nal steering documents to ensure that they cover all sig­ nificant areas related to financial reporting. The shared 160 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 service center and Company Control hub management continuously monitor accounting quality through a set of performance indicators. Compliance with policies and directives is monitored through annual self­assessments and representation letters from heads and company controllers in subsidiaries as well as in business units and regions. The Company’s financial performance is also reviewed at each Board meeting. The Committees of the Board fulfill important monitoring functions regarding remune­ ration, borrowing, investments, customer finance, cash management, financial reporting and internal control. The Audit Committee and the Board of Directors review all interim and annual financial reports before they are released to the market. The Company’s internal audit function reports directly to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee also receives regular reports from the external auditor. The Audit Committee follows up on any actions taken to improve or modify controls. Board of Directors Stockholm, February 24, 2017 Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) Org. no. 556016­0680 Auditor’s report on the corporate governance report To the general meeting of the shareholders in Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, corporate identity number 556016-0680. Engagement and responsibility It is the board of directors who is responsible for the cor­ porate governance report for the year 2016 on pages 134–161 and that it has been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act. The scope of the audit Our examination has been conducted in accordance with FAR’s auditing standard RevU 16 The auditor’s examina­ tion of the corporate governance report. This means that our examination of the corporate governance report is different and substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing and generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden. We believe that the examination has provided us with sufficient basis for our opinions. Opinions A corporate governance report has been prepared. Dis­ closures in accordance with chapter 6 section 6 the sec­ ond paragraph points 2–6 the Annual Accounts Act and chapter 7 section 31 the second paragraph the same law are consistent with the annual accounts and the consoli­ dated accounts and are in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act. Stockholm, February 24, 2017 PricewaterhouseCoopers AB Bo Hjalmarsson Authorized Public Accountant Lead Partner Johan Engstam Authorized Public Accountant Corporate Governance – Corporate Governance Report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 161 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REMUNERATION REPORT Introduction This report outlines how the remuneration policy is implemented throughout Ericsson in line with corporate governance best prac- tice, with specific references to Group management. The work of the Remuneration Committee in 2016 and the remuneration policy are explained below, followed by descriptions of plans and their outcomes. More details on the remuneration of Group management and Board members’ fees can be found in the Notes to the Consoli- dated financial statements – Note C28, “Information regarding members of the Board of Directors, the Group management and employees” in the Annual Report. Board member remuneration is resolved annually by the Annual General Meeting. The Remuneration Committee The Remuneration Committee (the Committee) advises the Board of Directors on the remuneration to the Group management, con- sisting of the Executive Leadership Team (ELT). This includes fixed salaries, pensions, other benefits and short-and long-term vari- able compensation. The Committee reviews and prepares for resolution by the Board: > Proposals on salary and other remuneration, including retire- ment compensation, for the President and CEO. > Proposals to the Annual General Meeting on guidelines for remuneration to the ELT. > Proposals to the Annual General Meeting on long-term variable compensation and equity arrangements. The responsibility of the Committee is also to: > Approve proposals on salary and other remuneration, including retirement compensation, for the ELT members. > Approve proposals on targets for the short-term variable compensation (STV) for the ELT members. The new President & CEO, Börje Ekholm, does not have any short-term variable compensation. > Approve payout of the short-term variable compensation for the ELT, based on achievements and performance. The Committee’s work forms the foundation for the governance of Ericsson’s remuneration processes, together with Ericsson’s internal systems and audit controls. The Committee is chaired by Leif Johansson and its other members are Roxanne S. Austin and Karin Åberg. Börje Ekholm was a member of the Committee until his appointment as President and CEO effective January 16, 2017, at which point he left the Committee. All members are non- executive directors, independent (except for the employee repre- sentative) as required by the Swedish Corporate Governance Code and have relevant knowledge and experience of remuneration matters. The Company’s Chief Legal Officer acts as secretary to the Committee. The President and CEO, the Senior Vice President, Head of Human Resources, the Vice President, Head of Total Rewards and the Head of Executive Remuneration attend Com- mittee meetings by invitation and assist the Committee in its con- siderations. Nobody is present at the Committee´s meeting when issues relating to their own remuneration are being discussed. The Committee used an independent expert advisor, Piia Pilv, to assist and advise in its work during 2016. The independent advisor provided no other services to the Company during 2016. At its final meeting in 2016, the Committee resolved to appoint Peter Boreham at Mercer as its independent advisor for 2017. The Committee is also furnished with national and international pay data collected from external survey providers and can call on other independent expertise, should it so require. The Chairman strives to ensure that contact is maintained, as necessary and appropriate, with shareholders regarding remuneration. Further information on the Committee and its responsibilities can be found in the Corporate Governance Report. These respon- sibilities, together with the Guidelines for remuneration to Group management and the Long-Term Variable (LTV) compensation program is reviewed and evaluated annually in light of matters such as changes to corporate governance best practice or changes to accounting, legislation, political opinion or business practices among peers. This helps to ensure that the policy continues to provide Ericsson with a competitive remuneration strategy. The Guidelines for remuneration to Group management are, in accordance with Swedish law, brought to shareholders annually for approval. The Committee held seven meetings during 2016. The winter meetings focused on following up on results from the 2015 variable compensation programs and preparing proposals to sharehold- ers for the 2016 Annual General Meeting (AGM). The Committee proposed to the Board of Directors to approve the LTV 2013 vest- ing result. During spring and summer, the Committee reviewed and approved the remuneration for a number of new appoint- ments to the ELT as well as revised STV targets for the ELT. During fall, the Committee completed its annual overview of the global technology sector pay practices together with the independent Remuneration policy Remuneration at Ericsson is based on the principles of per- formance, competitiveness and fairness. The remuneration policy, together with the mix of remuneration elements, is designed to reflect these principles by creating a balanced remuneration package. The Guidelines for remuneration to Group management 2016, approved by the AGM, can be found in Note C28. The auditor’s report regarding whether the company has complied with the guide lines for remuneration to Group management during 2016 is posted on the Ericsson website. 162 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 advisor. As in previous years, the Committee concluded that Ericsson’s remuneration level is competitive but that the pay mix is more fixed in nature with larger emphasis on base salary com- pared to typical market practice in the US, Europe and Asia. In the high-tech industry, the prevalent long-term incentive vehicle is restricted shares (shares that vest based on time only) as retention and recognition continue to be the key drivers for plan design. Ericsson’s Long-Term Variable Compensation program (LTV) is the least competitive remuneration element in terms of design and levels in the total compensation package. The Committee has therefore worked to prepare a new long-term incentive arrange- ment for Ericsson’s Global Leadership Team (GLT) which is pro- posed for approval at the 2017 Annual General Meeting of share- holders. Towards the end of 2016, the Committee approved the CEO proposal for salary adjustments for the ELT and established the framework for the short-term targets for 2017. Evaluation of the Guidelines for remuneration to Group management and of the LTV program The Committee supports the Board with the review and evaluation of the Guidelines for remuneration to Group management and Ericsson’s application of these guidelines. The Committee and the Board have concluded that the guidelines remain valid and right for Ericsson and that the only change to the guidelines for 2017 shall be to allow the use of share-price related targets in the vari- able compensation programs. The number of participants in the Stock Purchase Plan with the objective to promote employees to become shareholders were as of December 1, 2016 approximately 31,500 employees (34,000 as of December 1, 2015). The evaluation confirms that the Key Con- tributor Retention Plan meets the purpose of retaining the Compa- ny’s key employees. The voluntary attrition rate among Key Con- tributors is far smaller compared to the overall employee attrition rate. However, the Stock Purchase Plan has been criticized by the owners and after careful consideration the Committee concluded that the plan have an unsustainable share dilution effect. There- fore, the Committee recommended to the Board to not propose a new Stock Purchase Plan for 2017. Thereby the Executive Perfor- mance Stock Plan will also be obsolete as it is built on the Stock Purchase Plan. A new long-term incentive program for the GLT will be proposed for approval at the 2017 Annual General Meeting of shareholders. For other senior management and key contributors in Ericsson, cash-based arrangements will be developed. Total remuneration in 2016 When considering the remuneration of an individual, it is the total remuneration that matters. First, the