First Horizon
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 - or - TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition period from __________ to__________ Commission File Number: 001-15185 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) TN (State or other jurisdiction incorporation of organization) 165 Madison Avenue Memphis, Tennessee (Address of principal executive office) 62-0803242 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 38103 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 901-523-4444 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class $.625 Par Value Common Capital Stock Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/400th interest in a share of Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/400th interest in a share of Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/400th interest in a share of Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/4,000th interest in a share of Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/4,000th interest in a share of Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series F Trading Symbol(s) FHN FHN PR B FHN PR C FHN PR D FHN PR E FHN PR F Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Name of Exchange on which Registered New York Stock Exchange LLC New York Stock Exchange LLC New York Stock Exchange LLC New York Stock Exchange LLC New York Stock Exchange LLC New York Stock Exchange LLC Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive- based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No At June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of registrant common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $6.2 billion based on the closing stock price reported for that date. At January 31, 2024, the registrant had 558,807,806 shares of common stock outstanding. Portions of the Proxy Statement to be furnished to shareholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of shareholders scheduled for April 23, 2024 or provided in an amendment to this Annual Report: Part III of this Report DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: Auditor Name: KPMG LLP Auditor Location: Memphis, TN Auditor Firm ID: 185 TABLE OF CONTENTS and GLOSSARY Table of Contents Glossary Executive Summary of Principal Investment Risks Forward-Looking Statements Part I Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 1C. Cybersecurity Item 2. Properties Item 3. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Supplemental Part I Information Legal Proceedings Part II Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities [Reserved] Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures Page 1 3 5 6 29 49 49 49 49 49 50 52 53 54 about Market Risk 100 MD&A and Financial Statement References: Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. Signatures Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Part III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Part IV Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Page 101 204 204 204 204 205 207 208 209 209 210 214 215 In this report: "2023 MD&A" and "2023 MD&A (Item 7)" generally refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations appearing in Item 7 within Part II of this report; and, "2023 Financial Statements" and "2023 Financial Statements (Item 8)" generally refer to our Consolidated Balance Sheets, our Consolidated Statements of Income, our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, our Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, all appearing in Item 8 within Part II of this report. Glossary The following is a list of common acronyms and terms used throughout this report: ACL AFS AIR ALCO ALLL ALM AOCI ASC Associate ASU Bank BOLI Allowance for credit losses Available for sale Accrued interest receivable Asset/Liability Committee Allowance for loan and lease losses Asset/liability management Accumulated other comprehensive income FASB Accounting Standards Codification Person employed by FHN Accounting Standards Update First Horizon Bank Bank-owned life insurance BTFP C&I CAS CARES Act CBF CCAR CECL CEO CFPB CMO CODM Bank Term Funding Program Commercial, financial, and industrial loan portfolio Credit Assurance Services Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act Capital Bank Financial Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review Current expected credit loss Chief Executive Officer Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Collateralized mortgage obligations Chief Operating Decision-Maker 1 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS and GLOSSARY Community Reinvestment Act Commercial Real Estate Credit Risk Management Committee Deferred tax asset Deferred tax liability Exposure as default Equity Compensation Plan Earnings per share Federal National Mortgage Association Financial Accounting Standards Board Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation First Horizon Corporation Company Corporation First Horizon Corporation CRA CRE CRMC DTA DTL EAD ECP EPS Fannie Mae FASB FDIC Federal Reserve Fed FHA FHLB FHN FHNF FICO First Horizon First Horizon Corporation FRB Federal Reserve Board Federal Housing Administration Federal Home Loan Bank First Horizon Corporation FHN Financial; FHN's fixed income division Fair Isaac Corporation Federal Reserve Board Federal Reserve Bank or the Federal Reserve Board Freddie Mac Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation FTE FTRESC GAAP Fully taxable equivalent FT Real Estate Securities Company, Inc. Generally accepted accounting principles (U.S.) Greenhouse Gas Government National Mortgage Association or Ginnie Mae Government sponsored enterprises, in this filing references Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Home equity line of credit Held for sale Human Resources Held to maturity HTM IBKC IBERIABANK Corporation IBKC merger FHN's merger of equals with IBKC that ISDA IRS LGD LIBOR LIHTC LLC LMC closed July 2020 International Swap and Derivatives Association Internal Revenue Service Loss given default London Inter-Bank Offered Rate Low Income Housing Tax Credit Limited Liability Company Loans to mortgage companies GHG GNMA GSE HELOC HFS HR LOCOM LRRD LTV MBS MD&A NAICS NII NM NMTC NPA Non-PCD NPL OREO PCAOB PCD PCI PD PM PPP PSU RE RM ROA ROU RPL SBA SEC SOFR SVaR TD TD Merger Agreement TD Transaction TDR TRUP UPB USDA VaR VIE we/us/our Lower of cost or market Loan Rehab and Recovery Department Loan-to-value Mortgage-backed securities Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations North American Industry Classification System Net interest income Not meaningful New Market Tax Credit Nonperforming asset Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated Financial Assets Nonperforming loan Other Real Estate Owned Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Purchased credit deteriorated financial assets Purchased credit impaired Probability of default Portfolio managers Paycheck Protection Program Performance Stock Unit Real estate Relationship managers Return on Assets Right of use Reasonably possible loss Small Business Administration Securities and Exchange Commission Secure Overnight Funding Rate Stressed Value-at-Risk The Toronto-Dominion Bank Merger agreement between FHN, TD, and certain TD subsidiaries, signed in February 2022 and terminated in May 2023 The acquisition of FHN by TD contemplated by the TD Merger Agreement Troubled Debt Restructuring Trust preferred loan Unpaid principal balance United States Department of Agriculture Value-at-Risk Variable Interest Entities First Horizon Corporation 2 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT RISKS Executive Summary of Principal Investment Risks This section provides an executive summary of the principal risks associated with an investment in our equity or debt securities. Our businesses are complex, and so are the risks associated with them. This summary is not a complete statement of risks a prospective or current investor should consider. • The Economy. Our businesses and our industry are heavily entwined with the U.S. economy. We tend to perform better when economic conditions are favorable, and our performance tends to be weaker when the economy is weaker. That relationship can be quite strong, which can make our income and other key performance measures volatile, especially when compared with companies in many other industries. The economy tends to rise and fall in roughly a cyclical manner which is difficult to predict, which in turn makes our performance difficult to predict. For additional information, see the Cyclicality discussion within Other Business Information, which begins on page 16, and Risks from Economic Downturns and Changes which begins on page 34. • Credit Loss. Our lending business—accounting for about half of our revenues—is dependent on our clients being able to pay us back. That ability often depends on economic conditions, but many individual factors can be critical as well. If a client defaults on a loan, generally we will experience a financial loss. Even if the loan is secured, our loss from a default often is only reduced, not eliminated, by collateral supporting the loan. Accounting rules require us to evaluate current expected credit loss (CECL) each quarter, booking losses based on our expectations. That process can result in a highly volatile pattern of recognizing credit loss each quarter. For additional information, see: the discussion captioned CECL Accounting and COVID-19 within the Significant Business Developments Over Past Five Years section of Item 1, which begins on page 10; and Credit Risks beginning on page 36. • Loan Loss vs Loan Profit. Lending generally is a high- volume, low-margin business. This means that we often need the profits from many loans to make up for losses from one loan. For our earnings to be strong, we need to hold loan losses to a very low level, which makes our management of credit quality a critical function for us. This imbalance between loss and profit can amplify the potential for volatility in our earnings. For additional information, see Credit Risks beginning on page 36. • Interest Rate Conditions. Interest rates and, especially, the shape of the yield curve, are critical drivers of our profit margin from lending. If the yield curve is flat— with long-term rates only slightly higher than short-term rates—our lending margins shrink, and so does our net interest income. Interest rate policy is controlled by federal agencies and by market forces, not by us. In 2022, the key agency in the U.S. shifted to strong tightening policy, raising short-term interest rates multiple times. Tightening ended in 2023. 2022 represented a significant and abrupt change of policy compared with 2020-21. Moreover, by the end of 2021 and during all of 2022, inflation in the U.S. had risen to levels not seen in decades. In 2023, U.S. inflation abated but at year-end remained higher than the desired policy target. 2022's aggressive policy shift caused short-term rates to rise substantially, and to exceed long-term rates (a so-called yield curve inversion) many times in 2022 and during all of 2023. Over half of our loan portfolio bears variable interest rates associated with short-term reference rates, which reacted fairly quickly to the shifts in environment. For additional information, see: the Monetary Policy Shifts discussion within Significant Business Developments Over Past Five Years, which begins on page 10; the Cyclicality discussion within Other Business Information, which begins on page 16; Risks Associated with Monetary Events beginning on page 34; Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks beginning on page 44; and discussion under the caption Federal Reserve Policy in Transition within the Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends section of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), which begins on page 92. • Funding Balance. In our lending business, we aggregate money, from deposits and borrowings, and lend it out at rates which more than cover our costs. We constantly must balance our funding sources (deposits and borrowings) with our funding needs (lending). Imbalances tend to hurt our earnings. If sources are larger than our lending needs, generally we can cut back short-term borrowing or invest excess funds in securities, but our margins can be weaker as a result. If sources become too small, we might have to forego profitable lending or increase funding by selling investments or increasing deposit or borrowing volumes and costs, or, most likely, we might have to take some combination of those actions. For additional information, see Liquidity and Funding Risks beginning on page 42. • Deposit Instability. A large portion of bank deposits can be removed by depositors very quickly. Public confidence in banks therefore is a key foundation for the banking business. If deposits are removed quickly by a large cohort of depositors at the same time due to a sudden loss of confidence, the resulting "run on the bank" can cause the bank to become insolvent. All banks share the risk of a run. In first half of 2023 three 3 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT RISKS Table of Contents large regional U.S. banks failed after very substantial runs on their deposits. Most other regional banks, including our Bank, experienced significant deposit outflows during this period as public confidence in all but the largest banks was shaken. Although we launched a deposit campaign which proved to be successful, future runs always are possible, and future campaigns may not work. For additional information, see Liquidity and Funding Risks beginning on page 42. • Competition. Competition for clients and talent in our industry is intense and unlikely to abate. Competition for clients pressures us to make interest rate and other concessions on lending and on deposits, which reduce our margins. Competition for revenue-producing talent is a key method of obtaining new client relationships in many parts of our industry, and pressures us to increase compensation expense. For additional information, see Competition beginning on page 14, and Traditional Competition Risks beginning on page 29. • Banking Consolidation. Since the advent of nation-wide branching in the 1980s, the banking industry has experienced several waves of substantial consolidation. In the past twenty years, increasingly sophisticated technological systems have allowed institutions to become extremely large while maintaining adequate client service, and, due to cost efficiencies associated with scalable technology, have rewarded the largest institutions disproportionately. These rewards have incented U.S. banks to grow larger, faster. Consolidation can abruptly change the competitive environment in our markets. In addition, when we participate in consolidating actions, as we did in 2020, typically it creates internal disruption and expense for a time while we integrate systems, consolidate branches, and take other consolidation-related actions. Moreover, in our industry, the market tends to discount, for a time, the stock price of banks that engage in major mergers, in part due to the transaction and integration expenses mentioned above coupled with the risk that the combination may not achieve management’s strategic or tactical objectives. For additional information, see: Significant Business Developments Over Past Five Years beginning on page 10; the Strategic Transactions discussion within the Other Business Information section which begins on page 16; and Traditional Strategic Risks beginning on page 30. • Industry Disruption. Technological innovation, and the associated changes in client preferences, are radically transforming our industry and how financial services are delivered to clients. Being a consistent innovation leader is practically impossible for a bank our size, while keeping pace is expensive and difficult. Moreover, rapid innovation has the potential to be destructive of traditional business models and companies in our industry, as it has done and is doing in other industries. For additional information, see Industry Disruption beginning on page 31. • Regulated Industry. Our principal businesses are heavily regulated. Our two primary banking regulators can examine us, cause us to change our business operations, and significantly restrict our ability to pursue lines of business, in ways not applicable to companies in most other industries. We also have several secondary regulators, each with significant though less- encompassing powers. The primary missions of the regulators are to protect the banking system as a whole, to protect clients, and to protect the federal government’s deposit insurance fund and program; none exists to protect or enhance our profitability or protect or promote the interests of our investors. Moreover, regulators are government agencies, and as such can experience significant policy changes when the elected branches of government experience such changes. For additional information, see Regulatory, Legislative, and Legal Risks beginning on page 38. • Security & Technology. Fraud and theft have always been significant risks for banks; we experience fraud and theft loss every year. Technology has allowed fraud and theft risks to grow substantially. Bad actors can impact us from around the world, day or night, both directly and through our clients or vendors. Unfortunately, it is not practical to emphasize security to the exclusion of other business needs. Typically, the more a system is built to be robustly secure, the less that system can be flexible and adaptable. Moreover, a high-security system can be associated with sub-optimal user experience (client frustration). For additional information, see Operational Risks beginning on page 32 and Cybersecurity Risks beginning on page 33. • Expense Control. Banks in the U.S. are focused on reducing operating costs as much as possible while maintaining competitive or superior service. Expense control is viewed as crucial for long-term success. For additional information, see Operational Risks beginning on page 32, and Risks of Expense Control beginning on page 40. For a more complete discussion of the risks associated with our businesses and operations and investment in our securities, see Item 1A—Risk Factors, beginning on page 29. 4 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Forward-Looking Statements FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This report on Form 10-K, including materials incorporated into it, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 with respect to FHN's beliefs, plans, goals, expectations, and estimates. Forward-looking statements are not a representation of historical information, but instead pertain to future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “should,” “is likely,” “will,” “going forward,” and other expressions that indicate future events and trends identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon estimates and assumptions that are inherently subject to significant business, operational, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, and many of which, with respect to future business decisions and actions (including acquisitions and divestitures), are subject to change. Examples of uncertainties and contingencies include, among other important factors: • global, general and local economic and business conditions, including economic recession or depression; • the stability or volatility of values and activity in the residential housing and commercial real estate markets; • potential requirements for FHN to repurchase, or compensate for losses from, previously sold or securitized mortgages or securities based on such mortgages; • potential claims alleging mortgage servicing failures, individually, on a class basis, or as master servicer of securitized loans; • potential claims relating to participation in government programs, especially lending or other financial services programs; • expectations of and actual timing and amount of interest rate movements, including the slope and shape of the yield curve, which can have a significant impact on a financial services institution; • market and monetary fluctuations, including fluctuations in mortgage markets; • the financial condition of borrowers and other counterparties; • competition within and outside the financial services industry; • the occurrence of natural or man-made disasters, global pandemics, conflicts, or terrorist attacks, or other adverse external events; • effectiveness and cost-efficiency of FHN’s hedging practices; • fraud, theft, or other incursions through conventional, electronic, or other means directly or indirectly affecting FHN or its clients, business counterparties or competitors; • the ability to adapt products and services to changing industry standards and client preferences; • risks inherent in originating, selling, servicing, and holding loans and loan-based assets, including prepayment risks, pricing concessions, fluctuation in U.S. housing and other real estate prices, fluctuation of collateral values, and changes in client profiles; • the changes in the regulation of the U.S. financial services industry; • changes in laws, regulations, and administrative actions, including executive orders, whether or not specific to the financial services industry; • changes in accounting policies, standards, and interpretations; • evolving capital and liquidity standards under applicable regulatory rules; • accounting policies and processes require management to make estimates about matters that are uncertain; • reputational risk and potential adverse reactions or changes to business or employee relationships; and • other factors that may affect future results of FHN. FHN assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements that are made in this report on Form 10-K or in any other statement, release, report, or filing from time to time. Actual results could differ and expectations could change, possibly materially, because of one or more factors, including those factors listed above or presented elsewhere in this report, or in those factors listed in material incorporated by reference into this report. In evaluating forward-looking statements and assessing our prospects, readers of this report should carefully consider the factors mentioned above along with the additional risk factors discussed in Items 1 and 1A of this report and in 2023 MD&A (Item 7), among others. 5 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I Item 1. Business Our Businesses Overview First Horizon Corporation is a Tennessee corporation. We incorporated in 1968, and are headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. We are a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act, and a financial holding company under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FHN.” At December 31, 2023, we had total consolidated assets of $82 billion. We provide diversified financial services through our subsidiaries, principally First Horizon Bank. The Bank is a Tennessee banking corporation headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. During 2023 approximately 27% of our consolidated revenues were provided by fee and other noninterest income, and approximately 73% of revenues were provided by net interest income. As a financial holding company, we coordinate the financial resources of the consolidated enterprise and maintain systems of financial, operational, and administrative control intended to coordinate selected policies and activities, including as described in Item 9A of Part II. The Bank The Bank was founded in 1864 as First National Bank of Memphis. During 2023, through its various business lines, including consolidated subsidiaries, the Bank reported revenues (net interest income plus noninterest income) of approximately $3 billion. The Bank generated a substantial majority of First Horizon’s consolidated revenue. At December 31, 2023, the Bank had $82 billion in total assets, $66 billion in total deposits, and $61 billion in total loans (including certain leases, before considering the allowance for loan and lease losses). Principal Businesses, Brands, & Locations Our principal brands at year-end 2023 are summarized in Table 1.1. Table 1.2 Table 1.1 Principal Businesses & Brands at Year-End Businesses Banking & financial services generally Fixed income / capital markets Mortgage lending Insurance brokerage & management services Wealth management & brokerage services Principal Brands First Horizon & First Horizon Bank FHN Financial First Horizon Bank First Horizon Advisors First Horizon Advisors At December 31, 2023, First Horizon’s subsidiaries had over 450 business locations in 24 U.S. states, excluding off-premises ATMs. Most of those locations were banking centers. At year-end, the Bank had 415 retail banking centers in twelve states, as shown in Table 1.2. Retail Banking Centers at Year-End State Arkansas South Carolina State Tennessee North Carolina # 135 79 Florida Louisiana Alabama Georgia 76 56 13 13 Texas Virginia Mississippi New York # 12 10 8 8 4 1 Many banking centers contain special-service areas such as wealth management and mortgage lending. At year-end 2023, First Horizon also had over fifty client- service offices not physically within banking centers, including fixed income, home mortgage, wealth management, and commercial loan offices. The largest groups of those offices were: 27 fixed income offices in 17 states across the U.S.; and 9 stand-alone mortgage lending offices in 6 states. First Horizon also has operational and administrative offices. 6 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Loans Loan Portfolios Lending is a major source of revenue for us, and loans are our largest asset type. Table 1.3 shows our total loans (including certain leases) at year-end 2023, along with some details regarding the composition of our loans. Most of our loans are commercial. As shown in Table 1.3, our loans are broken into two major types, commercial and consumer. Each type is broken into portfolios. Our three major portfolios are: traditional, unsecured commercial, financial, and industrial (“C&I”) loans; secured commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans; and secured consumer real estate loans. A fourth portfolio consists of consumer credit card and other consumer debt. Table 1.3 Loan Types & Portfolios1 Commercial $47 B Consumer Total Loans $14 B $61 B 76 % 24 % 100 % Commercial Portfolios C&I % of Type % of Total 53 % 70 % CRE 30 23 Consumer Portfolios Consumer real estate % of Type % of Total 23 % 95 % Credit card/other 5 1 1 Dollars and percentages at December 31, 2023. Geographic Mix Geographically, a significant majority of our loans originate from five states: Florida, Tennessee, Texas, North Carolina, and Louisiana. The geographic dispersion of our loans varies considerably among our three major loan portfolios, as shown in Table 1.4. Table 1.4 Major Loan Portfolios1 by Geography CRE ($14B) C&I ($33B) Cons. RE ($14B) Tennessee 21 % Florida 27 % Florida 29 % Florida 13 % Texas 13 % Tennessee 22 % Texas 11 % N. Carolina 12 % Texas 11 % N. Carolina Louisiana Georgia California 7 % 6 % 5 % 5 % All other 32 % Georgia Tennessee Louisiana 9 % 9 % 8 % All other 22 % Louisiana N. Carolina New York Georgia 8 % 7 % 5 % 5 % All other 13 % 1 Dollars and percentages at December 31, 2023. C&I Loans The C&I portfolio, our largest portfolio by far, was $33 billion at December 31, 2023. Our C&I portfolio has an industry concentration: about 18% of C&I loans are to businesses in the financial services industry, which includes finance and insurance companies and mortgage lending companies. The rest of C&I covers a wide range of industries, as shown in Table 1.5a. Table 1.5a 8 12 12 % C&I Loans1 by Industry/Line of Business Finance and insurance Real estate and rental and leasing (a) Health care and social assistance Accommodation and food service Manufacturing Wholesale trade Loans to mortgage companies Retail trade Transportation and warehousing Energy Other C&I 7 7 26 7 5 4 6 6 1 Percentages of C&I portfolio at December 31, 2023. (a) Leasing, rental of real estate, equipment, and goods. CRE Loans The CRE portfolio was $14 billion at December 31, 2023. The largest property type within CRE is multi-family, as shown in Table 1.5b. The next three largest property types were office, retail, and industrial. At year-end, nearly half of the office loans were for medical industry office space. Table 1.5b CRE Loans1 by Industry/Line of Business Multi-family 31 % Office Retail Industrial Hospitality Land/land development Other CRE 1 Percentages of CRE portfolio at December 31, 2023. Consumer Loans 20 16 16 10 2 5 Consumer loans totaled $14 billion at December 31, 2023. As shown in Table 1.3 above, a substantial majority of consumer loans consists of home equity loans, mortgages, and other secured consumer real estate loans. Further information regarding our loans is provided in Note 3 beginning on page 131 appearing in our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8), and under the captions Analysis of Financial Condition and Asset Quality, 7 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents beginning on pages 62 and 65, respectively, of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). ITEM 1. BUSINESS Deposits Deposits comprise our largest resource to fund lending. Deposits overall also tend to be our lowest-cost funding source. At year-end 2023, we had total deposits of $66 billion. Most of our deposits are held in our regional banking and specialty banking segments. Table 1.6 provides a deposit overview at December 31, 2023. Further information regarding deposits is provided: in Note 8 beginning on page 148 appearing in our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8); under the caption Deposits beginning on page 75 appearing in our 2023 MD&A (Item 7); and in other parts of this report referenced under Deposits. Table 1.6 Deposit1 Overview Client Types % of Total Acct Types % of Total FDIC Insured Status % of Total Source % of Total Commercial Consumer 55% 45% Savings Time deposits Other interest Noninterest 38% 10% 26% 26% Estimated Insured Est. Uninsured - Total Est. Uninsured - Collateralized 59% 41% 8% Tennessee Florida Louisiana N. Carolina All other 38% 18% 12% 12% 20% 1 Percentages of deposits at December 31, 2023. Business Segments Segment Overview Our financial results of operations are reported through operational business segments which are not closely related to the legal structure of our subsidiaries. Currently, we operate through three segments: regional banking, specialty banking, and corporate. In this report, segment information related to periods prior to our most recent segment change has been reclassified to conform with current segments. Financial and other additional information concerning our segments—including information concerning assets, revenues, and financial results—appears in our 2023 MD&A (Item 7) and in our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8), especially in Note 19—Business Segment Information. Note 19 begins on page 172. Regional and Specialty Banking Segments By far most of our loans and deposits are in the regional banking and specialty banking segments. Similarly, those segments are the sources of most of our revenues and expenses. The two segments create and use financial resources differently, and the revenues they generate have a very different mix of net interest income vs. noninterest income. In addition, regional banking is larger than specialty banking by many financial measures. Table 1.7 provides high-level financial information for each of those two segments, highlighting these points. Table 1.7 Regional vs Specialty Banking Snapshot (Dollars in millions) 2023 Average assets 2023 Net interest income 2023 Noninterest income 2023 Pre-tax income Regional Specialty $ 45,858 $ 20,161 $ 2,354 $ 433 $ 1,262 $ $ $ 518 209 313 Regional and Specialty Lines of Business The principal lines of business in the regional banking segment are: • commercial banking (larger business enterprises) • business banking (smaller business enterprises) • consumer banking • private client and wealth management The principal lines of business in the specialty banking segment are: • fixed income/capital markets • professional commercial real estate (Pro-CRE) • mortgage warehouse lending • asset-based (secured) lending • franchise finance • equipment finance • energy finance • healthcare finance • tax credit finance 8 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents • corporate banking • correspondent banking • mortgage origination Geographically, regional banking's businesses mainly serve our traditional markets associated with our banking center footprint. Many of the businesses within specialty banking have much broader geographic reach. For example: our fixed income business has offices from Hawaii to Massachusetts; and California is listed in Table 1.4 primarily because of specialty banking business lines. Revenues and earnings from three of the business lines in the specialty banking segment are significantly more Services We Provide volatile over time than those in regional banking. In addition to being sensitive to economic conditions generally, those specialty business lines can be very strongly impacted or benefited by changes in interest rates or in the shape of the yield curve. Those business lines are fixed income/capital markets, mortgage warehouse lending, and mortgage origination. Because they can perform well when other business lines are subdued, and vice-versa, we sometimes refer to these as our counter-cyclical businesses. 2023 overall was a subdued year for these businesses as interest rates continued to rise before leveling, and the yield curve was inverted the entire year. At December 31, 2023, we provided the following services through our subsidiaries and divisions: • trust, fiduciary, and agency services • credit card products • general banking services for consumers, businesses, • equipment finance services financial institutions, and governments • fixed income sales and trading; underwriting of bank- eligible securities and other fixed-income securities eligible for underwriting by financial subsidiaries; loan sales; advisory services; and derivative sales • mortgage banking services • brokerage services • correspondent banking • transaction processing: nationwide check clearing services and remittance processing • investment and financial advisory services • mutual fund sales as agent • retail insurance sales as agent Information about the net interest income and noninterest income we obtained from our largest categories of products and services appears under the caption Results of Operations—2023 Compared to 2022 beginning on page 56 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). 9 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS Significant Business Developments Over Past Five Years Selected Financial Data Past Five Years Table 1.8 provides selected data concerning revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, shareholders’ equity, and certain other metrics for the past five years. Table 1.8 SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA (Dollars in millions; financial condition data shown period-end, as of December 31) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Net interest income $ Noninterest income Net income available to common shareholders Total loans and leases Provision (benefit) for credit losses Net Charge-offs Net interest margin Total assets Total deposits Total term borrowings Total liabilities Preferred stock Total shareholders’ equity (financial statement) Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (regulatory) $ 2,540 927 865 61,292 260 170 3.42 % 81,661 65,780 1,150 72,370 520 9,291 8,104 $ 2,392 815 868 58,102 95 59 3.10 % 78,953 63,489 1,597 70,406 1,014 8,547 7,032 $ 1,994 1,076 962 54,859 (310) 2 2.48 % 89,092 74,895 1,590 80,598 520 8,494 6,367 $ 1,662 1,492 822 58,232 503 120 2.86 % 84,209 69,982 1,670 75,902 470 8,307 6,110 1,210 654 435 31,061 45 27 3.28 % 43,311 32,430 791 38,235 96 5,076 3,409 Priorities & Developments Over the past five years, our strategic priorities have focused on: • targeted and opportunistic expansion of consumer and commercial banking products and markets; • targeted and opportunistic expansion of commercial lending, mainly through strategic and tactical transactions, talent development, and talent acquisitions; • rigorous expense management with continued investment in revenue generating initiatives; • managing business units and products with a strong emphasis on risk-adjusted returns on invested capital; • providing exceptional client service and experience as a primary means to differentiate us from competitors; and • investment in scalable technology and other infrastructure to attract and retain clients and to support expansion. Examples of our implementation of these priorities include: • In July 2020, we completed a merger of equals transaction with IBERIABANK Corporation and purchased 30 branches from Truist Bank, making 2020 a transformative year. See IBKC Merger of Equals in 2020 and 30-Branch Acquisition in 2020 in this Item below for additional information. In February 2022, we completed the principal systems conversion work related to that merger. • As shown in Table 1.8, the COVID-19 pandemic caused us to recognize substantial provision for credit losses in 2020, and reduced our transaction volume and revenues. See the discussion captioned CECL Accounting and COVID-19 within Events Impacting Year-to-Year Comparisons, immediately below. In 2021, a large portion of that 2020 provision expense was effectively reversed, resulting in a provision credit for the year. • The pandemic also resulted in strong deposit growth in 2020 and 2021, despite interest rates being extremely low. We believe federal assistance and stimulus programs in 2020 and early 2021 significantly bolstered deposits in both years. Deposits normalized (fell) in 2022. The banking crisis in 2023 prompted us to launch a deposit-gathering campaign in second quarter, which was successful. • We have made key talent hires in critical areas throughout our company, with the main focus on organically growing economically profitable business lines inside and outside our traditional markets. • Throughout this period, we have pruned and adapted our physical banking center network to reflect long- term trends in client usage of banking centers, and are making more efficient use of other physical facilities. Correspondingly, we have expanded and 10 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents enhanced our digital banking products and services. These activities were significantly paused during the period when the TD transaction was pending. • In 2022 interest rates rose aggressively. This improved our lending margins during the year as we were able to raise average lending rates faster than average funding rates. In 2023 the rates and amounts we paid for deposits rose appreciably, but the impact was moderated by continued increases in lending rates along with a decrease in our borrowings. • Until 2022, when interest rates in the U.S. began to rise significantly, lending was strong in certain Events Impacting Year-to-Year Comparisons specialty areas, such as lending to mortgage companies, where demand was strongly stimulated by low interest rates. Mortgage-related lending and services fell significantly in 2022, which continued throughout 2023. • Similarly, 2022's rising rate environment and significant financial market volatility negatively impacted our fixed income and capital markets business compared to earlier years in this period. That adverse environment continued throughout 2023. TD Transaction 2022-2023 In February 2022, we agreed to be acquired by TD in a merger transaction. Our shareholders approved the TD transaction in May 2022. In May 2023, after TD failed to obtain timely regulatory approval, we and TD agreed to terminate the transaction. See Toronto-Dominion Transaction below for further information. Preparation for the consummation of the TD transaction resulted in significant noninterest expense in 2022 and 2023 unrelated to the ordinary course of business. TD paid us a termination fee which substantially increased 2023 noninterest income, and we used part of that fee to support community charities. As part of the TD transaction, in 2022 TD paid us $494 million to purchase shares of our Series G convertible preferred stock. After the transaction terminated, the Series G stock was converted into our common stock in 2023 at a conversion price of $25 per common share. Regional Bank Failures in 2023 Over the weekend of March 11, 2023, the FDIC closed two large regional banks that had experienced a run on their deposits. On May 1, 2023, the FDIC closed a third large regional bank after a slower but extended run on its deposits. During this period most regional bank stock prices fell significantly and experienced substantial volatility. Although stock price drops and fluctuations do not directly impact our financial results or position, we took action to maintain client confidence in our financial stability when the TD transaction terminated just a few days after the third bank failure. Those actions included a significant deposit-acquisition campaign and a rapid uptick in marketing efforts. Also, a special FDIC assessment, prompted by the bank failures and applied to all large and regional banks in the U.S., was recognized by us as a significant expense item in 2023. Stock Purchase Moratorium in 2022-2023 After announcing the TD transaction in 2022, we halted our stock purchase program except for tax withholding related to stock awards. When the TD transaction terminated in the midst of market turmoil surrounding three U.S. regional bank failures, and facing the prospect of possible new regulatory requirements (stemming from those failures) which would directly affect our capital, we continued the moratorium for all of 2023. The moratorium ended in first quarter 2024. Gain on Sale of Business In third quarter of 2022, we sold our title services business, recognizing a $22 million pre-tax gain. IBKC Merger of Equals in 2020 In July 2020, we closed our merger of equals with IBERIABANK Corporation (“IBKC”). IBKC was the parent company of IBERIABANK based in Lafayette, Louisiana. At year-end 2019, IBKC had $31.7 billion of total assets— nearly 75% of our size at that time—and operated over 190 banking centers in 11 states: Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North and South Carolina, and New York. IBKC’s largest concentrations of banking centers were in Louisiana and Florida. We and IBKC offered many of the same financial services before the merger, but IBKC exceeded us in several areas, most notably in equipment financing, mortgage, and title services. IBKC shareholders collectively were issued 243 million First Horizon common shares (on a net basis). Under applicable accounting guidance, none of the income or expense recognized by IBKC prior to the merger was included in our income or expense for 2020. As a result, our 2020 operating results consisted of approximately two quarters of legacy First Horizon alone plus approximately two quarters of combined First Horizon and IBKC. In addition, operating results in 2020 were significantly affected by merger-related expenses and by two significant accounting impacts, described in Large Accounting Impacts from IBKC Merger below. 30-Branch Acquisition in 2020 In July 2020, we purchased 30 branches in North Carolina (20), Virginia (8), and Georgia (2) from SunTrust Bank (now 11 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Truist Bank). Those branches are in markets which we did not serve previously, or in which we did not have a leading market position. Along with the branch facilities, we acquired $0.4 billion of related loans and assumed $2.2 billion of deposits. Large Accounting Impacts from IBKC Merger Under applicable accounting guidance, closing the IBKC merger in July 2020 created two substantial impacts on our operating results for 2020. First, although we were required to record IBKC’s loans at fair value on the closing date, we also were required to recognize, as a provision for credit losses, an estimate of current expected credit losses for certain acquired loans. A similar process, with much smaller numbers, occurred for the loans associated with the 30-branch purchase. The overall incremental expense, recorded in third quarter 2020, was $147 million. Moreover, we were required to record, on a preliminary basis, a nontaxable purchase accounting gain from the merger of $533 million, driven by the stock market decline in 2020 associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The net result of those two impacts was a $386 million uplift to our pre-tax income in 2020 unrelated to the ordinary operation of our businesses. Expenses related to IBKC Merger Closing the IBKC merger, integrating the business operations and systems, and making the changes necessary to achieve intended cost and other synergies resulted in substantial noninterest expense, especially in 2020 and 2021. Low Credit Loss Rates During this period, our provision expense and net charge- offs have, for the most part, been lower than historical norms. Provision expense spiked in 2020 when the very sudden COVID recession triggered significant upward revisions in our expected credit losses, and provision expense was negative in 2021 when a sizeable portion of the 2020 loss reserves were released as loss expectations moderated substantially. Net charge-offs during those years similarly were higher in 2020 and lower in 2021, though the deviations from the norm were much less severe. If 2020 and 2021 are viewed together as a single period, annual provision expense and net charge-offs were similar to levels in 2022. When loan losses are low, differences from year to year can be idiosyncratic, driven by just one or a few clients. In 2023, loss levels increased but continued to be low in general; however, a single commercial loan default drove an uptick in provision expense and net charge-offs for the year. CECL Accounting and COVID-19 Starting in 2020, accounting guidance changed, requiring us to recognize “current expected credit loss” on all loans. The new guidance had the effect of accelerating, compared to prior guidance, the recognition of provision expense at times when general economic conditions deteriorate in a rapid manner. Also in 2020, government and public reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic caused substantial and rapid, and previously unexpected, business disruption and economic deterioration. Those events substantially changed our expectations for future credit loss and, accordingly, our provision was significantly elevated in 2020. In 2021, we recognized net provision credit (negative expense) in the year overall, as a portion of credit loss accrued in 2020 was effectively reversed and underlying credit loss trends remained modest in most portfolios. In 2022 our provision expense and underlying credit loss trends returned to a more normal pattern. PPP In 2020, the U.S. government created a temporary Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The PPP allowed qualifying employers to take out qualifying bank loans that were guaranteed by the federal government. The loans later were forgiven, often within a year, with the bank made whole by the program. The program ended in 2021. Our PPP revenues were approximately $122 million in 2021, but only $21 million in 2022. Fixed Income Volatility In 2019 moderate market volatility and the downward direction of interest rates resulted in much higher trading volume and noninterest income in our fixed income business, which largely continued in 2020 and 2021. During most of 2022 the Federal Reserve aggressively raised rates, resulting in a significant fall-off in fixed income revenues, which continued in 2023. See the Fixed Income discussion under Cyclicality within the Other Business Information section of this Item, which begins on page 16, for additional information. Monetary Policy Shifts Interest rates were low by historical standards in the first three of this five-year period, and generally fell during those years. This environment lowered our net interest margin from 2019 to 2021. Net interest margin is a measure of the profit we make on loans and other earning assets in relation to our cost of deposits and other funding sources. Because funding costs cannot realistically fall below zero, the very low rate environment during 2020-21 resulted in historically low net interest margin levels for us. During much of 2021, the Federal Reserve kept short-term rates low and maintained an asset-buying program intended to put downward pressure on long-term rates. In 2022, the Federal Reserve began to raise short-term rates in large (as much as 75 basis point) moves, and ceased its asset-buying program. This was in reaction to price inflation experienced in the U.S. during much of 2021 and in 2022. In 2023 short-term rate increases slowed 12 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents substantially and then stopped entirely, while long-term rates rose and then fluctuated. During the last half of 2022 and all of 2023 the traditional two-year/ten-year yield curve for U.S. Treasury debt was inverted, meaning the two-year rate exceeded the ten- year. Historically, inversion is not common, and extended periods of inversion are quite rare. Although several factors likely contributed to the current inversion, we believe a key factor in this instance, especially in 2023, was that markets tried to anticipate when, and how aggressively, the Federal Reserve would start cutting short-term rates in order to avoid or mitigate a recession. Our net interest margin improved in 2022 and, despite the inversion, improved again in 2023. Additional information concerning monetary policy and changes to it appears: within the Effect of Governmental Policies and Proposals section of Item 1 beginning on page 27; under the caption Risks Associated with Monetary Significant Trends Past Five Years Noteworthy trends during these five years included: • Net interest margin declined from 2019 to 2021. However, net interest income rose in 2020 as loan balances increased with the IBERIABANK merger. Net interest income expanded again in 2022 and 2023 as margins improved with the rising-rate environment, and loan growth continued following that merger. • 2020 and 2021 enjoyed a substantial increase in noninterest income following the IBERIABANK merger, especially in relation to consumer mortgage originations and related services. Fixed income revenues were high during those years as well. The rising rates in 2022 negatively impacted mortgage and fixed income revenues in 2022 and in 2023. The uptick in 2023's noninterest income was driven by the fee paid to FHN when the TD transaction terminated. • The large deposit uptick in 2020 was driven substantially by the IBERIABANK and 30-branch Toronto-Dominion Transaction On February 27, 2022, FHN entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “TD Merger Agreement”) with The Toronto-Dominion Bank, a Canadian chartered bank (“TD”) and certain TD subsidiaries. Under that agreement, TD was to acquire FHN for an all-cash purchase price of $25 per FHN common share, with the price modestly increasing if the transaction closed later than a certain date. Exited Businesses Over the past five years, we have focused primarily on regional banking and specialty banking products and services. We have partially or fully exited some smaller Events beginning on page 34 within Item 1A; and under the caption Federal Reserve Policy in Transition within the Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends section of 2023 MD&A (Item 7), which begins on page 92. Mortgage-Related Businesses We lend to mortgage lending companies, we originate mortgage loans, and (until 2022) we provided title and related services, all of which depend significantly on new and refinanced home mortgage activity. Lending to mortgage companies has been a significant business for us in all five years shown in Table 1.8, while the latter two businesses were insignificant for us until our merger with IBKC in 2020. All three mortgage-related businesses benefited substantially from the low interest rate environment that ended in 2022. All three were adversely impacted when rates rose in 2022. transactions. Also in 2020 and 2021, the PPP contributed to deposit growth as proceeds from PPP loans boosted average deposit account balances. Organic growth in deposits from core banking clients grew throughout this period, even when interest rates were extremely low. That core growth is masked in some years by our deliberate reductions in market- indexed deposits, which tend to be higher rate, and in other years by those large transactions. Deposits in 2022 fell as the PPP impact receded and competitive pricing (rate) pressures increased. Deposits grew again in 2023 as a result of a successful deposit acquisition campaign. • Throughout 2020, and to a lesser extent in 2021, economic and business disruption related to the COVID-19 pandemic created substantial challenges for our clients and for our company. On February 9, 2023, FHN and TD agreed to extend the outside date for the transaction to close until May 27, 2023. Subsequent to the extension, TD informed FHN that TD did not expect that the necessary regulatory approvals to be received in time to complete the transaction by May 27, 2023. On May 4, 2023, FHN and TD agreed to terminate the transaction. businesses during those years. Exited businesses are managed in our corporate segment. 13 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Competition In all aspects of the businesses in which we engage, we face substantial competition from banks doing business in our markets as well as from savings and loan associations, credit unions, other financial institutions, consumer finance companies, trust companies, investment Banking Competition Our regional banking business primarily competes in those areas within the southern U.S. where we have banking center locations, summarized in Table 1.2. However, competition in our industry is trending away from the traditional geographic footprint model. That trend is happening throughout the industry, but the rate of change is highly uneven among different types of clients, products, and services. In our company, that trend is most evident in our specialty banking segment. Our regional banking business serves both consumer and commercial clients. The consumer businesses remain strongly linked to our physical banking center locations, even as our delivery of financial services to consumers is increasingly focused on popular non-physical delivery methods, such as online and mobile banking. Online and mobile banking have contributed to a decline in banking center usage, but not (so far) an erosion of the link between banking center versus consumer client location. Increasingly, however, consumers are able to manage, through a single institution, their financial accounts at multiple institutions. Cross-institutional management features may contribute to a de-linking of consumers to physical banking center networks. Our commercial businesses, especially in our specialty banking segment, also have a geographic linkage, but it is weaker. Some areas of specialty lending, such as franchise finance, mortgage warehouse lending, asset-based lending, and certain other specialty businesses (see Fixed Income Competition below) are multi-regional or national in scope rather than being heavily centered on banking center locations. Key traditional competitors in many of our markets include Bank of America N.A., Fifth Third Bank National Association, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (dba First Citizens Bank), Hancock Whitney Bank, Huntington National Bank, JPMorgan Chase Bank National Association, Regions Bank, Pinnacle Bank, PNC Bank National Association, Synovus Bank, Truist Bank, and Wells Fargo Bank N.A., among many others including many community banks and credit unions. A number of recent technologies created or operated by non-banks have been integrated into the financial systems counseling firms, money market and other mutual funds, insurance companies and agencies, securities firms, mortgage banking companies, hedge funds, and other firms offering financial products or services. used by traditional banks, such as the evolution of ATM cards into debit/credit cards and the evolution of debit/ credit cards into smart phones. These sorts of incrementally evolutionary technologies often have expanded the market for banking services overall while siphoning a portion of the revenues from those services away from banks. Prior methods of delivering those services were disrupted, but often at a pace which all but the weakest banks could accommodate. Recently, some evolutionary pressures have arisen which may prove to be less incremental and more disruptive. For example, in financial planning and wealth management, companies that are not traditional banks, including both long-established firms and new ones, have developed highly-interactive systems and applications. These services compete directly with traditional banks in offering personal financial advice. The low-cost, high-speed nature of these “robo-advisor” services can be especially attractive to younger, less-affluent clients and potential clients. We and other traditional banks offer similar services, but doing so risks cannibalizing traditional business models for these services. In recent years, certain financial companies or their affiliates that traditionally were not banks have been able to compete more directly with the Bank for deposits and other traditional banking services and products. The trend of increasing fluidity across traditional boundaries is likely to continue. Non-traditional companies competing with us for traditional banking products and services include investment banks, brokerage firms, insurance company affiliates, peer-to-peer lending arrangers, non-bank deposit acceptors, companies offering payment facilitation services, and extremely short-term consumer loan companies. Competition for clients related to regional and specialty banking products and services is most pronounced in rate pricing (loan rates, loan spreads, and deposit rates), services pricing, scope of services offered, quality of service, convenience, and ease of use for self-service areas such as online and mobile banking. In 2022 and 2023, rate pricing competition for deposits was more intense than had been true in recent earlier years. 14 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Fixed Income Competition Our fixed income business, which is part of our specialty banking segment, serves institutional clients, broadly segregated into depositories (including banks, thrifts, and credit unions) and non-depositories (including money managers, insurance companies, governmental units and agencies, public funds, pension funds, and hedge funds). Additional Information About Competition For additional information on the competitive position of FHN and the Bank, refer to the General subsection above within this Item 1. Also, refer to the subsections entitled Supervision and Regulation and Effect of Governmental Policies, both of which are relevant to an analysis of our Human Resources Management Firstpower Culture For the past 160 years, our culture has been a catalyst to our success. Our culture is centered around our people and their performance, promoting teamwork and collaboration to achieve results. We prioritize a healthy work environment, which enhances morale and associate satisfaction, ultimately leading to increased productivity and engagement. In 2023, we retained 90% of our associate base, including a 97% of our leadership team, indicative of our ability to attract and retain top talent even in challenging circumstances. At the center of all that we do are our Purpose, Values and Commitment, holding ourselves to the highest standards of ethical conduct and operational excellence. Our Purpose: To help our clients unlock their full potential with capital and counsel. Our Values: • Put Clients First – Go above and beyond to listen, understand and solve the client’s needs. Follow through and exceed expectations every step of the way. • Care About People – Treat others with respect and dignity. Foster a culture of collaboration. Demonstrate kindness and empathy for all. • Commit to Excellence in Everything We Do – Conduct business with professionalism and dignity. Embody a “can do” spirit that gets results for our clients. • Elevate Equity – Providing fair and equitable opportunities for associates is at the center of our diversity and inclusion efforts. • Foster Team Success – Measure wins in terms of “we” not “me.” Take pride in company success. Be invested in a shared vision for future growth. Commitment: As teammates and as individuals, we must own the moment. We listen, understand and deliver. Both client groups are widely dispersed geographically, predominantly within the U.S. We have many competitors within both groups, including major U.S. and international securities firms as well as numerous regional and local firms. competitors. Due to the intense competition in the financial services industry we can make no representation that our competitive position has or will remain constant, nor can we predict how it may change in the future. Understanding the changing needs and expectations of our workforce is central to our success. As evidenced during the pandemic, our ability to remain nimble and responsive allows us to serve our clients and communities without disruption even when business conditions change. We want our associates to be inspired and empowered to perform at their best. We seek their input through formal surveys and through the Firstpower Council, a group of associates representing various areas of the company that provide direct feedback on opportunities to enhance our culture and organizational effectiveness. The overall well-being of every associate is important to us. In addition to competitive health care benefits, wellness programs and parental and care-giver support, we offer professional development opportunities through mentoring and career development programs. Associates can actively engage with their colleagues at work and be involved in the community in a variety of ways, including through volunteerism and by participating in one or more of our associate resource groups (of which there are 10, with two additional groups set to launch in 2024). Creating a diverse workforce and inclusive work environment is a fundamental aspect of our Firstpower culture. This commitment starts at the top of the organization with Board of Directors oversight and executive leadership support and is embedded throughout our organization and business priorities. Our objective is not only to attract a diverse team, but also to create an environment in which different backgrounds, opinions and perspectives are valued. We continuously focus on: ▪ Actively seeking representation of diverse talent ▪ Strengthening leadership capabilities and accountability 15 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents ▪ Fostering inclusion and equality through fairness and transparency ▪ Better serving diverse markets and clients Investing in the well-being of communities ▪ ▪ Our 10 commitments, which include expanding outreach and access for historically underserved groups We made measurable progress in 2023 with the addition of diverse candidates in leadership roles, the launch of Year-End Statistical Information At December 31, 2023*: • First Horizon had 7,378 associates, or 7,249 full-time- equivalent associates and 129 part-time equivalent associates, not including contract labor for certain services: new Associate Resource Groups, greater use of metrics to gauge our progress and the release of a new Corporate Diversity Statement. We remain committed to creating a more equitable society, and that starts with our associates, our clients, and the communities we serve. We do this by providing capital and counsel and committing to excellence in everything we do. ◦ 54% female and 46% male ◦ 2% have disabilities • Of the managers, First Horizon had 36 members of the CEO's Operating Committee (composed of the CEO and leaders from across the organization): ◦ 66% white, 20% African American, 9% Hispanic, 3% ◦ 86% white, 11% African American, 0% Hispanic, 3% Asian, and 2% other races or ethnicities Asian, and 0% other races or ethnicities ◦ 63% female and 37% male ◦ 4% have disabilities • Of those, First Horizon had 1,200 corporate managers: ◦ 76% white, 13% African American, 7% Hispanic, 2% Asian, and 2% other races or ethnicities Other Business Information Strategic Transactions An element of our business strategy is to consider acquisitions and divestitures that would enhance long- term shareholder value. Significant acquisitions and divestitures which closed during the past five years are described in Significant Developments over the Past Five Years beginning on page 10 of this report. Subsidiaries FHN’s consolidated operating subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 are listed in Exhibit 21. Technical and regulatory details follow: • The Bank is supervised and regulated as described in Supervision and Regulation in this Item below. • The Bank is a government securities dealer. The FHN Financial division of the Bank is registered with the SEC as a municipal securities dealer. The FHN Financial Municipal Advisors division of the Bank is registered with the SEC as a municipal adviser. • Martin & Company, Inc. and First Horizon Advisors, Inc. are registered with the SEC as investment advisers. ◦ 44% female and 56% male __________ * Data compiled from information provided by associates. The most significant transactions in the past five years are our merger of equals with IBKC and our 30-branch purchase, both in 2020. IBKC’s assets comprised roughly three-sevenths of our combined assets immediately after closing in July 2020. We completed systems integration for the IBKC merger in February 2022. • First Horizon Advisors, Inc. and FHN Financial Securities Corp. are registered as broker-dealers with the SEC and all states where they conduct business for which registration is required. • First Horizon Insurance Services, Inc. and FHIS, Inc. are licensed as insurance agencies in all states where they do business for which licensing is required. • First Horizon Advisors, Inc. is licensed as an insurance agency in the states where it does business for which licensing is required for the sale of annuity products. • Our financial subsidiaries under the Gramm-Leach- Bliley Act are: FHIS, Inc.; FHN Financial Securities Corp.; First Horizon Advisors, Inc.; First Horizon Insurance Agency, Inc.; and First Horizon Insurance Services, Inc. 16 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Client Concentration ITEM 1. BUSINESS Neither we nor any of our significant subsidiaries is dependent upon a single client or very few clients. Calendar-Year Seasonality We do not experience material seasonality. We do experience seasonal variation in certain revenues, expenses, and credit trends. Historically, these variations have somewhat increased certain expenses and diminished certain revenues for the regional and specialty banking segments, principally in the first quarter each year. In addition, we experience seasonal variation in Cyclicality Banking Financial services facilitate commercial and consumer economic activities in critical ways. In many key respects, modern financial services make modern types and volumes of economic activity possible. Put simply, we do well when our clients do well, and vice-versa. As a result, our banking business is broadly and strongly dependent on the size and strength of the U.S. economy. Generally, when the U.S. economy is in an expansionary phase of the business cycle, our loan balances rise, income from lending tends to rise (assuming static interest rates and margins), credit losses tend to fall, and fee income tends to increase. In a contracting phase, those patterns tend to reverse. The impact of those factors on our operating results can be substantial, especially if they consistently move up or down at the same time. Our traditional banking businesses are crucially dependent on the level of interest rates, whether federal monetary policy is easing or tightening, and on the shape of the interest rate yield curve. These factors also are cyclical, and are related in complex ways with the business cycle mentioned above. These factors, and their impacts on us, often are mixed rather than consistently positive or negative. For example: low interest rates reduce the interest income we earn, reduce our costs of funding, tend to stimulate economic activity and loan growth, and, through lower debt service, tend to ease financial pressure on clients, reducing default risk. If the yield curve remains relatively steep, with long- term interest rates noticeably higher than short rates, our net interest margin will tend not to be significantly compressed by the lower rate environment, since lower short rates will keep our funding costs down while higher long rates will support the rates we can charge on lending. But if rates fall low enough (as they did in 2020-21), the yield curve will flatten and our margins will suffer. Moreover, the Federal Reserve tends to lower rates in response to, or to avoid, a weakening economy. Economic weakness tends to diminish client borrowing and other activities which benefit our performance. certain asset and liability balances, principally in the fourth quarter (consumer mortgages, commercial lending related to consumer mortgages, and certain associate- related reserves) and first quarter (consumer mortgages and commercial lending related to consumer mortgages). Further information on these topics is presented: within Item 1A (which begins on page 29), in Risk from Economic Downturns and Changes, Risks Associated with Monetary Events, Liquidity and Funding Risks, and Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks; and, within 2023 MD&A (Item 7), in Executive Overview (page 55), Interest Rate Risk Management (page 84), and Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends (page 92). Fixed Income Our fixed income and capital markets business, reported as part of our specialty banking segment, is significantly affected by interest rate cycles which, in turn, are affected by general economic and business cycles. In broad terms, the typical impact of Federal Reserve interest and monetary policy on our fixed income business is summarized in Table 1.9. Table 1.9 Typical Impact of Fed Policy on Fixed Income Performance Fixed Income Performance Tends to be Federal Reserve Policy Phase Easing Neutral Tightening Weaker Average Stronger “Tightening” can include actions by the Federal Reserve to raise short-term interest rates, push long-term rates up, tighten credit, shrink the money supply, and decelerate economic activity. “Easing” can include actions by the Federal Reserve to lower short-term interest rates, push long-term rates down, loosen credit, expand the money supply, and accelerate economic activity. Expectations of policy actions can have impacts similar to the actions themselves. In terms of tightening vs. easing, the Federal Reserve policy phase sometimes is clearly known, but sometimes is not. Although Federal Reserve actions at a given time can consistently support one phase, often they are a mix. For example, the Federal Reserve may want to flatten the yield curve by raising short-term rates while pushing long- term rates down, or steepen the curve by taking the 17 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents opposite actions. Complicating any forecast, the Federal Reserve can directly affect short-term rates but can only influence long-term rates, which are market-driven and which can defy the Federal Reserve's intentions. Also, major exogenous factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can significantly impact the capital markets and the performance of our fixed income business. In broad terms, these relationships are summarized in Table 1.10. Table 1.10 Key Drivers of Fixed Income Performance Driver If Driver Is: FI Revenues Tend to Be: Interest rates Market volatility Yield curve Credit spreads Depository Liquidity Economy outlook Rising/up Falling/down Extreme (low or high) Moderate Flat or Inverted Steep Tighter Wider Lower Greater Positive Negative Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher In many circumstances these drivers deliver mixed impacts on fixed income performance, with some pushing higher while others push lower, or with some drivers pushing weakly while others are stronger. If most or all drivers strongly push in the same direction at the same time, fixed income performance usually is strongly impacted. Revenue levels in a strongly “higher” year can be more than double what they are in a strongly “lower” year. As a result, fixed income performance can be highly variable from year to year. Mortgage-Related Businesses The strength or weakness of consumer mortgage lending activity in the U.S. impacts two businesses of ours: mortgage origination and related services, and commercial lending to other mortgage lenders. Mortgage lending activity is strongly linked to interest rate cycles. Activity tends to be inversely related to prevailing mortgage rates: when rates are high, home-buying and refinancing decrease, and when rates are low, home- buying and refinancing increase. Moreover, expectations about near-term future mortgage rates can accelerate or delay those impacts, as borrowers rush to avoid future rate increases or wait for future rate decreases. Market Outlook 2024 is likely to be an inflection year, making outlook predictions more uncertain than usual. However, early in 2024, the two most important market factors in 2024 appear likely to be (i) whether, when, and by how much the Federal Reserve will decide to implement short-term rate decreases, and (ii) whether the U.S. economy will slide into recession and, if so, how deep and long it will be. Both factors, especially the first, assume that inflation in the U.S. will not start to increase in 2024. Resumption of rising prices could prompt the Federal Reserve to resume short-term rate increases which, in turn, could increase the risk of a recession. Additional information concerning market uncertainties and trends appears in Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends within 2023 MD&A (Item 7) beginning on page 92, especially under the caption Inflation, Recession, and Federal Reserve Policy. Other Business Information Associated with this Report For additional information concerning our business, refer to 2023 MD&A (Item 7) beginning on page 54. Business Information External to this Report Our current primary internet address is www.firsthorizon.com. A link to the Investor Relations section of our internet website appears near the bottom of the home page of our website. Near the top of the Investor Relations homepage there is a "SEC Filings" link in the banner. Clicking that link makes available to the public, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and amendments thereto as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Additional information regarding materials available on our website is provided in Item 10 of this report beginning on page 205. No information external to this report and its exhibits, unless specifically noted otherwise, is incorporated into this report. 