FedNat Company
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

  UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K  þ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED December 31, 2018 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM ___________________TO _______________________  Commission File number 000-25001  FedNat Holding Company (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Florida (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 14050 N.W. 14th Street, Suite 180, Sunrise, FL (Address of principal executive offices) 65-0248866 (IRS Employer Identification Number) 33323 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 800-293-2532 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered NASDAQ Global Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:    None Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     Yes ☐   No þ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.     Yes ☐   No þ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes þ   No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has electronically submitted and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).     Yes þ   No ☐ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ Accelerated filer þ Non‑accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes ☐   No þ The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $271,751,346 on June 30, 2018, computed on the basis of the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common stock on that date. As of March 1, 2019, the total number of common shares outstanding of Registrant’s common stock was 12,784,444. Certain information required by Part III of this Form 10-K will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement or included in a Form 10-K/A that will be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.     FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I ITEM 1 BUSINESS ITEM 1A RISK FACTORS ITEM 1B UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM  2 PROPERTIES ITEM 3 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ITEM 4 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PART II ITEM 5 MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES ITEM 6 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA ITEM 7 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ITEM 7A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ITEM 8 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ITEM 9 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE ITEM 9A CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 9B OTHER INFORMATION PART III ITEM 10 DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 11 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ITEM 12 ITEM 13 SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ITEM 14 PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES PART IV ITEM 15 EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES ITEM 16 FORM 10-K SUMMARY SIGNATURES 1 10 19 19 19 19 20 22 23 41 42 88 88 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 94 CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS PART I This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are therefore entitled to the protection of the safe harbor provisions of these laws. These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “budget,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “envision,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “indicate,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “outlook,” “plan,” “possibly,” “potential,” “predict,” “probably,” “pro-forma,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections. While we believe these expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections are reasonable, such forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. These and other important factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Management cautions that the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are not guarantees of future performance, and we cannot assume that such statements will be realized or the forward-looking events and circumstances will occur. Factors that might cause such a difference include, without limitation, the risks and uncertainties discussed under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report, and discussed from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward- looking statements included or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report are made only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake and specifically decline any obligation to update any such statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any such statements to reflect future events or developments. ITEM 1.  BUSINESS GENERAL FedNat Holding Company (“FNHC,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an insurance holding company that controls substantially all aspects of the insurance underwriting, distribution and claims processes through our subsidiaries and contractual relationships with independent agents and general agents.   We, through our wholly owned subsidiaries, are authorized to underwrite, and/or place homeowners multi-peril (“homeowners”), federal flood and other lines of insurance in Florida and other states. We market, distribute and service our own and third-party insurers’ products and other services through a network of independent and general agents. FedNat Insurance Company (“FNIC”), our largest wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, is licensed as an admitted carrier, to write specific lines of insurance by the state’s insurance departments, in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama.  Monarch National Insurance Company (“MNIC”), our other insurance subsidiary, is licensed as an admitted carrier in Florida. Admitted carriers are bound by rate and form regulations, and are strictly regulated to protect policyholders. Admitted carriers are also required to financially contribute to the state guarantee fund used to pay for losses if an insurance carrier becomes insolvent or unable to pay loss amounts due to their policyholders. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary, FedNat Underwriters, Inc. (“FNU”), we serve as managing general agent for FNIC and MNIC. MNIC was founded in 2015 through a joint venture. On February 21, 2018, FNIC acquired the non-controlling interests in MNIC’s indirect parent company, Monarch Delaware Holdings LLC (“Monarch Delaware”) from our joint venture partners (see “Monarch National Insurance Company,” below, for more information). -1- ໿ Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ 458,652 $ 482,039 $ 31,312 8,491 10,803 4,110 536,755 19,324 22,479 1,265 437 43,505 477,489 25,385 — 6,531 3,332 512,737 34,239 31,831 1,745 1,664 69,479 36,063 22,492 17,592 4,890 539,689 5,141 3,078 384 — 8,603 5,384 11,048 13,256 14,088 12,109 $ 567,764 $ 603,417 $ 10,013 605,485 Gross Premiums Written Homeowners: Florida Louisiana Texas South Carolina Alabama Total homeowners Personal automobile: Texas Georgia Florida Alabama Total personal automobile Commercial general liability Federal flood Gross premiums written total ໿ Acquisitions and Joint Ventures Maison Acquisition On February 25, 2019, the Company executed a definitive agreement for the acquisition of the insurance operations of 1347 Property Insurance Holdings, Inc. ("PIH"). Specifically, the Company will purchase Maison Insurance Company, Maison Managers, Inc., and ClaimCor LLC (collectively, the "Maison Companies"). The purchase price is $51.0 million, which includes $25.5 million in cash and $25.5 million in shares of the Company’s common stock. Additionally, in connection with the pending acquisition, on March 5, 2019, the Company closed on an offering of $100 million of Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029, which bear interest at the annual rate of 7.5% (the "2029 Notes"). The cash from the offering will be used to purchase the Maison Companies, retire the full $45.0 million of outstanding debt (thereby lowering our overall cost of borrowing) and other general corporate purposes. Refer to Note 17 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding the pending acquisition, including regulatory and other necessary approval and the potential timing thereof. Monarch National Insurance Company In March 2015, we organized MNIC and obtained its certificate of authority to write homeowners property and casualty insurance in Florida from the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (the “Florida OIR”). We and Crosswinds Investor Monarch LP (“Crosswinds Investor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Crosswinds Holdings Inc. (“Crosswinds Holdings”), a private equity firm and asset manager, each invested $14.0 million for a 42.4% membership interest (each holding 50.0% of the voting interests in Monarch Delaware). Transatlantic Reinsurance Company (“TransRe”), an international property and casualty reinsurance company invested $5.0 million for a 15.2% non-voting membership interest in Monarch Delaware. TransRe also received a six-year promissory note in the principal amount of $5.0 million bearing an annual interest rate of 6.0% payable by Monarch National Holding Company (“Monarch Holding”), the direct parent of MNIC and wholly-owned subsidiary of Monarch Delaware (together with MNIC and Monarch Holding, the “Monarch Entities”). Crosswinds AUM LLC (“Crosswinds AUM”) provided investment management services to the Monarch Entities pursuant to an investment management agreement between the Monarch Entities and Crosswinds AUM. -2- On November 27, 2017, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement with Crosswinds Investor and TransRe, whereby we agreed to purchase Crosswinds Investor’s 42.4% Class A membership interest and 50.0% voting interest for $12.3 million, and TransRe’s 15.2% non-voting membership interest in Monarch Delaware for $4.4 million. We completed this transaction on February 21, 2018 for the agreed upon purchase price and repaid the outstanding principal balance and interest due on the $5.0 million promissory note to TransRe. Following the closing, Monarch Delaware and Monarch Holdings were dissolved and merged into FNIC. With the completion of these transaction, FNIC owns 100% of MNIC. Crosswinds AUM continued to serve as a consultant to FNHC for a quarterly fee of $75,000 through December 31, 2018, and a subsidiary of Crosswinds Holdings and TransRe each had a right of first refusal through December 31, 2018 to participate in our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program. Refer to Note 14 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding the accounting and consolidation of the joint venture, prior to our acquisition of the non-controlling interest. Material Distribution Relationships We are a party to an insurance agency master agreement with Ivantage Select Agency, Inc. (“ISA”), an affiliate of Allstate Insurance Company (“Allstate”), pursuant to which we have been authorized by ISA to appoint Allstate agents to offer our homeowners and commercial general liability insurance products to consumers in Florida. We are a party to a managing general underwriting agreement with SageSure Insurance Managers, LLC (“SageSure”) in which they underwrite our FNIC homeowners business outside of Florida.  Executive Offices Our executive office is located at 14050 N.W. 14th Street, Suite 180, Sunrise, Florida 33323. Our telephone number is (800) 293-2532. Available Information Our internet web site is www.FedNat.com for policy holders, agents and investors. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports are available, free of charge, through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such material to the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov. -3-   INSURANCE OPERATIONS AND RELATED SERVICES Business Strategy We expect that in 2019 we will advance our enterprise value through: • • • • • • • completing our announced pending acquisition of the Maison Companies, subject to regulatory approvals; successfully integrating the operations of the Maison Companies into those of the Company in pursuit of geographic diversification as well as operational and expense synergies upon closing of this acquisition; focusing on our core operations, the Homeowners line of business, while furthering our withdrawal from our non-core Automobile and commercial general liability coverages; leveraging MNIC by developing and implementing a plan to expand upon MNIC’s pricing and product offerings in 2019 to increase market share in the risk-adjusted portion of the Florida homeowners market; focusing on operational efficiencies in our homeowners operations to reduce expenses in conjunction with our continued investment in, and use of, technology; enhancing our property analytical metrics, such as an increased geographical dispersion of risks, while managing our underwriting appetite, whether new or renewal, to ensure a balanced book of business; continued growth in our existing markets plus expansion of our homeowners products into other southeastern states, with an initial focus on Mississippi and Georgia; • maintaining a commitment to provide high quality customer service to our agents and insureds; • • • • strengthening of our marketing efforts by retaining key personnel and implementing direct marketing technologies; offering attractive incentives to our agents to place a high volume of quality business with our companies; continuing with our strong catastrophe reinsurance programs; and additional strategies that may include possible mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures or dispositions of assets. Overview of Insurance Lines of Business Homeowners Property and Casualty Insurance FNIC and MNIC underwrite homeowners insurance in Florida and FNIC also underwrites homeowners insurance in Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina and Alabama. Homeowners insurance generally protects an owner of real and personal property against covered causes of loss to that property. As of December 31, 2018, the total homeowners policies in-force was 291,098, of which 246,619 were in Florida and 44,479 were outside of Florida. As of December 31, 2017, the total homeowners policies in-force was 302,925, of which 272,346 were in Florida and 30,579 were outside of Florida. Florida Our homeowners insurance products provide maximum dwelling coverage of approximately $3.6 million, with the aggregate maximum policy limit being approximately $6.3 million. We currently offer dwelling coverage “A” up to $4.0 million with an aggregate total insured value of $6.5 million. We continually review and update these limits. The approximate average premium on the policies currently in- force is $1,873, as compared with $1,785 for 2017. The typical deductible is either $2,500 or $1,000 for non-hurricane-related claims and generally 2% of the coverage amount for the structure for hurricane-related claims. Premium rates charged to our homeowners insurance policyholders are continually evaluated to assure that they meet the expectation that they are actuarially sound and produce a reasonable level of profit (neither excessive, inadequate or discriminatory). Premium rates in Florida and other states are regulated and approved by the respective states’ office of insurance regulation.  We continuously monitor and seek appropriate adjustment to our rates in order to remain competitive and profitable. -4- The following are our rate actions that we have taken across our two insurance subsidiaries: • • • • • In 2018, FNIC applied for a statewide average rate increase of 4.6% for Florida homeowners multiple-peril insurance policies, which was approved by the Florida OIR and is expected to be become effective for new and renewal policies on April 20, 2019. In 2017, FNIC applied for a statewide average rate increase of 6.5% for Florida homeowners multiple-peril insurance policies only, which was subsequently, increased and approved by the Florida OIR to a statewide average rate increase of 10.0% and became effective for new and renewal policies on August 1, 2017. In 2016, FNIC applied for a rate increase of 5.6% for Florida homeowners multiple-peril insurance policies, which was approved by the Florida OIR and became effective for new and renewal policies on August 1, 2016. In 2017, MNIC applied for a statewide rate increase of 2.0% for Florida homeowners multiple-peril insurance policies, which was approved by the Florida OIR and became effective for new and renewal policies on October 1, 2017. Lastly, in 2016, MNIC applied for a statewide rate decrease of 11.9% for Florida homeowners multiple-peril insurance policies, which was approved by the Florida OIR and became effective for new and renewal policies on April 15, 2016. Non-Florida Our non-Florida homeowners insurance products, produced through our partnership with SageSure, provide maximum dwelling coverage “A” up to $1.8 million, with the aggregate maximum policy limit being approximately $3.6 million.  The approximate average premium on the policies currently in-force is $1,758, as compared with $1,803 for 2017.   The typical deductible is either $2,500 or $1,000 for non- hurricane-related claims and generally 2% of the coverage amount for the structure for hurricane-related claims.  As part of our partnership with SageSure, we entered into a profit share agreement, whereby we share 50% of net profits of this line of business, as calculated per the terms of the agreement, subject to certain limitations. Other Lines of Business Flood:  FNIC writes flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”). We write the policy for the NFIP, which assumes 100% of the flood risk while we retain a commission for our service. FNIC offers this line of business in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina and Alabama. FNIC plans to file an admitted flood endorsement as an alternative to the NFIP program. MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION Our independent agents and general agents have the authority to sell and bind insurance coverage in accordance with procedures established by FNU.  FNU generally accepts all coverage that falls within stated underwriting criteria.  For all policies issued, FNU also has the right, within a period that varies by state between 60 days and 120 days from a policy’s inception, to cancel any policy, upon an advanced notice provided in accordance with statutory specific guidelines, even if the risk falls within our underwriting criteria.  We are focusing our marketing efforts on continuing to expand our distribution network while maintaining our commitment to long-term relationships. We market our products and services throughout Florida by establishing relationships with independent agents and general agents, and in other states, through our partnership with SageSure. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to obtain the required regulatory approvals to offer additional insurance products or expand into other states. We believe that our integrated computer systems, which allow for rapid automated premium quotation and policy issuance by our agents, are key elements in providing quality service to both our agents and insureds for our various lines of business. LIABILITY FOR LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES We are directly liable for loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) payments under the terms of the insurance policies that are underwritten by our insurance companies.  In many cases, there may be a time lag between the occurrence and reporting of an insured loss and our payment of that loss. As required by insurance regulations and accounting rules, we reflect the liability for the ultimate payment of all incurred losses and LAE by establishing a liability for those unpaid losses and LAE for both reported and unreported claims, which represent estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses. When a claim involving a probable loss is reported, we establish a liability for the estimated amount of our ultimate loss and LAE payments. We based our estimate upon such factors as the type of loss, jurisdiction of the occurrence, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim, severity of injury or damage, potential for ultimate exposure, estimate of liability on the part of the insured, past experience with similar claims and the applicable policy provisions. We also establish a liability on an aggregate basis to provide for incurred but not reported (“IBNR”). The estimates of the liability for loss and LAE reserves are subject to the effect of trends in claims severity and frequency and are continually reviewed. As part of this -5- process, we review historical data and consider various factors, including known and anticipated legal developments, inflation and economic conditions. As experience develops and other data becomes available, these estimates are revised, as required, resulting in an increase or decrease of the existing liability for loss and LAE reserves. Adjustments are reflected in results of operations in the period in which they are made and the liability may deviate substantially from prior estimates. Among our classes of insurance, the automobile and homeowners liability claims historically tend to have longer time lapses between the occurrence of the event, the reporting of the claim and the final settlement, than do automobile physical damage and homeowners property claims. These liability claims often involve parties filing suit and therefore may result in litigation. By comparison, property damage claims tend to be reported in a relatively shorter period of time and settled in a shorter time frame with less occurrence of litigation. REINSURANCE Reinsurance is used to mitigate the insurance loss exposure related to certain events such as natural and man-made catastrophes, manage overall capital adequacy and protect capital resources. We reinsure (cede) a portion of written premiums on an excess of loss or a quota- share basis in order to limit our loss exposure. To the extent that reinsuring companies are unable to meet their obligations assumed under these reinsurance agreements, we remain primarily liable to our policyholders. Reinsurance markets include: • • Traditional local and global reinsurance markets including those in the United States (“U.S.”), Bermuda, London and Europe, accessed directly and through reinsurance intermediaries; Capital markets through insurance-linked securities and collateralized reinsurance transactions, such as catastrophe bonds, sidecars and similar vehicles; and • Other insurers that engage in both direct and assumed reinsurance. The form of reinsurance that we may choose from time to time will generally depend on whether we are seeking: • Proportional reinsurance, whereby we cede a specified percentage of premium and losses to reinsurers; • Non-proportional or excess of loss reinsurance, whereby we cede all or a specified portion of losses in excess of a specified amount on a per risk, per occurrence (including catastrophe reinsurance) or aggregate basis; or • Facultative contracts that reinsure individual policies. Significant Reinsurance Contracts FNIC and MNIC operate primarily by underwriting and accepting risks for their direct accounts on a gross basis and reinsuring a portion of the exposure on either an individual risk or an aggregate basis to the extent those exceed the desired retention level.  We continually evaluate the relative attractiveness of different forms of reinsurance contracts and different markets that may be used to achieve our risk and profitability objectives.  Our reinsurance contracts do not relieve FNIC or MNIC from their direct obligations to the insured.  While it is not always possible to reinsure every known and unknown risk to our company, an effective reinsurance program substantially mitigates our exposure to potentially significant losses.  There is a credit risk exposure with respect to ceded losses to the extent that any reinsurer is unable or unwilling to meet the obligations assumed under the reinsurance contracts. The collectability of reinsurance is subject to the solvency of the reinsurers, interpretation of contract language and other factors.  The availability and amount of ceded premiums and losses associated with the acquisition of reinsurance will vary year to year.  Our reinsurance program is subject to approval primarily by the Florida OIR and other regulators in states where we do business, and subject to review by Demotech, Inc. (“Demotech”). Demotech provides Financial Stability Ratings (“FSR”) for property and casualty insurance companies throughout the United States. We are selective in choosing reinsurers and consider numerous factors, the most important of which are the financial stability of the reinsurer or capital specifically pledged to uphold the contract, its history of responding to claims and its overall reputation. In an effort to minimize our exposure to the insolvency of a reinsurer, we evaluate the acceptability and review the financial condition of the reinsurer at least annually with the assistance of our reinsurance broker. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had over 75 reinsurance companies on our program which are required to have at least an “A-” or better rating by A.M. Best Company (“A.M. Best”) or the agreement would need to be fully collateralized. -6- Refer to Note 5 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for further information regarding our reinsurance programs. EMPLOYEES As of December 31, 2018, we had 318 employees. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreement and we have not experienced work stoppages or strikes as a result of labor disputes. We consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory. COMPETITION We operate in highly competitive markets and face competition from national, regional and residual market insurance companies in the homeowners and flood insurance markets. Our competitors include companies that market their products through agents and companies that sell insurance directly to their customers. Large national captive writers may have certain competitive advantages over independent agency writers, including increased name recognition, increased loyalty of their customer base and reduced policy acquisition costs. We compete based on underwriting criteria, pricing, our distribution network and superior service to our agents and insureds. Although our pricing is inevitably influenced, to an extent, by that of our competitors, we believe that it is generally not in our best interest to compete solely on price. In Florida, more than 50 companies compete with us in the homeowners insurance market. Three of our larger competitors are Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (“Citizens”), Universal Property and Casualty Insurance Company and Security First Insurance Company. Significant competition also emerged because of fundamental changes made to the property and casualty insurance business in Florida in recent years which resulted in a multi-pronged approach to address the cost of residential property insurance in Florida. First, the law increased the capacity of reinsurance that stabilized the reinsurance market to the benefit of the insurance companies writing in Florida. Second, the law provided for rate relief to all policyholders. The law also authorized the legislatively created insurance company, Citizens, which is free of many of the constraints on private carriers such as minimum surplus, financial ratio requirements, income tax and reinsurance expense, to reduce its premium rates and begin competing against private insurers in the residential property insurance market and expanded the authority of Citizens to write commercial insurance. REGULATION Overview Our current insurance operations are subject to the laws and regulations of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina, and Alabama. We are subject to employment regulations of Florida and potentially to other states in which we may seek to conduct business in the future. The regulations cover all aspects of our business and are generally designed to protect the interests of insurance policyholders, as opposed to the interests of shareholders. Such regulations relate to authorized lines of business, capital and surplus requirements, allowable rates and forms, investment parameters, underwriting limitations, transactions with affiliates, dividend limitations, changes in control, market conduct, maximum amount allowable for premium financing service charges and a variety of other financial and non- financial components of our business. Our failure to comply with certain provisions of applicable insurance laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, any changes in such laws and regulations, including the adoption of consumer initiatives regarding rates charged for coverage, could materially and adversely affect our operations or our ability to expand. Most states’ laws restrict an insurer’s underwriting discretion, such as the ability to terminate policies, terminate agents or reject insurance coverage applications, and many state regulators have the power to reduce, or to disallow, increases in premium rates. In addition, state laws generally require that rate schedules and other information be filed with the state’s insurance regulatory authority, either directly or through a rating organization with which the insurer is affiliated. The regulatory authority may disapprove a rate filing if it finds that the rates are inadequate, excessive or unfairly discriminatory. Rates, which are not necessarily uniform for all insurers, vary by class of business, hazard covered, and size of risk. Certain states, including Florida, as discussed above, have adopted laws or are considering proposed legislation which, among other things, limit the ability of insurance companies to effect rate increases or to cancel, reduce or non-renew insurance coverage with respect to existing policies, particularly personal automobile insurance. Most states require licensure or regulatory approval prior to the marketing of new insurance products. Typically, licensure review is comprehensive and includes a review of a company’s business plan, solvency, financial projections, reinsurance, character of its officers and directors, rates, forms and other financial and non-financial aspects of a company. The regulatory authorities may prohibit entry into a new market by not granting a license or by withholding approval. -7- All insurance companies must file quarterly and annual statements with certain regulatory agencies and are subject to regular and special examinations by those agencies. We may be the subject of additional special examinations or analysis. These examinations or analysis may result in one or more corrective orders being issued by the Florida OIR. The Florida OIR has completed their regularly scheduled statutory examination of FNIC for the five years ended December 31, 2015, of MNIC for the period of March 17, 2015 (inception) through December 31, 2015 and of MNIC for the year ended December 31, 2016. There were no material findings by the Florida OIR in connection with these examinations. Various states routinely require deposits of assets for the protection of policyholders either in those states or for all policyholders. As of December 31, 2018, FNIC and MNIC held investment securities with a fair value of approximately $10.3 million, as deposits with the state of Florida, Texas, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama. Insurance Holding Company Regulation FNHC, as the parent holding company, is subject to laws governing insurance holding companies in Florida where FNIC and MNIC are domiciled. Among other things, these laws: (i) require us to file periodic information with the Florida OIR, including information concerning our capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations; (ii) regulate certain transactions between us and our affiliates, including the amount of dividends and other distributions, the terms of surplus notes and amounts that our affiliates can charge the holding company for services such as management fees or commissions; and (iii) restrict the ability of any one person to acquire certain levels of our voting securities without prior regulatory approval. Any purchaser of 10% or more of the outstanding shares of our common stock will be presumed to have acquired control of FNIC or MNIC and is required to file an application with the Florida OIR to obtain approval of such acquisition. Restrictions in Payments of Dividends by Domestic Insurance Companies Under Florida law, a domestic insurer may not pay any dividend or distribute cash or other property to its shareholders except out of that part of its available and accumulated capital surplus funds which is derived from realized net operating profits on its business and net realized capital gains. A Florida domestic insurer may not make dividend payments or distributions to shareholders without prior approval of the Florida OIR if the dividend or distribution would exceed the larger of (i) the lesser of (a) 10.0% of its surplus or (b) net income, not including realized capital gains, plus a two-year carryforward, (ii) 10.0% of surplus with dividends payable constrained to unassigned funds minus 25.0% of unrealized capital gains or (iii) the lesser of (a) 10.0% of surplus or (b) net investment income plus a three-year carryforward with dividends payable constrained to unassigned funds minus 25.0% of unrealized capital gains. Alternatively, a Florida domestic insurer may pay a dividend or distribution without the prior written approval of the Florida OIR: (i) if the dividend is equal to or less than the greater of: (a) 10.0% of the insurer’s surplus as regards policyholders derived from realized net operating profits on its business and net realized capital gains or (b) the insurer’s entire net operating profits and realized net capital gains derived during the immediately preceding calendar year; (ii) the insurer will have policy holder surplus equal to or exceeding 115.0% of the minimum required statutory surplus after the dividend or distribution; (iii) the insurer files a notice of the dividend or distribution with the Florida OIR at least ten business days prior to the dividend payment or distribution; and (iv) the notice includes a certification by an officer of the insurer attesting that, after the payment of the dividend or distribution, the insurer will have at least 115.0% of required statutory surplus as to policyholders. Except as provided above, a Florida domiciled insurer may only pay a dividend or make a distribution: (i) subject to prior approval by the Florida OIR; or (ii) 30 days after the Florida OIR has received notice of such dividend or distribution and has not disapproved it within such time. No dividends were paid by FNIC or MNIC in 2018, 2017 and 2016, and none are anticipated in 2019.  Although we believe that amounts required to meet our financial and operating obligations will be available from sources other than dividends from our insurance subsidiaries, there can be no assurance in this regard. Further, there can be no assurance that, if requested, the Florida OIR will allow any dividends to be paid by FNIC or MNIC to FNHC, the parent company, in the future. The maximum dividends permitted by state law are not necessarily indicative of an insurer’s actual ability to pay dividends or other distributions to a parent company, which also may be constrained by business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus, which could affect an insurer’s competitive position, the amount of premiums that can be written and the ability to pay future dividends. Further, state insurance laws and regulations require that the statutory surplus of an insurance company following any dividend or distribution by it be reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate for its financial needs. While the non-insurance company subsidiaries (FNU and any other affiliate) are not subject directly to the dividend and other distribution limitations, insurance holding company regulations govern the amount that any affiliate within the holding company structure may charge any of the insurance companies for service (e.g., management fees and commissions). -8- Underwriting and Marketing Restrictions During the past several years, various regulatory and legislative bodies have adopted or proposed new laws or regulations to address the cyclical nature of the insurance industry, catastrophic events and insurance capacity and pricing. These regulations include: (i) the creation of “market assistance plans” under which insurers are induced to provide certain coverages; (ii) restrictions on the ability of insurers to rescind or otherwise cancel certain policies in mid-term; (iii) advance notice requirements or limitations imposed for certain policy non- renewals; and (iv) limitations upon or decreases in rates permitted to be charged. National Association of Insurance Commissioners Risk-Based Capital Requirements In order to enhance the regulation of insurer solvency, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), established risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policy holders. These requirements measure four major areas of risk facing property and casualty insurers: (i) underwriting risks, which encompass the risk of adverse loss development and inadequate pricing; (ii) declines in asset values arising from credit risk; (iii) other business risks from investments; and (iv) catastrophe risk. Insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. The Florida OIR, which follows these requirements, could require FNIC or MNIC to cease operations in the event they fail to maintain the required statutory capital. Based upon the 2018 and 2017 statutory financial statements for FNIC and MNIC, statutory surplus exceeded the regulatory action levels established by the NAIC’s RBC requirements. Based on RBC requirements, the extent of regulatory intervention and action increases as the ratio of an insurer’s statutory surplus to its Authorized Control Level (“ACL”), as calculated under the NAIC’s requirements, decreases.  