total annual cash compensa- tion is defined, consisting of the target level of short-term variable compensation plus fixed salary. Thereafter, target long-term vari- able compensation is added to get to the total target compensa- tion and, finally, pension and other benefits are added to arrive at the total remuneration. For the ELT, remuneration consists of fixed salary, short-term and long-term variable compensation, pension and other benefits. If the size of any one of these elements is increased or decreased when setting the remuneration, at least one other element has to change if the total compensation is to remain unchanged. The remuneration costs for the CEO and the ELT are reported in Note C28. Fixed salary When setting fixed salaries, the Committee con siders the impact on total remuneration, including pensions and associated costs. The absolute levels are determined based on the size and com- plexity of the position and the year-on-year performance of the individual. Together with other elements of remuneration, ELT salaries are subject to an annual review by the Committee, which considers external pay data to ensure that levels of pay remain competitive and appro priate to the remuneration policy. Variable compensation Ericsson strongly believes that, where possible, variable comp- ensation should be encouraged as an integral part of total remu- neration. First and foremost, this aligns employees with clear and relevant targets, but it also enables more flexible payroll costs and emphasizes the link between performance and pay. All variable compensation plans have maximum award and vesting limits. Short-term variable compensation is to a greater extent dependent on the performance of the specific unit or function, while long-term variable compensation is dependent on the achievements of the Ericsson Group. Ericsson measures business performance according to five categories of measurements derived from the overall strategy: growing sales faster than the market, best-in-class operating margin, strong cash conversion, customer satisfaction and employee engagement. These categories have formed the basis for the short- and long-term variable compensation programs and have set the framework of what measurements shall be used for variable compensation. Short-term variable compensation payouts as percentage of opportunity Fixed salary, short-term and long-term variable compensation as percentage of total target compensation for 2016 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 7.3 0 2016 President and CEO Average ELT excl. CEO Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev President 40.3 and CEO frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita Average pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. ELT excl. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. President Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på and CEO “Column type”. 24.2 35.5 59.0 23.3 17.7 Type–Options: 0 1 stapel: 76% 70% 2 staplar: 80% 80% 20 40 60 80 100 Fixed salary 2016 Short-Term Variable Target 2016 Long-Term Variable (2016 Executive Performance Stock Plan) at half of maximum Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Type–Options: 1 stapel: 76% 70% 2 staplar: 80% 80% Corporate Governance – Remuneration report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 163 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Remuneration report Summaries of 2016 short- and long-term variable compensation What we call it What is it? What is the objective? Who participates? How is it earned? Short-term: Compensation delivered over twelve months or less Fixed salary Short-Term Variable compensation (STV) Fixed compensation paid at set times A variable plan that is measured and paid over a single year Attract and retain employees, delivering part of annual compensation in a predictable format Align employees with clear and relevant targets, providing an earnings opportunity in return for performance, and flexible cost All employees Enrolled employees, including Executive Leadership Team. Approximately 82,800 in 2016 Sales Incentive Plan (SIP) Tailored versions of the STV As for STV, tailored for local or business requirements, such as sales Employees in sales. Approximately 2,800 in 2016 Long-term: Compensation delivered over three years or more Stock Purchase Plan (SPP) All-employee share- based plan Key Contributor Retention Plan (KC) Share-based plan for selected individuals Reinforce a “One Ericsson” mentality and align employees’ interests with those of shareholders Recognize, retain and motivate key contributors for performance, critical skills and potential Where practicable, all employees are eligible Up to 10% of employees Executive Performance Stock Plan (EPSP) Share-based plan for senior managers Compensation for long-term commitment and value creation Senior managers, including Executive Leadership Team Market appropriate levels set according to position and evaluated according to individual performance Achievements against set targets. Reward can increase to up to twice the target level and decrease to zero, depending on performance Similar to STV, but reward can increase up to three times the target level depending on performance. All plans have maximum award and vesting limits Buy one share and it will be matched by one share after three years if still employed If selected, get one more matching share in addition to the SPP one Subject to performance, get up to four, six or, for the former President and CEO, nine further shares matched to each SPP share for long- term performance Short-term variable compensation Annual variable compensation is delivered through cash-based programs. Specific business targets are derived from the annual business plan approved by the Board of Directors and, in turn, defined by the Company’s long-term strategy. Ericsson strives to grow faster than the market with best-in-class margins and strong cash conversion and therefore the starting point is to have three core targets: > Net sales > Operating income > Cash flow For the ELT, targets are financial at either Group level (for Heads of Group functions and business units) or at the individual unit level (for Heads of regions or customer groups). The chart on the previous page illustrates how payouts to the ELT have varied with performance over the past five years. The Board of Directors decided on the financial targets for the former CEO (the new CEO does not have any short-term variable compensation), and the Committee decides on all targets which are set for the ELT. These targets are cascaded within the organi- zation and broken down to unit-related targets throughout the Company. This is always subject to a two-level management approval process. The Committee monitors the appropriateness and fairness of Group target levels throughout the performance year and has the authority to revise them should they cease to be relevant or stretching or to enhance shareholder value. During 2016, approximately 85,600 employees participated in sonal investment, corporate performance and the share price per- formance. During 2016, share-based compensation was made up of three different but linked plans: the all-employee Stock Pur- chase Plan, the Key Contributor Retention Plan and the Executive Performance Stock Plan. The Stock Purchase Plan The all-employee Stock Purchase Plan was designed to offer, where practicable, an incentive for all employees to participate. Employees can save up to 7.5% of gross fixed salary (the former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, could save up to 10% of gross fixed salary and short-term variable compensation) for pur- chase of Class B shares at market price on Nasdaq Stockholm or ADSs on NASDAQ New York (Contribution Shares) over a twelve- month period. If the Contribution Shares are retained by the employee for three years after the investment and employment with the Ericsson Group continues during that time, then the Con- tribution Shares will be matched with a corresponding number of Class B shares or ADSs, as applicable. The plan was introduced in 2002 and employees in 71 countries participated during its first year. In December 2016, the number of participants was approxi- mately 31,500, or approximately 29% of eligible employees in 100 countries. Participants save each month, beginning with the August payroll, towards quarterly investments. These investments (in November, February, May and August) are matched on the third anniversary of each such investment and hence the matching spans over two financial years and two tax years. short-term variable compensation plans. For the reasons previously outlined, no Stock Purchase Plan is Long-term variable compensation Share-based long-term variable compensation plans have been sub mitted each year for approval by shareholders at the AGM. All long-term variable compensation plans have been designed to form part of a well-balanced total remuneration package and to span over a minimum of three years. As these are variable plans, outcomes are unknown and rewards depend on long-term per- The Key Contributor Retention Plan The Key Contributor Retention Plan has been part of Ericsson’s talent management strategy. It was designed to recognize individ- uals for performance, critical skills and potential as well as to encourage retention of key employees. Under the program, operating units around the world could being proposed for 2017. 