18 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Supervision and Regulation Scope of this Section This section describes certain of the material elements of the regulatory framework applicable to bank and financial holding companies and their subsidiaries, and to companies engaged in securities and insurance activities. It also provides certain specific information about us. To the extent that the following information describes Overview The Corporation First Horizon Corporation is a bank holding company and financial holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), and is registered with the Federal Reserve. We are subject to the regulation and supervision of, and to examination by, the Federal Reserve under the BHCA. We are required to file with the Federal Reserve annual reports and such additional information as the Federal Reserve may require pursuant to the BHCA. A bank holding company that is not a financial holding company is limited to engaging in “banking” and activities found by the Federal Reserve to be “closely related to banking.” Eligible bank holding companies that elect to become financial holding companies may affiliate with securities firms and insurance companies and engage in a broader range of activities that are “financial in nature.” See Financial Activities other than Banking within this Supervision and Regulation discussion below. The Federal Reserve may approve an application by a bank holding company to acquire a bank located outside the acquirer’s principal state of operations without regard to whether the transaction is prohibited under state law, although state law may still impose certain requirements. See Interstate Branching and Mergers and Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), both within this Supervision and Regulation discussion below. The Tennessee Bank Structure Act of 1974, among other things, prohibits (subject to certain exceptions) a bank holding company from acquiring a bank for which the home state is Tennessee (a “Tennessee bank”) if, upon consummation, the company would directly or indirectly control 30% or more of the total deposits in insured depository institutions in Tennessee. As of June 30, 2023, the FDIC reports that the Bank held approximately 14% of such deposits. The Bank First Horizon Bank, our most significant subsidiary, is a Tennessee banking corporation subject to the regulation and supervision of, and to examination by, the TDFI. In addition to general supervision and examination powers, statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by express reference to each of the particular statutory and regulatory provisions. A change in applicable statutes, regulations, or regulatory policy may have a material effect on our business. the TDFI has the power to approve mergers with the Bank, the Bank’s issuance of preferred stock or capital notes, the establishment of banking centers, and many other corporate actions. The Bank has chosen to be a member of the Federal Reserve. As a result, the Federal Reserve is the Bank’s primary federal regulator. As a member, the Bank must buy and hold stock in its district Federal Reserve Bank equal to 6% of the Bank’s capital stock and surplus. The Bank is paid a dividend on its investment at a rate which varies with ten-year U.S. Treasury rates, capped at 6%. The Bank cannot sell its investment in Federal Reserve Bank stock, and the investment provides the Bank with no control over the Federal Reserve System. Tennessee law requires the Bank, as a member of the Federal Reserve, to comply with federal capital and many other regulatory requirements in lieu of, or sometimes in addition to, state requirements. For that reason, this Supervision and Regulation section focuses on federal requirements for many topics related to the Bank, mentioning state requirements only where significant. The Bank is insured by, and subject to regulation by, the FDIC and is subject to regulation in certain respects by the CFPB. The Bank is also subject to various requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types and amounts of loans that may be made and the interest that may be charged, limitations on the types of investments that may be made, activities that may be engaged in, and types of services that may be offered. Various consumer laws and regulations also affect the operations of the Bank. In addition, several of the Bank’s subsidiaries are regulated separately, as discussed in Subsidiaries within this Item 1 under the Other Business Information discussion above, which begins on page 16. In addition to the impact of regulation, commercial banks are affected significantly by the actions of the Federal Reserve as it attempts to control interest rates, money supply, and credit availability in order to influence the economy. Also, the Bank and certain of its subsidiaries are prohibited from engaging in certain tie-in arrangements in 19 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS connection with extensions of credit, leases or sales of property, or furnishing products or services. depositors and the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, not to protect our Bank or our security holders. The regulatory framework governing banks and the financial industry is intended primarily to protect Regulatory Tiers Based on Asset Size Many rules dealing with critical regulatory topics divide banks into tiers based largely or entirely on asset size. Different topics have different cut-off points for the tiers. Within each topic, different rules apply to the different tiers. Cut-off points vary significantly. However, as a rough generalization, for many regulatory topics the critical cut- off points are $10 billion, $100 billion, and $250 billion. Companies with less than $10 billion are less regulated in several important ways than we are, and companies with Large-Bank Supervision Risk Categories Federal regulators have established four risk-based categories for applying enhanced prudential standards (enhanced for larger banks). Category I applies to the global systemically important companies. Categories II, III, and IV apply (with certain exceptions) to institutions with total consolidated assets of at least $700 billion, $250 billion, and $100 billion, respectively. Currently, we and the Bank are below Category IV’s floor and therefore, generally, we are not subject to enhanced prudential standards. As a practical matter, as we approach $100 billion, we will have to prepare for Category IV compliance. Doing that Payment of Dividends First Horizon Corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from First Horizon Bank and other subsidiaries. Our principal source of cash flow, including cash flow to pay dividends on our stock or to pay principal (including premium, if any) and interest on debt securities, is dividends from the Bank. There are statutory and regulatory limitations on the payment of dividends by the Bank to us, as well as by us to our shareholders. The Corporation Under Tennessee corporate law, we are not permitted to pay cash dividends if, after giving effect to such payment, we would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business or our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus any amounts needed to satisfy any preferential rights if we were dissolving. In addition, in deciding whether or not to declare a dividend of any particular size, our Board must consider our current and prospective capital, liquidity, and other needs, including the needs of the Bank which we are obligated to support. $250 billion or more are regulated much more severely in many important ways than we are. As a result, under current law, compliance requirements, costs, and restrictions grow with size, they tend to change abruptly as a company crosses to the next tier, and we are in a middle tier in many respects. The remainder of this Supervision and Regulation discussion focuses primarily on rules which apply to FHN based on our current asset size. will require us to invest in systems and staffing. As a result, a portion of the compliance costs associated with Category IV status will be borne before we reach the Category IV threshold. Also, Category IV compliance requirements are proposed to be expanded. If adopted, compliance costs and restrictions would increase substantially. A few of the proposed changes would apply to companies having $50 to $100 billion in total assets, like us. The Bank Under Tennessee corporate law, the Bank (like the Corporation, discussed above) may not pay a dividend if the Bank would not be able to pay its debts when due or if the Bank’s assets would be inadequate, in a dissolution, to pay liabilities and preferential rights. Similarly, the Bank’s Board must consider current and prospective needs in making a decision to declare a dividend. In addition, in order to pay cash dividends, the Bank must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve and the TDFI Commissioner if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank’s board of directors in any calendar year exceeds the total of (i) the Bank’s retained net income for that year plus (ii) the Bank’s retained net income for the preceding two years, less certain required capital transfers, as applicable. Below that ceiling, approval generally is not required (but see Other Factors Affecting Dividends immediately following this discussion). Applying the dividend restrictions imposed under applicable federal and state rules, the Bank’s total amount available for dividends, without obtaining regulatory approval, was 20 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents $1.2 billion at January 1, 2024. The application of those restrictions to the Bank is discussed in more detail in the following sections, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1 by reference: under the caption Liquidity Risk Management in our 2023 MD&A (Item 7) beginning on page 88 of this report; and under the caption Restrictions on dividends in Note 12—Regulatory Capital and Restrictions of our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8), beginning on page 154. Other Factors Affecting Dividends If, in the opinion of the Federal Reserve, we or the Bank are engaged in or about to engage in an unsafe or unsound practice (which, depending on the financial condition of FHN or the Bank, could include the payment of dividends), the Federal Reserve may require us or the Bank to cease and desist from that practice. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution’s or holding company’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. In addition, under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, an FDIC-insured depository institution (such as the Bank) may not make any capital distributions, pay any management fees to its holding company, or pay any dividend if it is undercapitalized or if such payment would cause it to become undercapitalized. Transactions with Affiliates The Bank’s ability to lend or extend credit to us or our other affiliates is restricted. The Bank and its subsidiaries generally may not extend credit to us or to any other affiliate of ours in an amount which exceeds 10% of the Bank’s capital stock and surplus and may not extend credit in the aggregate to us and all such affiliates in an amount which exceeds 20% of the Bank's capital stock and surplus. Extensions of credit and other transactions between the Bank and us or such other affiliates must be on terms and under circumstances, including credit standards, that are substantially the same or at least as favorable to the Bank as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-affiliated companies. Further, the Capital Adequacy Federal financial industry regulators require that regulated institutions maintain minimum capital levels. The capital rules in the U.S. are based on international standards known as “Basel III.” Those U.S. rules require the following: • Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio. For all supervised financial institutions, including us and the Bank, the ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk- weighted assets (“Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio”) must be at least 4.5%. To be “well capitalized” the Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio must be at The payment of cash dividends by us or by the Bank also may be affected or limited by other factors, such as the requirement to maintain adequate capital above regulatory guidelines and requirements imposed by debt covenants. For example, as discussed under Capital Adequacy within this Supervision and Regulation discussion below, our ability to pay dividends would be restricted if our capital ratios fell below minimum regulatory requirements plus a capital conservation buffer. The Federal Reserve generally requires insured banks and bank holding companies to pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. The Federal Reserve has released a supervisory letter advising, among other things, that a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve and should eliminate, defer, or significantly reduce its dividends if (i) the bank holding company’s net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (ii) the bank holding company’s prospective rate of earnings is not consistent with the bank holding company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or (iii) the bank holding company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. type, amount, and quality of collateral which must secure such extensions of credit is regulated. There are similar legal restrictions on: the Bank’s purchases of or investments in the securities of and purchases of assets from us or other affiliates; the Bank’s loans or extensions of credit to third parties collateralized by the securities or obligations of us or other affiliates; the issuance of guaranties, acceptances, and letters of credit on behalf of us or other affiliates; and certain Bank transactions with us or other affiliates, or with respect to which we or other affiliates act as agent, participate, or have a financial interest. least 6.5%. Common Equity Tier 1 Capital consists of core components of Tier 1 Capital. The core components consist of common stock plus retained earnings net of goodwill, other intangible assets, and certain other required deduction items. At December 31, 2023, our Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio was 11.40% and the Bank’s was 11.40%. • Tier 1 Capital Ratio. For all supervised financial institutions, including us and the Bank, the ratio of Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets must be at least 6%. To be “well capitalized” the Tier 1 Capital ratio 21 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS must be at least 8%. Tier 1 Capital consists of the Tier 1 core components discussed in the bulleted paragraph immediately above, plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, a limited amount of minority interests in the equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, and a limited amount of cumulative perpetual preferred stock, net of goodwill, other intangible assets, and certain other required deduction items. At December 31, 2023, our Tier 1 Capital Ratio was 12.42% and the Bank’s was 11.82%. • Total Capital Ratio. For all supervised financial institutions, including us and the Bank, the ratio of Total Capital to risk-weighted assets must be at least 8%. To be “well capitalized” the Total Capital ratios must be at least 10%. At December 31, 2023, our Total Capital Ratio was 13.96% and the Bank’s was 13.17%. • Capital Conservation Buffer. If a capital conservation buffer of an additional 2.5% above the minimum required Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio, Tier 1 Capital ratio, and Total Capital ratio is not maintained, special restrictions would apply to capital distributions, such as dividends and stock repurchases, and on certain compensatory bonuses. • Leverage Ratio—Base. For all supervised financial institutions, including us or the Bank, the Leverage ratio must be at least 4%. To be “well capitalized” the Leverage ratio must be at least 5%. The Leverage ratio is Tier 1 Capital divided by quarterly average assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. At December 31, 2023, our Leverage ratio was 10.69% and the Bank’s was 10.20%. • Leverage Ratio—Supplemental. For the largest internationally active supervised financial institutions, not including us or the Bank, a minimum supplementary Leverage ratio must be maintained Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Federal banking regulators must take “prompt corrective action” regarding FDIC-insured depository institutions (such as the Bank) that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, insured depository that takes into account certain off-balance sheet exposures. Federal regulators have incorporated market and interest- rate risk components into its risk-based capital standards. Those standards explicitly identify concentration of credit risk and certain risks arising from non-traditional activities, and the management of such risks, as important qualitative factors to consider in assessing an institution’s overall capital adequacy. Federal regulators’ market risk rules are applicable to covered institutions—those with aggregate trading assets and trading liabilities of at least 10% of their total assets or at least $1 billion. We and the Bank are covered institutions under the rule. The rules specify the methodology for calculating the amount of risk-weighted assets related to trading assets and include, among other things, the addition of a component for stressed value at risk. In addition, an 8% capital surcharge applies to certain covered institutions, not including us or the Bank. The Federal Reserve has indicated that it considers a “Tangible Tier 1 Capital Leverage Ratio” (deducting all intangibles) and other indicators of capital strength in evaluating proposals for expansion or new activities. Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject a bank to a variety of enforcement remedies, including the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, and to certain restrictions on its business and in certain circumstances to the appointment of a conservator or receiver. See Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) immediately below for additional information. In addition, the Bank is required to have a capital structure that the TDFI determines is adequate, based on TDFI’s assessment of the Bank’s businesses and risks. The TDFI may require the Bank to increase its capital, if found to be inadequate. institutions are divided into five capital categories. The specific requirements applicable to our Bank are summarized in Table 1.11. 22 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 1.11 ITEM 1. BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR PCA CAPITALIZATION CATEGORIES • Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio of at least 6.5% • Tier 1 Capital ratio of at least 8% • Total Capital ratio of at least 10% • Leverage ratio of at least 5% • Not subject to a directive, order, or written agreement to meet and Well capitalized maintain specific capital levels Adequately capitalized • Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio of at least 4.5% • Tier 1 Capital ratio of at least 6% • Total Capital ratio of at least 8% • Leverage ratio of at least 4% • Not subject to a directive, order, or written agreement to meet and maintain specific capital levels Undercapitalized Failure to maintain any requirement to be adequately capitalized Significantly Undercapitalized Failure to maintain Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio of at least 3%, Tier 1 Capital ratio of at least 4%, Total Capital ratio of at least 6%, or a Leverage ratio of at least 3% Critically Undercapitalized Failure to maintain a level of tangible equity equal to at least 2% of total assets At December 31, 2023, the Bank had sufficient capital to qualify as “well capitalized” under the regulatory capital requirements discussed above. An institution may be deemed to be in a capitalization category that is lower than is indicated by its actual capital position if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating. Institutions generally are not allowed to publicly disclose examination results. An FDIC-insured depository institution generally is prohibited from making any capital distribution (including payment of dividends) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans. An insured depository institution’s holding company must guarantee the capital plan, up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5% of the depository institution’s assets at the time it becomes Liquidity Coverage Ratio The liquidity coverage ratio, or LCR, refers to the amount of liquid assets (cash, cash equivalents, or short-term securities) banks are required to keep on hand to meet a hypothetically projected total net cash outflow over a forward-looking 30-day period of stress. The stressed outflow estimate is based a standard set of hypothetical assumptions set forth in regulatory requirements. The LCR is designed to ensure banks hold a buffer of high-quality liquid assets so that they can meet their short-term liquidity needs and remain stable and strong in a stressed environment. Liquid assets generally provide low income undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan, for the plan to be accepted by the applicable federal regulatory authority. The federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it were significantly undercapitalized. Significantly undercapitalized depository institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator, generally within 90 days of the date on which they become critically undercapitalized. levels compared to other investments, so a higher LCR requirement can negatively impact a bank's earnings. The LCR requirement does not apply to institutions with assets of less than $100 billion, and so does not apply to us or the Bank currently. For larger institutions, the minimum LCR requirement increases based on a bank’s asset size. Category IV banks, with at least $100 billion in assets, are not subject to LCR requirements unless they have at least $50 billion in weighted short-term wholesale funding. 23 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS Holding Company Structure and Support of Subsidiary Banks Because we are a holding company, our right to participate in the assets of any subsidiary upon the latter’s liquidation or reorganization will be subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors (including depositors in the case of the Bank), except to the extent that we may be a creditor with recognized claims against the subsidiary. In addition, depositors of a bank, and the FDIC as their subrogee, would be entitled to priority over other creditors in the event of liquidation of the bank. Under Federal Reserve policy we are expected to act as a source of financial strength to, and to commit resources to Cross-Guarantee Liability A depository institution insured by the FDIC can be held liable for any loss incurred by, or reasonably expected to be incurred by, the FDIC in connection with (i) the default of a commonly controlled FDIC-insured depository institution or (ii) any assistance provided by the FDIC to any commonly controlled FDIC-insured depository institution “in danger of default.” “Default” is defined generally as the appointment of a conservator or receiver and “in danger of default” is defined generally as the existence of certain conditions indicating that a default is likely to occur in the absence of regulatory assistance. The FDIC’s claim for damages is superior to claims of shareholders of the insured depository institution or its Interstate Branching & Mergers As mentioned above, the Bank generally must have TDFI’s approval to establish a new banking center (technically, a “branch”). For a new banking center located outside of Tennessee, Tennessee law requires the Bank to comply with branching laws applicable to the state where the new banking center will be located. Federal law allows the Bank to establish or acquire a branch in another state to the same extent as a bank chartered in that other state would be allowed to establish or acquire a branch in Tennessee. For an interstate merger or acquisition: the acquiring bank must be well-capitalized and well-managed; concentration limits on liabilities and deposits may not be exceeded; regulators must assess the transaction for Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) The CRA requires each U.S. bank, consistent with safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of each community where the bank accepts deposits, including low- and moderate-income (“LMI”) communities. The Federal Reserve assesses the Bank periodically for CRA compliance, and that assessment is made public. The Bank’s LMI operations and activities traditionally are critical focal points in those assessments. support, the Bank. This support may be required at times even if, absent such Federal Reserve policy, we might not wish to provide it. In addition, any capital loans by a bank holding company to any of its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the subsidiary bank. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment. holding company but is subordinate to claims of depositors, secured creditors, and holders of subordinated debt (other than affiliates) of the commonly controlled insured depository institution. Currently the Bank is our only depository institution subsidiary. If we were to own or operate another depository institution, any loss suffered by the FDIC in respect of one subsidiary bank would likely result in assertion of the cross-guarantee provisions, the assessment of estimated losses against our other subsidiary bank(s), and a potential loss of our investment in our subsidiary banks. incremental systemic risk; and the acquiring bank must have at least “satisfactory” standing under the federal Community Reinvestment Act (discussed immediately below). Moreover, mergers and acquisitions that are large enough are subject to anti-trust review and approval by the U.S. Department of Justice. Once a bank has established branches in a state through de novo or acquired branching or through an interstate merger transaction, the bank may then establish or acquire additional branches within that state to the same extent that a bank chartered in that state is allowed to establish or acquire branches within the state. A CRA rating below “Satisfactory” can slow or halt a bank’s plans to expand by branching, acquisition, or merger, and can prevent a bank holding company from becoming a financial holding company. In its most recent CRA assessment, for 2020, the Bank received ratings of "High Satisfactory" in Lending and in Service, "Outstanding" in Investment, and "Satisfactory" overall. The next CRA assessment is expected to be completed in 2024. 24 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Financial Activities other than Banking Federal Law Federal law generally allows financial holding companies broad authority to engage in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity. These include: insurance underwriting and brokerage; merchant banking; securities underwriting, dealing, and market-making; real estate development; and such additional activities as the Federal Reserve in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury determines to be financial in nature or incidental. A bank holding company may engage in these activities directly or through subsidiaries by qualifying as a “financial holding company.” To qualify as a financial holding company, a bank holding company must file an initial declaration with the Federal Reserve, certifying that all of its subsidiary depository institutions are well- managed and well-capitalized. Federal law also permits banks to engage in certain of these activities through financial subsidiaries. To control or hold an interest in a financial subsidiary, a bank must meet the following requirements: (1) The bank must receive approval from its primary federal regulator for the financial subsidiary to engage in the activities. (2) The bank and its depository institution affiliates must each be well-capitalized and well-managed. (3) The aggregate consolidated total assets of all of the bank’s financial subsidiaries must not exceed the lesser of 45% of the bank’s consolidated total assets, or $50 billion (subject to indexing for inflation). (4) The bank must have in place adequate policies and procedures to identify and manage financial and operational risks and to preserve the separate identities and limited liability of the bank and the financial subsidiary. (5) If the bank is among the 100 largest banks, the bank must meet the creditworthiness or other criteria Interchange Fee Restrictions adopted by the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from time to time. If this fifth requirement ceases to be met after a bank controls or holds an interest in a financial subsidiary, the bank cannot invest additional capital in that subsidiary until the requirement again is met. No new activity may be commenced unless the bank and all of its depository institution affiliates have at least “satisfactory” CRA ratings. Certain restrictions apply if the bank holding company or the bank fails to continue to meet one or more of the requirements listed above. In addition, federal law contains a number of other provisions that may affect the Bank’s operations, including limitations on the use and disclosure to third parties of client information. At December 31, 2023, we are a financial holding company and the Bank has a number of financial subsidiaries, as discussed in Subsidiaries within this Item 1 under the Other Business Information discussion, which begins on page 16. Tennessee Law Tennessee law does not expressly restrict the activities of a bank holding company or its non-bank affiliates. However, no Tennessee bank may maintain a branch office on the premises of an affiliate if the affiliate is engaged in activities that are not permissible for a bank holding company, a financial holding company, a national bank, or a national bank subsidiary under federal law. Tennessee law permits Tennessee banks to establish subsidiaries and to engage in any activities permissible for a national bank located in Tennessee, subject to compliance with Tennessee regulations relating to the conduct of such activities for the purpose of maintaining bank safety and soundness. Regulations severely cap interchange fees which the Bank may charge merchants for debit card transactions. Regulatory changes proposed in 2023, if adopted, would lower that cap. Volcker Rule The so-called Volcker rule (1) generally prohibits banks from engaging in proprietary trading, which is engaging as principal (for the bank’s own account) in any purchase or sale of one or more of certain types of financial instruments, and (2) limits banks’ ability to invest in or sponsor hedge funds or private equity funds. Consumer Regulation by the CFPB The CFPB adopts and administers significant rules affecting consumer lending and consumer financial services. Key rules for the Bank include detailed regulation of mortgage servicing practices and detailed regulation of mortgage origination and underwriting practices. The latter rules, among other things, establish the definition of 25 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents a “qualified mortgage” using traditional underwriting practices involving down payments, credit history, income levels and verification, and so forth. The rules do not prohibit, but do tend to discourage, lenders from originating non-qualified mortgages. In 2022, a federal appellate court ruled that structural aspects related to the CFPB's creation (in 2010) and Data Security & Portability Security & Privacy Federal law requires banks to implement a comprehensive information security program that includes administrative, technical, and physical safeguards. Banks are required to have appropriate data governance practices and risk management processes as key functions supporting its operational resilience. Data privacy and protection increasingly is a significant legislative, regulatory, and societal concern. The concern is driven by major technological and societal shifts in the past 20 years, led by relatively unregulated firms such as Amazon.com, Alibaba, Facebook, and Google and their many clients worldwide. Those firms have gathered large amounts of personal details about millions of people, and today have the ability to analyze that data and act on that analysis very quickly. The firms seek to understand enough about a person to know what a person wants before the person does. Banks (as mentioned above) already are subject to significant privacy regulations. Probably for that reason, the banking industry is not at the political center of these concerns currently. Even so, banks are likely to be affected by broader legislative and regulatory responses to the FDIC Insurance Assessments; DIFA U.S. bank deposits generally are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”), administered by the FDIC. The system of FDIC insurance premium rates charged consists of a rate grid structure in which base rates range from 5 to 35 basis points annually, and in 2023 fully adjusted rates ranged from 2.5 to 42 basis points annually. (A basis point is equal to 0.01%.) For 2023 the FDIC implemented a temporary increase generally equal to 2 basis points. Also, for eight quarters starting in 2024, the FDIC has imposed a special assessment, of 3.36 basis points per quarter, intended to replenish the DIF in the aftermath of three large regional bank failures that occurred in March and May of 2023. Key factors in the grid include: the institution’s risk category (I to IV); whether the institution is deemed large and highly complex; whether the institution qualifies for an unsecured debt adjustment; and whether the institution is burdened with a brokered deposit adjustment. Other factors can impact the base against operation were unconstitutional; the court therefore invalidated a CFPB rule at issue in that case. Later, a different appellate court in a separate case ruled the opposite way. The question has been appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. If the U.S. Supreme Court affirms the first ruling, the legal validity of CFPB rules and actions generally could be called into question. perceived problems. Two prominent responses include the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and the California Data Privacy Protection Act. Neither is a banking industry regulation, but both apply to banks in relation to certain clients and data. To date, neither has had a material impact on the Bank. Portability & Client Control Federal law restricts the Bank’s ability to share certain information with affiliates and non-affiliates for marketing and/or non-marketing purposes, or to contact clients with marketing offers. Affiliate and non-affiliate sharing initiated by the Bank generally is permitted with client consent. Increasingly, banks are being required to permit, enable, and support client control of client data, including the sharing of client data with Bank affiliates and with outside organizations. These requirements, which still are evolving, are intended to foster data portability for clients and greater competition among financial services firms. However, they also significantly increase data security risks because they create additional access channels for bad actors to try to exploit, or they make accessing existing channels easier or faster. which the applicable rate is applied, including (for example) whether a net loss is realized. Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order, or condition imposed by a federal bank regulatory agency. 26 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents Depositor Preference Federal law provides that deposits and certain claims for administrative expenses and associate compensation against an insured depository institution would be afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims Securities Regulation Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to various securities laws and regulations and capital adequacy requirements promulgated by the regulatory and exchange authorities of the jurisdictions in which they operate. Our registered broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to the SEC’s net capital rule, Rule 15c3-1. That rule requires the maintenance of minimum net capital and limits the ability of the broker-dealer to transfer large amounts of capital to a parent company or affiliate. Compliance with Insurance Activities Certain of our subsidiaries sell various types of insurance as agent in a number of states. Insurance activities are subject to regulation by the states in which such business is transacted. Although most of such regulation focuses on insurance companies and their insurance products, Compensation & Risk Management The Federal Reserve has issued guidance intended to ensure that incentive compensation arrangements at financial organizations take into account risk and are consistent with safe and sound practices. The guidance is based on three “key principles” calling for incentive compensation plans to: appropriately balance risks and rewards; be compatible with effective controls and risk management; and be backed up by strong corporate governance. In response: we operate an enhanced risk management process for assessing risk in incentive compensation plans; several key incentive programs use a net profit approach rather than a revenues-only approach; and mandatory deferral features are used in several key programs, including an executive program. In 2016 federal agencies proposed rules which could significantly change the regulation of incentive compensation programs at financial institutions. The against such an institution, including federal funds and letters of credit, in the “liquidation or other resolution” of such an institution by any receiver. the rule could limit operations that require intensive use of capital, such as underwriting and trading. One of our subsidiaries is a registered investment adviser which are regulated under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Advisory contracts with clients automatically terminate under these laws upon an assignment of the contract by the investment adviser unless appropriate consents are obtained. insurance agents and their activities are also subject to regulation by the states, including, among other things, licensing and marketing and sales practices. proposal would create four tiers of institutions based on asset size. Institutions in the top two tiers would be subject to rules much more detailed and proscriptive than are currently in effect. If interpreted aggressively by the regulators, the proposed rules could be used to prevent, as a practical matter, larger institutions from engaging in certain lines of business where substantial commission and bonus pool arrangements are the norm. In the 2016 proposal, the top two tiers included institutions with more than $50 billion of assets. We and the Bank currently would fall into the lower of those top two tiers. However, prompted by post-2016 legislation which significantly raised several statutory asset-size tiers, if this proposal were finalized today, the $50 billion floor might be raised, allowing us to remain in the third tier. We cannot predict what final rules may be adopted, nor how they may be implemented. Effect of Government Policies & Proposals The Bank is affected by the policies of regulatory authorities, including the Federal Reserve, the TDFI, and the CFPB. See Supervision and Regulation beginning on page 19 for additional information. The Federal Reserve also sets and manages monetary policy for the U.S. In this latter role, the Federal Reserve’s mandate from Congress is to pursue price stability and full employment. Among the instruments of monetary policy used by the Federal Reserve are: purchases and sales of U.S. government and other securities in the marketplace; changes in the discount rate, which is the rate any depository institution must pay to borrow from the Federal Reserve; changes in the reserve requirements of depository institutions; changes in the rate paid on banks’ required and excess reserve deposits at the Federal Reserve; and changes in the federal funds rate, which is 27 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1. BUSINESS Table of Contents the rate at which depository institutions lend balances to each other overnight. These instruments are intended to influence economic and monetary growth, interest rate levels, and inflation. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve and other governmental policies have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. Because of changing conditions in the national and international economies and in the money markets, as well as the result of actions by monetary and fiscal authorities, it is not possible to predict with certainty future changes in interest rates, deposit levels, loan demand, or the business and results of our operations, or whether changing economic conditions will have a positive or negative effect on operations and earnings. Additional information concerning monetary policy changes appears: under the caption Monetary Policy Shifts within the Sources & Availability of Funds Information concerning the sources and availability of funds for our businesses can be found in our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), including the subsection entitled Liquidity Risk Management beginning on page 88, which material is incorporated herein by reference. Significant Business Developments section of Item 1, which begins on page 10; under the caption Risks Associated with Monetary Events beginning on page 34 within Item 1A; and under the caption Inflation, Recession, and the Federal Reserve within the Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends section of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), which begins on page 92. Bills occasionally are introduced in the United States Congress, the Tennessee General Assembly and other state legislatures, and regulations occasionally are proposed by our regulatory agencies, any of which could affect our businesses, financial results, and financial condition. We are not able to predict what, if any, changes that Congress, state legislatures, or the regulatory agencies will enact or implement in the future, nor the impact that those actions will have upon us. 28 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents Item 1A. Risk Factors This Item outlines specific risks that could affect the ability of our various businesses to compete, change our risk profile, or materially impact our operating results or financial condition. Our operating environment continues to evolve and new risks continue to emerge. To address that challenge we have a risk management governance structure that oversees processes for monitoring evolving risks and oversees various initiatives designed to manage and control our potential exposure This Item highlights risks that could impact us in material ways by causing future results to differ materially from past results, by causing future results to differ materially from current expectations, or by causing material changes in our financial condition. In this Item we have outlined risks that we believe are important to us at the present time. However, other risks may prove to be important in the future, and new risks may emerge at any time. We cannot predict all potential developments that could materially affect our financial performance or condition. Topic Traditional Competition Risks Traditional Strategic Risks Industry Disruption Operational Risks Cybersecurity Risks Risks from Economic Downturns & Changes Risks Associated with Monetary Events Risks Related to Businesses We May Exit Reputation Risks Credit Risks Service Risks Regulatory, Legislative, and Legal Risks TABLE OF ITEM 1A TOPICS Page Topic Risks of Expense Control Geographic Risks Insurance Liquidity & Funding Risks Credit Ratings Interest Rate & Yield Curve Risks Asset Inventories & Market Risks Mortgage Business Risks Pre-2009 Mortgage Business Risks Accounting Risks Share Owning & Governance Risks 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 36 38 38 Page 40 41 42 42 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 Traditional Competition Risks We are subject to intense competition for clients, and the nature of that competition is changing quickly. Our primary areas of competition include: consumer and commercial deposits, commercial loans, consumer loans including home mortgages and lines of credit, financial planning and wealth management, fixed income products and services, and other consumer and commercial financial products and services. Our competitors in these areas include national, state, and non-US banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, consumer finance companies, trust companies, investment counseling firms, money market and other mutual funds, insurance companies and agencies, securities firms, mortgage banking companies, hedge funds, and other financial services companies that serve in our markets. The emergence of non-traditional, disruptive service providers (see Industry Disruption within this Item 1A beginning on page 31) has intensified the competitive environment. Some competitors are traditional banks, subject to the same regulatory framework as we are, while others are not banks and in many cases experience a significantly different or reduced degree of regulation. Examples of less-regulated activities include check-cashing services, independent ATM services, and “peer-to-peer” lending, where investors provide debt financing or other capital directly to borrowers. Competitive pressures shift with the business and rate environment. Over much of 2020 and 2021, with deposits relatively abundant, the competitive focus on lending and fee-based services was relatively high. In 2023, after the major market transitions in 2022 discussed in Risks Associated with Monetary Events starting on page 34, competition for deposits became much more significant. We expect that competition will continue to grow more intense with respect to most of our products and services. Heightened competition tends to put downward 29 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents pressure on revenues from affected items, upward pressure on marketing and other promotional costs, or both. For additional information regarding competition for clients, refer to Competition within Item 1 beginning on page 14 of this report. We compete for talent. Our most significant competitors for clients also tend to be our most significant competitors Traditional Strategic Risks We may be unable to successfully implement our strategies to operate and grow our regional and specialty banking businesses. Although our current strategies are expected to evolve as business conditions change, currently our primary strategies are to (1) invest resources in our banking businesses, (2) seek to exploit growth opportunities, especially within the markets we serve, and (3) seek to exploit opportunities to cut cost without significant revenue impact. Organic growth is expected to be coordinated with a focus on strong and stable returns on capital. Organically, over the past several years we have enhanced our market share in our regional banking markets with targeted hires and marketing, and we have invested resources in specialty commercial lending and private client banking. In the future more generally, we expect to continue to nurture profitable organic growth. We may pursue acquisitions or strategic transactions if appropriate opportunities, within or outside of our current markets, present themselves. Failure to achieve one or more key elements needed for successful organic growth would adversely affect our business and earnings. We believe that the successful execution of organic growth depends upon a number of key elements, including: • our ability to attract and retain clients in our banking market areas; • our ability to achieve and maintain growth in our earnings while pursuing new business opportunities; • our ability to maintain a high level of client service while optimizing our physical banking center count due to changing client demand, all while expanding our remote banking services and expanding or enhancing our information processing, technology, compliance, and other operational infrastructures effectively and efficiently; • our ability to manage the liquidity and capital requirements associated with growth, especially organic growth and cash-funded acquisitions; and • our ability to manage effectively and efficiently the changes and adaptations necessitated by a complex, burdensome, and evolving regulatory environment. We have in place strategies designed to achieve those elements that we believe are significant to us at present. for top talent. See Operational Risks below within this Item 1A for additional information concerning this risk. We compete to raise capital in the equity and debt markets. See Liquidity and Funding Risks beginning on page 42 of this Item 1A for additional information concerning this risk. Our challenge is to execute those strategies and adjust them, or adopt new strategies, as conditions change. Failure to achieve one or more key elements needed for successful business acquisitions would adversely affect our business and earnings. To the extent we engage in future bank or non-bank business acquisitions, we face various additional risks, including: • our ability to realize planned strategic and tactical objectives, including operating efficiencies and revenue synergies, within a reasonable time period after closing the transaction; • our ability to identify, analyze, and correctly assess the execution, credit, contingency, and other risks in the acquisition and to price the transaction appropriately; • our ability to properly evaluate loss inherent in the target business’ loan portfolios; • our ability to integrate the acquired business’ operations, clients, and properties quickly and cost- effectively; • our ability to manage cultural assimilation risks associated with growth through acquisitions, which can be an often-overlooked and often-critical failure point in mergers; • our ability to combine the franchise values of the two companies without significant loss from re-branding and other similar changes; and • our ability to retain core clients and key associates. A type of strategic acquisition—a so-called “merger of equals” where the company we nominally acquire has similar size, operating contribution, or value—presents unique opportunities but also unique risks. Those special risks include: • the potential for elevated and duplicative operating expenses if we are unable to integrate the two companies efficiently in a reasonable amount of time; and • the potential for a significant increase in the time horizon that may be needed before substantial economies of scale can be realized or substantial revenue synergies can be developed effectively. 30 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The IBKC merger in 2020 presented those risks. In fact, the completion of systems integration was delayed several months, resulting in increased integration expense. Although the proximate reason for the delay was a 2021 hurricane event impacting key markets, the overall length of the integration period likely would have been significantly less if we had merely been integrating a small bank's systems with ours. Industry Disruption Through technological innovations and changes in client habits, the manner in which clients use financial services continues to change at a rapid pace. We provide a large number of services remotely (online and mobile), and physical banking center utilization has been in long-term decline throughout the industry for many years. Technology has helped us reduce costs and improve service, but also has weakened traditional geographic and relationship ties, and has allowed disruptors to enter traditional banking areas. Through digital marketing and service platforms, many banks are making client inroads unrelated to physical presence. This competitive risk is especially pronounced from the largest U.S. banks, and from online-only banks, due in part to the investments they are able to sustain in their digital platforms. Companies as disparate as PayPal (an online payment clearinghouse) and Starbucks (a large chain of cafes) provide payment and exchange services which compete directly with banks in ways not possible traditionally. The nature of technology-driven disruption to our industry is changing, in some cases seeking to displace traditional financial service providers rather than merely enhance traditional services or their delivery. A number of recent technologies have worked with the existing financial system and traditional banks, such as the evolution of ATM cards into debit/credit cards and the evolution of debit/credit cards into smart phones. These sorts of technologies often have expanded the market for banking services overall while siphoning a portion of the revenues from those services away from banks and disrupting prior methods of delivering those services. But some recent innovations may tend to replace traditional banks as financial service providers rather than merely augment those services. For example, companies which claim to offer applications and services based on artificial intelligence compete much more directly with traditional financial services companies in areas involving personal advice, including high-margin services such as financial planning and wealth management. The low-cost, high-speed nature of these “robo-advisor” services can be especially attractive to younger, less-affluent clients and potential clients, as well as persons interested in “self-service” investment management. Other industry changes, such as zero- commission securities trading offered by certain large firms, may amplify this trend. Other technologies, services, and systems based wholly or in part on artificial intelligence are proliferating within our industry and among many of our commercial clients, resulting in an environment which is changing rapidly. Our challenge is to maintain critical stability and security while also being nimble enough to adapt quickly to changing circumstances and client demands. We believe that, over the course of the technology- driven evolution of our industry which is well underway, the “winners” will be those institutions which can know their clients and make those clients feel they are known, even when many clients increasingly do not visit banking centers or have face-to-face live interaction. Two keys to achieving a psychological connection with such clients are (1) data management and analytics, using artificial intelligence processes, which allow an institution to provide a differentiated, personalized experience for the client at the point of interaction, and (2) seamless integration of real-time client contact with a human being through voice, chat, or other means. A critical factor in successful data analytics, allowing real- time differentiated interaction with clients, is how traditionally uncaptured, unstructured, or siloed data is acquired, managed, and accessed. While many banks are attempting to address this business need in various ways, it remains unclear which approaches will be successful in the long run. In addition, external vendors are developing processes to provide solutions. A basic challenge for all these efforts is how to integrate analysis of extremely disparate forms of data and utilize that analysis in each client contact in a manner which most clients not only accept, but value. Developing workable proprietary solutions to the data analytics challenges ahead of competitors requires substantial investment in information technology systems and innovation. Even with a substantial IT budget, we cannot outspend, or even come close to matching, the largest U.S. banking institutions. Therefore, like most U.S. banks, our strategy must be focused on leveraging products and solutions which are within our means, including those developed by external vendors. Our goal must be to keep pace with industry developments with a focus on improving the client’s differentiated experience with us by recognizing and responding to client needs. Technological innovation has tended to reduce barriers to entry based on cost. Put another way, once someone finds a new, better method to accomplish a task in our industry, 31 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents often others are able to replicate or improve on that method, sometimes quite rapidly. Key risks for us, therefore, are whether we will be able: to catch up to breakthroughs quickly enough to avoid client attrition; to adopt and enhance breakthroughs frequently enough, and without significant technical failures, to attract clients from competitors; and, if we are able to truly innovate, to press our advantage quickly before competitors adopt it. To thrive as our industry is disrupted, we will need to continue to embrace some of the attitudes of a technology company, and shed some of the traditional attitudes often associated with banking. This has required, and will continue to require, an evolution in our corporate culture which, in turn, creates implementation risk. In this evolutionary process it is critical that we not lose sight of how our clients experience working with us and our systems, including those clients who still want traditionally-delivered services, those who seek and embrace the latest innovations, and those who mainly Operational Risks Fraud is a major, and increasing, operational risk for us and all banks. Two traditional areas—deposit fraud (check forging, check kiting, wire fraud, etc.) and loan fraud— continue to be major sources of fraud attempts and actual loss. Fraud directed against clients—generally using deception to persuade clients to transfer funds—has emerged as a third large source of fraud loss. The methods used to perpetrate and combat fraud continue to evolve as technology changes. In addition to cybersecurity risk (discussed below), new technologies—including the use of artificial intelligence—have made it easier for bad actors to obtain and use client personal information, mimic communications to or from clients, mimic signatures, and otherwise create false instructions and documents that appear genuine. Our anti-fraud actions are both preventive (anticipating lines of attack, educating associates and clients, etc.) and responsive (detecting, halting, and remediating actual attacks). Our regulators require us to report actual and suspected fraud promptly, and regulators often advise banks of new schemes so that the entire industry can adapt as quickly as possible. However, some level of fraud loss is unavoidable, and the risk of a major loss cannot be eliminated. Our ability to conduct and grow our businesses is dependent in part upon our ability to create, maintain, expand, and evolve an appropriate operational and organizational infrastructure, manage expenses, and recruit and retain personnel with the ability to manage a complex business. Operational risk can arise in many ways, including: errors related to failed or inadequate physical, operational, information technology, or other processes; faulty or disabled computer or other technology systems; fraud, theft, physical security want services to be convenient, personalized, and understandable. Just as disruptive business changes driven by new technologies and new client preferences can adversely impact us and our entire industry, similar events can adversely impact our commercial clients. In time, a major business disruption can cause dominant businesses to fail, and can shrink or even end entire lines of business. An example of this is the business failure of the Blockbuster video distribution chain and most other video distribution stores, and the rise of Netflix and similar services. Many other examples of this kind of process are ongoing today in many industries, including publishing, retail sales, news, and the creation as well as distribution of audio and video entertainment. To the extent disruptions impact our clients, we may experience elevated loan losses and loss of ongoing business which we may not be able to recapture with new clients. breaches, electronic data and related security breaches (see Cybersecurity Risks below), or other criminal conduct by associates or third parties; and exposure to other external events. Inadequacies may present themselves in myriad ways. Actions taken to manage one risk may be ineffective against others. For example, information technology systems may be insufficiently redundant to withstand a fire, incursion, malware, or other major casualty, and they may be insufficiently adaptable to new business conditions or opportunities. Efforts to make systems more robust may make them less adaptable, and vice-versa. Also, our efforts to control expenses, which is a significant priority for us, increases our operational challenges as we strive to maintain client service and compliance at high quality and low cost. We expect to make significant investments over the next several years in operational systems that are unlikely to result in significant immediate returns. In 2021 we started to invest significantly in new platforms and processes to modernize operations, provide a better client experience, reduce ongoing operating costs or otherwise improve efficiencies, and support future growth. We expect significant investments of that sort to grow over the next several years as we prepare for business growth and increased regulatory demands. Investments of that sort are expensive. Although we believe they are necessary for our future and are appropriate for our company at this time, the financial returns on these investments will be highly uncertain and, at best, likely to occur only over a long time horizon. In addition, investments of this sort lay the foundation for growth; if growth does not materialize, many of these investments may have little practical value. 