The first action level, the Company Action Level, requires an insurer to submit a plan of corrective actions to the insurance regulators if statutory surplus falls below 200.0% of the ACL amount.  The second action level, the Regulatory Action Level, requires an insurer to submit a plan containing corrective actions and permits the insurance regulators to perform an examination or other analysis and issue a corrective order if statutory surplus falls below 150.0% of the ACL amount. The third action level, ACL, allows the regulators to rehabilitate or liquidate an insurer in addition to the aforementioned actions if statutory surplus falls below the ACL amount. The fourth action level is the Mandatory Control Level, which requires the regulators to rehabilitate or liquidate the insurer if statutory surplus falls below 70.0% of the ACL amount. FNIC’s ratio of statutory surplus to its ACL was 329.9% and 301.9% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. MNIC’s ratio of statutory surplus to its ACL was 774.4% and 1,070.1% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Industry Ratings Services Third-party rating agencies assess and rate the ability of insurers to pay their claims. The insurance industry uses financial strength ratings to assess the financial strength and quality of insurers. Ratings are based upon criteria established by the rating agencies and reflect evaluations of each insurer’s profitability, debt and cash levels, customer base, adequacy and soundness of reinsurance, quality and estimated market value of assets, adequacy of reserves and management. Ratings are also based upon factors of concern to agents, reinsurers and policyholders and are not directed toward the protection of investors, such as purchasers of our common stock. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, FNIC and MNIC are rated by Demotech as “A” (“Exceptional”), which is the third of seven ratings, and defined as “Regardless of the severity of a general economic downturn or deterioration in the insurance cycle, insurers earning an FSR of “A” possess “Exceptional” financial stability related to maintaining surplus as regards to policyholders.” Demotech’s ratings are based upon factors of concern to agents, reinsurers and policyholders and are not primarily directed toward the protection of investors. Our Demotech rating could be jeopardized by factors including adverse development and various surplus related ratio exceptions. On November 21, 2018, Demotech reaffirmed the FSR of “A” (“Exceptional”) for FNIC and MNIC. -9- ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS  We are subject to various risks in our business operations as described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are the known risk factors we consider material. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known, or currently deemed immaterial, may also impair our business operations. Investors should carefully consider these risks before making an investment decision. Risks Related to Our Business Our financial condition could be adversely affected by the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters. We write insurance policies that cover homeowners, business owners and automobile owners for losses that result from, among other things, catastrophes and sinkholes. Catastrophic losses can be caused by natural events such as hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, wind, hail, fires, explosions and other events. The incidence and severity of these events are inherently unpredictable. Catastrophic losses can also be caused by terrorist attacks, war, riots, political instability and other man-made events. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of two factors: the total amount of the insurance company’s exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Our homeowners policyholders are disbursed throughout the southeast United States, although the majority of our policyholders are located in Florida. Further, a substantial portion of our Florida homeowners policyholders, are located in southeastern Florida, and therefore are especially subject to adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes and tropical storms. The occurrence of claims from catastrophic events can result in substantial volatility in our results of operations or financial condition for any fiscal quarter or years as seen in 2018, 2017 and 2016. An elevation in the values and concentrations of insured property may increase the severity of the occurrence of claims in the future. Although we attempt to manage our exposure to such events through the use of underwriting controls and the purchase of third-party reinsurance, catastrophic events are inherently unpredictable and the actual nature of such events when they occur could be more frequent or severe than contemplated in our pricing and risk management expectations. As a result, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Florida, South Carolina and Texas, all states in which we write homeowners policies, experienced several significant hurricanes in 2016, 2017 and 2018, which some weather analysts believe is consistent with a period of greater hurricane activity. Exposure risk management alternatives are carefully evaluated as they may increase operating expenses and may not be successful in protecting long-term profitability. If our loss experience is more adverse than is contemplated by our loss reserves, the related increase in our loss reserves may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which the increase occurs. Our loss reserves are estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual liability for losses, causing our results of operations to be adversely affected. We maintain reserves to cover our estimated ultimate liabilities for losses and LAE. These reserves are estimates based on historical data and statistical projections of what we believe the settlement and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances then known to us. Actual loss and LAE reserves, however, may vary significantly from our estimates. Factors that affect loss and LAE reserves include the estimates made on a claim-by-claim basis known as “case reserves” coupled with bulk estimates known as IBNR. Periodic estimates by management of the ultimate costs required to settle all claim files are based on our analysis of historical data and estimations of the impact of numerous factors such as: • • • • per-claim information; company and industry historical loss experience, including the impact of trends such as the assignment of benefits (“AOB”) by insureds; legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in the awarding of damages, and changes in political attitudes; and trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. Management revises its estimates based on the results of its analysis. This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for estimating the ultimate settlement of all claims. There is no precise method for subsequently evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of the reserves, because the eventual redundancy or deficiency is affected by multiple factors. Because of the uncertainties that surround estimated loss reserves, we cannot be certain that our reserves will be adequate to cover our actual losses. If our loss and LAE reserves are less than actual losses and LAE, we will be required to increase our reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Future loss experience, substantially in excess of our loss and LAE reserves, could substantially harm our results of operations and financial condition. -10- Although we follow the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks, our costs of obtaining reinsurance fluctuates and we may not be able to successfully alleviate risk through reinsurance arrangements. We have a reinsurance structure that is a combination of private reinsurance and the FHCF. Our reinsurance structure is composed of several reinsurance companies with varying levels of participation providing coverage for losses and LAE at pre-established minimum and maximum amounts. Losses incurred in connection with a catastrophic event below the minimum and above the maximum are the responsibility of FNIC and MNIC. The availability and costs associated with the acquisition of reinsurance varies year to year. We are not able to control these fluctuations which may be significant and may limit our ability to purchase adequate coverage. The recovery of increased reinsurance costs through rate increases is not immediate and cannot be presumed, as rate increases are subject to approval of the Florida OIR. We face a risk of non-collectability of reinsurance, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. As is common practice within the insurance industry, we transfer a portion of the risks insured under our policies to other companies through the purchase of reinsurance. This reinsurance is maintained to protect our insurance subsidiary against the severity of losses on individual claims, unusually serious occurrences in which a number of claims produce an aggregate extraordinary loss and other catastrophic events. Although reinsurance does not discharge our insurance subsidiary from its primary obligation to pay for losses insured under the policies it issues, reinsurance does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurance subsidiary for the reinsured portion of the risk. A credit exposure exists with respect to ceded losses to the extent that any reinsurer is unable or unwilling to meet the obligations assumed under the reinsurance contracts. The collectability of reinsurance is subject to the solvency of the reinsurers, interpretation of contract language and other factors. A reinsurer’s insolvency or inability to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance contract could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our reinsurance structure has significant risks, including the fact that the FHCF or our other reinsurers may not have available capital resources to pay their claims or that their ability to pay their claims in a timely manner may be impaired. This could result in significant financial, legal and operational challenges to our company. Therefore, in the event of a catastrophic loss, we may become dependent upon the FHCF’s and our other reinsurers’ ability to pay their claims. With respect to the FHCF, we may, in turn, be dependent upon the ability of the State Board of Administration of Florida (“SBA”) to issue bonds in amounts that would be required to meet its reinsurance obligations in the event of such a catastrophic loss. We may face difficulties related to our pending acquisition of the Maison Companies, which could harm our growth or operating results. On February 25, 2019, we entered into an agreement to acquire the Maison Companies from PIH, which remains subject to receipt of required regulatory approvals and satisfaction of other conditions to closing. If we are able to complete the acquisition of the Maison Companies, we will face the substantial risks associated with acquisitions of existing businesses. These risks include, but are not limited to, the risk that we may not be able to integrate the operations, personnel, services or technologies of the business acquired; the risks associated with determining adequate loss reserves for the business acquired; the potential disruption of our ongoing businesses; the diversion of management attention because of the substantial management time and resources required; the difficulty in developing or maintaining controls and procedures; and the dilution of our existing shareholders resulting from the issuance of shares of our common stock as part of the acquisition consideration. Completing the integration of the Maison Companies, if the acquisition is closed, may require us to use cash resources, incur contingent liabilities, amortize intangible assets, or write-off acquisition-related expenses. We may also be faced with material liabilities not disclosed to us as part of our due diligence process. If we are not able to address these liabilities and otherwise successfully integrate the acquired business, we may not receive the intended benefits of this acquisition. As a result, our ongoing business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, we cannot predict the market reactions to the completion of this acquisition. If we are unable to grow because our capital must be used to pay greater than anticipated claims, our financial results may suffer. Our ability to grow in the future will depend on our ability to expand the types of insurance products we offer and the geographic markets in which we do business, both balanced by the business risks we choose to assume and cede. We believe that our company is sufficiently capitalized to operate our business as it now exists and as we currently plan to expand it. Our existing sources of funds include issuance -11- of debt securities, possible sales of our investment securities, and our earnings from operations and investments. Unexpected catastrophic events in our market areas, such as the hurricanes experienced in Florida, South Carolina and Texas in 2016, 2017 and 2018, have resulted and may result in greater claims losses than anticipated, which could require us to limit or halt growth while we redeploy our capital to pay these unanticipated claims. The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations. Various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage which have been negotiated to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. At the present time, we employ a variety of exclusions to our policies that limit exposure to known risks, including, but not limited to, exclusions relating to certain named liabilities, types of vehicles and specific artisan activities. In addition, the policies we issue contain conditions requiring the prompt reporting of claims to us and our right to decline coverage in the event of a violation of that condition. While we believe our insurance product exclusions and limitations reduce the loss exposure to us and help eliminate known exposures to certain risks, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or that legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such endorsements and limitations in a way that would adversely affect our loss experience, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Trends in claims and coverage issues have had, and may continue to have, a material adverse impact on our business. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage emerge. These issues adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance policies may not be known for many years after a policy is issued. An example of an existing trend, particularly in Florida homeowners insurance, is the assignment of benefits for a claim where a service provider agrees to make a repair that may be covered by an insurance policy in exchange for the policyholder’s right to sue the insurance carrier directly. The assignment of the insurance benefits has substantially increased, and may continue to increase, our exposure to inflated claims, attorney’s fees and costs. Although legislative actions in the State of Florida to limit the effect of AOB on insurance companies are being contemplated, there can be no assurances that any such legislative actions will become law or, if enacted, that such actions will have the effect of limiting the impact on us of assignments of benefits by insureds. Our failure to comply with the covenants in our senior note indenture, including as a result of events beyond our control, could result in an event of default, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The indenture for our senior notes requires us to maintain certain financial ratios and to comply with various operational and other covenants, including limitations on our ability to incur additional debt without the approval of the existing noteholders. If there were an event of default under the indenture that was not cured or waived, the holders of the senior notes could cause all amounts outstanding with respect to the senior notes to be due and payable immediately. We cannot assure you that our assets or cash flow would be sufficient to fully repay the senior notes, either upon maturity or, if accelerated, upon an event of default, or that we would be able to refinance or restructure the payments on the senior notes. This would have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. We may require additional capital in the future which may not be available or only available on unfavorable terms. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. To the extent that our capital may be insufficient to meet future operating requirements and/or cover losses, we may need to raise additional funds through financings or curtail our growth. Many factors will affect the amount and timing of our capital needs, including our growth and profitability, our claims experience, and the availability of reinsurance, as well as possible acquisition opportunities, market disruptions and other unforeseeable developments. If we were required to raise additional capital, equity or debt financing may not be available at all or may be available only on terms that are not favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our shareholders’ ownership could result, and in any case such securities may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of existing shareholders. If we raise additional funds by incurring debt financing, the terms of the debt may involve significant cash payment obligations as well as covenants and specific financial ratios that may restrict our ability to operate our business or pay dividends. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. -12- Our business is heavily regulated, and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth. We are subject to extensive regulation in the states in which we conduct business. This regulation is generally designed to protect the interests of policyholders, as opposed to shareholders and other investors, and relates to authorization for lines of business, capital and surplus requirements, investment limitations, underwriting limitations, transactions with affiliates, dividend limitations, changes in control, premium rates and a variety of other financial and non-financial components of an insurance company’s business. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives. State regulatory authorities also conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. These reviews may reveal deficiencies in our insurance operations or differences between our interpretations of regulatory requirements and those of the regulators. The NAIC and state insurance regulators are constantly reexamining existing laws and regulations, generally focusing on modifications to holding company regulations, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws. From time to time, some states in which we conduct business have considered or enacted laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. In other situations, states in which we conduct business have considered or enacted laws that impact the competitive environment and marketplace for property and casualty insurance. In addition, in recent years the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny. Changes in federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including changes in financial services regulation and federal taxation, can significantly impact the insurance industry and us. We cannot predict with certainty the effect any enacted, proposed or future state or federal legislation or NAIC initiatives may have on the conduct of our business. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the regulatory requirements applicable to our business will not become more stringent in the future or result in materially higher costs than current requirements. Changes in the regulation of our business may reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our operations. We may experience financial exposure from climate change. A body of scientific evidence indicates that climate change may be occurring. Climate change, to the extent that it affects weather patterns, may cause an increase in the frequency and/or the severity of catastrophic events or severe weather conditions. Our financial exposure from climate change is most notably associated with losses in connection with the occurrence of hurricanes striking Florida. We mitigate the risk of financial exposure from climate change by restrictive underwriting criteria, sensitivity to geographic concentrations, and reinsurance. Restrictive underwriting criteria can include, but are not limited to, higher premiums and deductibles and more specifically excluded policy risks such as fences and screened-in enclosures. New technological advances in computer generated geographical mapping afford us an enhanced perspective as to geographic concentrations of policyholders and proximity to flood prone areas. Our amount of maximum reinsurance coverage is determined by subjecting our homeowners exposures to statistical forecasting models that are designed to quantify a catastrophic event in terms of the frequency of a storm occurring once in every “n” years. If the statistical forecasting models fail to contemplate an emerging claim trend, such as the assignment of insurance benefits in Florida, then there is the risk we may not purchase adequate catastrophic wind coverage.  Our reinsurance coverage contemplates the effects of a catastrophic event that occurs only once every 100 years. Our amount of losses retained (our deductible) in connection with a catastrophic event is determined by market capacity, pricing conditions and surplus preservation. There can be no assurance that our reinsurance coverage and other measures taken will be sufficient to mitigate losses resulting from one or more catastrophic events. Our revenues and operating performance will fluctuate due to statutorily approved assessments that support property and casualty insurance pools and associations. We operate in a regulatory environment where certain entities and organizations have the authority to require us to participate in assessments. Currently these entities and organizations include, but are not limited to, the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association (“FIGA”), Citizens, the FHCF, Texas Windstorm Insurance Association (“TWIA”) and Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance (“LCPI”). Insurance companies currently pass these assessments on to holders of insurance policies in the form of a policy surcharge, and reflect the collection of these assessments as fully earned credits to operations in the period collected. The collection of these fees, however, may adversely affect our overall marketing strategy due to the competitive landscape in Florida. As a result, the impact of possible future assessments on our balance sheet, results of operations or cash flow are indeterminable at this time. -13- Our investment portfolio may suffer reduced returns, or losses, which would significantly reduce our earnings. Like other insurance companies, we depend on income from our investment portfolio for a portion of our earnings. During the time that normally elapses between the receipt of insurance premiums and any payment of insurance claims, we invest the premiums received, together with our other available capital, primarily in debt securities and to a lesser extent in equity securities, in order to generate investment income. Our investment portfolio contains interest rate sensitive instruments, such as bonds, which may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates. A significant increase in interest rates or decrease in credit worthiness could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Declines in interest rates could have an adverse effect on our investment income. We are required to review our investment portfolio to evaluate and assess known and inherent risks associated with each investment type. We revise our evaluations and assessments as conditions change and new information becomes available. This may result in changes in an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) in our consolidated statements of income. We base our assessment of whether an OTTI has occurred on our case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons for the decline in fair value. Because historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments and additional impairments may need to be recorded in the future, no assurances can be provided that we have accurately assessed whether any such impairment is temporary or other-than-temporary or that we have accurately recorded amounts for an OTTI in our financial statements. In addition, volatile and illiquid markets increase the likelihood that investment securities may not behave in historically predictable manners, resulting in fair value estimates that may be overstated compared with actual amounts that could be realized upon disposition or maturity of the security. The effects of market volatility and declining economic conditions may have unforeseen consequences on the credit quality, liquidity and financial stability of the issuers of securities we hold. Such deteriorations in financial condition can occur rapidly, leaving us unable to react to such a scenario in a prudent manner consistent with our historical practices in dealing with more orderly markets. This, in turn, could adversely and negatively affect our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition. Our failure to pay claims accurately could adversely affect our business, financial results and capital requirements. We must accurately evaluate and pay claims that are made under our policies. Many factors affect our ability to pay claims accurately, including the training and experience of our claims representatives, the culture of our claims organization and the effectiveness of our management, our ability to develop or select and implement appropriate procedures and systems to support our claims functions and other factors. Our failure to pay claims accurately could lead to material litigation, undermine our reputation in the marketplace, impair our image and negatively affect our financial results. In addition, if we are not able to handle an increasing number of claims as a result of a catastrophic event, or if we do not train new claims adjusting employees effectively or lose a significant number of experienced claims adjusting employees, our claims department’s ability to handle an increasing workload could be adversely affected. In addition to potentially requiring that growth be slowed in the affected markets, we could suffer decreased quality of claims work, which in turn could lower our operating margins. Our insurance companies are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action. Our insurance companies are subject to RBC standards and other minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under applicable state laws, including the laws of the State of Florida. The RBC standards, based upon the Risk Based Capital Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require our insurance companies to report their results of RBC calculations to state departments of insurance and the NAIC. These RBC standards provide for different levels of regulatory attention depending upon the ratio of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital, as calculated in accordance with NAIC guidelines, to its ACL RBC. If we fail to meet the applicable RBC or minimum statutory capital requirements imposed by the laws of Florida or other states where we do business, we would be required to raise additional capital and we could be subject to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on out writing of additional business, additional state supervision, or liquidation. Similarly, an increase in existing RBC requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements, such as the catastrophic risk component of RBC may require us to increase our statutory capital levels. Ratios calculated based on RBC tend to be a key criteria in the assignment of ratings by insurance rating agencies. -14- Our revenues and operating performance may fluctuate with business cycles in the property and casualty insurance industry. Historically, the financial performance of the property and casualty insurance industry has tended to fluctuate in cyclical patterns characterized by periods of significant competition in pricing and underwriting terms and conditions, which is known as a “soft” insurance market, followed by periods of lessened competition and increasing premium rates, which is known as a “hard” insurance market. Although an individual insurance company’s financial performance is dependent upon its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most property and casualty insurance companies tends to follow this cyclical market pattern, with profitability generally increasing in hard markets and decreasing in soft markets.  At present, on a consolidated basis, we continue to file and obtain rate increases as the current Florida property and casualty market continues to harden, but remains competitive.  Elsewhere in the United States, we are experiencing a stable market, but increased competition.  We cannot predict how long these market conditions will persist. Although we do not compete entirely on price or targeted market share, negative market conditions may impair our ability to write insurance at rates that we consider appropriate relative to the risk assumed. If we cannot write insurance at appropriate rates, our revenues and operating performance may be adversely affected. If we determine to expand to additional states or to expand the types of insurance products we offer, we may incur additional costs and may not obtain the necessary regulatory approvals. Although we continue to exit our automobile and commercial general liability lines of insurance, we may determine to expand our product offerings in the future by underwriting additional insurance products and programs, and marketing them through our distribution network. Expansion of our product offerings will result in increases in expenses due to additional costs incurred in actuarial rate justifications, software and personnel. Offering additional insurance products may also require regulatory approval, further increasing our costs. Before we can write insurance in a new state, or a sell a new insurance product in a state, we must obtain a license or other approvals from the applicable state insurance regulators. These state insurance regulators may request additional information, add conditions to the license that we find unacceptable, or deny our application. This would delay or prevent us from operating in that state or offering that new product. There can be no assurance that we would be successful bringing new insurance products to our markets in a manner that is profitable. New homeowners insurance operations outside of Florida may not be profitable. We plan to continue the expansion of admitted homeowners property and casualty programs into other states as opportunities arise. Expanding our operations to additional states present risks similar to those we currently face with our existing operations, including risks associated with the inability to market an adequately priced policy, inadequate commission structures, and overpriced or unavailable catastrophic reinsurance for wind events. Additionally, we would become subject to the insurance regulators in each state and the laws and regulations designed to regulate the insurance products and operations of new and existing insurance companies under their respective authority. As a result, there can be no guarantees that state regulators will allow us to do business in those states or, if we are approved to operate in a state, that our operations will be profitable in that state. Our success depends on our ability to accurately price the risks we underwrite. The results of operations and the financial condition of our insurance company depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premiums to pay losses, LAE and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. In order to price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate rating formulas; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to undertake these efforts successfully and price our products accurately is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including: • • • • • • the availability of sufficient reliable data and our ability to properly analyze available data; the uncertainties that inherently characterize estimates and assumptions; our selection and application of appropriate rating and pricing techniques; changes in legal standards, claim settlement practices, medical care expenses and restoration costs; regulatory restrictions, including, without limitation regulatory approval of rates sought; and legislatively imposed consumer initiatives. Consequently, we could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our profit margins, or we could overprice risks, which could reduce our sales volume and competitiveness. In either event, the profitability of our insurance company could be materially and adversely affected. -15- Adverse ratings by insurance rating agencies may adversely impact our ability to write new policies, renew desirable policies or obtain adequate reinsurance, which could limit or halt our growth and harm our business. Third-party rating agencies assess and rate the ability of insurers to pay their claims. The insurance industry uses financial strength ratings to assess the financial strength and quality of insurers. Ratings are based on criteria established by the rating agencies and reflect evaluations of each insurer’s profitability, debt and cash levels, customer base, adequacy and soundness of reinsurance, quality and estimated market value of assets, adequacy of reserves, capital and RBC ratios, and management. Ratings are also based upon factors of concern to agents, reinsurers and policyholders and are not directed toward the protection of investors, such as purchasers of our common stock. Our ability to compete successfully in states outside of Florida to expand our business footprint may also be negatively affected by our lack of an A.M. Best company rating of our financial strength. Although our insurance subsidiaries have a Demotech rating of “A” (Exceptional), which is generally accepted in Florida and certain other states, a rating by A.M. Best is more widely accepted outside of Florida and may cause customers and agents to prefer a policy written by an A.M. Best-rated company over a policy written by us. In addition, some mortgage companies outside of Florida may require homeowners to obtain property insurance from an insurance company with a minimum A.M. Best rating. The withdrawal or downgrade of our ratings could limit or prevent us from writing or renewing desirable insurance policies, from competing with insurers who have higher ratings, from obtaining adequate reinsurance, or from borrowing on a line of credit or cause us to default on financial covenants contained in certain of our debt financing agreements.  The withdrawal or downgrade of our ratings could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position because our insurance products might no longer be acceptable to the secondary marketplace and mortgage lenders. Furthermore, a withdrawal or downgrade of our ratings could prevent independent agents from selling and servicing our insurance products or could increase the commissions we must pay to these agents. We rely on independent and general agents to write our insurance policies, and if we are not able to attract and retain independent and general agents, our revenues would be negatively affected. We currently market and distribute our products and services through contractual relationships with a network of independent agents and a select number of general agents. Our independent agents are our primary source for our property and liability insurance policies. Many of our competitors also rely on independent agents. As a result, we must compete with other insurers for independent agents’ business. Our competitors may offer a greater variety of insurance products, lower premiums for insurance coverage, or higher commissions to their agents. If our products, pricing and commissions do not remain competitive, we may find it more difficult to attract business from independent agents to sell our products. A material reduction in the amount of our products that independent agents sell or a material reduction in the number of independent agents with whom we maintain a relationship could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. We are a party to an insurance agency master agreement with ISA, an affiliate of Allstate, pursuant to which we are authorized by ISA to appoint Allstate agents to offer our homeowners and commercial general liability insurance products to consumers in Florida. Since that time, our homeowners premiums and the percentage of homeowners premiums attributable to Allstate agents has increased rapidly. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 23.8%, 23.8% and 24.1%, respectively, of the homeowners premiums we underwrote were from Allstate’s network of Florida agents, and this concentration may continue to increase. An interruption or change in our relationship with ISA could have a material adverse effect on the amount of premiums we are able to write, as well as our results of operations. We are a party to a managing general underwriting agreement with SageSure to facilitate growth in our FNIC homeowners business outside of Florida.  As a percentage of our total homeowners premiums, 15.0%, 10.2% and 6.9%, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were underwritten by SageSure. The profitability of the business we obtain outside of Florida through this agreement will depend substantially on the quality of underwriting performed by SageSure. An interruption in SageSure’s services for us, or issues with the quality of SageSure’s underwriting, could have a material adverse effect on the profitability of the business obtained through this relationship. Certain of our agreements with agents provide that the renewal rights for policies written under those agreements belong to the agents, making it more difficult for us to maintain the policies written and the premium income generated through these relationships. Our agreements with ISA and SageSure provide that ISA and SageSure, respectively, own the expirations of the policies underwritten under these agreements. This means that we do not have the right to solicit renewals of these policies. As a result, we may be less able to maintain the policies and the corresponding premium income from renewals of policies written by us under these agreements. -16- Cybersecurity breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to loss of data or liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer. In the ordinary course of our business, we store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our insureds and employees, on our networks. The secure processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or loss of information could result in legal claims against us, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, regulatory penalties, disruption to our operations, and damage our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. Although we have implemented security measures to protect our systems from viruses and other intrusions by third parties, there can be no assurances that these measures will be effective. To mitigate these costs, we carry a cyber-liability insurance policy. Our insurance may not be sufficient to protect against all financial and other loss. Additionally, this policy will not cover us for security breaches, data loss, or cyber- attacks experienced by our third-party business partners who have access to our customer, agent, or employee data. Our business could be materially and adversely affected by a security breach or other attack involving the systems of one or more of our business partners or vendors. We conduct significant business functions and computer operations using the systems of third-party business partners and vendors, who provide software, hosting, communication, and other computer services to us. Our networks could be compromised by the errors or actions of our vendors and other business partners with legitimate access to our systems. If one of our vendors or other business partners are the subject of a security breach or cyber-attack, such breach or attack may result in improper or unauthorized access to our systems, and the loss, theft or unauthorized publication of our information or the confidential information of our customers, agents or employees, notwithstanding our substantial efforts to protect our systems and sensitive or confidential information. While we expend significant resources on these defensive measures, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing attacks or detecting and stopping them once they have begun. We rely on our information technology and telecommunications systems, and the failure of these systems could disrupt our operations. Our business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our current information technology and telecommunications systems. We rely on these systems to process new and renewal business, provide  customer service, make claims payments and facilitate collections and cancellations, as well as to perform actuarial and other analytical functions necessary for pricing and product development. As a result, the failure of these systems could interrupt our operations and adversely affect our financial results. Increased competition, competitive pressures, industry developments and market conditions could affect the growth of our business and adversely impact our financial results. We operate in highly competitive markets and face competition from national, regional and residual market insurance companies in the homeowners, commercial general liability, and automobile markets, many of whom are larger, have greater financial and other resources, have higher financial strength ratings and offer more diversified insurance coverage. Our competitors include companies that market their products through agents, as well as companies that sell insurance directly to their customers. Large national captive writers may have certain competitive advantages over independent agency writers, including increased name recognition, increased loyalty of their customer base and reduced policy acquisition costs. We may be forced to reduce our premiums or increase our commissions significantly to compete, which could make us less profitable and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we do not meet the prices offered by our competitors, we may lose business in the short term, which could also result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our executive management team is critical to the strategic direction of our company. If there were an unplanned loss of service by any of our officers our business could be harmed. We depend, and will continue to depend, on the services of our executive management team, which includes Michael H. Braun, Chief Executive Officer and President, and others. Our success also will depend in part upon our ability to attract and retain qualified executive officers, experienced underwriting talent and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. If we were to lose the services of one or more members of our executive management team, our business could be adversely affected. Although we have employment agreements with certain of our executive officers, any unplanned loss of service could substantially harm our business. -17- Risks Related to an Investment in Our Shares Our stock price in recent years has been volatile and is likely to continue to be volatile. As a result, the market price of our common stock may drop below the price you pay, and you may not be able to resell your shares at a profit. The market price of our common stock has experienced, and may continue to experience, significant volatility from time to time. Such volatility may be affected by various factors and events, such as: • • • our operating results, including a shortfall in operating revenue or net income from that expected by securities analysts and investors; recognition of large unanticipated accounting charges, such as related to a loss reserve enhancement; changes in securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance or the financial performance of our competitors or companies in our industry generally; Failure to successfully integrate the operations of the Maison Companies into those of the Company; • • Demotech downgrade; • • • the announcement of a material event or anticipated event involving us or our industry or the markets in which we operate; the issuance of a significant number of shares; and the other risk factors described in this Annual Report, the accompanying notes and the documents incorporated by reference herein. In recent years, the U.S. stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which have sometimes affected the market price of the securities issued by a particular company in a manner unrelated to the operational performance of the company. This type of market effect could impact our common stock price as well. The volatility of our common stock means that the price of our common stock may have declined substantially at such time as you may look to sell your shares of our common stock. If our share price decreases, the value of your investment could decline. We have authorized but unissued preferred stock, which could affect rights of holders of common stock. Our articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of preferred stock with designations, rights and preferences determined from time to time by our board of directors. Accordingly, our board of directors is empowered, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividends, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of common stock. In addition, the preferred stock could be issued as a method of discouraging a takeover attempt. Although we do not intend to issue any preferred stock at this time, we may do so in the future. As a holding company, we depend on the earnings of our subsidiaries and their ability to pay management fees and dividends to the holding company as the primary source of our income. We are an insurance holding company whose primary assets are our subsidiaries. Our operations, and our ability to pay dividends or service our debt, are limited by the earnings of our subsidiaries and their payment of their earnings to us in the form of management fees, commissions, dividends, loans, advances or the reimbursement of expenses. These payments can be made only when our subsidiaries have adequate earnings. In addition, dividend payments made to us by our insurance subsidiaries are restricted by Florida law governing the insurance industry. Generally, Florida law limits the dividends payable by insurance companies under complicated formulas based on the subsidiaries’ available capital and earnings. Payment of dividends in the future will depend upon our earnings and financial position and such other factors, as our board of directors deems relevant. Future sales of our common stock by our existing shareholders in the public market, or the possibility or perception of such future sales, or sales of additional shares of common stock by us, could depress our stock price. Investors currently known to be the beneficial owners of more than 5.0% of our common stock hold approximately 45% of our outstanding shares. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or otherwise by our existing shareholders, or the possibility or perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. At close of the acquisition of the Maison Companies, we will issue $25.5 million in shares of the Company’s common stock to PIH. The resale of these shares to be issued will be subsequently registered and will be subject to a five-year standstill agreement. -18- In addition, we may issue additional shares of our common stock from time to time in the future in amounts that may be significant. The sale of substantial amounts of our common stock by us, or the perception that these sales may occur, could adversely impact our stock price. ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM  2.  PROPERTIES Our executive offices are located at 14050 N.W. 14th Street, Suite 180, Sunrise, Florida 33323 in a 64,727 square foot office facility. Our lease for this office space is scheduled to expire in October 2028. Refer to Note 9 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for further information regarding our leases. ITEM 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS In the ordinary course of conducting our business, we become involved in various legal actions and claims.  Litigation is subject to many uncertainties and we may be unable to accurately predict the outcome of such matters, some of which could be decided unfavorably to us.  Management does not believe the ultimate outcome of any pending matters of this nature would be material. The Company is a party to a Co-Existence Agreement effective as of August 30, 2013 (the “Co-Existence Agreement”) with Federated Mutual Insurance Company (“Mutual”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to certain restrictions on its use of the word “FEDERATED” without the word “NATIONAL” when referring to FNHC and FedNat Insurance Company.  In response to Mutual’s allegations that the Company’s use of the word “FED” as part of the Company’s federally registered “FEDNAT” trademark infringes on Mutual’s federal and common law trademark rights, which the Company disputed, on July 21, 2016, the Company filed a declaratory judgment action for non-infringement of trademark in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida.  Specifically, the Company sought a declaration that its federally registered trademark "FEDNAT" does not infringe any alleged trademark rights of Mutual and that Mutual does not own any trademark rights to the name or mark "FED" in connection with insurance services outside of Owatonna, Minnesota.  Mutual made a demand for arbitration in July 2016, and the district court referred the dispute to arbitration under the terms of the Co-Existence Agreement. On February 16, 2018, the arbitrator determined that the Company’s “FEDNAT” trademark does not infringe on Mutual’s trademarks and does not violate the Co-Existence Agreement. As a result, the Company has continued the process of re-branding the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to use the “FEDNAT” name. The arbitrator also required the Company to cease using the Federated National name within 90 days. FNHC has asserted that the artibtrator exceeded his authority by ordering a name change within 90 days. FNHC attempted, but was unable, to reach agreement with Mutual as to the timing of the name change ordered by the arbitrator. Therefore, two proceedings have been filed as a result. Mutual filed a petition to confirm the award in federal court in the District of Minnesota. The Company moved to dismiss that action on the bases that the Minnesota court does not have subject matter jurisdiction and may not exercise personal jurisdiction over FNHC. The Company also filed a motion to confirm the arbitration award in part and to vacate it in part in federal court in the Northern District of Illinois, which is where the arbitrator is located, to confirm that part of the award ruling that the Company’s “FEDNAT” trademark does not violate Mutual’s trademarks or the Co-Existence Agreement, and seeks to vacate that portion of the award that requires the Company to cease using the “Federated” in its name within 90 days on the basis that arbitrator exceeded his authority by requiring the Company to change its name in 90 days. The District Court in Minnesota affirmed the arbitration award, including the requirement for the name change in 90 days. FNHC has filed an appeal of the order to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit; the parties have completed briefing the appeal, and the Eighth Circuit has set oral argument for March 13, 2019. The Eighth Circuit will render a decision some time following oral argument. The District Court in the Northern District of Illinois has been asked to stay its proceedings pending the outcome of the Company’s appeal to the Eighth Circuit. There can be no assurances as to the ultimate outcome of this matter. Refer to Note 9 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for further information regarding our legal proceedings. ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. -19- PART II ITEM 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock is listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “FNHC.” HOLDERS As of March 1, 2019, there were 118 holders of record of our common stock. We believe that the number of beneficial owners of our common stock is in excess of 2,500. SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS The following table summarizes our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018. All equity compensation plans were approved by our shareholders. We have not granted any options, warrants or rights to our shareholders outside of these equity compensation plans.       Equity Compensation Plan Information Number of securities remaining available for Number of securities to Weighted-average future issuance under be issued upon exercise of exercise price of equity compensation plans outstanding options, outstanding options, (excluding securities warrants and rights warrants and rights reflected in column (a)) Plan category (a) (b) (c) Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders 39,017 3.80 262,334 Refer to Note 10 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding our equity compensation. -20- STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH The following graph shows the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock over the last five fiscal years as compared with the total returns of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the SNL Property & Casualty Insurance Index. In accordance with SEC rules, this graph includes indices that we believe are comparable and appropriate. FedNat Holding Company  Index FedNat Holding Company NASDAQ Composite SNL Insurance P&C 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 Period Ending 100.00 100.00 100.00 165.73 114.75 114.85 203.99 122.74 118.80 130.61 133.62 140.21 118.07 173.22 160.30 144.41 168.30 154.12 Returns are based on the change in year-end to year-end price. The graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2013 in our common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the SNL Property & Casualty Insurance Index and that all dividends were reinvested. Past performance is not necessarily an indicator of future results. Our filings with the SEC may incorporate information by reference, including this Annual Report.  Unless we specifically state otherwise, the information under this heading “Stock Performance Graph” shall not be deemed to be “soliciting materials” and shall not be deemed to be “filed” with the SEC or incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. -21- ITEM 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report.   Statement of Operations Data Revenues: Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Direct written policy fees Other income Total revenues Costs and expenses: Losses and loss adjustment expenses Commissions and other underwriting expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders  Net income (loss) per share attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders Basic Diluted Dividends ໿    Balance Sheet Data Cash and invested assets Total assets Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves Total liabilities Total shareholders' equity Book value per share, excluding non-controlling interest Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands, except per share data) $ 355,257 $ 333,481 $ 261,369 $ 213,020 $ 173,774 12,460 (4,144) 13,366 19,154 10,254 8,548 17,173 22,206 9,063 3,045 16,619 17,429 7,226 3,616 9,740 9,869 5,385 4,426 7,728 7,303 396,093 391,662 307,525 243,471 198,616 228,416 121,109 22,183 4,177 375,885 20,208 5,498 14,710 (218) 247,557 114,867 19,963 348 382,735 8,927 3,585 5,342 (2,647) 197,810 112,710 90,378 17,186 348 52,862 14,698 256 81,224 48,294 10,797 — 305,722 180,526 140,315 1,803 542 1,261 246 62,945 24,089 38,856 (445) 58,301 20,491 37,810 — 14,928 $ 7,989 $ 1,015 $ 39,301 $ 37,810 $ 1.17 1.16 0.24 $ 0.61 0.60 0.32 $ 0.07 0.07 0.27 $ 2.86 2.81 0.18 3.13 3.04 0.13 $ $ December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (In thousands, except per share data) $ 515,948 $ 530,249 $ 484,275 $ 437,369 $ 925,371 296,230 710,112 215,259 16.84 904,873 230,515 677,414 227,459 16.29 815,390 158,110 580,925 234,465 16.01 701,373 97,706 455,216 246,157 16.52 370,920 506,828 78,587 317,267 189,561 13.91 -22- ITEM 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Operating Results Overview — Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 The following table sets forth results of operations for the periods presented: ໿   Revenues: Gross premiums written Gross premiums earned Ceded premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Direct written policy fees Other income Total revenues  Costs and expenses: Losses and loss adjustment expenses Commissions and other underwriting expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses  Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest Year Ended December 31, 2018 % Change 2017 (Dollars in thousands) $ 567,764 580,020 (224,763) 355,257 12,460 (4,144) 13,366 19,154 396,093 228,416 121,109 22,183 4,177 375,885 20,208 5,498 14,710 (218) (5.9)% $ (3.8)% (16.7)% 6.5 % 21.5 % (148.5)% (22.2)% (13.7)% 1.1 % (7.7)% 5.4 % 11.1 % 1,100.3 % (1.8)% 126.4 % 53.4 % 175.4 % (91.8)% 603,417 603,193 (269,712) 333,481 10,254 8,548 17,173 22,206 391,662 247,557 114,867 19,963 348 382,735 8,927 3,585 5,342 (2,647) 7,989 74.2% 40.5% 114.7% Net income (loss) attributable to FNHC shareholders $ 14,928 86.9 % $  Ratios to net premiums earned: Net loss ratio Net expense ratio Combined ratio 64.3% 40.3% 104.6% (1) Net loss ratio is calculated as losses and loss adjustment expenses divided by net premiums earned. (2) Net expense ratio is calculated as all operating expenses less interest expense divided by net premiums earned. (3) Combined ratio is calculated as the sum of losses and loss adjustment expenses and all operating expenses less interest expense divided by net premiums earned. The following table summarizes our results of operations by line of business for the periods presented. Although we conduct our operations under a single reportable segment, we have provided line of business information as we believe it is useful to our shareholders and the investing public. “Homeowners” line of business consists of our homeowners and fire property and casualty insurance business. “Automobile” line of business consists of our nonstandard personal automobile insurance business. “Other” line of business primarily consists of our commercial general liability and federal flood businesses, along with corporate and investment operations. -23- Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Homeowners Automobile Other Consolidated Homeowners Automobile Other Consolidated $ 539,689 $ 8,603 $ 539,692 (197,445) 342,247 — — 8,484 14,021 364,752 206,062 111,103 18,079 100 335,344 29,408 7,451 21,957 18,402 (13,744) 4,658 — — 4,322 1,148 10,128 11,617 5,751 325 — 17,693 (7,565) (1,917) (5,648) (Dollars in thousands) $ 567,764 $ 536,755 $ 580,020 (224,763) 355,257 12,460 (4,144) 13,366 19,154 396,093 525,524 (227,269) 298,255 — — 8,715 13,662 320,632 19,472 21,926 (13,574) 8,352 12,460 (4,144) 560 3,985 21,213 10,737 228,416 206,842 4,255 3,779 4,077 22,848 (1,635) (36) (1,599) 121,109 22,183 4,177 375,885 20,208 5,498 14,710 97,111 15,403 348 319,704 928 360 568 $ 43,505 54,679 (31,037) 23,642 — — 7,846 3,277 34,765 32,752 12,976 650 — 23,157 22,990 (11,406) 11,584 10,254 8,548 612 5,267 36,265 7,963 4,780 3,910 — 46,378 16,653 (11,613) (4,481) (7,132) 19,612 7,706 11,906 $ 603,417 603,193 (269,712) 333,481 10,254 8,548 17,173 22,206 391,662 247,557 114,867 19,963 348 382,735 8,927 3,585 5,342 (218) — — (218) (2,647) — — (2,647) $ 22,175 $ (5,648) $ (1,599) $ 14,928 $ 3,215 $ (7,132) $ 11,906 $ 7,989 249.4% 128.6% 60.2% 37.8% 98.0% 64.3% 40.3% 104.6% 69.4% 37.7% 107.1% 138.5% 68.7% 74.2% 40.5% 114.7% Revenues: Gross premiums written Gross premiums earned Ceded premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Direct written policy fees Other income Total revenues Costs and expenses: Losses and loss adjustment expenses Commissions and other underwriting expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non- controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to FNHC shareholders  Ratios to net premiums earned: Net loss ratio Net expense ratio Combined ratio Revenue Total revenue increased $4.4 million, or 1.1%, to $396.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $391.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily driven by lower ceded premiums due to decreased reinsurance spend, partially offset by lower gross premiums earned and recognized losses on our investments, all of which is discussed below. -24- Gross Premiums Written The following table sets forth the gross premiums written for the periods presented:   Gross premiums written: Homeowners Florida Homeowners non-Florida Automobile Commercial general liability Federal flood Total gross premiums written Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ 458,652 $ 482,039 81,037 8,603 5,384 14,088 54,716 43,505 11,048 12,109 $ 567,764 $ 603,417 Gross premiums written decreased $35.6 million, or 5.9%, to $567.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $603.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Gross premiums written decreased primarily due to the decline in Automobile and homeowners Florida offset by the growth in homeowners non-Florida. The lower premiums in Automobile was due to our decision to select specific types and amounts of premiums to be underwritten with consideration and focus on profitability. Automobile was not profitable throughout the 2017 year and we announced in December 2017 that we were taking the appropriate steps, including the completion of all required regulatory filings and approvals, to withdraw from Automobile. Effective August 1, 2018, a novation agreement was executed with a third party transferring the Texas automobile book to another insurance carrier. The unearned premium reserve on the in-force business and the claims handling responsibility for losses relating to the Texas auto business after July 31, 2018 were transferred to the third party. Our gross premiums written in Automobile in the fourth quarter of 2018 was insignificant. The increase in the homeowners non-Florida gross premiums written was due to the expansion of our operations outside of Florida, allowing us to leverage our infrastructure and diversify insurance risk. Additionally, homeowners Florida written premiums in 2018 includes the effect of the rate increase of 10.0%, that became effective on August 1, 2017. Gross Premiums Earned The following table sets forth the gross premiums earned for the periods presented:   Gross premiums earned: Homeowners Florida Homeowners non-Florida Automobile Commercial general liability Federal flood Total gross premiums earned Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ $ 473,121 $ 481,541 66,571 18,402 8,794 13,132 43,983 54,679 12,216 10,774 580,020 $ 603,193 Gross premiums earned decreased $23.2 million, or 3.8%, to $580.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $603.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The results are a reflection of our decision to exit the Automobile and commercial general liability lines, as discussed earlier, and were partially offset by a 3.4% increase in earned premiums in Homeowners. Additionally, in homeowners Florida, our August 1, 2017 10.0% rate increase is fully reflected in earned premiums as of the end of the third quarter of 2018, representing approximately $30 million of incremental premiums earned in 2018 (from 2017) and our homeowners non-Florida continues to grow on an earned basis. -25- Ceded Premiums Earned Ceded premiums earned decreased $44.9 million, or 16.7%, to $224.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $269.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily driven by lower excess of loss reinsurance spend of $15.1 million and lower ceding from our homeowners Florida quota-share treaties, including reducing our quota-share from 10% to 2% during the third quarter of 2018, a $14.7 million impact, as well as lower gross premiums earned in Automobile during the current period as a result of lower premiums earned, as mentioned earlier. Net Investment Income Net investment income increased $2.2 million, or 21.5%, to $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in net investment income was primarily due to the growth in our fixed income portfolio including a re-allocation of $30 million of equity investments into fixed income securities during the third quarter of 2017. The increase was also due to the improvement in the yield on our fixed income portfolio as a result of rising interest rates and from portfolio repositioning during the first quarter of 2018, particularly the sale of tax-free municipal bonds, the proceeds of which were reinvested in taxable municipal and corporate fixed income securities with higher coupon rates. Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) declined $12.6 million, to $(4.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $1.2 million in unrealized investment losses for equity securities and $2.9 million in net realized losses primarily due to the decision to liquidate certain bond positions, including positions related to tax-free municipal securities. This liquidation was done to reduce exposure in certain bond types as well as consolidate our investment strategy between MNIC's investment securities and the rest of the Company's investment securities, which resulted in us selling out of certain bond and equity positions. We also experienced losses associated with our portfolio managers, under our control, moving out of positions due to both macro and micro conditions, a typical practice each and every quarter. Our prior year investment gains of $8.5 million were driven by a decision to re-deploy approximately $30.6 million of equities into fixed- income securities during the third quarter of 2017 in order to reduce the Company’s exposure to the equity markets. As discussed in Note 2 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, effective January 1, 2018, we began recording all unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities through the income statement instead of through other comprehensive income. This new accounting for equity securities creates volatility in our earnings compared to the prior accounting rules. Direct Written Policy Fees Direct written policy fees decreased by $3.8 million, or 22.2%, to $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in direct written policy fees is correlated to the lower number of policies in-force in Automobile. Additionally, further impacting the decline is the fact that Automobile policies have a higher policy fee amount per premium dollar and generate policy fees twice per year (with six month policies) as compared with Homeowners policies. Other Income Other income decreased $3.0 million, or 13.7%, to $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $22.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Other income included the following for the periods presented: ໿    Other income: Commission income Brokerage Financing and other revenue Total other income 2018 Year Ended December 31, % Change (Dollars in thousands) 2017 $ $ 4,649 12,305 2,200 19,154 (25.3)% $ 4.4 % (47.6)% (13.7)% $ 6,227 11,781 4,198 22,206 The decline in other income was driven by lower commission income and financing and other revenue partially offset by higher brokerage revenue. The year over year decreases were driven by lower fee income from Automobile and other fees across the business. The lower -26-    fee income from Automobile was due to the reduction in premiums earned for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to December 31, 2017. Expenses Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE") decreased $19.2 million, or 7.7%, to $228.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $247.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The lower loss ratio was the result of the the decrease in the size of Automobile ($21.2 million lower losses, including adverse development) driven by the closure of poor performing programs. The expense was also impacted from severe weather ($31.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018, impacts of Hurricane Michael, Hurricane Florence and Tropical Storm Gordon, as compared to $30.4 million in the year December 31, 2017, impacts of Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey), as well as the continued earn-out of our homeowners Florida August 1, 2017 10% rate increase. Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses The following table sets forth the commissions and other underwriting expenses for the periods presented: ໿   Commissions and other underwriting expenses: Homeowners Florida All others Ceding commissions Total commissions Automobile Homeowners non-Florida Total fees Salaries and wages Other underwriting expenses Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ 56,693 $ 19,948 (12,743) 63,898 4,322 2,147 6,469 14,279 36,463 57,151 20,135 (16,299) 60,987 7,847 1,223 9,070 14,521 30,289 114,867 Total commissions and other underwriting expenses $ 121,109 $ Commissions and other underwriting expenses increased $6.2 million, or 5.4%, to $121.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $114.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher costs related to the homeowners non-Florida 50% profit share provision (which is recorded within the other underwriting expenses line) as a result of higher profitability in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The higher profitability is the direct result of continued earned premium growth, together with good loss experience in these states. Additionally, we recognized higher homeowners non-Florida commission expense as a result of higher premium earned in 2018. The additional costs were partially offset by lower acquisition related costs from Automobile driven by the lower gross premiums earned during 2018 as compared with 2017. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses increased $2.2 million, or 11.1%, to $22.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher legal and professional fees, including audit, tax and actuarial fees, as well as higher payroll costs as a result of severance related costs. The higher legal and professional fees was partially driven by due diligence costs related to the acquisition of the Maison Companies, as previously announced on February 25, 2019 and further discussed earlier in this Form 10-K. -27- Interest Expense Interest expense increased $3.9 million, or 1,100.3%, to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in interest expense is the result of the Company issuing $45.0 million of senior notes, late in December 2017. Income Taxes Income taxes increased $1.9 million, or 53.4%, to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in income tax expense is the result of higher taxable income during the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by the decrease in the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. Refer to Note 8 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information. -28- Operating Results Overview — Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 The following table sets forth selected results of operations for the periods presented:  $   Revenues: Gross premiums written Gross premiums earned Ceded premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Direct written policy fees Other income Total revenues  Costs and expenses: Losses and loss adjustment expenses Commissions and other underwriting expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses  Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to FNHC shareholders $  Ratios to net premiums earned: Net loss ratio Net expense ratio Combined ratio ໿ Year Ended December 31, 2017 % Change 2016 (Dollars in thousands) 603,417 603,193 (269,712) 333,481 10,254 8,548 17,173 22,206 391,662 247,557 114,867 19,963 348 382,735 8,927 3,585 5,342 (2,647) 7,989 74.2% 40.4% 114.6% (0.3)% $ 6.7 % (11.3)% 27.6 % 13.1 % 180.7 % 3.3 % 27.4 % 27.4 % 25.1 % 27.1 % 16.2 % — % 25.2 % 395.1 % 561.4 % 323.6 % (1,176.0)% 687.1 % $ 605,485 565,423 (304,054) 261,369 9,063 3,045 16,619 17,429 307,525 197,810 90,378 17,186 348 305,722 1,803 542 1,261 246 1,015 75.7% 41.2% 116.9% -29- Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Homeowners Automobile Other Consolidated Homeowners Automobile Other Consolidated $ 536,755 $ 525,524 (227,269) 298,255 — — 8,715 13,662 320,632 206,842 97,111 15,403 348 319,704 928 360 568 $ 43,505 54,679 (31,037) 23,642 — — 7,846 3,277 34,765 32,752 12,976 650 — 23,157 22,990 (11,406) 11,584 10,254 8,548 612 5,267 36,265 7,963 4,780 3,910 — 46,378 16,653 (11,613) (4,481) (7,132) 19,612 7,706 11,906 (Dollars in thousands) $ 603,417 $ 512,737 $ 603,193 (269,712) 333,481 10,254 8,548 17,173 22,206 484,353 (249,972) 234,381 — — 7,844 9,106 391,662 251,331 247,557 169,920 114,867 19,963 348 382,735 8,927 3,585 5,342 73,215 13,079 348 256,562 (5,231) (2,015) (3,216) (2,647) — — (2,647) 246 69,479 58,312 (44,291) 14,021 — — 8,171 5,479 27,671 14,885 12,471 600 — 27,956 (285) (111) (174) — $ 23,269 22,758 (9,791) 12,967 9,063 3,045 604 2,844 28,523 $ 605,485 565,423 (304,054) 261,369 9,063 3,045 16,619 17,429 307,525 13,005 197,810 4,692 3,507 — 21,204 7,319 2,668 4,651 — 90,378 17,186 348 305,722 1,803 542 1,261 246 $ 3,215 $ (7,132) $ 11,906 $ 7,989 $ (3,462) $ (174) $ 4,651 $ 1,015 138.5% 68.7% 69.4% 37.7% 107.1% 74.2% 40.5% 114.7% 72.5% 36.8% 109.3% 106.2% 100.3% 75.7% 41.1% 116.8% Revenues: Gross premiums written Gross premiums earned Ceded premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Direct written policy fees Other income Total revenues  Costs and expenses: Losses and loss adjustment expenses Commissions and other underwriting expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses  Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non- controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to FNHC shareholders  Ratios to net premiums earned: Net loss ratio Net expense ratio Combined ratio Revenue Total revenue increased $84.2 million, or 27.4%, to $391.