164 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Short-term variable compensation structure President and CEO 2015 President and CEO 2016 1) Average ELT 2015 2) Average ELT 2016 2) Short-term variable compensation as percentage of fixed salary Percentage of short-term variable compensation maximal opportunity Target level Maximum level Actual paid 80% 80% 51% 41% 160% 160% 102% 83% 114% 0% 66% 7% Group financial targets Unit/functional financial targets Non-financial targets 100% 100% 48% 88% 0% 0% 25% 13% 0% 0% 28% 0% 1) This relates to Hans Vestberg. Jan Frykhammar, while serving as President and CEO, remained on his previous short-term variable compensation opportunity, and received no payout for the year. 2) Excludes the President and CEO, differences in target and maximum levels from year to year are typically due to changes in the composition of the ELT. nominate up to 10% of employees worldwide. Each unit nomi- nated individuals identified according to performance, critical skills and potential. The nominations were calibrated in management teams locally and were reviewed by both local and corporate Human Resources. Participants selected obtain one extra matching share in addition to the one matching share for each contribution share purchased under the Stock Purchase Plan during a twelve-month investment period. The plan was introduced in 2004. Since no Stock Purchase Plan will be proposed for 2017, alternative arrangements will be developed to replace the Key Contributor Plan. the Board of Directors. When undertaking its evaluation of per- formance, the Board of Directors will consider, in particular, the impact of larger acquisitions, divestments, the creation of joint ventures and any other significant capital event on the three targets on a case-by-case basis. Since no Stock Purchase Plan will be proposed for 2017, alter- native arrangements will be developed to replace the Executive Performance Stock Plan. For the Global Leadership Team, a share-based arrangement is proposed for approval by the 2017 Annual General Meeting of shareholders. Details of the performance criteria for the new long-term incentive program are outlined in the 2017 notice of Annual General Meeting of shareholders. The Executive Performance Stock Plan The Executive Performance Stock Plan was first introduced in 2004. The plan was designed to focus management on driving long-term financial performance and to provide market-competi- tive remuneration. Senior managers, including the ELT, were selected to obtain up to four or six extra shares (performance- matching shares). This is in addition to the one matching share for each contribution share purchased under the all-employee Stock Purchase Plan. The former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, could obtain up to nine performance-matching shares in addition to the Stock Purchase Plan matching share for each contribution share. Performance matching is subject to the fulfillment of per- formance targets. To support the long-term strategy and value creation the following targets for the 2016 Executive Performance Stock Plan were resolved at the AGM on proposal by the Board: > Net Sales Growth: Up to one-third of the award will vest if the compound annual growth rate of consolidated net sales is between 2 and 6% comparing 2018 financial results to 2015. > Operating Income Growth: Up to one-third of the award will vest if the compound annual growth rate of consolidated oper- ating income is between 5 and 15% comparing 2018 financial results to 2015. Extraordinary restructuring charges are excluded. > Cash Conversion: Up to one-third of the award will vest if cash conversion is at or above 70% during each of the years 2016–2018, vesting one ninth of the total award for each year the target is achieved. Extraordinary restructuring charges are excluded. Before the number of performance shares to be matched are finally determined, the Board of Directors shall examine whether the performance matching is reasonable considering the Compa- ny’s financial results and position, conditions on the share market and other circumstances, and if not, as determined by the Board of Directors, reduce the number of performance shares to be matched to the lower number of shares deemed appropriate by Benefits and terms of employment Pension benefits follow the competitive practice in the employee’s home country and may contain various supplementary plans, in addition to any national system for social security. Where possible, pension plans are operated on a defined contribution basis, i.e. Ericsson pays contributions but does not guarantee the ultimate benefit. This applies unless local regulations or legislation pre- scribe that defined benefit plans that do give such guarantees have to be offered. For the former President and CEO, Hans Vestberg, and other members of the ELT employed in Sweden before 2011, a supple- mentary pension plan is applied in addition to the occupational pension plan for salaried staff on the Swedish labor market (ITP). The ELT members employed in Sweden since 2011 are normally covered by the defined contribution plan under the ITP1 scheme. For members of the ELT who are not employed in Sweden, local market competitive pension arrangements apply. Other benefits, such as company cars and medical insurance, are also set to be competitive in the local market. The ELT mem- bers may not receive loans from the Company. The ELT members locally employed in Sweden have a mutual notice period of up to six months. Upon termination of employ- ment by the Company, severance pay can amount to up to 18 months’ fixed salary. Remuneration policy in practice Ericsson has taken a number of measures over the years to enhance the understanding of how the company translates remuneration principles and policy into practice. This includes the launch of an Integrated Human Resources IT tool, and provid- ing e-learning and training programs to line managers. Since then, enhancements of the IT tool and continuous briefings of line man- agers on pay principles and their practical execution enabled fur- ther progress towards globally consistent principles while allowing room for adaptation to local legislation and pay markets. Corporate Governance – Remuneration report Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 165 FOR INVESTORS – Ericsson and the capital market Ericsson and the capital market Roadshows and Conferences in 2016 United States 30% Nordic 12% United Kingdom 14% Rest of Europe 30% Other 14% Institutional Shares by Geography United States 36% Sweden 30% United Kingdom 13% Norway 5% France 2% Rest of Europe 7% Rest of World 6% Purpose of the capital markets communications Ericsson’s overall goal is to create shareholder value. The communication with the capital mar­ kets aims to support the Company’s overall goal by ensuring increased understanding and decre­ ased share volatility through transparency and clear messages. The Investor Relations depart­ ment serves as the bridge between the Compa­ ny’s strategic planning , development and activi­ ties, and the external valuation and perception. Goals and measurement Surveys are carried out on a regular basis to gauge the perceptions of messages at capital markets days, the web site, road shows and the availability and credibility of the IR department and the executive management. Ericsson aims to maintain a long­term rela tion­ ship with its shareholders, and the IR department monitors shareholder turnover on a regular basis. IR activities are linked to the Company strategy and development Throughout the year, the IR department carries out a number of activities aiming at meeting the goals of transparent communication and increased understanding. There are about 600 IR meetings with investors and analysts every year. The IR department also participates in communi­ cations such as product launches, M&A­activities etc, to ensure that financial communication is clear and relevant for the capital markets. Working with other functions in the company While communication with the rating institutions primarily falls with Group function Treasury, the IR department is also involved on a regular basis. As there is an existing US bond program, as well as a large shareholder base, Treasury and IR do a joint annual roadshow to meet bondholders in the US market. Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility (SCR) is of increasing importance for many inves­ tors. IR is together with the Ericsson SCR function performing several activities in this area during the year, including presentations for stakeholders and one­on­one investor meetings at SRI (Socially Responsible Investment) focused conferences. Activities at Industry events The IR department also participates at important industry events such as the annual Mobile World Congress. The IR activities include communica­ tion relating to important Company news, but also setting up meetings between Com pany spokes­ people and different stakeholders. IR in Transformation Ericsson is transforming from a leader in telecom­ munications and related services into a leader in the ICT arena. Simultaneously, the stakeholders in the capital markets have also transformed in recent years; from industry­specialists focusing on the technology sector to generalists covering several sectors. It has become increasingly important for the financial communication to make it easy for stakeholders to make the connection between the Company’s activ­ ities and development and its long­term strategy, thus putting higher demands on clear messages. With two thirds of Ericsson’s holdings outside of Sweden, the demand for availability at a global level also means working with other tools besides regular meetings, such as digital media. Important activities during the year 2016 facilitated by IR > At the Mobile World Con­ gress in Barcelona in Febru­ ary, Ericsson showcased 5G, Internet of Things and cloud innovation. Presenta­ tions and Q&A sessions were performed by management with investors and analysts. > At the Annual General Meeting of shareholders in April, the agenda included a strategy summary, a review of 2015, the Sustainability and Cor­ porate Responsibility report, as well as an update on how Ericsson is leading the way toward 5G. > In September, CFO Carl Mellander and Group Treasurer Fredrik Wikner performed the annual US investor roadshow to meet share­ and bondholders. Ericsson performed 28 investor roadshows in 2016. 166 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Share price and trading volume during the year SEK 90 75 60 45 30 15 0 Trading volume, 000’s 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Daily volume traded at Nasdaq Stockholm, 000’s Ericsson, B Nasdaq Stockholm Index Important events during the year 2016 Q4 Report, January 2015: Reported sales in the quarter increased by 8% YoY. Sales, adjusted for comparable units and currency, decr e­ ased by –1%. Profitability improved YoY, with higher IPR licensing revenues and lower operating expenses as main contributors. AGM, April: The proposed dividend of SEK 3.70 (SEK 3.40) was approved at the AGM. Record date was April 15. Q1 Report, April: A continued weak macro­economic environment impacted sales negatively in some emerging markets in the Middle East and Latin America. Gross margin declined mainly due to lower margins in Global Services. Q2 Report, July: Reported sales declined –11%. The neg­ ative industry trends from the first quarter intensified To manage the lower demand,a set of significant actions was initiated to further drive effi­ ciency improvements and reduce cost. Q3 Report, October: The negative industry trends accele rated further and reported sales declined –14% YoY. Gross margin declined following lower mobile broad­ band capacity sales, a higher share of services sales and lower sales in Networks. CEO change, July: The Company anno unced that Hans Vestberg stepped down as President and CEO. Jan Frykhammar, Executive Vice President and CFO, assumed the CEO position temporarily. Announcement of cost and efficiency program in Sweden, October: As part of the global cost and efficiency program, Ericsson announced intentions to reduce 3,000 positions in Sweden. Appointment of new CEO, October: Ericsson’s Board names Börje Ekholm new President and CEO, effective January 16, 2017 > In November, Ericsson held an > In November, Elaine Weidman­ > CEO Jan Frykhammar and CFO Investor Update in New York with approximately 130 attending par­ ticipants. For more information, see