32 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents Failure to build and maintain, or outsource, the necessary operational infrastructure, failure of that infrastructure to perform its functions, or failure of our disaster preparedness plans if primary infrastructure components suffer damage, can lead to risk of loss of service to clients, legal actions, and noncompliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Additional information concerning operational risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears under the caption Operational Risk Management beginning on page 85 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). The delivery of financial services to clients and others increasingly depends upon technologies, systems, and multi-party infrastructures which are new, creating or enhancing several risks discussed elsewhere. Examples of the risks created or enhanced by the widespread and rapid adoption of relatively untested technologies include: security incursions; operational malfunctions or other disruptions; and legal claims of patent or other intellectual property infringement. Competition for talent is substantial and increasing. Moreover, revenue retention and growth in some business lines depends substantially upon top talent. In Cybersecurity Risks An information technology security (cybersecurity) breach or other similar incident is a major type of operational risk. A cybersecurity incident can cause significant damage, and can be difficult to detect even after it occurs. Among other things, that damage can occur due to outright theft, loss or extortion of our funds or our clients’ funds, fraud or identity theft perpetrated on clients, loss of confidential or proprietary information, business disruption, or adverse publicity associated with a breach or incident and its potential effects. Perpetrators potentially can be associates, clients, and certain vendors, all of whom legitimately have access to some portion of our systems, as well as outsiders with no legitimate access. Cybersecurity incidents happen frequently; they are an unavoidable part of doing business. Often, but not always, we detect and block the attempt. Often, but not always, the number of clients impacted is modest and our loss is minimal or none. However, even with significant loss prevention and mitigation systems, the risk of a financially or reputationally significant incursion cannot be eliminated. Given the high volume of daily transactions in modern banking, the question is not whether we will experience a significant and costly incursion, but when. For that reason, the key goals of our processes are: block or prevent as many incursions as is practical, and detect and mitigate rapidly those that get through. The difference between a minor and a major incursion often comes down to how quickly it is detected and countered. recent years the cost to us of hiring and retaining top revenue-producing talent has increased, and that trend is likely to continue. The primary tools we use to attract and retain talent are: salaries; commission, incentive, and retention compensation programs; retirement benefits; change in control severance benefits; health and other welfare benefits; and our corporate culture. To the extent we are unable to use these tools effectively, we face the risk that, over time, our best talent will leave us and we will be unable to replace those persons effectively. Incentives might operate poorly or have unintended adverse effects. Incentive programs are difficult to design well, and even if well-designed, often they must be updated to address changes in our business. A poorly designed incentive program—where goals are too difficult, too easy, or not well related to desired outcomes —could provide little useful motivation to key associates, could increase turnover, and could impact client retention. Moreover, even where those pitfalls are avoided, incentive programs may create unintended adverse consequences. For example, a program focused entirely on revenue production, without proper controls, may result in costs growing faster than revenues. Common categories of cybersecurity incidents relevant to us, as a bank, include: account takeover, client spoofing, and payment fraud; ransomware and other malware; client interface attacks (attempts to shut down or slow down our website or mobile app); and cloud (remote server) incursions. Common vulnerabilities include: clients and associates that fall victim to malicious emails or other communications and inappropriately share credentials allowing access to accounts or systems; older software or systems that do not have up-to-date security and are not sufficiently isolated from other systems; third-party software vulnerabilities; and third-party systems vulnerabilities. We believe the bad actors have a range of motivations, including: illegal profit; politically or geopolitically motivated disruption; and vandalism. Bad actors can range from amateurs to criminal organizations to nation-states. Because of the potential for very serious consequences associated with these risks, our electronic systems and their upgrades need to address internal and external security concerns to a high degree, and our systems must comply with applicable banking and other regulations pertaining to bank safety and client protection. Although many of our defenses are systemic and highly technical, others are much older and more basic. For example, periodically we train all our associates to recognize red flags associated with fraud, theft, and other electronic crimes, and we educate our clients as well through regular and episodic security-oriented communications. We 33 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents expect our systems and regulatory requirements will continue to evolve as technology and criminal techniques also continue to evolve. Additional information concerning cybersecurity risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears under the caption Cybersecurity Risk Management beginning on page 86 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). The operational functions we outsource to third parties may experience similar disruptions that could adversely impact us and over which we may have limited control and, in some cases, limited ability to obtain an alternate vendor quickly. To the extent we rely on third party vendors to perform or assist operational functions, the challenge of managing the associated risks may become more difficult. We manage this risk by assessing the adequacy of cybersecurity prevention and detection systems and programs of critical vendors. The operational functions of business counterparties, or businesses with which we have no relationship, may experience disruptions that could adversely impact us and over which we may have limited or no control. Although these events cannot be predicted individually, over time and in the aggregate they happen as surely as loan losses. For example, when a major U.S. consumer- oriented firm experiences a data systems incursion resulting in the theft of credit and debit card information, online account information, and other data, it impacts thousands or sometimes millions of people. Frequently, many of those affected are our clients. Although our systems are not breached by these third-party incursions, they can increase fraud impacting accounts at our Bank and can cause us to take costly steps to avoid significant theft loss to our Bank and to our clients. Our ability to recoup our losses may be limited legally or practically in many situations. Possible points of incursion or disruption not within our control include retailers, utilities, insurers, health care service providers, internet service and electronic mail providers, social media portals, distant- server (“cloud”) service providers, electronic data security providers, telecommunications companies, and smart phone manufacturers. Risks from Economic Downturns & Changes Generally, in an economic downturn, our realized credit losses increase, demand for our products and services declines, and the credit quality of our loan portfolio declines. Delinquencies and realized credit losses generally increase during economic downturns due to an increase in liquidity problems for clients and downward pressure on collateral values. Likewise, demand for loans (at a given level of creditworthiness), deposit and other products, and financial services may decline during an economic downturn, and may be adversely affected by other national, regional, or local economic factors that impact demand for loans and other financial products and services. Such factors include, for example, changes in employment rates, interest rates, real estate prices, or expectations concerning rates or prices. Accordingly, an economic downturn or other adverse economic change (local, regional, national, or global) can hurt our financial performance in the form of higher loan losses, lower loan production levels, lower deposit levels, compression of our net interest margin, and lower fees from transactions and services. Those effects can continue for many years after the downturn technically ends. Because all banks are sensitive to the risk of downturns, the stock prices of all banks typically decline, sometimes substantially, if the market believes that a downturn has become more likely or is imminent. This effect can and often does occur indiscriminately, initially without much regard to different risk postures of different banks. Risks Associated with Monetary Events In recent years, the Federal Reserve has implemented, reversed, and reversed again significant economic strategies that have impacted interest rates, inflation, asset values, and the shape of the yield curve. These strategies have had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our business and on many of our clients. To illustrate: in response to the recession in 2008-09 and the following uneven recovery, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of domestic monetary initiatives designed to lower rates and make credit easier to obtain. The Federal Reserve changed course in 2015, raising rates several times through 2018. The last raise in 2018 was accompanied by a substantial and broad stock market decline. In 2019, the Federal Reserve began to lower rates. In 2020, in response to economic disruption associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve quickly reduced short-term rates to extremely low levels and acted to influence the markets to reduce long-term rates as well. During 2021, the Federal Reserve significantly reduced its "easing" actions that held down long-term rates. During 2022, the Federal Reserve switched to a tightening policy. It raised short term rates significantly and rapidly over most of the year. Those actions triggered a significant decline in the values of most categories of U.S. stocks and bonds; significantly raised recessionary expectations for the U.S.; and inverted the 34 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents yield curve in the U.S. Short-term rate rises in 2023 were few and modest, and ended mid-year. Long-term rates rose during 2023 but slowly and unevenly. The 2022 yield curve inversion continued throughout 2023 and continues in 2024. Additional information concerning monetary policy risks is presented: under the caption Cyclicality within the Other Business Information section of Item 1, which starts on page 16; within the Effect of Governmental Policies and Proposals section of Item 1 beginning on page 27; in Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks beginning on page 44; and under the caption Inflation, Recession, and Federal Reserve Policy within the Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends section of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), beginning on page 92. Federal Reserve strategies can, and often are intended to, affect the domestic money supply, inflation, interest rates, and the shape of the yield curve. Effects on the yield curve often are most pronounced at the short end of the curve, which is of particular importance to us and other banks. Among other things, easing strategies are intended to lower interest rates, encourage borrowing, expand the money supply, and stimulate economic activity, while tightening strategies are intended to increase interest rates, discourage borrowing, tighten the money supply, and restrain economic activity. However, as noted above, in 2022 short term rates rose faster than long term rates to the point that the yield curve inverted for much of the final two quarters of the year; that inversion continued for all of 2023. It is not clear when the inversion is likely to end. Many external factors may interfere with the effects of the Federal Reserve's plans or cause them to be changed, perhaps quickly. Such factors include significant economic trends or events as well as significant international monetary policies and events. Such strategies also can affect the U.S. and world-wide financial systems in ways that may be difficult to predict. Risks associated with interest rates and the yield curve are discussed in this Item 1A under the caption Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks beginning on page 44. We may be adversely affected by economic and political situations outside the U.S. The U.S. economy, and the businesses of many of our clients, are linked significantly to economic and market conditions outside the U.S., especially in North and Central America, Europe, and Asia, and increasingly in South America. Although our direct exposure to non-US-dollar-denominated assets or non-US sovereign debt is insignificant, in the future major adverse events outside the U.S. could have a substantial indirect adverse impact upon us. Key potential events which could have such an impact include (1) sovereign debt default (default by one or more governments in their borrowings), (2) bank and/or corporate debt default, (3) market and other liquidity disruptions, and, if stresses become especially severe, (4) the collapse of governments, alliances, or currencies, and (5) military conflicts. The methods by which such events could adversely affect us are highly varied but broadly include the following: an increase in our cost of borrowed funds or, in a worst case, the unavailability of borrowed funds through conventional markets; impacts upon our hedging and other counterparties; impacts upon our clients; impacts upon the U.S. economy, especially in the areas of employment rates, real estate values, interest rates, and inflation/ deflation rates; and impacts upon us from our regulatory environment, which can change substantially and unpredictably from possible political response to major financial disruptions. Risks Related to Businesses We May Exit • our ability to mitigate the loss of any pre-tax income that the exited business produced; • our ability to assess and manage any loss of synergies that the exited business had with our retained businesses; and • our ability to manage capital, liquidity, and other challenges that may arise if an exit results in significant legacy cash expenditures or financial loss. We may be unable to successfully implement a disposition or wind-down of businesses or units which no longer fit our strategic plans. We consider possible closures and divestitures as we continue to adapt to a changing business and regulatory environment. Actions of this sort typically are elevated in the first few years after a significant merger. For example, in 2021 we closed/ consolidated several dozen banking locations in the wake of the 2020 IBKC merger, and we divested our title insurance business in 2022. Other dispositions have occurred in recent years and likely will continue in the future. Key risks associated with exiting a business include: • our ability to price a sale transaction appropriately and otherwise negotiate acceptable terms; • our ability to identify and implement key client, personnel, technology systems, and other transition actions to avoid or minimize negative effects on retained businesses; 35 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents Reputation Risks Our ability to conduct and grow our businesses, and to obtain and retain clients, is highly dependent upon external perceptions of our business practices and financial stability. Our reputation is, therefore, a key asset for us. Our reputation is affected principally by our business practices and how those practices are perceived and understood by others. Adverse perceptions regarding the practices of our competitors, or our industry as a whole, also may adversely impact our reputation. In addition, negative perceptions relating to parties with whom we have important relationships may adversely impact our reputation. Senior management oversees processes for reputation risk monitoring, assessment, and management. Damage to our reputation could hinder our ability to access the capital markets or otherwise impact our liquidity, could hamper our ability to attract new clients and retain existing ones, could impact the market value of our stock, could create or aggravate regulatory difficulties, and could undermine our ability to attract and retain talented associates, among other things. Adverse impacts on our reputation, or the reputation of our industry, also may result in greater regulatory and/or legislative scrutiny, which may lead to laws or regulations that change or constrain our business or operations. Events that result in damage to our reputation also may increase our litigation risk. Credit Risks We face the risk that our clients may not repay their loans and that the realizable value of collateral and other credit support may be insufficient to avoid a charge-off. We also face risks that other counterparties, in a wide range of situations, may fail to honor their obligations to pay us. In our business some level of credit charge-offs is unavoidable and overall levels of credit charge-offs can vary substantially over time. For example, net charge-offs were $13 million in 2017 and remained historically very low through 2019. In 2020, net charge-offs unexpectedly rose to $120 million, driven strongly by the COVID-induced recession starting in March. Net charge-offs in 2021 fell sharply to $2 million, a very low level historically. We believe this favorable outcome was substantially affected by our client selection and underwriting processes, along with our willingness to work with borrowers throughout the pandemic. Net charge-offs rose in 2022 to a more normal, but still low, $59 million. In 2023 they rose again to $170 million, driven partly by continuing normalization but also, significantly, by a single commercial credit loss. If the U.S. experiences an economic recession in the future, net charge offs generally could increase substantially. Even absent a recession, upward-trending normalization is likely to continue. Political and social fragmentation in the U.S., combined with access to social media platforms, can increase reputation risk in ways that might not be easily avoided by traditional means. The predominant culture within the banking industry remains traditional: in order to preserve their business reputations, banks generally prefer to avoid direct, public involvement in political or social controversy. Increasingly, though, certain groups—having highly specific political or social agendas and with the ability to communicate their views effectively using social media platforms—have made it more difficult to maintain a traditional approach. One group, for example, may publicly criticize a bank for having, as a client, a business which “exploits” persons of limited financial means, while another group may criticize a bank for failing to have, as a client, the same business which “serves” such persons in neighborhoods that many businesses avoid. As another example, a group may demand that a bank cease doing business with a specific business client based on the client’s industry or a specific business practice because that industry or practice, though legal, is objectionable to that group. While the potential for such demands has always existed, special interest groups today are more able and willing to publicize their criticisms, and some are willing to use factual exaggerations and inflammatory language in stating their views to the public. Those criticisms, in turn, ultimately may be acted upon by legislators or regulators. Our ability to manage credit risks depends primarily upon our ability to assess the creditworthiness of loan clients and other counterparties and the value of any collateral, including real estate, among other things. We further manage credit risk by diversifying our loan portfolio, by managing its granularity, by following per-relationship lending limits, and by recording and managing an allowance for loan and lease losses based on the factors mentioned above and in accordance with applicable accounting rules. We further manage other counterparty credit risk in a variety of ways, some of which are discussed in other parts of this Item 1A and all of which have as a primary goal the avoidance of having too much risk concentrated with any single counterparty. We record loan charge-offs in accordance with accounting and regulatory guidelines and rules. As indicated in this Item 1A under the caption Accounting Risks beginning on page 46, these guidelines and rules could change and cause provision expense or charge-offs to be more volatile, or to be recognized on an accelerated basis, for reasons not always related to the underlying performance of our portfolio. In fact, starting in 2020, such an accounting change was made and, when the COVID 36 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents recession occurred starting in March, provision for credit losses significantly increased. Moreover, the SEC or PCAOB could take accounting positions applicable to our holding company that may be inconsistent with those taken by the Federal Reserve or other banking regulators. Our credit and other loan-management models could be wrong, or could become wrong if external factors change. A significant challenge for us is to keep the credit and other models and approaches we use to originate and manage loans updated to take into account changes in the competitive environment, in real estate prices and other collateral values, in the economy, and in the regulatory environment, among other things, based on our experience originating loans and servicing loan portfolios. Changes in modeling could have significant impacts upon our reported financial results and condition. In addition, we use those models and approaches to manage our loan portfolios and lending businesses. To the extent our models and approaches are not consistent with underlying real-world conditions, our management decisions could be misguided or otherwise affected with substantial adverse consequences to us. A recent example of challenges we face in modeling stems from the COVID-19 pandemic and its related impacts on clients, the economy, and governmental interventions and accommodations. The recent low-interest rate environment (which ended in 2022) elevated the traditional challenge for lenders and investors to balance taking on higher risk against the desire for higher income or yield. This challenge applied not only to credit risk in lending activities but also to default and rate risks regarding investments. Even though short term rates are higher currently, long term rates continue to lag driven in part by market expectations that short rates may soon be cut again. In any case, even if less acute today, that traditional risk-versus-yield challenge remains in place. As interest rates rise, default risk generally also rises. As borrowers’ obligations to pay interest increases, financial weaknesses generally become more evident. Initially this results in lower consumer credit scores and lower commercial loan grading, and later results in higher default rates. This effect can be amplified or hastened if the rate hikes are accompanied by recession. Even if no recession results, the full effects of the 2022-23 rate hikes may not yet be fully reflected in loan default rates. Realized credit losses tend to increase and decrease in a cyclical manner, although the duration and timing of any given credit cycle is impossible to predict accurately. Through 2019 we and other U.S. banks experienced an extended period of very low credit losses. That trend reversed starting in 2022, which may signal the start of a new multi-year cycle. If a new cycle has started, we cannot predict how long the new cycle will run or how high credit losses will reach. The credit cycle was disrupted by COVID-19. Our expectation for loan losses in 2020 rose sharply with the COVID-19 pandemic and its recession, though in many cases actual losses, reflected in net charge offs, did not later materialize. Our expectations for credit loss abated dramatically in 2021, and significant amounts of the 2020 loss reserves were released, resulting in provision credits (negative expenses). We do not know what the new “normal” level of provision for credit loss will be once the impacts of the pandemic have fully ended, or what long- term impact the pandemic will have on the credit cycle. The low provision and net charge-off levels experienced before 2020, and in 2021, were historically unusual and might not be repeated. It is extremely difficult for banks, and for investors, to know when an upturn in credit loss is merely idiosyncratic or instead portends a major credit cycle change. The composition of our loans inherently increases our sensitivity to certain credit risks. At December 31, 2023, approximately 53% of total loans and leases consisted of the commercial, financial, and industrial (C&I) portfolio, approximately 23% of total loans and leases consisted of the commercial real estate (CRE) portfolio, and approximately 23% consisted of the consumer real estate portfolio. Two large components of the C&I portfolio at year end were loans to finance and insurance companies and loans to mortgage companies. Taken together, approximately 18% of the C&I portfolio was sensitive to impacts on the financial services industry. As discussed elsewhere in this Item 1A with respect to our company, the financial services industry is more sensitive to interest rate and yield curve changes, monetary policy, regulatory policy, changes in real estate and other asset values, and changes in general economic conditions, than many other industries. Negative impacts on the industry could dampen new lending in these lines of business and could create credit impacts for the loans in our portfolio. The stability and value of the CRE portfolio depends substantially upon the financial health of the underlying real estate assets and upon commercial real estate market values generally. Many CRE assets are rental properties, and for those occupancy and vacancy rates are critical factors along with business trends that impact tenants. Most of the remainder are owner-occupied, significantly dependent on the financial health of the borrower. Part of our rental CRE consists of traditional office space. The COVID pandemic disrupted traditional office space demand and utilization. It is highly uncertain what demand and utilization likely will be once that disruption fully ends. The consumer real estate portfolio contains a number of concentrations which affect credit risk assessment of the portfolio. 37 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents • Product concentration. The consumer real estate portfolio consists primarily of consumer installment loans, and much of the remainder consists of home equity lines of credit. • Collateral concentration. This entire category is secured by residential real estate. Approximately 89% of the consumer real estate portfolio consists of loans secured on a first-lien basis. • Geographic concentration. At year end, about 62% of the consumer real estate portfolio related to clients in three states: Florida, Tennessee, and Texas. The consumer real estate category is highly sensitive to economic impacts on consumer clients and on residential real estate values. Job loss or downward job migration, as well as significant life events such as divorce, death, or disability, can significantly impact credit evaluations of the portfolio. Also, regulatory changes, discussed above and elsewhere in this Item 1A, are more likely to affect the consumer category and our accounting estimates of credit loss than other loan types. Service Risks We provide a wide range of services to clients, and the provision of these services may create claims against us that we provided them in a manner that harmed the client or a third party, or was not compliant with applicable laws or rules. Our services include lending, loan servicing, fiduciary, custodial, depositary, funds management, insurance, and advisory services, among others. We manage these risks primarily through training Volatility in the oil and gas industry can impact us. At year-end, approximately 2% of our total loans were directly related to the oil and gas industry. In addition to general credit and other risks mentioned elsewhere in this Item 1A, these businesses and their related assets are sensitive to a number of factors specific to that industry. Key among those is global demand for energy and other products from oil and gas in relation to supply. The shifting balance between demand and supply is expressed most simply in prices. Significant oil-price volatility, such as that experienced in 2020-22, can and often does impact our overall business in this industry by increasing provisioning and charge-offs, and by reducing demand for loans. Another set of risks specific to that industry relate to environmental concerns, including the risks of increased regulation or other governmental intervention, and the risks of adverse changes in consumption habits or public perceptions generally. Additional information concerning credit risks and our management of them is set forth under the caption Asset Quality beginning on page 65 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). programs, compliance programs, and supervision processes. Additional information concerning these risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears under the captions Operational Risk Management and Compliance Risk Management, beginning on page 85 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). Regulatory, Legislative, & Legal Risks The regulatory environment continues to be challenging. We operate in a heavily regulated industry. Our regulatory burdens, including both operating restrictions and ongoing compliance costs, are substantial. We are subject to many banking, deposit, insurance, securities brokerage and underwriting, investment management, and consumer lending regulations in addition to the rules applicable to all companies publicly traded in the U.S. securities markets and, in particular, on the New York Stock Exchange. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in financial, structural, and operational penalties. In addition, efforts to comply with applicable regulations may increase our costs and/or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities. See Supervision and Regulation within Item 1 of this report, beginning on page 19, for additional information concerning financial industry regulations. Federal and state regulations significantly limit the types of activities in which we, as a financial institution, may engage. In addition, we are subject to a wide array of other regulations that govern other aspects of how we conduct our business, such as in the areas of employment and intellectual property. Federal and state legislative and regulatory authorities increasingly consider changing these regulations or adopting new ones. Such actions could further limit the amount of interest or fees we can charge, could further restrict our ability to collect loans or realize on collateral, could affect the terms or profitability of the products and services we offer, or could materially affect us in other ways. The following paragraphs highlight certain specific important risk areas related to regulatory matters currently. These paragraphs do not describe these risks exhaustively, and they do not describe all such risks that we face currently. Moreover, the importance of specific risks will grow or diminish as circumstances change. We and our Bank both are required to maintain certain regulatory capital levels and ratios. U.S. capital standards are discussed in Item 1 of this report, in tabular and narrative form, under the caption Capital Adequacy within the Supervision & Regulation section of Item 1 which 38 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents starts on page 19. Pressures to maintain appropriate capital levels and address business needs in a changing economy may lead to actions that could be dilutive or otherwise adverse to our shareholders. Such actions could include: reduction or elimination of dividends; the issuance of common or preferred stock, or securities convertible into stock; or the issuance of any class of stock having rights that are adverse to those of the holders of our existing classes of common or preferred stock. Additional information concerning these risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears: under the captions Capital Adequacy and Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) within the Supervision & Regulation section of Item 1 which starts on page 19; under the captions Capital, Capital Risk Management and Adequacy, and Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends beginning on pages 77, 85, and 92, respectively, of our 2023 MD&A (Item); and under the caption Regulatory Capital in Note 12— Regulatory Capital and Restrictions, beginning on page 154 of our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8). Regulation of banks is tiered based on asset size; we are close to reaching $100 billion, which is the next tier above us. Regulatory restrictions and costs tend to increase based on asset tier. The two most significant impacts on us of crossing the $100 billion threshold are: becoming subject to Category IV enhanced prudential standards; and becoming at-risk for being subject to a liquidity coverage ratio requirement. Compliance costs associated with those and other over-$100-billion regulations are expected to be significant. New regulations proposed in 2023 would substantially increase capital and other requirements, various restrictions, and costs. Moreover, we expect that a significant portion of those compliance costs, with or without the new regulations, will need to be borne as we approach the $100 billion tier, rather than commence abruptly when we enter the tier, as we upgrade compliance systems, processes, and staffing before they are fully needed. Additional information concerning these risks, which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears in: the Supervision & Regulation section of Item 1 which starts on page 19; and under the caption Other Regulatory Proposals within the section captioned Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends beginning on page 92 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). Legal disputes are an unavoidable part of business, and the outcome of pending or threatened litigation cannot be predicted with any certainty. We face the risk of litigation from clients, associates, vendors, contractual parties, and other persons, either singly or in class actions, and from federal or state regulators. Matters of that sort are pending currently. It is unlikely we will ever experience a time when no litigation matter is outstanding. We manage litigation risks through internal controls, personnel training, insurance, litigation management, our compliance and ethics processes, and other means. However, the commencement, outcome, and magnitude of litigation cannot be predicted or controlled with any certainty. Typically, we are unable to estimate our loss exposure from legal claims until relatively late in the litigation process, which can make our financial recognition of loss from litigation unpredictable and highly uneven from one period to the next. For most of our pending legal matters we have established either no accrual (reserve) or no significant reserve. Financial accounting guidance requires that litigation loss be both estimable and probable before a reserve may be established (recorded as a liability on our balance sheet). Under that guidance, reserves typically are not established for most litigation matters until after preliminary motions to dismiss or to narrow the case are resolved, after discovery is substantially in process, and (in many cases) after preliminary overtures regarding settlement have occurred. Potentially significant cases often are pending for years before any loss is recognized and a reserve is established. Moreover, many cases experience relatively little progress toward resolution for a long period followed by a brief period of rapid development. Lastly, although most cases are resolved with little or no loss to us, for the others our loss typically is recognized either all at once (near the time of resolution) or very unevenly over the life of the case. Additional information concerning litigation risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears: under the caption Pre-2009 Mortgage Business Risks beginning on page 46; under the captions Repurchase Obligations, Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends, and Contingent Liabilities beginning on pages 91, 92, and 98, respectively, of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7); and under the caption Contingencies in Note 16—Contingencies and Other Disclosures, beginning on page 162 of our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8). Political dysfunction and volatility within the federal government, both at the regulatory and Congressional levels, creates significant potential for major and abrupt shifts in federal policy regarding bank regulation, taxes, and the economy, any of which could have significant impacts on our business and financial performance, as well as that of our commercial clients. Moreover, political conflict within and among branches of government, and within and among government agencies, can rise to a level where day-to-day functions could be interrupted or impaired. Data privacy is becoming a major political concern. The laws governing it are new, and are likely to evolve and expand. Many non-regulated, non-banking companies have gathered large amounts of personal details about millions of people, and have the ability to analyze that 39 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents data and act on that analysis very quickly. This situation has prompted governmental responses. Two prominent responses are the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and the California Consumer Privacy Act. Neither is a banking industry regulation, but both apply to banks in relation to certain clients. Further general regulation to protect data privacy appears likely. Banks in the U.S. already operate under privacy-protection laws and rules, but banking industry regulations in this area might be enlarged in response to this concern. Public expectations concerning corporate controls on emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases could increase our operating costs in the future without a corresponding increase in revenue, could curtail some aspects of our business, or both. At present, federal environmental regulations do not require us to monitor the direct or indirect greenhouse gas emissions associated with building, operating, or maintaining our physical facilities, nor are we taxed or fined in relation to those emissions, because such gases generally are not considered to be pollutants under U.S. federal law. Changing expectations could pressure us to physically measure, monitor, and curtail direct emissions and to estimate indirect emissions or impacts, and eventually could result in legal requirements to take those actions or to pay for measured or estimated emissions. For example, we engage a third party to estimate our Scope 1 and 2 location-based emissions, even though not legally required. Whether or not legally required, any such actions that we take increase our operating costs. In addition, such expectations could pressure us to re- evaluate business relationships with certain clients, or groups of clients, that have suboptimal reputations for emissions. Recent state laws and federal disclosure proposals concerning greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could impose significant additional costs upon us. In 2023 the state of California enacted two laws which, taken together, will require most larger companies doing business in California to report annually their greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, with an external assurance requirement, and to report biennially their climate-related Risks of Expense Control Our ability to successfully manage expenses is important to our long-term success, but in part is subject to risks beyond our control. Many factors can influence the amount of our expenses, as well as how quickly they grow. As our businesses change—whether by acquisition, expansion, or contraction—additional expenses can arise from asset purchases, structural reorganization, evolving business strategies, and changing regulations, among other things. We manage controllable expenses and risk through a variety of means, including selectively outsourcing or financial risks and risk-mitigation measures. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") has proposed, but not yet adopted, rules that would require all U.S. companies with publicly-traded securities to report annually their GHG emissions and related climate-oriented information. If applicable to us, direct compliance costs will include creating systems to measure or estimate and capture relevant data, staffing, and engagement of vendors, including a firm to provide required assurances (somewhat analogous to a financial statement auditor). Potentially of more significance: obtaining data could, depending upon how the new regimes are implemented, require us to obtain GHG-related information from clients, including clients that are not public companies and that do no business in California. If so, effectively we could be required to impose costs and/or inconveniences on clients. Other banks in our markets, particularly those that are both private and not doing business in California, could provide financial services without those requirements, putting us at a competitive disadvantage. Additional information concerning these risks, which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears under the caption Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Regimes within the section captioned Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends beginning on page 92 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). Although currently no bank regulatory proposal applicable to us has been published, future regulations could discourage us from lending to or serving clients in certain industries judged to be environmentally high-risk, even if those elevated risk factors have a long time horizon or are speculative for other reasons. Changes of that sort could curtail our ability to pursue profitable business opportunities. General regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, carbon taxation schemes, government subsidies for "green" industries over carbon-intensive ones, and other such political/governmental actions could substantially and directly impact us or our clients. Even if we are not directly impacted in any significant manner by such actions, impacts on clients could have a significant impact on us. multi-sourcing various functions and procurement coordination and processes. In recent years we have actively sought to make strategic businesses more efficient primarily by investing in technology, re-thinking and right-sizing our physical facilities, and re-thinking and right-sizing our workforce and incentive programs. These efforts usually entail additional near-term expenses in the form of technology purchases and implementation, facility closure or renovation costs, and severance costs, while expected benefits typically are realized with some uncertainty in the future. 40 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents We have also focused on the economic profit generated by our business activities and prospects. Economic profit analysis attempts to relate ordinary profit to the capital employed to create that profit with the goal of achieving higher risk-adjusted (more efficient) returns on capital employed overall. Activities with higher capital usage bear a greater burden in economic profit analysis. The process is intended to allow us to more efficiently manage investment and utilization of resources. Economic profit analysis involves judgment regarding capital allocation and risk. Mistakes in those judgments could result in a mis- allocation of resources and diminished profitability over the long run. Geographic Risks We are subject to risks of operating in various jurisdictions. To a significant degree our banking business is exposed to economic, regulatory, natural disaster, and other risks that primarily impact the south-eastern and south-central U.S. states where we do most of our regional banking business. If those regions of the U.S. were to experience adversity not shared by other parts of the country, we are likely to experience adversity to a degree not shared by those competitors which have a broader or different regional footprint. Examples of these kinds of risks include: earthquakes in Memphis; hurricanes in Florida, Louisiana, the Carolina coasts, or the Texas coast; a major change in national health insurance laws impacting our healthcare-industry clients in middle Tennessee; and automotive industry plant closures. Significant cost increases and uncertainties impacting clients and communities in our coastal markets may jeopardize the substantial growth trends of those markets. A significant part of our growth prospects are concentrated in the major gulf coast markets and several markets on the southern Atlantic seacoast of the U.S. Many of our fastest growing markets, including most significantly those in Florida, can be impacted significantly by hurricanes and other severe coastal weather events. As those markets grow, our economic commitment to them grows, as does our financial exposure to those events. In 2023 and this year it has been widely reported that the economic costs of hurricane events in the U.S. gulf and southern Atlantic coastal areas have been rising significantly. We believe that rising costs are directly related to growth in those areas. For example, much of the growth in Florida has been along the coasts moving out from older cities. A gulf coast hurricane 50 or 60 years ago had a fair chance of making landfall in a relatively unpopulated area. Now, the chances of directly hitting a population center are much higher, the average population in that center is much higher, and the average value per building is much higher. Despite our efforts, our costs could rise due to adverse structural changes, market shifts, or inflationary pressures. For example: in 2021 and 2022, compensation costs rose markedly due to high-demand/low-supply circumstances beyond our control. Regulatory compliance expense will increase substantially when we reach $100 billion in assets, which is the next regulatory tier above us now. Moreover, we expect such costs to increase significantly as we approach that size. Additional information concerning these expenses appears in Regulatory, Legislative, and Legal Risks within this Item 1A beginning on page 38. The reported significant increase in casualty risks and costs is being reflected in property insurance practices which currently are in significant flux. The insurance industry is being forced to revise its risk assessment and premium pricing practices in coastal areas as loss experience has deviated from earlier predictions, sometimes badly. In Florida, for example, some smaller carriers have failed, some larger carriers have left markets, and remaining carriers have significantly increased the premiums of hurricane-related insurance, narrowed coverage, or both. Coastal states such as Florida and Louisiana have created last-resort insurance pools for residents who cannot obtain or afford private property insurance. However, as the costs borne by those pools increase, either the premiums will have to rise or general taxation will have to cover the difference. In addition, those programs generally do not help business clients. State and local building and water-control codes are being revised, but often unevenly and often not retroactive to pre-existing structures and developments. The current transition period could be lengthy. The availability, reliability, and cost of adequate property insurance is a significant concern for us as well as our clients in affected markets. Instability in property insurance has made, and will continue to make, our business decisions more difficult. That instability increases our risks of loan loss and business downturn. More fundamentally, elevated insurance and casualty costs blunt a key factor driving growth in many of these high-growth markets: lower costs of living. If market growth slows, our business will be impacted. Additional information concerning these risks, which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears under the caption Coastal Market Growth and Rising Costs within the section captioned Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends beginning on page 92 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). 41 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents We have international assets, mainly in the form of loans and letters of credit. Holding non-U.S. assets creates a number of risks: the risk that taxes, fees, prohibitions, and other barriers and constraints may be created or increased by the U.S. or other countries that would impact our holdings; the risk that currency exchange rates could move unfavorably so as to diminish the U.S. dollar value of assets, or to enlarge the U.S. dollar value of liabilities; and the risk that legal recourse against foreign counterparties Insurance Our property and casualty insurance may not cover, or may be inadequate to fully cover, the risks that we face, and we may be adversely affected by a default by insurers. We use insurance to manage a number of risks, including damage or destruction of property as well as legal and other liability. Not all such risks are insured, in any given insured situation our insurance may be inadequate to cover all loss, and many risks we face are uninsurable. For those risks that are insured, we also face the risks that the insurer may default on its obligations or that the insurer may refuse to honor them. We treat the risk of default as a type of credit risk, which we manage by reviewing the insurers that we use and by striving to use more than one insurer when practical. The risk of refusal, whether due to honest disagreement or bad faith, is inherent in any contractual situation. A portion of our consumer loan portfolio involves mortgage default insurance. If a default insurer were to experience a significant credit downgrade or were to become insolvent, that could adversely affect the carrying value of loans insured by that company, which could result in an immediate increase in our loan loss provision or write-down of the carrying value of those loans on our balance sheet and, in either case, a corresponding impact on our financial results. If many default insurers were to experience downgrades or insolvency at the same time, the risk of a financial impact would be amplified. Liquidity & Funding Risks Liquidity is essential to our business model and a lack of liquidity, or an increase in the cost of liquidity, may materially and adversely affect our businesses, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. In general, the costs of our funding directly impact our costs of doing business and, therefore, can positively or negatively affect our financial results. Our funding requirements in 2023 were met principally by deposits, by financing from other financial institutions, and by funds obtained from the capital markets. may be limited in unexpected ways. Our ability to manage those and other risks depends upon a number of factors, including: our ability to recognize and anticipate differences in legal, cultural, and other expectations applicable to clients, regulators, vendors, and other business partners and counterparties; and our ability to recognize and manage any exchange rate risks to which we are exposed. We own certain bank-owned life insurance policies as assets on our balance sheet. Some of those policies are “general account” and others are “separate account.” The general account policies are subject to the risk that the carrier might experience a significant downgrade or become insolvent. The separate account policies are less susceptible to carrier risk, but do carry a higher risk of value fluctuations in securities which underlie those policies. Both risks are managed through periodic reviews of the carriers and the underlying security values. However, particularly for the general account policies, our ability to liquidate a policy in anticipation of an adverse carrier event is significantly limited by applicable insurance contracts and regulations as well as by a substantial tax penalty which could be levied upon early policy termination. When we self-insure certain exposures, our estimates of future expenditures may be inadequate for the actual expenditures that occur. For example, we self-insure our associate health-insurance benefit program. We estimate future expenditures and establish accruals (reserves) based on the estimates. If actual expenditures were to exceed our estimates in a future period, our future expenses could be adversely and unexpectedly increased. economic conditions and with public perception of risk in the banking industry or of risk in our Bank in particular. That shift can be sudden and extreme. If public confidence fails, deposit levels in our Bank could fall, perhaps fairly quickly if a tipping point is reached, as depositors seek safety and are able to move their funds rapidly. In the mildest version of this scenario, we could be forced to raise interest we pay on our deposits, raising costs appreciably. In a severe case, deposit flight could render the Bank insolvent. Deposits traditionally have provided our most affordable funds and deposits by far are the largest portion of our funding. However, deposit trends can shift with In the first half of 2023, actual events resulted in many of these impacts. Three large U.S. regional banks failed, largely as a result of massive deposit run-off. Along with 42 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents most other regional banks, we experienced significant but much more modest levels of run-off. We believe significant portions of the outgoing deposits transferred either to a few of the very largest U.S. banks or to money market funds which, though not FDIC insured, are supported by U.S. Treasury debt. We countered our 2023 outflows with a significant deposit campaign. Our 2023 campaign was successful, but at the cost of significant increases in deposit rates. Fortunately, our new deposits were substantial enough to allow us to reduce borrowings. Also, the campaign's "promotional" rates for accounts started to revert to more typical rate levels late in 2023 which, though higher than in 2022, should reduce overall deposit costs in 2024. In the aftermath of the 2023 bank failures, the following factors appear to have been key to institutional risk: deposits not insured by FDIC insurance were much more likely to depart rapidly when risk perceptions changed suddenly; deposit clients who were not traditional clients with primary banking relationships were much more likely to depart rapidly; and deposits concentrated in fewer, high-balance accounts (with FDIC insurance coverage on only a small portion of the balances) were much more likely to depart rapidly than deposits spread among many more-typical clients and accounts. All banks, including our Bank, faced all three of these factors to an extent. Banks with higher-than-usual levels of one or more of these factors tended to be more strongly impacted by the banking crisis events in the first half of 2023. Deposit levels may be affected, fairly quickly, by changes in monetary policy. The Federal Reserve currently has paused its 2022-23 tightening policy. The Federal Reserve has indicated it intends to consider whether and when to cut short-term rates in 2024 based on economic events during the year, including inflationary pressures, employment data, and overall economic activity. Additional information concerning monetary policy changes appears under the caption Risks Associated with Monetary Events beginning on page 34 within this Item 1A, and under the caption Federal Reserve Policy in Transition within the Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends section of 2023 MD&A (Item 7), which begins on page 92. The market among banks for deposits may be impacted by regulatory funding and liquidity requirements. Regulatory rules generally provide favorable treatment for core deposits. Institutions with less than $100 billion of assets are not required to maintain a minimum Liquidity Coverage ratio. At or above $100 billion, the requirement increases with size and certain activities. The largest banks, which must maintain the highest minimum ratio, may be incented to compete for core deposits vigorously. Although mid-sized banks, like ours, are only lightly impacted by this rule, if some large banks in our markets take aggressive actions we could lose deposit share or be compelled to adjust our deposit pricing and practices in ways that could increase our costs. Continued availability of Federal Home Loan Bank funding depends on policies set by the federal government and, ultimately, by the U.S. Congress; for that reason, long-term continuation of current programs is beyond our control. We have and use credit facilities with one of the Federal Home Loan Banks. Those facilities provide funding quickly when we need it, up to program limits. The curtailment or elimination of our access to Federal Home Loan Bank programs would significantly alter how we plan for and manage routine and contingency funding situations. We also depend upon financing from private institutional or other investors by means of the capital markets. In 2020 we issued and sold $150 million of preferred stock, along with a total of $1.3 billion of senior and subordinated notes. In 2021, we issued and sold another $150 million of preferred stock. We believe we could access the capital markets again if we desired to do so. Risk remains, however, that capital markets may become unavailable to us for reasons beyond our control. A number of more general factors could make funding more difficult, more expensive, or unavailable on affordable terms. These include, but are not limited to, our financial results, organizational or political changes, adverse impacts on our reputation, changes in the activities of our business partners, disruptions in the capital markets, specific events that adversely impact the financial services industry, counterparty availability, changes affecting our loan portfolio or other assets, changes affecting our corporate and regulatory structure, interest rate fluctuations, ratings agency actions, general economic conditions, and the legal, regulatory, accounting, and tax environments governing our funding transactions. In addition, our ability to raise funds is strongly affected by the general state of the U.S. and world economies and financial markets as well as the policies and capabilities of the U.S. government and its agencies, and may remain or become increasingly difficult due to economic and other factors beyond our control. For additional information concerning these risks, see Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks beginning on page 44. Events affecting interest rates, markets, and other factors may adversely affect the demand for our products and services in our fixed income business. As a result, disruptions in those areas may adversely impact our earnings in that business unit. 43 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents Credit Ratings Our credit ratings directly affect the availability and cost of our unsecured funding. Our holding company (the Corporation) and our Bank currently receive ratings from rating agencies for unsecured borrowings. A rating below investment grade typically reduces availability and increases the cost of market-based funding. A debt rating of Baa3 or higher by Moody’s Investors Service, or BBB- or higher by Fitch Ratings, is considered investment grade for many purposes. At December 31, 2023, both rating agencies rated the unsecured senior debt of the Corporation and of the Bank as investment grade. To the extent that in the future we depend on institutional borrowing and the capital markets for funding and capital, we could experience reduced liquidity and increased cost of unsecured funding if our debt ratings were lowered, particularly if lowered below investment grade. In addition, other actions by ratings agencies can create uncertainty about our ratings in the future and thus can adversely affect the cost and availability of funding, including placing us on negative outlook or on watchlist. Please note that a credit rating is not a recommendation Interest Rate & Yield Curve Risks We are subject to interest rate risk because a significant portion of our business involves borrowing and lending money, and investing in financial instruments. A considerable portion of our funding comes from short- term and demand deposits, while a sizeable portion of our lending and investing is in medium-term and long-term instruments. Changes in interest rates directly impact our revenues and expenses, and could expand or compress our net interest margin. We actively manage our balance sheet to control the risks of a reduction in net interest margin brought about by ordinary fluctuations in rates. In addition, our fixed income business tends to perform better when rates decline or markets are volatile, which tends to partially offset net interest margin compression. A flat or inverted yield curve may reduce our net interest margin and adversely affect our lending and fixed income businesses. The yield curve is a reflection of interest rates, at various maturities, applicable to assets and liabilities. The yield curve is steep when short-term rates are much lower than long-term rates; it is flat when short-term rates and long-term rates are nearly the same; and it is inverted when short-term rates exceed long-term rates. Historically, the yield curve is usually upward sloping (higher rates for longer terms). However, the yield curve can be relatively flat or inverted (downward sloping). Inversion normally is rare, but has happened several times in the past few years. In fact inversion has been continuous since the second half of 2022 through early 2024. A flat or inverted yield curve tends to decrease net interest margin, which would adversely impact our lending businesses, and it tends to reduce demand for long-term debt securities, which would adversely impact the to buy, sell, or hold securities, is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time, and should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Reductions in our credit ratings could result in counterparties reducing or terminating their relationships with us. Some parties with whom we do business have internal policies restricting the business that can be done with financial institutions, such as the Bank, that have credit ratings lower than a certain threshold. Reductions in our credit ratings could allow some counterparties to terminate and immediately force us to settle certain derivatives agreements, and could force us to provide additional collateral with respect to certain derivatives agreements. Under our margin agreements, we are required to post collateral in the amount of our derivative liability positions with derivative counterparties. FHN could be asked to post collateral of an undetermined amount based on changes in credit ratings and derivative value. revenues of our fixed income business. During late 2022 our net interest margin overall did not compress, but actually expanded, as we were able to increase average loan rates faster than average funding rates. In 2023, our net interest margin compressed throughout much of the year as funding costs accelerated, but still expanded on a full year basis compared to 2022. Although compression eased late in 2023, margins are likely to continue below late 2022 levels as long as the yield curve remains inverted. Market-indexed deposit products are very sensitive to changes in short-term rates, and our use of them increases our exposure to such changes. If market rates rise, an increase in those deposit rates may be necessary before we are able to effect similar increases in loan rates. Generally, we try to moderate our use of these products when rates are rising. Expectations by the market regarding the direction of future interest rate movements can impact the demand for and value of our fixed income investments, and can impact the revenues of our fixed income business. This risk is most apparent during times when strong expectations have not yet been reflected in market rates, or when expectations are especially weak or uncertain. Over a business cycle period of many years, substantial revenue reduction in fixed income is unavoidable during the "down" part of the cycle. The most recent revenue reduction started in 2022, and we cannot predict when it will end. 44 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Asset Inventories & Market Risks ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The trading securities inventories and loans held for sale in our fixed income business are subject to market and credit risks. In the course of that business we hold trading securities inventory and loan positions for purposes of distribution to clients, and we are exposed to certain market risks attributable principally to interest rate risk and credit risk associated with those assets. We manage the risks of holding inventories of securities and loans through certain market risk management policies and procedures, including, for example, hedging activities and Value-at-Risk (“VaR”) limits, trading policies, modeling, and stress analyses. Average fixed income trading securities (long positions) were $1.2 billion for 2023 and $1.4 billion for 2022. Average fixed income trading liabilities (short positions) were $301 million and $480 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Average loans held for sale in our fixed income business were $552 million and $693 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additional information concerning these risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears under the caption Market Risk Management beginning on page 82 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7). Declines, disruptions, or precipitous changes in markets or market prices can adversely affect our fees and other income sources. We earn fees and other income related to our brokerage business and our management of assets for clients. Declines, disruptions, or precipitous changes in markets or market prices can adversely affect those revenue sources. Significant changes to the securities market’s performance can have a material impact upon our assets, liabilities, and financial results. We have a number of assets and obligations that are linked, directly or indirectly, to major securities markets. Significant changes in market performance can have a material impact upon our assets, liabilities, and financial results. An example of that linkage is our obligation to fund our pension plan so that it may satisfy benefit claims in the future. Our pension funding obligations generally depend upon actuarial estimates of benefits claims, the discount rate used to estimate the present values of those claims, and estimates of plan asset values. Our obligations to fund the plan can be affected by changes in any of those three factors. Accordingly, our obligations diminish if the plan’s investments perform better than expectations or if Mortgage Business Risks estimates are changed anticipating better performance, and can grow if those investments perform poorly or if expectations worsen. A rise in interest rates is likely to negatively impact the values of fixed income assets held in the plan, but would also result in an increase in the discount rate used to measure the present value of future benefit payments. Similarly, our obligations can be impacted by changes in mortality tables or other actuarial inputs. We manage the risk of rate changes by investing plan assets in fixed income securities having maturities aligned with the expected timing of payouts. Because there are no new participants, the actuarial-input risk should slowly diminish over time. Changes in our funding obligation generally translate into positive or negative changes in our pension expense over time, which in turn affects our financial performance. Our obligations and expenses relative to the plan can be affected by many other things, including changes in our participating associate population and changes to the plan itself. Although we have taken actions intended to moderate future volatility in this area, risk of some level of volatility is unavoidable. Our hedging activities may be ineffective, may not adequately hedge our risks, and are subject to credit risk. In the normal course of our businesses we attempt to create partial or full economic hedges of various, though not all, financial risks. For example: our fixed income unit manages interest rate risk on a portion of its trading portfolio with short positions, futures, and options contracts; we hedge the risk of interest rate movements related to the gap between the time we originate mortgage loans and the time we sell them; and we use derivatives, including swaps, swaptions, caps, forward contracts, options, and collars, that are designed to moderate the impact on earnings as interest rates change. Generally, in the last example these hedged items include certain term borrowings and certain held-to-maturity loans. Hedging creates certain risks for us, including the risk that the other party to the hedge transaction will fail to perform (counterparty risk, which is a type of credit risk), and the risk that the hedge will not fully protect us from loss as intended (hedge failure risk). Unexpected counterparty failure or hedge failure could have a significant adverse effect on our liquidity and earnings. Two of our mortgage-related businesses—mortgage origination and lending to mortgage companies—are highly sensitive to interest rates and rate cycles. When rates are higher, client activity (and our related income) tends to be muted. Lower rates tend to foster higher activity. The U.S. experienced extremely low interest rates for several years, ending in early 2022. Rising rates in 2022 substantially curtailed our income from these businesses. 