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $307.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in revenue was due to higher gross earned premiums and lower ceded premiums as described below. Gross Premiums Written The following table sets forth the gross premiums written for the periods presented: ໿   Gross premiums written: Homeowners Florida Homeowners non-Florida Automobile Commercial general liability Federal flood Total gross premiums written Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ $ 482,039 $ 477,489 54,716 43,505 11,048 12,109 35,248 69,479 13,256 10,013 603,417 $ 605,485 -30- Gross premiums written decreased $2.1 million, or 0.3%, to $603.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $605.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Gross premiums written decreased due to the decline in gross premiums written in Automobile, offset by the growth in gross premiums written in Homeowners, both Florida and non-Florida. The lower premiums in Automobile was due to our decision to select specific types and amounts of premiums to be underwritten with consideration and focus on profitability. Automobile was not profitable throughout the year 2017 and we announced in December 2017 that we were taking the appropriate steps, including the completion of all required regulatory filings and approvals, to withdraw from Automobile. The increase in gross premiums written in the homeowners non-Florida was due to the expansion of our operations outside of Florida, allowing us to leverage personnel and diversify insurance risk. The increase in homeowners Florida reflects our strategy to grow market share in a controlled manner with a renewed focus on risk profile and profitability. Gross Premiums Earned The following table sets forth the gross premiums earned for the periods presented:   Gross premiums earned: Homeowners Florida Homeowners non-Florida Automobile Commercial general liability Federal flood Total gross premiums earned Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ $ 481,541 $ 455,252 43,983 54,679 12,216 10,774 29,101 58,312 13,675 9,083 603,193 $ 565,423 Gross premiums earned increased $37.8 million, or 6.7%, to $603.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $565.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Gross premiums earned increased due to higher premiums written in homeowners non-Florida and homeowners Florida over the past twelve to eighteen months, which resulted in higher earned premiums as the premiums written has earned in. Ceded Premiums Earned Ceded premiums earned decreased $34.4 million, or 11.3%, to $269.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $304.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in ceded premiums earned was driven by the expiration of the 30% and 10% Florida-only property quota-share treaties, which ended on July 1, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The effect of these expirations was partially offset by the 10% Florida-only property quota-share treaty, which became effective on July 1, 2017. Net Investment Income Net investment income increased $1.2 million, or 13.1%, to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.  The increase in net investment income was primarily due to the growth in our fixed income portfolio including a re-allocation of $30 million of equity investments into fixed income securities. The increase was also due to the improvement in the yield on our fixed income portfolio as a result of portfolio repositioning during the first quarter of 2017, particularly the sale of tax-free municipal bonds, the proceeds of which were reinvested in taxable municipal and corporate fixed income securities with higher coupon rates. A portion of the increase in net investment income will be offset by higher federal income taxes, given that a lower percentage of our investment income originates from tax-free securities. Net Realized Investment Gains Net realized investment gains increased $5.5 million, to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This increase was driven by our decision to re-deploy approximately $30.6 million of equity securities into fixed-income securities during the year in order to reduce our exposure to the equity markets, which generated realized gains of $5.6 million.  Additionally, during the first half of 2017, we redistributed a portion of our equity portfolio between our investment managers, which yielded $2.8 million of realized gains. -31- Direct Written Policy Fees Direct written policy fees increased by $0.6 million, or 3.3%, to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $16.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The slight increase in direct written policy fees is correlated to the increase in gross premiums earned in Homeowners, offset by the decrease in gross premiums earned in Automobile, as compared to the prior year. Other Income Other income increased $4.8 million, or 27.4%, to $22.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $17.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Other income included the following for the periods presented: ໿    Other income: Commission income Brokerage Financing and other revenue Total other income Year Ended December 31, 2017 % Change 2016 (Dollars in thousands) $ $ 6,227 11,781 4,198 22,206 (19.4)% $ 61.0 % 76.2 % 27.4 % $ 7,730 7,316 2,383 17,429 The increase in other income was due to the improvement in brokerage revenue and other revenue, partially offset by the decline in commission income. The improvement in brokerage revenue was due to the increase in the amount of our homeowners reinsurance placed, the type of reinsurance purchased and the commissions paid on these reinsurance agreements for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The improvement in other income was driven by the increased claims adjustment services, primarily related to Hurricanes Irma and Harvey for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the prior year. The decline in commission income was primarily due to the lower premiums in Automobile for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Expenses Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Losses and LAE increased $49.8 million, or 25.1%, to $247.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $197.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Year over year premium volume growth from Homeowners primarily drove approximately $23.0 million of the increase. During 2017, we experienced losses, net of reinsurance from catastrophe claims of $30.4 million, related to Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Harvey and other severe weather events in the states of Florida, Louisiana and Texas in Homeowners and Automobile; offset by $5.6 million of income for catastrophe claims handling, which is a reduction to net losses. We experienced adverse development, net of reinsurance, of $13.9 million, primarily in Automobile and Homeowners. The adverse development for Automobile of approximately $8.0 million was primarily driven by adjustments to cession percentages. Homeowners’ adverse development of approximately $8.0 million was driven by the continued impact of AOB and related ligation costs. Unallocated loss adjustment expense also increased by $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Approximately $15.0 million of the period over period increase stems from lower ceded losses for the year ended December 31, 2017, from the combination of the expiration of the retrospectively-rated 10% Florida-only property quota-share treaty and the new 10% Florida-only property quota-share treaty. These increased losses were offset by 2016 activity related to $33.3 million of catastrophe claims from Hurricane Matthew and other severe events and $11.0 million of adverse development. -32- Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses The following table sets forth commissions and other underwriting expenses for the periods presented:   Commissions and other underwriting expenses: Homeowners Florida All others Ceding commissions Total commissions and other fees Automobile Homeowners non-Florida Total fees Salaries and wages Other underwriting expenses Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ 57,151 $ 20,135 (16,299) 60,987 7,847 1,223 9,070 14,521 30,289 55,370 19,640 (36,445) 38,565 8,171 909 9,080 13,748 28,985 90,378 Total commissions and other underwriting expenses $ 114,867 $ Commissions and other underwriting expenses increased $24.5 million, or 27.1%, to $114.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $90.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.  The increase was due primarily to a reduction in ceding commissions as a result of the termination of our 30% Florida-only property quota-share treaty on July 1, 2016. The remaining increase is due to higher gross premiums earned in Homeowners, as discussed above. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses increased $2.8 million, or 16.2%, to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher legal and professional fees, including audit, tax and actuarial fees. Interest Expense Interest expense was unchanged at $0.3 million for the years December 31, 2017 and 2016. In late December 2017, the Company issued $45.0 million of senior notes. Refer to Note 7 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for further information regarding the senior notes. Income Taxes Income taxes increased $3.1 million, or 561.4%, to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in income taxes was primarily due to an increase in taxable income. The revaluation of our net deferred tax asset as during the fourth quarter of 2017 pursuant to Tax Act added $0.3 million of expense to our 2017 tax provision. Refer to Note 8 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information on federal income tax reform. -33- LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES  Overview Our primary sources of funds are gross written premiums, investment income, commission income and fee income.  Our primary uses of funds are the payment of claims, catastrophe and other reinsurance premiums and operating expenses.  As of December 31, 2018, we had $64.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $451.5 million in investments. As of December 31, 2017, we had $86.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $444.0 million in investments. Total shareholders’ equity decreased $12.2 million, to $215.3 million as of December 31, 2018, as compared to $227.5 million as of December 31, 2017, driven by $16.7 million of non-controlling interest acquisition, $5.1 million of repurchases of common stock, and $4.5 million of other comprehensive loss, partially offset by $14.7 million of net income. Historically, we have met our liquidity requirements primarily through cash generated from operations. In December 2017, we received proceeds of $25.0 million principal amount of Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), pursuant to an indenture dated as of December 28, 2017 (the “Indenture”), as supplemented by a supplemental indenture dated as of December 28, 2017. We also received in December 2017 proceeds of $20.0 million of Senior Unsecured Fixed Rate Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”), pursuant to the Indenture, as supplemented by a supplemental indenture dated as of December 29, 2017. A portion of the proceeds from the 2027 Notes and 2022 Notes was used in February 2018 to purchase the non-controlling interest in the Monarch Entities and infuse capital into FNIC. On March 5, 2019, the Company closed on an offering of $100 million of Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029, which bear interest at the annual rate of 7.5%. Refer to Note 17 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding the 2029 Notes as well as the pending acquisition of the Maison Companies. The cash from the offering will be used to purchase PIH, retire the 2027 Notes and 2022 Notes, as referenced above, and other general corporate purposes, including potential repurchases of shares of our common stock and managing the capital needs of our subsidiaries. Among other things, the 2029 Notes contain customary covenants that limit the Company's ability to enter into certain operational and financial transactions, including, but not not limited to incurring additional debt above certain thresholds. The Company's actual debt to equity ratio at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately 21% and 22%, respectively. Statutory Capital and Surplus of our Insurance Subsidiaries As described more fully in Part I, Item 1. Business, Regulation of this Annual Report, our insurance operations are subject to the laws and regulations of the states in which we operate. The Florida OIR and their regulatory counterparts in other states utilize the NAIC RBC requirements, and the resulting RBC ratio, as a key metric in the exercise of their regulatory oversight. The RBC ratio is a measure of the sufficiency of an insurer’s statutory capital and surplus. In addition, the RBC ratio is used by insurance industry ratings services in the determination of the financial strength ratings (i.e. claims paying ability) they assign to insurance companies. As of December 31, 2018, FNIC’s statutory surplus was $161.7 million and its RBC ratio was 329.9%. Based upon the 2018, 2017 and 2016 statutory financial statements for FNIC and MNIC, statutory surplus exceeded the regulatory action levels established by the NAIC’s RBC requirements. Based on RBC requirements, the extent of regulatory intervention and action increases as the ratio of an insurer’s statutory surplus to its ACL, as calculated under the NAIC’s requirements, decreases.  The first action level, the Company Action Level, requires an insurer to submit a plan of corrective actions to the insurance regulators if statutory surplus falls below 200.0% of the ACL amount.  The second action level, the Regulatory Action Level, requires an insurer to submit a plan containing corrective actions and permits the insurance regulators to perform an examination or other analysis and issue a corrective order if statutory surplus falls below 150.0% of the ACL amount. The third action level, ACL, allows the regulators to rehabilitate or liquidate an insurer in addition to the aforementioned actions if statutory surplus falls below the ACL amount. The fourth action level is the Mandatory Control Level, which requires the regulators to rehabilitate or liquidate the insurer if statutory surplus falls below 70.0% of the ACL amount. FNIC’s ratio of statutory surplus to its ACL was 329.9% and 301.9% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. MNIC’s ratio of statutory surplus to its ACL was 774.4% and 1,070.1% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash Flows Discussion We believe that existing cash and investment balances, when combined with anticipated cash flows and the proceeds of our debt offering as described above, will be adequate to meet our expected liquidity needs in both the short-term and the reasonably foreseeable future. We believe the combined balances will be sufficient to meet our ongoing operating requirements and anticipated cash needs, and satisfy -34- the covenants in our senior notes. Future growth strategies may require additional external financing and we may from time to time seek to obtain external financing. We cannot assure that additional sources of financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all, or that any such financing would not negatively impact our results of operations. We expect to continue declaring and paying dividends at comparable levels, subject to our future liquidity needs and reserve requirements. Subject to our compliance with capital requirements as described above, we may consider various opportunities to deploy our capital, including repurchases of our common stock if such repurchases represent a more favorable use of available capital. Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $30.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.  This increase primarily reflects higher net premiums collected and lower loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance paid for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to prior year. Net cash provided by operating activities decreased to $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $69.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease primarily reflects higher loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance paid, partially offset by higher net premiums collected for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to prior year. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities was $21.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing net growth in our investment portfolio each year.  The change was due to higher maturities and redemptions of debt securities of $92.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $38.0 million the year ended December 31, 2017, and lower purchases of debt securities of $337.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $339.7 million for the prior year. These changes were partially offset by lower proceeds from sales of equity securities of $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $57.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net cash used in investing activities was $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $33.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The change was due to the higher purchases of debt and equity investment securities of $375.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $342.1 million the year ended December 31, 2016, and the lower proceeds from sales of debt and equity investment securities of $306.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $311.1 million for the prior year. These changes were partially offset by the maturities and redemptions of debt securities of $38.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $81.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Financing Activities Net cash used by financing activities was $30.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to net cash provided of $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The change was due payment of long-term debt of $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to proceeds of $45.0 million in the prior year, and the purchase of of our non-controlling interest of $16.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. These changes were particially offset by lower repurchases of common stock during 2018 compared to 2017. Net cash provided by financing activities was $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to net cash used of $15.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.  The change was due to the proceeds from borrowings of notes payable in December 2017 of $45.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the absence of any proceeds from borrowing in the prior year. The change was slightly offset by the lower repurchases of our common stock of $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the common stock repurchases of $11.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, and the lower amount of dividends paid of $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $4.7 million paid during the prior year. Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices The consolidated financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Our primary assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or with the same magnitude as the inflationary effect on the cost of paying losses and LAE. Insurance premiums are established before we know the amount of losses and LAE and the extent to which inflation may affect such expenses. Consequently, we attempt to anticipate the future impact of inflation when establishing rate levels. While we attempt to charge -35- adequate premiums, we may be limited in raising premium levels for competitive and regulatory reasons. Inflation may also affect the market value of our investment portfolio and the investment rate of return. Any future economic changes that result in prolonged and increasing levels of inflation could cause increases in the dollar amount of incurred losses and LAE and thereby materially adversely affect future liability requirements.  CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS The table sets forth a summary of long-term contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018, and includes amounts that represent estimates of gross undiscounted amounts payable over time, as follows:     Payments Due By Period Less than 1 Year Total 1 - 3 Years 3 - 5 Years (In thousands) More than 5 Years Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (1) Long-term debt (2) Operating leases Total long-term contractual obligations $ $ 296,230 $ 174,775 $ 88,869 $ 17,774 $ 45,000 10,297 — 802 — 1,939 20,000 2,056 351,527 $ 175,577 $ 90,808 $ 39,830 $ 14,812 25,000 5,500 45,312 (1) Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves do not have contractual maturity dates; however, based on historical payment patterns, the amount presented is our estimate of the expected timing of these payments.  The timing of payments is subject to significant uncertainty.  We maintain a portfolio of marketable investments with varying maturities and a substantial amount of cash and cash equivalents intended to provide adequate cash flows for such payments. (2) Long-term debt payments on notes payable, excludes deferred financing costs. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company will retire these Notes, in connection with the offering of the 2029 Notes. Refer to Note 17 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding the 2029 Notes as well as the pending acquisition of the Maison Companies. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), which requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Future events and their effects cannot be determined with absolute certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results may materially differ from those estimates. We believe our most critical accounting estimates inherent in the preparation of our financial statements are: (i) fair value measurements of our investments; (ii) accounting for investments; (iii) premium and unearned premium calculation; (iv) reinsurance contracts; (v) the amount and recoverability of deferred acquisition costs; (vi) reserve for loss and losses adjustment expenses; and (vii) income taxes. The accounting estimates that result require the use of assumptions about certain matters that are highly uncertain at the time of estimation.  To the extent actual experience differs from the assumptions used, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows would be affected. -36- Fair Value Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants in the principal market or in the most advantageous market when no principal market exists.  Adjustments to transaction prices or quoted market prices may be required in illiquid or disorderly markets in order to estimate fair value.  Alternative valuation techniques may be appropriate under the circumstances to determine the value that would be received to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction. Market participants are assumed to be independent, knowledgeable, able and willing to transact an exchange and not acting under duress. Our nonperformance or credit risk is considered in determining the fair value of liabilities.  Considerable judgment may be required in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, estimates of fair value presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current or future market exchange. Investments Investments consist of debt and equity securities.  Debt securities consist of securities with an initial fixed maturity of more than three months, including corporate bonds, municipal bonds and United States government bonds.  Equity securities generally consist of securities that represent ownership interests in an enterprise.  The Company determines the appropriate classification of investments in debt and equity securities at the acquisition date and re-evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date. Held-to-maturity debt securities are recorded at the amortized cost, reflecting the ability and intent to hold the securities to maturity. All other debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value.  Unrealized gains and losses during the year, net of the related tax effect applicable to available-for-sale and periods prior to January 1, 2018 for equity securities, are excluded from income and reflected in other comprehensive income (loss), and the cumulative effect is reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity until realized.  If a decline in fair value is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to its fair value and the amount of the write-down is recorded as an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) loss on the statement of operations.  Any portion of such decline related to debt securities that is believed to arise from factors other than credit is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income rather than against income. As a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”) beginning on January 1, 2018 equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. When we invest in certain companies, such as limited partnerships and limited liability companies, and if we determine we are not the primary beneficiary, we account for them using the equity method to determine the carry value, which is included in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum exposure to loss is limited to the capital we invest. Net realized gains and losses on investments are determined in accordance with the specific identification method. Net investment income consists primarily of interest income from debt securities, cash and cash equivalents, including any premium amortization or discount accretion and dividend income from equity securities; less expenses related to investments. Premiums and Unearned Premiums We recognize premiums as revenue on a pro-rata basis over the term of an insurance policy.  Assumed reinsurance premiums written and earned are based on reports received from ceding companies for pro-rata treaty contracts and are generally recorded as written based on contract terms for excess-of-loss and quota-share contracts.  Premiums are earned ratably over the terms of the related coverage. Unearned premiums and ceded unearned premiums represent the portion of gross premiums written and ceded premiums written, respectively, relating to the unexpired terms of such coverage. Premium receivable balances are reported net of an allowance for estimated uncollectible premium amounts.  Such allowance is based upon an ongoing review of amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, the creditworthiness of the insured and other relevant factors.  Amounts deemed to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance. Reinsurance Reinsurance is used to mitigate the exposure to losses, manage capacity and protect capital resources.  Reinsuring loss exposures does not relieve a ceding entity from its obligations to policyholders and cedants.  Reinsurance recoverables (including amounts related to claims incurred but not reported) and ceded unearned premiums are reported as assets.  To minimize exposure to losses from a reinsurer’s inability to pay, the financial condition of such reinsurer is evaluated initially upon placement of the reinsurance and periodically thereafter. In addition to considering the financial condition of the reinsurer, the collectability of the reinsurance recoverables is evaluated (and -37- where appropriate, whether an allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance recoverables is to be established) based upon a number of other factors.  Such factors include the amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, disputes, any collateral or letters of credit held and other relevant factors.  Ceded premiums written are recorded in accordance with applicable terms of the various reinsurance contracts and ceded premiums earned are charged against revenue over the period of the various reinsurance contracts.  This also generally applies to reinstatement premiums paid to a reinsurer, which arise when contractually-specified ceded loss triggers have been breached.  Ceded commissions reduce commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses and ceded losses incurred reduce net losses and LAE incurred over the applicable periods of the various reinsurance contracts with third party reinsurers.  If premiums or commissions are subject to adjustment (for example, retrospectively-rated or experience-rated), the estimated ultimate premium or commission is recognized over the period of the contract. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured business and consistent with the terms of the underlying reinsurance contract. Deferred Acquisition Costs Deferred acquisition costs represent those costs that are incremental and directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal of existing insurance contracts.  We defer incremental costs that result directly from, and are essential to, the acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract.  Such deferred acquisition costs generally include agent or broker commissions, referral fees, premium taxes, medical and inspection fees that would not have been incurred if the insurance contract had not been acquired or renewed.  Each cost is analyzed to assess whether it is fully deferrable. We also defer a portion of the employee total compensation and payroll-related fringe benefits directly related to time spent performing specific acquisition or renewal activities, including costs associated with the time spent on underwriting, policy issuance and processing, and sales force contract selling. The acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums written are earned, generally 12 months. It is grouped consistent with the manner in which the insurance contracts are acquired, serviced and measured for profitability and is reviewed for recoverability based on the profitability of the underlying insurance contracts.  Investment income is anticipated in assessing the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs.  We assess the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs on an annual basis or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Overview The estimation of the liability for unpaid losses and LAE is inherently difficult and subjective, especially in view of changing legal and economic environments that impact the development of loss reserves, and therefore, quantitative techniques frequently have to be supplemented by subjective considerations and managerial judgment. In addition, trends that have affected development of liabilities in the past may not necessarily occur or affect liability development to the same degree in the future. Each of our insurance companies establishes reserves on its balance sheet for unpaid losses and LAE related to its property and casualty insurance and related reinsurance contracts. As of any balance sheet date, there are claims that have not yet been reported, and some claims may not be reported for many years after the date a loss occurs. As a result of this historical pattern, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE includes significant estimates for IBNR claims. Additionally, reported claims are in various stages of the settlement process. Each claim is settled individually based upon its merits, and certain claims may take years to settle, especially if legal action is involved. As a result, the liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE include significant judgments, assumptions and estimates made by management relating to the actual ultimate losses that will arise from the claims. Due to the inherent uncertainties in the process of establishing these liabilities, the actual ultimate loss from a claim is likely to differ, perhaps materially, from the liability initially recorded. The time period between the occurrence of a loss and the time it is settled is referred to as the “claim tail.” In general, actuarial judgments for shorter-tailed lines of business generally have much less of an effect on the determination of the loss reserve amount than when those same judgments are made regarding longer-tailed lines of business. Reported losses for the shorter-tailed classes, such as property and certain marine, aviation and energy classes, generally reach the ultimate level of incurred losses in a relatively short period of time. Rather than having to rely on actuarial assumptions for many accident years, these assumptions are generally only relevant for the more recent accident years. -38- The process of recording quarterly and annual liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE for short-tail lines is primarily focused on maintaining an appropriate reserve level for reported claims and IBNR. Specifically, we assess the reserve adequacy of IBNR in light of such factors as the current levels of reserves for reported claims and expectations with respect to reporting lags, catastrophe events, historical data, legal developments, and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. Standard actuarial methodologies employed to estimate ultimate losses incorporate the inherent lag from the time claims occur to when they are reported to an insurer and if applicable, to when an insurer reports the claims to a reinsurer. Certain actuarial methodologies may be more appropriate than others in instances where this lag may not be consistent from period to period. Consequently, additional actuarial judgment is employed in the selection of methodologies to best incorporate the potential impact of this situation. Our insurance companies provide coverage on both a claims-made and occurrence basis. Claims-made policies generally require that claims occur and be reported during the coverage period of the policy. Occurrence policies allow claims which occur during a policy’s coverage period to be reported after the coverage period, and as a result, these claims can have a very long claim tail, occasionally extending for decades. Casualty claims can have a very long claim tail, in certain situations extending for many years. In addition, casualty claims are more susceptible to litigation and the legal environment and can be significantly affected by changing contract interpretations, all of which contribute to extending the claim tail. For long-tail casualty lines of business, estimating the ultimate liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE is a more complex process and depends on a number of factors, including the line and volume of the business involved. For these reasons, our insurance companies will generally use actuarial projections in setting reserves for all casualty lines of business. In conformity with GAAP, our insurance companies are not permitted to establish reserves for catastrophe losses that have not occurred. Therefore, losses related to a significant catastrophe, or accumulation of catastrophes, in any reporting period could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition during that period. We believe that the reserves for unpaid losses and LAE established by our insurance companies are adequate as of December 31, 2018; however, additional reserves, which could have a material impact upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, may be necessary in the future. Methodologies and Assumptions Our insurance companies use a variety of techniques that employ significant judgments and assumptions to establish the liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE recorded at the balance sheet date. These techniques include detailed statistical analyses of past claims reporting, settlement activity, claims frequency, internal loss experience, changes in pricing or coverages and severity data when sufficient information exists to lend statistical credibility to the analyses. More subjective techniques are used when statistical data is insufficient or unavailable. These liabilities also reflect implicit or explicit assumptions regarding the potential effects of future inflation, judicial decisions, changes in laws and recent trends in such factors, as well as a number of actuarial assumptions that vary across our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries and across lines of business. This data is analyzed by line of business, coverage, accident year or underwriting year and reinsurance contract type, as appropriate. Our loss reserve review processes use actuarial methods that vary by operating subsidiary and line of business and produce point estimates for each class of business. The actuarial methods used include the following methods: • • • • Reported Loss Development Method: A reported loss development pattern is calculated based on historical loss development data, and this pattern is then used to project the latest evaluation of cumulative reported losses for each accident year or underwriting year, as appropriate, to ultimate levels; Paid Development Method: A paid loss development pattern is calculated based on historical paid loss development data, and this pattern is then used to project the latest evaluation of cumulative paid losses for each accident year or underwriting year, as appropriate, to ultimate levels; Expected Loss Ratio Method: Expected loss ratios are applied to premiums earned, based on historical company experience, or historical insurance industry results when company experience is deemed not to be sufficient; and Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method: The results from the Expected Loss Ratio Method are essentially blended with either the Reported Loss Development Method or the Paid Development Method. -39- The primary actuarial assumptions used by insurance companies include the following: • • • Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses, in relation to earned premium, at the time business is written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. For certain longer-tailed reinsurance business that are typically lower frequency, high severity classes, expected loss ratios are often used for the last several accident years or underwriting years, as appropriate. Rate of loss cost inflation (or deflation) represents management’s expectation of the inflation associated with the costs we may incur in the future to settle claims. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for longer-tailed classes. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns represent management’s expectation of how losses will be reported and ultimately paid in the future based on the historical emergence patterns of reported and paid losses and are derived from past experience of our subsidiaries, modified for current trends. These emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. In the absence of sufficiently credible internally-derived historical information, each of the above actuarial assumptions may also incorporate data from the insurance industries as a whole, or peer companies writing substantially similar coverages. Data from external sources may be used to set expectations, as well as assumptions regarding loss frequency or severity relative to an exposure unit or claim, among other actuarial parameters. Assumptions regarding the application or composition of peer group or industry reserving parameters require substantial judgment. Loss Frequency and Severity Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described above. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic conditions or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations. Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to our insurance companies. The length of the loss reporting lag affects their ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags), as well as the amount of reserves needed for IBNR. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity is higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimates. Prior Year Development Our insurance companies continually evaluate the potential for changes, both favorable and unfavorable, in their estimates of their loss and LAE liabilities and use the results of these evaluations to adjust both recorded liabilities and underwriting criteria. With respect to liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE established in prior years, these liabilities are periodically analyzed and their expected ultimate cost adjusted, where necessary, to reflect favorable or unfavorable development in loss experience and new information, including, for certain catastrophe events, revised industry estimates of the magnitude of a catastrophe. Adjustments to previously recorded liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, both favorable and unfavorable, are reflected in our financial results in the periods in which these adjustments are made and are referred to as prior accident year reserve development. We adjusted our prior year loss and LAE reserve estimates based on current information that differed from previous assumptions made at the time such loss and LAE reserves were previously estimated. Refer to Note 1 and Note 6 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding our losses and LAE. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss, capital loss and tax-credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. Such a change occurred in the fourth quarter of 2017. Refer to Note 8 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding our income taxes. -40- Recent Accounting Pronouncements Refer to Note 2 of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and their effect, if any, on our company. Off-Balance Sheet Transactions For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have any off balance sheet transactions. ITEM 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Our investment objective is to maximize total rate of return after federal income taxes while maintaining liquidity and minimizing risk. Our current investment policy limits investment in non-investment-grade debt securities (including high-yield bonds), and limits total investments in preferred stock, common stock and mortgage notes receivable. We also comply with applicable laws and regulations that further restrict the type, quality and concentration of our investments. In general, these laws and regulations permit investments, within specified limits and subject to certain qualifications, in federal, state and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, preferred and common equity securities and real estate mortgages. Our investment policy is established by the Board of Directors’ Investment Committee and is reviewed on a regular basis. Pursuant to this investment policy, as of December 31, 2018, approximately 94% of investments were in debt securities and cash and cash equivalents, which are considered to be either held-to-maturity or available-for-sale, based upon our estimates of required liquidity. Approximately 98% of the debt securities are considered available-for-sale and are marked to market. We may in the future consider additional debt securities to be held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost. We do not use any swaps, options, futures or forward contracts to hedge or enhance our investment portfolio. Principal cash flows and the related weighted average interest rate by expected maturity date, based upon par values, for the financial instruments sensitive to changes in interest rates, includes the following: ໿   Principal amount by expected maturity: United States government obligations and authorities Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate International Collateralized mortgage obligations 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total (Dollars in thousands) Carrying Amount $ 1,105 $ 7,975 $ 125 $ 14,425 $ 7,360 $ 17,420 $ 48,410 $ 47,878 1,575 13,298 2,138 2,746 1,500 23,309 3,181 1,309 — 26,150 3,434 1,242 4,800 61,818 5,813 3,504 310 26,323 1,015 4,230 1,490 98,941 7,181 93,522 9,675 249,839 22,762 106,553 9,767 245,264 22,330 108,528 Total investments $ 20,862 $ 37,274 $ 30,951 $ 90,360 $ 39,238 $ 218,554 $ 437,239 $ 433,767  Weighted average interest rate by   expected maturity: United States government   obligations and authorities Obligations of states and   political subdivisions Corporate securities International securities Collateralized mortgage obligations Total investments 2.60% 1.93% 2.53% 1.66% 2.65% 2.32% 2.12% 5.32% 4.24% 5.61% 2.92% 4.20% 2.35% 3.12% 3.35% 3.24% 2.86% —% 3.71% 2.91% 3.30% 3.60% 3.17% 3.28% 3.10% 3.51% 3.02% 3.54% 3.79% 3.41% 3.75% 3.56% 3.56% 3.78% 4.20% 3.90% 3.73% 3.47% 3.62% 3.70% 3.84% 3.51% -41- ITEM 8.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Operations For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements PAGE 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 -42- Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FedNat Holding Company Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of FedNat Holding Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedules listed in the index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control- Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 7, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015. Charlotte, North Carolina March 7, 2019 -43- FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share data) ໿ December 31, 2018 2017   ASSETS Investments: Debt securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $433,664 and $422,300, respectively) $ 428,641 $ Debt securities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost Equity securities, at fair value Total investments (including $0 and $26,284 related to the VIE, respectively) Cash and cash equivalents (including $0 and $14,211 related to the VIE, respectively) Prepaid reinsurance premiums Premiums receivable, net of allowance of $77 and $70, respectively (including $0 and $1,184 related to the VIE, respectively) Reinsurance recoverable, net Deferred acquisition costs, net Income taxes, net Property and equipment, net Other assets (including $0 and $2,322 related to the VIE, respectively) Total assets  LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Liabilities Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves Unearned premiums Reinsurance payable Long-term debt, net of deferred financing costs of $596 and $749, respectively Deferred revenue Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (see Note 9) Shareholders' Equity Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: 1,000,000 shares authorized Common stock, $0.01 par value: 25,000,000 shares authorized; 12,784,444 and 12,988,247 shares issued and outstanding, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders Non-controlling interest Total shareholders’ equity $ $ 5,126 17,758 451,525 64,423 108,577 29,791 211,424 39,436 5,220 4,819 10,156 925,371 $ 296,230 $ 281,992 63,599 44,404 4,585 19,302 710,112 — 128 141,128 (3,750) 77,753 215,259 — 215,259 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 925,371 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 423,238 5,349 15,434 444,021 86,228 135,492 46,393 124,601 40,893 9,817 4,025 13,403 904,873 230,515 294,423 71,944 49,251 6,222 25,059 677,414 — 130 139,728 1,770 70,009 211,637 15,822 227,459 904,873 -44- FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In thousands, except share and per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 355,257 $ 333,481 $ 261,369 12,460 (4,144) 13,366 19,154 396,093 228,416 121,109 22,183 4,177 375,885 10,254 8,548 17,173 22,206 391,662 247,557 114,867 19,963 348 382,735 20,208 5,498 14,710 (218) 14,928 $ 8,927 3,585 5,342 (2,647) 7,989 $ 1.17 1.16 $ $ 0.61 0.60 $ $ 9,063 3,045 16,619 17,429 307,525 197,810 90,378 17,186 348 305,722 1,803 542 1,261 246 1,015 0.07 0.07 12,775 12,867 13,170 13,250 13,758 13,922 0.24 $ 0.32 $ 0.27   Revenues: Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Direct written policy fees Other income Total revenues  Costs and expenses: Losses and loss adjustment expenses Commissions and other underwriting expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses  Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders  Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share Basic Diluted  Weighted Average Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding Basic Diluted  Dividends Declared Per Common Share $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -45- FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 14,710 $ 5,342 $ 1,261 ໿    Net income (loss)  Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, available-for-sale, net of tax Comprehensive income (loss)  (5,444) 9,266 (429) 4,913 Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders $ (447) 9,713 $ (2,905) 7,818 $ (1,740) (479) 550 (1,029) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -46-   ໿      Balance as of January 1, 2016 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends Shares issued under share-based compensation plans Tax benefits from share-based compensation awards Repurchases of common stock Share-based compensation Balance as of December 31, 2016 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends Shares issued under share-based compensation plans Repurchases of common stock Share-based compensation Balance as of December 31, 2017 Cumulative effect of new accounting standards Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends declared Acquisition of non-controlling interest Shares issued under share-based compensation plans Repurchases of common stock Share-based compensation FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In thousands, except per share data) Accumulated Total Shareholders' Equity Attributable to Preferred Stock $ Common Stock Additional Other FedNat Holding Non- Total Issued Shares Amount Paid-in Capital Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Company Controlling Shareholders' Shareholders Interest Equity 13,798,773 $ 138 $ 131,998 $ 3,985 $ 91,859 $ 227,980 18,177 $ 246,157 — — — 299,165 — (624,818) — 13,473,120 — — — 169,647 (654,520) — 12,988,247 — — — — — 122,905 (326,708) — — — — — — (4) — 134 — — — — (4) — 130 — — — — — 1 (3) — — — — 361 589 — 3,831 136,779 — — — 103 — 2,846 139,728 — — — — (1,005) 38 — 2,367 — (2,044) — — — — — 1,941 — (171) — — — — 1,770 (994) — (4,221) — (305) — — — 1,015 — (4,677) — — (11,313) — 76,884 7,989 — (4,251) — (10,613) — 70,009 994 14,928 — (3,120) — — (5,058) — 1,015 (2,044) (4,677) 361 589 (11,317) 3,831 215,738 7,989 (171) (4,251) 103 (10,617) 2,846 211,637 — 14,928 (4,221) (3,120) (1,310) 39 (5,061) 2,367 246 304 — — — — — 18,727 (2,647) (258) — — — — 15,822 — (218) (229) — (15,375) — — — 1,261 (1,740) (4,677) 361 589 (11,317) 3,831 234,465 5,342 (429) (4,251) 103 (10,617) 2,846 227,459 — 14,710 (4,450) (3,120) (16,685) 39 (5,061) 2,367 12,784,444 $ 128 $ 141,128 $ (3,750) $ 77,753 $ 215,259 $ — $ 215,259 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -47- FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands)   Cash flow from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 14,710 $ 5,342 $ 1,261 Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses Amortization of investment premium or discount, net Depreciation and amortization Share-based compensation Tax impact related to share-based compensation Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Prepaid reinsurance premiums Premiums receivable, net Reinsurance recoverable, net Deferred acquisition costs Income taxes, net Deferred revenue Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves Unearned premiums Reinsurance payable Other Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Cash flow from investing activities: Proceeds from sales of equity securities Proceeds from sales of debt securities Purchases of equity securities Purchases of debt securities Maturities and redemptions of debt securities Purchases of property and equipment Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flow from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payment of long-term debt Purchase of non-controlling interest Purchases of FedNat Holding Company common stock Issuance of common stock for share-based awards Tax impact related to share-based compensation Dividends paid Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning-of-period 4,144 1,546 1,385 2,367 (44) 26,915 16,602 (86,823) 1,457 6,153 (1,637) 65,715 (12,431) (8,345) (1,444) 30,270 10,639 228,777 (13,542) (337,776) 92,744 (2,026) (21,184) — (5,000) (16,685) (5,061) 39 — (4,184) (30,891) (21,805) 86,228 (8,548) 3,909 1,166 2,846 (193) 21,440 8,461 (76,738) 999 4,596 (612) 72,405 401 (7,210) (15,158) 13,106 57,125 249,584 (35,811) (339,667) 38,038 (976) (31,707) 45,000 — — (3,045) 5,346 869 4,420 — 24,908 (16,260) (35,149) (24,226) (16,485) 1,074 60,404 40,062 18,085 8,486 69,750 30,621 198,676 (16,716) (325,397) 81,812 (2,147) (33,151) — — — (10,616) (11,317) 103 — (4,251) 30,236 11,635 74,593 361 589 (4,677) (15,044) 21,555 53,038 74,593 Cash and cash equivalents at end-of-period $ 64,423 $ 86,228 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -48- FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED) (In thousands)  ໿   Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid (received) during the period for interest Cash paid (received) during the period for income taxes The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 4,266 $ (1,104) $ 308 $ (354) $ 313 14,360 -49-   FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2018 1. ORGANIZATION, CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PREPARATION Organization FedNat Holding Company (“FNHC,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or "our") is an insurance holding company that controls substantially all aspects of the insurance underwriting, distribution and claims processes through our subsidiaries and contractual relationships with independent agents and general agents.   The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, is authorized to underwrite and/or place homeowners multi-peril (“homeowners”), federal flood and other lines of insurance in Florida and other states. The Company markets, distributes and services its own and third-party insurers’ products and other services through a network of independent and general agents. FedNat Insurance Company (“FNIC”), our largest wholly owned insurance subsidiary, is licensed as an admitted carrier, to write specific lines of insurance by the state’s insurance departments, in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama.  Monarch National Insurance Company (“MNIC”), our other insurance subsidiary, is licensed as an admitted carrier in Florida. Admitted carriers are bound by rate and form regulations, and are strictly regulated to protect policyholders from a variety of illegal and unethical practices. Admitted carriers are also required to financially contribute to the state guarantee fund used to pay for losses if an insurance carrier becomes insolvent or unable to pay loss amounts due to their policyholders. Monarch National Insurance Company We completed our acquisition of MNIC in February 2018 by acquiring the membership interests in MNIC’s indirect parent, Monarch Delaware Holdings LLC (“Monarch Delaware”), held by our joint venture partners.  Our joint venture partners were Crosswinds Investor Monarch LP (“Crosswinds Investor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Crosswinds Holdings Inc. (“Crosswinds Holdings”), a private equity firm and asset manager, and Transatlantic Reinsurance Company (“TransRe”), an international property and casualty reinsurance company. We purchased the 42.4% Class A membership interest in Monarch Delaware held by Crosswinds Investor for $12.3 million and the 15.2% non-voting membership interest in Monarch Delaware held by TransRe for $4.4 million. We also repaid the outstanding principal balance and interest due on the $5.0 million promissory note to TransRe. MNIC was organized in March 2015 and writes homeowners property and casualty insurance in Florida. Crosswinds AUM LLC, a subsidiary of Crosswinds Holdings, served as an investment consultant to FNHC through December 31, 2018 for a quarterly fee of $75,000. In addition, subsidiaries of Crosswinds Holdings and TransRe each had a right of first refusal through December 31, 2018 to participate in our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program, at market rates and terms, up to a placement of $10.0 million in reinsurance limit in the aggregate from Crosswinds Holdings and up to a placement of $10.0 million in reinsurance limit in excess of its placement on our current catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program from TransRe. TransRe does currently participate in the reinsurance program. Refer to Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation and Note 17 below. Material Distribution Relationships Ivantage Select Agency, Inc. The Company is a party to an insurance agency master agreement with Ivantage Select Agency, Inc. (“ISA”), an affiliate of Allstate Insurance Company (“Allstate”), pursuant to which the Company has been authorized by ISA to appoint Allstate agents to offer the Company’s homeowners insurance products to consumers in Florida. As a percentage of the total homeowners premiums we underwrote, 23.8%, 23.8% and 24.1%, were from Allstate’s network of Florida agents, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. -50- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 SageSure Insurance Managers, LLC The Company is a party to a managing general underwriting agreement with SageSure Insurance Managers, LLC (“SageSure”) to underwrite our FNIC homeowners business outside of Florida.  As a percentage of the total homeowners premiums, 15.0%,10.2% and 6.9% respectively, of the Company’s premiums were underwritten by SageSure, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 respectively. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).  The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FNHC and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and all entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and any variable interest entity (“VIE”) of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company’s management believes the consolidated financial statements reflect all material adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly state the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company for the periods presented. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company identifies a VIE as an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support or where the equity investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest.  The Company assesses its contractual, ownership or other interests in a VIE to determine if the Company’s interest participates in the variability the VIE was designed to absorb and pass onto variable interest holders.  The Company performs an ongoing qualitative assessment of its variable interests in a VIE to determine whether the Company has a controlling financial interest and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  If the Company determines it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE, the Company consolidates the assets and liabilities of the VIE in its consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2017, in connection with the investment in Monarch Delaware, the Company had determined that the Company possessed the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and the Company was the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  As such, the Company consolidated Monarch Delaware in its consolidated financial statements. Refer to Monarch National Insurance Company above, related to our 100% ownership of Monarch Delaware that became effective on February 21, 2018. In accordance with the accounting standard on consolidation, a primary beneficiary that acquires additional ownership of the previously controlled and consolidated subsidiaries is accounted for as an equity transaction and re-measurement of assets and liabilities of previously controlled and consolidated subsidiaries is not permitted. As a result, we accounted for this transaction by eliminating the carrying value of the non-controlling interest to reflect our 100% ownership interest in MNIC as of February 21, 2018. The difference between the consideration paid and the amount by which the non-controlling interest was eliminated has been recognized in additional paid-in capital. Following the closing, Monarch Delaware and Monarch Holdings were merged into MNIC. Refer to Note 14 below for additional information regarding the VIE.   -51- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND PRACTICES Accounting Estimates and Assumptions  The Company prepares the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Future events and their effects cannot be determined with absolute certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results may materially differ from those estimates. Similar to other property and casualty insurers, the Company’s liability for loss and loss and adjustment expenses ("LAE") reserves, although supported by actuarial projections and other data, is ultimately based on management’s reasoned expectations of future events. Although considerable variability is inherent in these estimates, the Company believes that the liability and LAE reserve is adequate. The Company reviews and evaluates its estimates and assumptions regularly and makes adjustments, reflected in current operations, as necessary, on an ongoing basis. Fair Value Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants in the principal market or in the most advantageous market when no principal market exists.  Adjustments to transaction prices or quoted market prices may be required in illiquid or disorderly markets in order to estimate fair value.  Alternative valuation techniques may be appropriate under the circumstances to determine the value that would be received to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction. Market participants are assumed to be independent, knowledgeable, able and willing to transact an exchange and not acting under duress. Our nonperformance or credit risk is considered in determining the fair value of liabilities.  Considerable judgment may be required in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, estimates of fair value presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current or future market exchange. Refer to Note 3 below for additional information regarding fair value. Investments Investments consist of debt and equity securities.  Debt securities consist of securities with an initial fixed maturity of more than three months, including corporate bonds, municipal bonds and United States government bonds.  Equity securities generally consist of securities that represent ownership interests in an enterprise.  The Company determines the appropriate classification of investments in debt and equity securities at the acquisition date and re-evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date. Held-to-maturity debt securities are recorded at the amortized cost, reflecting the ability and intent to hold the securities to maturity.  All other debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value.  Unrealized gains and losses during the year, net of the related tax effect applicable to available-for-sale and periods prior to January 1, 2018 for equity securities, are excluded from income and reflected in other comprehensive income (loss), and the cumulative effect is reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity until realized.  If a decline in fair value is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to its fair value and the amount of the write-down is recorded as an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) loss on the statement of operations.  Any portion of such decline related to debt securities that is believed to arise from factors other than credit is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income rather than against income. As a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”) beginning on January 1, 2018 equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Refer to Note 2 below for additional information related to ASU 2016-01. When we invest in certain companies, such as limited partnerships and limited liability companies, and if we determine we are not the primary beneficiary, we account for them using the equity method to determine the carry value, which is included in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum exposure to loss is limited to the capital we invest. Net realized gains and losses on investments are determined in accordance with the specific identification method. Net investment income consists primarily of interest income from debt securities, cash and cash equivalents, including any premium amortization or discount accretion and dividend income from equity securities; less expenses related to investments. -52- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Refer to Note 4 below for additional information regarding investments. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of all deposit or deposit in transit balances with a bank that are available for withdrawal. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of the purchase to be cash equivalents. Premiums and Unearned Premiums The Company recognizes premiums as revenue on a pro-rata basis over the term of the insurance policy.  Unearned premiums represent the portion of gross premiums written, related to the unexpired terms of such coverage. Premium receivable balances are reported net of an allowance for estimated uncollectible premium amounts.  Such allowance is based upon an ongoing review of amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, the creditworthiness of the insured and other relevant factors.  Amounts deemed to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance. Reinsurance Reinsurance is used to mitigate the exposure to losses, manage capacity and protect capital resources.  Reinsuring loss exposures does not relieve a ceding entity from its obligations to policyholders and cedants.  Reinsurance recoverables (including amounts related to claims incurred but not reported) and ceded unearned premiums are reported as assets.  To minimize exposure to losses from a reinsurer’s inability to pay, the financial condition of such reinsurer is evaluated initially upon placement of the reinsurance and periodically thereafter. In addition to considering the financial condition of the reinsurer, the collectability of the reinsurance recoverables is evaluated (and where appropriate, whether an allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance recoverables is to be established) based upon a number of other factors.  Such factors include the amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, disputes, any collateral or letters of credit held and other relevant factors.  To the extent that an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable is established, amounts deemed to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance recoverables.  As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did have any allowances for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables. Ceded premiums written are recorded in accordance with applicable terms of the various reinsurance contracts and ceded premiums earned are charged against revenue over the period of the various reinsurance contracts.  This also generally applies to reinstatement premiums paid to a reinsurer, which arise when contractually-specified ceded loss triggers have been breached.  Ceded commissions reduce commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses and ceded losses incurred reduce net losses and LAE incurred over the applicable periods of the various reinsurance contracts with third party reinsurers.  If premiums or commissions are subject to adjustment (for example, retrospectively-rated or experience-rated), the Company records adjustments to the premiums or ceding commission revenue in the period that changes in the estimated losses are determined. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured business and consistent with the terms of the underlying reinsurance contract. Deferred Acquisition Costs Deferred acquisition costs represent those costs that are incremental and directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal of existing insurance contracts.  The Company defers incremental costs that result directly from, and are essential to, the acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract.  Such deferred acquisition costs generally include agent or broker commissions, referral fees, premium taxes, medical and inspection fees that would not have been incurred if the insurance contract had not been acquired or renewed.  Each cost is analyzed to assess whether it is fully deferrable. The Company also defers a portion of the employee total compensation and payroll-related fringe benefits directly related to time spent performing specific acquisition or renewal activities, including costs associated with the time spent on underwriting, policy issuance and processing, and sales force contract selling. -53- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 The acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums written are earned, generally twelve months for homeowners and commercial general liability policies and six months for automobile policies.  It is grouped consistent with the manner in which the insurance contracts are acquired, serviced and measured for profitability and is reviewed for recoverability based on the profitability of the underlying insurance contracts.  Investment income is anticipated in assessing the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs.  The Company assesses the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs on an annual basis or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated using a straight- line method over the estimated useful lives, ranging from 5 to 15 years.  Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. The Company accounts for internal-use software development costs in accordance with accounting guidelines which state that software costs, including internal payroll costs, incurred in connection with the development or acquisition of software for internal use is charged to expense as incurred until the project enters the application development phase.  Costs incurred in the application development phase are capitalized and are depreciated using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of 3 years, beginning when the software is ready for use. Direct Written Policy Fees Policy fees represent a non-refundable application fee for insurance coverage. These policy fees are deferred over the related policy term in a manner consistent with how the related premiums are earned. Other Income Other income represents brokerage, commission related income from the Company’s agency operations, fees generated from the personal automobile line of business as well as recognition of equity method investment results. Brokerage income is recognized over the term of the reinsurance period, typically one year. Commission income from agency operations are recognized up-front upon policy inception. The fees associated with the personal automobile line of business are recognized ratably over the related policy term, generally six months. In applying the equity method, the Company records its initial investment at cost, and subsequently increases or decreases the carrying amount of the investment by its proportionate share of the net earnings or losses with any dividends or distributions received are recorded as a decrease in the carrying value of the investment. Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The reserves for losses and LAE represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate cost of all reported and unreported losses incurred through the balance sheet date. Such liabilities are determined based upon the Company’s assessment of claims pending and the development of prior years’ loss liability, including liabilities based upon individual case estimates for reported losses and LAE and estimates of such amounts that are incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”). Changes in the estimated liability are charged or credited to operations as the losses and LAE are settled. The estimates of the liability for loss and LAE reserves are subject to the effect of trends in claims severity and frequency and are continually reviewed. As part of this process, the Company review historical data and consider various factors, including known and anticipated legal developments, inflation and economic conditions. As experience develops and other data become available, these estimates are revised, as required, resulting in increases or decreases to the existing liability for loss and LAE reserves. Adjustments are reflected in the results of operations in the period in which they are made and the liabilities may deviate substantially from prior estimates. -54- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Long-Term Debt, Net of Deferred Financing Costs The Company records long-term debt, net in the consolidated balance sheets at carrying value. The Company incurs specific incremental costs, other than those paid to lenders, in connection with the issuance of the Company’s debt instruments. These deferred financing costs include loan origination costs, issue costs and other direct costs payable to third parties and are recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability in the consolidated balance sheets, when the debt liability is recorded. The Company amortizes the deferred financing costs as interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method in the consolidated statements of operations. Income Taxes The Company applies the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss, capital loss and tax-credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining whether valuation allowances should be established and the amount of such allowances. The Company’s management makes assumptions, estimates and judgments, which are subject to change, in accounting for income taxes. The Company’s management also considers events and transactions on an on-going basis and the laws enacted as of the Company’s reporting date. The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law on December 22, 2017, and the effect of changes in federal tax law and applicable statutory rates is recorded in the consolidated financial statements in the period of enactment. As such, the Tax Act affected the Company’s deferred income tax provision in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the deferred income tax assets and liabilities balances in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. Both the current and deferred income tax provisions are affected for 2018. Refer to Note 8 below for further information regarding income taxes. Share-Based Compensation We expense the fair value of stock awards included in our stock incentive compensation plans. The Company grants awards and amortizes them on a straight-line over the vesting term using the straight-line basis for service awards and over successive one-year requisite service periods for performance based awards. For all restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), excluding relative total shareholder return ("TSR"), the fair value is determined based on the closing market price on the date of grant.  The TSR grant date fair value are determined using a Monte Carlo simulation and, unlike the performance condition awards, the expense is not reversed if the performance condition is not met. Non-employee directors are treated as employees for accounting purposes. The non-cash share-based compensation expense is reflected in commissions and other underwriting and general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and is recognized as an increase to additional paid-in capital on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares, while diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of such common shares and dilutive share equivalents result from the assumed exercise of employee stock options and vesting of restricted common stock and are calculated using the treasury stock method. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements, Adopted  In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The update replaces all general and most industry specific revenue recognition guidance (excluding insurance) currently prescribed by GAAP. The core principle is that an entity recognizes revenue to reflect the transfer of a promised good or service to customers in an amount that reflects that consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for that good or service. The Company adopted this update and the other related revenue standard clarifications and technical guidance -55- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. The Company completed the analysis of its non-insurance revenues and has concluded that the implementation did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, which addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments.  In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments- Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. Most notably, the combined new guidance required equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018, by reflecting a cumulative adjustment, which increased retained earnings and decreased accumulated other comprehensive income by $1.0 million. This adjustment represented the level of net unrealized gains and losses associated with our equity investments with readily determinable market values as of January 1, 2018. The adoption also resulted in the recognition of $(1.2) million in our consolidated statements of operations and statements of comprehensive income (loss), which represented the change in net unrealized gains and losses on our equity securities for 2018. This new guidance increases our earnings volatility compared to the prior accounting rules. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The update allowed a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017 ("Tax Act"). Guidance had previously required the effect of a change in tax laws or rates on deferred tax balances to be reported in income from continuing operations in the accounting period that includes the period of enactment, even if the related income tax effects were originally charged or credited directly to accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018, by reflecting a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings with an off-setting adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income for less than $0.1 million. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements, Not Yet Adopted  In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).  The update superseded the prior lease guidance in Topic 840, Leases and lessees were required to recognize for all leases, with the exception of short-term leases, a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis.  Concurrently, lessees are required to recognize a right-of- use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term.  The guidance has been adopted effective January 1, 2019, and we expect to reflect approximately an $6 million right-of-use asset, after-tax, and $6 million lease liability, after-tax, on our March 31, 2019 consolidated balance sheets for our leases in existence as of that date. All of the Company's leases were classified as operating leases and we elected the practical expedient, therefore no adjustment to comparative prior periods presented will be made.  There will be no significant difference in our pattern of lease expense recognition on our consolidated statements of operations, under this ASU. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the measurement of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The update requires entities to record allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount, as currently performed under the other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") model. The update also require enhanced disclosures for financial assets measured at amortized cost and available-for-sale debt securities to help the financial statement users better understand significant judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an entity’s portfolio. The update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the early stage of evaluating the impact that the update will have on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in Accounting Standards Codification 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to defer and recognize as an asset. The update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the early stage of evaluating the impact that the update will have on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. -56- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 3. FAIR VALUE Fair Value Disclosures of Financial Instruments The Company accounts for financial instruments at fair value or the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are generally based upon observable and unobservable inputs.  Observable inputs are based on market data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information.  All assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories: • • • Level 1 — Quoted market prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets is defined as a market where transactions for the financial statement occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis, or observable inputs. Level 2 — Quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities and valuations, using models or other valuation techniques using observable market data.  Significant other observable that can be corroborated by observable market data; and Level 3 — Instruments that use non-binding broker quotes or model driven valuations that do not have observable market data or those that are estimated based on an ownership interest to which a proportionate share of net assets is attributed. If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. The Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level of the fair value hierarchy of inputs used consisted of the following:    Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2018 (In thousands) Debt securities - available-for-sale, at fair value: United States government obligations and authorities $ 43,918 $ 83,950 $ — $ Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate securities International securities Debt securities, at fair value  Equity securities, at fair value Total investments, at fair value     Debt securities - available-for-sale, at fair value: United States government obligations and authorities Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate securities International securities Debt securities, at fair value  Equity securities, at fair value  — — — 43,918 9,767 268,731 22,275 384,723 16,037 1,721 — — — — — 127,868 9,767 268,731 22,275 428,641 17,758 $ $ 59,955 $ 386,444 $ — $ 446,399 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2017 (In thousands) 51,219 $ 46,918 $ — $ — — — 51,219 15,434 66,266 240,919 17,916 372,019 — — — — — — 98,137 66,266 240,919 17,916 423,238 15,434 Total investments, at fair value $ 66,653 $ 372,019 $ — $ 438,672 -57- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Held-to-maturity debt securities reported on the consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost and disclosed at fair value below (and in Note 4) and the level of fair value hierarchy of inputs used consisted of the following:   December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 3,809 $ 3,936 (In thousands) 1,155 $ 1,338 — $ — 4,964 5,274 We measure the fair value of our securities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security.  The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the security, and we consistently apply the valuation methodology to measure the security’s fair value.  Our fair value measurement is based on a market approach that utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities.  We review the third party pricing methodologies on a quarterly basis and validate the fair value prices to a separate independent data service and ensure there are no material differences. Additionally, market indicators, industry and economic events are monitored.   A summary of the significant valuation techniques and market inputs for each financial instrument carried at fair value includes the following: • • • • United States Government Obligations and Authorities: In determining the fair value for United States government securities in Level 1, the Company uses quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical or similar assets. In determining the fair value for United States government securities in Level 2, the Company uses the market approach utilizing primary valuation inputs including reported trades, dealer quotes for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, benchmark yields, credit spreads, reference data and industry and economic events. Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions: In determining the fair value for state and municipal securities, the Company uses the market approach utilizing primary valuation inputs including reported trades, dealer quotes for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, benchmark yields, credit spreads, reference data and industry and economic events. Corporate and International Securities: In determining the fair value for corporate securities the Company uses the market approach utilizing primary valuation inputs including reported trades, dealer quotes for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, benchmark yields, credit spreads (for investment grade securities), observations of equity and credit default swap curves (for high-yield corporates), reference data and industry and economic events. Equity Securities: In determining the fair value for equity securities in Level 1, the Company uses quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical or similar assets. In determining the fair value for equity securities in Level 2, the Company uses the market approach utilizing primary valuation inputs including reported trades, dealer quotes for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, benchmark yields, credit spreads, reference data and industry and economic events. We did not have securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, therefore we did not use unobservable inputs to measure fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.  Additionally, we did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2018 or 2017, and we noted no significant changes in our valuation methodologies between those periods. The Company is not aware of any events or circumstances that would have a significant adverse effect on the carrying value of its assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. There were no transfers between the fair value hierarchy levels during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. -58- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 4. INVESTMENTS Unrealized Gains and Losses The difference between amortized cost or cost and estimated fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses, by major investment category, consisted of the following: ໿     December 31, 2018 Debt securities - available-for-sale: United States government obligations and authorities Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate International Debt securities - held-to-maturity: United States government obligations and authorities Corporate International Total investments, excluding equity securities (1) Amortized Cost or Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Fair Value $ $ 127,928 9,870 273,192 22,674 433,664 4,085 986 55 5,126 438,790 $ $ 1,091 27 510 12 1,640 1 2 — 3 1,643 $ $ 1,151 130 4,971 411 6,663 158 6 1 165 6,828 $ $ 127,868 9,767 268,731 22,275 428,641 3,928 982 54 4,964 433,605 (1) As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 (see additional details in Note 2 above) for our equity securities we now recongnize changes in unrealized gains or losses within our statements of operations; therefore they are not included as of December 31, 2018.     December 31, 2017 Debt securities - available-for-sale: United States government obligations and authorities Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate International   Debt securities - held-to-maturity: United States government obligations and authorities Corporate International Equity securities Total investments Amortized Cost or Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Fair Value 98,739 66,319 239,435 17,807 422,300 4,160 1,123 66 5,349 14,085 441,734 $ $ $ 244 325 2,233 136 2,938 9 21 1 31 1,628 4,597 $ $ $ 846 378 749 27 2,000 106 — — 106 279 2,385 $ $ $ 98,137 66,266 240,919 17,916 423,238 4,063 1,144 67 5,274 15,434 443,946 $ $ $ -59-   FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Net Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses The Company calculates the gain or loss realized on the sale of investments by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or amortized cost of the security sold. Net realized gains and losses on investments are determined in accordance with the specific identification method. Net realized and unrealized gains (losses), by major investment category, consisted of the following: ໿    Gross realized and unrealized gains: Debt securities Equity securities Total gross realized and unrealized gains  Gross realized and unrealized losses: Debt securities Equity securities Total gross realized and unrealized losses Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ 423 $ 1,814 $ 2,374 2,797 (3,990) (2,951) (6,941) 9,944 11,758 (1,671) (1,539) (3,210) Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments $ (4,144) $ 8,548 $ 3,208 4,264 7,472 (1,614) (2,813) (4,427) 3,045 The above line item, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, includes $(1.2) million of net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities for the year ended December 31, 2018. Contractual Maturity Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or pre-pay obligations. Amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities, by contractual maturity, consisted of the following:    Securities with Maturity Dates Debt securities, available-for-sale: One year or less Over one through five years Over five through ten years Over ten years  Debt securities, held-to-maturity: One year or less Over one through five years Over five through ten years  Total December 31, 2018 Amortized Cost Fair Value (In thousands) $ 20,349 $ 194,166 216,543 2,606 433,664 650 4,088 388 5,126 20,285 192,491 213,427 2,438 428,641 650 3,935 379 4,964 $ 438,790 $ 433,605 -60- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Net Investment Income Net investment income consisted of the following: ໿    Interest income Dividends income Net investment income Aging of Gross Unrealized Losses $ $ 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 (In thousands) 9,776 478 10,254 $ $ $ $ 12,253 207 12,460 2016 7,920 1,143 9,063 Gross unrealized losses and related fair values for debt securities (and equity securities as of December 31, 2017), grouped by duration of time in a continuous unrealized loss position, consisted of the following:     December 31, 2018 Debt securities - available-for-sale: United States government obligations and authorities Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate International Debt securities, held-to-maturity: United States government obligations and authorities Corporate International Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses $ 22,673 $ 246 $ 29,727 $ 3,254 160,361 15,608 201,896 229 591 54 874 18 3,058 217 3,539 1 6 1 8 4,786 53,232 4,678 92,423 3,113 90 — 3,203 905 112 1,913 194 3,124 157 — — 157 $ 52,400 $ 8,040 213,593 20,286 294,319 3,342 681 54 4,077 1,151 130 4,971 411 6,663 158 6 1 165 $ 202,770 $ 3,547 $ 95,626 $ 3,281 $ 298,396 $ 6,828 -61-     December 31, 2017 Debt securities - available-for-sale: United States government obligations and authorities Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate International Debt securities, held-to-maturity: United States government obligations and authorities Corporate Equity securities FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses $ 52,368 $ 32,030 109,780 8,935 203,113 523 211 734 4,312 517 221 625 27 1,390 4 — 4 279 $ 19,287 $ 5,676 6,452 25 31,440 2,730 — 2,730 — 329 157 124 — 610 102 — 102 — $ 71,655 $ 37,706 116,232 8,960 234,553 3,253 211 3,464 4,312 846 378 749 27 2,000 106 — 106 279 $ 208,159 $ 1,673 $ 34,170 $ 712 $ 242,329 $ 2,385 As of December 31, 2018, the Company held a total of 1,222 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 371 securities were in an unrealized loss position continuously for 12 months or more. As of December 31, 2017, the Company held a total of 804 debt and equity securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 81 securities were in an unrealized loss position continuously for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses associated with these securities consisted primarily of losses related to corporate securities. The Company holds some of its debt securities as available-for-sale and as such, these securities are recorded at fair value. The Company continually monitors the difference between cost and the estimated fair value of its investments, which involves uncertainty as to whether declines in value are temporary in nature. If the decline of a particular investment is deemed temporary, the Company records the decline as an unrealized loss in shareholders’ equity. If the decline is deemed to be other than temporary, the Company will write the security’s cost-basis or amortized cost-basis down to the fair value of the investment and recognizes an OTTI loss in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. Additionally, any portion of such decline related to debt securities that is believed to arise from factors other than credit will be recorded as a component of other comprehensive income rather than charged against income. As discussed in Note 2 above, beginning January 1, 2018, the Company’s equity investments are measured at fair value through net income. Prior to January 1, 2018, the Company’s assessment of equity securities initially involved an evaluation of all securities that are in an unrealized loss position, regardless of the duration or severity of the loss, as of the applicable balance sheet date. Such initial review consisted primarily of assessing whether: (i) there had been a negative credit or news event with respect to the issuer that could indicate the existence of an OTTI; and (ii) the Company had the ability and intent to hold an equity security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery (generally considered to be one year from the balance sheet date). To the extent that an equity security in an unrealized loss position is not impaired based on the initial review described previously, the Company then evaluates such equity security by considering qualitative and quantitative factors. These factors include but are not limited to facts and circumstances specific to individual securities, asset classes, the financial condition of the issuer, changes in dividend payment, the length of time fair value had been less than cost, the severity of the decline in fair value below cost, industry outlook and the Company’s ability and intent to hold each position until its forecasted recovery. The determination that unrealized losses on such securities were other-than-temporary was primarily based on the duration of the decline in the fair value of such securities relative to their cost as of the balance sheet date. OTTI losses were $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  -62- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Collateral Deposits Cash and cash equivalents and investments, the majority of which are debt securities, with fair values of $10.3 million and $12.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were deposited with governmental authorities and into custodial bank accounts as required by law or contractual obligations. 5. REINSURANCE Overview Reinsurance is used to mitigate the exposure to losses, manage capacity and protect capital resources. The Company reinsures (cedes) a portion of written premiums on an excess of loss or a quota-share basis in order to limit the Company’s loss exposure. To the extent that reinsuring companies are unable to meet their obligations assumed under these reinsurance agreements, the Company remains primarily liable to its policyholders. The Company is selective in choosing reinsurers and consider numerous factors, the most important of which is the financial stability of the reinsurer or capital specifically pledged to uphold the contract, its history of responding to claims and its overall reputation.  In an effort to minimize the Company’s exposure to the insolvency of a reinsurer, the Company evaluates the acceptability and review the financial condition of the reinsurer at least annually with the assistance of the Company’s reinsurance broker. Significant Reinsurance Contracts 2017-2018 Excess of Loss Reinsurance Programs FNIC’s 2017-2018 reinsurance programs, which cost $174.4 million, included $124.0 million for the private reinsurance for FNIC’s Florida exposure, with prepaid automatic premium reinstatement protection on all layers, along with approximately $50.4 million payable to the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”). The combination of private and FHCF reinsurance treaties affords FNIC with $2.2 billion of aggregate coverage with a maximum single event coverage totaling approximately $1.5 billion, exclusive of retentions. FNIC maintained its FHCF participation at 75% for the 2017 hurricane season. FNIC’s single event pre-tax retention for a catastrophic event in Florida was $18.0 million. FNIC’s private market excess of loss treaties, covering both Florida and non-Florida exposures, became effective June 1, 2017 and July 1, 2017. All private layers have prepaid automatic reinstatement protection, except the FHCF supplemental layer reinsurance contract, which afforded FNIC additional coverage for subsequent events. The reinsurance program included multiple year protection with $89.0 million of new multiple year protection this year and $156.0 million of renewed multiple year protection from last year. These private market excess of loss treaties structure coverage into layers, with a cascading feature such that substantially all layers attached after $25.1 million in losses for FNIC’s exposure. FNIC purchased an underlying limit of protection for $7.1 million excess of $18.0 million with prepaid automatic reinstatement protection. These treaties are with reinsurers that had an A.M. Best Company (“A.M. Best”) or Standard & Poor’s rating of “A-” or better, or have fully collateralized their maximum potential obligations in dedicated trusts. FNIC’s non-Florida excess of loss reinsurance treaties affords us up to an additional $21.0 million of aggregate coverage with first event coverage totaling $5.0 million and second event coverage up to $16.0 million. The Non-Florida retention is lowered to $13.0 million for the first event and $2.0 million for the second event (for hurricane losses only) on a gross basis though it is reduced to $6.5 million and $1.0 million on a net basis after taking into account the profit share agreement that FNIC has with our non-affiliated managing general underwriter that writes our Non-Florida property business. FNIC’s Non-Florida reinsurance program cost included $1.7 million for this private reinsurance, including prepaid automatic premium reinstatement protection. MNIC’s 2017-2018 reinsurance program, which cost $5.0 million, including $3.2 million for the private reinsurance for MNIC’s Florida exposure including prepaid automatic premium reinstatement protection on all layers, along with $1.8 million payable to FHCF. The combination of private and FHCF reinsurance treaties affords MNIC with $109.0 million of aggregate coverage with a maximum single event coverage totaling approximately $68.1 million, exclusive of retentions. MNIC maintained its FHCF participation at 75% for the 2017 hurricane season. MNIC’s private market excess of loss treaties became effective July 1, 2017, and all private layers have prepaid automatic reinstatement protection, which affords MNIC additional coverage for subsequent events, and have a cascading feature such that substantially all layers attach at $3.4 million for MNIC’s Florida exposure. These treaties are with reinsurers that had an A.M. Best or Standard & Poor’s rating of “A-” or better, or have fully collateralized their maximum potential obligations in dedicated trusts. -63- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 2018-2019 Excess of Loss Reinsurance Programs With the February 21, 2018 acquisition of the minority interests of MNIC, the Company has combined both FNIC and MNIC under a single program allowing the Company to capitalize on efficiencies and scale. FNIC and MNIC’s combined 2018-2019 reinsurance programs is estimated to cost $148.8 million. This amount includes approximately $102.7 million for the private reinsurance for the Company’s exposure, including prepaid automatic premium reinstatement protection, along with approximately $46.1 million payable to the FHCF. The combination of private and FHCF reinsurance treaties affords FNIC and MNIC approximately $1.8 billion of aggregate coverage with a maximum single event coverage totaling approximately $1.3 billion, exclusive of retentions. Both FNIC and MNIC maintained their FHCF participation at 75% for the 2018 hurricane season. FNIC’s single event pre-tax retention for a catastrophic event in Florida is $20.0 million, up slightly from the 2017-2018 reinsurance program and MNIC’s single event pre-tax retention for a catastrophic event is $3.0 million, down slightly from the 2017-2018 reinsurance program. The combined FNIC and MNIC private market excess of loss treaties, covering both Florida and non-Florida exposures, became effective July 1, 2018 and all private layers have prepaid automatic reinstatement protection, which affords the Company additional coverage for subsequent events. These private market excess of loss treaties structure coverage into layers, with a cascading feature such that substantially all layers attach after $20.0 million in losses for FNIC and after $3.0 million in losses for MNIC. If the aggregate limit of the preceding layer is exhausted, the next layer drops down (cascades) in its place. Additionally, any unused layer protection drops down for subsequent events until exhausted. Given current market conditions, FNIC has elected not to purchase any multiple year protection and terminated the second year of the $89.0 million of multiple year protection that FNIC purchased last year on a two-year basis. FNIC also had $156.0 million of multiple year protection that expired on June 30, 2018. The overall reinsurance programs are with reinsurers that currently have an A.M. Best or Standard & Poor’s rating of “A-” or better, or have fully collateralized their maximum potential obligations in dedicated trusts. FNIC’s non-Florida excess of loss reinsurance treaties afford us an additional $23.0 million of aggregate coverage with first event coverage totaling $5.0 million and second event coverage totaling $18.0 million, with the incremental $13.0 million of second event coverage applying to hurricane losses only. The end result is a non-Florida retention of $15.0 million for the first event and $2.0 million for the second event though these retentions are reduced to $7.5 million and $1.0 million after taking into account the profit sharing agreement that FNIC has with the nonaffiliated managing general underwriter that writes our non-Florida property business. FNIC’s non-Florida reinsurance program cost will approximate $2.0 million for this private reinsurance, including prepaid automatic premium reinstatement protection. The Company’s cost and amounts of reinsurance are based on management’s current analysis of exposure to catastrophic risk. The data will be subjected to exposure level analysis at various dates during the period ending December 31, 2018. This analysis of the Company’s exposure level in relation to the total exposures to the FHCF and excess of loss treaties may produce changes in retentions, limits and reinsurance premiums as a result of increases or decreases in the Company’s exposure level. Quota-Share Reinsurance Programs FNIC's reinsurance programs also include quota-share treaties. One such treaty for 30% became effective July 1, 2014, and another for 10% became effective on July 1, 2015 with each running for two years. The combined treaties provided up to a 40% quota-share reinsurance on covered losses for the homeowners’ property and liability insurance program in Florida. The treaties were accounted for as retrospectively rated contracts whereby the estimated ultimate premium or commission is recognized over the period of the contracts. On July 1, 2016, the 30% quota-share treaty expired on a cut-off basis, which means as of that date the Company retained an incremental 30% of its unearned premiums and losses. On July 1, 2017, the 10% quota-share treaty expired on a cut-off basis, which means as of that date we retained an incremental 10% of the underlying unearned premiums and losses. The reinsurers remain liable for  the paid losses occurring during the terms of the treaties, until each treaty is commuted. On July 1, 2017, FNIC bound a new 10% quota-share on its Florida homeowners book of business, which excluded named storms. This treaty is not subject to accounting as a retrospectively rated contract. This treaty expired on July 1, 2018 on a cut-off basis, meaning that the reinsurer will not be liable (under this agreement) for losses as a result of occurrences taking place after the date of termination, and the unearned premium previously ceded will be returned to FNIC. FNIC’s quota-share reinsurance program for 2018-2019, is a new treaty on FNIC’s Florida homeowners book of business, which became effective on July 1, 2018 on an in-force, new and renewal basis, excluding named storms and was initially set at 2%. In addition, this quota-share allows FNIC the flexibility to prospectively increase or decrease the cession percentage up to three times during the term of -64- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 the agreement. Effective October 1, 2018, FNIC elected to increase the cession percentage from 2% to 10% on an in-force, new and renewal basis. The Company’s private passenger automobile quota-share treaties are typically programs which become effective at different points in the year and cover auto policies across several states. The automobile quota-share treaties cede approximately 75% of all written premiums entered into by the Company, subject to certain limitations including, but not limited to premium and other caps. Associated Trust Agreements Certain reinsurance agreements require FNIC and MNIC to secure the credit, regulatory and business risk. Fully funded trust agreements securing these risks for FNIC totaled less than $0.1 million and $2.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Reinsurance Recoverable, Net Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are recognized in a manner consistent with the claims liabilities associated with the reinsurance placement and presented on the consolidated balance sheet as reinsurance recoverables. Reinsurance recoverable, net consisted of the following:    Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses Reinsurance recoverable, net $ $ December 31, 2018 2017 $ (In thousands) 45,028 166,396 211,424 $ 26,256 98,345 124,601 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had reinsurance recoverables of $183.5 million (as a result of Hurricane Michael and Irma) and $88.0 million (as a result of Hurricane Irma), respectively. Hurricane Michael made landfall in the Florida Panhandle as a Category 4 Hurricane on October 10, 2018. All reinsurers in our excess-of-loss reinsurance programs have an A.M. Best or Standard & Poor’s rating of “A-“ or better, or have fully collateralized their maximum potential obligations in dedicated trusts. Net Premiums Written and Net Premiums Earned Net premiums written and net premiums earned consisted of the following: ໿    Net Premiums Written Direct Ceded  Net Premiums Earned Direct Ceded  2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 (In thousands) 2016 $ $ $ $ 567,764 (202,732) 365,032 580,020 (224,763) 355,257 $ $ $ $ 603,417 (260,524) 342,893 603,193 (269,712) 333,481 $ $ $ $ 605,485 (285,986) 319,499 565,423 (304,054) 261,369 -65- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 6. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT RESERVES The liability for loss and LAE reserves is determined on an individual-case basis for all claims reported. The liability also includes amounts for unallocated expenses, anticipated future claim development and IBNR. Activity in the liability for loss and LAE reserves is summarized as follows: ໿ ໿    Gross reserves, beginning-of-period Less: reinsurance recoverable (1) Net reserves, beginning-of-period  Incurred loss, net of reinsurance, related to: Current year Prior year loss development (2) Ceded losses subject to offsetting experience account adjustments (3) Prior years Total incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance  Paid loss, net of reinsurance, related to: Current year Prior years Total paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance  Net reserves, end-of-period Plus: reinsurance recoverable (1) Gross reserves, end-of-period $ $ 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 (In thousands) 158,110 (40,412) 117,698 $ $ 230,515 (98,345) 132,170 231,133 2,166 (4,883) (2,717) 228,416 155,462 75,290 230,752 245,545 13,926 (11,914) 2,012 247,557 160,945 72,140 233,085 129,834 166,396 296,230 $ 132,170 98,345 230,515 $ 2016 97,706 (7,496) 90,210 201,704 13,156 (17,050) (3,894) 197,810 123,364 46,958 170,322 117,698 40,412 158,110 (1) Reinsurance recoverable in this table includes only ceded loss and LAE reserves. (2) Reflects loss development from prior accident years impacting pre-tax net income. Excludes losses ceded under retrospective reinsurance treaties to the extent there is an offsetting experience account adjustment. (3) Reflects losses ceded under retrospective reinsurance treaties to the extent there is an offsetting experience account adjustment, such that there is no impact on pre-tax net income (loss). The establishment of loss reserves is an inherently uncertain process and changes in loss reserve estimates are expected as such estimates are subject to the outcome of future events. The factors influencing changes in claim costs are often difficult to isolate or quantify and developments in paid and incurred losses from historical trends are frequently subject to multiple interpretations. Changes in estimates, or differences between estimates and amounts ultimately paid, are reflected in the operating results of the period during which such adjustments are made. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company experienced $2.2 million of unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development on prior accident years in its personal automobile and commercial general liability lines of businesses, partially offset by redundancy in the homeowners line of business as a result of lower LAE expenses primarily associated with Hurricane Irma. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company experienced $13.9 million of unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development on prior accident years primarily in our personal automobile and homeowners line of business. The automobile’s unfavorable development primarily related to the 2016 accident year from our auto program in the state of Georgia. The homeowners unfavorable development primarily related to the continued impact from assignment of benefits ("AOB") and related ligation costs in the state of Florida. As previously disclosed, the Company entered into 30% and 10% retrospectively-rated Florida-only property quota-share treaties, which ended on July 1, 2016 and 2017, respectively. These agreements included a profit share (experience account) provision, under which the -66- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Company will receive ceded premium adjustments at the end of the treaty to the extent there is a positive balance in the experience account.  This experience account is based on paid losses rather than incurred losses.  Due to the retrospectively-rated nature of this treaty, when the experience account is positive we cede losses under these treaties as the claims are paid with an equal and offsetting adjustment to ceded premiums (in recognition of the related change to the experience account receivable), with no impact on net income.  Conversely, when the experience account is negative, the Company cedes losses on an incurred basis with no offsetting adjustment to ceded premiums, which impacts net income. Loss development can be either favorable or unfavorable regardless of whether the experience account is in a positive or negative position. Beginning in 2017, for purposes of the total incurred loss, net of reinsurance line within this disclosure, the Company has classified paid losses related to these retrospectively rated quota-share treaties which were ceded during the indicated year but relating to a prior accident year in a separate line. The related amounts in the previous year have been adjusted to conform to this presentation. Prior to 2017, these amounts were included in the current year incurred line item in the table above. Total amounts of incurred losses presented for 2016 remain unchanged. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company experienced unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development on prior accident years primarily in its all other peril homeowners coverage in Florida. In the first half of 2016, the Company began to experience a new and higher level of AOB claims both in frequency and severity in our homeowners business in Florida, which caused adverse experience on the loss activity in accident years 2015 and 2016. This increased level of AOB claims was the significant driver in the Company’s decision to increase the Company’s 2015 accident year reserves related to the Company’s homeowners Florida policies. AOB is a legal construct that allows a third party to step into the shoes of the insured and is then paid directly by an insurance company for services rendered on behalf of the insured for a covered loss. Absent an AOB, the insured would pay the third party and those costs would be reimbursed by the insurance company to the insured. AOB is commonly used when a homeowner experiences a water loss, for example a leaky pipe, an overflow from a sink, or a damaged appliance, and contacts a contractor or water remediation company. Misuse of this legal construct has led to contractors over inflating costs of claims and/or submitting improper claims, causing insurance companies to have to either pay the overinflated claim, fight the claim in court, or both. In all cases, AOB claims cost the insurance company, on average, more than five times the cost to settle non-AOB claims, which has been a primary driver the increase to our overall loss and loss adjustment in comparison to historical severity averages. Although the concept of AOB had been around for several years prior to 2016, the Company had a relatively low level of AOB claims in the accident years prior to 2016 and the related adverse impact of AOB claims had a marginal impact on the Company’s overall loss experience. Given the nature of AOB claims, it is difficult to identify the number of outstanding or expected AOB claims as the third parties may not step into the shoes of the insured or may not identify itself to the Company until later on in the claim processing cycle. This delay in identifying AOB claims creates a challenge in estimating the Company’s loss reserves, as capturing the incremental costs to settle AOB claims as part of the Company’s calculation of estimated loss reserves at the end of the year. Accordingly, the challenge described above together with the change in the Company’s historical trend on AOB claims were the main drivers of the prior year development in 2016. -67- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 The following tables provide incurred losses and ALAE and cumulative paid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance, for the prior 10 accident years, and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims and the cumulative number of reported claims (in thousands, except number of reported claims), as of the most recent reporting period, by the Company’s significant lines of business, which are homeowners, commercial general liability and automobile.     Homeowners Incurred Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, (Unaudited) IBNR & Expected Cumulative Development on Number of Reported Claims Reported Claims (1) Accident Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018 2018 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018  $ 26,228 $ 25,618 $ 25,955 $ 26,482 $ 27,015 $ 27,041 $ 27,119 $ 27,163 $ 27,173 $ 27,159 $ 141 $ 24,825 25,056 20,492 26,151 21,344 23,032 27,895 23,007 23,301 43,807 28,968 23,932 24,186 42,021 64,312 29,407 24,582 24,468 35,834 63,300 99,497 29,945 25,957 25,889 35,859 61,770 92,411 171,264 30,459 26,143 26,356 37,185 62,206 95,129 162,043 202,844 30,602 26,394 26,836 37,880 61,817 94,760 158,764 192,769 210,158 Total $ 867,139 30 25 38 139 636 2,232 11,832 62,363 91,887 2,334 2,391 2,428 2,691 3,427 7,621 13,137 23,982 62,200 28,532 (1) The cumulative number of reported claims is measured by individual claimant at a coverage level. -68-     FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Homeowners Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, (Unaudited) Accident Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018   $ 15,047 $ 23,095 $ 24,657 $ 26,007 $ 26,462 $ 26,831 $ 26,927 $ 26,982 $ 27,049 $ 14,052 21,350 11,119 24,730 19,250 13,693 26,886 21,323 20,728 19,986 27,984 22,723 23,120 31,606 37,033 29,092 24,047 23,923 33,867 53,831 52,214 29,739 25,580 25,186 35,123 57,891 79,359 102,556 30,376 25,982 26,113 35,803 59,722 86,647 142,716 135,589 $   27,015 30,449 26,287 26,777 37,473 60,555 90,415 148,274 176,580 141,173 764,998 All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims and ALAE prior to 2009, net of reinsurance 138 Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 102,279 The following table provides supplementary information about the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance, for homeowners policies, as of December 31, 2018:    Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Average Annual Payout of Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Homeowners 57.8% 23.5% 5.7% 3.8% 2.5% 3.5% 1.5% 1.1% 0.2% — % -69-     FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Commercial General Liability Incurred Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, (Unaudited) IBNR & Expected Cumulative Development on Number of Reported Claims Reported Claims Accident Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018 2018 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018     $ 13,297 $ 12,397 $ 12,220 $ 11,943 $ 9,270 $ 10,192 $ 10,466 $ 11,081 $ 11,621 $ 12,872 $ 8,552 7,582 6,436 7,474 5,854 5,279 7,045 4,749 4,952 7,095 7,535 4,603 4,801 5,069 7,475 7,597 4,760 4,700 5,221 7,709 8,082 7,645 5,409 4,658 5,502 6,384 7,008 10,727 7,809 6,254 4,346 5,704 6,620 6,020 5,809 8,289 8,252 6,828 4,509 5,580 6,348 5,377 6,561 7,853 6,553 Total $ 70,733 $ 5 72 63 121 219 161 215 402 4,634 5,254 988 691 1,058 538 573 673 713 695 530 313 Commercial General Liability Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, (Unaudited) Accident Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018   $ 2,253 $ 4,236 $ 6,466 $ 7,384 $ 8,046 $ 8,593 $ 10,130 $ 10,454 $ 11,308 $ 12,377 1,187 2,279 764 3,855 2,763 871 5,553 3,366 1,714 882 6,363 3,673 2,632 2,233 717 7,238 4,246 3,342 3,366 2,593 798 7,382 4,866 3,686 3,867 3,855 2,296 1,515 7,631 5,831 3,841 4,606 4,375 3,249 3,657 1,592 7,918 6,349 4,098 5,033 5,130 3,827 5,088 2,478 963 Total $ 53,261 All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims and ALAE prior to 2009, net of reinsurance Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 1,416 18,888 -70- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 The following table provides supplementary information about the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance, for commercial general liability policies, as of December 31, 2018:    Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Average Annual Payout of Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Commercial general liability 14.1% 18.5% 18.5% 9.1% 7.6% 6.0% 7.7% 3.4% 4.7% 9.6%     Automobile Incurred Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, (Unaudited) IBNR & Expected Cumulative Development on Number of Reported Claims Reported Claims Accident Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018 2018 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018  $ 272 $ 267 $ 259 $ 264 $ 258 $ 243 $ 243 $ 243 $ 243 $ 242 $ — $ 2,823 2,963 3,580 3,111 3,350 1,735 3,088 2,954 1,741 1,517 3,044 2,912 1,717 1,863 2,038 3,035 2,762 1,424 1,826 3,213 3,045 3,059 2,848 1,455 1,829 3,551 2,882 13,414 3,041 2,796 1,491 2,161 4,315 2,781 20,205 20,411 3,042 2,756 1,448 2,123 4,379 2,878 24,346 22,472 3,513 Total $ 67,199 — — 2 9 14 62 482 2,222 2,230 57 969 789 822 3,468 6,006 6,498 45,423 31,169 6,241 -71-     FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Automobile Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, (Unaudited) Accident Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018   $ 61 $ 218 $ 220 $ 225 $ 241 $ 243 $ 243 $ 243 $ 243 $ 1,713 2,482 1,417 2,715 2,381 867 2,863 2,562 1,293 907 2,942 2,644 1,333 1,609 1,455 2,978 2,726 1,384 1,906 3,120 1,393 2,984 2,755 1,393 2,069 3,678 2,293 8,084 3,035 2,755 1,430 2,109 4,122 2,670 17,258 12,821 Total $ 242 3,037 2,755 1,444 2,112 4,291 2,807 23,053 20,762 2,331 62,834 All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims and ALAE prior to 2009, net of reinsurance 9 Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 4,374 The following table provides supplementary information about the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance, for automobile policies, as of December 31, 2018:    Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Average Annual Payout of Losses and ALAE, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Automobile 41.7% 32.2% 16.4% 5.5% 2.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.5% — % —% -72- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE in the consolidated balance sheets is as follows:   Liabilities for unpaid losses and ALAE: Homeowners Commercial general liability Automobile Flood Total liabilities for unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance Reinsurance recoverables: Homeowners Commercial general liability Automobile Flood Total reinsurance recoverables Unallocated loss adjustment expenses Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ 102,279 $ 18,888 4,374 — 125,541 158,043 — 8,275 78 166,396 4,293 $ 296,230 $ 99,650 17,111 11,030 — 127,791 81,852 — 15,360 1,133 98,345 4,379 230,515 Management establishes a liability on an aggregate basis to provide for the estimated IBNR.   The estimates of the liability for loss and LAE reserves are subject to the effect of trends in claims severity and frequency and are continually reviewed. As part of this process, we review historical data and consider various factors, including known and anticipated legal developments, inflation and economic conditions. As experience develops and other data become available, these estimates are revised, as required, resulting in increases or decreases to the existing liability for loss and LAE reserves. Adjustments are reflected in results of operations in the period in which they are made and the liabilities may deviate substantially from prior estimates. Various actuarial methods are utilized to determine the reserves that are booked to our financial statements. Weightings of tests and methods at a detailed level may change from evaluation to evaluation based on a number of observations, measures and time elements. On an overall basis, changes to methods and/or assumptions underlying reserve estimations and selections as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, were not considered material. IBNR reserves are established for the quarter and year-end based on a quarterly reserve analysis by our actuarial staff. Various standard actuarial tests are applied to subsets of the business at a line of business and coverage basis. Included in the analyses are the following: • • • • Reported Loss Development Method: A reported loss development pattern is calculated based on historical loss development data, and this pattern is then used to project the latest evaluation of cumulative reported losses for each accident year or underwriting year, as appropriate, to ultimate levels; Paid Development Method: A paid loss development pattern is calculated based on historical paid loss development data, and this pattern is then used to project the latest evaluation of cumulative paid losses for each accident year or underwriting year, as appropriate, to ultimate levels; Expected Loss Ratio Method: Expected loss ratios are applied to premiums earned, based on historical company experience, or historical insurance industry results when company experience is deemed not to be sufficient; and Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method: The results from the Expected Loss Ratio Method are essentially blended with either the Reported Loss Development Method or the Paid Development Method. ໿ -73- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 7. LONG-TERM DEBT Long-term debt consisted of the following: Senior unsecured floating rate notes, due December 31, 2027, net of deferred financing costs of $348 and $377, respectively Senior unsecured fixed rate notes, due December 31, 2022, net of deferred financing costs of $248 and $302, respectively Debt from consolidated VIE, due March 17, 2021, net of deferred financing costs of $0 and $70, respectively Total long-term debt, net Senior Unsecured Notes December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ $ 24,652 $ 24,623 19,752 — 44,404 $ 19,698 4,930 49,251 On December 28, 2017, the Company completed a private offering and issued $25.0 million principal amount of Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), pursuant to an indenture dated as of December 28, 2017 (the “Indenture”), as supplemented by a supplemental indenture dated as of December 28, 2017 (“Supplemental Indenture No. 1”). The 2027 Notes bear interest, payable quarterly in arrears, at 7% above three-month LIBOR, on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing on March 31, 2018.  Principal will be payable in full at maturity on December 31, 2027.  The interest rate payable on the 2027 Notes will increase to 8% above the three-month LIBOR during the occurrence of certain events as defined in the Indenture (generally, non-compliance with certain covenants for more than 60 days, or the occurrence of an event of default).  The 2027 Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at a price in cash equal to 102% of the principal amount thereof, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, in the first two years after issuance, 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, in the third through fifth years after issuance, and at 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, after the fifth year after issuance. On December 29, 2017, the Company closed an additional tranche of $20.0 million of Senior Unsecured Fixed Rate Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”), pursuant to the Indenture, as supplemented by a supplemental indenture dated as of December 29, 2017 (“Supplemental Indenture No. 2”). The 2022 Notes bear interest payable quarterly in arrears at 8.375%, on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing on March 31, 2018.  The interest rate payable on the 2022 Notes will increase by an additional 50 basis points for each notch downgrade of the Company below “BBB” by Egan Jones Rating Company or successor rating agency.  Principal on the 2022 Notes will be payable in full at maturity on December 31, 2022.  The 2022 Notes may not be early-redeemed by the Company. If a change in control of the Company, as defined in the Indenture, occurs, the holders of the 2027 Notes and 2022 Notes will have the right to require the Company to purchase all or a portion of their notes at a price in cash equal to 102% of the principal amount thereof, plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The 2027 Notes and 2022 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and will rank equally with all of the Company’s other future senior unsecured indebtedness. The Indenture, as supplemented by Supplemental Indenture No. 1 and Supplemental Indenture No. 2, includes customary covenants and events of default.  Among other things, the covenants: (a) restrict the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness or make restricted payments under certain circumstances; (b) limit the Company and its subsidiaries from creating, incurring or assuming liens other than permitted liens as defined in the indenture; (c) require the Company to maintain certain levels of reinsurance coverage while the notes remain outstanding; and (d) maintain certain financial covenants. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company will be retiring the 2027 and 2022 Notes, in connection with the offering of $100 million of Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029, which bear interest at the annual rate of 7.5%. Refer to Note 17 below for additional information. -74- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Other Long-Term Debt As discussed in Note 1 above, the outstanding principal balance of $5.0 million promissory note to TransRe was paid in full in February 2018. The associated deferred financing costs for this debt of less than $0.1 million was recognized as interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s estimated annual aggregate amount of debt maturities includes the following: For the Years Ending December 31, 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total debt maturities Less: deferred financing costs Total debt maturities, net 8. INCOME TAXES Aggregate Debt Maturities (In thousands) $ — — — 20,000 — 25,000 45,000 596 44,404 $ The components of income tax expense include the following: ໿    Federal: Current Deferred Federal income tax expense (benefit) State: Current Deferred State income tax expense (benefit) Total income tax expense (benefit) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ 5,162 $ 2,431 $ (751) 4,411 1,383 (296) 1,087 810 3,241 494 (150) 344 $ 5,498 $ 3,585 $ 5,076 (4,714) 362 674 (494) 180 542 -75- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 The actual income tax expense differs from the “expected” income tax expense (computed by applying the combined applicable effective federal and state tax rates to income before income tax expense) as follows: ໿    Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) Computed expected tax expense provision, at federal rate $ 4,244 $ 3,124 $ State tax, net of federal tax benefit Tax-exempt interest Income subject to dividends-received deduction Return to provision Rate changes Executive compensation Meals and entertainment Other 761 (134) (13) 158 — 436 28 18 Total income tax expense (benefit) $ 5,498 $ 187 (429) (76) 329 297 185 76 (108) 3,585 $ 631 50 (571) (219) 145 — 382 130 (6) 542 Our effective income tax rate is the ratio of income tax expense (benefit) over our income (loss) before income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the effective income tax rate was 27.2%, 40.2% and 30.1%, respectively. Differences in the effective income tax from the statutory Federal income tax rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016, is driven by state income taxes and anticipated annual permanent differences, including estimates for tax-exempt interest, dividends received deduction, executive compensation and other items. The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. In connection with the Company’s analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, the Company recorded a discrete provisional net tax expense of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This estimated net expense primarily consists of the U.S. federal rate reduction from 35% to 21% applied to the net deferred tax asset. During 2018, the impact of the Tax Legislation was not adjusted from the Company's preliminary estimates. The accounting for income tax effects of the Tax Legislation has been completed. The Company does not have a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company recognizes income tax expense, including accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). A reconciliation of these uncertain tax positions was as follows:    Balance at January 1 Increases (decreases) for tax positions taken during the current year Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ $ 585 — 585 $ $ 585 — 585 $ $ 203 382 585 -76- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s net deferred income tax asset (liability) include the following: ໿    Deferred income tax assets: Unearned premiums Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses Accrued expenses Net operating loss carryforwards Deferred revenue Share-based compensation Unrealized gains on investment securities Other Total deferred income tax assets Deferred income tax liabilities: Deferred acquisition costs Depreciation and amortization Unrealized gains on investment securities Other Total deferred income tax liabilities $ Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ 9,977 958 832 1,714 236 255 1,254 21 15,247 (11,198) (577) — (273) (12,048) 9,543 1,050 689 1,567 — 255 — 123 13,227 (11,742) (548) (600) (30) (12,920) Deferred income tax asset (liability), net $ 3,199 $ 307 The Company files a federal income tax return and various state and local tax returns. The Company’s consolidated federal and state income tax returns for 2015 - 2017 are open for review by the Internal Revenue Service and other state taxing authorities. 9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Litigation and Legal Proceedings In the ordinary course of business, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings, specifically claims litigation.  The Company’s insurance subsidiaries participate in most of these proceedings by either defending third-party claims brought against insureds or litigating first-party coverage claims.  The Company accounts for such activity through the establishment of loss and LAE reserves.  The Company’s management believes that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense, is immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.  The Company is also occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which may assert claims for substantial amounts, making the Company party to individual actions in which extra contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, such as claims alleging bad faith in the handling of insurance claims, are sought. The Company reviews the outstanding matters, if any, on a quarterly basis.  The Company accrues for estimated losses and contingent obligations in the consolidated financial statements if and when the obligation or potential loss from any litigation, legal proceeding or claim is considered probable and the amount of the potential exposure is reasonably estimable.  The Company records such probable and estimable losses, through the establishment of legal expense reserves.  As events evolve, facts concerning litigation and contingencies become known and as additional information becomes available, the Company’s management reassesses its potential liabilities related to pending claims and litigation and may revise its previous estimates and make appropriate adjustment to the financial statements. Estimates that require judgment are subject to change and are based on management’s assessment, including the advice of legal counsel, the expected outcome of litigation and legal proceedings or other dispute resolution proceedings or the expected resolution of contingencies. The Company’s management believes that the Company’s accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. -77-             FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 The Company is a party to a Co-Existence Agreement effective as of August 30, 2013 (the “Co-Existence Agreement”) with Federated Mutual Insurance Company (“Mutual”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to certain restrictions on its use of the word “FEDERATED” without the word “NATIONAL” when referring to FNHC and FedNat Insurance Company.  In response to Mutual’s allegations that the Company’s use of the word “FED” as part of the Company’s federally registered “FEDNAT” trademark infringes on Mutual’s federal and common law trademark rights, which the Company disputed, on July 21, 2016, the Company filed a declaratory judgment action for non-infringement of trademark in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida.  Specifically, the Company sought a declaration that its federally registered trademark "FEDNAT" does not infringe any alleged trademark rights of Mutual and that Mutual does not own any trademark rights to the name or mark "FED" in connection with insurance services outside of Owatonna, Minnesota.  Mutual made a demand for arbitration in July 2016, and the district court referred the dispute to arbitration under the terms of the Co-Existence Agreement. On February 16, 2018, the arbitrator determined that the Company’s “FEDNAT” trademark does not infringe on Mutual’s trademarks and does not violate the Co-Existence Agreement. As a result, the Company has continued the process of re-branding the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to use the “FEDNAT” name. The arbitrator also required the Company to cease using the Federated National name within 90 days. FNHC has asserted that the artibtrator exceeded his authority by ordering a name change within 90 days. FNHC attempted, but was unable, to reach agreement with Mutual as to the timing of the name change ordered by the arbitrator. Therefore, two proceedings have been filed as a result. Mutual filed a petition to confirm the award in federal court in the District of Minnesota. The Company moved to dismiss that action on the bases that the Minnesota court does not have subject matter jurisdiction and may not exercise personal jurisdiction over FNHC. The Company also filed a motion to confirm the arbitration award in part and to vacate it in part in federal court in the Northern District of Illinois, which is where the arbitrator is located, to confirm that part of the award ruling that the Company’s “FEDNAT” trademark does not violate Mutual’s trademarks or the Co-Existence Agreement, and seeks to vacate that portion of the award that requires the Company to cease using the “Federated” in its name within 90 days on the basis that arbitrator exceeded his authority by requiring the Company to change its name in 90 days. The District Court in Minnesota affirmed the arbitration award, including the requirement for the name change in 90 days. FNHC has filed an appeal of the order to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit; the parties have completed briefing the appeal, and the Eighth Circuit has set oral argument for March 13, 2019. The Eighth Circuit will render a decision some time following oral argument. The District Court in the Northern District of Illinois has been asked to stay its proceedings pending the outcome of the Company’s appeal to the Eighth Circuit. There can be no assurances as to the ultimate outcome of this matter. Assessment Related Activity The Company operates in a regulatory environment where certain entities and organizations have the authority to require us to participate in assessments. Currently these entities and organizations include: Florida Insurance Guaranty Association (“FIGA”), Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (“Citizens”), FHCF, Florida Automobile Joint Underwriters Association (“JUA”), Georgia Insurers Insolvency Pool (“GIIP”), Special Insurance Fraud Fund (“SIIF”), Fair Access to Insurance Requirements Plan (“FAIRP”), Georgia Automobile Insurance Plan (“GAIP”), Property Insurance Association of Louisiana (“PIAL”), Louisiana Automobile Insurance Plan (“LAIP”), South Carolina Property & Casualty Insurance Guaranty Association (“SCPCIGA”), Texas Property and Casualty Insurance Guaranty Association (“TPCIGA”), Texas Windstorm Insurance Association (“TWIA”), Texas Automobile Insurance Plan Association (“TAIPA”), Alabama Insurance Guaranty Association (“AIGA”), and Alabama Insurance Underwriters Association (“AIUA”). As a direct premium writer in Florida, we are required to participate in certain insurer solvency associations under Florida law, administered by FIGA. FNIC is also required to participate in an insurance apportionment plan under Florida law, which is referred to as a JUA Plan. The JUA Plan provides for the equitable apportionment of any profits realized, or losses and expenses incurred, among participating automobile insurers. In the event of an underwriting deficit incurred by the JUA Plan, which is not recovered through the policyholders in the JUA Plan, such deficit shall be recovered from the companies participating in the JUA Plan in the proportion that the net direct written premiums of each such member during the preceding calendar year bear to the aggregate net direct premiums written in this state by all members of the JUA Plan. There were no material assessments by the JUA Plan as of December 31, 2018. Future assessments by the JUA and the JUA Plan are indeterminable at this time. -78- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Leases The Company is committed under various operating lease agreements for office space.  FNHC and its subsidiaries lease certain facilities, furniture and equipment under long-term lease agreements. Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0.7 million, $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively.  Future minimum lease payments under these agreements are as follows: ໿  Year Ended December 31,  2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total 10. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock Repurchases Aggregate Minimum Lease Payments (In thousands) $ $ 802 955 984 1,013 1,043 5,500 10,297 The Company may repurchase shares in open market transactions in accordance with Rule 10b-18 or under Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act from time to time in its discretion, based on ongoing assessments of the Company’s capital needs, the market price of its common stock and general market conditions. The amount and timing of all repurchase transactions are contingent upon market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other factors. In March 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase shares of common stock of FNHC, at such times and at prices as management determined advisable, up to an aggregate of $10.0 million of common stock through March 31, 2018. This authorization was fully expended as of March 31, 2018. In December 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $10.0 million (plus $0.8 million remaining from previous authorization which was fully expended as of March 31, 2018) of its outstanding shares of common stock through December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 326,708 shares of its common stock at a total cost of $5.1 million, which is an average price per share of $15.49.  The unused portion of this authorization expired on December 31, 2018. In December 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $10.0 million of its outstanding shares of common stock through December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2018, the remaining availability for future repurchases of our common stock under this program was $10.0 million. Securities Offerings In June 2018, the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on Form S-3, a shelf registration statement enabling the Company to offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $150.0 million of securities. No securities have been offered or sold under this registration statement. Stock Compensation Plan In April 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and in September 2012 the Company’s shareholders approved, the Company’s 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). The 2012 Plan permits the issuance of up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to adjustment as provided for in the 2012 Plan, in connection with the grant of a variety of equity incentive awards, such -79- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 as stock options and restricted stocks. Officers, directors, executive management and all other employees of the Company and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate in the 2012 Plan. Awards may be granted singly, in combination, or in tandem. In June 2018, the Company filed with the SEC on Form S-8, a registration statement registering 800,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Company’s 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2018 Plan”).  