page 169. Grunewald, head of Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility, participated and had one­on­one meetings at an SRI (Socially Responsible Investment) investor conference in Paris. Carl Mellander participated in meet­ ings and made a presentation at an investor conference in Barcelona in November. Ericsson participated in 22 investor conferences during 2016. For investors – Ericsson and the capital market Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 167 FOR INVESTORS – Ericsson and the capital market Investors and financial analysts Q&a Was Ericsson surprised by the significant sales decline in 2016? A macro­economic environment weaker than expected had an increasing negative effect on demand during the year in many emerging markets, leading to an unex­ pected market decline. In addition, delayed 4G spectrum auctions slowed down investments in India. Business in markets such as North America and mainland China have developed in line with plan. What is Ericsson doing to improve the results? Profitability has declined and is below Ericsson’s ambitions. There are three focus areas to drive incremental profit improvements; improve efficiency, mone­ tize Networks and build success in IT & Cloud, Media and Industry and Society. The cost and efficiency program is tracking towards target and has been expanded to adjust the organization to lower sales volumes. Is Ericsson losing market shares? The ongoing large deployments in China, where Chinese vendors have a large market share, impacts the global market shares between vendors. The sales reduc­ tion in 2016 was driven by weaker demand in mobile broadband, especially in markets with weak macro­economic environment. What is the situation in emerging markets? In 2016, there was a challenging situation in markets impacted by weak macro­eco­ nomic environment. The situation is likely to prevail in 2017 based on current visibil­ ity. Future sales development is depending on macro development in those countries. After a slowdown it normally takes time before investments start and activities are picking up. Are the ongoing cost reductions enough for restoring profits? Ericsson believes the actions are sufficient to increase profitability with current market conditions, but are always seeking further opportunities to reduce cost and increase efficiency. Ericsson has a zero tolerance approach to corruption, and the Company has worked systematically over the years to continu­ ously strengthen and improve its approach. By the end of 2016, over 95,900 employees have completed the anti­ corr­ uption e­learning launched in 2013. Will recent headcount reductions impact future innovation and risk necessary R&D investments? Ericsson is reducing the cost level in light of current market conditions, while safe­ guarding enough investments in R&D to secure leadership in future technologies such as 5G. The reduction also involves ways of working to increase productivity and get more value from every dollar invested in R&D. There has been several articles in Swedish media on Ericsson in 2016, comments? There have been continued reports in Swedish media concerning Ericsson. Ericsson has posted clarifying statements which are available on the Company’s website in order to give the correct company view. US dollar has strengthened compared to several currencies, how has this impacted the result? Compared to 2015, the USD strengthened with a positive impact when translating USD to SEK in the financial statements. However, the strengthened US dollar also had a negative impact on operator invest­ ments in several markets. https://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/ press/ericsson­comments 168 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Investor Update – the main messages Ericsson held its Investor Update in New York on November 10, 2016, where the continued focus on accelerating strategy execution and improved performance was on the agenda. President and CEO Jan Frykhammar and acting CFO Carl Mellander were joined by members of the company’s Executive Leadership Team. The company gave a market outlook 2016–2018 as well as an update on progress of implementation and execution of new company structure. The event included both presentations as well as extensive Q&A sessions with members of the Executive Leadership Team. Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 169 FOR INVESTORS – Share information Share information Share trading The Ericsson Class A and Class B shares are listed on Nasdaq Stock­ holm. In the United States, the Class B shares are listed on NASDAQ New York in the form of American Depositary Shares (ADS) evidenced by American Depositary Receipts (ADR) under the symbol ERIC. Each ADS represents one Class B share. In 2016, approximately 3.0 (2.3) billion shares were traded on Nasdaq Stockholm and approximately 1.3 (0.9) billion ADS were traded in the United States (incl. NASDAQ New York). A total of 4.3 (3.2) billion Ericsson shares were thus traded on the exchanges in Stockholm and in the United States. Trading volume in Ericsson shares increased by approximately 29% on Share trading on different market places (class B shares) Shares traded, billions Nasdaq Stockholm and increased by approximately 38% in the United States compared to 2015. With the implemen­ tation of the Mifid directive in the EU, share trading has become increasingly fragmented across a number of venues and trading categories. Trading on MTFs and other venues has gained market shares from stock exchanges like Nasdaq Stockholm. Trading in Stockholm represented 37 percent of total trading in 2016, compared with 37 percent in 2012. Total trading in Ericsson B on all venues combined has increased over the past five years from 6.6 billion shares in 2012 to 7.9 billion shares in 2016. Over the same period, trading of Ericsson ADS in the US has increased slightly from 1.1 billion ADS to 1.3 billion ADS. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Other London Boat Turquoise BATS Chi­X Stockholm Changes in number of shares and capital stock 2012–2016 2012 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 June 29, new issue (Class C shares, later converted to Class B­shares) December 31 December 31 December 31 December 31 May 11, new issue (Class C shares, later converted to Class B­shares) 1) December 31 The Ericsson share Share/ADS listings Nasdaq Stockholm NASDAQ New York Share data Total number of shares in issue of which Class A shares, each carrying one vote 1) of which Class B shares, each carrying one tenth of one vote 1) Ericsson treasury shares, Class B Quotient value Market capitalization, December 31, 2016 ICB (Industry Classification Benchmark) 3,331,151,735 261,755,983 3,069,395,752 62,192,390 SEK 5.00 approx. SEK 178 billion 9500 1) Both classes of shares have the same rights of participation in the net assets and earnings. Ticker codes Nasdaq Stockholm NASDAQ New York Bloomberg Nasdaq Stockholm Bloomberg NASDAQ Reuters Nasdaq Stockholm Reuters NASDAQ ERIC A/ERIC B ERIC ERICA SS/ERICB SS ERIC US ERICa.ST/ERICb.ST ERIC.O Number of shares Share capital (SEK) 31,700,000 3,305,051,735 3,305,051,735 3,305,051,735 3,305,051,735 26,100,000 3,331,151,735 158,500,000 16,525,258,678 16,525,258,678 16,525,258,678 16,525,258,678 130,500,000 16,655,758,678 1) The Annual General Meeting (AGM) 2016 resolved to issue 26,100,000 Class C shares for the Long­Term Variable Compensation Program (LTV). In accordance with an authorization from the AGM, in the second quarter 2016, the Board of Directors resolved to repurchase the new issued shares, which were subsequently converted into Class B shares. The quotient value of the repurchased shares was SEK 5.00, totaling SEK 130.5 million, representing less than one percent of capital stock, and the acquisition cost was approximately SEK 130.7 million. Share performance indicators Earnings per share, diluted (SEK) 1) Earnings per share, non­IFRS (SEK) 2) Dividend per share (SEK) 3) Total shareholder return (%) P/E ratio 1) Calculated on average number of shares outstanding, diluted. 2) EPS, diluted, excluding amortizations and write­downs of acquired intangible assets, and excluding restructuring charges, SEK. A reconcilation of Alternative performance measures is available on pages 176–180, and in a separate document available on www.ericsson.com/the­ company/investors/financial­reports 3) For 2016 as proposed by the Board of Directors. 170 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 2016 0.52 2.66 1.00 –32 101 2015 4.13 6.06 3.70 –9 20 2014 3.54 4.80 3.40 24 26 2013 3.69 5.62 3.00 25 21 2012 1.78 2.74 2.75 –3 36 For definitions of the financial terms used, see Glossary and Financial Terminology. Share trend In 2016, Ericsson’s total market capitalization decreased by –34.9% to SEK 178 billion, compared to a decrease by –12.6% reaching SEK 271 billion in 2015. In 2016, the index, OMX Stockholm, on Nasdaq Stockholm increased by 5.8%, the NASDAQ composite index increased by 7.5% and the S&P 500 Index increased by 9.5%. Share turnover and price trend, Nasdaq Stockholm Earnings per share, diluted Class A shares, SEK 000’s share traded monthly SEK 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Class B shares, SEK 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 000’s share traded monthly 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Volume traded, 000’s monthly Ericsson share Nasdaq Stockholm Index Volumes reflect trading on Nasdaq Stockholm only. Share turnover and price trend, US market ADS, USD 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 000’s share traded monthly 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5.62 6.06 4.80 4.13 3.69 3.54 2.74 1.78 2.66 0.52 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Earnings per share, diluted Earnings per share, diluted (non­IFRS) 1) 1) EPS, diluted, excl. restructuring charges, amortizations and write­downs of acquired intangible assets, SEK. Dividend per share SEK 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 3.70 3.40 3.0 2.75 1.