45 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents For example, by late 2022 consumer mortgage refinancings fell to extremely low levels. These impacts largely continued throughout 2023. Although lower mortgage rates in the future, if and when they occur, should moderate these impacts, it is very unlikely that the low rate environment of 2020-21 will return. Additional information concerning rates and their impacts upon us is presented: under the caption Cyclicality within the Other Business Information section of Item 1, which starts on page 16; in Risks Associated with Monetary Events beginning on page 34; in Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks beginning on page 44; and under the caption Inflation, Recession, and Federal Reserve Policy within the Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends section of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), beginning on page 92. We have contractual risks from our mortgage business. Our traditional mortgage business primarily consists of helping clients obtain home mortgages which we sell, rather than hold, or which qualify for a government- guarantee program. The mortgage terms conform to the requirements of the mortgage buyers or government agencies, and we make representations to those buyers or agencies concerning conformity of each mortgage at origination. Although the buyers and agencies generally Pre-2009 Mortgage Business Risks We have risks from the mortgage-related businesses that legacy First Horizon exited in 2008, including mortgage loan repurchase and loss-reimbursement risk, and claims of non-compliance with contractual and regulatory requirements. In 2008 we exited our national mortgage and related lending businesses. We retain the risk of liability to clients and contractual parties with whom we dealt in the course of operating those businesses. Additional information concerning risks related to our former mortgage businesses and our management of Accounting Risks The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make significant estimates that affect the financial statements. The estimate that is consistently one of our most critical is the level of the allowance for credit losses. However, other estimates can be highly significant at discrete times or during periods of varying length, for example the valuation (or impairment) of our deferred tax assets. Estimates are made at specific points in time. As actual events unfold, estimates are adjusted accordingly. Due to the inherently uncertain nature of these estimates, it is possible that, at some time in the future, we may significantly increase the allowance for credit losses and/ or sustain credit losses that are significantly higher than the provided allowance, or we may recognize a significant take the risk that a mortgage defaults, we retain the risk that our representations were materially incorrect. In such a case, the buyer or agency generally has the power to force us to take the loan back for its face value, or to make the buyer or agency whole for its loss. Some government mortgage programs could impose penalties on us for misrepresentations at the time of obtaining benefits under the program. Penalties can be severe, up to three times the agency’s loss. As a result, mortgage origination processes need to emphasize being thorough and correct, in compliance with all agency standards. Those processes tend to slow the mortgage lending process for clients, and increase the complexity of the paperwork. The mortgage servicing business creates regulatory risks. Servicing requires continual interaction with consumer clients. Federal, state, and sometimes local laws regulate when and how we interact with consumer clients. The requirements can be complex and difficult for us to administer, especially if a client experiences difficulty with the mortgage loan. Failure to follow the applicable rules can result in significant penalties or other loss for us. them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, is set forth: under the captions Repurchase Obligations beginning on page 91, and Contingent Liabilities beginning on page 98, of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7); and under the captions Exposures from pre-2009 Mortgage Business and Mortgage Loan Repurchase and Foreclosure Liability, both within Note 16—Contingencies and Other Disclosures of our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8), which Note begins on page 162. provision for impairment of assets, or we may make some other adjustment that will differ materially from the estimates that we make today. Moreover, in some cases, especially concerning litigation and other contingency matters where critical information is inadequate, often we are unable to make estimates until fairly late in a lengthy process. A significant merger or acquisition requires us to make many estimates, including the fair values of acquired assets and liabilities. With larger transactions, fair value and other estimations can take up to four quarters to finalize. These estimates, and their revisions, can have a substantial effect on the presentation of our financial condition and operating results after the transaction closes. In addition, the excess of the value “paid” by us in 46 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents the merger or acquisition over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed, is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is subject to periodic impairment assessment, a process that can result in impairment expense which may be significant and sudden. Changes in accounting rules can significantly affect how we record and report assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and earnings. Although such changes generally affect all companies in a given industry, in practice changes sometimes have a disparate impact due to differences in the circumstances or business operations of companies within the same industry. One such accounting change, ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” substantially impacts the measurement and recognition of credit losses for certain assets, including most loans. Under ASU 2016-13, when we make or acquire a new loan, we are required to recognize immediately the “current expected credit loss,” or “CECL,” of that loan. We will also re-evaluate CECL each quarter that the loan is outstanding. CECL is the difference between our cost and the net amount we expect to collect over the life of the loan using certain estimation methods that incorporate macroeconomic forecasts and our experience with other, similar loans. In contrast, the pre-2020 accounting standard delayed recognition until loss was “probable” (very likely). We adopted ASU 2016-13 and CECL accounting starting in 2020, with the impact on regulatory capital having a phase-in period. Starting in 2020, recognition of estimated credit loss was significantly accelerated compared to pre-CECL practice, which was aggravated by the actual and projected effects of the pandemic. That acceleration could happen again, especially if a recession occurs or is expected to occur. Additional information concerning ASU 2016-13 appears in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies within our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8) beginning on page 115, and in Item 1 under the caption CECL Accounting and COVID-19 within the section entitled Significant Business Developments Over Past Five Years, which begins on page 10, all of which information is incorporated into this Item 1A by reference. In comparison with former (pre-2020) standards, CECL accounting tends to: result in a significant increase in our provision for credit losses (expense) and allowance (reserve) during any period of loan growth, including organic growth and growth created by acquisition or merger; through increased provision, adversely impact our earnings and, correspondingly, our regulatory capital levels; and enhance volatility in loan loss provision and allowance levels from quarter to quarter and year to year, especially during times when the economy is in transition or experiencing significant volatility. Moreover, CECL creates an incentive for banks to reduce new lending in the “down” part of the economic cycle in order to reduce loss recognition and conserve regulatory capital. That perverse incentive could, nationwide, prolong a down cycle in the economy and delay a recovery. Changes in regulatory rules can create significant accounting impacts for us. Because we operate in a regulated industry, we prepare regulatory financial reports based on regulatory accounting standards. Changes in those standards can have significant impacts upon us in terms of regulatory compliance. In addition, such changes can impact our ordinary financial reporting, and uncertainties related to regulatory changes can create uncertainties in our financial reporting. Our controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented. Internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures (“controls and procedures”) must be effective in order to provide assurance that financial reports are materially accurate. A failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Share Owning & Governance Risks The principal source of cash flow to pay dividends on our stock, as well as service our debt, is dividends and distributions from the Bank, and the Bank may become unable to pay dividends to us without regulatory approval. First Horizon Corporation primarily depends upon common dividends from the Bank for cash to fund dividends we pay to our common and preferred shareholders, and to service our outstanding debt. Regulatory constraints might constrain or prevent the Bank from declaring and paying dividends to us in future years without regulatory approval. Applying the dividend restrictions imposed under applicable federal and state rules, the Bank’s total amount available for dividends, without obtaining regulatory approval, was $1.2 billion at January 1, 2024. Also, we are required to provide financial support to the Bank. Accordingly, at any given time a portion of our funds may need to be used for that purpose and therefore would be unavailable for dividends. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve has issued policy statements generally requiring insured banks and bank holding companies only to pay dividends out of current operating earnings. The Federal Reserve has released a supervisory letter advising bank holding companies, among other things, that as a general matter a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve and 47 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Table of Contents should eliminate, defer or significantly reduce its dividends if (i) the bank holding company’s net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (ii) the bank holding company’s prospective rate of earnings is not consistent with the bank holding company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or (iii) the bank holding company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. Our shareholders may suffer dilution if we raise capital through public or private equity financings to fund our operations, to increase our capital, or to expand. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities or instruments that are convertible into equity securities, the percentage ownership of our current common shareholders will be reduced, the new equity securities may have rights and preferences superior to those of our common or outstanding preferred stock, and additional issuances could be at a sales price which is dilutive to current shareholders. We may also issue equity securities directly as consideration for acquisitions we may make that would be dilutive to shareholders in terms of voting power and share-of-ownership, and could be dilutive financially or economically. The IBKC merger, for example, resulted in a significant increase in our outstanding shares. In 2020, we issued to former IBKC shareholders common shares representing about 44% of our post-closing outstanding shares. Our issuance of ordinary preferred stock raises regulatory capital without issuing or diluting common shares, but creates or expands our general obligation to pay all preferred dividends ahead of any common dividends. Currently we have six series of preferred stock outstanding, one issued by the Bank and five by First Horizon Corporation. Subject to capital needs and market conditions, additional series may be issued in the future. Provisions of Tennessee law, and certain provisions of our charter and bylaws, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us or could have the effect of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. These provisions could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us even if an acquisition might be at a price attractive to many of our shareholders. In addition, federal banking laws prohibit non-financial-industry companies from owning a bank, and require regulatory approval of any change in control of a bank. Certain legal rights of holders of our common stock and of depositary shares related to our preferred stock to pursue claims against us or the depositary, as applicable, are limited by our bylaws and by the terms of the deposit agreements. Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, a state or federal court located within Shelby County in the State of Tennessee will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought in our right or name, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other associate of ours to us or our shareholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any director, officer or other associate of ours arising pursuant to any provision of the Tennessee Business Corporation Act, of our charter or bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us or any director, officer or other associate of ours that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, each deposit agreement between us and the depositary, which governs the rights of the depositary shares related to our Series B, C, and D preferred stock (respectively), provides that any action or proceeding arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement may only be brought in a state court located in the State of New York or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The foregoing exclusive forum clauses may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against us or our directors, officers or other associates, or against the depositary, as applicable. Exclusive forum clauses may also lead to increased costs to bring a claim, or may limit the ability of holders of our common stock or depositary shares to bring a claim in a judicial forum they find favorable. In addition, the exclusive forum clauses in our bylaws and deposit agreements could apply to actions or proceedings that may arise under the federal securities laws, depending on the nature of the claim alleged. To the extent these exclusive forum clauses restrict the courts in which holders of our common stock or depositary shares may bring claims arising under the federal securities laws, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions. These exclusive forum provisions do not mean that holders of our common stock or depositary shares have waived our obligations to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. 48 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS THRU ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Table of Contents Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. Item 1C. Cybersecurity The Cybersecurity Risk Management section within our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), beginning on page 86 of this report, is incorporated herein by reference. Item 2. Properties We own or lease no single physical property that we consider to be materially important to our financial condition or results from operations. section of Item 1 of this report, which begins on page 6; that information is incorporated into this Item 2 by this reference. Our banking centers, our fixed income and capital markets offices, our wealth management offices, and our loan origination, processing, and other physical offices, in the aggregate, remain important to our ability to deliver financial services to a large portion of our clients. For many years, banking center usage by clients has slowly declined, and for many years we have consolidated banking center locations in response to changing utilization patterns. We expect that long-term trend to continue. Information concerning our business locations, including banking center and other client-facing facilities, at year-end 2023 is provided under the caption Principal Businesses, Brands, & Locations within the Our Businesses In addition to the banking centers and other offices mentioned in Item 1, we own or lease other offices and office buildings, such as our headquarters building at 165 Madison Avenue in downtown Memphis, Tennessee. Although some of these other offices contain banking centers or other client-facing offices, primarily they are used for operational and administrative functions. Our operational and administrative offices are located in several cities where we have banking centers. At December 31, 2023, we believe our physical properties are suitable and adequate for the businesses we conduct. Item 3. Legal Proceedings The Contingencies section from Note 16—Contingencies and Other Disclosures, beginning on page 162 of this report within our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8), is incorporated herein by reference. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 49 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Supplemental Part I Information SUPPLEMENTAL PART I INFORMATION Executive Officers of the Registrant The following is a list of our executive officers, as defined by Securities and Exchange Commission rules, along with certain supplemental information, all presented as of February 20, 2024. The executive officers generally are elected at the April meeting of our Board of Directors for a term of one year and until their successors are elected and qualified. Mr. Jordan has an Employment Agreement with us. Under it, Mr. Jordan will continue to be employed as President and Chief Executive Officer for a term expiring August 3, 2028. Mr. Jordan’s employment will terminate when that term expires unless the parties mutually agree later to extend the term. Our mandatory retirement policy is waived during the Employment Agreement's term. Name & Age Terry L. Akins Age: 60 Elizabeth A. Ardoin Age: 54 Hope Dmuchowski Age: 45 Principal Financial Officer Current (Year First Elected to Office) and Recent Offices & Positions Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Risk Officer of First Horizon & the Bank (2020) Following the closing of the merger of equals between First Horizon and IBKC, Ms. Akins assumed the role of Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Risk Officer of First Horizon and the Bank. Prior to the merger, she had several roles with IBERIABANK Corporation and IBERIABANK starting in 2002, the most recent of which was Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer (2017-2020). Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Communications Officer of First Horizon & the Bank (2020) Following the closing of the merger of equals between First Horizon and IBKC, Ms. Ardoin assumed the role of Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Communications Officer of First Horizon and the Bank. Prior to the merger, she had several roles with IBERIABANK Corporation and IBERIABANK starting in 2002, the most recent of which was Senior Executive Vice President and Director of Communications (2002-2020), which included marketing, public relations, human resources, and corporate real estate, and she served as chief of staff to the CEO. Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Financial Officer of First Horizon & the Bank (2021) Ms. Dmuchowski was elected to her current position in November 2021. Previously, she was Executive Vice President, Head of Financial Planning and Analysis and Management Reporting for Truist Financial Corp. (Sept.-Nov. 2021); Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Corporate Banking, Commercial Banking and Corporate Groups for Truist (2019-2021); Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Group Director for BB&T Corp. (2017-2019); and Sr. Vice President, Chief Financial and Operations Officer—Enterprise Operations Services for BB&T (2013-2017). Her career with BB&T, a predecessor of Truist, started in 2007. Jeff L. Fleming Age: 62 Principal Accounting Officer Executive Vice President—Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller of First Horizon & the Bank (2012) Mr. Fleming assumed the role of Executive Vice President—Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller in 2012. Previously, starting in 1984, he held several positions with us, most recently (before his current role) Executive Vice President—Corporate Controller (2010-2011). D. Bryan Jordan Age: 62 Principal Executive Officer President and Chief Executive Officer (2008) and Chairman of the Board (2012-2020 and since 2022) of First Horizon & the Bank Mr. Jordan became President and Chief Executive Officer in 2008. He was Chairman of the Board from 2012 until we closed the merger of equals between First Horizon and IBKC in 2020. He resumed being Chairman in 2022 on the second anniversary of the IBKC merger. From 2007 until 2008 Mr. Jordan was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of First Horizon and the Bank. From 2000 until 2002 Mr. Jordan was Comptroller, and from 2002 until 2007 Mr. Jordan was Chief Financial Officer, of Regions Financial Corp. During that time he was also an Executive Vice President and a Senior Executive Vice President of Regions. 50 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Name & Age Tammy S. LoCascio Age: 55 David T. Popwell Age: 64 Anthony J. Restel Age: 54 Susan L. Springfield Age: 59 SUPPLEMENTAL PART I INFORMATION Current (Year First Elected to Office) and Recent Offices & Positions Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Operating Officer of First Horizon & the Bank (2021) Following the closing of the merger of equals between First Horizon and IBKC in 2020, Ms. LoCascio assumed the role of Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Human Resources Officer of First Horizon and the Bank. Prior to the merger, starting in 2011, she served in several roles with the Bank, most recently Executive Vice President—Consumer Banking (2017-2020). In that role she led the retail, private client/wealth management, mortgage, and small business units. President—Specialty Banking of First Horizon & the Bank (2020) Following the closing of the merger of equals between First Horizon and IBKC, Mr. Popwell assumed the role of President—Specialty Banking of First Horizon and the Bank. Prior to the merger, starting in 2007, he served in several roles, the most recent of which (before his current role) was President—Regional Banking (2013-2020). From 2004 to 2007 Mr. Popwell was President of SunTrust Bank—Memphis, and prior to that was an Executive Vice President of National Commerce Financial Corp. President—Regional Banking of First Horizon & the Bank (2021) Following the closing of the merger of equals between First Horizon and IBKC in 2020, Mr. Restel assumed the role of Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Operating Officer of First Horizon and the Bank. From July to November 2021, Mr. Restel also acted as interim Chief Financial Officer. Prior to the merger, he had several roles with IBERIABANK Corporation and IBERIABANK starting in 2001, the most recent of which was Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer (2005-2020). During his tenure as Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Restel also served as Chief Credit Officer of IBERIABANK (2007-2009). Senior Executive Vice President—Chief Credit Officer of First Horizon & the Bank (2013) Ms. Springfield assumed the role of Executive Vice President—Chief Credit Officer of First Horizon & the Bank in 2013, with “Senior” added to her title in 2020. Previously, starting in 1998, she served the Bank in several roles, the most recent of which (before her current role) was Executive Vice President— Commercial Banking (2011-2013). Selected Other Corporate Officers Clyde A. Billings, Jr. Senior Vice President, Assistant General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary Dane P. Smith Senior Vice President Corporate Treasurer 51 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY, STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, & EQUITY PURCHASES AND ITEM 6. Table of Contents PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market for Our Common Stock; Common Shareholders Our sole class of common stock, $0.625 par value, is listed and trades on the New York Stock Exchange LLC under the symbol FHN. At December 31, 2023, there were approximately 8,712 shareholders of record of our common stock. Sales of Unregistered Common and Preferred Stock Common Stock. Not applicable. Preferred Stock. Not applicable. Repurchases by Us of Our Common Stock Under authorizations from our Board of Directors, we may repurchase common shares from time to time for general purposes and for our compensation plans, subject to market conditions, accumulation of excess equity, prudent capital management, and legal and regulatory restrictions. We evaluate the level of capital and take action designed to generate or use capital as appropriate for the interests of the shareholders. Additional information concerning repurchase activity during the final three months of 2023 is presented in Tables 7.20a and 7.20b, and the surrounding notes and other text under the caption Common Stock Purchase Programs beginning on page 79 of our 2023 MD&A (Item 7), which information is incorporated herein by this reference. Total Shareholder Return Performance Graph The “Total Shareholder Return 2018-2023” performance graph appearing on the next page, along with Table 5.1, is “furnished” and not “filed” as part of this report, and is not deemed to be soliciting material. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this report or in any of our previous filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that might incorporate future filings by reference, including this report in whole or in part, neither the “Total Shareholder Return 2018-2023” performance graph nor Table 5.1 shall be incorporated by reference into any such filings. The “Total Shareholder Return 2018-2023” performance graph compares the yearly percentage change in our cumulative total shareholder return with returns based on the Standard and Poor’s 500 and Keefe, Bruyette & Woods (KBW) Regional and Nasdaq Bank Indices. The graph assumes $100 is invested on December 31, 2018 and dividends are reinvested. Returns are market- capitalization weighted. At year-end 2019 and earlier, FHN was included in the KBW Regional Bank Index. At year-end 2020 and later, FHN is included in the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index. The change in index resulted from the merger of equals in 2020 between FHN and IBERIABANK Corporation. 52 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY, STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, & EQUITY PURCHASES AND ITEM 6. Table of Contents At year-end 2022, FHN's stock price was significantly boosted by the then-pending acquisition of FHN by TD for an all-cash purchase price of over $25 per FHN share. After TD was unable to obtain regulatory approval, the TD Transaction was terminated by the parties in May 2023. Table 5.1 TOTAL SHAREHOLDER RETURN DATA 2019 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 First Horizon Corporation (FHN) $ 100.00 $ 130.43 $ 106.73 $ 141.55 $ 217.90 $ 131.82 S&P 500 Index 100.00 131.47 155.65 200.29 163.98 207.04 KBW Regional Bank Index (KRX) 100.00 123.87 113.11 154.57 143.87 143.30 KBW Nasdaq Bank Index (BKX) 100.00 136.12 122.09 168.90 132.76 131.58 Data source: Bloomberg Item 6. [Reserved] 53 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations TABLE OF ITEM 7 TOPICS Introduction Executive Overview Results of Operations Analysis of Financial Condition Capital Risk Management Repurchase Obligations Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends Critical Accounting Policies & Estimates Accounting Changes Non-GAAP Information 55 55 56 62 77 81 91 92 96 98 98 54 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Introduction First Horizon Corporation (NYSE common stock trading symbol “FHN”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. FHN’s principal subsidiary, and only banking subsidiary, is First Horizon Bank. Through the Bank and other subsidiaries, FHN offers commercial, private banking, consumer, small business, wealth and trust management, retail brokerage, capital markets, fixed income, and mortgage banking services. At December 31, 2023, FHN had over 450 business locations in 24 states, including over 400 banking centers Executive Overview Significant Events and Transactions in 12 states, and employed approximately 7,300 associates. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, as well as with the other information contained in this report. TD Merger Termination FDIC Special Assessment On February 27, 2022, FHN entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the TD Merger Agreement) with The Toronto-Dominion Bank, a Canadian chartered bank (TD), and certain TD subsidiaries. On May 4, 2023, FHN and TD mutually terminated the TD Merger Agreement. Under the terms of the termination agreement, TD made a $200 million cash payment to FHN, in addition to the $25 million fee reimbursement due to FHN pursuant to the TD Merger Agreement. Of the $200 million cash payment, FHN contributed $50 million to the First Horizon Foundation. 2023 Financial Performance Summary FHN reported net income available to common shareholders of $865 million, or $1.54 per diluted share, compared to net income of $868 million, or $1.53 per diluted share in 2022. Net interest income of $2.5 billion increased $148 million from 2022 largely driven by higher earning asset yields and loan growth, partially offset by higher funding costs. The net interest margin increased 32 basis points to 3.42% compared to 3.10% in 2022. Provision for credit losses increased to $260 million compared to of $95 million in 2022, largely driven by loan growth, an uncertain macroeconomic outlook, and modest grade migration. Net charge-offs were $170 million compared to $59 million in 2022, largely reflecting the impact of an idiosyncratic credit loss on a single relationship. Noninterest income of $927 million increased $112 million from 2022, largely driven by the gain on merger termination partially offset by lower fixed income and mortgage banking and title income. In November 2023, the FDIC approved a final rule to implement a special assessment on banks to replenish the deposit insurance fund in connection with the three large bank failures in 2023. The special assessment will be 13.4 basis points per year imposed on certain deposits over eight quarters, starting with the first quarterly assessment period of 2024. FHN recognized an estimated expense of $68 million for the entire assessment in the fourth quarter of 2023. Noninterest expense of $2.1 billion increased $126 million from 2022, largely attributable to the FDIC special assessment and the contribution to the First Horizon Foundation discussed above. Period-end loans and leases of $61.3 billion increased $3.2 billion from December 31, 2022 reflecting commercial loan growth of $1.8 billion, or 4%, and consumer loan growth of $1.4 billion, or 10%. Period-end deposits of $65.8 billion increased $2.3 billion, or 4%, from December 31, 2022 driven by an $8.6 billion increase in interest-bearing deposits offset by a $6.3 billion decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits. Tier 1 risk-based capital and total risk-based capital ratios at December 31, 2023 were 12.42% and 13.96%, respectively, compared to 11.92% and 13.33% at December 31, 2022. The CET1 ratio was 11.40% at December 31, 2023 compared to 10.17% at December 31, 2022. 55 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.1 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (Dollars in millions, except per share data) Pre-provision net revenue (a) Diluted earnings per common share Return on average assets (b) Return on average common equity (c) Return on average tangible common equity (a) (d) Net interest margin (e) Noninterest income to total revenue (f) Efficiency ratio (g) Allowance for loan and lease losses to total loans and leases Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans and leases Total period-end equity to period-end assets Tangible common equity to tangible assets (a) Cash dividends declared per common share Book value per common share Tangible book value per common share (a) Common equity Tier 1 Market capitalization For the years ended December 31, 2021 2022 2023 1,388 $ 1,254 $ 1.53 $ $ 974 1.74 $ $ $ $ $ 1.54 1.12 % 11.01 % 14.11 % 3.42 % 26.82 % 59.90 % 1.26 % 0.28 % 11.38 % 8.48 % 0.60 $ 15.17 12.13 $ $ 1.08 % 11.81 % 15.58 % 3.10 % 24.99 % 61.24 % 1.18 % 0.11 % 10.83 % 7.12 % 0.60 13.48 10.23 $ $ $ 1.15 % 12.53 % 16.46 % 2.48 % 34.77 % 68.56 % 1.22 % — % 9.53 % 6.73 % 0.60 14.39 11.00 11.40 % 10.17 % 9.92 % $ 7,913 $ 13,159 $ 8,713 (a) Represents a non-GAAP measure which is reconciled in the non-GAAP to GAAP reconciliation in Table 7.28. (b) Calculated using net income divided by average assets. (c) Calculated using net income available to common shareholders divided by average common equity. (d) Calculated using net income available to common shareholders divided by average tangible common equity. (e) Net interest margin is computed using total net interest income adjusted to an FTE basis assuming a statutory federal income tax rate of 21% and, where applicable, state income taxes. (f) Ratio is noninterest income excluding securities gains (losses) to total revenue excluding securities gains (losses). (g) Ratio is noninterest expense to total revenue excluding securities gains (losses). Results of Operations—2023 compared to 2022 Net Interest Income Net interest income is FHN's largest source of revenue and is the difference between the interest earned on interest- earning assets (generally loans, leases and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (generally deposits and borrowed funds). The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the difference between the effective yield on average interest-earning assets and the effective cost of interest-bearing liabilities. These factors are influenced by the pricing and mix of interest- earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by external factors such as local economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the FRB and market interest rates. Net interest income of $2.5 billion in 2023 increased $148 million, or 6%, from 2022. The increase was largely driven by higher earning asset yields and loan growth partially offset by higher funding costs. FHN's net interest margin increased 32 basis points to 3.42% in 2023 compared to 2022 while the net interest spread decreased 41 basis points to 2.44% over the same period. The net interest margin was favorably impacted by a 203 basis point increase in earning asset yields, largely reflecting the impact of higher interest rates and lower levels of excess cash. In addition, the tax-equivalent adjustment was favorably impacted by higher rates on floating rate tax-free commercial loans. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 244 basis points largely driven by higher deposit costs. Total average earning assets decreased $2.8 billion in 2023 largely from a decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks partially offset by an increase in loans and leases. Total average interest-bearing liabilities increased $4.3 billion driven by increases in short-term borrowings and interest-bearing deposits. The following table presents the major components of net interest income and net interest margin: 56 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.2 (Dollars in millions) Assets: Loans and leases: ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) AVERAGE BALANCES, NET INTEREST INCOME AND YIELDS/RATES 2023 Interest Income/ Expense Average Balance Yield/ Rate Average Balance 2022 Interest Income/ Expense Yield/ Rate Average Balance 2021 Interest Income/ Expense Yield/ Rate Commercial loans and leases $ 46,175 $ 2,958 Consumer loans Total loans and leases Loans held for sale Investment securities Trading securities Federal funds sold Securities purchased under agreements to resell (a) Interest-bearing deposits with banks 13,994 60,169 664 9,912 1,179 61 318 2,504 6.41 % $ 43,691 $ 1,823 479 12,261 4.48 4.18 % $ 44,325 $ 1,498 3.38 % 3.89 11,973 469 3.92 630 3,588 5.96 55,952 2,302 4.11 56,298 1,967 3.49 51 7.71 250 2.52 78 6.62 4 5.56 884 9,976 1,438 191 39 4.41 200 2.01 58 4.04 4 2.09 956 8,623 1,366 37 15 130 6 4.81 87 5.20 5.50 % $ 77,635 $ 2,696 522 8,672 1.12 1.00 584 13,123 33 3.44 123 1.43 30 — — 17 2.17 0.15 (0.09) 0.13 Total earning assets / Total interest income $ 74,807 $ 4,116 3.47 % $ 80,987 $ 2,170 2.68 % Cash and due from banks Goodwill and other intangible assets, net Premises and equipment, net Allowance for loan and lease losses Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: Interest-bearing deposits: Savings Other interest-bearing deposits Time deposits 1,012 1,720 596 (740) 4,288 1,217 1,777 636 (648) 3,600 1,261 1,836 712 (834) 3,647 $ 81,683 $ 84,217 $ 87,609 $ 23,547 $ 15,300 679 351 2.88 % $ 24,292 $ 2.30 15,641 6,095 236 3.87 2,963 94 72 18 0.39 % $ 27,283 $ 0.47 0.60 15,688 4,281 Total interest-bearing deposits 44,942 1,266 2.82 42,896 184 0.43 47,252 36 20 25 81 0.13 % 0.13 0.57 0.17 Federal funds purchased 349 18 5.12 1,426 301 2,688 1,335 52 12 3.66 4.16 140 5.19 72 5.39 699 881 480 229 1,596 11 1.56 949 1 0.12 7 0.77 12 2.56 5 2.26 72 4.51 1,235 540 124 1,645 4 6 — 72 0.30 1.11 0.09 4.37 $ 51,041 $ 1,560 3.06 % $ 46,781 $ 291 0.62 % $ 51,745 $ 164 0.32 % Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Trading liabilities Other short-term borrowings Term borrowings Total interest-bearing liabilities / Total interest expense Noninterest-bearing deposits Other liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders' equity 19,341 2,396 72,778 8,610 295 8,905 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 81,683 26,851 2,006 75,638 8,284 295 8,579 $ 84,217 25,879 1,506 79,130 8,184 295 8,479 $ 87,609 Net earnings assets / Net interest income (TE) / Net interest spread Taxable equivalent adjustment $ 23,766 $ 2,556 (16) 2.44 % $ 30,854 $ 2,405 (13) 0.98 2.85 % $ 29,242 $ 2,006 2.36 % 0.25 (12) 0.12 Net interest income / Net interest margin (b) $ 2,540 3.42 % $ 2,392 3.10 % $ 1,994 2.48 % (a) Negative yield is driven by negative market rates on reverse repurchase agreements. (b) Calculated using total net interest income adjusted for FTE assuming a statutory federal income tax rate of 21%, and where applicable, state income taxes. 57 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) The following table presents the change in interest income and interest expense due to changes in both average volume and average rate. Table 7.3 (Dollars in millions) Interest income: Loans and leases (c) Loans held for sale Investment securities (c) Trading securities Other earning assets: Federal funds sold ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET INTEREST INCOME 2023 Compared to 2022 2022 Compared to 2021 Increase (Decrease) Due to (a) Increase (Decrease) Due to (a) Rate (b) Volume (b) Total Rate (b) Volume (b) Total $ 1,101 $ 185 $ 1,286 $ 347 $ (12) $ 335 24 51 32 3 13 143 159 (12) (1) (12) (3) (4) (100) (107) 12 50 20 — 9 43 52 9 56 27 3 6 77 86 (3) 21 1 1 — (8) (7) 6 77 28 4 6 69 79 Securities purchased under agreements to resell Interest-bearing deposits with banks Total other earning assets Total change in interest income - earning assets $ 1,367 $ 53 $ 1,420 $ 525 $ — $ 525 Interest expense: Interest-bearing deposits: Savings Other interest-bearing deposits Time deposits Total interest-bearing deposits Federal funds purchased Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Trading liabilities Other short-term borrowings Term borrowings $ 588 $ (3) $ 585 $ 63 $ (5) $ 280 183 1,051 15 39 6 15 13 (1) 35 31 (8) 6 (6) 120 (13) 279 218 1,082 7 45 — 135 — 53 1 117 10 4 7 5 2 (1) (8) (14) — (1) (1) — (2) Total change in interest expense - interest-bearing liabilities 1,139 130 1,269 145 (18) Net interest income, taxable-equivalent $ 228 $ (77) $ 151 $ 380 $ 18 $ 58 52 (7) 103 10 3 6 5 — 127 398 (a) The changes in interest due to both rate and volume have been allocated to change due to rate and change due to volume in proportion to the absolute amounts of the changes in each. (b) Variances are computed on a line-by-line basis and are non-additive. (c) Reflects taxable-equivalent adjustments, using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%, and where applicable, state income taxes. 58 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Provision for Credit Losses Provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded lending commitments. The provision for credit losses is the expense necessary to maintain the ALLL and the accrual for unfunded lending commitments at levels appropriate to absorb management’s estimate of credit losses expected over the life of the loan and lease portfolio and the portfolio of unfunded loan commitments. Provision for credit losses increased to $260 million in 2023, compared to $95 million in 2022. The increase in Noninterest Income provision during 2023 was reflective of loan growth, macroeconomic uncertainty, and modest grade migration. Net charge-offs were $170 million in 2023 compared to $59 million in 2022. The higher level of net charge-offs in 2023 largely reflects the impact of a $72 million idiosyncratic credit loss on a single relationship in the third quarter. For additional information about general asset quality trends refer to the Asset Quality section in this MD&A. The following table presents the significant components of noninterest income for each of the periods presented: Table 7.4 (Dollars in millions) Noninterest income Deposit transactions and cash management Fixed income Brokerage, management fees and commissions Card and digital banking fees Other service charges and fees Trust services and investment management Mortgage banking and title income Gain on merger termination Securities gains (losses), net Other income Total noninterest income $ NM – Not meaningful NONINTEREST INCOME 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs. 2022 % Change $ Change 2022 vs. 2021 $ Change % Change $ 179 $ 133 171 $ 205 175 $ 406 90 77 54 47 23 225 (4) 103 927 $ 92 84 54 88 78 44 48 68 — 18 75 815 $ 51 154 — 13 67 1,076 $ 8 (72) (2) (7) — (1) (45) 225 (22) 28 112 5 % $ (35) (2) (8) — (2) (66) 100 (122) 37 14 % $ (4) (201) (2) % (50) 4 6 10 (3) (86) — 5 8 (261) 5 8 23 (6) (56) — 38 12 (24) % Noninterest income of $927 million increased $112 million from $815 million in 2022, largely driven by the gain on merger termination partially offset by declines in fixed income and mortgage banking and title income. Noninterest income represented 27% and 25% of total revenue for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Fixed income declined $72 million, or 35%, for 2023 compared to 2022. Fixed income product revenue decreased $62 million, largely driven by less favorable market conditions. Revenue from other products decreased $10 million, largely driven by lower fees from loan and derivative sales in addition to lower fees from investment advisory services. Mortgage banking and title income of $23 million decreased $45 million from $68 million in 2022 largely driven by the divestiture of the title services business in third quarter 2022 and lower origination volume given the impact of higher long-term rates. Results in 2022 also reflected a $12 million gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights. Deferred compensation income (included in other income) increased $35 million in 2023, reflecting fluctuations in equity market valuations relative to the prior year. This increase is largely offset in noninterest expense. In addition, other income included a gain of $9 million on the disposition of FHN Financial Main Street Advisors assets in 2023 and a gain of $22 million from the sale of the title services business in 2022. Noninterest income results also reflect securities losses of $4 million in 2023 compared to gains of $18 million in 2022. 59 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Noninterest Expense The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense for each of the periods presented: Table 7.5 (Dollars in millions) Noninterest expense Personnel expense Net occupancy expense Deposit insurance expense Computer software Operations services Advertising and public relations Contributions Legal and professional fees Contract employment and outsourcing Amortization of intangible assets Equipment expense Communications and delivery Impairment of long-lived assets Other expense NONINTEREST EXPENSE 2023 2022 2021 $ Change % Change $ Change % Change 2023 vs. 2022 2022 vs. 2021 $ 1,100 $ 1,101 $ 1,210 $ 123 122 111 87 71 61 49 49 47 42 35 — 128 32 113 87 50 7 62 54 51 45 37 — 137 24 116 80 37 14 68 67 56 47 37 34 182 186 169 (1) (5) 90 (2) — 21 54 (13) (5) (4) (3) (2) — (4) — % $ (109) (9) % (4) 281 (2) — 42 771 (21) (9) (8) (7) (5) — (2) (9) 8 (3) 7 13 (7) (6) (13) (5) (2) — (34) 17 (7) 33 (3) 9 35 (50) (9) (19) (9) (4) — (100) 10 (7) % Total noninterest expense $ 2,079 $ 1,953 $ 2,096 $ 126 6 % $ (143) NM - Not meaningful Noninterest expense of $2.1 billion increased $126 million, or 6%, from 2022, largely driven by higher deposit insurance expense and contributions. Personnel expense of $1.1 billion declined negligibly in 2023, reflecting lower incentive-based compensation expense offset by higher deferred compensation and regular salaries and benefits expense. In November 2023, the FDIC approved a special assessment on banks to replenish the deposit insurance fund in connection with the three large bank failures in 2023. The special assessment will be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points imposed on certain deposits over an anticipated total of eight quarters, starting with the first quarterly assessment period of 2024. FHN recognized the entire assessment of Income Taxes FHN recorded income tax expense of $212 million in 2023 compared to $247 million in 2022, resulting in an effective tax rate of 18.8% and 21.3% respectively. FHN’s effective tax rate is favorably affected by recurring items such as bank-owned life insurance, tax-exempt income, and tax credits and other tax benefits from tax credit investments. The effective rate is unfavorably affected by the non-deductible portions of: FDIC premium, executive compensation and merger expenses. FHN's $68 million as an expense in the fourth quarter of 2023 when the FDIC published its final action. The increase in contributions in 2023 was primarily related to the $50 million contribution made to the First Horizon Foundation from the $200 million cash payment received for the TD Merger termination. Advertising and public relations expense increased $21 million from 2022, driven by a deposit campaign in the second quarter of 2023 and brand awareness initiatives. The $13 million decline in legal and professional fees in 2023 was largely attributable to lower merger and integration related expense. Total merger and integration expense was $51 million for 2023 compared to $136 million for 2022. effective tax rate also may be affected by items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period, such as changes in unrecognized tax benefits. The rate also may be affected by items resulting from business combinations. The reduction in the rate from 2022 was primarily related to the benefit from the settlement of uncertain tax positions related to prior merger related items which was partially offset by the additional tax expense from the surrender of bank-owned life insurance policies. 60 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents A deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability is recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The tax consequence is calculated by applying current enacted statutory tax rates to these temporary differences in future years. FHN’s net DTA were $215 million and $313 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, FHN had deferred tax asset balances related to federal and state income tax carryforwards of $32 million and $3 million, which will expire at various dates. Refer to Note 14 - Income Taxes for additional information. FHN’s gross DTA after valuation allowance was $737 million and $761 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Based on current analysis, FHN believes that its ability to realize the DTA is more likely than not. FHN monitors its DTA and the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. A significant adverse change in FHN’s taxable earnings outlook could result in the need for a valuation allowance. Business Segment Results FHN's reportable segments include Regional Banking, Specialty Banking, and Corporate. See Note 19 - Business Segment Information for additional disclosures related to FHN's segments. Regional Banking The Regional Banking segment generated pre-tax income of $1.3 billion in 2023 compared to $1.1 billion in 2022, an increase of $185 million, largely from a $390 million increase in revenue driven by higher net interest income. The increase in revenue was partially offset by a $130 million increase in provision for credit losses and a $75 million increase in noninterest expense. Net interest income of $2.4 billion increased $400 million reflecting the benefit of higher interest rates and average loan balances, partially offset by higher funding costs. The increase in the provision for credit losses largely reflected loan growth, macroeconomic uncertainty, and modest grade migration. The increase in noninterest expense was largely driven by higher personnel, deposit insurance, advertising and public relations, and technology-related expenses. Specialty Banking Pre-tax income of $313 million in the Specialty Banking segment decreased $96 million compared to 2022 largely reflecting a $142 million decrease in revenue tied to lower fixed income, mortgage banking and title income, and net interest income. The decrease in revenue was partially offset by a decrease in noninterest expense. FHN and its eligible subsidiaries are included in a consolidated federal income tax return. FHN files separate returns for subsidiaries that are not eligible to be included in a consolidated federal income tax return. Based on the laws of the applicable states where it conducts business operations, FHN either files consolidated, combined, or separate returns. The statute of limitations for FHN’s consolidated federal income tax returns remains open for tax years 2020 through 2022. IBKC’s federal consolidated tax returns for 2016 – 2018 were audited by the IRS. The statute of limitations for those years was extended through October 2024 for purposes of an appeal which was settled in 2023. On occasion, as federal or state auditors examine the tax returns of FHN and its subsidiaries, FHN may extend the statute of limitations for a reasonable period. Otherwise, the statutes of limitations remain open only for tax years in accordance with federal and state statutes. See Note 14 - Income Taxes for additional information. Fixed income of $133 million decreased $72 million, largely driven by less favorable market conditions. Mortgage banking and title income of $23 million decreased $45 million largely driven by the divestiture of the title services business in third quarter 2022 and lower origination volume given the impact of higher long-term rates. Results in 2022 also reflected a $12 million gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights. Noninterest expense of $364 million decreased $82 million largely due to lower incentive-based compensation expense tied to the decline in fixed income and mortgage banking and title income. Corporate Pre-tax loss for the Corporate segment was $447 million for 2023 compared to $327 million for 2022. Noninterest income increased $225 million largely driven by the gain on merger termination. Noninterest income results also reflect an increase of $35 million in deferred compensation income, lower securities gains of $22 million, and a $22 million gain on sale of the title business in 2022. Noninterest expense of $414 million for 2023 increased $133 million compared to 2022 largely driven by higher deposit insurance expense, a $50 million contribution to the First Horizon Foundation, and higher personnel expense. Merger and integration expense was $51 million in 2023 compared to $136 million in 2022. 61 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Results of Operations—2022 compared to 2021 For a description of FHN's results of operations for 2022, see Results of Operations - 2022 compared to 2021 in Item 7 in the 2022 Form 10-K which is incorporated herein by reference. Analysis of Financial Condition Investment Securities The following table presents the carrying value of securities by category as of December 31 for the years indicated: Table 7.6 COMPOSITION OF SECURITIES PORTFOLIO 2023 2022 (Dollars in millions) Balance Mix Balance Mix Securities available for sale at fair value: Government agency issued MBS and CMO Other U.S. government agencies (a) States and municipalities Total securities available for sale Securities held to maturity at amortized cost: Government agency issued MBS and CMO Total investment securities $ $ $ $ 6,630 1,172 589 8,391 68 % $ 12 6 7,076 1,163 597 86 % $ 8,836 69 % 12 6 87 % 1,323 14 % $ 1,371 13 % 9,714 100 % $ 10,207 100 % (a) Includes securities issued by government sponsored entities which are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. FHN’s investment securities portfolio consists principally of debt securities available for sale. FHN maintains a highly-rated securities portfolio consisting primarily of government agency issued mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. The securities portfolio provides a source of income and liquidity and is an important tool used to balance the interest rate risk of the loan and deposit portfolios. The securities portfolio is periodically evaluated in light of established ALM objectives, changing market conditions that could affect the profitability of the portfolio, the regulatory environment, and the level of interest rate risk to which FHN is exposed. These evaluations may result in steps taken to adjust the overall balance sheet positioning. Investment securities were $9.7 billion and $10.2 billion on December 31, 2023 and 2022, representing 12% and 13% of total assets, respectively. See Note 2 - Investment Securities for more information about the securities portfolio. The following table presents an analysis of the amortized cost, remaining contractual maturities, and weighted- average yields by contractual maturity for the debt securities portfolio. 62 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.7 (Dollars in millions) Securities available for sale: ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) CONTRACTUAL MATURITIES OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES Within 1 year Amount Yield (b) After 1 year Within 5 years As of December 31, 2023 After 5 years Within 10 years After 10 years Total Amount Yield (b) Amount Yield (b) Amount Yield (b) Amount Yield (b) Government agency issued MBS and CMO (a) $ Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total securities available for sale $ 29 — 36 65 2.30 % $ 980 1.86 % $ 1,060 2.22 % $ 5,479 2.07 % $ 7,548 2.34 % — 2.38 12 87 1.70 0.73 219 1.98 1,090 2.97 1,321 3.04 178 1.72 326 2.74 627 2.66 2.34 % $ 1,079 1.77 % $ 1,457 2.12 % $ 6,895 2.24 % $ 9,496 2.46 % Securities held to maturity: Government agency issued MBS and CMO (a) $ — — % $ 148 3.56 % $ 170 3.44 % $ 1,005 2.73 % $ 1,323 2.91 % Total securities held to maturity $ — — % $ 148 3.56 % $ 170 3.44 % $ 1,005 2.73 % $ 1,323 2.91 % (a) Represents government agency-issued mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations which, when adjusted for early paydowns, have an estimated average life of 5.6 years. (b) Weighted average yields were calculated using amortized cost on a fully-taxable equivalent basis, assuming a 24% tax rate where applicable. Loans and Leases Period-end loans and leases increased $3.2 billion, or 5%, to $61.3 billion as of December 31, 2023, driven by a $1.8 billion increase in commercial loans and a $1.4 billion increase in consumer loans. Average loans and leases increased to $60.2 billion in 2023 compared to $56.0 billion in 2022, primarily driven by a $2.5 billion increase Table 7.8 in commercial loans and a $1.7 billion increase in consumer loans. The following table provides detail regarding FHN's period-end loans and leases: LOANS AND LEASES (Dollars in millions) 2023 Percent of total 2023 Growth Rate 2022 Percent of total 2022 Growth Rate 2021 Percent of total 2021 Growth Rate Commercial: Commercial, financial, and industrial (a) Commercial real estate Total commercial Consumer: Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total consumer $ 32,633 53 % 3 % $ 31,781 55 % 2 % $ 31,068 57 % (6) % 14,216 46,849 13,650 793 14,443 23 76 23 1 24 7 4 11 (6) 10 13,228 45,009 12,253 840 13,093 23 78 21 1 22 9 4 14 (8) 12 12,109 43,177 10,772 910 11,682 22 79 20 1 21 (1) (5) (8) (19) (9) (6) % Total loans and leases $ 61,292 100 % 5 % $ 58,102 100 % 6 % $ 54,859 100 % (a) Includes equipment financing loans and leases. C&I loans increased 3%, or $852 million, from 2022, largely driven by growth in the real estate and rental and leasing and transportation and warehousing industry sectors, as well as diversified growth across multiple other industries. These increases were partially offset by a decline of $239 million in loans to mortgage companies. Commercial real estate loans increased 7% to $14.2 billion in 2023, largely driven by growth in multi-family and industrial property loans. Consumer loans increased 10%, or $1.4 billion, from the end of 2022, largely driven by growth in real estate installment loans. 63 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) The following table provides detail of the contractual maturities of loans and leases at December 31, 2023. Table 7.9 (Dollars in millions) CONTRACTUAL MATURITIES OF LOANS AND LEASES Within 1 Year After 1 Year Within 5 Years After 5 Years Within 15 Years After 15 Years Total Commercial, financial, and industrial $ 6,864 $ 17,159 $ 7,666 $ 944 $ Commercial real estate Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total loans and leases 2,641 74 208 8,691 241 313 2,834 1,369 75 50 11,966 197 32,633 14,216 13,650 793 $ 9,787 $ 26,404 $ 11,944 $ 13,157 $ 61,292 For maturities over one year at fixed interest rates: Commercial, financial, and industrial $ 4,492 $ 5,211 $ 734 $ 10,437 Commercial real estate Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total loans and leases at fixed interest rates For maturities over one year at floating interest rates: Commercial, financial, and industrial Commercial real estate Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total loans and leases at floating interest rates Total maturities over one year Because of various factors, the contractual maturities of consumer loans are not indicative of the actual lives of such loans. A significant component of FHN’s loan portfolio consists of consumer real estate loans, a majority of which are home equity lines of credit and home equity installment loans. These loans have an initial period where the borrower is only required to pay the periodic interest. After the interest-only period, the loan will require the payment of both principal and interest over the remaining term. Numerous factors can contribute to the actual life of a home equity line or installment loan. As a result, the actual average life of home equity lines and loans is difficult to predict and changes in any of these factors could result in changes in projections of average lives. Loans Held for Sale Loans held for sale primarily consists of government guaranteed loans under SBA and USDA lending programs. $ $ $ $ 2,441 181 76 1,129 1,180 43 36 3,325 171 3,606 4,686 290 7,190 $ 7,563 $ 4,266 $ 19,019 12,666 $ 2,456 $ 209 $ 15,331 6,250 60 238 1,705 188 32 15 8,641 26 7,970 8,889 296 19,214 $ 4,381 $ 8,891 $ 32,486 26,404 $ 11,944 $ 13,157 $ 51,505 Smaller amounts of other consumer and home equity loans are also included in loans HFS. Additionally, FHN's mortgage banking operations includes origination and servicing of residential first lien mortgages that conform to standards established by GSEs that are major investors in U.S. home mortgages but can also consist of junior lien and jumbo loans secured by residential property. These non-conforming loans are primarily sold to private companies that are unaffiliated with the GSEs on a servicing-released basis. For further detail, see Note 7 - Mortgage Banking Activity. On December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans HFS were $502 million and $590 million, respectively. Held-for-sale consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate in process of foreclosure totaled $2 million and $3 million for December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 64 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Asset Quality Loan and Lease Portfolio Composition FHN groups its loans into portfolio segments based on internal classifications reflecting the manner in which the ALLL is established and how credit risk is measured, monitored, and reported. From time to time, and if conditions are such that certain subsegments are uniquely affected by economic or market conditions or are experiencing greater deterioration than other components of the loan portfolio, management may Underwriting Policies and Procedures The following sections describe each portfolio as well as general underwriting procedures for each. As economic and real estate conditions develop, enhancements to underwriting and credit policies and procedures may be necessary or desirable. Loan policies and procedures for all portfolios are reviewed by credit risk working groups and management risk committees comprised of business line managers and credit administration professionals as well as by various other reviewing bodies within FHN. Policies and procedures are approved by key executives and/or senior managers leading the applicable credit risk working groups as well as by management risk committees. Commercial Loan and Lease Portfolios FHN’s commercial loan approval process grants lending authority based upon job description, experience, and performance. The lending authority is delegated to the business line (Market Managers, Departmental Managers, Regional Presidents, Relationship Managers (RM) and Portfolio Managers (PM)) and to Credit Risk Managers. While individual limits vary, the predominant amount of approval authority is vested with the Credit Risk Management function. Portfolio, industry, and borrower concentration limits for the various portfolios are established by executive management and approved by the Risk Committee of the Board. FHN’s commercial lending process incorporates an RM and a PM for most commercial credits. The RM is primarily responsible for communications with the borrower and maintaining the relationship, while the PM is responsible for assessing the credit quality of the borrower, beginning with the initial underwriting and continuing through the servicing period. Other specialists and the assigned RM/ PM are organized into units called deal teams. Deal teams are constructed with specific job attributes that facilitate FHN’s ability to identify, mitigate, document, and manage ongoing risk. PMs and credit analysts provide enhanced analytical support during loan origination and servicing, including monitoring of the financial condition of the borrower and tracking compliance with loan agreements. Loan closing officers and the construction loan determine the ALLL at a more granular level. Commercial loans are composed of C&I loans and CRE loans. Consumer loans are composed of consumer real estate loans and credit card and other loans. FHN has a concentration of residential real estate loans of 23% and 21% of total loans in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Industry concentrations are discussed under the C&I heading below. The credit risk working groups and management risk committees strive to ensure that the approved policies and procedures address the associated risks and establish reasonable underwriting criteria that appropriately mitigate risk. Policies and procedures are reviewed, revised and re-issued periodically at established review dates or earlier if changes in the economic environment, portfolio performance, the size of portfolio or industry concentrations, or regulatory guidance warrant an earlier review. management unit specialize in loan documentation and the management of the construction lending process. FHN strives to identify problem assets early through comprehensive policies and guidelines, targeted portfolio reviews, more frequent servicing on lower rated borrowers, and an emphasis on frequent grading. For smaller commercial credits, generally $5 million or less, and income-producing CRE credits greater than $10 million to non-professional real estate developers and smaller professional real estate investors/developers, FHN utilizes a centralized underwriting unit in order to originate and grade small business loans more efficiently and consistently. FHN may utilize availability of guarantors/sponsors to support commercial lending decisions during the credit underwriting process and when determining the assignment of internal loan grades. Reliance on the guaranty as a viable secondary source of repayment is a function of an analysis proving capability to pay, factoring in, among other things, liquidity and direct/indirect cash flows. FHN also considers the volume and amount of guaranties provided for all global indebtedness and the likelihood of realization. FHN presumes a guarantor’s willingness to perform until there is any current or prior indication or future expectation that the guarantor may not willingly and voluntarily perform under the terms of the guaranty. In FHN’s risk grading approach, it is deemed 65 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents that financial support becomes necessary generally at a point when the loan would otherwise be graded substandard, reflecting a well-defined weakness. At that point, provided willingness and capacity to support are appropriately demonstrated, a strong, legally enforceable guaranty can mitigate the risk of default or loss, justify a less severe rating, and consequently reduce the level of allowance or charge-off that might otherwise be deemed appropriate. C&I C&I loans are the largest component of the loan and lease portfolio, comprising 53% and 55% of total loans and leases at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The C&I portfolio is comprised of loans used for general business purposes. Products offered in the C&I portfolio include term loan financing of owner-occupied real estate and fixed assets, direct financing and sales-type leases, working capital lines of credit, and trade credit enhancement through letters of credit. Income-producing C&I loans are underwritten in accordance with a well-defined credit origination process. This process includes applying minimum underwriting standards as well as separation of origination and credit approval roles on transaction sizes over PM authorization limits. Underwriting typically includes due diligence of the borrower and the applicable industry of the borrower, analysis of the borrower’s available financial information, identification and analysis of the various sources of repayment and identification of the primary risk attributes. Stress testing the borrower’s financial capacity, adherence to loan documentation requirements, and assigning credit risk grades using internally developed scorecards are also used to help quantify the risk when Table 7.10a appropriate. Underwriting parameters also include loan- to-value ratios which vary depending on collateral type, use of guaranties, loan agreement requirements, and other recommended terms such as equity requirements, amortization, and maturity. Approval decisions also consider various financial ratios and performance measures of the borrowers, such as cash flow and balance sheet leverage, liquidity, coverage of fixed charges, and working capital. Additionally, approval decisions consider the capital structure of the borrower, sponsorship, and quality/value of collateral. Generally, guideline and policy exceptions are identified and mitigated during the approval process. Pricing of C&I loans is based upon the determined credit risk specific to the individual borrower. Historically, these loans typically have had variable rates tied to the LIBOR or prime rate of interest plus or minus the appropriate margin. However, with the cessation of LIBOR, FHN no longer references LIBOR in new loan contracts, and substantially all of the existing portfolio of loans tied to LIBOR has been repriced to alternative reference rates. The largest geographical concentrations of balances as of December 31, 2023 were in Tennessee (21%), Florida (13%), Texas (11%), North Carolina (7%), Louisiana (6%), Georgia (5%), and California (5%) with no other state representing 5% or more of the portfolio. The following table provides the composition of the C&I portfolio by industry as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. For purposes of this disclosure, industries are determined based on the NAICS industry codes used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the collection, analysis, and publication of statistical data related to the U.S. business economy. C&I PORTFOLIO BY INDUSTRY (Dollars in millions) Industry: Finance and insurance Real estate and rental and leasing (a) Health care and social assistance Accommodation and food service Manufacturing Wholesale trade Loans to mortgage companies Retail trade Transportation and warehousing Energy Other (professional, construction, education, etc.) (b) Total C&I loan portfolio (a) Leasing, rental of real estate, equipment, and goods. (b) Industries in this category each comprise less than 5% for 2023. December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amount Percent Amount Percent $ 4,083 3,858 2,676 2,288 2,267 2,147 2,019 1,866 1,580 1,293 8,556 12 % $ 12 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 26 4,120 3,277 2,657 2,238 2,206 2,212 2,258 1,835 1,432 1,364 8,182 13 % 10 8 7 7 7 7 6 4 4 27 $ 32,633 100 % $ 31,781 100 % 66 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Industry Concentrations Loan concentrations are considered to exist for a financial institution when there are loans to numerous borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. Loans to mortgage companies and borrowers in the finance and insurance industry were 18% and 20% of FHN’s C&I loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and as a result could be affected by items that uniquely impact the financial services industry. Loans to borrowers in the real estate and rental and leasing industry were 12% and 10% of FHN's C&I portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, FHN did not have any other concentrations of C&I loans in any single industry of 10% or more of total loans. Loans to Mortgage Companies Loans to mortgage companies were 6% of the C&I portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 7% of the C&I portfolio as of December 31, 2022. This portfolio includes commercial lines of credit to qualified mortgage companies primarily for the temporary warehousing of eligible mortgage loans prior to the borrower's sale of those mortgage loans to third party investors. Balances in this portfolio generally fluctuate with mortgage rates and seasonal factors. Generally, new loan originations to mortgage lenders increase when there is a decline in mortgage rates and decrease when rates rise; in 2023, rates rose. In periods of economic uncertainty, this trend may not occur even if interest rates are declining. In 2023, approximately 90% of the loan originations were home purchases and 10% were refinance transactions. Finance and Insurance The finance and insurance component represented 12% of the C&I portfolio as of December 31, 2023 compared to 13% at the end of 2022 and includes TRUPs (i.e., long-term unsecured loans to bank and insurance-related businesses), loans to bank holding companies, and asset- based lending to consumer finance companies. As of December 31, 2023, asset-based lending to consumer finance companies represents approximately $2.0 billion of the finance and insurance component. Real Estate and Rental and Leasing Loans to borrowers in the real estate and rental and leasing industry were 12% and 10% of FHN's C&I portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This portfolio primarily consists of equipment financing loans and leases to clients across FHN's footprint in a broad range of industries and asset types. This portfolio also includes a smaller balance of loans and leases for solar and wind generating facilities. Commercial Real Estate The CRE portfolio totaled $14.2 billion as of December 31, 2023, a $1.0 billion, or 7%, increase compared to December 31, 2022. The CRE portfolio includes both financings for commercial construction and non-construction loans. This portfolio contains loans, draws on lines, and letters of credit to commercial real estate developers for the construction and mini-permanent financing of income-producing real estate. Residential CRE loans include loans to residential builders and developers for the purpose of constructing single- family homes, condominiums, and town homes, and on a limited basis, for developing residential subdivisions. The residential CRE class is not currently an area of growth for the bank. Income-producing CRE loans Income-producing CRE loans are underwritten in accordance with credit policies and underwriting guidelines that are reviewed at least annually and revised as necessary based on market conditions. Loans are underwritten based upon project type, size, location, sponsorship, and other market-specific data. Generally, minimum requirements for equity, debt service coverage ratios, and level of pre-leasing activity are established based on perceived risk in each subcategory. Loan-to- value limits are set below regulatory prescribed ceilings and generally range between 50% and 80% depending on the underlying product set. Term and amortization requirements are set based on prudent standards for interim real estate lending. Equity requirements are established based on the quality and liquidity of the primary source of repayment. For example, more equity would be required for a speculative construction project or land loan than for a property fully leased to a credit tenant or a roster of tenants. Typically, a borrower must have at least 15% of cost invested in a project before FHN will provide loan funding. Income properties are generally required to achieve a debt service coverage ratio greater than or equal to 1.25x at inception or stabilization of the project based on loan amortization and a minimum underwriting interest rate. Some product types that possess a greater risk profile require a higher level of equity, as well as a higher debt service coverage ratio threshold. A proprietary minimum underwriting interest rate is used to calculate compliance with underwriting standards. Generally, specific levels of pre-leasing must be met for construction loans on income properties, where applicable. A global cash flow analysis is performed at the sponsor level. The credit administration and ongoing monitoring consists of multiple internal control processes. Construction loans are closed by a centralized control unit and construction loan management is administered centrally for loans $3 million and over. Underwriters and credit approval 67 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents personnel stress the borrower’s/project’s financial capacity utilizing numerous attributes such as interest rates, vacancy, capitalization rates, and debt service coverage ratios under various scenarios. Key information is captured from the various portfolios and then stressed at the aggregate level. Results are utilized to assist with the assessment of the adequacy of the ALLL and to steer portfolio management strategies. Table 7.10b The largest geographical concentrations of CRE balances as of December 31, 2023 were in Florida (27%), Texas (13%), North Carolina (12%), Georgia (9%), Tennessee (9%), and Louisiana (8%), with no other state representing more than 5% of the portfolio. The following table represents subcategories of CRE loans by property type: CRE PORTFOLIO BY PROPERTY TYPE Property Type: Multi-family Office Retail Industrial Hospitality Land/land development Other CRE (a) Total CRE loan portfolio (a) Property types in this category each comprise less than 5% for 2023. Consumer Loan Portfolios Consumer Real Estate The consumer real estate portfolio is primarily composed of home equity lines and installment loans. This portfolio totaled $13.7 billion and $12.3 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The largest geographical concentrations of balances in the consumer real estate portfolio as of December 31, 2023 were in Florida (29%), Tennessee (22%), Texas (11%), Louisiana (8%), North Carolina (7%), New York (5%), and Georgia (5%), with no other state representing 5% or more of the portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 89% of the consumer real estate portfolio was in a first lien position. At origination, the weighted average FICO score of this portfolio was 759 and the refreshed FICO scores averaged 756 as of December 31, 2023, no significant change from FICO scores of 757 and 754, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. Generally, performance of this portfolio is affected by life events that affect borrowers’ finances, the level of unemployment, and home prices. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN had held-to- maturity consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate totaling $29 million and $42 million, respectively, that were in the process of foreclosure. HELOCs comprised $2.2 billion and $2.0 billion of the consumer real estate portfolio for December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. FHN’s HELOCs typically have a 5 or 10 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amount Percent Amount Percent $ 4,409 2,782 2,310 2,236 1,467 307 705 31 % $ 20 16 16 10 2 5 3,484 2,814 2,331 2,076 1,418 309 796 27 % 21 18 16 11 2 5 $ 14,216 100 % $ 13,228 100 % year draw period followed by a 10 or 20 year repayment period, respectively. During the draw period, a borrower is able to draw on the line and is only required to make interest payments. The line is frozen if a borrower becomes past due on payments. Once the draw period has concluded, the line is closed and the borrower is required to make both principal and interest payments monthly until the loan matures. The principal payment generally is fully amortizing, but payment amounts will adjust when variable rates reset to reflect changes in the prime rate. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 94% of FHN's HELOCs were in the draw period compared to 92% at the end of 2022. Based on when draw periods are scheduled to end per the line agreement, it is expected that $571 million, or 27%, of HELOCs currently in the draw period will enter the repayment period during the next 60 months, based on current terms. Generally, delinquencies for HELOCs that have entered the repayment period are initially higher than HELOCs still in the draw period because of the increased minimum payment requirement. However, over time, performance of these loans usually begins to stabilize. HELOCs nearing the end of the draw period are closely monitored. The following table shows the HELOCs currently in the draw period and expected timing of conversion to the repayment period. 68 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.11 (Dollars in millions) Months remaining in draw period: 0-12 13-24 25-36 37-48 49-60 >60 Total ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) HELOC DRAW TO REPAYMENT SCHEDULE December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Repayment Amount Percent Repayment Amount Percent $ $ 30 90 110 163 178 1,530 2,101 1 % $ 4 5 8 9 73 100 % $ 31 40 109 135 204 1,356 1,875 2 % 2 6 7 11 72 100 % Underwriting For loans in this portfolio, underwriting decisions are made through a centralized loan underwriting center. To obtain a consumer real estate loan, the loan applicant(s) must first meet a minimum qualifying FICO score. Minimum FICO score requirements are established by management for both loans secured by real estate as well as non-real estate loans. Management also establishes maximum loan amounts, loan-to-value ratios, and debt- to-income ratios for each consumer real estate product. Applicants must have the financial capacity (or available income) to service the debt by not exceeding a calculated debt-to-income ratio. The amount of the loan is limited to a percentage of the lesser of the current appraised value or sales price of the collateral. Identified guideline and policy exceptions require established mitigating factors that have been approved for use by Credit Risk Management. HELOC interest rates are variable and adjust with movements in the index rate stated in the loan agreement. Such loans can have elevated risks of default, particularly in a rising interest rate environment, potentially stressing borrower capacity to repay the loan at the higher interest rate. FHN’s current underwriting practice requires HELOC borrowers to qualify based on a sensitized interest rate (above the current note rate), fully amortized payment methodology. FHN’s underwriting Allowance for Credit Losses The ACL is maintained at a level sufficient to provide appropriate reserves to absorb estimated future credit losses in accordance with GAAP. For additional information regarding the ACL, see Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements included as a part of this Report. The ALLL increased to $773 million as of December 31, 2023, or 1.26% of total loans and leases, compared to guidelines require borrowers to qualify at an interest rate that is 200 basis points above the note rate. This mitigates risk to FHN in the event of a sharp rise in interest rates over a relatively short time horizon. HELOC Portfolio Risk Management FHN performs continuous HELOC account reviews to identify higher-risk home equity lines and initiate preventative and corrective actions. The reviews consider a number of account activity patterns and characteristics such as the number of times delinquent within recent periods, changes in credit bureau score since origination, score degradation, performance of the first lien, and account utilization. In accordance with FHN’s interpretation of regulatory guidance, FHN may block future draws on accounts in order to mitigate risk of loss to FHN. Credit Card and Other The credit card and other consumer loan portfolio totaled $793 million as of December 31, 2023 and $840 million as of December 31, 2022. This portfolio primarily consists of consumer-related credits, including home equity and other personal consumer loans, credit card receivables, and automobile loans. The $47 million decrease was driven by net repayments, partially offset by an increase in consumer construction loans. $685 million, or 1.18% of total loans and leases, at the end of 2022. The ACL to total loans and leases ratio increased to 1.40% as of December 31, 2023 from 1.33% as of December 31, 2022. The increase in the ALLL balance reflects the impact of loan growth, an evolving macroeconomic outlook, and modest grade migration. 69 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Consolidated Net Charge-offs Net charge-offs were $170 million in 2023 compared to $59 million in 2022. As a percentage of average total loans and leases, net charge-offs increased 17 basis points from 2022. Net charge-offs in the C&I portfolio were $142 million, an increase of $89 million from 2022, primarily driven by a $72 million idiosyncratic charge-off related to one client relationship. Table 7.12 ANALYSIS OF ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND CHARGE-OFFS 2023 December 31, 2022 2021 (Dollars in millions) Allowance for loan and lease losses C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total allowance for loan and lease losses Reserve for remaining unfunded commitments C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total reserve for remaining unfunded commitments Allowance for credit losses C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total allowance for credit losses Period-end loans and leases C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 339 172 233 29 773 49 22 12 — 83 388 194 245 29 856 32,633 14,216 13,650 793 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 308 146 200 31 685 55 22 10 — 87 363 168 210 31 772 31,781 13,228 12,253 840 Total period-end loans and leases $ 61,292 $ 58,102 $ ALLL / loans and leases % C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total ALLL / loans and leases % 1.04 % 1.21 1.71 3.63 1.26 % 0.97 % 1.10 1.63 3.72 1.18 % 334 154 163 19 670 46 12 8 — 66 380 166 171 19 736 31,068 12,109 10,772 910 54,859 1.07 % 1.27 1.51 2.14 1.22 % 70 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents ACL / loans and leases % C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total ACL / loans and leases % Net charge-offs (recoveries) C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total net charge-offs Average loans and leases C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other 1.19 % 1.36 1.79 3.63 1.40 % 142 $ 15 (5) 18 170 $ 1.14 % 1.27 1.71 3.72 1.33 % 53 — (14) 20 59 $ 32,390 13,785 13,179 815 30,969 12,722 11,397 864 $ $ $ $ $ $ Total average loans and leases $ 60,169 $ 55,952 $ Charge-off % C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total charge-off % ALLL / net charge-offs C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total ALLL / net charge-offs NM - not meaningful Nonperforming Assets 0.44 % 0.10 NM 2.18 0.28 % 239 % 1,097 NM 162 455 % 0.17 % — NM 2.39 0.11 % 578 % NM NM 151 1,155 % 1.22 % 1.37 1.59 2.09 1.34 % 13 — (22) 11 2 32,010 12,314 10,969 1,005 56,298 0.04 % 0.01 NM 1.05 — % 2,645 % 13,189 NM 185 30,641 % Nonperforming loans are loans placed on nonaccrual if it becomes evident that full collection of principal and interest is at risk, if impairment has been recognized as a partial charge-off of principal balance due to insufficient collateral value and past due status, or (on a case-by-case basis) if FHN continues to receive payments but there are other borrower-specific issues. Included in nonaccrual are loans for which FHN continues to receive payments, including residential real estate loans where the borrower has been discharged of personal obligation through bankruptcy. NPAs consist of nonperforming loans and leases and OREO (excluding OREO from government- insured mortgages). Total NPAs increased $142 million to $469 million as of December 31, 2023, largely driven by an increase in non- accrual CRE loans predominantly in the office sector. As remote work became more prevalent over the last few years, office vacancy rates have risen industry-wide, which in conjunction with a higher level of interest rates, increased pressure on cash flows and valuations. The ratio of nonperforming loans and leases to total loans and leases increased 21 basis points to 0.75%. 71 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.13 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) NONPERFORMING ASSETS (Dollars in millions) Nonperforming loans and leases C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total nonperforming loans and leases (a) (c) Nonperforming loans held for sale (a) Foreclosed real estate and other assets (b) Total nonperforming assets (a) (b) Nonperforming loans and leases to total loans and leases C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total NPL % ALLL / NPLs C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total ALLL / NPLs 2023 December 31, 2022 2021 $ $ $ $ 184 136 140 2 462 3 4 469 $ 153 $ 9 152 2 316 8 3 327 $ $ $ $ $ $ 125 9 138 3 275 7 3 285 0.57 % 0.48 % 0.40 % 0.96 1.02 0.30 0.07 1.24 0.27 0.08 1.29 0.31 0.75 % 0.54 % 0.50 % 184 % 202 % 268 % 126 167 1,202 1,554 131 1,364 1,671 118 699 167 % 217 % 244 % (a) Excludes loans and leases that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest. (b) Excludes government-insured foreclosed real estate. Foreclosed real estate from GNMA loans were insignificant at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and were $1 million at December 31, 2021. (c) Under the original terms of the loans, estimated interest income would have been approximately $35 million, $21 million, and $19 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 72 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents The following table provides nonperforming assets by business segment: Table 7.14 NONPERFORMING ASSETS BY SEGMENT (Dollars in millions) Nonperforming loans and leases (a) (b) Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated Foreclosed real estate (c) Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated Nonperforming Assets (a) (b) (c) Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated Nonperforming loans and leases to total loans and leases Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated NPA % (d) Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated $ $ $ $ $ $ 2023 December 31, 2022 2021 $ $ $ $ $ $ 323 116 23 462 1 3 — 4 324 119 23 466 0.74 % 0.68 4.87 0.75 % 0.74 % 0.70 4.96 0.76 % 227 $ 60 29 316 $ — $ 2 1 3 $ 227 $ 62 30 319 $ 0.54 % 0.37 6.28 0.54 % 0.55 % 0.39 6.54 0.55 % 163 78 34 275 2 — 1 3 165 78 35 278 0.43 % 0.48 5.39 0.50 % 0.44 % 0.48 5.51 0.51 % (a) Excludes loans and leases that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest. (b) Excludes loans classified as held for sale. (c) Excludes foreclosed real estate and receivables related to government-insured mortgages. Foreclosed real estate from GNMA loans were insignificant at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and were $1 million at December 31, 2021. (d) Ratio is non-performing assets related to the loan and lease portfolio to total loans plus foreclosed real estate and other assets. 73 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Past Due Loans and Potential Problem Assets Past due loans are loans contractually past due as to interest or principal payments, but which have not yet been put on nonaccrual status. Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing were $21 million as of December 31, 2023 compared to $33 million as of December 31, 2022. Loans 30 to 89 days past due and still accruing were $85 million as of December 31, 2023 compared to $105 million as of December 31, 2022, largely reflecting lower past due commercial loan balances. Table 7.15 ACCRUING DELINQUENCIES & OTHER CREDIT DISCLOSURES (Dollars in millions) Accruing loans and leases 30+ days past due C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total accruing loans and leases 30+ days past due Accruing loans and leases 30+ days past due % C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total accruing loans and leases 30+ days past due % Accruing loans and leases 90+ days past due (a) (b) (c) C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total accruing loans and leases 90+ days past due Loans held for sale 30 to 89 days past due (b) 30 to 89 days past due - guaranteed portion (b) (d) 90+ days past due (b) 90+ days past due - guaranteed portion (b) (d) $ $ $ $ $ 2023 December 31, 2022 2021 $ 32 8 57 8 $ 61 11 55 11 105 $ 138 $ 0.10 % 0.06 0.42 1.03 0.17 % 0.19 % 0.08 0.44 1.28 0.24 % 1 — 17 3 21 $ $ 12 $ 8 9 4 $ $ $ 11 — 18 4 33 10 7 16 6 58 13 70 7 148 0.19 % 0.11 0.65 0.76 0.27 % 5 — 33 2 40 7 2 24 12 (a) Excludes loans classified as held for sale. (b) Amounts are not included in nonperforming/nonaccrual loans. (c) Amounts are also included in accruing loans and leases 30+ days past due. (d) Guaranteed loans include FHA, VA, and GNMA loans repurchased through the GNMA buyout program. assets has been included in management’s analysis for assessing the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses. Potential problem assets represent those assets where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have serious doubts about the borrower’s ability to comply with present repayment terms and includes loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by the Federal banking regulators for loans classified as substandard. Potential problem assets in the loan portfolio increased $174 million to $666 million as of December 31, 2023.The current expectation of losses from potential problem 74 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty As part of FHN’s ongoing risk management practices, FHN attempts to work with borrowers when appropriate to extend or modify loan terms to better align with their current ability to repay. Modifications to loans are made in accordance with internal policies and guidelines which conform to regulatory guidance. Each occurrence is unique to the borrower and is evaluated separately. See Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies, Note 3 - Loans and Leases and Note 4 - Allowance for Credit Losses for further discussion regarding troubled loan modifications. Commercial Loan Modifications As part of FHN’s credit risk management governance processes, the Loan Rehab and Recovery Department (LRRD) is responsible for managing most commercial relationships with borrowers whose financial condition has deteriorated to such an extent that the credits are individually reviewed for expected credit losses, classified as substandard or worse, placed on nonaccrual status, foreclosed or in process of foreclosure, or in active or contemplated litigation. LRRD has the authority and responsibility to enter into workout and/or rehabilitation agreements with troubled commercial borrowers in order to mitigate and/or minimize the amount of credit losses recognized from these problem assets. While every circumstance is different, LRRD will generally use forbearance agreements (generally 6-12 months) as an element of commercial loan workouts, which might include reduced interest rates, reduced payments, release of guarantor, term extensions or entering into short sale agreements. Principal forgiveness may be granted in specific workout circumstances. The individual expected credit loss assessments completed on commercial loans are used in evaluating the appropriateness of qualitative adjustments to quantitatively modeled loss expectations for loans that are not considered collateral dependent. If a loan is collateral dependent, the carrying amount of a loan is written down to the net realizable value of the collateral. Each assessment considers any modified terms and is comprehensive to ensure appropriate assessment of expected credit losses. Deposits Total deposits of $65.8 billion as of December 31, 2023 increased $2.3 billion from $63.5 billion as of December 31, 2022. Interest-bearing deposits increased $8.6 billion and noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $6.3 billion. Deposit growth in 2023 reflected the impact of FHN's deposit marketing campaigns launched in the second quarter. Promotional rates associated with these offerings moderated toward the end of the year, but overall were higher than prior periods contributing to an Consumer Loan Modifications FHN does not currently participate in any of the loan modification programs sponsored by the U.S. government but does generally structure modified consumer loans using the parameters of the former Home Affordable Modification Program. Within the HELOC and real estate installment loans classes of the consumer portfolio segment, troubled loans are typically modified by reducing the interest rate (in increments of 25 basis points to a minimum of 1% for up to 5 years) and a possible maturity date extension to reach an affordable housing debt-to-income ratio. After 5 years, the interest rate generally returns to the original interest rate prior to modification; for certain modifications, the modified interest rate increases 2% per year until the original interest rate prior to modification is achieved. Permanent mortgage troubled loans are typically modified by reducing the interest rate (in increments of 25 basis points to a minimum of 2% for up to 5 years) and a possible maturity date extension to reach an affordable housing debt-to-income ratio. After 5 years, the interest rate steps up 1 percent every year until it reaches the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Weekly Survey Rate cap. Contractual maturities may be extended to 40 years on permanent mortgages and to 30 years for consumer real estate loans. Within the credit card class of the consumer portfolio segment, troubled loans are typically modified through either a short-term credit card hardship program or a longer-term credit card workout program. In the credit card hardship program, borrowers may be granted rate and payment reductions for 6 months to 1 year. In the credit card workout program, clients are granted a rate reduction to 0% and term extensions for up to 5 years to pay off the remaining balance. Consumer loans may also be modified through court- imposed principal reductions in bankruptcy proceedings, which FHN is required to honor unless a borrower reaffirms the related debt. increase in funding costs. The rate guarantees on money market deposits in the campaign were short-term and repriced in the back half of the fourth quarter. FHN continues to focus on building and deepening relationships to retain new clients from its promotional campaigns. FHN continues to maintain a well-diversified and stable funding mix across its footprint: 75 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) • • • At December 31, 2023, commercial deposits were $35.9 billion, or 55% of total deposits and consumer deposits were $29.9 billion, or 45% of total deposits. At December 31, 2022, commercial deposits were $34.4 billion, or 54% of total deposits and consumer deposits were $29.1 billion, or 46% of total deposits. At December 31, 2023, 38% of deposits were associated with Tennessee, 18% with Florida, 12% with Louisiana, and 12% with North Carolina, with no other state above 10%. These percentages were virtually unchanged from the previous year-end. Total estimated uninsured deposits were $26.8 billion, or 41% of total deposits, and $30.3 billion, or 48% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. • Of the uninsured deposits at December 31, 2023, $5.3 billion, or 8% of total deposits, were collateralized. At December 31, 2022, collateralized deposits were $5.0 billion, or 8% of total deposits. The following tables summarize the major components of FHN's total deposits and total estimated uninsured deposits for 2023, 2022, and 2021 and the maturities of FHN's uninsured time deposits as of December 31, 2023. See Table 7.2 - Average Balances, Net Interest Income and Yields/Rates in this Report for information on average deposits including average rates paid. Table 7.16 (Dollars in millions) Savings Time deposits Other interest-bearing deposits Total interest-bearing deposits Noninterest-bearing deposits DEPOSITS 2023 Percent of Total 2023 Growth Rate 2022 Percent of Total 2022 Growth Rate $ 25,082 38 % 14 % $ 21,971 35 % (17) % 6,804 16,690 48,576 17,204 10 26 74 26 136 10 21 (27) 2,887 15,165 40,023 23,466 4 24 63 37 (18) (11) (15) (16) Total deposits $ 65,780 100 % 4 % $ 63,489 100 % (15) % Table 7.17 ESTIMATED UNINSURED DEPOSITS For the Year Ended December 31, (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 Uninsured deposits $ 26,752 $ 30,304 Table 7.18 UNINSURED TIME DEPOSITS BY MATURITY (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Portion of U.S. time deposits in excess of insurance limit $ 1,143 $ Time deposits otherwise uninsured with a maturity of: 3 months or less Over 3 months through 6 months Over 6 months through 12 months Over 12 months 304 519 282 38 643 198 147 225 73 76 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Short-Term Borrowings Short-term borrowings include federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, trading liabilities, and other short-term borrowings. Total short- term borrowings were $3.1 billion and $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Short-term borrowings balances fluctuate largely based on the level of FHLB borrowing as a result of loan demand, deposit levels and balance sheet funding strategies. Trading liabilities fluctuate based on various factors, Term Borrowings including levels of trading securities and hedging strategies. Federal funds purchased fluctuates depending on the amount of excess funding of FHN's correspondent bank customers. Balances of securities sold under agreements to repurchase fluctuate based on cost attractiveness relative to FHLB borrowing levels and the ability to pledge securities toward such transactions. See Note 9 - Short-Term Borrowings for additional information. Term borrowings include senior and subordinated borrowings with original maturities greater than one year. Total term borrowings were $1.2 billion and $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The decrease in term borrowings was attributable to the retirement of $450 million in senior notes in May 2023. See Note 10 - Term Borrowings for additional information. Capital Management’s objectives are to provide capital sufficient to cover the risks inherent in FHN’s businesses, to maintain excess capital to well-capitalized standards, and to ensure ready access to the capital markets. Total equity of $9.3 billion increased $744 million compared to December 31, 2022. Significant changes included net income of $916 million and a $180 million increase in AOCI offset by $367 million in common and preferred dividends. The following tables provide a reconciliation of shareholders’ equity from the Consolidated Balance Sheets to Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 and Total Regulatory Capital as well as certain selected capital ratios: 77 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.19a ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) REGULATORY CAPITAL DATA (Dollars in millions) FHN shareholders’ equity Modified CECL transitional amount (a) FHN non-cumulative perpetual preferred Common equity tier 1 before regulatory adjustments Regulatory adjustments: Disallowed goodwill and other intangibles Net unrealized (gains) losses on securities available for sale Net unrealized (gains) losses on pension and other postretirement plans Net unrealized (gains) losses on cash flow hedges Common equity tier 1 FHN non-cumulative perpetual preferred (b) Qualifying noncontrolling interest—First Horizon Bank preferred stock REGULATORY RATIOS & AMOUNTS Tier 1 capital Tier 2 capital Total regulatory capital Risk-Weighted Assets First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Average Assets for Leverage First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Table 7.19b (Dollars in millions) Common Equity Tier 1 First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Tier 1 First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Total First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Tier 1 Leverage First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Other Capital Ratios December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8,996 $ 57 (520) 8,533 $ (1,617) $ 836 273 79 8,104 $ 426 295 8,825 $ 1,097 9,922 $ 71,074 $ 70,635 82,540 $ 81,898 8,252 85 (1,014) 7,323 (1,658) 972 269 126 7,032 920 295 8,247 975 9,222 69,163 68,728 79,583 78,923 December 31, 2023 Amount Ratio December 31, 2022 Amount Ratio 11.40 % $ 11.40 12.42 11.82 13.96 13.17 10.69 10.20 11.38 8.48 10.72 8,104 8,055 8,825 8,350 9,922 9,303 8,825 8,350 7,032 7,405 8,247 7,700 9,222 8,532 8,247 7,700 10.17 % $ 10.77 11.92 11.20 13.33 12.41 10.36 9.76 10.83 7.12 9.35 Total period-end equity to period-end assets Tangible common equity to tangible assets (c) Adjusted tangible common equity to risk weighted assets (c) (a) The modified CECL transitional amount includes the impact to retained earnings from the initial adoption of CECL plus 25% of the change in the adjusted allowance for credit losses since FHN’s initial adoption of CECL through December 31, 2023. (b) The $94 million carrying value of the Series D preferred stock does not qualify as Tier 1 capital because the earliest redemption date is less than five years from the issuance date. (c) Tangible common equity to tangible assets and adjusted tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets are non-GAAP measures and are reconciled to total equity to total assets (GAAP) in the Non-GAAP to GAAP Reconciliation - Table 7.28. 78 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Banking regulators define minimum capital ratios for bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries. Based on the capital rules and definitions prescribed by the banking regulators, should any depository institution’s capital ratios decline below predetermined levels, it would become subject to a series of increasingly restrictive regulatory actions. The system categorizes a depository institution’s capital position into one of five categories ranging from well- capitalized to critically under-capitalized. For an institution the size of FHN to qualify as well-capitalized, Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 Capital, Total Capital, and Leverage capital ratios must be at least 6.50%, 8.00%, 10.00%, and 5.00%, respectively. Furthermore, a capital conservation buffer of 50 basis points above these levels must be maintained on the Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 Capital and Total Capital ratios to avoid restrictions on dividends, share repurchases and certain discretionary bonuses. Stress Testing The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, along with an interagency regulatory statement effectively exempted both FHN and First Horizon Bank from Dodd-Frank Act stress testing requirements starting in 2018. For 2023, FHN and First Horizon Bank completed a company run stress test using the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) scenarios published in February 2023. Results of these tests indicate that both FHN and First Horizon Bank would be able to maintain capital well in excess of Basel III Adequately Capitalized standards under the hypothetical severe global recession of the 2023 CCAR Severely Adverse scenario. A summary of those results was posted in the “Fixed Income - Stress Common Stock Purchase Programs If and as authorized by its Board of Directors, FHN may repurchase shares of its common stock from time to time and will evaluate the level of capital and take action designed to generate or use capital, as appropriate, for the interests of the shareholders, subject to legal and regulatory restrictions. FHN's Board authorized two common stock purchase programs, described below, that operated and expired during the fourth quarter of 2023. In 2024, FHN's Board replaced one of those programs. FHN’s Board has not authorized a preferred stock purchase program. 2021 General Purchase Program On January 27, 2021, FHN announced that its Board of Directors approved a new $500 million common share purchase program that was to expire on January 31, 2023. On October 26, 2021, FHN announced that the 2021 program had been increased by $500 million and As of December 31, 2023, both FHN and First Horizon Bank had sufficient capital to qualify as well-capitalized institutions and to meet the capital conservation buffer requirement. Capital ratios for both FHN and First Horizon Bank as of December 31, 2023 are calculated under the final rule issued by the banking regulators in 2020 to delay the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year transition period. For FHN, the Tier 1 and Total risk-based regulatory capital ratios increased in 2023 relative to 2022 primarily from the impact of net income less dividends. The increase in the Common Equity Tier 1 ratio for FHN was largely driven by the conversion of the Series G Preferred Stock to common stock. During 2024, capital ratios are expected to remain above well-capitalized standards plus the required capital conservation buffer. Test Results” section on FHN’s investor relations website on September 29, 2023. Neither FHN’s stress test posting, nor any other material found on FHN’s website generally, is part of this report or incorporated herein. FHN anticipates that it will continue performing an annual enterprise-wide stress test as part of its capital and risk management process. Results of this test will be presented to executive management and the Board. The disclosures in this “Stress Testing” section include forward-looking statements. Please refer to “Forward- Looking Statements” for additional information concerning the characteristics and limitations of statements of that type. extended to October 31, 2023. The 2021 program was not further extended. The 2021 program was not tied to any compensation plan. Purchases could be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, including under Rule 10b5-1 plans as well as accelerated share repurchase and other structured transactions. The timing and exact amount of common share repurchases were subject to various factors, including FHN's capital position, financial performance, expected capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, business conditions, and regulatory considerations. FHN did not purchase shares under this program during blackout periods when senior executives were prohibited from purchasing FHN stock on the open market. As of expiration at October 31, 2023, $401 million in purchases had been made under the 2021 program at an average price per share of $16.60, or $16.58 excluding 79 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents commissions. The pendency of the TD Transaction resulted in no purchases under the 2021 program since the Transaction was announced in 2022. No additional Table 7.20a purchases were made under the 2021 program in 2023 before it expired. COMMON STOCK PURCHASES—2021 GENERAL PROGRAM (Dollar values and volume in thousands, except per share data) 2023 October 1 to October 31 November 1 to November 30 December 1 to December 31 Total Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share (a) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs Maximum approximate dollar value that may yet be purchased under the programs (b) — — — — N/A N/A N/A N/A — $ — — — 598,646 — — (a) Represents total costs including commissions paid (b) For October, value given as of immediately prior to program expiration on October 31, 2023. 2024 General Purchase Program On January 23, 2024, FHN announced that its Board of Directors approved a new $650 million common share purchase program that is scheduled to expire on January 31, 2025. The 2024 program is not tied to any compensation plan. Purchases may be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, including under Rule 10b5-1 plans as well as accelerated share repurchase and other structured transactions. The timing and exact amount of common share repurchases are subject to various factors, including FHN's capital position, financial performance, expected capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, business conditions, and regulatory considerations. FHN does not purchase shares under this program during blackout periods when senior executives are prohibited from purchasing FHN stock on the open market. 2004 Compensation Plans Purchase Program A consolidated compensation plan share purchase program was announced on August 6, 2004. This program consolidated into a single share purchase program all of the previously authorized compensation plan share programs as well as the renewal of the authorization to purchase shares for use in connection with compensation plans for which the share purchase authority had expired. The primary objectives of this program were to mitigate dilution resulting from shares issued in connection with FHN's various stock-based compensation plans, and to implement automatic stock purchases related to tax withholding obligations associated with stock-based awards. For many years, the program was used entirely for the second objective. The total amount authorized under this consolidated compensation plan share purchase program was 29.6 million shares calculated before adjusting for stock dividends distributed through January 1, 2011. The authorization was reduced for that portion which related to compensation plans for which no stock option awards remain outstanding. The program expired on December 31, 2023. Prior to expiration, purchases could have been made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions and were subject to various factors including FHN's capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions and regulatory considerations. However, as mentioned above, even though general repurchases were authorized, for many years FHN's use of this program was limited to automatically withholding shares associated with vested stock awards to cover tax obligations. As of December 31, 2023, immediately prior to expiration, the maximum number of shares that could be purchased under the program was 22 million shares. 80 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.20b ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) COMMON STOCK PURCHASES—2004 COMPENSATION PLANS PROGRAM (Volume in thousands, except per share data) 2023 October 1 to October 31 November 1 to November 30 December 1 to December 31 Total Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the programs (a) 31 $ 1 23 55 $ 10.71 11.74 13.35 11.82 31 1 23 55 21,724 21,723 21,700 (a) For December, number given as of immediately prior to program expiration on December 31, 2023. Automatic Off-Market Tax Withholding Purchases The 2004 compensation plans program has not been renewed or replaced with a formal program. After 2023, as authorized by FHN's Board and the Board's Compensation Committee, FHN will continue to make automatic stock purchases by withholding shares associated with stock-based awards to cover tax Risk Management FHN derives revenue from providing services and, in many cases, assuming and managing risk for profit which exposes FHN to strategic, reputational, liquidity, market, capital adequacy, operational, compliance, legal, and credit risks that require ongoing oversight and management. FHN has an enterprise-wide approach to risk governance, measurement, management, and reporting including an economic capital allocation process that is tied to risk profiles used to measure risk-adjusted returns. Through an enterprise-wide risk governance structure and a Risk Appetite Statement approved by the Board, management continually evaluates the balance of risk/return and earnings volatility with shareholder value. FHN’s enterprise-wide risk governance structure begins with the Board. The Board, working with the Risk Committee of the Board, establishes FHN’s risk appetite by approving policies and limits that provide standards for the nature and the level of risk FHN is willing to assume. The Board regularly receives reports on management’s performance against FHN’s risk appetite primarily through the Board’s Risk and Audit Committees. To further support the risk governance provided by the Board, FHN has established accountabilities, control processes, procedures, and a management governance structure designed to align risk management with risk- taking throughout FHN. The control procedures are aligned with FHN’s four components of risk governance: (1) Specific Risk Committees; (2) the Risk Management Organization; (3) Business Unit Risk Management; and (4) Independent Assurance Functions. obligations associated with those awards. Those limited, off-market purchases no longer will be connected to a traditional, announced purchase program. As has been true in the past, automatic tax withholding purchases are not subject to trading blackouts which affect senior executives or the general purchase program. 1. Specific Risk Committees: The Board has delegated authority to the Chief Executive Officer to manage Strategic Risk and Reputational Risk, and the general business affairs of FHN under the Board’s oversight. The CEO utilizes the executive management team and the Management Risk Committee to carry out these duties and to analyze existing and emerging strategic and reputational risks and determines the appropriate course of action. The Management Risk Committee is comprised of the CEO and certain officers designated by the CEO. The Management Risk Committee is supported by a set of specific risk committees focused on unique risk types (e.g. liquidity, credit, operational, etc.). These risk committees provide a mechanism that assembles the necessary expertise and perspectives of the management team to discuss emerging risk issues, monitor FHN’s risk-taking activities, and evaluate specific transactions and exposures. These committees also monitor the direction and trend of risks relative to business strategies and market conditions and direct management to respond to risk issues. 2. The Risk Management Organization: FHN’s risk management organization, led by the Chief Risk Officer and Chief Credit Officer, provides objective oversight of risk-taking activities. The risk management organization translates FHN’s overall risk appetite into approved limits and formal policies and is supported by corporate staff functions, including the Corporate Secretary, Legal, Finance, Human Resources, and Technology. Risk management also works with business units and functional experts to establish appropriate operating standards and monitor business 81 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents practices in relation to those standards. Additionally, risk management proactively works with business units and senior management to focus management on key risks in FHN and emerging trends that may change FHN’s risk profile. The Chief Risk Officer has overall responsibility and accountability for enterprise risk management and aggregate risk reporting. 4. 3. Business Unit Risk Management: FHN’s business units are responsible for identifying, acknowledging, quantifying, mitigating, and managing all risks arising within their respective units. They determine and execute their business strategies, which puts them closest to the changing nature of risks and they are best able to take the needed actions to manage and mitigate those risks. The business units are supported by the risk management organization that helps identify and consider risks when making business decisions. Management processes, structure, and policies are designed to help ensure compliance with laws and regulations as well as provide organizational clarity for authority, decision-making, and accountability. Business units have designated control processes to help mitigate their identified risks and business units attest to the effectiveness of those Market Risk Management Market risk is the risk that changes in market conditions will adversely impact the value of assets or liabilities, or otherwise negatively impact FHN’s earnings. Market risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with FHN’s operations, primarily trading activities within FHN Financial, but also through non-trading activities which are primarily affected by interest rate risk that is managed by the ALCO within FHN. FHN is exposed to market risk related to the trading securities inventory and loans held for sale maintained by FHN Financial in connection with its fixed income distribution activities. Various types of securities inventory positions are procured for distribution to clients by the sales staff. When these securities settle on a delayed basis, they are considered forward contracts. Refer to the "Determination of Fair Value - Trading securities and trading liabilities" section of Note 23 - Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities, which section is incorporated into this MD&A by this reference. FHN’s market risk appetite is approved by the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors and executed through management policies and procedures of ALCO and the FHN Financial Risk Committee. These policies contain various market risk limits including, for example, controls. The risk governance structure supports and promotes the escalation of material items to executive management and the Board. Independent Assurance Functions: Internal Audit, Credit Assurance Services (CAS), Compliance Testing, and Model Validation provide an independent and objective assessment of the design and execution of FHN’s internal control system, including management processes, risk governance, and policies and procedures. These groups’ activities are designed to provide reasonable assurance that risks are appropriately identified and communicated; resources are safeguarded; significant financial, managerial, and operating information is complete, accurate, and reliable; and employee actions are in compliance with FHN’s policies and applicable laws and regulations. Internal Audit and CAS report to the Chief Audit Executive, who is appointed by and reports to the Audit Committee of the Board. Internal Audit reports quarterly to the Audit Committee of the Board, while CAS reports quarterly to the Risk Committee of the Board. Compliance Testing and Model Validation report to the Chief Risk Officer and report annually to the Audit Committee of the Board. VaR limits for the trading securities inventory, and individual position limits and sector limits for products with credit risk, among others. Risk measures are computed and reviewed on a daily basis to ensure compliance with market risk management policies. Value-at-Risk and Stress Testing VaR is a statistical risk measure used to estimate the potential loss in value from adverse market movements over an assumed fixed holding period within a stated confidence level. FHN employs a model to compute daily VaR measures for its trading securities inventory. FHN computes VaR using historical simulation with a 1-year lookback period at a 99% confidence level with 1-day and 10-day time horizons. Additionally, FHN computes a Stressed VaR measure. The SVaR computation uses the same model but with model inputs reflecting historical data from a continuous 12-month period that reflects a period of significant financial stress appropriate for our trading securities portfolio. A summary of FHN's VaR and SVaR measures for 1-day and 10-day time horizons is presented in the following table: 82 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 7.21 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) (Dollars in millions) 1-day VaR SVaR 10-day VaR SVaR (Dollars in millions) 1-day VaR SVaR 10-day VaR SVaR $ $ VaR & SVaR MEASURES Year Ended December 31, 2023 Mean High Low As of December 31, 2023 3 $ 6 4 $ 8 2 $ 3 8 24 11 34 4 12 3 6 10 28 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Mean High Low As of December 31, 2022 2 $ 5 4 $ 7 2 $ 4 8 24 11 34 3 18 3 6 10 29 FHN’s overall VaR measure includes both interest rate risk and credit spread risk. Separate measures of these component risks are as follows: Table 7.22 (Dollars in millions) Interest rate risk Credit spread risk SCHEDULE OF RISKS INCLUDED IN VaR As of December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2022 1-day 10-day 1-day 10-day $ 1 $ 1 2 $ 1 1 $ 1 3 2 The potential risk of loss reflected by FHN’s VaR measures assumes the trading securities inventory is static. Because FHN Financial procures fixed income securities for purposes of distribution to clients, its trading securities inventory turns over regularly. Additionally, FHNF traders actively manage the trading securities inventory continuously throughout each trading day. Accordingly, FHNF’s trading securities inventory is highly dynamic, rather than static. As a result, it would be rare for FHNF to incur a negative revenue day in its fixed income activities at the levels indicated by its VaR measures. In addition to being used in FHN’s daily market risk management process, the VaR and SVaR measures are also used by FHN in computing its regulatory market risk capital requirements in accordance with the Market Risk Capital rules. For additional information regarding FHN's capital adequacy refer to the Capital section of this MD&A. FHN also performs stress tests on its trading securities portfolio to calculate the potential loss under various assumed market scenarios. Key assumed stresses used in those tests are: Down 25 bps - assumes an instantaneous downward move in interest rates of 25 basis points at all points on the interest rate yield curve. Up 25 bps - assumes an instantaneous upward move in interest rates of 25 basis points at all points on the interest rate yield curve. Curve flattening - assumes an instantaneous flattening of the interest rate yield curve through an increase in short-term rates and a decrease in long-term rates. The 2-year point on the Treasury yield curve is assumed to increase 15 basis points and the 10-year point on the Treasury yield curve is assumed to decrease 15 basis points. Shifts in other points on the yield curve are predicted based on their correlation to the 2-year and 10-year points. Curve steepening - assumes an instantaneous steepening of the interest rate yield curve through a decrease in short-term rates and an increase in long- 83 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents term rates. The 2-year point on the Treasury yield curve is assumed to decrease 15 basis points and the 10-year point on the Treasury yield curve is assumed to increase 15 basis points. Shifts in other points on the yield curve are predicted based on their correlation to the 2-year and 10-year points. Credit spread widening - assumes an instantaneous increase in credit spreads (the difference between yields on Treasury securities and non-Treasury securities) of 25 basis points. Model Validation Trading risk management personnel within FHN Financial have primary responsibility for model risk management Interest Rate Risk Management Interest rate risk is the risk to earnings or capital arising from movement in interest rates. ALCO is responsible for overseeing the management of existing and emerging interest rate risk for the company within risk tolerances established by the Board. FHN primarily manages interest rate risk by structuring the balance sheet to maintain a desired level of associated earnings and to protect the economic value of FHN’s capital. Net interest income and the value of equity are affected by changes in the level of market interest rates because of the differing repricing characteristics of assets and liabilities, the exercise of prepayment options held by loan clients, the early withdrawal options held by deposit clients, and changes in the basis between and changing shapes of the various yield curves used to price assets and liabilities. To isolate the repricing, basis, option, and yield curve components of overall interest rate risk, FHN employs Gap, Net Interest Income at Risk, and Economic Value of Equity analyses generated by a balance sheet simulation model. Net Interest Income Simulation Analysis The information provided in this section, including the discussion regarding the outcomes of simulation analysis and rate shock analysis, is forward-looking. Actual results, if the assumed scenarios were to occur, could differ because of interest rate movements, the ability of management to execute its business plans, and other factors, including those presented in the Forward-Looking Statements section of this Report. Management uses a simulation model to measure interest rate risk and to formulate strategies to improve balance sheet positioning, earnings, or both, within FHN’s interest rate risk, liquidity, and capital guidelines. Interest rate exposure is measured by forecasting 12 months of NII under various interest rate scenarios and comparing the percentage change in NII for each scenario to a base case scenario where interest rates remain unchanged. Assumptions are made regarding future balance sheet composition, interest rate movements, and loan and with respect to the model used by FHN to compute its VaR measures and perform stress testing on the trading inventory. Among other procedures, these personnel monitor model results and perform periodic backtesting as part of an ongoing process of validating the accuracy of the model. These model risk management activities are subject to annual review by FHN’s Model Validation Group, an independent assurance group charged with oversight responsibility for FHN’s model risk management. deposit pricing. In addition, assumptions are made about the magnitude of asset prepayments and earlier than anticipated deposit withdrawals. The results of these scenarios help FHN develop strategies for managing exposure to interest rate risk. While management believes the assumptions used and scenarios selected in its simulations are reasonable, simulation modeling provides only an estimate, not a precise calculation, of exposure to any given change in interest rates. Based on a static balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, NII exposures over the next 12 months assuming rate shocks of plus/minus 25 basis points, plus/minus 50 basis points, plus/minus 100 basis points, and plus 200 basis points are estimated to have variances as shown in the table below. Table 7.23 INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY Shifts in Interest Rates (in bps) % Change in Projected Net Interest Income -100 -50 -25 +25 +50 +100 +200 (3.6)% (1.7)% (0.9)% 0.7% 1.4% 2.6% 3.3% A steepening yield curve scenario, where long-term rates increase by 50 basis points and short-term rates are static, results in a favorable NII variance of 0.4%. A flattening yield curve scenario where long-term rates decrease by 50 basis points and short-term rates are static, results in an unfavorable NII variance of 0.5%. These hypothetical scenarios are used to create a risk measurement framework, and do not necessarily represent management’s current view of future interest rates or market developments. 84 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Short-term interest rates have reached their highest levels in 15 years, which coupled with market disruption from recent high profile bank failures, has increased competitive pressures on deposit costs. needs. However, such derivative contracts are typically offset with a derivative contract entered into with an upstream counterparty in order to mitigate risk associated with changes in interest rates. The yield curve was inverted for much of the last half of 2022, and throughout 2023. The inverted yield curve indicates market expectations that short-term rates have likely peaked and then could decline in future periods. Market participants are now projecting multiple rate cuts in 2024 while the December 2023 Fed Dot plot has indicated three 25 basis point cuts in 2024. FHN continues to monitor current economic trends and potential exposures closely. For additional information, see Yield Curve within Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends below. Fair Value Shock Analysis Interest rate risk and the slope of the yield curve also affect the fair value of FHN's trading inventory that is reflected in noninterest income. Generally, low or declining interest rates with a positively sloped yield curve tend to increase income through higher demand for fixed income products. Additionally, the fair value of FHN's trading inventory can fluctuate as a result of differences between current interest rates and the interest rates of fixed income securities in the trading inventory. Derivatives In the normal course of business, FHN utilizes various financial instruments (including derivative contracts and credit-related agreements) to manage the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments generally caused by changes in interest rates, including FHN's securities inventory, certain term borrowings, and certain loans. Additionally, FHN may enter into derivative contracts in order to meet clients' Capital Risk Management & Adequacy The capital management objectives of FHN are to provide capital sufficient to cover the risks inherent in FHN’s businesses, to maintain excess capital to well-capitalized standards and Board policy, and to assure ready access to the capital markets. The Capital & Stress Testing Committee, chaired by the Corporate Treasurer, reports to ALCO and is responsible for capital management oversight and provides a forum for addressing management issues related to capital adequacy. This Operational Risk Management Operational risk is the risk of loss from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, or systems or from external events including data or network security breaches of FHN or of third parties affecting FHN or its clients. This risk is inherent in all businesses. Operational The simulation models and related hedging strategies discussed above exclude the dynamics related to how fee income and noninterest expense may be affected by actual changes in interest rates or expectations of changes. See Note 21 - Derivatives for additional discussion of these instruments. LIBOR & Reference Rate Reform In March 2022, Congress passed the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act. The legislation addresses loans that remained on LIBOR as of the June 30, 2023 cessation date, and that either have no fallback provisions or that contain fallback provisions that do not identify a specific benchmark replacement. Per the legislation, at the final cessation of USD LIBOR, banks may cause such loans to fall back to a SOFR-based benchmark rate, with such rate to be selected by the Federal Reserve Board. The LIBOR Act also provides safe harbor from liability for banks that select the Board-selected replacement benchmark rate at the cessation of LIBOR. In December 2022, the Federal Reserve Board issued Regulation ZZ, its final rule to implement the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act. FHN has complied with the terms of the LIBOR Act and Regulation ZZ and amended substantially all of its contracts away from LIBOR as of June 30, 2023. For most financial products, the most common alternative reference rates have been SOFR-based benchmarks. This is true for both new originations and legacy LIBOR contracts that were subject to amendment or a transition by their terms. committee reviews sources and uses of capital, key capital ratios, segment economic capital allocation methodologies, coordinates the annual enterprise-wide stress testing process, and considers other factors in monitoring and managing current capital levels, as well as potential future sources and uses of capital. The Capital & Stress Testing Committee also recommends capital management policies, which are submitted for approval to ALCO and the Risk Committee of the Board as necessary. risk is divided into the following risk areas, which have been established at the corporate level to address these risks across the entire organization: • Business Resilience • Records Management 85 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents • Compliance/Legal (including Bank Secrecy Act) • Program Governance • Fiduciary • Security/Fraud • Financial (including disclosure controls and procedures) • Information Technology (including cybersecurity; see the next section below) • Model • Vendor • Insurance Management, measurement, and reporting of operational risk are overseen by the Operational Risk, Fiduciary, Cybersecurity Risk Management Overview As mentioned immediately above, FHN's operational risk function is divided into several risk areas. Each area has been established at the corporate level to address risks in that area across the entire organization. One of those areas—information technology ("IT") risk—includes cybersecurity risk management. As FHN manages it, IT risk includes cybersecurity risk, which in turn includes the risks from cyber fraud, cyber theft, cyber vandalism, cyber ransom, data and system security, and other unauthorized incursions into FHN's IT systems. IT risk management also includes IT system reliability, data integrity, IT aspects of regulatory compliance, and risks associated with the use of artificial intelligence tools and systems. The discussion in this section focuses on cybersecurity. Additional information on this topic is presented in Cybersecurity Risks within Item 1A beginning on page 33. Key Cybersecurity Risk Management Goals Cybersecurity risk management has two primary goals: defend FHN and its clients from fraudulent and other unauthorized incursions; and, when an incursion happens, detect and respond as soon as practical. The optimal cybersecurity program will defend as much as is practical while also detecting rapidly those incursions that get through. Management Structure & Key Processes Operational risk is managed by FHN's Operational Risk ("Op Risk") Committee. Members of the Op Risk Committee include senior-level representatives from these teams or departments: Enterprise Risk Management, Operations, Model Risk, Enterprise Data, Enterprise Technology, Enterprise Technology Risk Management, Credit and Credit Risk Management, Legal, Security, Internal Audit, Deposit & Loan Operations, Retail and Digital Banking, Regional Bank Products, Mortgage Banking, Accounting, and Fixed Income/Bond Trading. The Financial Governance, FHN Financial Risk, and Strategic Investment Board Committees. Key representatives from the business segments, operating units, and supporting units are represented on these committees as appropriate. These governance committees manage the individual operational risk types across FHN by setting standards, monitoring activity, initiating actions, and reporting exposures and results. Key Committee activities and decisions are reported to the appropriate governance committee or included in the Enterprise Risk Report, a quarterly analysis of risk within the organization that is provided to the Risk Committee. Emphasis is dedicated to refinement of processes and tools to aid in measuring and managing material operational risks and providing for a culture of awareness and accountability. Op Risk Committee reports to FHN's Management Risk Committee, which is headed by FHN's Chief Risk Officer, who reports to FHN's Chief Executive Officer. IT risk is managed by the IT Risk Working Group, overseen by the Op Risk Committee. The IT Risk Working Group meets quarterly to discuss emerging cyber risks, regulatory changes, vendor risk, audits, and outstanding- issue resolution. The Group also provides updates to the Op Risk Committee on IT aspects of compliance, policies, and security standards. Members of the IT Risk Working Group include the head of Enterprise Technology along with personnel from nearly all of the teams and departments represented in Op Risk. FHN also has a Cybersecurity Working Group. The Cybersecurity Working Group, which is outside of the risk management hierarchy, meets quarterly. Its primary functions are to provide cybersecurity awareness to the executive leadership team and to provide high-level support if a significant cybersecurity event occurs. In connection with awareness, (a) external vendors, consultants, law enforcement, and other persons are invited to speak on industry-wide cybersecurity topics to provide an independent view of external threats facing the industry; and (b) members of the Enterprise Technology team provide updates regarding how FHN is addressing current risks and threats. The Cybersecurity Working Group includes: FHN's CEO; the heads of FHN's banking segments; the heads of Risk Management, Enterprise Technology, Security, Operations, and Legal; and senior personnel in the other teams and departments represented in the IT Risk Working Group. Key leaders within these committees and groups and for these processes are FHN's Chief Information Officer and Chief Information Security Officer. The Chief Information Officer has substantial banking, IT, and related experience: had roles at FHN since 2009 related to IT and data systems culminating in CIO since 2020; prior to joining FHN, had roles at a large regional bank, including technology leader of the bank's electronic payments platform related to 86 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents treasury management and enterprise IT architect; and, earned an MS in computer science as well as an MBA. The Chief Information Security Officer has over twenty years of banking, IT, and related experience: oversees information security and many related systems and processes; has established risk-based security programs to meet regulatory requirements and align with business needs; and has implemented numerous data protection, data access, and identity management systems. FHN has a written Computer Security Incident Response Plan ("CSIRP") outlining FHN's incident response and communication processes. FHN's Chief Information Security Officer or certain other managers have the authority to initiate the execution of the CSIRP if an incident occurs. A working group called the Computer Security Incident Response Team has primary responsibility to implement or coordinate many of the CSIRP actions, along with FHN's IT Risk Working Group. Key goals of the CSIRP are to: contain, remediate, and recover; mitigate impact on FHN and clients; report findings to Op Risk and other senior management; and manage external communications. The Cybersecurity Working Group is informed of incidents that appear to have a significant risk of becoming material. FHN engages third party vendors to conduct several periodic cybersecurity reviews: Network Penetration testing; Cyber Security Maturity Assessment; Red Team (simulated cyber attack) testing; SOX (financial reporting controls and data integrity) testing; and, PCI-DSS (proprietary data security standard for payment systems) attestation of compliance and SOC 1 Type II reports (attesting to the design and operation of cybersecurity systems) for lockbox and electronic bill pay. The frequency of these reviews ranges from several times per year to every three years. FHN also has a cybersecurity incident specialty firm on retainer for incident response, as needed. FHN has a dedicated Third-Party Risk Management (TPRM) department reporting to the Chief Risk Officer. TPRM engages the IT Risk Working Group to perform cybersecurity assessments for new vendors during onboarding, re-assessments of existing vendors on a risk- based cadence, and continuous monitoring of critical third-parties. Compliance Risk Management Compliance risk is the risk of legal or regulatory sanctions, material financial loss, or loss to reputation as a result of failure to comply with laws, regulations, rules, self- regulatory organization standards, and codes of conduct applicable to FHN’s activities. Management, measurement, and reporting of compliance risk are overseen by the Operational Risk Committee and other key Corporate Governance Committees. Key executives Board Oversight The Board's Risk Committee oversees all risk management functions for the enterprise, including op risk, IT risk, and cybersecurity risk. The Board's Information Technology Committee oversees management of FHN's IT systems, including their adequacy now and in the future, and their security. In relation to cybersecurity risk management, the functions of the two Committees overlap to an extent. The Risk Committee, as well as the full Board, each quarter receive a risk management update from FHN's Chief Risk Officer. Each update includes a written presentation covering all major risk areas, including op risk, and each is supported by a detailed Enterprise Risk Report which is available to all directors. Major topics in the op risk portion of the Enterprise Risk Report each quarter include fraud and related incidents; process management, which includes many processes related to cybersecurity defenses; and information security, which addresses core cybersecurity processes and incidents. Tactical, Operational & Other Impacts The measures FHN takes to manage cybersecurity risk affect how associates and clients use FHN's platforms and systems. For every safeguard considered or implemented, FHN must weigh potential and actual inconveniences against security concerns. Practical realities make it impossible to maximize security and ignore resulting restrictions on the ability of associates and clients to conduct banking and financial business. Primarily for that reason, cybersecurity risks are and will be a major risk management concern, and losses from incursions will be impossible to avoid. As mentioned above, FHN's goals are to prevent what can be prevented, and detect and respond to incursions that get through as quickly as possible. For those incursions that are not blocked, FHN's processes are designed to detect them quickly enough so that the financial and operational impact on FHN is zero or modest. But the risk of a major incursion occurring cannot be reduced to zero. A major incursion could have a material financial impact on FHN's business operations and earnings. from the business segments, legal, compliance, risk management, and service functions are represented on the Committees. Summary reports of Committee activities and decisions are provided to the appropriate governance committees. Reports include the status of regulatory activities, internal compliance program initiatives, compliance testing and internal audit results and evaluation of emerging compliance risk areas. 