The 2018 Plan, which was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the 2018 annual meeting, replaces the 2012 Plan, and is an equity compensation plan that may be used for our employees, non-employee directors, consultants and advisors. Share-Based Compensation Expense Share-based compensation arrangements include the following: ໿    Restricted stock Performance stock Total share-based compensation expense  Recognized tax benefit Intrinsic value of options exercised Fair value of restricted stock vested Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ $ $ $ $ 2,134 233 2,367 600 229 2,360 $ $ $ $ $ 2,639 207 2,846 1,098 371 2,328 $ $ $ $ $ 3,831 — 3,831 1,478 1,373 4,150 The intrinsic value of options exercised represents the difference between the stock option exercise price and the weighted average closing stock price of FNHC common stock on the exercise dates, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market. The unamortized share-based compensation expense is $3.4 million as of December 31, 2018, which will be recognized over the remaining weighted average vesting period of approximately 1.41 years. Stock Option Awards A summary of the Company’s stock option activity includes the following:  Outstanding at January 1, 2016 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2018 ໿ -80- Weighted Average Option Number of Shares Exercise Price 174,633 $ — (94,249) (900) 79,484 — (29,133) — 50,351 — (10,834) (500) 39,017 $ 3.79 — 3.85 4.40 3.70 — 3.68 — 3.72 — 3.47 2.45 3.80 FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Stock options outstanding and exercisable in a select price range is as follows:     Range of Exercise Price Shares Outstanding and Exercisable Options Outstanding and Exercisable Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Weighted Average Exercise Price $2.45 - $4.40 39,017 2.89 $3.80 Aggregate Intrinsic Value 628,993 Restricted Stock Awards The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for all restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) held by the Company’s directors, executives and other key employees. For all RSAs, excluding relative total shareholder return ("TSR"), the accounting charge is measured at the grant date as the fair value of FNHC common stock and expensed as non-cash compensation over the vesting term using the straight-line basis for service awards and over successive one-year requisite service periods for performance‑based awards. Our expense for our performance awards depends on achievement of specified results; therefore the ultimate expense can range from 0% to 250% of target. Our TSR cliff vesting awards contain performance criteria which are tied to the achievement of certain market conditions. The TSR grant date fair value was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation and, unlike the performance condition awards, the expense is not reversed if the performance condition is not met. This value is recognized as expense over the requisite service period using the straight‑line recognition method. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Board of Directors granted 133,060 and 106,454 RSAs, respectively, vesting over three or five years, to the Company’s directors, executives and other key employees. RSAs activity includes the following: ໿  Outstanding at January 1, 2016 Granted Vested Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Vested Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Cancelled Outstanding at December 31, 2018 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 20.14 19.16 20.25 20.58 19.69 17.95 16.57 19.80 20.54 16.31 21.06 17.87 18.78 Number of Shares 418,807 $ 128,472 (204,916) (5,160) 337,203 106,454 (140,514) (5,600) 297,543 133,060 (112,071) (56,198) 262,334 $ The weighted average grant date fair value is measured using the closing price of FNHC common stock on the grant date, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market. -81- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with debt securities - available-for-sale consisted of the following:     Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), beginning-of-period Cumulative effect of new accounting standards Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification Reclassification adjustment for realized losses (gains) included in net income  Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end-of-period 11. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN Before Tax 2018 Income Tax Year Ended December 31, Net Before Tax (In thousands) 2017 Income Tax Net $ 2,287 $ (593) $ 1,694 $ 3,324 $ (1,201) $ 2,123 (1,349) 355 (994) — — — (8,747) 2,786 (5,961) 2,217 (706) 1,511 (6,530) 2,080 (4,450) 7,511 (2,640) 4,871 (8,548) (1,037) 3,248 608 $ (5,023) $ 1,273 $ (3,750) $ 2,287 $ (593) $ (5,300) (429) 1,694   The Company sponsors a profit sharing plan under Section 401(K) of the Internal Revenue Code, which is a defined contribution plan that allows employees to defer compensation through contributions to the 401(K) Plan.  This plan covers substantially all employees who meet specified service requirements and includes a 100% match up to the first 6% of an employee’s salary, not to exceed statutory limits. Additionally, the Company may make additional profit-sharing contributions.  For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company made no additional profit-sharing contribution. The Company’s total contributions to the 401(K) Plan were $1.0 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Bruce F. Simberg, the Company’s Chairman of the Board, is a partner of the Hollywood, Florida law firm of Conroy Simberg, which specializes in insurance defense and coverage matters. The Company paid legal fees to Conroy Simberg for services rendered in the amount of $0, $0 and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  The firm has handled only a limited number of matters for the Company.  Mr. Simberg has not been personally involved in any of the legal matters handled by the firm for the Company and he received de minimis direct personal benefit from the fees paid to the firm by the Company. The firm is no longer working any current cases for the Company and we do not, at this time, anticipate retaining the firm for future matters.   Related to an equity method investment in Southeast Catastrophe Consulting Company, LLC, based in Mobile, Alabama, the Company recorded claims adjustment service fees and other expenses of $6.7 million, $17.0 million, and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additionally, the Company recognized other income in the consolidated statements of operations, of $0.3 million, $2.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively. -82- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 13. EARNINGS PER SHARE Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including vested restricted stock awards during the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, noted above, adjusted for the dilutive effect of stock options and unvested restricted stock awards. Dilutive securities are common stock equivalents that are freely exercisable into common stock at less than market prices or otherwise dilute earnings if converted. The net effect of common stock equivalents is based on the incremental common stock that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of common stock options and the vesting of RSAs using the treasury stock method. Common stock equivalents are not included in diluted earnings per share when their inclusion is antidilutive. The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS:  Year Ended December 31,   Net income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic Net income (loss) per common share - basic       Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic Dilutive effect of stock compensation plans Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted Net income (loss) per common share - diluted  Dividends per share Dividends Declared $ $ $ 2018 2017 (In thousands, except per share data) 14,928 7,989 $ $ 2016 1,015 12,775 13,170 13,758 $1.17 $0.61 $0.07 12,775 92 12,867 1.16 0.24 $ $ 13,170 80 13,250 0.60 0.32 $ $ 13,758 164 13,922 0.07 0.27 In February 2018, our Board of Directors declared a $0.08 per common share dividend, paid in June 2018, to shareholders of record on May 1, 2018, amounting to $1.1 million. In June 2018, our Board of Directors declared a $0.08 per common share dividend, payable in September 2018, to shareholders of record on August 1, 2018, amounting to $1.0 million. In October 2018, our Board of Directors declared a $0.08 per common share dividend, payable in December 2018, to shareholders of record on November 1, 2018, amounting to $1.0 million. In January 2019, our Board of Directors declared a $0.08 per common share dividend, payable in March 2019, to shareholders of record on February 14, 2019, amounting to $1.0 million. 14. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITY Refer to Monarch National Insurance Company in Note 1 above, for information about how we acquired 100% of Monarch Delaware; therefore, as of February 21, 2018, Monarch Delaware became a wholly-owned subsidiary instead of a VIE. Prior to February 21, 2018, FedNat Underwriters, Inc. (“FNU”) through the Managing General Agency and Claims Administration Agreement (the “Monarch MGA Agreement”) directed the activities which most significantly impact the Monarch Entities’ insurance operating company, MNIC. MNIC’s activities directed by FNU through the Monarch MGA Agreement included underwriting and claims. As a result, MNIC was a VIE prior -83- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 to February 21, 2018, because the equity holders (i.e., FNHC, Crosswinds Investor and TransRe owned 42.4%, 42.4%, and 15.2%, respectively, of Monarch Delaware), as a group, lacked the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. In addition to having power to direct the activities which most significantly impacted MNIC, FNHC had the obligation to absorb the losses and/or the right to receive benefits that potentially could be significant through its 42.4% indirect equity interests in MNIC through Monarch Delaware and Monarch National Holding Company (collectively “Monarch Holding”). As a result, FNHC was the primary beneficiary of MNIC, resulting in Monarch Delaware, MNIC’s indirect parent company, consolidating into our financial statements. The carrying amounts of Monarch Delaware, which could only be used to settle obligations of Monarch Delaware, and liabilities of Monarch Delaware for which creditors did not have recourse included the following:   Assets Investments: Debt securities, available-for-sale, at fair value Equity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Reinsurance recoverable Prepaid reinsurance premiums Premiums receivable, net Deferred acquisition costs Other assets Total assets  Liabilities Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves Unearned premiums Reinsurance payable Debt, net of deferred financing costs Other liabilities Total liabilities December 31, 2017 $ $ $ $ 25,111 1,173 26,284 14,211 3,323 2,481 1,184 1,722 2,322 51,527 6,356 8,752 1,802 4,930 1,825 23,665 Earned premiums and losses and LAE, attributable to Monarch Delaware, from January 1, 2018 to February 21, 2018, were $2.3 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Earned premiums and losses and LAE, attributable to Monarch Delaware, were $9.4 million and $12.5 million, and $4.7 million and $2.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $6.4 million net cash outflows generated by Monarch Delaware are reflected in cash flows in the consolidated statements from January 1, 2018 to February 21, 2018. Cash flows used in operating activities by Monarch Delaware were $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to cash flows provided by operating activities of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. -84- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 15. STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS The Company’s insurance companies are subject to regulations and standards of the Florida OIR.  These standards require that insurance companies prepare statutory-basis financial statements in accordance with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual.  The Company did not use any prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differed from the NAIC’s statutory accounting practices as of December 31, 2018. The Company’s insurance companies are required to report their risk-based capital (“RBC”) each December 31.  Failure to maintain an adequate RBC could subject the Company to regulatory action and could restrict the payment of dividends.  As of December 31, 2018, the RBC levels of the Company’s insurance companies did not subject them to any regulatory action. Additionally, Florida Statutes require the Company’s insurance companies to maintain specified levels of statutory capital and restrict the timing and amount of dividends and other distributions that may be paid to the parent company.  These standards require dividends to be paid only from statutory unassigned surplus.  The maximum dividend that may be paid by the Company’s insurance companies to their parent company, without prior regulatory approval is limited to the lesser of statutory net income from operations of the preceding calendar year, not including realized capital gains, plus a 2 years years carryforward or 10.0% of statutory unassigned surplus as of the preceding year end.  A dividend may also be taken without prior regulatory approval if (a) the dividend is equal to or less than the greater of (i) 10.0% of the insurer’s surplus as to policyholders derived from realized net operating profits on its business and net realized capital gains; or (ii) the insurer’s entire net operating profits and realized net capital gains derived during the immediately preceding calendar year; (b) the insurer will have surplus as to policyholders equal to or exceeding 115 percent of the minimum required statutory surplus as to policyholders after the dividend or distribution is made; and (c) the insurer has filed notice with the Florida OIR at least 10 business days prior to the dividend payment or distribution, or such shorter period of time as approved by the Florida OIR on a case-by-case basis. These dividends are referred to as “ordinary dividends.”  However, if a dividend, together with other dividends paid within the preceding 12 months, exceeds this statutory limit or is paid from sources other than earned surplus, the entire dividend is generally considered an “extraordinary dividend” and must receive prior regulatory approval before such dividend can be paid. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, on a combined statutory basis, the capital and surplus of the Company’s insurance companies was $161.7 million and $188.0 million, respectively.  Combined statutory operational results of the Company’s insurance companies was a net income of $2.9 million, net loss of $19.6 million and net loss of $37.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  Statutory capital and surplus exceeds amounts necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements. 16. QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED) A summary of the Company’s unaudited quarterly results of operations includes the following:   2018 Net premiums earned Total revenue Losses and loss adjustment expenses Total costs and expenses Net income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders Net income (loss) per share - basic First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter (In thousands, except per share data) $ $ $ $ $ $ 82,109 93,077 46,071 83,461 7,463 0.58 $ $ $ $ $ $ 83,557 95,742 47,570 83,726 8,820 0.69 $ $ $ $ $ $ 98,493 110,832 62,457 99,862 7,950 0.62 $ $ $ $ $ $ 91,098 96,442 72,318 108,836 (9,305) (0.73) -85- FedNat Holding Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) December 31, 2018 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter (In thousands, except per share data) $ $ $ $ $ $ 81,660 93,054 56,899 89,170 2,422 0.18 $ $ $ $ $ $ 83,554 98,159 56,417 92,504 3,995 0.30 $ $ $ $ $ $ 80,764 98,697 75,367 108,876 $ $ $ $ (4,724) $ (0.36) $ 87,503 101,752 58,874 92,185 6,296 0.48 2017 Net premiums earned Total revenue Losses and loss adjustment expenses Total costs and expenses Net income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders Net income (loss) per share - basic 17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Dividends Declared Refer to Note 13 above for information related to our dividend declared in January 2019. Florida Statewide Average Rate Increase The Company applied for and was approved by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation for a statewide average rate increase of 4.6% for Florida homeowners multiple-peril insurance policies, which is expected to become effective for new and renewal policies on April 20, 2019. Maison Acquisition On February 25, 2019, the Company executed a definitive agreement for the acquisition of the insurance operations of 1347 Property Insurance Holdings, Inc. ("PIH"). Specifically, the Company will purchase Maison Insurance Company, Maison Managers, Inc., and ClaimCor LLC (collectively, the "Maison Companies"). The purchase price is $51.0 million, which includes $25.5 million in cash and $25.5 million in shares of the Company’s common stock. The resale of the shares to be issued will be subsequently registered and will be subject to a five-year standstill agreement. Additionally, in connection with the pending acquisition, on March 5, 2019, the Company closed on an offering of $100 million of Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029, which bear interest at the annual rate of 7.5%. The cash from the offering will be used to purchase the Maison Companies, retire the full $45.0 million of outstanding debt (thereby lowering our overall cost of borrowing) and other general corporate purposes. The transaction, which is subject to the approval of the shareholders of PIH, regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions, is expected to close in the latter part of the second quarter of 2019.  The Purchase Agreement includes a 30 day "go-shop" period, which permits PIH's Board and advisors to actively initiate, solicit, encourage, and potentially enter negotiations with parties that make alternative purchase agreement proposals. PIH will have the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement to enter into a superior proposal subject to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement. There can be no assurance that this 30 day "go-shop" will not result in a superior proposal. In addition to the purchase price, PIH will receive five-year rights of first refusal to provide reinsurance of up to 7.5% of any layer in FedNat’s catastrophe reinsurance program and a five-year agreement for PIH to provide investment advisory services to FedNat. PIH has also agreed to a non-compete for five years following the closing with respect to residential property insurance in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina and Texas. Closing of the transaction is subject to the Maison Companies having consolidated GAAP net book value of at least $42 million as of closing and satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including insurance regulatory approvals in Louisiana and Florida and the affirmative vote of PIH stockholders. Certain PIH stockholders have agreed to vote in favor of the transaction. -86- Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FedNat Holding Company Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited FedNat Holding Company and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, FedNat Holding Company and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedules listed in the index at Item 15 and our report dated March 7, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Charlotte, North Carolina March 7, 2019 -87- ITEM 9.  CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Because of its inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in condition, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on the results of this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the Company’s Audit Committee. Our independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements include in this Annual Report, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting which appears in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in this Annual Report. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Limitations on Effectiveness Our management and our audit committee do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors or all instances of fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of the control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control gaps and instances of fraud have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments and decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and any design may not succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. -88- ITEM 9B.  OTHER INFORMATION None. ITEM 10.  DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable information in the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year. ITEM 11.  EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable information in the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year. ITEM 12.  SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year. ITEM 13.  CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable information in the Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year. ITEM 14.  PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the applicable information in the Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year. ITEM 15.  EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 10-K PART IV              (a) (1) The following documents are filed as part of this report. Financial Statements The following consolidated financial statements of the Company and the reports of independent auditors thereon are filed with this report: Independent Auditor’s Reports Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. -89-                   ໿ Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. (2) Financial Statement Schedules. The following are included herein under Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data: Schedule II, Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Schedule V, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Schedule VI, Supplemental Information Concerning Insurance Operations (3) Exhibits. EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Incorporated by Reference Filed Herewith Form Exhibit Filing Date Equity Purchase Agreement dated as of February 25, 2019 among FedNat Holding Company, 1347 Property Insurance Holdings, Inc., Maison Managers, Inc., and Maison Insurance Company, and Claimcor, LLC Second Restated Articles of Incorporation of FedNat Holding Company Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of FedNat Holding Company Specimen of Common Stock Certificate Indenture dated December 28, 2017 by and among Federated National Holding Company, The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, as Paying Agent, and the Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch, as Registrar 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 8-K 2.1 February 26, 2019 10-Q 10-Q SB-2 File No. 333-63623 3.1 3.2 4.1 November 7, 2018 November 7, 2018 October 27, 1998 8-K 4.1 January 3, 2018 -90- Supplemental Indenture No. 1 dated as of December 28, 2017, regarding Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Notes due 2027 Supplemental Indenture No. 2 dated as of December 29, 2017, regarding Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Notes due 2022 Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Note due 2027 Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Note due 2022 Indenture dated March 5, 2019 between FedNat Holding Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, Paying Agent, and Registrar Form of Rule 144A Senior Unsecured Note due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.7) Form of IAI Senior Unsecured Note due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.7) Multi-Year Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract, effective July 1, 2017, between Federated National Insurance Company and subscribing reinsurers FHCF Supplement Layer Reinsurance Contract, effective June 1, 2018, between FedNat Insurance Company and subscribing reinsurers Non-Florida Property Catastrophe Excess of Loss Reinsurance Contract, effective July 1, 2018, between FedNat Insurance Company and subscribing reinsurers Non-Florida Reinstatement Premium Protection Reinsurance Contract, effective July 1, 2018, between FedNat Insurance Company and subscribing reinsurers Reinstatement Premium Protection Reinsurance Contract, effective July 1, 2018, between FedNat Insurance Company and subscribing reinsurers Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract, effective July 1, 2018, between FedNat Insurance Company and subscribing reinsurers Net Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, effective July 1, 2018, between FedNat Insurance Company and Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation Reimbursement Contract between Federated National Insurance Company and The State Board of Administration of Florida (SBA) as administrator of the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF), effective June 1, 2018 Reimbursement Contract between Monarch National Insurance Company and The State Board of Administration of Florida (SBA) as administrator of the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF), effective June 1, 2018 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8 10.9 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.2 January 3, 2018 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 January 3, 2018 January 3, 2018 January 3, 2018 March 6, 2019 March 6, 2019 March 6, 2019 10-Q 10.2 November 9, 2017 10-Q 10.1 November 7, 2018 10-Q 10.2 November 7, 2018 10-Q 10.3 November 7, 2018 10-Q 10.4 November 7, 2018 10-Q 10.5 November 7, 2018 10-Q 10.6 November 7, 2018 10-Q 10.1 May 8, 2018 10-Q 10.2 May 8, 2018 Administrator Agreement, effective July 1, 2013, between Federated National Insurance Company and SageSure Insurance Managers LLC, as amended 10.10* 10-Q 10.9 November 9, 2017 -91- Insurance Agency Master Agreement dated February 4, 2013 between Ivantage Select Agency, Inc. and Federated National Underwriters, Inc. First Amendment to Insurance Agency Master Agreement dated February 12, 2013 between Ivantage Select Agency, Inc. and Federated National Underwriters, Inc. Second Amendment to Insurance Agency Master Agreement dated February 12, 2013 between Ivantage Select Agency, Inc. and Federated National Underwriters, Inc. 10.11 10.12 10.13 Confidential Information, Non-Solicitation and Non- Competition Agreement dated as of April 17, 2017 between the Company and Ronald Jordan 10.14+ 10.15+ Change of Control Agreement dated as of April 17, 2017 between the Company and Ronald Jordan Bonus Agreement dated as of January 11, 2016 between Federated National Holding Company and Erick Fernandez Bonus Agreement dated as of January 1, 2017 between Federated National Holding Company and Erick Fernandez 10.16+ 10.17+ 10-Q 10.5 November 6, 2013 10-Q 10.6 November 6, 2013 10-Q 10.6 May 11, 2015 10-Q 10.3 May 10, 2017 10-Q 10.4 May 10, 2017 10-K 10.30 March 16, 2017 10-Q 10.5 May 10, 2017 10.18+ Form of Restricted Stock Grant Summary of the Company (Time-Based Vesting) 8-K 99.2 January 14, 2019 10.19+ Form of Restricted Stock Grant Summary Agreement of the Company (Performance-Based Vesting) 8-K 99.3 January 14, 2019 10.20+ Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and its directors and executive officers 10-K 10.14 March 17, 2008 Form of Amended and Restated Non-Competition, Non-Disclosure and Non-Solicitation Agreement between the Company and certain employees of the Company Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 18, 2012 between the Company and Michael H. Braun Amendment to Employment Agreement and Restrictive Covenant Agreement effective as of March 17, 2015 between Monarch Delaware Holdings LLC and Michael H. Braun Non-Competition, Non-Disclosure and Non- Solicitation Agreement effective as of March 17, 2015 between Monarch Delaware Holdings LLC and Michael H. Braun 10.21+ 10.22+ 10.23+ 10.24+ 10.25+ Employment Agreement dated January 8, 2019 between the Company and Ronald A. Jordan Change of Control Agreement dated as of May 2, 2016 between Federated National Holding Company and Erick Fernandez Form of Voting Agreement dated as of February 25, 2019 between FedNat Holding Company and the stockholders of PIH party thereto 10.26+ 10.27 -92- 8-K 8-K 10.1 August 7, 2013 10.1 January 20, 2012 10-Q 10.3 May 11, 2015 10-Q 10.4 May 11, 2015 8-K 99.1 January 14, 2019 10-K 10.31 March 16, 2017 8-K 10.1 February 26, 2019 Form of Note Purchase Agreement dated February 25, 2019 between FedNat Holding Company and the Purchasers of Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029 Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated March 5, 2019 between FedNat Holding Company and the Note Purchasers Letter Agreement dated February 25, 2019 among FedNat Holding Company, Athene Annuity & Life Assurance Company and Athene Annuity and Life Company 10.28 10.29 10.30 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Company 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101.INS ** 101.SC H** Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act XBRL Instance Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CA L** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.LA B** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PR E** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. 8-K 8-K 10.2 February 26, 2019 10.1 March 6, 2019 8-K/A 10.1 March 6, 2019 X X X X X X X X X X X ____________________ + Indicates a Management Compensation Plan or Arrangement * Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request granted by the SEC. ** In accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be part of any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing. -93- Index to Financial Statement Schedules   Schedule II Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Schedule V Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Schedule VI Supplemental Information Concerning Insurance Operations ITEM 16.  FORM 10-K SUMMARY Not applicable. PAGE 96 100 101 -94- Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Form 10-K report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized. SIGNATURES FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY By: /s/ Michael H. Braun Michael H. Braun, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: March 7, 2019 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Signature Title /s/ Michael H. Braun Michael H. Braun  /s/ Ronald A. Jordan Ronald A. Jordan /s/ Erick A. Fernandez Erick A. Fernandez  /s/ Bruce F. Simberg Bruce F. Simberg  /s/ Jenifer G. Kimbrough Jenifer G. Kimbrough  /s/ Thomas A. Rogers Thomas A. Rogers  /s/ William G. Stewart William G. Stewart /s/ Richard W. Wilcox, Jr. Richard W. Wilcox, Jr.  /s/ Roberta N. Young Roberta N. Young Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Date March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 Chairman of the Board and Director March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 Director Director Director Director Director -95- Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Balance Sheets FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY (Parent Company Only) December 31, 2018 and 2017 ໿   ASSETS Investments in subsidiaries Investment securities, available-for-sale, at fair value Equity securities, at fair value Cash and cash equivalents Deferred income taxes, net Income taxes receivable Other assets Total assets  LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Liabilities Due to subsidiaries Long-term debt Other liabilities Total liabilities  Shareholders' Equity Preferred stock Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders Non-controlling interest Total shareholders’ equity December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) $ 224,951 $ 19,431 1,490 4,109 786 9,885 2,436 220,901 15,826 — 46,717 415 7,700 1,938 263,088 $ 293,497 $ $ 987 $ 44,404 2,438 47,829 — 128 141,128 (3,750) 77,753 215,259 — 215,259 19,624 44,321 2,093 66,038 — 130 139,728 1,770 70,009 211,637 15,822 227,459 293,497 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 263,088 $ The accompanying note is an integral part of the condensed financial statements. -96- Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ 2,608 $ 2,611 $ 843 (765) 30,895 33,581 9,296 4,077 13,373 20,208 5,498 14,710 (218) 14,928 501 — 16,902 20,014 11,087 — 11,087 8,927 3,585 5,342 (2,647) 7,989 $ $ 2,492 623 — 8,550 11,665 9,862 — 9,862 1,803 542 1,261 246 1,015 Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued) Condensed Statements of Earnings FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY (Parent Company Only)  ໿    Revenues: Management fees Net investment income Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) Equity in income of consolidated subsidiaries Total revenue  Costs and expenses: General and administrative expenses Interest expense Total costs and expenses  Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to non-contolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to FedNat Holding Company shareholders $ The accompanying note is an integral part of the condensed financial statements. -97- Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY (Parent Company Only)  ໿    Cash flow from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses Equity in undistributed income of consolidated subsidiaries Amortization of investment premium or discount, depreciation and amortization Share-based compensation Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Deferred income taxes, net of other comprehensive (loss) income Income taxes, net Due to subsidiaries Other, net Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Cash flow from investing activities: Capital contributions to consolidated subsidiaries Sales, maturities and redemptions of investments securities Purchases of investment securities Purchases of property and equipment Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flow from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Tax impact related to share-based compensation Issuance of common stock for share-based awards Purchases of FedNat Holding Company common stock Dividends from consolidated subsidiaries Dividends paid Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) $ 14,710 $ 5,342 $ 1,261 765 (30,895) 141 1,183 (230) (2,141) (9,317) 1,497 (24,287) (30,000) 54,543 (61,009) (639) (37,105) — — 39 (5,061) 27,990 (4,184) 18,784 (42,608) 46,717 — (16,902) 88 2,846 (2,057) 6,411 20,468 1,450 17,646 (25,000) 42,979 (26,828) (102) (8,951) 45,000 — 103 (10,616) — (4,251) 30,236 38,931 7,786 — (10,691) 73 4,420 2,127 2,978 23,574 3,786 27,528 — 76,928 (83,724) (299) (7,095) — 589 361 (11,317) — (4,677) (15,044) 5,389 2,397 7,786 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 4,109 $ 46,717 $ The accompanying note is an integral part of the condensed financial statements. -98- Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued) Note to Condensed Financial Statements FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY (Parent Company Only) (1)   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION FedNat Holding Company (“FNHC”), the Parent Company, is an insurance holding company that controls substantially all steps in the insurance underwriting, distribution and claims processes through our subsidiaries and our contractual relationships with our independent agents and general agents. The accompanying condensed financial statements include the activity of the Parent Company and on an equity basis, its consolidated subsidiaries.  Accordingly, these condensed financial statements have been presented for the parent company only.  These condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes of FNHC and subsidiaries set forth in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplemental Data of this Annual Report. In applying the equity method to our consolidated subsidiaries, we record the investment at cost and subsequently adjust for additional capital contributions, distributions and proportionate share of earnings or losses. -99- Schedule V – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES  ໿   Year  2018  2017  2016  Description Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable Allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable Allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable Allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable $ $ $ $ $ $ Balance at January 1, Charged to Costs and Expenses Balance at Deductions December 31, — $ 70 $ — $ 55 $ — $ (in thousands) — $ 7 $ — $ 15 $ — $ 302 $ (219) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (28) $ — 77 — 70 — 55 -100- Schedule VI – Supplemental Information Concerning Insurance Operations FEDNAT HOLDING COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES ໿      December 31, Loss and Loss Year Ended December 31, Claim and Claim Adjustment Expenses Amortization Paid Claims Deferred Adjustment Net Incurred Related to of Deferred and Claim Net Acquisition Expense Unearned Earned Investment Current Prior Year Acquisition Adjustment Premiums Costs Expenses Written Year Line of Business Cost Reserves Premiums Premiums Income Year (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Property and Casualty Insurance Property and Casualty Insurance Property and Casualty Insurance $ $ $ 39,436 40,893 41,892 $ $ $ 296,230 230,515 158,110 $ $ $ 281,992 294,423 294,022 $ $ $ 355,257 333,481 261,369 $ $ $ 12,460 10,254 9,063 $ $ $ 231,133 245,545 201,704 $ $ $ (2,717) 2,012 (3,894) $ $ $ 97,873 87,310 57,452 $ $ $ 230,752 233,085 170,322 $ $ $ 365,032 342,893 319,499 -101- 

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