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1) 1) For 2016 as proposed by the Board of Directors. P/E ratio 120 100 80 60 40 36 101 20 0 26 21 20 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Type–Options: 1 stapel: 76% 70% 2 staplar: 80% 80% Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Obs! Gjord med column design. Prata med Eva/Catta/Sanna om ev frågor. Gör så här: Färglägg inte från paletten. Markera staplar med vita pilen. Välj Object–Graph–Column. Där väljer man färg och ev tint. Kolla särskilt att “Sliding” är valt på “Column type”. Volume traded, 000’s monthly Ericsson ADS S&P 500 For investors – Share information Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 171 FOR INVESTORS – Share information Share and ADS prices Principal trading market – Nasdaq Stockholm – share prices The table below states the high and low share prices for the Class A and Class B shares as reported by Nasdaq Stockholm for the periods indicated. Trading on the exchange generally continues until 5:30 p.m. (CET) each business day. In addition to trading on the exchange, there is trading off the exchange and on alternative venues during trading hours and also after 5:30 p.m. (CET). Nasdaq Stockholm publishes a daily Official Price List of Shares which includes the volume of recorded transactions in each listed stock, together with the prices of the highest and lowest recorded trades of the day. The Official Price List of Shares reflects price and volume information for trades completed by the members. The equity securities listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm Official Price List of Shares currently comprise the shares of 341 companies. Host market – NASDAQ New York – ADS prices The table below states the high and low share prices quoted for the ADSs on NASDAQ New York for the periods indicated. The NASDAQ New York quotations represent prices between dealers, not including retail markups, markdowns or commissions, and do not necessarily represent actual transactions. Share prices on Nasdaq Stockholm (SEK) Class A at last day of trading Class A high (April 13, 2016) Class A low (October 26, 2016) Class B at last day of trading Class B high (April 13, 2016) Class B low (October 26, 2016) Source: Nasdaq Stockholm. 2016 53.00 2015 79.35 2014 88.25 2013 74.50 2012 63.90 80.80 111.30 91.80 86.95 72.00 45.20 53.50 72.00 82.30 71.55 94.35 50.00 78.50 55.55 65.10 83.60 120.00 96.40 90.95 71.90 43.19 75.30 75.05 64.50 55.90 Share prices on NASDAQ New York (USD) ADS at last day of trading ADS high (April 13, 2016) ADS low (October 28, 2016) Source: NASDAQ New York. 2016 5.83 10.20 4.83 2015 9.61 13.14 8.87 2014 12.10 13.61 11.20 2013 12.24 14.22 9.78 2012 10.10 10.60 8.23 Share prices on Nasdaq Stockholm and NASDAQ New York Period Annual high and low 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Quarterly high and low 2015 First Quarter 2015 Second Quarter 2015 Third Quarter 2015 Fourth Quarter 2016 First Quarter 2016 Second Quarter 2016 Third Quarter 2016 Fourth Quarter Monthly high and low August 2016 September 2016 October 2016 November 2016 December 2016 January 2017 Nasdaq Stockholm SEK per Class A share SEK per Class B share NASDAQ New York USD per ADS 1) High Low High Low High Low 72.00 86.95 91.80 111.30 80.80 107.10 111.30 91.00 83.70 80.40 80.80 66.75 62.50 64.15 62.75 62.50 54.10 56.00 55.70 55.55 50.00 71.55 72.00 45.20 88.75 80.05 72.00 73.00 70.10 58.95 57.20 45.20 60.80 57.20 45.20 47.00 48.00 51.65 71.90 90.95 96.40 120.00 83.60 113.70 120.00 96.40 88.30 83.60 83.60 67.75 62.40 64.10 62.70 62.40 48.09 56.55 55.60 55.90 64.50 75.05 75.30 43.19 92.90 85.85 77.45 75.30 70.65 59.60 56.60 43.19 60.75 56.60 43.19 43.21 47.15 51.25 10.60 14.22 13.61 13.14 10.20 13.14 13.10 11.08 10.58 10.10 10.20 7.88 7.24 7.55 7.25 7.24 5.20 6.02 6.09 8.23 9.78 11.20 8.87 4.83 11.75 10.33 9.23 8.87 8.43 7.03 6.68 4.83 7.10 6.68 4.83 4.83 5.10 5.75 1) One ADS = 1 Class B share. Source: Nasdaq Stockholm and NASDAQ New York. 172 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Shareholders As of December 31, 2016, the Parent Company had 465,732 sharehold­ ers registered at Euroclear Sweden AB (the Central Securities Depository – CSD), of which 1,049 holders had a US address. According to informa­ tion provided by the Company’s depositary bank, Deutsche Bank, there were 326,213,417 ADSs outstanding as of December 31, 2016, and 3,868 registered holders of such ADSs. A significant number of Ericsson ADSs are held by banks, brokers and/or nominees for the accounts of their customers. As of January 10, 2017, the total number of bank, broker and/or nominee accounts holding Ericsson ADSs was 98,323. According to information known at year­end 2016, approximately 89% of the Class A and Class B shares were owned by institutions, Swedish and international. The major shareholders do not have different voting rights than other shareholders holding the same classes of shares. As far as Ericsson knows, the Company is not directly or indirectly owned or con­ trolled by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal person(s) separately or jointly. The table below shows the total number of shares in the Parent Company owned by the Executive Leadership Team and Board members (including Deputy employee representatives) as a group as of December 31, 2016. The Executive Leadership Team and Board members, ownership Number of Class A shares Number of Class B shares Voting rights, percent The Executive Leadership Team and Board members as a group (32 persons) 0 1,832,757 0.03% For individual holdings, see Corporate Governance Report. Geographical ownership breakdown of share capital including retail shareholders and treasury shares Percent of capital Sweden United States United Kingdom Norway France 2016 35.28% 26.98% 10.89% 4.92% 1.43% 2015 36.36% 26.28% 8.91% 3.36% 2.65% Other countries 20.50% 22.44% Source: Nasdaq Ownership breakdown by type of owner Percentage of voting rights Swedish institutions 55.17% 54.66% 2016 2015 Of which: – Investor AB – AB Industrivärden 1) Foreign institutions Swedish retail investors Other 21.77% 19.27% 34.08% 5.90% 4.85% 21.50% 20.05% 30.61% 5.53% 9.20% Source: Nasdaq 1) Together with SHB Pensionsstiftelse and Pensions kassan SHB Försäkringsförening. Share distribution 1) Holding 1–500 501–1,000 1,001–5,000 5,001–10,000 10,001–15,000 15,001–20,000 20,001– Total, December 31, 2016 2) No. of shareholders 365,419 45,099 44,914 5,610 1,455 748 2,487 465,733 No. of shares A 1,457,693 1,093,403 3,236,158 1,316,871 564,713 416,739 253,670,406 261,755,983 No. of shares B Percentage of share capital Percentage of voting rights Market value (MSEK) 48,849,958 33,092,910 94,842,186 38,897,905 17,485,788 12,959,667 2,823,083,391 3,069,395,752 1.51% 1.03% 2.94% 1.21% 0.54% 0.40% 92.36% 1,12% 0.77% 2.24% 0.92% 0.41% 0.30% 94.25% 100.00% 100.00% 2,691 1,828 5,246 2,151 965 715 164,479 178,086 1) Source: Euroclear 2) Includes a nominee reporting discrepancy of 183,947 shares. The following table shows share information as of December 31 2016. with respect to the 15 largest shareholders ranked by voting rights as well as their percentage of voting rights as of December 31 2015, 2014 and 2013. Largest shareholders December 31 2016 and percentage of voting rights December 31 2016, 2015 and 2014 Identity of person or group 1) Investor AB AB Industrivärden Svenska Handelsbankens Pensionsstiftelse Swedbank Robur Fonder AB AMF Pensionsförsäkring AB AFA Försäkring AB Dodge & Cox BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. PRIMECAP Management Company State Street Global Advisors (US) Livförsäkringsbolaget Skandia, ömsesidigt Silchester International Investors, L.L.P. Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM) Hotchkis and Wiley Capital Management, LLC The Vanguard Group, Inc. Others Total 1) Source: Nasdaq For investors – Share information Number of Class A shares Of total Class A shares. percent Number of Class B shares Of total Class B shares. percent 2016 Voting rights. percent 2015 Voting rights. percent 2014 Voting rights. percent 115,762,803 86,052,615 23,430,790 18,414 3,500,000 11,723,000 0 0 0 0 6,284,705 0 0 0 0 14,983,656 261,755,983 44.23 32.88 8.95 0.01 1.34 4.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.72 80,284,545 1,000,000 0 148,481,687 90,193,315 6,679,127 117,624,985 109,162,871 90,000,000 87,332,521 16,146,318 74,536,381 63,042,678 62,430,121 60,753,704 2,061,727,499 2.62 0.03 0.00 4.84 2.94 0.22 3.83 3.56 2.93 2.85 0.53 2.43 2.05 2.03 1.98 67.17 21.77 15.15 4.12 2.61 2.20 2.18 2.07 1.92 1.58 1.54 1.39 1.31 1.11 1.10 1.07 38.89 21.50 15.20 4.85 2.34 1.73 2.18 2.00 1.48 1.33 1.01 1.59 0.00 1.14 0.51 0.96 42.17 21.50 15.20 4.85 2.51 1.85 2.06 2.08 1.45 0.57 0.92 1.57 0.00 1.14 0.30 0.77 43.26 100.00 3,069,395,752 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 173 OTHER INFORMATION Ten-year summary For definitions of certain financial terms used, see Financial terminology. Ten-year summary Income statement and cash flow items, SEK million Net sales Operating expenses Operating income Net income Restructuring charges Cash flow from operating activities Year-end position, SEK million Total assets Property, plant and equipment Stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interest Per share indicators Earnings per share, basic, SEK Earnings per share, diluted, SEK Dividends per share, SEK Number of shares outstanding (in millions) end of period, basic average, basic average, diluted Other information, SEK million Additions to property, plant and equipment Depreciations and write-downs/impairments of property, plant and equipment Acquisitions/capitalization of intangible assets Amortization and write-downs/impairments of intangible assets Research and development expenses as percentage of net sales Inventory turnover days Alternative Performance Measures (APMs) 2) Gross margin Operating margin EBITA margin Cash conversion Capital employed, SEK million Return on equity Return on capital employed Equity ratio Capital turnover Working capital, SEK million Gross cash, SEK million Net cash, SEK million 3) Statistical data, year-end Number of employees of which in Sweden Export sales from Sweden, SEK million 1) For 2016, as proposed by the Board of Directors. 2) A reconciliation to the most directly reconcilable line items in the financial statements for 2016 and five comparison years is available on the following pages. Reconciliation of ten years is available in a separate document available on www.ericsson.com/thecompany/investors/financial-reports. 3) The definition of Net cash has been adjusted in 2016 (Post-employment benefits are no longer included and Interest-bearing securities, non-current are included). Net cash for prior periods has been recalculated using the new definition. 