87 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Credit Risk Management Credit risk is the risk of loss due to adverse changes in a borrower’s or counterparty’s ability to meet its financial obligations under agreed upon terms. FHN is subject to credit risk in lending, trading, investing, liquidity/funding, and asset management activities although lending activities have the most exposure to credit risk. The nature and amount of credit risk depends on the types of transactions, the structure of those transactions, collateral received, the use of guarantors and the parties involved. FHN assesses and manages credit risk through a series of policies, processes, measurement systems, and controls. The Credit Risk Management Committee (CRMC) is responsible for overseeing the management of existing and emerging credit risks in the company within the broad risk tolerances established by the Board. The CRMC reports through the Management Risk Committee. The Credit Risk Management function, led by the Chief Credit Officer, provides strategic and tactical credit leadership by maintaining policies, overseeing credit approval, assessing new credit products, strategies and processes, and managing portfolio composition and performance. While the Credit Risk function oversees FHN’s credit risk management, there is significant coordination between the business lines and the Credit Risk function in order to manage FHN’s credit risk and maintain strong asset quality. The Credit Risk function recommends portfolio, industry/sector, and individual client limits to the Risk Committee of the Board for approval. Adherence to these approved limits is vigorously monitored by Credit Risk which provides recommendations to slow or cease lending to the business lines as commitments near established lending limits. Credit Risk also ensures subject matter Liquidity Risk Management Among other things, ALCO is responsible for liquidity management: the funding of assets with liabilities of appropriate duration, while mitigating the risk of unexpected cash needs. ALCO and the Board of Directors have adopted a Liquidity Policy of which the objective is to ensure that FHN meets its cash and collateral obligations promptly, in a cost-effective manner and with the highest degree of reliability. After the banking crisis in the first half of 2023, ALCO and the Board examined the liquidity risk management framework and policies to ensure alignment with evolving regulatory expectations, industry best practices, and the company’s risk appetite. The maintenance of adequate levels of asset and liability liquidity should provide FHN with the ability to meet both expected and unexpected cash and collateral needs. Key liquidity ratios, asset liquidity levels, and the amount available from funding sources are reported to ALCO on a regular basis. FHN’s Liquidity Policy establishes liquidity limits that are deemed appropriate for FHN’s risk profile. experts are providing oversight, support and credit approvals, particularly in the specialty lending areas where industry-specific knowledge is required. Management emphasizes general portfolio servicing such that emerging risks are able to be spotted early enough to correct potential deficiencies, prevent further credit deterioration, and mitigate credit losses. The Credit Risk Management function assesses the asset quality trends and results, as well as lending processes, adherence to underwriting guidelines (portfolio-specific underwriting guidelines are discussed further in the Asset Quality Trends section), and utilizes this information to inform management regarding the current state of credit quality and as a factor of the estimation process for determining the allowance for credit losses. The CRMC reviews on a periodic basis various reports issued by assurance functions which provide an independent assessment of the adequacy of loan servicing, grading accuracy, and other key functions. Additionally, CRMC is presented with and discusses various portfolios, lending activity and lending-related projects. All of the above activities are subject to independent review by FHN’s Credit Assurance Services Group. CAS reports to the Chief Audit Executive, who is appointed by and reports to the Audit Committee of the Board, and provides quarterly reports to the Risk Committee of the Board. CAS is charged with providing the Risk Committee of the Board and executive management with independent, objective, and timely assessments of FHN’s portfolio quality, credit policies, and credit risk management processes. In accordance with the Liquidity Policy, ALCO manages FHN’s exposure to liquidity risk through a dynamic, real time forecasting methodology. Base liquidity forecasts are reviewed by ALCO and are updated as financial conditions dictate. In addition to the baseline liquidity reports, robust stress testing of assumptions and funds availability are periodically reviewed. FHN maintains a contingency funding plan that may be executed should unexpected difficulties arise in accessing funding that affects FHN, the industry, or both. As of December 31, 2023, available liquidity sources included cash, incremental borrowing capacity at the FHLB, access to Federal Reserve Bank borrowings through the discount window and the Bank Term Funding Program, and unencumbered securities. Additional sources of liquidity included dealer and commercial customer repurchase agreements, access to the overnight and term Federal Funds markets, brokered deposits, loan sales, and syndications. The FRB Bank Term Funding Program will expire on March 11, 2024. The table 88 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents below details FHN’s sources of available liquidity at December 31, 2023. Table 7.24 (Dollars in millions) Cash on deposit with FRB (a) FHLB FRB: Discount Window BTFP Unencumbered securities (b) AVAILABLE LIQUIDITY as of December 31, 2023 Total Capacity Outstanding Borrowings Available Liquidity $ 1,201 $ — $ 1,201 9,352 23,417 834 812 — — — — 9,352 23,417 834 812 Total Available Liquidity $ 35,616 (a) Included in interest-bearing deposits with banks on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (b) Subject to market haircuts on collateral. Generally, a primary source of funding for a bank is core deposits from the bank's client base. The period-end loans-to-deposits ratio was 93% and 92% as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. FHN may also use unsecured short-term borrowings as a source of liquidity. Federal funds purchased from correspondent bank clients are considered to be substantially more stable than funds purchased in the national broker markets for federal funds due to the long, historical, and reciprocal nature of banking services provided by FHN to these correspondent banks. The remainder of FHN’s wholesale short-term borrowings consists of securities sold under agreements to repurchase transactions accounted for as secured borrowings with business clients or broker dealer counterparties. Both FHN and First Horizon Bank have the ability to generate liquidity by issuing senior or subordinated unsecured debt, preferred equity, and common equity, subject to market conditions and compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2023, FHN had outstanding $797 million in senior and subordinated unsecured debt and $520 million in non- cumulative perpetual preferred stock. As of December 31, 2023, First Horizon Bank and subsidiaries had outstanding preferred shares of $295 million, which are reflected as noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Parent company liquidity is primarily provided by cash flows stemming from dividends and interest payments collected from subsidiaries. These sources of cash represent the primary sources of funds to pay cash dividends to shareholders and principal and interest to debt holders of FHN. The amount paid to the parent company through First Horizon Bank common dividends is managed as part of FHN’s overall cash management process, subject to applicable regulatory restrictions. Certain regulatory restrictions exist regarding the ability of First Horizon Bank to transfer funds to FHN in the form of cash, common dividends, loans, or advances. At any given time, the pertinent portions of those regulatory restrictions allow First Horizon Bank to declare preferred or common dividends without prior regulatory approval in an aggregate amount equal to First Horizon Bank’s retained net income for the two most recently completed years plus the current year-to-date period. For any period, First Horizon Bank’s "retained net income" generally is equal to First Horizon Bank’s regulatory net income reduced by the preferred and common dividends declared by First Horizon Bank. Applying the dividend restrictions imposed under applicable federal and state rules as outlined above, the Bank’s total amount available for dividends was $1.2 billion as of January 1, 2024. Consequently, on that date the Bank could pay common dividends up to that amount to its sole common shareholder, FHN, or to its preferred shareholders without prior regulatory approval. Additionally, a capital conservation buffer must be maintained (as described in the Capital section of this Report) to avoid restrictions on dividends. In March 2022, FHN agreed to suspend the Dividend Reinvestment Plan in connection with the TD Transaction. During the suspension period, dividend payments of FHN are not automatically reinvested in additional shares of FHN common stock and participants in the Plan are not able to purchase shares of FHN common stock through optional cash investments under the Plan. First Horizon Bank declared and paid common dividends to the parent company in the amount of $220 million in 2023 and $435 million in 2022. In January 2024, First Horizon Bank declared and paid a common dividend to the parent company in the amount of $310 million. First Horizon Bank declared and paid preferred dividends in each quarter of 2023 and 2022. Additionally, First Horizon Bank declared preferred dividends in first quarter 2024, payable in April 2024. Payment of a dividend to shareholders of FHN is dependent on several factors which are considered by the Board. These factors include FHN’s current and prospective capital, liquidity, and other needs, applicable regulatory restrictions (including capital conservation buffer requirements) and availability of funds to FHN through a dividend from First Horizon Bank. Additionally, banking regulators generally require insured banks and bank holding companies to pay cash dividends only out of current operating earnings. Consequently, the decision of whether FHN will pay future dividends and the amount of dividends will be affected by current operating results. 89 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents FHN paid a cash dividend of $0.15 per common share on January 2, 2024. FHN paid cash dividends of $1,625 per Series E preferred share and $1,175 per Series F preferred share on January 10, 2024 and $331.25 per Series B preferred share and $165 per Series C preferred share on February 1, 2024. In addition, in January 2024, the Board approved cash dividends per share in the following amounts: Table 7.25 CASH DIVIDENDS APPROVED BUT NOT PAID Common Stock Preferred Stock Series C Series D Series E Series F $ $ $ $ $ Dividend/ Share Record Date Payment Date 0.15 3/15/2024 4/1/2024 165.00 4/16/2024 305.00 4/16/2024 5/1/2024 5/1/2024 1,625.00 3/26/2024 4/10/2024 1,175.00 3/26/2024 4/10/2024 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements In the normal course of business, FHN is a party to a number of activities that contain credit, market and operational risk that are not reflected in whole or in part Table 7.26 in the consolidated financial statements. Such activities include traditional off-balance sheet credit-related financial instruments. FHN enters into commitments to extend credit to borrowers, including loan commitments, lines of credit, standby letters of credit, and commercial letters of credit. Many of the commitments are expected to expire unused or be only partially used; therefore, the total amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements and are not included in the table below. Based on its available liquidity and available borrowing capacity, FHN anticipates it will continue to have sufficient funds to meet its current commitments. See Note 16 - Contingencies and Other Disclosures for more information. Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth contractual obligations representing required and potential cash outflows as of December 31, 2023. Purchase obligations represent obligations under agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding on FHN and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS as of December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) Contractual obligations: Time deposit maturities (b) (c) Short-term borrowings (b) (d) Term borrowings (b) (e) Annual rental commitments under noncancelable leases (b) (f) Purchase obligations Total contractual obligations Payments due by period (a) Less than 1 year - 3 years - After 5 1 year < 3 years < 5 years years Total $ 6,528 $ 194 $ 75 $ 7 $ 3,058 6 44 — 350 85 224 9,860 $ $ 120 749 $ — — 76 30 181 $ — 812 204 3 1,026 $ 6,804 3,058 1,168 409 377 11,816 (a) Excludes a $15 million liability for unrecognized tax benefits as the timing of payment cannot be reasonably estimated. (b) Amounts do not include interest. (c) See Note 8 - Deposits for further details. (d) See Note 9 - Short-Term Borrowings for further details. (e) See Note 10 - Term Borrowings for further details. (f) See Note 5 - Premises, Equipment, and Leases for further details. Credit Ratings FHN is currently able to fund a majority of the balance sheet through core deposits, which are generally not directly tied to FHN’s credit ratings as are other types of funding. However, maintaining adequate credit ratings on debt issues and preferred stock is critical to liquidity should FHN need to access funding from other sources, including from long-term debt issuances and certain brokered deposits, at an attractive rate. The availability and cost of funds other than core deposits is also dependent upon marketplace perceptions of the financial soundness of FHN, which include such factors as capital levels, asset quality, and reputation. The availability of 90 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) core deposit funding is stabilized by federal deposit insurance, which can be removed only in extraordinary circumstances, but may also be influenced to some extent by the same factors that affect other funding sources. FHN’s credit ratings are also referenced in various respects in agreements with certain derivative counterparties as discussed in Note 21 - Derivatives. The following table provides FHN’s most recent credit ratings: Table 7.27 First Horizon Corporation CREDIT RATINGS Moody's (a) Fitch (b) Overall credit rating: Long-term/Short-term/Outlook Baa3/--/NEG BBB/F2/Stable Long-term senior debt Subordinated debt (c) Junior subordinated debt (c) Preferred stock First Horizon Bank Baa3 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 BBB BBB- BB- BB- Overall credit rating: Long-term/Short-term/Outlook Baa3/P-2/NEG BBB/F2/Stable Long-term/short-term deposits Long-term/short-term senior debt (c) Subordinated debt Preferred stock FT Real Estate Securities Company, Inc. Preferred stock A3/P-2 Baa3/P-2 Baa3 Ba2 Ba1 BBB+/F2 BBB/F2 BBB- BB- A rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time and should be evaluated independently of any other rating. (a) Last change in ratings was on May 14, 2015. Outlook changed to negative (“NEG”) and ratings affirmed on May 5, 2023. (b) Last change in ratings was on May 6, 2020. Outlook changed to stable (“Stable”) and ratings affirmed on May 5, 2023. (c) Ratings are preliminary/implied. Repurchase Obligations Prior to September 2008, legacy First Horizon originated loans through its pre-2009 mortgage business, primarily first lien home loans, with the intention of selling them. As discussed in Note 16 - Contingencies and Other Disclosures, FHN's principal remaining exposures for those activities relate to (i) indemnification claims by underwriters, loan purchasers, and other parties which assert that FHN-originated loans caused or contributed to losses which FHN is legally obliged to indemnify, and (ii) indemnification or other claims related to FHN's servicing of pre-2009 mortgage loans. Repurchase Accrual Approach In determining potential loss content, claims are analyzed by purchaser, vintage, and claim type. FHN considers various inputs including claim rate estimates, historical average repurchase and loss severity rates, mortgage insurance cancellations, and mortgage insurance curtailment requests. Inputs are applied to claims in the Repurchase and Foreclosure Liability FHN’s approach for determining the adequacy of the repurchase and foreclosure reserve has evolved, sometimes substantially, based on changes in information available. Repurchase/make-whole rates vary based on purchaser, vintage, and claim type. For those loans repurchased or covered by a make-whole payment, cumulative average loss severities range between 50 and 60 percent of the UPB. active pipeline, as well as to historical average inflows to estimate loss content related to potential future inflows. Management also evaluates the nature of claims from purchasers and/or servicers of loans sold to determine if qualitative adjustments are appropriate. As discussed in Note 16 - Contingencies and Other Disclosures, FHN's repurchase and foreclosure liability, primarily related to its pre-2009 mortgage origination, sale, securitization, and servicing businesses, is comprised 91 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents of accruals to cover estimated loss content in the active pipeline, estimated future inflows, and estimated loss content related to certain known claims not currently included in the active pipeline. The active pipeline consists of mortgage loan repurchase and make-whole demands from loan purchasers or securitization participants, foreclosure/servicing demands from borrowers, and certain related exposures. The liability contemplates repurchase/make-whole and damages obligations and estimates for probable incurred losses associated with loan populations excluded from the settlements with the GSEs, as well as other whole loans sold, mortgage insurance cancellation rescissions, and loans included in bulk servicing sales effected prior to the settlements with the GSEs. FHN compares the estimated probable incurred losses determined under the applicable loss estimation approaches for the respective periods with current reserve levels. Changes in the estimated required liability levels are recorded as necessary through the repurchase and foreclosure provision. The total repurchase and foreclosure liability, which includes both the legacy pre-2009 business and the current mortgage business, was $16 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. Market Uncertainties and Prospective Trends FHN’s future results could be affected both positively and negatively by several known trends. Key among those are changes in the U.S. and global economy and outlook, government actions affecting interest rates, and government actions and proposals which could have positive or negative impacts on the economy at large or on certain businesses, industries, or sectors. Additional risks relate to political uncertainty, changes in federal policies (including those publicly discussed, formally proposed, or recently implemented) and the potential impacts of those changes on our businesses and clients, and whether FHN’s strategic initiatives will succeed. In addition to trends and events noted elsewhere in this MD&A, FHN believes the following trends and events are noteworthy at this time. Inflation, Recession, and Federal Reserve Policy Economic Overview The post-COVID economy in the U.S. has been marked by: strong inflation, which began in 2021, peaked in 2022, and abated, though not fully, in 2023; the Federal Reserve implementing a "tightening" policy in 2022 to contain inflation by rapidly increasing short-term interest rates and ending asset purchases; low unemployment rates; moderate economic growth; and a profoundly inverted yield curve in 2022 and 2023. Key aspects were: • Although the U.S. economy flirted with recession in 2022, it did not officially enter one. In 2023 recession expectations moderated significantly. Early in 2024, recession expectations for the rest of this year generally are low. • The rise in short-term interest rates by the Federal Reserve in 2022 was both rapid and substantial, taking the overnight Fed Funds rate from 0.20% in March 2022 to 4.65% a year later. Hikes after that were much more modest and infrequent. • In response to 2022's extremely rapid and vigorous tightening of monetary policy, the inflation rate in the U.S. now is well below 2022's levels. However, many measures of inflation remain higher than the Federal Reserve's stated long-term goal of 2%. • Early in 2024 the Federal Reserve has signaled that hikes have ended and that a short term rate cut might become appropriate. No policy or timing commitments have been made. Future actions continue to depend upon future data. Some concern remains that recent inflation data, which has been good, may prove to be transitory. • Monetary tightening often creates yield curve inversion for a time. In the current cycle, traditional inversion (when ten-year treasury rates are below two- year rates) has been both very deep and unusually sustained, with the current inversion having begun in the summer of 2022. • Many factors likely contributed to the current sustained inversion. The immediate cause, of course, was that demand for long-term treasury debt remained high, depressing yields, even though short yields were higher. FHN believes that a significant factor behind that demand preference in 2023 was continuing market expectations that the Federal Reserve would start to reduce short-term rates "soon" in order to avoid or mitigate a recession. Early in 2024, Federal Reserve communications suggest that no rate- cut action is likely "soon". • A short-term rate cut by the Federal Reserve should lessen inversion, but only if long-term rates do not likewise drop. Key events and circumstances are noted in the following discussions. Federal Reserve and Rates The Federal Reserve raised short-term rates several times in 2022 and in the first part of 2023. All but one of the raises in 2022 were 75 and 50 basis points each— 92 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents aggressive by historical standards—while the 2023 raises were the more-typical 25 basis points each. The Federal Reserve has expressed its intent to bring inflation under control even at the risk of creating or deepening an economic recession. The Federal Reserve has indicated that future decisions will be heavily impacted by economic data, especially inflation-rate and -trend data, available at each decision point. Most recently the Federal Reserve has indicated, based on late-2023 data, an expectation that its next action, at an unspecified future point, will be a rate cut. FHN cannot predict exactly when or how much short-term rates will be changed, how market-driven long-term rates will behave, nor how those actions may affect financial markets, during 2024. Yield Curve Unusual yield curve effects, including inversion, are common when monetary policy changes. A traditional measure of inversion occurs when the two-year U.S. Treasury rate is higher than the ten-year rate. Traditional inversion has been sustained continuously since the summer of 2022, an unusually long period. The degree of inversion has varied during that period, but generally has been much deeper than is typical. Sustained traditional yield curve inversion is viewed, with statistical support, as a harbinger of economic recession, but recession has not yet occurred and the U.S. economy currently does not appear close to entering one. The most recent period with deep and longer-lasting inversion was over 40 years ago. That 4-5 year period was marked by stagflation (low economic growth coupled with high inflation), followed by extremely robust interest rate hikes and a severe recession. Yield curve flattening and inversion generally reduces the profit FHN can make from lending by compressing FHN's net interest margin, and also generally reduces FHN's revenues from bond trading. These impacts have occurred and are continuing during the current inversion. Refer to Interest Rate & Yield Curve Risks, located in Item 1A. Risk Factors beginning on page 44, for a discussion of the risks to FHN associated with flattening and inversion. Recession The U.S. economy contracted (experienced negative growth) during the first two quarters of 2022, in both cases modestly. Although two consecutive quarters of contraction often coincides with recession, in 2022 it did not. The economy expanded in each quarter since then. Recession expectations in the U.S. were high in 2022 and first quarter 2023. They moderated significantly after that. Current recession expectations generally are low. Banking Crisis In March 2023, two large regional U.S. banks failed after sudden large deposit outflows, and a major Swiss bank was acquired by another bank at the behest of regulators. In the aftermath of the two U.S. failures, bank investors and clients across the U.S. became more focused on deposit mix, funding risk management, and other safety- soundness concerns. The market values of virtually all U.S. bank stocks fell quickly and strongly in March, with a few falling about 90%. Following these failures, the media published stories about actual and possible bank runs by depositors. Most U.S. banks saw net outflows of deposits in 2022 and early 2023 as the impacts of COVID-19 crisis programs faded and rates available from non-bank-account investments improved. According to Federal Reserve data, starting in mid-March, the two failures triggered an abrupt and substantial net deposit outflow from all but the largest U.S. banks. The March crisis shock was short-lived, however. During the final week of March both large and small U.S. banks collectively experienced net inflows of deposits, roughly mirroring the first week of March, before the crisis emerged. The two U.S. bank failures resulted in Congressional calls for higher regulation of mid-sized regional banks, especially for those with $100 billion or more of assets. In early May a third large regional U.S. bank failed after experiencing very large deposit outflows in March. Although this failure was widely anticipated, volatility in regional bank stocks reappeared in May. By June bank- stock volatility had abated again, but with regional bank prices well below pre-crisis levels. The three failed U.S. banks had a few characteristics that FHN believes were significant negative factors contributing to loss of confidence by depositors, in addition to having an unusual customer mix: well-above- median levels of deposits not covered by FDIC insurance; significant portions of the 2020-21 pandemic deposit inflows invested in longer-term fixed-rate debt securities; and very high (in relation to regulatory capital) market value losses on those investments when rates rose in 2022 and early 2023. These factors made those banks unusually susceptible to a cascade of negative effects when deposit levels diminished, for the entire industry, starting in 2022 as customers sought better returns in the rising rate environment. Market Volatility & Valuations As a result of the prospects for recession, coupled with the uncertainties associated with war in eastern Europe, financial markets world-wide were volatile during much of 2022. Volatility overall has moderated somewhat in 2023, but volatile episodes have continued. War in the Middle East that started in October 2023 had a much more muted financial impact than was true in 2022. 93 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Financial asset values broadly fell in 2022, especially during the second and third quarters. By mid-year 2023, broad stock indices largely had recovered from 2022's low points, but longer-term fixed-rate debt investments remained well below previous values. By year-end 2023, stock values in most (but not all) sectors had recouped much of their earlier losses, and debt investment values generally improved somewhat from their lows when long- term rates fell in anticipation of possible short-term rate cuts in 2024 by the Federal Reserve. Impacts on FHN In 2022, FHN benefited significantly from rising rates as the rise in lending rates outpaced the rise in deposit and other funding rates. In the first quarter of 2023, that outpacing ended, and FHN's net interest margin started to compress. FHN was able to reverse the compression during the year fueled in part by using increased deposits and capital to reduce borrowings. Going forward, although net interest margin levels may improve modestly while short term rates remain steady, margins are not likely to improve appreciably until the yield curve inversion mentioned above has ended and the curve takes at least a moderately steep slope. In 2022 and early 2023, FHN experienced a normalization of deposit levels since first quarter 2020 as it allowed surge deposits resulting from COVID-driven stimulus programs to move off its balance sheet. Net deposit outflows ranged from roughly $2.0 to $4.0 billion in each of the last three quarters of 2022, and fell again by roughly $2.5 billion in first quarter 2023. That outflow trend ended in second quarter as FHN had net deposit inflows of $4.0 billion. For the year 2023, net deposits Other Regulatory Proposals In 2023 the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and other regulators proposed regulatory changes that would, if implemented, significantly increase regulatory constraints and costs on all U.S. banks with assets over $100 billion. A few new requirements would apply to banks, like FHN, with assets over $50 billion, but by far the main impacts would fall on banks greater than $100 billion in assets. The proposals touch upon many regulatory requirements, including debt and equity capital requirements, credit risk standards, asset risk-weighting, and resolution planning. The increased requirements also would entail additional compliance costs. The triggering of significant cost increases based on a single threshold financial measure—$100 billion in assets —has been in place for many years and has impacted the U.S. banking industry. Compliance restrictions and costs increase as the threshold is approached but a step-up increased over $2 billion. However, FHN increased deposit rates appreciably in 2023, particularly in May and June. The May and June 2023 deposit inflows mainly consisted of ordinary accounts with "promo" rates, and of certificates of deposit, or CDs, with very attractive fixed rates. The promo rates ended late in 2023, and a large group of those CDs matured during that time. A challenge for FHN is to retain as many of those deposit dollars, and depositor customers, as is reasonably practical while moderating the rates FHN pays. In addition, some of FHN's businesses have been negatively impacted by rising rates. Rate increases have pushed home mortgage rates in the U.S. much higher than in early 2022, reducing demand. FHN's direct mortgage lending and lending to mortgage companies saw business decline significantly in 2022 and 2023. Moreover, FHN's revenues from bond trading and related activities fell significantly in 2022 and 2023 due to rising rates coupled with elevated market volatility. A recession, if one were to occur, likely would have a negative impact on FHN's businesses overall. Demand for loans likely would fall, loan losses and provision expense likely would rise, many commercial activities that generate fee income likely would decline, and competition for clients likely would sharpen. FHN already has experienced some of these impacts. The deeper or longer a recession lasts, the more significant these negative impacts are likely to be for FHN. As mentioned above, recessionary expectations have abated substantially since early 2023. However, just as expectations in early 2023 proved to be wrong, current expectations may be just as incorrect. pattern remains. Banks near the threshold may be likely to slow or even halt asset growth, at least for a period, and start to implement the higher-level compliance systems. Banks modestly over the threshold, in contrast, may be likely to expand their asset base as quickly as possible to generate additional revenues to cover those costs. Those effects have added to the incentives for banks to consolidate, and the proposed new rules are likely to enhance that. It appears likely that, if adopted as proposed, significant parts of the proposals will be challenged in court as being inconsistent with legislation enacted by Congress in 2018. Such a challenge would be technical and complex, and likely would take many years to resolve. Moreover, even if a challenge of that sort were successful, many parts of the proposals likely would remain intact and others might be modified without being rescinded. 94 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Regimes In October 2023 the state of California enacted two laws which, taken together, will require most larger companies doing business in California to report annually their greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, with an external assurance requirement, and to report biennially their climate-related financial risks and risk-mitigation measures. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") has proposed, but not yet adopted, rules that would require all U.S. companies with publicly-traded securities to report annually their GHG emissions. The California laws include multi-year phase in periods and encompass Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 GHG emissions. The SEC proposal has Scope 1 and 2 reporting requirements, along with Scope 3 requirements in certain situations. The California governor stated in 2023 that the new laws are likely to be subjected to technical amendments in the next year or so. The SEC proposal is not final and could change, perhaps substantially, when adopted. Three GHG Scopes Scope 1 GHG emissions are those from a source the company owns or controls directly, such as a manufacturing plant. Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from company activities, such as from power consumed by company operations. Scope 1 and 2 emissions generally can be measured or estimated using information a company normally can obtain without significant external inquiry. Scope 3 GHG emissions are those from sources and activities that a company neither owns nor controls. Scope 3 emissions are from a wide range of sources that touch upon a company, such as: vendors; employees (commuting, business travel, etc.); and customers. Scope 3 information generally is unknown to a company without significant external inquiry and/or estimation. Potential Business Impacts Direct compliance costs will include creating systems to measure or estimate and capture relevant data, staffing, and engagement of vendors, including a firm to provide required assurances (somewhat analogous to a financial statement auditor). Coastal Market Growth and Rising Costs FHN's principal markets are in the southern and southeastern United States, including most of the major gulf coast markets and several markets on the southern Atlantic seacoast. Many of FHN's markets have experienced significant population growth over at least the past twenty years, outpacing the growth rate for the U.S. as a whole. That population growth generally has been accompanied by economic growth. Potentially of more significance: California may require inquiry of customers rather than merely estimation about them. If FHN is allowed merely to estimate emissions from customers, that process may be costly but would not interfere with our business relationships. If, however, FHN is required to support Scope 3 reporting by obtaining GHG-related information from customers, including customers that are not public companies and that do no business in California, then the California disclosure laws could interfere with FHN's business. In that case, effectively FHN would be required to impose costs and/or inconveniences on its customers. Other banks in FHN's markets, particularly those that are private and not doing business in California, could provide financial services without those requirements, putting FHN at a competitive disadvantage. Potential & Actual Legal Challenges The application of the California laws to companies outside of California has been challenged in court, and other challenges may be brought. Challenges from outside the state have or may assert that the laws: unconstitutionally burden interstate commerce, unconstitutionally compel speech, or possibly violate another constitutional protection or limitation. Current and potential future challenges could take many years to resolve. A key practical question will be whether the courts impose a legal stay (a moratorium) on these laws while challenges are pending. Assuming the SEC adopts final regulations similar to those proposed, it appears very likely that legal challenges will be made based mainly on the fact that the SEC lacks explicit Congressional authorization to create a regulatory reporting regime pertaining to GHG emissions. As with the California laws, a key question will be whether the courts impose a stay on the rules while challenges are pending. Assuming the SEC adopts final regulations similar to those proposed, and further assuming that any legal challenge leaves those rules entirely or largely intact, the California laws might be challenged by public companies as having been pre-empted by the SEC rules. Many of FHN's fastest growing markets, including most significantly those in Florida, can be impacted significantly by hurricanes and other severe coastal weather events. As those markets grow, FHN's economic commitment to them grows, as does FHN's financial exposure to those events. In 2023 and this year it has been widely reported that the economic costs of hurricane events in the U.S. gulf and southern Atlantic coastal areas have been rising 95 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents significantly. FHN believes that rising costs are directly related to growth in those areas. For example, much of the growth in Florida has been along the coast moving out from older cities. A gulf coast hurricane 50 or 60 years ago had a fair chance of making landfall in a relatively unpopulated area. Now, the chances of directly hitting a population center are much higher, the average population in that center is much higher, and the average value per building is much higher. The reported significant increase in casualty risks and costs is being reflected in property insurance practices which currently are in significant flux. The insurance industry is being forced to revise its risk assessment and premium pricing practices in coastal areas as loss experience has deviated from earlier predictions, sometimes badly. In Florida, for example, some smaller carriers have failed, some larger carriers have left markets, and remaining carriers have significantly increased the premiums of hurricane-related insurance, narrowed coverage, or both. Coastal states such as Florida and Louisiana have created last-resort insurance pools for residents who cannot obtain or afford private property insurance. However, as the costs borne by those pools increase, either the premiums will have to rise or general taxation will have to cover the difference. In addition, those programs generally do not help business clients. State and local building and water-control codes are being revised, but often unevenly and often not retroactive to pre-existing structures and developments. The current transition period could be lengthy. The availability, reliability, and cost of adequate property insurance is a significant concern for FHN as well as FHN's clients in affected markets. Instability in property insurance has made, and continues to make, FHN's business decisions more difficult. That instability increases FHN's risks of loan loss and business downturn. More fundamentally, elevated insurance and casualty costs blunt a key factor driving growth in many of these high-growth markets: lower costs of living. If market growth slows, FHN's business will be impacted. Critical Accounting Policies & Estimates Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Management’s policy is to maintain the ALLL at a level sufficient to absorb expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio. Management performs periodic and systematic detailed reviews of its loan and lease portfolio to identify trends and to assess the overall collectability of the portfolio. Management believes the accounting estimate related to the ALLL is a “critical accounting estimate” as: (1) changes in it can materially affect the provision for loan and lease losses and net income, (2) it requires management to predict borrowers’ likelihood or capacity to repay, including evaluation of inherently uncertain future economic conditions, (3) prepayment activity must be projected to estimate the life of loans that often are shorter than contractual terms, (4) it requires estimation of a reasonable and supportable forecast period for credit losses for loan portfolio segments before reversion to historical loss levels over the remaining life of a loan and (5) expected future recoveries of amounts previously charged off must be estimated. Accordingly, this is a highly subjective process and requires significant judgment since it is difficult to evaluate current and future economic conditions in relation to an overall credit cycle and estimate the timing and extent of loss events that are expected to occur prior to the end of a loan’s and lease's estimated life. FHN believes that the principal assumptions underlying the accounting estimates made by management include: (1) the commercial loan portfolio has been properly risk graded based on information about borrowers in specific industries and specific issues with respect to single borrowers; (2) borrower specific information made available to FHN is current and accurate; (3) the loan portfolio has been segmented properly and individual loans have similar credit risk characteristics and will behave similarly; (4) the lives for loan portfolio pools have been estimated properly, including consideration of expected prepayments; (5) the economic forecasts utilized and associated weighting selected by management in the modeling of expected credit losses are reflective of future economic conditions; (6) entity-specific historical loss information has been properly assessed for all loan portfolio segments as the initial basis for estimating expected credit losses; (7) the reasonable and supportable periods for loan portfolio segments have been properly determined; (8) the reversion methodologies and timeframes for migration from the reasonable and supportable period to the use of historical loss rates are reasonable; (9) expected recoveries of prior charge off amounts have been properly estimated; and (10) qualitative adjustments to modeled loss results reasonably reflect expected future credit losses as of the date of the financial statements. While management uses the best information available to establish the ALLL, future adjustments to the ALLL and methodology may be necessary if economic or other conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used 96 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents in making the estimates. Such adjustments to prior estimates, as necessary, are made in the period in which these factors and other relevant considerations indicate that loss levels vary from previous estimates. Selection and weighting of macroeconomic forecasts are the most significant inputs in quantitative ALLL calculations. Due to the sensitivity of the ALLL determination to macroeconomic forecasts, changes in those forecasts can result in materially different results between reporting periods. In the determination of the ALLL as of December 31, 2023, FHN utilized Moody's Baseline and S3 (adverse) scenarios for the calculation of the ALLL. FHN placed the most weight on the Moody's Baseline scenario but included the S3 scenario to reflect the uncertainty of macroeconomic forecasts related to ongoing economic conditions. Due to the dynamic relationship of macroeconomic inputs in modeling calculations, quantifying the effects of Income Taxes FHN is subject to the income tax laws of the U.S. and the states and jurisdictions in which it operates. FHN accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, "Income Taxes". Significant judgments and estimates are required in the determination of the consolidated income tax expense. FHN income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid. Income tax expense consists of both current and deferred taxes. Current income tax expense is an estimate of taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period and includes income tax expense related to uncertain tax positions. A DTA or a DTL is recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Deferred taxes can be affected by changes in tax rates applicable to future years, either as a result of statutory changes or business changes that may change the jurisdictions in which taxes are paid. Additionally, DTAs are subject to a “more likely than not” test to determine whether the full amount of the DTAs should be realized in the financial statements. FHN evaluates the likelihood of realization of the DTA based on both positive and negative evidence available at the time, including (as appropriate) scheduled reversals of DTLs, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. Realization is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the carryforwards attributable to or generated with respect to the DTA. In projecting future taxable income, FHN incorporates assumptions including the amount of future state and federal pre-tax operating income, the reversal of temporary differences, and the changing individual inputs is highly challenging. Additionally, management applies judgment in developing qualitative adjustments that are considered necessary to appropriately reflect elements of credit risk that are not captured in the quantitative model results. To provide some hypothetical sensitivity analysis, FHN prepared two alternate quantitative calculations, applying 100% weighting to Moody's Baseline and S3 (adverse) scenarios. These hypothetical calculations resulted in an 8% reduction and 24% increase, respectively, in ALLL in comparison to the ALLL recorded at December 31, 2023, inclusive of qualitative adjustments that are affected by the weighting of forecast scenarios. See Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies and Note 4 - Allowance for Credit Losses for detail regarding FHN’s processes, models, and methodology for determining the ALLL. implementation of feasible and prudent tax planning strategies. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates used to manage the underlying business. If the “more likely than not” test is not met, a valuation allowance must be established against the DTA. The income tax laws of the jurisdictions in which FHN operate are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant government taxing authorities. In determining if a tax position should be recognized and in establishing a provision for income tax expense, FHN must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws. Interpretations may be subjected to review during examination by taxing authorities and disputes may arise over the respective tax positions. FHN attempts to resolve disputes that may arise during the tax examination and audit process. However, certain disputes may ultimately be resolved through the federal and state court systems. FHN monitors relevant tax authorities and revises estimates of accrued income taxes on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates may occur due to changes in income tax laws and their interpretation by the courts and regulatory authorities. Revisions of estimates may also result from income tax planning and from the resolution of income tax controversies. Revisions in estimates may be material to operating results for any given period. See Note 14 - Income Taxes for additional information including discussion of valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets and the potential impact of unrecognized tax benefits on future earnings. 97 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) Table of Contents Contingent Liabilities A liability is contingent if the amount or outcome is not presently known, but may become known in the future as a result of the occurrence of some uncertain future event. FHN estimates its contingent liabilities based on management’s estimates about the probability of outcomes and their ability to estimate the range of exposure. Accounting standards require that a liability be recorded if management determines that it is probable that a loss has occurred and the loss can be reasonably estimated. In addition, it must be probable that the loss will be confirmed by some future event. As part of the estimation process, management is required to make assumptions about matters that are by their nature highly uncertain and difficult to estimate. The assessment of contingent liabilities, including legal contingencies, involves the use of critical estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Management’s estimates are based on their belief that future events will validate Accounting Changes the current assumptions regarding the ultimate outcome of these exposures. However, there can be no assurance that future events, such as court decisions or decisions of arbitrators, will not differ from management’s assessments. Whenever practicable, management consults with third-party experts (e.g., attorneys, accountants, claims administrators, etc.) to assist with the gathering and evaluation of information related to contingent liabilities. Based on internally and/or externally prepared evaluations, management makes a determination whether the potential exposure requires accrual in the financial statements. See Note 16 - Contingencies and Other Disclosures for additional information regarding FHN's existing material contingent liabilities, including those with and without loss accruals, and discussion of reasonably possible loss amounts for pending litigation matters. Refer to Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies for a detail of accounting changes with extended transition periods, a summary of accounting changes, and accounting changes issued but not currently effective, which section is incorporated into this MD&A by this reference. Non-GAAP Information Certain measures are included in this report are “non- GAAP”, meaning they are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and also are not codified in U.S. banking regulations currently applicable to FHN. Although other entities may use calculation methods that differ from those used by FHN for non-GAAP measures, FHN’s management believes such measures are relevant to understanding the capital position or financial results of FHN and its business segments. Non-GAAP measures are reported to FHN’s management and Board of Directors through various internal reports. The non-GAAP measures presented in this report are: pre- provision net revenue, return on average tangible common equity, tangible common equity to tangible assets, adjusted tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets, and tangible book value per common share. Table 7.28 appearing in the MD&A (Item 7 of Part II) of this report provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP items presented in this report to the most comparable GAAP presentation. Presentation of regulatory measures, even those which are not GAAP, provide a meaningful base for comparability to other financial institutions subject to the same regulations as FHN, as demonstrated by their use by banking regulators in reviewing capital adequacy of financial institutions. Although not GAAP terms, these regulatory measures are not considered “non-GAAP” under U.S. financial reporting rules as long as their presentation conforms to regulatory standards. Regulatory measures used in this MD&A include: common equity tier 1 capital, generally defined as common equity less goodwill, other intangibles, and certain other required regulatory deductions; tier 1 capital, generally defined as the sum of core capital (including common equity and instruments that cannot be redeemed at the option of the holder) adjusted for certain items under risk based capital regulations; and risk-weighted assets, which is a measure of total on- and off-balance sheet assets adjusted for credit and market risk, used to determine regulatory capital ratios. The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP items presented in this MD&A to the most comparable GAAP presentation: 98 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (MD&A) NON-GAAP TO GAAP RECONCILIATION Table of Contents Table 7.28 (Dollars in millions; shares in thousands) Pre-provision Net Revenue (Non-GAAP) Net interest income (GAAP) Plus: Noninterest income (GAAP) Total Revenues (GAAP) Less: Noninterest expense (GAAP) Pre-provision Net Revenue (Non-GAAP) Tangible Common Equity (Non-GAAP) (A) Total equity (GAAP) Less: Noncontrolling interest (a) Less: Preferred stock (a) (B) Total common equity Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP) (b) (C) Tangible common equity (Non-GAAP) Less: Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities, net of tax 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,540 $ 2,392 $ 1,994 927 3,467 2,079 815 3,207 1,953 1,076 3,070 2,096 $ 1,388 $ 1,254 $ 974 $ 9,291 $ 8,547 $ 8,494 295 520 8,476 1,696 6,780 (836) 295 1,014 7,238 1,745 5,493 295 520 7,679 1,809 5,870 (972) (36) (D) Adjusted tangible common equity (Non-GAAP) $ 7,616 $ 6,465 $ 5,906 Tangible Assets (Non-GAAP) (E) Total assets (GAAP) Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP) (b) (F) Tangible assets (Non-GAAP) Average Tangible Common Equity (Non-GAAP) Average total equity (GAAP) Less: Average noncontrolling interest (a) Less: Average preferred stock (a) (G) Total average common equity Less: Average goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP) (b) (H) Average tangible common equity (Non-GAAP) Net Income Available to Common Shareholders (I) Net income available to common shareholders Risk Weighted Assets (J) Risk weighted assets (c) Period-end shares outstanding (K) Period-end shares outstanding Ratios $ 81,661 $ 78,953 $ 89,092 1,696 1,745 1,809 $ 79,965 $ 77,208 $ 87,283 $ 8,905 $ 8,579 $ 8,479 295 758 7,852 1,720 295 935 7,349 1,777 295 506 7,678 1,836 $ 6,132 $ 5,572 $ 5,842 $ 865 $ 868 $ 962 $ 71,074 $ 69,163 $ 64,183 558,839 537,101 533,577 (A)/(E) Total period-end equity to period-end assets (GAAP) 11.38 % 10.83 % 9.53 % (C)/(F) Tangible common equity to tangible assets (Non-GAAP) (D)/(J) Adjusted tangible common equity to risk weighted assets (Non-GAAP) (I)/(G) Return on average common equity (GAAP) (I)/(H) Return on average tangible common equity (Non-GAAP) (B)/(K) Book value per common share (GAAP) (C)/(K) Tangible book value per common share (Non-GAAP) 8.48 10.72 11.01 14.11 7.12 9.35 11.81 15.58 6.73 9.20 12.53 16.46 $ 15.17 $ 13.48 $ 14.39 $ 12.13 $ 10.23 $ 11.00 (a) Included in total equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (b) Includes goodwill and other intangible assets, net of amortization. (c) Defined by and calculated in conformity with bank regulations applicable to FHN. 99 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to: 2023 MD&A (Item 7), which begins on page 54 of this report; Note 21—Derivatives, which begins on page 178 of this report; and Note 22—Master Netting and Similar Agreements - Repurchase, Reverse Repurchase, and Securities Borrowing Transactions, which begins on page 185 of this report. Within 2023 MD&A, these sections are especially pertinent to this Item 7A: Market Risk Management and Interest Rate Risk Management which begin, respectively, on pages 82 and 84 of this report. Notes 21 and 22 are part of our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8). 100 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table of Contents ITEM 8 TOPICS Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data TABLE OF ITEM 8 TOPICS Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1 Significant Accounting Policies Note 2 Investment Securities Note 3 Loans and Leases Note 4 Allowance for Credit Losses Note 5 Premises, Equipment, and Leases Note 6 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Note 7 Mortgage Banking Activity Note 8 Deposits Note 9 Short-Term Borrowings Note 10 Term Borrowings Note 11 Preferred Stock Note 12 Regulatory Capital and Restrictions Note 13 Components of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Note 14 Income Taxes Note 15 Earnings Per Share Note 16 Contingencies and Other Disclosures Note 17 Retirement Plans and Other Employee Benefits Note 18 Stock Options, Restricted Stock, and Dividend Reinvestment Plans 103 104 108 109 111 112 113 115 115 128 131 140 143 146 147 148 149 150 152 154 156 157 161 162 164 169 101 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 8 TOPICS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 19 Business Segment Information Note 20 Variable Interest Entities Note 21 Derivatives Note 22 Master Netting and Similar Agreements - Repurchase, Reverse Repurchase, and Securities Borrowing Transactions Note 23 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Note 24 Parent Company Financial Information 172 175 178 185 187 202 102 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents MANAGEMENT REPORT ON ICOFR ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management at First Horizon Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. First Horizon Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Even effective internal controls, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations such as the possibility of human error or of circumvention or overriding of controls, and consideration of cost in relation to benefit of a control. Moreover, effectiveness must necessarily be considered according to the existing state of the art of internal control. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal controls may diminish over time. Management assessed the effectiveness of First Horizon Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. This assessment was based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment and those criteria, management believes that First Horizon Corporation maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited First Horizon Corporation's financial statements, issued an audit report on First Horizon Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. That report appears on the following page. 103 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents OPINION ON ICOFR ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors First Horizon Corporation: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited First Horizon Corporation and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Memphis, Tennessee February 22, 2024 104 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents OPINION ON CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors First Horizon Corporation: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Horizon Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Assessment of the allowance for loan losses for loans collectively evaluated for impairment As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s total allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2023 was $773 million, of which a portion related to the allowance for loan losses for loans collectively evaluated for impairment (the collective ALLL). The collective ALLL includes the measure of expected credit losses on a collective (pooled) basis for those loans that share similar risk characteristics. The Company estimated the collective ALLL using a current expected credit losses methodology which is based on internal and external information relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions that affect the collectability of future cash flows. The expected credit losses are the product of multiplying the Company’s estimates of probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), and individual loan level exposure at 105 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents OPINION ON CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA default (EAD), including amortization and prepayment assumptions, on an undiscounted basis. The Company uses models or assumptions to develop expected loss forecasts, inclusive of qualitative adjustments that are affected by the weighting of multiple macroeconomic forecast scenarios over a four year reasonable and supportable forecast period. After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company immediately reverts to its historical loss averages, evaluated over the historical observation period, for the remaining estimated life of the loans. In order to capture the unique risks of the loan portfolio within the PD, LGD, and prepayment models, the Company segments the portfolio into pools, generally incorporating loan grades for commercial loans. The Company uses qualitative adjustments to adjust historical loss information in situations where current loan characteristics differ from those in the historical loss information and for differences in economic conditions and other factors. We identified the assessment of the collective ALLL as a critical audit matter. A high degree of audit effort, including specialized skills and knowledge, and subjective and complex auditor judgment was involved in the assessment of the collective ALLL due to significant measurement uncertainty. Specifically, the assessment encompassed the evaluation of the collective ALLL methodology, including the methods and models used to estimate the PD, LGD, and prepayments and their significant assumptions, which included the selection of the economic forecast scenarios and the weighting of each economic scenario. The assessment also included the evaluation of certain qualitative adjustments and their significant assumptions. The significant assumptions are sensitive to variation, such that minor changes in the assumption can cause significant changes in the estimates. The assessment also included an evaluation of the conceptual soundness and performance of the PD, LGD, and prepayments models. In addition, auditor judgment was required to evaluate the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s measurement of the collective ALLL estimate, including controls over the: • • • • • • assessment of the collective ALLL methodology performance monitoring of the PD, LGD and prepayment models continued use and appropriateness of changes to the PD, LGD, and prepayment models, including the significant assumptions used in the PD, LGD, and prepayment models selection of the economic scenarios and the weighting of each economic scenario development of the qualitative adjustments, including the significant assumptions used in the measurement of the qualitative adjustments analysis of the collective ALLL results, trends, and ratios. We evaluated the Company’s process to develop the collective ALLL estimate by testing certain sources of data, factors, and assumptions that the Company used, and considered the relevance and reliability of such data, factors, and assumptions. In addition, we involved credit risk professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in: • • • • evaluating the Company’s collective ALLL methodology for compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles evaluating judgments made by the Company relative to the performance testing of the PD, LGD, and prepayment models by comparing them to relevant Company-specific metrics and trends and the applicable industry and regulatory practices assessing the conceptual soundness and performance testing of the PD, LGD, and prepayment models by inspecting the model documentation to determine whether the models are suitable for their intended use evaluating the selection of the economic forecast scenarios and the weighting applied to each scenario by comparing them to the Company’s business environment and relevant industry practices 106 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents OPINION ON CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA • evaluating the methodology used to develop the qualitative adjustments and the effect of those adjustments on the collective ALLL compared with relevant credit risk factors and consistency with credit trends and identified limitations of the underlying quantitative models. We also assessed the sufficiency of the audit evidence obtained related to the collective ALLL estimate by evaluating the: • • • cumulative results of the audit procedures qualitative aspects of the Company’s accounting practice potential bias in the accounting estimates. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002. Memphis, Tennessee February 22, 2024 107 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Consolidated Balance Sheets (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Assets Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell Trading securities Securities available for sale at fair value Securities held to maturity (fair value of $1,161 and $1,209, respectively) Loans held for sale (including $68 and $51 at fair value, respectively) Loans and leases Allowance for loan and lease losses Net loans and leases Premises and equipment Goodwill Other intangible assets Other assets Total assets Liabilities Noninterest-bearing deposits Interest-bearing deposits Total deposits Trading liabilities Short-term borrowings Term borrowings Other liabilities Total liabilities Equity Preferred stock, Non-cumulative perpetual, no par value; authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued 26,750 and 31,686 shares, respectively Common stock, $0.625 par value; authorized 700,000,000 shares; issued 558,838,694 and 537,100,615 shares, respectively Capital surplus Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net FHN shareholders' equity Noncontrolling interest Total equity Total liabilities and equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. December 31, 2023 2022 $ 1,012 $ 1,328 719 1,412 8,391 1,323 502 61,292 (773) 60,519 590 1,510 186 4,169 1,061 1,384 482 1,375 8,836 1,371 590 58,102 (685) 57,417 612 1,511 234 4,080 81,661 $ 78,953 $ $ 17,204 $ 48,576 65,780 509 2,549 1,150 2,382 72,370 520 349 5,351 3,964 (1,188) 8,996 295 9,291 23,466 40,023 63,489 335 2,506 1,597 2,479 70,406 1,014 336 4,840 3,430 (1,368) 8,252 295 8,547 78,953 $ 81,661 $ 108 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Consolidated Statements of Income (Dollars in millions, except per share data; shares in thousands) Year Ended December 31 2023 2022 2021 $ 3,575 $ 51 2,292 $ 39 Interest income Interest and fees on loans and leases Interest and fees on loans held for sale Interest on investment securities Interest on trading securities Interest on other earning assets Total interest income Interest expense Interest on deposits Interest on trading liabilities Interest on short-term borrowings Interest on term borrowings Total interest expense Net interest income Provision (benefit) for credit losses Net interest income after provision for credit losses Noninterest income Deposit transactions and cash management Fixed income Brokerage, management fees and commissions Card and digital banking fees Other service charges and fees Trust services and investment management Mortgage banking and title income Gain on merger termination Securities gains (losses), net Other income Total noninterest income Noninterest expense Personnel expense Net occupancy expense Deposit insurance expense Computer software Operations services Advertising and public relations Contributions Legal and professional fees Contract employment and outsourcing Amortization of intangible assets Equipment expense Communications and delivery Impairment of long-lived assets Other expense Total noninterest expense 1,957 33 121 30 17 2,158 81 6 5 72 164 1,994 (310) 2,304 175 406 88 78 44 51 154 — 13 67 198 58 96 2,683 184 12 23 72 291 2,392 95 2,297 171 205 92 84 54 48 68 — 18 75 815 1,076 1,101 128 32 113 87 50 7 62 54 51 45 37 — 1,210 137 24 116 80 37 14 68 67 56 47 37 34 247 78 149 4,100 1,266 12 210 72 1,560 2,540 260 2,280 179 133 90 77 54 47 23 225 (4) 103 927 1,100 123 122 111 87 71 61 49 49 47 42 35 — 182 2,079 186 1,953 169 2,096 109 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to controlling interest Preferred stock dividends Net income available to common shareholders Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Weighted average common shares Diluted average common shares See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. $ $ $ $ $ 1,128 212 1,159 247 916 $ 912 $ 19 12 897 $ 900 $ 32 865 $ 1.58 $ 1.54 $ 32 868 $ 1.62 $ 1.53 $ 1,284 274 1,010 11 999 37 962 1.76 1.74 548,410 561,732 535,033 566,004 546,354 551,241 110 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Dollars in millions) Net income Year Ended December 31 2023 2022 2021 $ 916 $ 912 $ 1,010 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges Net unrealized gains (losses) on pension and other postretirement plans Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling interest Income tax expense (benefit) of items included in other comprehensive income: Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges Net unrealized gains (losses) on pension and other postretirement plans $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 137 47 (4) 180 1,096 19 (937) (129) (14) (1,080) (168) 12 1,077 $ (180) $ 44 $ (302) $ 15 (1) (42) (5) (144) (10) 6 (148) 862 11 851 (46) (3) 2 111 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Dollars in millions, except per share data; shares in thousands) Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (a) Noncontrolling Interest Total Balance, December 31, 2020 26,250 $ 470 555,031 $ 347 $ 5,074 $ 2,261 $ (140) $ 295 $ 8,307 Preferred Stock Common Stock Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Cash dividends declared: Preferred stock Common stock ($0.60 per share) Preferred stock issuance (1,500 shares issued at $100,000 per share net of offering costs) Call of preferred stock Common stock repurchased (b) Common stock issued for: Stock options exercised and restricted stock awards Stock-based compensation expense Dividends declared - noncontrolling interest of subsidiary preferred stock — — — — — — — — 1,500 (1,000) 145 (95) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (25,063) (16) (400) — — — — — — — 3,609 — — Balance, December 31, 2021 26,750 520 533,577 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Cash dividends declared: Preferred stock Common stock ($0.60 per share) — — — — Preferred stock issuance (4,936 shares issued at $100,000 per share) 4,936 Common stock repurchased Common stock issued for: Stock options exercised and restricted stock awards Stock-based compensation expense Dividends declared - noncontrolling interest of subsidiary preferred stock — — — — — — — — 494 — — — — — — — — — (577) 4,101 — — Balance, December 31, 2022 31,686 1,014 537,101 Adjustment to reflect adoption of ASU 2022-02 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Cash dividends declared: Preferred stock Common stock ($0.60 per share) Preferred stock conversion Common stock repurchased Common stock issued for: Stock options exercised and restricted stock awards Series G preferred stock conversion Stock-based compensation expense Dividends declared - noncontrolling interest of subsidiary preferred stock — — — — — — — — — — (4,936) (494) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (807) 2,802 19,743 — — 999 — (32) (332) — (5) — — — — 26 43 — 4,743 2,891 — — — — — (12) 34 75 — 900 — (32) (329) — — — — — — (148) — — — — — — — — (288) — (1,080) — — — — — — — 4,840 3,430 (1,368) — — — — — — (9) 5 481 34 — 4 897 — (32) (335) — — — — — — — — 180 — — — — — — — — 2 — — 333 — — — — — — 3 — — 336 — — — — — — (1) — 12 2 — 11 — — — — — — — — 1,010 (148) (32) (332) 145 (100) (416) 28 43 (11) 295 12 — (11) 8,494 912 (1,080) — — — — — — (32) (329) 494 (12) 37 75 (12) 295 (12) 8,547 — 19 — — — — — — — — 4 916 180 (32) (335) (494) (10) 5 493 36 (19) (19) Balance, December 31, 2023 26,750 $ 520 558,839 $ 349 $ 5,351 $ 3,964 $ (1,188) $ 295 $ 9,291 (a) Due to the nature of the preferred stock issued by FHN and its subsidiaries, all components of other comprehensive income (loss) have been attributed solely to FHN as the controlling interest holder. (b) 2021 includes $401 million repurchased under share repurchase programs. See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 112 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in millions) Operating Activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Year Ended December 31 2023 2022 2021 $ 916 $ 912 $ 1,010 Provision (benefit) for credit losses Deferred income tax expense (benefit) Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment Amortization of intangible assets Net other amortization and accretion Net decrease in trading securities Net (increase) decrease in derivatives Stock-based compensation expense Securities (gains) losses, net Loss on debt extinguishment Net (gains) losses on sale/disposal of fixed assets Gain on divestiture (Gain) loss on BOLI Loans held for sale: Purchases and originations Gross proceeds from settlements and sales (Gain) loss due to fair value adjustments and other Other operating activities, net Total adjustments Net cash provided by operating activities Investing Activities Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale Purchases of securities available for sale Purchases of securities held to maturity Proceeds from prepayments of securities held to maturity Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment Purchases of premises and equipment Proceeds from BOLI Net (increase) decrease in loans and leases Net (increase) decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks Cash received for divestitures Other investing activities, net Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Financing Activities Common stock: Stock options exercised Cash dividends paid Repurchase of shares Preferred stock issuance Call of preferred stock Cash dividends paid - preferred stock - noncontrolling interest Cash dividends paid - preferred stock Net increase (decrease) in deposits 260 44 55 47 — 1,163 (314) 36 4 — — (9) (7) (2,295) 1,183 (12) 228 383 1,299 — 856 (261) — 53 1 (37) 14 (3,303) 56 11 5 (2,605) 5 (335) (10) — — (17) (32) 95 91 59 51 (25) 2,120 524 75 (18) — (1) — (9) (3,728) 2,310 107 (272) 1,379 2,291 — 1,351 (2,767) (712) 55 18 (28) 22 (3,204) 13,523 — 75 8,333 36 (324) (12) 494 — (11) (32) (310) — 61 56 (72) 1,824 412 43 (13) 26 29 — (8) (6,644) 4,451 (205) 65 (285) 725 68 2,771 (3,736) (720) 17 42 (53) 22 3,525 (6,556) — 19 (4,601) 28 (333) (416) 145 (100) (11) (33) 2,289 (11,406) 4,919 113 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings Increases (decreases) in term borrowings Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Supplemental Disclosures Total interest paid Total taxes paid Total taxes refunded Transfer from loans to OREO Transfer from loans HFS to trading securities Transfer from loans to loans HFS Preferred stock conversion to common stock See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. $ $ 43 (449) 1,494 188 1,543 1,731 $ 1,428 $ 123 19 4 1,212 7 493 382 4 (10,869) (245) 1,788 1,543 $ 280 $ 20 7 3 1,893 — — (75) (108) 4,016 140 1,648 1,788 170 258 30 4 2,232 31 — 114 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Accounting The consolidated financial statements of FHN, including its subsidiaries, have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and follow general practices within the industries in which it operates. This preparation requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements and could differ from actual results. TD Transaction As previously disclosed, on February 27, 2022, FHN entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “TD Merger Agreement”) with The Toronto-Dominion Bank, a Canadian chartered bank (“TD”), and certain TD subsidiaries. On May 4, 2023, FHN and TD mutually terminated the TD Merger Agreement. Under the terms of the termination agreement, TD made a $200 million cash payment to FHN, in addition to the $25 million fee reimbursement due to FHN pursuant to the TD Merger Agreement. Merger and integration planning expenses related to the transactions associated with the TD Merger Agreement ("TD Transaction") are recorded in FHN’s Corporate segment. Expenses recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $51 million and $87 million, respectively. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FHN and other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. Variable Interest Entities for which FHN or a subsidiary has been determined to be the primary beneficiary are also consolidated. Affiliates for which FHN is not considered the primary beneficiary and in which FHN does not have a controlling financial interest are accounted for by the equity method. These investments are included in other assets, and FHN’s proportionate share of income or loss is included in noninterest income. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Revenues Revenue is recognized when the performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a client are satisfied in an amount that reflects the consideration FHN expects to be entitled. FHN derives a significant portion of its revenues from fee-based services. Noninterest income from transaction-based fees is generally recognized immediately upon completion of the transaction. Noninterest income from service-based fees is generally recognized over the period in which FHN provides the service. Any services performed over time generally require that FHN render services each period and therefore FHN measures progress in completing these services based upon the passage of time and recognizes revenue as invoiced. Following is a discussion of FHN's key revenues within the scope of ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", except as noted. Fixed Income Fixed income includes fixed income securities sales, trading, and strategies, loan sales and derivative sales which are not within the scope of revenue from contracts with customers. Fixed income also includes investment banking fees earned for services related to underwriting debt securities and performing portfolio advisory services. FHN's performance obligation for underwriting services is satisfied on the trade date while advisory services is satisfied over time. Mortgage Banking and Title Income Mortgage banking and title income includes mortgage servicing income, title income, mortgage loan originations and sales, derivative settlements, as well as any changes in fair value recorded on mortgage loans and derivatives. Mortgage banking income from 1) sale of loans, 2) settlement of derivatives, 3) changes in fair value of loans, derivatives and servicing rights and 4) servicing of loans are not within the scope of revenue from contracts with customers. Prior to the sale of this business during 2022, title income was earned when FHN fulfilled its performance obligation at the point in time when the services were completed. Deposit Transactions and Cash Management Deposit transactions and cash management activities include fees for services related to consumer and commercial deposit products (such as service charges on checking accounts), cash management products and services such as electronic transaction processing (Automated Clearing House and Electronic Data Interchange), account reconciliation services, cash vault services, lockbox processing, and information reporting to large corporate clients. FHN's obligation for transaction- based services is satisfied at the time of the transaction when the service is delivered while FHN's obligation for service based fees is satisfied over the course of each month. 115 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Brokerage, Management Fees and Commissions Statements of Cash Flows Brokerage, management fees and commissions include fees for portfolio management, trade commissions, and annuity and mutual fund sales. Asset-based management fees are charged based on the market value of the client’s assets. The services associated with these revenues, which include investment advice and active management of client assets are generally performed and recognized over a month or quarter. Transactional revenues are based on the size and number of transactions executed at the client’s direction and are generally recognized on the trade date. Trust Services and Investment Management Trust services and investment management fees include investment management, personal trust, employee benefits, and custodial trust services. Obligations for trust services are generally satisfied over time but may be satisfied at points in time for certain activities that are transactional in nature. Card and Digital Banking Fees Card and digital banking fees include credit interchange and network revenues and various card-related fees. Interchange income is recognized concurrently with the delivery of services on a daily basis. Card-related fees such as late fees, currency conversion, and cash advance fees are loan-related and excluded from the scope of ASC 606. Contract Balances As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accounts receivable related to products and services on non-interest income were $13 million and $12 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, FHN had no material impairment losses on non-interest accounts receivable and there were no material contract assets, contract liabilities or deferred contract costs recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023. Credit risk is assessed on these accounts receivable each reporting period and the amount of estimated uncollectible receivables is not material. Transaction Price Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods was not material. Revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less and contracts where revenue is recognized as invoiced, is not material. Refer to Note 19 - Business Segment Information for a reconciliation of disaggregated revenue by major product line and reportable segment. For purposes of these statements, cash and due from banks, federal funds sold, and securities purchased under agreements to resell are considered cash and cash equivalents. Federal funds are usually sold for one-day periods, and securities purchased under agreements to resell are short-term, highly liquid investments. Interest-Bearing Deposits With Banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks primarily consist of funds on deposit with the Federal Reserve and collateral posted with derivative counterparties. Interest is earned at overnight rates. Debt Investment Securities Debt securities that may be sold prior to maturity are classified as AFS and are carried at fair value. The unrealized gains and losses on debt securities AFS, including securities for which no credit impairment exists, are excluded from earnings and are reported, net of tax, as a component of other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity and the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Debt securities which management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are reported at amortized cost. See Note 23 - Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities for additional information. Realized gains and losses (i.e., from sales) for debt investment securities are determined by the specific identification method and reported in noninterest income. The evaluation of credit risk for HTM debt securities mirrors the process described below for loans held for investment. AFS debt securities are reviewed for potential credit impairment at the individual security level. The evaluation of credit risk includes consideration of third- party and government guarantees (both explicit and implicit), senior or subordinated status, credit ratings of the issuer, the effects of interest rate changes since purchase and observable market information such as issuer-specific credit spreads. Credit losses for AFS debt securities are generally recognized through establishment of an allowance for credit losses that cannot exceed the amount by which amortized cost exceeds fair value. Charge-offs are recorded as reductions of the security’s amortized cost and the credit allowance. Subsequent improvements in estimated credit losses result in reduction of the credit allowance, but not beyond zero. However, if FHN has the intent to sell or if it is more-likely- than-not that it will be compelled to sell a security with an unrecognized loss, the difference between the security's carrying value and fair value is recognized through earnings and a new amortized cost basis is established for the security (i.e., no allowance for credit losses is recognized). FHN has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the fair value and amortized cost basis on debt securities when assessing whether these securities have 116 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA experienced credit impairment. Additionally, FHN has elected to not measure an allowance for credit losses on AIR for debt securities based on its policy to write off uncollectible interest in a timely manner, which generally occurs when delinquency reaches no more than 90 days for all security types. Any such write offs are recognized as a reduction of interest income. AIR for debt securities is included within other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Equity Investments Equity investments are classified in other assets. Banks organized under state law may apply to be members of the Federal Reserve System. Each member bank is required to own stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank. Given this requirement, FRB stock may not be sold, traded, or pledged as collateral for loans. Membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank network requires ownership of capital stock. Member banks are entitled to borrow funds from the FHLB and are required to pledge mortgage loans as collateral. Investments in the FHLB are non- transferable and, generally, membership is maintained primarily to provide a source of liquidity as needed. FRB and FHLB stock are recorded at cost and are subject to impairment reviews. FHN's subsidiary, First Horizon Bank, was a state member bank throughout 2023. Other equity investments primarily consist of mutual funds which are marked to fair value through earnings. Smaller balances of equity investments without a readily determinable fair value are recorded at cost minus impairment with adjustments through earnings for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Federal Funds Sold and Purchased Federal funds sold and purchased represent unsecured overnight funding arrangements between participants in the Federal Reserve system primarily to assist banks in meeting their regulatory cash reserve requirements. Federal Funds Sold are evaluated for credit risk each reporting period. Due to the short duration of each transaction and the history of no credit losses, no credit loss has been recognized. Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase FHN purchases short-term securities under agreements to resell which are accounted for as collateralized financings except where FHN does not have an agreement to sell the same or substantially the same securities before maturity at a fixed or determinable price. All of FHN’s securities purchased under agreements to resell are recognized as collateralized financings. Securities delivered under these transactions are delivered to either the dealer custody account at the FRB or to the applicable counterparty. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are offered to cash management clients as an automated, collateralized investment account. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are also used by the consumer/ commercial bank to obtain favorable borrowing rates on its purchased funds. All of FHN's securities sold under agreements to repurchase are secured borrowings. Collateral is valued daily and FHN may require counterparties to deposit additional securities or cash as collateral, or FHN may return cash or securities previously pledged by counterparties, or FHN may be required to post additional securities or cash as collateral, based on the contractual requirements for these transactions. FHN’s fixed income business utilizes securities borrowing arrangements as part of its trading operations. Securities borrowing transactions generally require FHN to deposit cash with the securities lender. The amount of cash advanced is recorded within securities purchased under agreements to resell in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These transactions are not considered purchases and the securities borrowed are not recognized by FHN. FHN does not conduct securities lending transactions. Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities borrowing arrangements are evaluated for credit risk each reporting period. As presented in Note 22 - Master Netting and Similar Agreements - Repurchase, Reverse Repurchase, and Securities Borrowing Transactions, these agreements are collateralized by the related securities and collateral maintenance provisions with counterparties, including replenishment and adjustment on a transaction specific basis. This collateral includes both the securities collateral for each transaction as well as offsetting securities sold under agreements to repurchase with the same counterparty. Given the history of no credit losses and collateralized nature of these transactions, no credit loss has been recognized. Loans Held for Sale Loans originated or purchased for which management lacks the intent to hold are included in loans held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. FHN generally accounts for loans held for sale at the lower of amortized cost or market value, with an exception for certain mortgage loans held for sale and repurchased loans that are not government insured which are accounted for under the fair value option of reporting. • Fair Value Option Election. These loans consist of originated fixed rate single-family residential mortgage loans that are committed to be sold in the secondary market. Gains and losses on these mortgage loans are included in mortgage banking and title income. • Other loans held for sale. For these loans, gains on sale are recognized through noninterest income. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance that is also recorded as a charge to noninterest income. 117 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Table of Contents Loans and Leases Generally, loans are stated at principal amounts outstanding, net of unearned income. Interest on loans is recognized on an accrual basis at the applicable interest rate on the principal amount outstanding. Loan origination fees and direct costs as well as premiums and discounts are amortized as level yield adjustments over the respective loan terms. Unamortized net fees or costs, premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income upon early repayment of the loans. Loan commitment fees are generally deferred and amortized on a straight- line basis over the commitment period. Equipment financing leases to commercial clients are primarily classified as direct financing and sales-type leases. Equipment financing leases are reported at the net lease investment, which represents the sum of minimum lease payments over the lease term and the estimated residual value, less unearned interest income. Interest income is accrued as earned over the term of the lease based on the net investment in leases. Fees incurred to originate the lease are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the yield on the lease. FHN has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis on its held-for-investment loan portfolio. FHN has also elected to not measure an allowance for credit losses on AIR for loans held for investment based on its policy to write off uncollectible interest in a timely manner, which occurs when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Such write-offs are recognized as a reduction of interest income. AIR for held- for-investment loans is included within other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans Generally, loans are placed on nonaccrual status if it becomes evident that full collection of principal and interest is at risk, impairment has been recognized as a partial charge-off of principal balance due to insufficient collateral value and past due status, or on a case-by-case basis if FHN continues to receive payments, but there are other borrower-specific issues. Consumer loans are generally placed into nonaccrual status no later than 90 days past due. • Residential real estate loans discharged through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“discharged bankruptcies”) are placed on nonaccrual. They are not returned to accrual status even if current and performing in the future. • Current second lien residential real estate loans that are junior to first liens are placed on nonaccrual status if in bankruptcy. When commercial and consumer loans within each portfolio segment and class are placed on nonaccrual status, accrued but uncollected interest is reversed and charged against interest income. Management may elect to continue the accrual of interest when the estimated net realizable value of collateral is sufficient to recover the principal balance and accrued interest. Interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are normally applied to outstanding principal first. Once all principal has been received, additional interest payments are recognized on a cash basis as interest income. Generally, commercial and consumer loans within each portfolio segment and class that have been placed on nonaccrual status can be returned to accrual status if all principal and interest is current and FHN expects full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest. This typically requires that a borrower make payments in accordance with the contractual terms for a sustained period of time (generally for a minimum of six months) before being returned to accrual status. Residential real estate loans discharged through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower are not returned to accrual status. For current second liens that have been placed on nonaccrual because the first lien is 90 or more days past due, the second lien may be returned to accrual upon pay-off or cure of the first lien. Charge-offs For all commercial and consumer loan portfolio segments, all losses of principal are charged to the ALLL in the period in which the loan is deemed to be uncollectible. For consumer loans, the timing of a full or partial charge- off generally depends on the loan type and delinquency status. Generally, for the consumer real estate segment, a loan will be either partially or fully charged-off when it becomes 180 days past due. At this time, if the collateral value does not support foreclosure, balances are fully charged-off and other avenues of recovery are pursued. If the collateral value supports foreclosure, the loan is charged-down to net realizable value (collateral value less estimated costs to sell) and is placed on nonaccrual status. For residential real estate loans discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower, the fair value of the collateral position is assessed at the time FHN is made aware of the discharge and the loan is charged down to the net realizable value (collateral value less estimated costs to sell). Within the credit card and other portfolio segment, credit cards are normally charged-off upon reaching 180 days past due while other non-real estate consumer loans are charged-off or partially charged-off upon reaching 120 days past due. For acquired PCD loans where all or a portion of the loan balance had been charged off prior to acquisition, and for which active collection efforts are still underway, the ALLL recorded at acquisition is immediately charged off if required by FHN’s existing charge off policy. Additionally, FHN is required to consider its existing policies in determining whether to charge off any financial assets, regardless of whether a charge-off was recorded by the predecessor company. The initial ALLL recognized on PCD 118 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA assets includes the gross-up of the loan balance reduced by immediate charge-offs for loans previously charged off by the predecessor company or which meet FHN’s charge- off policy on the date of acquisition. Charge-offs against the allowance related to such acquired PCD loans do not result in an income statement impact. Purchased Credit-Deteriorated Loans At the time of acquisition FHN evaluates all acquired loans to determine if they have experienced a more-than- insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. PCD loans can be identified on either an 1) individual or 2) pooled basis when the loans share similar risk characteristics. FHN evaluates various absolute factors to assist in the identification of PCD loans, including criteria such as, existing PCD status, risk rating of special mention or lower, nonaccrual or impaired status, identification of prior loan modifications, and delinquency status. FHN also utilizes relative factors to identify PCD loans such as commercial loan grade migration, expansion of borrower credit spreads, declines in external risk ratings and changes in consumer loan characteristics (e.g., FICO decline or LTV increase). In addition, factors reflective of broad economic considerations are also considered in identifying PCD loans. These include industry, collateral type, and geographic location for the borrower’s operations. Internal factors for origination of new loans that are similar to the acquired loans are also evaluated to assess loans for PCD status, including increases in required yields, necessity of borrowers’ providing additional collateral and/or guarantees and changes in acceptable loan duration. Other indicators may also be used to evaluate loans for PCD status depending on borrower- specific communications and actions, such public statements, initiation of loan modification discussions and obtaining emergency funding from alternate sources. Upon acquisition, the expected credit losses are allocated to the purchase price of individual PCD loans to determine each individual asset's amortized cost basis, typically resulting in a reduction of the discount that is accreted prospectively to interest income. At the acquisition date and prospectively, only the unpaid principal balance is incorporated within the estimation of expected credit losses for PCD loans. Otherwise, the process for estimation of expected credit losses is consistent with that discussed below. As discussed below FHN applies undiscounted cash flow methodologies for the estimation of expected credit losses, which results in the calculated amount of credit losses at acquisition that is added to the amortized cost basis of the related PCD loans to exceed the discounted value of estimated credit losses included in the loan valuation. For PCD loans where all or a portion of the loan balance has been previously written-off, or would be subject to write-off under FHN’s charge-off policy, the initial ALLL included as part of the grossed-up loan balance at acquisition was immediately written-off, resulting in a zero period-end allowance balance and no impact on the ALLL rollforward. Allowance for Credit Losses The nature of the process by which FHN determines the appropriate ACL requires the exercise of considerable judgment. The ACL is determined in accordance with ASC 326-20 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" which was adopted on January 1, 2020. See Note 4 - Allowance for Credit Losses for a discussion of FHN’s ACL methodology and a description of the models utilized in the estimation process for the commercial and consumer loan portfolios. Future adjustments to the ACL may be necessary if economic or other conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the estimates or, if required by regulators, based upon information at the time of their examinations or upon future regulatory guidance. Such adjustments to original estimates, as necessary, are made in the period in which these factors and other relevant considerations indicate that loss levels vary from previous estimates. Management's estimate of expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio is recorded in the ALLL and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments, collectively the ACL. The ACL is maintained at a level that management determines is appropriate to absorb current expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio and unfunded lending commitments. Management uses analytical models to estimate expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio and unfunded lending commitments as of the balance sheet date. The models are carefully reviewed to identify trends that may not be captured in the modeled loss estimates. Management uses qualitative adjustments for those items not reflected in the modeled loss information such as recent changes from the macroeconomic forecasts utilized in model calculations, results of additional stressed modeling scenarios, observed and/or expected changes affecting borrowers in specific industries or geographic areas, exposure to large lending relationships and expected recoveries of prior charge offs. Qualitative adjustments are also used to accommodate for the imprecision of certain assumptions and uncertainties inherent in the model calculations as well as to align certain differences in models used by acquired loan portfolios to the methodologies described herein. Loans accounted for at elected fair value are excluded from CECL measurements. The ALLL is increased by the provision for loan and lease losses and is decreased by loan charge-offs. Credit loss estimation is based on the amortized cost of loans, which includes the following: 1. Unpaid principal balance for originated assets or acquisition price for purchased assets 2. Accrued interest (see elections discussed previously) 119 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 3. Accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs 4. Collection of cash 5. Charge-offs Premiums, discounts and net deferred origination costs/ fees affect the calculated amount of expected credit losses but they are not considered when determining the amount of expected credit losses that are recorded. Under CECL, a loan must be pooled when it shares similar risk characteristics with other loans. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated individually. Expected credit loss is estimated for the remaining life of loan(s), which is limited to the remaining contractual term(s), adjusted for prepayment estimates, which are included as separate inputs into modeled loss estimates. Renewals and extensions are not anticipated unless they are included in existing loan documentation and are not unconditionally cancellable by the lender. However, prior to January 1, 2023, losses were estimated over the estimated remaining life of reasonably expected TDRs which could extend beyond the current remaining contractual term. Management has developed multiple current expected credit losses models which segment the loan and lease portfolio by borrower type and loan or lease type to estimate expected lifetime expected credit losses for loans and leases that share similar risk characteristics. Estimates of expected credit losses incorporate consideration of available information that is relevant to assessing the collectability of future cash flows. This includes internal and external information relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. FHN utilizes internal and external historical loss information, as applicable, for all available historical periods as the initial point for estimating expected credit losses. Given the duration of historical information available, FHN considers its internal loss history to fully incorporate the effects of prior credit cycles. The historical loss information may be adjusted in situations where current loan characteristics (e.g., underwriting criteria) differ from those in existence at the time the historical losses occurred. Historical loss information is also adjusted for differences in economic conditions, macroeconomic forecasts and other factors management considers relevant over a period extending beyond the measurement date which is considered reasonable and supportable. FHN generally measures expected credit losses using undiscounted cash flow methodologies. Credit enhancements (e.g., guarantors) that are not freestanding are considered in the estimation of uncollectible cash flows. Estimation of expected credit losses for loan agreements involving collateral maintenance provisions include consideration of the value of the collateral and replenishment requirements, with the maximum loss limited to the difference between the amortized cost of the loan and the fair value of the collateral. Expected credit losses for loans for which foreclosure is probable are measured at the fair value of collateral, less estimated costs to sell when disposition through sale is anticipated. Additionally, for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty certain loans are valued at the fair value of collateral when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is reduced for estimated costs to sell when repayment is expected through sale of the collateral. Prior to January 1, 2023, expected credit losses for TDRs were measured in accordance with ASC 310-40, which generally required a discounted cash flow methodology, whereby the loans were measured based on the present value of expected future payments discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Subsequent to December 31, 2022, in accordance with the provisions of ASU 2022-02, FHN has ceased recognition of TDRs and no longer performs discounted cash flow calculations for these loans to estimate expected credit losses. FHN now monitors and discloses information associated with modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For both commercial and consumer portfolio segments, an adjustment to the ACL is generally not recorded at the time of modification because FHN includes these modified loans in its quantitative loss estimation processes. In the event of principal forgiveness, which primarily occurs for commercial loan workouts and consumer loans experiencing bankruptcy, FHN records the reduction in expected collectible principal balance as a charge-off against the ALLL. Expected recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are also included as a qualitative adjustment in the estimation of expected credit losses, which reduces the amount of the allowance recognized. Estimates of recoveries on previously charged-off assets included in the allowance for loan losses do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off for an individual loan or pool. Since CECL requires the estimation of credit losses for the entire expected life of loans, loss estimates are highly sensitive to changes in macroeconomic forecasts, especially when those forecasts change dramatically in short time periods. Additionally, under CECL credit loss estimates are more likely to increase rapidly in periods of loan growth. Expected credit losses for unfunded commitments are estimated for periods where the commitment is not unconditionally cancellable by FHN. The measurement of expected credit losses for unfunded commitments mirrors that of loans with the additional estimate of future draw rates (timing and amount). The liability for credit losses inherent in lending-related commitments, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, is included in 120 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and established through a charge to the provision for credit losses. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization and include additions that materially extend the useful lives of existing premises and equipment. All other maintenance and repair expenditures are expensed as incurred. Premises and equipment held for sale are generally valued at appraised values which reference recent disposition values for similar property types but also consider marketability discounts for vacant properties. The valuations of premises and equipment held for sale are reduced by estimated costs to sell. Impairments, and any subsequent recoveries, are recorded in noninterest expense. Gains and losses on dispositions are reflected in noninterest income and expense, respectively. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets and are recorded as noninterest expense. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the lease periods or the estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Useful lives utilized in determining depreciation for furniture, fixtures and equipment and for buildings are three years to fifteen years and seven years to forty-five years, respectively. Other Real Estate Owned Real estate acquired by foreclosure or other real estate- owned consists of properties that have been acquired in satisfaction of debt. These properties are carried at the lower of the outstanding loan amount or estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell the real estate. At the time acquired, and in conjunction with the transfer from loans to OREO, there is a charge-off against the ALLL if the estimated fair value less costs to sell is less than the loan’s cost basis. Subsequent declines in fair value and gains or losses on dispositions, if any, are charged to other expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Required developmental costs associated with acquired property under construction are capitalized and included in determining the estimated net realizable value of the property, which is reviewed periodically, and any write- downs are charged against current earnings. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of cost over net assets of acquired businesses less identifiable intangible assets. On an annual basis, or more frequently if necessary, FHN assesses goodwill for impairment. Other intangible assets primarily represent client lists and relationships, acquired contracts, covenants not to compete and premium on purchased deposits, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets related to acquired deposit bases are primarily amortized over 10 years using an accelerated method. Management evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining useful life or carrying value of amortizing intangibles should be revised. Other intangibles also include smaller amounts of non- amortizing intangibles for title plant and state banking licenses. Servicing Rights FHN recognizes the rights to service mortgage and other loans as separate assets, which are recorded in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, when purchased or when servicing is contractually separated from the underlying loans by sale with servicing rights retained. For loan sales with servicing retained, a servicing right, generally an asset, is recorded at fair value at the time of sale for the right to service the loans sold. All servicing rights are identified by class and amortized over the remaining life of the loan with periodic reviews for impairment. Transfers of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets, or portions thereof which meet the definition of a participating interest, are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when 1) the assets have been legally isolated from FHN, 2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the assets with no conditions that constrain the transferee and provide more than a trivial benefit to FHN, and 3) FHN does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If the transfer does not satisfy all three criteria, the transaction is recorded as a secured borrowing. If the transfer is accounted for as a sale, the transferred assets are derecognized from FHN’s balance sheet and a gain or loss on sale is recognized. If the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing, the transferred assets remain on FHN’s balance sheet and the proceeds from the transaction are recognized as a liability. Derivative Financial Instruments FHN accounts for derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC 815 which requires recognition of all derivative instruments on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at fair value through adjustments to either accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity or current earnings. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell a derivative asset or paid to transfer a derivative liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the transaction date. Fair value is determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. FHN has elected to present its derivative assets and liabilities gross on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts of collateral posted or received have not been netted with the related derivatives unless the collateral amounts are considered legal settlements of the related derivative positions. See 121 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 21 - Derivatives for discussion on netting of derivatives. FHN prepares written hedge documentation, identifying the risk management objective and designating the derivative instrument as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge as applicable, or as a free-standing derivative instrument entered into as an economic hedge or to meet clients’ needs. All transactions designated as ASC 815 hedges must be assessed at inception and on an ongoing basis as to the effectiveness of the derivative instrument in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. For a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument and changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk are recognized currently in earnings. For a cash flow hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to earnings as the hedged transaction impacts net income. For fair value hedges, the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of effectiveness is recorded to the same financial statement line item (e.g., interest expense) used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item. For cash flow hedges, the entire fair value change of the hedging instrument that is included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is initially recorded in other comprehensive income and later recycled into earnings as the hedged transaction(s) affect net income with the income statement effects recorded in the same financial statement line item used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item (e.g., interest income). For free-standing derivative instruments, changes in fair values are recognized currently in earnings. See Note 21 - Derivatives for additional information. Cash flows from derivative contracts are reported as operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Leases At inception, all arrangements are evaluated to determine if they contain a lease, which is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control is deemed to exist when a lessor has granted and a lessee has received both the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset and the right to direct the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. Lessee As a lessee, FHN recognizes lease (right-of-use) assets and lease liabilities for all leasing arrangements with lease terms that are greater than one year. The lease asset and lease liability are recognized at the present value of estimated future lease payments, including estimated renewal periods, with the discount rate reflecting a fully- collateralized rate matching the estimated lease term. Renewal options are included in the estimated lease term if they are considered reasonably certain of exercise. Periods covered by termination options are included in the lease term if it is reasonably certain they will not be exercised. Additionally, prepaid or accrued lease payments, lease incentives and initial direct costs related to lease arrangements are recognized within the right-of- use asset. Each lease is classified as a financing or operating lease which depends on the relationship of the lessee’s rights to the economic value of the leased asset. For finance leases, interest on the lease liability is recognized separately from amortization of the right-of- use asset in earnings, resulting in higher expense in the earlier portion of the lease term. For operating leases, a single lease cost is calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term on a generally straight-line basis. Substantially all of FHN’s lessee arrangements are classified as operating leases. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, FHN does not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities and expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease assumptions and classification are reassessed upon the occurrence of events that result in changes to the estimated lease term or consideration. Modifications to lease contracts are evaluated to determine 1) if a right to use an additional asset has been obtained, 2) if only the lease term and/or consideration have been revised or 3) if a full or partial termination has occurred. If an additional right-of use-asset has been obtained, the modification is treated as a separate contract and its classification is evaluated as a new lease arrangement. If only the lease term or consideration are changed, the lease liability is revalued with an offset to the lease asset and the lease classification is re-assessed. If a modification results in a full or partial termination of the lease, the lease liability is revalued through earnings along with a proportionate reduction in the value of the related lease asset and subsequent expense recognition is similar to a new lease arrangement. Lease assets are evaluated for impairment when triggering events occur, such as a change in management intent regarding the continued occupation of the leased space. If a lease asset is impaired, it is written down to the present value of estimated future cash flows and the prospective expense recognition for that lease follows the accelerated expense recognition methodology applicable to finance leases, even if it remains classified as an operating lease. Sublease arrangements are accounted for consistent with the lessor accounting described below. Sublease arrangements are evaluated to determine if changes to estimates for the primary lease are warranted or if the sublease terms reflect impairment of the related lease asset. 122 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Lease assets are recognized in other assets and lease liabilities are recognized in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Since substantially all of its leasing arrangements relate to real estate, FHN records lease expense, and any related sublease income, within Occupancy expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Lessor As a lessor, FHN also evaluates its lease arrangements to determine whether a finance lease or an operating lease exists and utilizes the rate implicit in the lease arrangement as the discount rate to calculate the present value of future cash flows. Depending upon the terms of the individual agreements, finance leases represent either sales-type or direct financing leases, both of which require de-recognition of the asset being leased with offsetting recognition of a lease receivable that is evaluated for impairment similar to loans. Other than equipment leases entered into as part of commercial lease financing arrangements, all of FHN's lessor arrangements are considered operating leases. Lease income for operating leases is recognized over the life of the lease, generally on a straight-line basis. Lease incentives and initial direct costs are capitalized and amortized over the estimated life of the lease. Lease income is not significant for any reporting periods and is classified as a reduction of net occupancy expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Investment Tax Credit FHN has elected to utilize the deferral method for acquired investments that generate investment tax credits. This includes both solar and historic tax credit investments. Under this approach the investment tax credits are recorded as an offset to the related investment on the balance sheet. Credit amounts are recognized in earnings over the life of the investment within the same income or expense accounts as used for the investment. Advertising and Public Relations Advertising and public relations costs are generally expensed as incurred. Income Taxes FHN accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method pursuant to ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, FHN’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the corresponding tax basis of certain assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on DTAs and DTLs is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Additionally, DTAs are subject to a “more likely than not” test to determine whether the full amount of the DTAs should be recognized in the financial statements. FHN evaluates the likelihood of realization of the DTA based on both positive and negative evidence available at the time, including (as appropriate) scheduled reversals of DTLs, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. If the “more likely than not” test is not met, a valuation allowance must be established against the DTA. In the event FHN determines that DTAs are realizable in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, FHN would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance, which would reduce income tax expense. FHN records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) it is determined whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority is recognized. FHN's ASC 740 policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax asset/liability line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. FHN and its eligible subsidiaries are included in a consolidated federal income tax return. FHN files separate returns for subsidiaries that are not eligible to be included in a consolidated federal income tax return. Based on the laws of the applicable state where it conducts business operations, FHN either files consolidated, combined, or separate returns. Earnings per Share Earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for each period. Diluted earnings per share in net income periods is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential dilutive common shares resulting from performance shares and units, restricted shares and units, and options granted under FHN’s equity compensation plans and deferred compensation arrangements had been issued. FHN utilizes the treasury stock method in this calculation. Diluted earnings per share does not reflect an adjustment for potentially dilutive shares in periods in which a net loss available to common shareholders exists. 123 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Equity Compensation Legal Costs ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FHN accounts for its employee stock-based compensation plans using the grant date fair value of an award to determine the expense to be recognized over the life of the award. Stock options are valued using an option- pricing model, such as Black-Scholes. Restricted and performance shares and share units are valued at the stock price on the grant date. For awards with service vesting criteria, expense is recognized using the straight- line method over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). Forfeitures are recognized when they occur. For awards vesting based on a performance measure, anticipated performance is projected to determine the number of awards expected to vest, and the corresponding aggregate expense is adjusted to reflect the elapsed portion of the performance period. If a performance period extends beyond the required service term, total expense is adjusted for changes in estimated achievement through the end of the performance period. Some performance awards include a total shareholder return modifier (“TSR Modifier”) that operates after determination of the performance criteria, affecting only the quantity of awards issued if the minimum performance threshold is attained. The effect of the TSR Modifier is included in the grant date fair value of the related performance awards using a Monte Carlo valuation technique. The fair value of equity awards with cash payout requirements, as well as awards for which fair value cannot be estimated at grant date, is remeasured each reporting period through vesting date. Performance awards with pre-grant date achievement criteria are expensed over the period from the start of the performance period through the end of the service vesting term. Awards are amortized using the nonsubstantive vesting methodology which requires that expense associated with awards having only service vesting criteria that continue vesting after retirement be recognized over a period ending no later than an employee’s retirement eligibility date. Cash settled awards with payouts partially or fully based on changes in share price are accounted for as liability awards and are remeasured based on changes in their fair value, until the end of the performance period. Compensation cost for each reporting period is based on the change in the fair value of the award within each reporting period adjusted for the portion of required service that occurred during the reporting period. Repurchase and Foreclosure Provision The repurchase and foreclosure provision is the charge to earnings necessary to maintain the liability at a level that reflects management’s best estimate of losses associated with the repurchase of loans previously transferred in whole loans sales or securitizations, or make whole requests as of the balance sheet date. See Note 16 - Contingencies and Other Disclosures for discussion related to FHN’s obligations to repurchase such loans. Generally, legal costs are expensed as incurred. Costs related to equity issuances are netted against capital surplus. Costs related to debt issuances are included in debt issuance costs that are recorded within term borrowings. Costs related to equity issuances are recorded as a reduction of the proceeds from the related issuance. Contingency Accruals Contingent liabilities arise in the ordinary course of business, including those related to lawsuits, arbitration, mediation, and other forms of litigation. FHN establishes loss contingency liabilities for matters when loss is both probable and reasonably estimable in accordance with ASC 450-20-50 “Contingencies – Accruals for Loss Contingencies”. If loss for a matter is probable and a range of possible loss outcomes is the best estimate available, accounting guidance generally requires a liability to be established at the low end of the range. Expected recoveries from insurance and indemnification arrangements are recognized if they are considered equally as probable and reasonably estimable as the related loss contingency up to the recognized amount of the estimated loss. Gain contingencies and expected recoveries from insurance and indemnification arrangements in excess of the associated recorded estimated losses are generally recognized when received. Recognized recoveries are recorded as offsets to the related expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The favorable resolution of a gain contingency generally results in the recognition of other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Contingencies assumed in business combinations are evaluated through the end of the one-year post-closing measurement period. If the acquisition-date fair value of the contingency can be determined during the measurement period, recognition occurs as part of the acquisition-date fair value of the acquired business. If the acquisition-date fair value of the contingency cannot be determined, but loss is considered probable as of the acquisition date and can be reasonably estimated within the measurement period, then the estimated amount is recorded within acquisition accounting. If the requirements for inclusion of the contingency as part of the acquisition are not met, subsequent recognition of the contingency is included in earnings. Business Combinations Assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations are generally recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date, with the related transaction costs expensed in the period incurred. Specified items such as net investment in leases as lessor, acquired operating lease assets and liabilities as lessee, employee benefit plans and income-tax related balances are recognized in accordance with accounting guidance that results in measurements that may differ from fair value. FHN may 124 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA record provisional amounts at the time of acquisition based on available information. The provisional valuation estimates may be adjusted for a period of up to one year (“measurement period”) from the date of acquisition if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. Business combinations are included in the financial statements from the respective dates of acquisition. Adjustments recorded during the measurement period are recognized in the current reporting period. The excess of purchase price over the valuation of specifically identified assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. In certain circumstances the net values of assets and liabilities acquired may exceed the purchase price, which is recognized within non-interest income as a purchase accounting gain. Accounting Changes With Extended Transition Periods In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” which provides several optional expedients and exceptions to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The provisions of ASU 2020-04 primarily affect 1) contract modifications (e.g., loans, leases, debt, and derivatives) made in anticipation that a reference rate (e.g., LIBOR) will be discontinued and 2) the application of hedge accounting for existing relationships affected by those modifications. The provisions of ASU 2020-04 were effective upon release and apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Including the adoption of ASU 2022-06 (discussed below), the expedients and exceptions provided by ASU 2020-04 do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2024, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. FHN identified contracts affected by reference rate reform, developed modification plans for those contracts and implemented those modifications before the last quotation of LIBOR on June 30, 2023. FHN elected to utilize the optional expedients and exceptions provided by ASU 2020-04 for contract modifications that immediately converted the reference rate within each contract. FHN also elected that revisions to contractual fallback provisions, including modifications in accordance with the provisions of Regulation ZZ, did not require evaluation for modification accounting. Additionally, FHN elected that the revisions to derivative contracts implemented by central clearinghouses to convert centrally cleared derivative contracts from LIBOR to SOFR plus an appropriate spread adjustment were not considered changes requiring assessment for modification accounting. During the transition period, for cash flow hedges that reference 1-Month USD LIBOR, FHN applied expedients related to 1) the assumption of probability of cash flows when reference rates are changed on hedged items 2) avoiding dedesignation when critical terms (i.e., reference rates) change and 3) the allowed assumption of shared risk exposure for hedged items. Additionally, for its cash flow hedges that reference 1-Month Term SOFR, FHN applied expedients related to 1) the allowed assumption of shared risk exposure for hedged items and 2) multiple allowed assumptions of conformity between hedged items and the hedging instrument when assessing effectiveness. FHN continued to utilize these expedients and exceptions through the final cash flows affected by the quotation of LIBOR. In accordance with the provisions of ASU 2020-04, effective immediately after the end of the transition period for its cash flow hedges (i.e., no more cash flows were affected by LIBOR), FHN elected that the cessation of effectiveness assessments under the transition guidance and subsequent initiation of hedge effectiveness assessments under ASC 815 did not require dedesignation of the hedge relationships. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" which extends the transition window for ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, consistent with key USD LIBOR tenors continuing to be published through June 30, 2023. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, "Scope" to expand the scope of ASU 2020-04 to apply to certain contract modifications that were implemented in October 2020 by derivative clearinghouses for the use of the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR) in discounting, margining and price alignment for centrally cleared derivatives, including derivatives utilized in hedging relationships. ASU 2021-01 also applies to derivative contracts affected by the change in discounting convention regardless of whether they are centrally cleared (i.e., bi-lateral contracts can also be modified) and regardless of whether they reference LIBOR. ASU 2021-01 was effective immediately upon issuance with retroactive application permitted. FHN elected to retroactively apply the provisions of ASU 2021-01 because FHN's centrally cleared derivatives were affected by the change in discounting convention and because FHN has other bi- lateral derivative contracts that may be modified to conform to the use of SOFR for discounting. Adoption did not have a significant effect on FHN's reported financial condition or results of operations. 125 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Summary of Accounting Changes ASU 2022-01 In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, "Fair Value Hedging — Portfolio Layer Method", which expanded FHN's ability to hedge the benchmark interest rate risk of portfolios of financial interests (or beneficial interests) in a fair value hedge. The provisions of ASU 2022-01 also permit FHN to apply the same portfolio hedging method to both prepayable and non-prepayable financial assets, namely by expanding the use of the "portfolio layer" method to non-prepayable financial assets. ASU 2022-01 also permits multiple hedged layers to be designated as a single closed portfolio to achieve hedge accounting. Additionally, the ASU requires that basis adjustments must be maintained on the closed portfolio of assets as a whole, and not allocated to individual assets for active portfolio layer method hedges. ASU 2022-01 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. FHN may utilize the provisions of ASU 2022-01 in its future hedging strategies. ASU 2022-02 In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, “Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” that eliminates current TDR recognition and measurement guidance and instead requires the Company to evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan (which is consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications). The provisions of ASU 2022-02 also enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new disclosures related to certain modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The provisions of this ASU also require FHN to disclose current period gross write- offs of loans and leases by year of origination. ASU 2022-02 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs, FHN elected to apply the modified retrospective transition effective January 1, 2023, resulting in a cumulative-effect reduction in ALLL of $6 million and an increase to retained earnings of $4 million, net of tax. The disclosure provisions of ASU 2022-02 were applied prospectively and presented in Note 3 – Loans and Leases and Note 4 – Allowance for Credit Losses. Accounting Changes Issued But Not Currently Effective ASU 2023-02 In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, “Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method” which permits investors to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The proportional amortization method results in the cost of the investment being amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received, with the amortization of the investment and the income tax credits being presented net in the income statement as a component of income tax provision (benefit). Prior to ASU 2023-02, the proportional amortization method was only available to qualifying low income housing equity investments. An investor is required to make an accounting policy election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit- program-by-tax-credit-program basis. An investor that applies the proportional amortization method to qualifying tax equity investments must account for the receipt of the investment tax credits using the flow- through method, even if the entity applies the deferral method for other investment tax credits received. ASU 2023-02 also requires specific disclosures that must be applied to all investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the proportional amortization method. ASU 2023-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If ASU 2023-02 is adopted in an interim period, it must be adopted as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. Adoption of ASU 2023-02 is applied on either a modified retrospective (cumulative catch up) or a retrospective (restatement of prior years) basis. FHN has assessed the applicability of ASU 2023-02 to its tax credit program equity investments and determined that it will make the proportional method election for New Markets Tax Credit and Historic Tax Credit programs. The use of the proportional amortization method will continue for Low- Income Housing Tax Credits. Upon adoption of ASU 2023-02 FHN will recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to increase retained earnings for $8 million, net of tax, on January 1, 2024. ASU 2023-07 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" that requires public entities to provide disclosures of significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. The ASU requires a public entity to disclose, for each reportable segment, the significant expense categories and amounts that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision- maker (CODM) and included in each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 also requires disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported 126 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 1—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance is applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements, unless it is impracticable. FHN is currently assessing the effects of ASU 2023-07 on its reportable segment disclosures. ASU 2023-09 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" to enhance transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The provisions of this ASU require disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation in both percentages and reporting currency amounts. Certain categories of reconciling items are required by the ASU with additional categories required if a specified quantitative threshold is met. Reporting entities are also required to provide a qualitative discussion of the primary state and local jurisdictions for income taxes and the type of reconciling categories. ASU 2023-09 also requires disaggregation of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. For public business entities, ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 31, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. FHN is currently assessing the impact of adopting ASU 2023-09 on its income tax disclosures. 