174 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 2016 Change 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 222,608 –60,501 6,299 1,895 7,567 14,010 283,347 16,734 139,817 675 0.53 0.52 1.00 1) 3,269 3,263 3,303 6,129 4,569 5,260 4,550 31,635 14.2% 69 29.8% 2.8% 4.0% 175.0% 190,901 1.2% 3.2% 49.6% 1.2 89,039 57,877 31,191 111,464 15,303 107,036 –10% –6% –71% –86% 50% –32% 0% 5% –5% –20% –87% –87% –73% – – 1% –26% –3% 1% –18% –9% – 8% – – – – –2% – – – – –15% –13% –24% –4% –10% –9% 246,920 –64,129 21,805 13,673 5,040 20,597 284,363 15,901 146,525 841 4.17 4.13 3.70 3,256 3,249 3,282 8,338 4,689 5,228 5,538 34,844 14.1% 64 34.8% 8.8% 10.5% 85% 9.3% 11.6% 51.8% 1.3 104,811 66,270 41,150 116,281 17,041 117,486 227,983 –63,408 16,807 11,143 1,456 18,702 293,558 13,341 144,306 1,003 3.57 3.54 3.40 3,242 3,237 3,270 5,322 4,316 6,184 5,629 36,308 15.9% 64 36.2% 7.4% 9.3% 84% 8.1% 9.8% 49.5% 1.2 103,246 72,159 48,014 118,055 17,580 113,734 227,376 –58,509 17,845 12,174 4,453 17,389 269,190 11,433 140,204 1,419 3.72 3.69 3.00 3,231 3,226 3,257 4,503 4,209 4,759 5,928 32,236 14.2% 62 33.6% 7.8% 9.8% 79% 8.7% 10.7% 52.6% 1.3 106,940 77,089 47,634 114,340 17,858 108,944 227,779 –58,856 10,458 5,938 3,447 22,031 274,996 11,493 136,883 1,600 1.80 1.78 2.75 3,220 3,216 3,247 5,429 4,012 13,247 5,877 32,833 14.4% 73 31.6% 4.6% 6.6% 116% 4.1% 6.7% 50.4% 1.3 100,619 76,708 48,041 110,255 17,712 106,997 226,921 –59,321 17,900 12,569 3,184 9,982 280,349 10,788 143,105 2,165 3.80 3.77 2.50 3,211 3,206 3,233 4,994 3,546 2,748 5,490 32,638 14.4% 78 35.1% 7.9% 9.9% 40% 8.5% 11.3% 51.8% 1.2 109,552 80,542 49,521 104,525 17,500 116,507 203,348 –58,630 16,455 11,235 6,814 26,583 281,815 9,434 145,106 1,679 3.49 3.46 2.25 3,200 3,197 3,226 3,686 3,296 7,246 6,657 31,558 15.5% 74 36.5% 8.1% 11.0% 112% 7.8% 9.6% 52.1% 1.1 105,488 87,150 56,387 90,261 17,848 100,070 206,477 –59,963 5,918 4,127 11,259 24,476 269,809 9,606 139,870 1,157 1.15 1.14 2.00 3,194 3,190 3,212 4,006 3,502 11,413 8,621 33,055 16.0% 68 34.0% 2.9% 6.7% 117% 2.6% 4.3% 52.3% 1.1 99,079 76,724 44,604 82,493 18,217 94,829 208,930 –60,558 16,252 11,667 6,760 24,000 285,684 9,995 140,823 1,261 3.54 3.52 1.85 3,185 3,183 3,202 4,133 3,105 1,287 5,568 33,584 16.1% 68 35.5% 7.8% 9.4% 92% 8.2% 11.3% 49.7% 1.2 99,951 75,005 44,524 187,780 –52,041 30,646 22,135 – 19,210 245,117 9,304 134,112 940 6.87 6.84 2.50 3,180 3,178 3,193 4,319 2,914 29,838 5,459 28,842 15.4% 70 39.3% 16.3% 18.0% 66% 17.2% 20.9% 55.1% 1.2 86,327 57,716 30,500 78,740 20,155 109,254 74,011 19,781 102,486 195,150 189,839 180,903 176,653 186,307 182,640 181,680 182,439 168,456 For definitions of certain financial terms used, see Financial terminology. Income statement and cash flow items, SEK million Ten-year summary Net sales Operating expenses Operating income Net income Restructuring charges Cash flow from operating activities Year-end position, SEK million Total assets Property, plant and equipment Stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interest Per share indicators Earnings per share, basic, SEK Earnings per share, diluted, SEK Dividends per share, SEK Number of shares outstanding (in millions) end of period, basic average, basic average, diluted Other information, SEK million Additions to property, plant and equipment Depreciations and write-downs/impairments of property, plant and equipment Acquisitions/capitalization of intangible assets Amortization and write-downs/impairments of intangible assets Research and development expenses as percentage of net sales Inventory turnover days Alternative Performance Measures (APMs) 2) Gross margin Operating margin EBITA margin Cash conversion Capital employed, SEK million Return on equity Return on capital employed Equity ratio Capital turnover Working capital, SEK million Gross cash, SEK million Net cash, SEK million 3) Statistical data, year-end Number of employees of which in Sweden Export sales from Sweden, SEK million 1) For 2016, as proposed by the Board of Directors. 2) A reconciliation to the most directly reconcilable line items in the financial statements for 2016 and five comparison years is available on the following pages. Reconciliation of ten years is available in a separate document available on www.ericsson.com/thecompany/investors/financial-reports. 3) The definition of Net cash has been adjusted in 2016 (Post-employment benefits are no longer included and Interest-bearing securities, non-current are included). Net cash for prior periods has been recalculated using the new definition. 2016 Change 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 222,608 –60,501 6,299 1,895 7,567 14,010 283,347 16,734 139,817 675 0.53 0.52 1.00 1) 3,269 3,263 3,303 6,129 4,569 5,260 4,550 31,635 14.2% 69 29.8% 2.8% 4.0% 175.0% 190,901 1.2% 3.2% 49.6% 1.2 89,039 57,877 31,191 111,464 15,303 107,036 –10% –6% –71% –86% 50% –32% 0% 5% –5% –20% –87% –87% –73% – – 1% –26% –3% 1% –18% –9% – 8% – – – – – – – – –2% –15% –13% –24% –4% –10% –9% 246,920 –64,129 21,805 13,673 5,040 20,597 284,363 15,901 146,525 841 4.17 4.13 3.70 3,256 3,249 3,282 8,338 4,689 5,228 5,538 34,844 14.1% 64 34.8% 8.8% 10.5% 85% 195,150 9.3% 11.6% 51.8% 1.3 104,811 66,270 41,150 116,281 17,041 117,486 227,983 –63,408 16,807 11,143 1,456 18,702 293,558 13,341 144,306 1,003 3.57 3.54 3.40 3,242 3,237 3,270 5,322 4,316 6,184 5,629 36,308 15.9% 64 36.2% 7.4% 9.3% 84% 189,839 8.1% 9.8% 49.5% 1.2 103,246 72,159 48,014 118,055 17,580 113,734 227,376 –58,509 17,845 12,174 4,453 17,389 269,190 11,433 140,204 1,419 3.72 3.69 3.00 3,231 3,226 3,257 4,503 4,209 4,759 5,928 32,236 14.2% 62 33.6% 7.8% 9.8% 79% 180,903 8.7% 10.7% 52.6% 1.3 106,940 77,089 47,634 114,340 17,858 108,944 227,779 –58,856 10,458 5,938 3,447 22,031 274,996 11,493 136,883 1,600 1.80 1.78 2.75 3,220 3,216 3,247 5,429 4,012 13,247 5,877 32,833 14.4% 73 31.6% 4.6% 6.6% 116% 176,653 4.1% 6.7% 50.4% 1.3 100,619 76,708 48,041 110,255 17,712 106,997 226,921 –59,321 17,900 12,569 3,184 9,982 280,349 10,788 143,105 2,165 3.80 3.77 2.50 3,211 3,206 3,233 4,994 3,546 2,748 5,490 32,638 14.4% 78 35.1% 7.9% 9.9% 40% 186,307 8.5% 11.3% 51.8% 1.2 109,552 80,542 49,521 104,525 17,500 116,507 203,348 –58,630 16,455 11,235 6,814 26,583 281,815 9,434 145,106 1,679 3.49 3.46 2.25 3,200 3,197 3,226 3,686 3,296 7,246 6,657 31,558 15.5% 74 36.5% 8.1% 11.0% 112% 182,640 7.8% 9.6% 52.1% 1.1 105,488 87,150 56,387 90,261 17,848 100,070 206,477 –59,963 5,918 4,127 11,259 24,476 269,809 9,606 139,870 1,157 1.15 1.14 2.00 3,194 3,190 3,212 4,006 3,502 11,413 8,621 33,055 16.0% 68 34.0% 2.9% 6.7% 117% 181,680 2.6% 4.3% 52.3% 1.1 99,079 76,724 44,604 82,493 18,217 94,829 208,930 –60,558 16,252 11,667 6,760 24,000 285,684 9,995 140,823 1,261 3.54 3.52 1.85 3,185 3,183 3,202 4,133 3,105 1,287 5,568 33,584 16.1% 68 35.5% 7.8% 9.4% 92% 182,439 8.2% 11.3% 49.7% 1.2 99,951 75,005 44,524 78,740 20,155 109,254 187,780 –52,041 30,646 22,135 – 19,210 245,117 9,304 134,112 940 6.87 6.84 2.50 3,180 3,178 3,193 4,319 2,914 29,838 5,459 28,842 15.4% 70 39.3% 16.3% 18.0% 66% 168,456 17.2% 20.9% 55.1% 1.2 86,327 57,716 30,500 74,011 19,781 102,486 Other information – Ten-year summary Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 175 OTHER INFORMATION – Alternative Performance Measures alternative performance measures This section includes a reconciliation of certain Alternative Perfor- mance Measures (APMs) to the most directly reconcilable line items in the financial statements. The presentation of APMs has limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for related financial measures prepared in accordance with IFRS. APMs are presented to enhance an investor’s evaluation of ongoing operating results, to aid in forecasting future periods and to facilitate meaningful comparison of results between periods. Management uses these APMs to, among other things, evaluate ongoing operations in relation to historical results, for internal planning and forecasting purposes and in the calculation of certain performance-based compensation. The APMs presented in this report may differ from similarly titled measures used by other companies. Capital employed SEK million Total assets Non-interest-bearing provisions and liabilities Provisions, non-current Deferred tax liabilities Other non-current liabilites Provisions, current Trade payables Other current liabilities Capital employed Capital turnover SEK million Net sales Average capital employed Capital employed at beginning of period Captial empoyed at end of period Average capital employed Capital turnover (times) Cash conversion SEK million Net income Net income reconciled to cash Cash flow from operating activities Cash conversion (%) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 283,347 284,363 293,558 269,190 274,996 Definition Total assets less non-interest-bearing provisions and liabilities. 946 2,147 2,621 5,411 25,318 56,003 190,901 176 2,472 1,851 3,662 22,389 58,663 195,150 202 3,177 1,797 4,225 24,473 69,845 189,839 222 2,650 1,459 5,140 20,502 58,314 180,903 211 3,120 2,377 8,427 23,100 61,108 176,653 Reason to use Capital employed represents the value of the bal- ance sheet assets that contributes to revenue and profit generation. It is also used in the calculation of return on capital employed. 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 222,608 246,920 227,983 227,376 227,779 Definition Net sales divided by average capital employed. 195,150 190,901 193,026 1.2 189,839 195,150 192,495 1.3 180,903 189,839 185,371 1.2 176,653 180,903 178,778 1.3 186,307 176,653 181,480 1.3 Reason to use Capital turnover indicates how effectively invest- ment capital is used to generate revenues. 2016 1,895 8,007 14,010 175% 2015 13,673 24,284 20,597 85% 2014 11,143 22,343 18,702 84% 2013 12,174 22,002 17,389 79% 2012 5,938 19,015 22,031 116% Definition Cash flow from operating activities divided by the sum of net income and adjustments to reconcile net income to cash, expressed as percent. Reason to use The cash conversion target reflects a high focus on cash flow in the company. The measurement has also been used as one of the three targets in the Long-Term Variable Compensation program (LTV). 176 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Earnings per share (non-IFRS) SEK EPS diluted Restructuring charges Amortization and write-downs of acquired intangibles EPS (non-IFRS) 2016 0.52 1.59 0.55 2.66 2015 4.13 1.07 0.86 6.06 2014 3.54 0.31 0.95 4.80 2013 3.69 0.93 1.00 5.62 2012 1.78 0.81 0.96 3.55 Definition Earnings per share (EPS), diluted, excluding amorti- zations and write-down of acquired intangible assets and excluding restructuring charges. Reason to use Restructuring charges vary between years. This measurement gives an indication of the performance without restructuring and without the impact of amortizations and write-down of acquired intangible assets from acquired companies. EBITA margin SEK million Net income Taxes Financial income and expenses Amortization and write-downs of acquired intangibles EBITA Net sales EBITA margin (%) 2016 1,895 2,131 2,273 2015 13,673 6,199 1,933 2014 11,143 4,668 996 2013 12,174 4,924 747 2012 5,938 4,244 276 2,650 8,949 222,608 4.0% 4,139 25,944 246,920 10.5% 4,328 21,135 227,983 9.3% 4,521 22,366 227,376 9.8% 4,553 15,011 227,779 6.6% Definition Earnings before interest, taxes, amortization and write-downs of acquired intangibles, as a percent- age of net sales. Reason to use Amortizations and write-downs of intangible assets are normally non-cash items in the annual income statement, EBITA margin % gives an indication of the financial performance without the impact from acquired companies. Equity ratio SEK million Total equity Total assets Equity ratio (%) Gross cash 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 140,492 283,347 49.6% 147,366 284,363 51.8% 145,309 293,558 49.5% 141,623 269,190 52.6% 138,483 274,996 50.4% Definition Equity, expressed as a percentage of total assets. Reason to use An equity ratio above 40% is one of the company’s capital targets. This supports financial flexibility and independence to operate and manage variations in working capital needs as well as to capitalize on business opportunities. SEK million Cash and cash equivalents Interest-bearing securities, current Interest-bearing securities, non-current Gross cash 2016 36,966 13,325 7,586 57,877 2015 40,224 26,046 – 66,270 2014 40,988 31,171 – 72,159 2013 42,095 34,994 – 77,089 2012 44,682 32,026 – 76,708 Definition Cash and cash equivalents plus interest-bearing securities (current and non-current). Reason to use Gross cash is showing total available cash and interest-bearing securities and is a parameter for calculating the net cash position. Other information – Alternative Performance Measures Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 177 OTHER INFORMATION – Alternative Performance Measures alternative performance measures, cont. Gross margin SEK million Gross income Net sales Gross margin (%) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 66,365 222,608 29.8% 85,819 246,920 34.8% 82,427 227,983 36.2% 76,371 227,376 33.6% 72,080 227,779 31.6% Net cash SEK million Cash and cash equivalents + Interest-bearing securities, current + Interest-bearing securities, non-current – Borrowings, current – Borrowings, non-current Net cash 2016 36,966 13,325 7,586 8,033 18,653 31,191 2015 40,224 26,046 – 2,376 22,744 41,150 2014 40,988 31,171 – 2,281 21,864 48,014 2013 42,095 34,994 – 7,388 22,067 47,634 2012 44,682 32,026 – 4,769 23,898 48,041 Definition Reported gross income as a percentage of net sales. Reason to use Gross margin shows the difference between net sales and cost of sales, in percentage of net sales. Gross margin is impacted by several factors such as business mix, service share, price development and cost reductions. Gross margin is an important inter- nal measure and this number is also provided in the Income statement as the Company believes that it provides users of the financial statements with a better understanding of the Group’s business development. Definition Cash and cash equivalents plus interest-bearing securities (current and non-current) less interest- bearing liabilities (which include: non-current borrowings and current borrowings). Reason to use A positive net cash position that is larger than the pension liability is one of the company’s capital tar- gets. This creates financial flexibility and indepen- dence to operate and manage variations in working capital needs. Operating expenses, excluding restructuring charges SEK million Operating expenses Restructuring charges included in R&D expenses Restructuring charges included in selling and administrative expenses Operating expenses, excluding restructuring charges 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 –60,501 –64,129 –63,408 –58,509 –58,856 2,739 2,021 1,353 745 304 123 872 924 852 370 –56,409 –61,363 –62,981 –56,713 –57,634 Definition Reported operating expenses, excluding restructur- ing charges. Reason to use Restructuring charges vary between years and in order to analyse trends in reported expenses over- time, restructuring charges are excluded. 178 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Operating margin SEK million Operating income Net sales Operating margin (%) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 6,299 222,608 2.8% 21,805 246,920 8.8% 16,807 227,983 7.4% 17,845 227,376 7.8% 10,458 227,779 4.6% Definition Reported operating income as a percentage of net sales. Reason to use Operating margin shows the operating income in per centage of net sales. Operating margin is a key internal measure and this number is also provided in the Income statement as the Company believes that it provides users of the financial statements with a better understanding of the Group’s financial performance both short and long term. Return on capital employed SEK million Operating income Financial income Total Operating income + Financial income Average capital empolyed Capital employed at beginning of period Capital employed at end of period Average capital empolyed Return on capital employed (%) Return on equity 2016 6,299 –115 6,184 2015 21,805 525 22,330 2014 16,807 1,277 18,084 2013 17,845 1,346 19,191 2012 10,458 1,708 12,166 195,150 190,901 193,026 3.2% 189,839 195,150 192,495 11.6% 180,903 189,839 185,371 9.8% 176,653 180,903 178,778 10.7% 186,307 176,653 181,480 6.7% Definition The total of operating income plus financial income as a percentage of average capital employed. Reason to use Return on capital employed is a measure of the profitability after taking into account the amount of capital used. A higher return on capital employed indicates a more efficient use of capital. SEK million 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Net income attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company Average stockholders' equity Stockholders' equity, beginning of period Stockholders' equity, end of period Average stockholders' equity Return on equity (%) 1,716 13,549 11,568 12,005 5,775 146,525 139,817 143,171 1.2% 144,306 146,525 145,416 9.3% 140,204 144,306 142,255 8.1% 136,883 140,204 138,544 8.7% 143,105 136,883 139,994 4.1% Definition Net income attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company as a percentage of average stockholders’ equity. Reason to use Return on equity is a measure of the profitability in relation to the book value of shareholder equity. Return on equity is a measure of how investments are used to generate earnings growth. Other information – Alternative Performance Measures Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 179 OTHER INFORMATION – Alternative Performance Measures alternative performance measures, cont. Sales growth adjusted for comparable units and currency SEK million Net sales Acquired/divested business Net FX impact Comparable net sales, excluding FX impact Sales growth adjusted for comparable units and currency (%) 2016 2015 2014 1) 222,608 –313 254 222,549 246,920 –422 –30,307 216,191 227,983 –2,590 –10,409 214,984 –10% –5% –4% 1) Partly adjusted for the initial IPR payment from Samsung in the fourth quarter 2013. Definition Sales growth adjusted for the impact of acquisitions and divestments as well as the effects of foreign currency fluctuations. Reason to use Ericsson’s presentation currency is SEK while the total revenues are mainly in other currencies. Reported sales growth is dependent on fluctuations in SEK versus other currencies and in addition acquired or divested business can have an impact on reported net sales. Sales growth adjusted for comparable units and currency shows the underly- ing sales development without these parameters. Working capital SEK million Current assets Current non-interest-bearing provisions and liabilities Provisions, current Trade payables Other current liabilities Working capital 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 175,771 189,525 201,789 190,896 193,254 –5,411 –25,318 –56,003 89,039 –3,662 –22,389 –58,663 104,811 –4,225 –24,473 –69,845 103,246 –5,140 –20,502 –58,314 106,940 –8,427 –23,100 –61,108 100,619 Definition Current assets less current non-interest-bearing provisions and liabilities (which include: current pro- visions; trade payables and other current liabilities). Reason to use Due to the need to optimize cash generation to create value for Ericsson’s shareholders, manage- ment focuses on working capital and reducing lead times between orders booked and cash received. Managing and reducing Working capital is key for reaching the Cash conversion of the Long-Term Variable Compensation program (LTV). 180 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Financial terminology CAPEX Capital expenditures. Capital employed Total assets less non-interest-bearing provi- sions and liabilities (which includes non-current provisions; deferred tax liabilities; other non-current liabilities; current provisions; trade payables and other current liabilities). Capital turnover Net sales divided by average capital employed. Cash conversion Cash flow from operating activities divided by the sum of net income and adjustments to reconcile net income to cash, expressed as percent. Cash dividends per share Dividends paid divided by average number of basic shares. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) The year-over-year growth rate over a specified period of time. Days sales outstanding (DSO) Trade receivables balance at quarter end divided by net sales in the quarter and multi- plied by 90 days. If the amount of trade receiv- ables is larger than last quarter’s sales, the excess amount is divided by net sales in the previous quarter and multiplied by 90 days, and total DSO are the 90 days of the most current quarter plus the additional days from the previous quarter. Earnings per share (EPS) Basic earnings per share: profit or loss attribut- able to stockholders of the Parent Company divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Earnings per share (EPS diluted) The weighted average number of shares out- standing, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. Earnings per share (non-IFRS) Earnings per share (EPS), diluted, excluding amortizations and write-down of acquired intangible assets and excluding restructuring charges. EBITA margin Earnings before interest, taxes, amortization and write-downs of acquired intangibles (intel- lectual property rights, trademarks and other intangible assets, see Note C10 “Intangible assets”) as a percentage of net sales. Equity ratio Equity, expressed as a percentage of total assets. Gross cash Cash and cash equivalents plus interest-bear- ing securities (current and non-current). Gross margin Reported gross income as a percentage of net sales. Inventory turnover days (ITO days) 365 divided by inventory turnover, calculated as total cost of sales divided by the average inven- tories for the year (net of advances from cus- tomers). Net cash Cash and cash equivalents plus interest-bear- ing securities (current and non-current) less interest-bearing liabilities (which include non-current borrowings and current borrow- ings). Operating margin Reported operating income as a percentage of net sales. OPEX Operational expenses. P/E ratio The P/E ratio is calculated as the price of a Class B share at last day of trading divided by earnings per basic share. Payable days The average balance of trade payables at the beginning and at the end of the year divided by cost of sales for the year, and multiplied by 365 days. Return on capital employed The total of operating income plus financial income as a percentage of average capital employed (based on the amounts at January 1 and December 31). Return on equity Net income attributable to stockholders of the Parent Company as a percentage of average stockholders’ equity (based on the amounts at January 1 and December 31). Sales growth, adjusted for comparable units and currency Sales growth adjusted for the impact of acquisi- tions and divestments as well as the effects of foreign currency fluctuations. Total shareholder return (TSR) The increase or decrease in Class B share price during the period, including dividend, expressed as a percentage of the share price at the start of the period. Value at risk (VaR) A statistical method that expresses the maxi- mum potential loss that can arise with a certain degree of probability during a certain period of time. Working capital Current assets less current non-interest-bear- ing provisions and liabilities (which include current provisions, trade payables and other current liabilities). Exchange rates Exchange rates in consolidation SEK/EUR Average rate 1) Closing rate SEK/USD Average rate 1) Closing rate January–December 2016 2015 9.44 9.56 8.56 9.06 9.34 9.17 8.39 8.40 1) Average for the year for disclosure purpose only. Period income and expenses for each income statement are translated at period average exchange rates. Other information – Financial terminology Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 181 OTHER INFORMATION Glossary 2G The first digital generation of mobile systems. Includes GSM, TDMA, PDC and cdmaOne. 3G Third generation mobile system. Includes WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA. prepared ‘in accordance’ with the Guidelines. The Core option contains the essential ele- ments of a sustainability report. The Core option provides the background against which an organization communicates the impacts of its economic, environmental and social and governance performance. 4G See LTE. Backhaul Transmission between radio base stations and the core network. BSS Business support systems. CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. A radio technology on which the cdmaOne (2G) and CDMA2000 (3G) mobile communication standards are both based. Cloud When data and applications reside in the network. GSM Global System for Mobile Communications. A first digital generation mobile system. HDS 8000 A product announced by Ericsson in 2015. Ericsson HDS 8000 (Hyperscale Datacenter System) is a new generation of hyperscale data- center systems that uses Intel® Rack Scale Architecture. Heterogeneous network Densification and enhancement of a network to increase capacity. HSPA High Speed Packet Access. Enhancement of 3G/WCDMA that enables mobile broadband. M-commerce Mobile commerce. M2M Machine-to-machine communication. Managed services Management of operator networks and/or hosting of their services. Mobile broadband Wireless high-speed internet access using the HSPA, LTE and CDMA2000EV-DO technologies. Networked Society Ericsson’s vision of what will happen when everything that can benefit from being con- nected is connected, empowering people, business and society. NFV Network Functions Virtualization. Software implementation of network functions that can be deployed in virtualized infrastruc- ture, offering efficient orchestration, automation and scalability. ICT Information and Communication Technology. OSS Operations Support Systems. CO2e The amount of a particular greenhouse gas, expressed as the amount of carbon dioxide that gives the same greenhouse effect. IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem. A standard for voice and multimedia services over mobile and fixed networks using IP. EDGE An enhancement of GSM. Enables the trans- mission of data at speeds up to 250 kbps (Evolved EDGE up to 1 Mbps.) IP Internet Protocol. Defines how information travels between network elements across the internet. EPC Evolved Packet Core. The core network of the LTE system. IPR Intellectual Property Rights. Global ICT Centers Ericsson has built three Global ICT Centers, facilities that allow the connection of both Telco and ICT (Information Communication Technology) equipment and allow access by over 20,000 engineers globally. IPTV IP Television. A technology that delivers digital television via fixed broadband access. JV Joint Venture. GRI G4 core G4 is the fourth generation of GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. There are two options to report in accordance with the Guidelines: Core and Comprehensive. These options designate the content to be included for the report to be LTE Long-Term Evolution. 4G; the evolutionary step of mobile technology beyond HSPA, allowing data rate above 100 Mbps. SDN Software-Defined Network. A programmable network with physical separa- tion of decisions about where network traffic is sent (control plane), from the underlying system that forward traffic to the selected destinations (data plane). VoLTE (Voice over LTE) VoLTE, based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), is a voice service delivered as data flows in LTE, over time replacing the legacy circuit-switched voice network. WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access. A 3G mobile communication standard. WCDMA builds on the same core network infrastructure as GSM. xDSL Digital Subscriber Line technologies for broad- band multimedia communications in fixed-line networks. Examples: IP-DSL, ADSL and VDSL. The terms “Ericsson”, “the Company”, “the Group”, “us”, “we”, and “our” all refer to Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson and its subsidiaries. 182 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 OTHER INFORMATION SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson’s Annual General Meeting of shareholders 2017 will be held on March 29, 2017, at 3.00 p.m. at Kistamässan, Arne Beurlings Torg 5, Kista/Stockholm, Sweden. Registration and notice of attendance Shareholders who wish to attend the Annual General Meeting must: > Be recorded in the share register kept by Euroclear Sweden AB (the Swedish Securi- ties Registry) on Thursday, March 23, 2017; and > Give notice of attendance to the Company at the latest on Thursday March 23, 2017. Notice of attendance can be given by telephone: +46 8 402 90 54 on weekdays between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., or on Ericsson’s website: www.ericsson.com Notice of attendance may also be given in writing to: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson General Meeting of shareholders Box 7835, SE-103 98 Stockholm, Sweden When giving notice of attendance, please state the name, date of birth or registration number, address, telephone number and number of assistants, if any. The meeting will be conducted in Swedish and simultaneously translated into English. Shares registered in the name of a nominee In addition to giving notice of attendance, shareholders having their shares registered in the name of a nominee must request the nomi- nee to temporarily enter the shareholder into the share register as per Thursday, March 23, 2017, in order to be entitled to attend the meeting. The shareholder should inform the nominee to that effect well before that day. Proxy Shareholders represented by proxy shall issue and submit to the Company a power of attorney for the representative. A power of attorney issued by a legal entity must be accompanied by a copy of the entity’s certificate of registration, or if no such certificate exists, a corresponding document of authority. Such documents must not be older than one year unless the power of attorney explicitly provides that it is valid for a longer period, up to a maximum of five years. In order to facilitate the registration at the Annual General Meeting, the original power of attorney, certificates of registration and other documents of authority should be sent to the Company in advance to the address above for receipt by Tuesday, March 28, 2017. Forms of power of attorney in Swedish and English are available on Ericsson’s website: www.ericsson.com. Dividend The Board of Directors has decided to propose the Annual General Meeting to resolve on a dividend of SEK 1.00 per share for the year 2016 and that Friday, March 31, 2017 will be the record date for dividend. Financial information from Ericsson 2016 Form 20-F for the US market > March 31, 2017 Interim reports 2017 > Q1, April 25, 2017 > Q2, July 18, 2017 > Q3, October 20, 2017 > Q4, January 31, 2018 Annual Report 2017 > March, 2018 Other information – Shareholder information Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 183 OTHER INFORMATION – Shareholder information MORE INFORMATION Information about Ericsson and its development is available on the website: www.ericsson.com Annual and interim reports and other relevant shareholder information can be found at: www.ericsson.com/investors Ericsson issues a separate Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Report. www.ericsson.com/thecompany/ sustainability _corporateresponsibility For printed publications Contact details A printed copy of the Annual Report is provided on request. Strömberg Distribution SE-120 88 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 449 89 57 Email: ericsson@strd.se Ericsson headquarters Torshamnsgatan 21 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden Registered office Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson SE-164 83 Stockholm, Sweden In the United States Ericsson’s Transfer Agent Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Bank Shareholder Services American Stock Transfer & Trust Company Investor relations For questions on the Company, please contact Investor Relations: Phone: +46 (10) 719 00 00 Email: investor.relations@ericsson.com Registered holders Toll-free number: +1 (800) 937-5449 Interested investors Direct dial: +1 (718) 921-8124 Email: DB@amstock.com Ordering a hard copy of the Annual Report Phone: +1 (888) 301 2504 184 Ericsson | Annual Report 2016 Ericsson Annual Report 2016 Project management Ericsson Investor Relations Design and production Hallvarsson & Halvarsson Group Management, Board of Directors photography Per Myrehed Printing Göteborgstryckeriet 2017 Printed on Amber Graphic NORDIC ECOLABEL 3041 0250 OR D I C ECOL A B E L N Nordiska Miljömärkningen Svanen • Färgkod PMS 354, Fyrfärgskod C-91%, M-0,0%, Y-83%, K-0,0%. • Standardfärger enligt SS 019100 – 019103 Blankt papper: 1080G10Y Matt papper: 354U-1070G NCS: 0879-G07Y NCS: 1368-G04Y • Miljömärket bör ej understiga 8 mm och ska minst ha den storleken att texten ”MILJÖMÄRKT” och underliggande licensnummer är tydligt läsbara. • När märket understiger 2 cm i diameter kan den förklarande undertexten utelämnas på produkten (Trycksak), om den finns med märket på förpackningen. Text på märket: • Texten ”MILJÖMÄRKT” följer märkets rundade form på ovansidan. • Texten ”MILJÖMÄRKT” med versaler och teckensnitt Helvetica, rak, halvfet. Teckentäthet och teckengrad anpassas till märkets storlek. • Texten under märket ”Trycksak” skrivs horisontellt under siffergrupperna (341 000). Teckensnitt helvetica, rak används med versal som begynnelsebokstav, f ö gemener, och anpassas i storlek till märket • För tryckning på Svanen på andra nordiska språk studera Regelverket för nordisk miljömärkning. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson SE-164 83 Stockholm, Sweden Telephone +46 10 719 0000 www.ericsson.com EN/LZT 138 1935 R1A ISSN 1100-8962 © Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson 2017

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