127 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 2—INVESTMENT SECURITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 2—Investment Securities The following table summarizes FHN’s investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.2.1 (Dollars in millions) Securities available for sale: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total securities available for sale (a) Securities held to maturity: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Total securities held to maturity INVESTMENT SECURITIES December 31, 2023 Gross Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Amortized Cost Fair Value $ 5,061 $ 2 $ (579) $ 2,487 1,321 627 — 2 3 (341) (151) (41) 9,496 $ 7 $ (1,112) $ 852 $ 471 1,323 $ — $ — — $ (96) $ (66) (162) $ $ $ $ 4,484 2,146 1,172 589 8,391 756 405 1,161 (a) Includes $8.9 billion of securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and for other purposes. (Dollars in millions) Securities available for sale: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total securities available for sale (a) Securities held to maturity: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Total securities held to maturity December 31, 2022 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Amortized Cost $ 5,457 $ 1 $ (695) $ 2,682 1,325 658 — — 1 (369) (162) (62) 10,122 $ 2 $ (1,288) $ 4,763 2,313 1,163 597 8,836 897 $ 474 1,371 $ — $ — — $ (109) $ (53) 788 421 (162) $ 1,209 $ $ $ (a) Includes $6.5 billion of securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and for other purposes. 128 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 2—INVESTMENT SECURITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity for the debt securities portfolio as of December 31, 2023 is provided below: Table 8.2.2 DEBT SECURITIES PORTFOLIO MATURITIES (Dollars in millions) Within 1 year After 1 year through 5 years After 5 years through 10 years After 10 years Subtotal Government agency issued MBS and CMO (a) Total Held to Maturity Available for Sale Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ $ — $ — — — — 1,323 1,323 $ — $ — — — — 1,161 1,161 $ 36 $ 99 397 1,416 1,948 7,548 9,496 $ 36 95 364 1,266 1,761 6,630 8,391 (a) Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. There were no sales of AFS securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Cash proceeds from the sales of AFS securities were $68 million for 2021. Gross gains and losses on the sales of AFS securities were insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2021. Table 8.2.3 The following tables provide information on investments within the available-for-sale portfolio that had unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: AFS INVESTMENT SECURITIES WITH UNREALIZED LOSSES As of December 31, 2023 12 months or longer Less than 12 months Total (Dollars in millions) Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses $ 140 $ (2) $ 4,231 $ (577) $ 4,371 $ 32 114 14 — (2) — 2,098 905 465 (341) (149) (41) 2,130 1,019 479 (579) (341) (151) (41) $ 300 $ (4) $ 7,699 $ (1,108) $ 7,999 $ (1,112) (Dollars in millions) Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total Less than 12 months As of December 31, 2022 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses $ 2,314 $ (249) $ 2,350 $ (446) $ 4,664 $ 1,104 643 493 (123) (67) (48) 1,209 424 54 (246) (95) (14) 2,313 1,067 547 (695) (369) (162) (62) $ 4,554 $ (487) $ 4,037 $ (801) $ 8,591 $ (1,288) FHN has evaluated all AFS debt securities that were in unrealized loss positions in accordance with its accounting policy for recognition of credit losses. No AFS debt securities were determined to have credit losses. Total AIR not included in the fair value or amortized cost basis of AFS debt securities was $32 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. Consistent with FHN's review of the related securities, there were no credit- related write downs of AIR for AFS debt securities during the reporting periods. Additionally, for AFS debt securities 129 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 2—INVESTMENT SECURITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA with unrealized losses, FHN does not intend to sell them and it is more-likely-than-not that FHN will not be required to sell them prior to recovery. Therefore, no write downs of these investments to fair value occurred during the reporting periods. There were no transfers to or from AFS or HTM securities during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021. For HTM securities, an allowance for credit losses is required to absorb estimated lifetime credit losses. Total AIR not included in the fair value or amortized cost basis of HTM debt securities was $3 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. FHN has assessed the risk of credit loss and has determined that no allowance for credit losses for HTM securities was necessary as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The evaluation of credit risk includes consideration of third-party and government guarantees (both explicit and implicit), senior or subordinated status, credit ratings of the issuer, the effects of interest rate changes since purchase and observable market information such as issuer-specific credit spreads. The carrying amount of equity investments without a readily determinable fair value was $89 million and $79 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The year-to-date gross amounts of upward and downward valuation adjustments included a $6 million loss for 2023 and were insignificant for 2022. Unrealized gains of $11 million, unrealized losses of $11 million and unrealized gains of $3 million were recognized during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for equity investments with readily determinable fair values. 130 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 3—Loans and Leases The loan and lease portfolio is disaggregated into portfolio segments and then further disaggregated into classes for certain disclosures. GAAP defines a portfolio segment as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for credit losses. A class is generally a disaggregation of a portfolio segment and is generally determined based on risk characteristics of the loan and FHN’s method for monitoring and assessing credit risk and performance. FHN's loan and lease portfolio segments are commercial and consumer. The classes of loans and leases are: (1) commercial, financial, and industrial, which includes commercial and industrial loans and leases and loans to mortgage companies, (2) commercial real estate, (3) consumer real estate, which includes both real estate installment and home equity lines of credit, and (4) credit card and other. The following table provides the amortized cost basis of loans and leases by portfolio segment and class as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, excluding accrued interest of $287 million and $226 million, respectively, which is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. LOANS AND LEASES BY PORTFOLIO SEGMENT Table 8.3.1 (Dollars in millions) Commercial: Commercial and industrial (a) (b) Loans to mortgage companies Total commercial, financial, and industrial Commercial real estate Consumer: HELOC Real estate installment loans Total consumer real estate Credit card and other (c) Loans and leases Allowance for loan and lease losses Net loans and leases December 31, 2023 2022 $ 30,614 $ 2,019 32,633 14,216 2,219 11,431 13,650 793 61,292 $ (773) 60,519 $ $ $ 29,523 2,258 31,781 13,228 2,028 10,225 12,253 840 58,102 (685) 57,417 (a) Includes equipment financing leases of $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (b) Includes PPP loans fully guaranteed by the SBA of $29 million and $76 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Includes $180 million and $193 million of commercial credit card balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (c) Restrictions Loans and leases with carrying values of $46.1 billion and $38.3 billion were pledged as collateral for borrowings at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Concentrations of Credit Risk Most of the FHN’s business activity is with clients located in the southern United States. FHN’s lending activity is concentrated in its market areas within those states. As of December 31, 2023, FHN had loans to mortgage companies of $2.0 billion and loans to finance and insurance companies of $4.1 billion. As a result, 18% of the C&I portfolio is sensitive to impacts on the financial services industry. Credit Quality Indicators FHN employs a dual grade commercial risk grading methodology to assign an estimate for the probability of default and the loss given default for each commercial loan using factors specific to various industry, portfolio, or product segments that result in a rank ordering of risk and the assignment of grades PD 1 to PD 16. This credit grading system is intended to identify and measure the credit quality of the loan and lease portfolio by analyzing the migration between grading categories. It is also integral to the estimation methodology utilized in determining the ALLL since an allowance is established for pools of commercial loans based on the credit grade assigned. Each PD grade corresponds to an estimated one- year default probability percentage. PD grades are continually evaluated, but require a formal scorecard annually. PD 1 through PD 12 are “pass” grades. PD grades 13-16 correspond to the regulatory-defined categories of special mention (13), substandard (14), doubtful (15), and loss (16). Special mention commercial loans and leases have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result 131 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA in deterioration of FHN's credit position at some future date. Substandard commercial loans and leases have well- defined weaknesses and are characterized by the distinct possibility that FHN will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful commercial loans and leases have the same weaknesses as substandard loans and leases with the added characteristics that the Table 8.3.2 probability of loss is high and collection of the full amount is improbable. The following table provides the amortized cost basis of the commercial loan portfolio by year of origination and credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: C&I PORTFOLIO December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Credit Quality Indicator: Prior to 2019 LMC (a) Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total Pass (PD grades 1 through 12) (b) $ 4,009 $ 5,638 $ 3,507 $ 1,636 $ 1,666 $ 3,449 $ 2,014 $ 9,087 $ 327 $ 31,333 Special Mention (PD grade 13) Substandard, Doubtful, or Loss (PD grades 14,15, and 16) 75 41 60 135 64 94 56 51 101 57 39 100 — 5 186 187 — 49 599 701 Total C&I loans $ 4,125 $ 5,833 $ 3,665 $ 1,743 $ 1,806 $ 3,606 $ 2,019 $ 9,460 $ 376 $ 32,633 December 31, 2022 (Dollars in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Credit Quality Indicator: Prior to 2018 LMC (a) Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total Pass (PD grades 1 through 12) (b) $ 7,456 $ 3,634 $ 1,803 $ 1,912 $ 1,112 $ 3,170 $ 2,258 $ 9,166 $ 371 $ 30,882 Special Mention (PD grade 13) Substandard, Doubtful, or Loss (PD grades 14,15, and 16) 17 36 56 48 17 41 125 34 8 25 80 55 — — 126 134 — 97 429 470 Total C&I loans $ 7,509 $ 3,738 $ 1,861 $ 2,071 $ 1,145 $ 3,305 $ 2,258 $ 9,426 $ 468 $ 31,781 (a) LMC includes non-revolving commercial lines of credit to qualified mortgage companies primarily for the temporary warehousing of eligible mortgage loans prior to the borrower's sale of those mortgage loans to third party investors. The loans are of short duration with maturities less than one year. (b) Includes PPP loans. Table 8.3.3 CRE PORTFOLIO December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) Credit Quality Indicator: 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total Pass (PD grades 1 through 12) $ 853 $ 3,473 $ 3,518 $ 1,162 $ 1,216 $ 2,853 $ 393 $ 18 $ 13,486 Special Mention (PD grade 13) Substandard, Doubtful, or Loss (PD grades 14,15, and 16) 5 — 1 2 129 5 86 11 175 175 82 59 — — — — 478 252 Total CRE loans $ 858 $ 3,476 $ 3,652 $ 1,259 $ 1,566 $ 2,994 $ 393 $ 18 $ 14,216 132 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA December 31, 2022 (Dollars in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Credit Quality Indicator: Prior to 2018 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total Pass (PD grades 1 through 12) $ 2,637 $ 3,324 $ 1,488 $ 1,855 $ 808 $ 2,565 $ 274 $ 20 $ 12,971 Special Mention (PD grade 13) Substandard, Doubtful, or Loss (PD grades 14,15, and 16) — 1 3 4 3 12 37 50 68 31 5 31 1 11 — — 117 140 Total CRE loans $ 2,638 $ 3,331 $ 1,503 $ 1,942 $ 907 $ 2,601 $ 286 $ 20 $ 13,228 The consumer portfolio is comprised primarily of smaller- balance loans which are very similar in nature in that most are standard products and are backed by residential real estate. Because of the similarities of consumer loan types, FHN is able to utilize the FICO score, among other attributes, to assess the credit quality of consumer borrowers. FICO scores are refreshed on a quarterly basis in an attempt to reflect the recent risk profile of the borrowers. Accruing delinquency amounts are indicators of asset quality within the credit card and other consumer portfolio. The following table reflects the amortized cost basis by year of origination and refreshed FICO scores for Table 8.3.4 consumer real estate loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Within consumer real estate, classes include HELOC and real estate installment loans. HELOCs are loans which during their draw period are classified as revolving loans. Once the draw period ends and the loan enters its repayment period, the loan converts to a term loan and is classified as a revolving loan converted to a term loan. All loans classified in the following table as revolving loans or revolving loans converted to term loans are HELOCs. Real estate installment loans are originated as fixed term loans and are classified below in their vintage year. All loans in the following tables classified in a vintage year are real estate installment loans. CONSUMER REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total FICO score 740 or greater $ 1,572 $ 2,099 $ 1,720 $ 730 $ 465 $ 1,332 $ 1,522 $ 50 $ 9,490 FICO score 720-739 FICO score 700-719 FICO score 660-699 FICO score 620-659 FICO score less than 620 205 154 170 11 18 286 232 198 20 19 227 193 113 23 15 107 81 83 22 20 88 52 53 36 12 230 224 290 106 225 192 159 168 36 24 15 17 18 7 11 1,350 1,112 1,093 261 344 Total $ 2,130 $ 2,854 $ 2,291 $ 1,043 $ 706 $ 2,407 $ 2,101 $ 118 $ 13,650 133 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA December 31, 2022 (Dollars in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior to 2018 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total FICO score 740 or greater $ 2,154 $ 1,847 $ 819 $ 523 $ 278 $ 1,294 $ 1,297 $ 63 $ 8,275 FICO score 720-739 FICO score 700-719 FICO score 660-699 FICO score 620-659 FICO score less than 620 292 242 214 21 15 246 206 137 24 19 116 93 90 25 32 98 55 55 41 12 34 35 62 20 23 238 226 278 105 256 183 142 192 47 16 18 22 23 9 16 1,225 1,021 1,051 292 389 Total $ 2,938 $ 2,479 $ 1,175 $ 784 $ 452 $ 2,397 $ 1,877 $ 151 $ 12,253 The following table reflects the amortized cost basis by year of origination and refreshed FICO scores for credit card and other loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Table 8.3.5 CREDIT CARD & OTHER PORTFOLIO December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total FICO score 740 or greater $ 52 $ 26 $ 10 $ 5 $ 3 $ 27 $ 207 $ 5 $ 335 FICO score 720-739 FICO score 700-719 FICO score 660-699 FICO score 620-659 FICO score less than 620 5 5 4 2 12 3 4 3 1 9 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 — 8 1 1 1 — 13 5 4 8 3 24 25 23 7 103 168 1 1 — — 1 Total $ 80 $ 46 $ 20 $ 16 $ 19 $ 150 $ 454 $ 8 $ 41 42 41 14 320 793 December 31, 2022 (Dollars in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior to 2018 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total FICO score 740 or greater $ 36 $ 14 $ 10 $ 10 $ 4 $ 25 $ 291 $ 6 $ 396 FICO score 720-739 FICO score 700-719 FICO score 660-699 FICO score 620-659 FICO score less than 620 3 3 3 1 7 2 3 2 3 6 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 — 10 — — 2 — 7 4 4 7 3 30 33 30 18 71 174 1 1 1 — 1 Total $ 53 $ 30 $ 21 $ 23 $ 13 $ 114 $ 576 $ 10 $ 43 46 47 26 282 840 134 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans and Leases Loans and leases are placed on nonaccrual if it becomes evident that full collection of principal and interest is at risk, impairment has been recognized as a partial charge- off of principal balance due to insufficient collateral value and past due status, or on a case-by-case basis if FHN continues to receive payments but there are other borrower-specific issues. Included in nonaccrual are loans for which FHN continues to receive payments including Table 8.3.6 residential real estate loans where the borrower has been discharged of personal obligation through bankruptcy. Past due loans are loans contractually past due as to interest or principal payments, but which have not yet been put on nonaccrual status. The following table reflects accruing and non-accruing loans and leases by class on December 31, 2023 and 2022: ACCRUING & NON-ACCRUING LOANS & LEASES (Dollars in millions) Current Accruing 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due December 31, 2023 Non-Accruing Total Accruing Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due Total Non- Accruing Total Loans and Leases Commercial, financial, and industrial: C&I (a) Loans to mortgage companies Total commercial, financial, and industrial Commercial real estate: CRE (b) Consumer real estate: HELOC (c) Real estate installment loans (d) Total consumer real estate Credit card and other: Credit card Other Total credit card and other $ 30,403 $ 31 $ 1 $ 30,435 $ 108 $ 18 $ 53 $ 179 $ 30,614 2,013 32,416 14,072 2,158 11,295 13,453 271 512 783 1 32 8 11 29 40 3 2 5 — 1 — 4 13 17 3 — 3 2,014 5 32,449 113 14,080 2,173 11,337 13,510 277 514 791 41 30 43 73 — 1 1 — 18 — 6 6 12 — — — — 53 95 10 45 55 — 1 1 5 2,019 184 32,633 136 14,216 46 94 2,219 11,431 140 13,650 — 2 2 277 516 793 Total loans and leases $ 60,724 $ 85 $ 21 $ 60,830 $ 228 $ 30 $ 204 $ 462 $ 61,292 135 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (Dollars in millions) Current Accruing 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due December 31, 2022 Non-Accruing Total Accruing Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due Total Non- Accruing Total Loans and Leases Commercial, financial, and industrial: C&I (a) Loans to mortgage companies Total commercial, financial, and industrial Commercial real estate: CRE (b) Consumer real estate: HELOC (c) Real estate installment loans (d) Total consumer real estate Credit card and other: Credit card Other Total credit card and other $ 29,309 $ 50 $ 11 $ 29,370 $ 64 $ 10 $ 79 $ 153 $ 29,523 2,258 31,567 13,208 1,967 10,079 12,046 287 540 827 — 50 11 12 25 37 5 2 7 — 11 — 5 13 18 4 — 4 2,258 31,628 13,219 1,984 10,117 12,101 296 542 838 — 64 7 32 56 88 — 1 1 — 10 — 4 5 9 — — — — 79 2 8 47 55 — 1 1 — 2,258 153 31,781 9 44 108 152 — 2 2 13,228 2,028 10,225 12,253 296 544 840 Total loans and leases $ 57,648 $ 105 $ 33 $ 57,786 $ 160 $ 19 $ 137 $ 316 $ 58,102 (a) $178 million and $147 million of C&I loans are nonaccrual loans that have been specifically reviewed for impairment with no related allowance in 2023 and 2022, respectively. (b) $129 million and $5 million of CRE loans are nonaccrual loans that have been specifically reviewed for impairment with no related allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively. (c) $4 million and $5 million of HELOC loans are nonaccrual loans that have been specifically reviewed for impairment with no related allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively. (d) $10 million and $7 million of real estate installment loans are nonaccrual loans that have been specifically reviewed for impairment with no related allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Collateral-Dependent Loans Collateral-dependent loans are defined as loans for which repayment is expected to be derived substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. At a minimum, the estimated value of the collateral for each loan equals the current book value. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN had commercial loans with amortized cost of approximately $250 million and $124 million, respectively, that were based on the value of underlying collateral. Collateral-dependent C&I and CRE loans totaled $117 million and $133 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023. The collateral for these loans generally consists of business assets including land, buildings, equipment and financial assets. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN recognized total charge-offs of approximately $144 million and $10 million, respectively, on these loans related to reductions in estimated collateral values. Consumer HELOC and real estate installment loans with amortized cost based on the value of underlying real estate collateral were approximately $6 million and $27 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023, and $7 million and $26 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. Charge-offs were $1 million for collateral-dependent consumer loans during the year ended December 31, 2023, and $2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Loan Modifications to Troubled Borrowers As part of FHN’s ongoing risk management practices, FHN attempts to work with borrowers when necessary to extend or modify loan terms to better align with their current ability to repay. Modifications could include extension of the maturity date, reductions of the interest rate, reduction or forgiveness of accrued interest, or principal forgiveness. Combinations of these modifications may also be made for individual loans. Extensions and modifications to loans are made in accordance with internal policies and guidelines which conform to regulatory guidance. Principal reductions may be made in limited circumstances, typically for specific commercial loan workouts, and in the event of borrower bankruptcy. 136 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Each occurrence is unique to the borrower and is evaluated separately. Troubled loans are considered those in which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty can be subjective in nature and management’s judgment may be required in making this determination. FHN may determine that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty if the borrower is currently in default on any of its debt, or if it is probable that a borrower may default in the foreseeable future absent a modification. Many aspects of a borrower’s financial situation are assessed when determining whether they are experiencing financial difficulty. Troubled commercial loans are typically modified through forbearance agreements which could include reduced interest rates, reduced payments, term extension, or entering into short sale agreements. Principal reductions may occur in specific circumstances. Modifications for troubled consumer loans are generally structured using parameters of U.S. government- sponsored programs. For HELOC and real estate installment loans, troubled loans are typically modified by an interest rate reduction and a possible maturity date extension to reach an affordable housing debt-to-income ratio. Despite the absence of a loan modification by FHN, the discharge of personal liability through bankruptcy proceedings is considered a court-imposed modification. For the credit card portfolio, troubled loan modifications are typically enacted through either a short-term credit card hardship program or a longer-term credit card workout program. In the credit card hardship program, borrowers may be granted rate and payment reductions for six months to one year. In the credit card workout program, borrowers are granted a rate reduction to 0% and a term extension for up to five years. Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty For periods subsequent to December 31, 2022, information regarding loans modified when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty are included in the tables below. The following tables present the amortized cost basis at the end of the reporting period of loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification made, as well as the financial effect of the modifications made as of December 31, 2023: Table 8.3.7 LOAN MODIFICATIONS TO BORROWERS EXPERIENCING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY December 31, 2023 Interest Rate Reduction (Dollars in millions) Balance % of Total Class Financial Effect Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 8.60% to 5.00% Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 11.20% to 0.00% 2 — 2 — % — — % Consumer real estate Credit card and other (a) Total (Dollars in millions) C&I CRE Consumer real estate Total $ $ $ $ December 31, 2023 Term Extension Balance % of Total Class 90 40 2 132 0.3 % 0.3 — 0.2 % Financial Effect Added a weighted-average 1 year to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers Added a weighted-average 0.8 year to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers Added a weighted-average 12 years to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers December 31, 2023 Principal Forgiveness (Dollars in millions) Balance % of Total Class Financial Effect Consumer real estate Total $ $ 2 2 — % — % 137 $1.3 million of the principal of consumer loans was legally discharged in bankruptcy during the period and the borrowers have not re- affirmed the debt as of period end 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (Dollars in millions) Balance % of Total Class 3 3 — % — % December 31, 2023 Payment Deferrals Financial Effect Payment deferral for 11 months, with a balloon payment at the end of the term Consumer real estate Total (Dollars in millions) C&I (a) Consumer real estate Total (Dollars in millions) C&I Total (Dollars in millions) CRE Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ December 31, 2023 Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction Balance % of Total Class — 6 6 — % — — % Financial Effect Added a weighted-average 1.2 years to the life of loans and reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 13.00% to 11.50% Added a weighted-average 14.3 years to the life of loans and reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 5.00% to 4.70% Combination - Term Extension, Interest Rate Reduction, and Interest Forgiveness Balance % of Total Class Financial Effect December 31, 2023 2 2 — % — % Added a weighted-average 3.7 years to the life of loans, reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 11.25% to 7.50% and provided less than $1 million in interest forgiveness Combination - Term Extension, Interest Rate Reduction, and Interest Deferrals Balance % of Total Class Financial Effect December 31, 2023 15 15 0.1 % — % Added a weighted-average 1 year to the life of loans, reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 8.65% to 8.00% and provided less than $1 million in deferred interest (a) Balance less than $1 million. The balance of loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a payment default during the period totaled $28 million as of December 31, 2023. FHN closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months: Table 8.3.8 PERFORMANCE OF LOANS THAT HAVE BEEN MODIFIED IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due Non-Accruing C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total $ $ 70 $ — $ — $ 8 4 — — — — — — — 82 $ — $ — $ 22 47 11 — 80 138 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 3—LOANS & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Troubled Debt Restructurings Prior to January 1, 2023, a modification was classified as a TDR if the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty and it was determined that FHN granted a concession to the borrower. Concessions represented modifications that FHN would not otherwise consider if a borrower had not been experiencing financial difficulty. Evaluation of whether a concession was granted, was subjective in nature and management’s judgment was required in making the determination of whether a modification was classified as a TDR. All non-reaffirmed residential real estate loans discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy were considered concessions and classified as nonaccruing TDRs. On December 31, 2022, FHN had $180 million of portfolio loans classified as TDRs. Additionally, $30 million of loans held for sale as of December 31, 2022 were classified as TDRs. The following table presents the end of period balance for loans modified in a TDR during the year ended December 31, 2022: Table 8.3.9 LOANS MODIFIED IN A TDR Year Ended December 31, 2022 Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number (Dollars in millions) C&I CRE HELOC Real estate installment loans Credit card and other 6 $ 30 $ 1 98 181 81 1 7 41 12 Total TDRs 367 $ 91 $ 24 1 7 41 12 85 The following table presents TDRs which re-defaulted during 2022, and as to which the modification occurred 12 months or less prior to the re-default. For purposes of this disclosure, FHN generally defines payment default as 30 or more days past due. Table 8.3.10 LOANS MODIFIED IN A TDR THAT RE-DEFAULTED (Dollars in millions) C&I CRE HELOC Real estate installment loans Credit card and other Total TDRs Year Ended December 31, 2022 Number Recorded Investment 5 $ — 22 54 17 98 $ — — 1 15 — 16 139 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 4—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 4—Allowance for Credit Losses Management's estimate of expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ALLL and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments, collectively referred to as the Allowance for Credit Losses, or the ACL. See Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion of FHN's ACL methodology. The ACL is maintained at a level management believes to be appropriate to absorb expected lifetime credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and lease portfolio and unfunded lending commitments. The determination of the ACL is based on periodic evaluation of the loan and lease portfolios and unfunded lending commitments considering a number of relevant underling factors, including key assumptions and evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information. The expected loan losses are the product of multiplying FHN’s estimates of probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), and individual loan level exposure at default (EAD), including amortization and prepayment assumptions, on an undiscounted basis. FHN uses models or assumptions to develop the expected loss forecasts, which incorporate multiple macroeconomic forecasts over a four-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company immediately reverts to its historical loss averages, evaluated over the historical observation period, for the remaining estimated life of the loans. In order to capture the unique risks of the loan portfolio within the PD, LGD, and prepayment models, FHN segments the portfolio into pools, generally incorporating loan grades for commercial loans. As there can be no certainty that actual economic performance will precisely follow any specific macroeconomic forecast, FHN uses qualitative adjustments where current loan characteristics or current or forecasted economic conditions differ from historical periods. The evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information is performed through assessments of groups of assets that share similar risk characteristics and certain individual loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collective group. As described in Note 3 - Loans and Leases, loans are grouped generally by product type and significant loan portfolios are assessed for credit losses using analytical or statistical models. The quantitative component utilizes economic forecast information as its foundation, and is primarily based on analytical models that use known or estimated data as of the balance sheet date and forecasted data over the reasonable and supportable period. The ACL is also affected by qualitative factors that FHN considers to reflect current judgment of various events and risks that are not measured in the quantitative calculations, including alternative economic forecasts. In accordance with its accounting policy elections, FHN does not recognize a separate allowance for expected credit losses for AIR and records reversals of AIR as reductions of interest income. FHN reverses previously accrued but uncollected interest when an asset is placed on nonaccrual status. AIR and the related allowance for expected credit losses is included as a component of other assets. The total amount of interest reversals from loans placed on nonaccrual status and the amount of income recognized on nonaccrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were not material. Expected credit losses for unfunded commitments are estimated for periods where the commitment is not unconditionally cancellable. The measurement of expected credit losses for unfunded commitments mirrors that of loans and leases with the additional estimate of future draw rates (timing and amount). The increase in the ACL balance as of December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022 largely reflects loan growth during the period, an evolving macroeconomic outlook, and modest grade migration. In developing credit loss estimates for its loan and lease portfolios, FHN utilized a baseline and a downside forecast scenario from Moody’s for its macroeconomic inputs. As of December 31, 2023, among other things, FHN's scenario selection process factored in the outlook for production, inflation, interest rates, employment, real estate prices, and international conflict. FHN selected one scenario as its base case, which was the Moody's baseline scenario. The heaviest weight was placed on this scenario. A smaller weight was placed on the FHN-selected downside scenario. Management also made qualitative adjustments to reflect estimated recoveries based on a review of prior charge off and recovery levels, for default risk associated with large balances with individual borrowers, for estimated loss amounts not reflected in historical factors due to specific portfolio risk, and for instances where limited data for acquired loans is considered to affect modeled results. The following table provides a rollforward of the ALLL and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments by portfolio type for December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021: 140 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.4.1 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 4—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ROLLFORWARD OF ALLL & RESERVE FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS (Dollars in millions) Allowance for loan and lease losses: Balance as of January 1, 2023 Adoption of ASU 2022-02 (b) Charge-offs (c) Recoveries Provision for loan and lease losses Balance as of December 31, 2023 Reserve for remaining unfunded commitments: Balance as of January 1, 2023 Provision for unfunded lending commitments Balance as of December 31, 2023 Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 Allowance for loan and lease losses: Balance as of January 1, 2022 Charge-offs Recoveries Provision for loan and lease losses Balance as of December 31, 2022 Reserve for remaining unfunded commitments: Balance as of January 1, 2022 Provision for unfunded lending commitments Balance as of December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2022 Allowance for loan and lease losses Balance as of January 1, 2021 Charge-offs Recoveries Provision for loan and lease losses Balance as of December 31, 2021 Reserve for remaining unfunded commitments: Balance as of January 1, 2021 Provision for unfunded lending commitments Balance as of December 31, 2021 Commercial, Financial, and Industrial (a) Commercial Real Estate Consumer Real Estate Credit Card and Other Total $ 308 $ 146 $ 200 $ 31 $ $ $ $ $ 1 (156) 14 172 339 55 (6) 49 — (17) 2 41 172 22 — 22 (7) (4) 9 35 233 10 2 12 — (22) 4 16 29 — — — 388 $ 194 $ 245 $ 29 $ 334 $ 154 $ 163 $ 19 $ (62) 9 27 308 46 9 55 (1) 1 (8) 146 12 10 22 (5) 19 23 200 8 2 10 (25) 5 32 31 — — — 363 $ 168 $ 210 $ 31 $ 453 $ 242 $ 242 $ 26 $ (34) 21 (106) 334 65 (19) 46 (5) 5 (88) 154 10 2 12 (5) 27 (101) 163 10 (2) 8 (15) 4 4 19 — — — Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2021 $ 380 $ 166 $ 171 $ 19 $ 685 (6) (199) 29 264 773 87 (4) 83 856 670 (93) 34 74 685 66 21 87 772 963 (59) 57 (291) 670 85 (19) 66 736 (a) C&I loans as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 include $29 million, $76 million, and $1.0 billion in PPP loans, respectively, which due to the government guarantee and forgiveness provisions are considered to have no credit risk and therefore have no allowance for loan and lease losses. (b) See Note 1 for additional information. (c) Charge-offs in the C&I portfolio in 2023 include $72 million from a single credit from a company in bankruptcy. 141 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 4—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table represents gross charge-offs by year of origination for the year ended December 31, 2023: Table 8.4.2 GROSS CHARGE-OFFS (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Revolving Loans Total C&I CRE Consumer real estate Credit card and other $ 1 $ 17 $ 82 $ 5 $ 10 $ 34 $ 7 $ — — 12 — 1 1 — — — — — — 2 — — 15 3 2 — — 7 Total $ 13 $ 19 $ 82 $ 5 $ 12 $ 54 $ 14 $ 156 17 4 22 199 142 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 5—PREMISES, EQUIPMENT, & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 5—Premises, Equipment, and Leases Premises and equipment was comprised of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.5.1 PREMISES & EQUIPMENT December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2022 Land Buildings Leasehold improvements Furniture, fixtures, and equipment Fixed assets held for sale (a) Total premises and equipment Less accumulated depreciation and amortization $ 163 $ 554 84 295 — 163 544 82 277 1 1,096 1,067 (506) (455) 612 Premises and equipment, net $ 590 $ (a) Primarily comprised of land and buildings. Both fixed asset and leased asset impairments were immaterial for 2023 and 2022. In 2021, FHN recognized $34 million of fixed asset impairments and $3 million of leased asset impairments which is included in other expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Net gains related to the sales of bank branches were immaterial for 2023 and 2022. In 2021, FHN had $6 million of net gains related to the sales of bank branches which is included in other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. First Horizon as Lessee FHN has operating, financing, and short-term leases for branch locations, corporate offices and certain equipment. Substantially all of these leases are classified as operating leases. The following table provides details of the classification of FHN's right-of-use assets and lease liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Table 8.5.2 (Dollars in millions) Lease right-of-use assets: Operating lease right-of-use assets Finance lease right-of-use assets Total lease right-of-use assets Lease liabilities: Operating lease liabilities Finance lease liabilities Total lease liabilities RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS & LEASE LIABILITIES December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Classification Other assets Other assets $ $ Other liabilities $ Other liabilities $ 306 $ 3 309 $ 342 $ 3 345 $ 331 3 334 367 4 371 The calculated amount of the ROU assets and lease liabilities in the table above are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to present value the minimum lease payments. The following table details the weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate for FHN's operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Table 8.5.3 REMAINING LEASE TERMS & DISCOUNT RATES December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Terms Operating leases Finance leases 11.79 years 12.22 years 9.15 years 9.83 years Weighted Average Discount Rate Operating leases Finance leases 2.84 % 2.39 % 2.69 % 2.62 % 143 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 5—PREMISES, EQUIPMENT, & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table provides a detail of the components of lease expense and other lease information for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 8.5.4 LEASE EXPENSE & OTHER INFORMATION (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 Lease cost Operating lease cost Sublease income Total lease cost $ $ Other information (Gain) loss on right-of- use asset impairment - operating leases $ Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations: 45 $ 47 $ (2) (2) 43 $ 45 $ 48 (1) 47 1 $ 1 $ 3 46 50 53 Operating leases 11 31 19 The following table provides a detail of the maturities of FHN's operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023: Table 8.5.5 LEASE LIABILITY MATURITIES (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 and thereafter Total lease payments Less lease liability interest Total lease liability $ $ 44 43 42 41 35 204 409 (64) 345 FHN had no aggregate undiscounted contractual obligations for lease arrangements that have not commenced as of December 31, 2023. First Horizon as Lessor As a lessor, FHN engages in the leasing of equipment to commercial clients primarily through direct financing and sales-type leases. Direct financing and sales-type leases are similar to other forms of installment lending in that lessors generally do not retain benefits and risks incidental to ownership of the property subject to leases. Such arrangements are essentially financing transactions that permit lessees to acquire and use property. As lessor, the sum of all minimum lease payments over the lease term and the estimated residual value, less unearned interest income, is recorded as the net investment in the lease on the commencement date and is included in loans and leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest income is accrued as earned over the term of the lease based on the net investment in leases. Fees incurred to originate the lease are deferred on the commencement date and recognized as an adjustment of the yield on the lease. FHN’s portfolio of direct financing and sales-type leases contains terms of 2 to 23 years, some of which contain options to extend the lease for various periods of time and/or to purchase the equipment subject to the lease at various points in time. These direct financing and sales- type leases typically include a payment structure set at lease inception and do not provide any additional services. Expenses associated with the leased equipment, such as maintenance and insurance, are paid by the lessee directly to third parties. The lease agreement typically contains an option for the purchase of the leased property by the lessee at the end of the lease term at either the property’s residual value or a specified price. In all cases, FHN expects to sell or re-lease the equipment at the end of the lease term. Due to the nature and structure of FHN’s direct financing and sales-type leases, there is no selling profit or loss on these transactions. The components of the Company’s net investment in leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: Table 8.5.6 LEASE NET INVESTMENTS (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Lease receivable $ 1,143 $ Unearned income Guaranteed residual Unguaranteed residual (244) 147 189 984 (198) 121 153 Total net investment $ 1,235 $ 1,060 Interest income for direct financing or sales-type leases totaled $50 million, $34 million, and $26 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There was no profit or loss recognized at the commencement date for direct financing or sales-type leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. 144 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 5—PREMISES, EQUIPMENT, & LEASES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Maturities of the Company's lease receivables as of December 31, 2023 were as follows: Table 8.5.7 LEASE RECEIVABLE MATURITIES (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 and thereafter $ 214 193 168 132 98 338 Total future minimum lease payments $ 1,143 145 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 6—GOODWILL & OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 6—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill FHN performed the required annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2023. The annual qualitative impairment test did not indicate impairment in any of FHN’s reporting units as of the testing date. Following the testing date, management evaluated the events and circumstances that could indicate that goodwill might be impaired and concluded that it is not more likely than not that goodwill was impaired. If there are any triggering events between annual periods, management will evaluate whether an impairment analysis is warranted. Accounting estimates and assumptions were made about FHN’s future performance and cash flows, as well as other prevailing market factors (e.g., interest rates, economic trends, etc.) when determining fair value as part of the goodwill impairment test. While management used the best information available to estimate future performance for each reporting unit, future adjustments to management’s projections may be necessary if conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the estimates. The following is a summary of goodwill by reportable segment included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023: Table 8.6.2 Table 8.6.1 (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2020 Additions December 31, 2021 Additions December 31, 2022 Additions Divestitures (a) GOODWILL Regional Banking Specialty Banking Total $ $ $ 880 $ 631 $ 1,511 — — — 880 $ 631 $ 1,511 — — — 880 $ 631 $ 1,511 — — — (1) — (1) December 31, 2023 $ 880 $ 630 $ 1,510 (a) Reduction in goodwill is related to the divestiture of FHN Financial Main Street Advisors assets in December 2023. Other intangible assets The following table, which excludes fully amortized intangibles, presents other intangible assets included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets: OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 (Dollars in millions) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value Core deposit intangibles $ 368 $ (208) $ 160 $ 371 $ (171) $ Client relationships Other (a) Total 32 27 (16) (17) 16 10 32 27 (13) (12) $ 427 $ (241) $ 186 $ 430 $ (196) $ 200 19 15 234 (a) Includes non-compete covenants and purchased credit card intangible assets. Also includes state banking licenses which are not subject to amortization. Amortization expense was $47 million, $51 million, and $56 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table shows the aggregated amortization expense estimated, as of December 31, 2023, for the next five years: Table 8.6.3 ESTIMATED AMORTIZATION EXPENSE (Dollars in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 $ 44 38 33 29 17 146 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 7—MORTGAGE BANKING ACTIVITY ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 7—Mortgage Banking Activity FHN originates mortgage loans for sale into the secondary market. These loans primarily consist of residential first lien mortgages that conform to standards established by GSEs that are major investors in U.S. home mortgages, but can also consist of junior lien and jumbo loans secured by residential property. These loans are primarily sold to private companies that are unaffiliated with the GSEs on a servicing-released basis. Gains and losses on these mortgage loans are included in mortgage banking and title income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. At December 31, 2023, FHN had approximately $34 million of loans that remained from pre-2009 mortgage business operations of legacy First Horizon. Activity related to the pre-2009 mortgage loans was primarily limited to payments and write-offs in 2023, 2022, and 2021, with no new originations or loan sales, and only an insignificant amount of repurchases. These loans are excluded from the disclosure below. The following table summarizes activity relating to residential mortgage loans held for sale for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 8.7.1 MORTGAGE LOAN ACTIVITY (Dollars in millions) Balance at beginning of period Originations and purchases Sales, net of gains Mortgage loans transferred from (to) held for investment Balance at end of period 2023 2022 2021 $ 44 $ 250 $ 409 692 1,275 2,836 (674) (1,481) (3,025) — — 30 $ 62 $ 44 $ 250 Mortgage Servicing Rights FHN records mortgage servicing rights at the lower of cost or market value and amortizes them over the remaining servicing life of the loans, with consideration given to prepayment assumptions. Mortgage servicing rights are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Mortgage servicing rights had the following carrying values as of the periods indicated in the table below. Table 8.7.2 MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS (Dollars in millions) Mortgage servicing rights (Dollars in millions) Mortgage servicing rights December 31, 2023 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount $ 25 $ (7) $ 18 December 31, 2022 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount $ 21 $ (5) $ 16 In addition, there was an insignificant amount of non- mortgage and commercial servicing rights as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Total mortgage servicing fees included in mortgage banking and title income were $4 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Mortgage servicing rights with a net carrying amount of $21 million were sold during 2022, resulting in a gain of $12 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 which is included in mortgage banking and title income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. 147 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 8—DEPOSITS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 8—Deposits The composition of deposits is presented in the following table: Scheduled maturities of time deposits as of December 31, 2023 were as follows: DEPOSITS TIME DEPOSIT MATURITIES Table 8.8.2 Table 8.8.1 (Dollars in millions) Savings Time deposits Other interest-bearing deposits Total interest-bearing deposits Noninterest-bearing deposits Total deposits 2023 25,082 $ $ 6,804 16,690 48,576 17,204 65,780 $ $ 2022 (Dollars in millions) 21,971 2,887 15,165 40,023 23,466 63,489 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 and after Total $ 6,528 138 56 52 23 7 $ 6,804 Time deposits in denominations that exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $1.8 billion and $936 million, respectively. 148 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 9—SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 9—Short-Term Borrowings A summary of short-term borrowings for the years 2023, 2022 and 2021 is presented in the following table: Table 8.9.1 (Dollars in millions) 2023 Average balance Year-end balance Maximum month-end outstanding Average rate for the year Average rate at year-end 2022 Average balance Year-end balance Maximum month-end outstanding Average rate for the year Average rate at year-end 2021 Average balance Year-end balance Maximum month-end outstanding Average rate for the year Average rate at year-end SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS Trading Liabilities Federal Funds Purchased Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase Other Short-term Borrowings $ $ $ 301 509 509 4.16 % 4.48 % 480 335 700 2.56 % 3.67 % 540 426 685 1.11 % 1.62 % $ $ 349 302 622 5.12 % 5.40 % $ 1,426 1,921 1,957 3.66 % 3.98 % $ 699 $ 881 $ 400 1,023 1.56 % 4.40 % 949 775 1,037 0.12 % 0.10 % $ 1,013 1,211 0.77 % 2.19 % 1,235 1,247 1,615 0.30 % 0.11 % $ $ 2,688 326 7,476 5.19 % 5.36 % 229 1,093 1,093 2.26 % 4.30 % 124 102 146 0.09 % 0.08 % Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally have maturities of less than 90 days. Trading liabilities, which represent short positions in securities, are generally held for less than 90 days. Other short-term borrowings have original maturities of one year or less. On December 31, 2023, there were no fixed income trading securities pledged to secure other short-term borrowings. 149 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 10—TERM BORROWINGS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 10—Term Borrowings Term borrowings include senior and subordinated borrowings with original maturities greater than one year. The following table presents information pertaining to term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.10.1 (Dollars in millions) First Horizon Bank: Subordinated notes (a) TERM BORROWINGS Maturity date – May 1, 2030 - 5.75% Other collateralized borrowings - Maturity date – December 22, 2037 5.95% on December 31, 2023 and 5.07% on December 31, 2022 (b) Other collateralized borrowings - SBA loans (c) First Horizon Corporation: Senior notes Maturity date – May 26, 2023 - 3.55% Maturity date – May 26, 2025 - 4.00% Junior subordinated debentures (d) Maturity date - June 28, 2035 - 7.33% on December 31, 2023 and 6.45% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - December 15, 2035 - 7.02% on December 31, 2023 and 6.14% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - March 15, 2036 - 7.05% on December 31, 2023 and 6.17% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - March 15, 2036 - 7.19% on December 31, 2023 and 6.31% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - June 30, 2036 - 6.91% on December 31, 2023 and 6.05% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - July 7, 2036 - 7.21% on December 31, 2023 and 5.63% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - June 15, 2037 - 7.30% on December 31, 2023 and 6.42% on December 31, 2022 Maturity date - September 6, 2037 - 7.05% on December 31, 2023 and 6.16% on December 31, 2022 Notes payable - New market tax credit investments; 7 to 35 year term, 0.93% to 4.95% FT Real Estate Securities Company, Inc.: Cumulative preferred stock (e) Maturity date – March 31, 2031 – 9.50% Total 2023 2022 $ 448 $ 448 88 3 — 349 3 18 9 12 28 19 52 9 65 87 3 450 349 3 18 9 12 27 18 52 9 66 47 1,150 $ 46 1,597 $ (a) Qualifies for Tier 2 capital under the risk-based capital guidelines for First Horizon Bank as well as First Horizon Corporation up to certain limits for minority interest capital instruments. (b) Secured by trust preferred loans. (c) Collateralized borrowings associated with SBA loan sales that did not meet sales criteria. The loans have remaining terms of 2 to 25 years. These borrowings had a weighted average interest rate of 4.81% and 5.13% on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (d) Acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of CBF. A portion qualifies for Tier 2 capital under the risk-based capital guidelines. (e) Qualifies for Tier 2 capital under the risk-based capital guidelines for both First Horizon Bank and First Horizon Corporation up to certain limits for minority interest capital instruments. 150 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 10—TERM BORROWINGS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Annual principal repayment requirements as of December 31, 2023 are as follows: Table 8.10.2 ANNUAL PRINCIPAL REPAYMENT SCHEDULE (Dollars in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 and after $ 6 350 — — 812 In conjunction with its acquisition of CBF, FHN obtained junior subordinated debentures, each of which is held by a wholly-owned trust that has issued trust preferred securities to external investors and loaned the funds to FHN as junior subordinated debt. The book value for each issuance represents the purchase accounting fair value as of the closing date less accumulated amortization of the associated discount, as applicable. Through various contractual arrangements, FHN assumed a full and unconditional guarantee for each trust’s obligations with respect to the securities. While the maturity dates are typically 30 years from the original issuance date, FHN has the option to redeem each of the junior subordinated debentures at par on any future interest payment date, which would trigger redemption of the related trust preferred securities. During 2021, FHN redeemed $94 million of legacy IBKC junior subordinated debt underlying multiple issuances of trust preferred securities. The redemption resulted in a loss on debt extinguishment of $26 million. A portion of FHN's remaining junior subordinated notes qualifies as Tier 2 capital under the risk-based capital guidelines. 151 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 11—PREFERRED STOCK ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 11—Preferred Stock FHN Preferred Stock The following table presents a summary of FHN's non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock: Table 8.11.1 (Dollars in millions) PREFERRED STOCK December 31, 2023 2022 Issuance Date Earliest Redemption Date (a) Annual Dividend Rate Dividend Payments Shares Outstanding Liquidation Amount Carrying Amount Carrying Amount Series B Series C Series D Series E Series F Series G 7/2/2020 8/1/2025 6.625 % (b) Semi-annually 8,000 $ 7/2/2020 5/1/2026 6.600 % (c) Quarterly 7/2/2020 5/1/2024 6.100 % (d) Semi-annually 5/28/2020 10/10/2025 5/3/2021 7/10/2026 2/28/2022 2/28/2027 6.500 % 4.700 % N/A Quarterly Quarterly N/A 5,750 10,000 1,500 1,500 — 26,750 $ 80 $ 58 100 150 150 — 538 $ 77 $ 59 94 145 145 — 520 $ 77 59 94 145 145 494 1,014 N/A - not applicable (a) Denotes earliest optional redemption date. Earlier redemption is possible, at FHN's election, if certain regulatory capital events occur. (b) Fixed dividend rate will reset on August 1, 2025 to three-month CME Term SOFR plus 4.52361% (0.26161% plus 4.262%). (c) Fixed dividend rate will reset on May 1, 2026 to three-month CME Term SOFR plus 5.18161% (0.26161% plus 4.920%). (d) Fixed dividend rate will reset on May 1, 2024 to three-month CME Term SOFR plus 4.12061% (0.26161% plus 3.859%). On February 28, 2022, in connection with the execution of the TD Merger Agreement, FHN issued $494 million of Series G Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock (the Series G Convertible Preferred Stock). The Series G Convertible Preferred Stock was convertible into up to 4.9% of the outstanding shares of FHN common stock in certain circumstances, including termination of the TD Merger Agreement. Because regulatory approval of the TD Transaction was not obtained, conversion occurred, effective June 26, 2023, at a fixed rate of 4,000 shares of common stock for each share of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, resulting in 19,742,776 additional common shares outstanding. The $494 million carrying value of the Series G Convertible Preferred Stock qualified as Tier 1 Capital as of December 31, 2022 and qualified as Common Equity Tier 1 Capital upon conversion to common stock on June 26, 2023. Subsidiary Preferred Stock First Horizon Bank has issued 300,000 shares of Class A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (Class A Preferred Stock) with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. Dividends on the Class A Preferred Stock, if declared, accrue and are payable each quarter, in arrears, at a floating rate equal to the greater of the three-month CME Term SOFR plus 1.11161% (0.26161% plus 0.85%) or 3.75% per annum. These securities qualify fully as Tier 1 capital for both First Horizon Bank and FHN. On December 31, 2023 and 2022, $295 million of Class A Preferred Stock was recognized as noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. FT Real Estate Securities Company, Inc. (FTRESC), an indirect subsidiary of FHN, has issued 50 shares of 9.50% Cumulative Preferred Stock, Class B (Class B Preferred Shares), with a liquidation preference of $1 million per share; of those shares, 47 were issued to nonaffiliates. FTRESC is a real estate investment trust established for the purpose of acquiring, holding, and managing real estate mortgage assets. Dividends on the Class B Preferred Shares are cumulative and are payable semi-annually. At December 31, 2023, the Class B Preferred Shares qualified as Tier 2 regulatory capital. For all periods presented, these securities are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as term borrowings. The Class B Preferred Shares are mandatorily redeemable on March 31, 2031, and redeemable at the discretion of FTRESC in the event that the Class B Preferred Shares cannot be accounted for as Tier 2 regulatory capital or there is more than an insubstantial risk that dividends paid with respect to the Class B Preferred Shares will not be fully deductible for tax purposes. LIBOR Change to SOFR On March 5, 2021, the U.K.'s Financial Conduct Authority announced that all tenors of LIBOR would cease publication or no longer be representative after June 30, 2023. On March 15, 2022, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act was enacted in the U.S. The LIBOR Act provides that LIBOR will transition to a replacement 152 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 11—PREFERRED STOCK ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA benchmark based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), plus a spread adjustment, in such covered contracts. Subsequently, the FRB adopted Regulation ZZ that identified CME Term SOFR, a forward term rate based on SOFR administered by CME Group Benchmark Administration, Ltd., plus a spread adjustment, as the replacement rate for securities for any interest rate calculations after June 30, 2023. On April 25, 2023, FHN announced that each reference to LIBOR in each applicable securities contract (which term includes preferred stock and related depositary shares) will transition to CME Term SOFR, plus a tenor-based spread adjustment, on the first business day after June 30, 2023 pursuant to the LIBOR Act and the implementing regulations. The information presented in this Note reflects that transition. 153 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 12—REGULATORY CAPITAL & RESTRICTIONS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 12—Regulatory Capital and Restrictions Regulatory Capital FHN is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on FHN’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, FHN must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated pursuant to regulatory directives. Capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgment by the regulators such as capital components, asset risk weightings, and other factors. Management believes that, as of December 31, 2023, FHN and First Horizon Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject. As of December 31, 2023, First Horizon Bank was classified as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well- capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum Total Risk-Based, Tier 1 Risk-Based, Common Equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 Leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. Management believes that no events or changes have occurred subsequent to year-end that would change this designation. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require FHN to maintain minimum ratios as set forth in the following table. FHN and First Horizon Bank are also subject to a 2.5% capital conservation buffer which is an amount above the minimum levels designed to ensure that banks remain well-capitalized, even in adverse economic scenarios. The actual capital amounts and ratios of FHN and First Horizon Bank are presented in the following table. CAPITAL AMOUNTS & RATIOS First Horizon Corporation First Horizon Bank Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Table 8.12.1 (Dollars in millions) December 31, 2023 Actual: Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 Leverage Minimum Requirement for Capital Adequacy Purposes: Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 Leverage Minimum Requirement to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions: Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 Leverage December 31, 2022 Actual: Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 Leverage $ $ 9,922 8,825 8,104 8,825 5,686 4,264 3,198 3,302 9,222 8,247 7,032 8,247 154 13.96 % $ 12.42 11.40 10.69 8.00 6.00 4.50 4.00 13.33 % $ 11.92 10.17 10.36 9,303 8,350 8,055 8,350 5,651 4,238 3,179 3,276 7,064 5,651 4,591 4,095 8,532 7,700 7,405 7,700 13.17 % 11.82 11.40 10.20 8.00 6.00 4.50 4.00 10.00 8.00 6.50 5.00 12.41 % 11.20 10.77 9.76 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 12—REGULATORY CAPITAL & RESTRICTIONS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Minimum Requirement for Capital Adequacy Purposes: Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 Leverage 5,533 4,150 3,112 3,183 8.00 6.00 4.50 4.00 Minimum Requirement to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions: Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 Leverage Restrictions on cash and due from banks Effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve reduced its reserve requirement to zero, and as a result, on December 31, 2023 and 2022, First Horizon Bank was not required to maintain cash reserves. Restrictions on dividends Cash dividends are paid by FHN from its assets, which are mainly provided by dividends from its subsidiaries. Certain regulatory restrictions exist regarding the ability of First Horizon Bank to transfer funds to FHN in the form of cash, dividends, loans, or advances. As of December 31, 2023, First Horizon Bank had undivided profits of $3.3 billion, of which a limited amount was available for distribution to FHN as dividends without prior regulatory approval. At any given time, the pertinent portions of those regulatory restrictions allow First Horizon Bank to declare preferred or common dividends without prior regulatory approval in an amount equal to First Horizon Bank's retained net income for the two most recent completed years plus the current year-to-date period. For any period, First Horizon Bank’s "retained net income" generally is equal to First Horizon Bank’s regulatory net income reduced by the preferred and common dividends declared by First Horizon Bank. Applying the dividend restrictions imposed under applicable federal and state rules, First Horizon Bank’s total amount available for dividends was $1.2 billion at January 1, 2024. First Horizon Bank declared and paid common dividends to the parent company in the amount of $220 million in 2023 and $435 million in 2022. During 2023 and 2022, First Horizon Bank declared and paid dividends on its preferred stock according to the payment terms of its issuances as noted in Note 11 - Preferred Stock. 5,498 4,124 3,093 3,157 6,873 5,498 4,467 3,946 8.00 6.00 4.50 4.00 10.00 8.00 6.50 5.00 The payment of cash dividends by FHN and First Horizon Bank may also be affected or limited by other factors, such as the requirement to maintain adequate capital above regulatory guidelines. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve generally requires insured banks and bank holding companies to pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. Restrictions on intercompany transactions Under current Federal banking laws, First Horizon Bank may not enter into covered transactions with any affiliate including the parent company and certain financial subsidiaries in excess of 10% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus, as defined, or $951 million, on December 31, 2023. Covered transactions include a loan or extension of credit to an affiliate, a purchase of or an investment in securities issued by an affiliate, and the acceptance of securities issued by the affiliate as collateral for any loan or extension of credit. The equity investment, including retained earnings, in certain of a bank’s financial subsidiaries is also treated as a covered transaction. On December 31, 2023, the parent company had less than $1 million in covered transactions from First Horizon Bank and 840 Denning LLC, a parent company subsidiary, had a covered transaction of $2 million. Two of the bank’s financial subsidiaries, FHN Financial Securities Corp. and First Horizon Advisors, Inc., had covered transactions from First Horizon Bank totaling $387 million and $50 million, respectively. In addition, the aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates, as defined, is limited to 20% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus, as defined, or $1.9 billion, on December 31, 2023. First Horizon Bank’s total covered transactions with all affiliates including the parent company on December 31, 2023 were $438 million. 155 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 13—COMPONENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 13—Components of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The following table provides the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 8.13.1 ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Dollars in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2020 Net unrealized gains (losses) Amounts reclassified from AOCI Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance as of December 31, 2021 Net unrealized gains (losses) Amounts reclassified from AOCI Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance as of December 31, 2022 Net unrealized gains (losses) Amounts reclassified from AOCI Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance as of December 31, 2023 Securities AFS Cash Flow Hedges Pension and Post-retirement Plans Total $ $ $ $ 108 $ 12 $ (260) $ (144) — (144) (3) (7) (10) (2) 8 6 (36) $ 2 $ (254) $ (937) — (937) (973) $ 137 — 137 (144) 15 (129) (127) $ (5) 52 47 (22) 8 (14) (268) $ (11) 7 (4) (140) (149) 1 (148) (288) (1,103) 23 (1,080) (1,368) 121 59 180 (836) $ (80) $ (272) $ (1,188) Reclassifications from AOCI, and related tax effects, were as follows: Table 8.13.2 (Dollars in millions) Details about AOCI Cash flow hedges: RECLASSIFICATIONS FROM AOCI 2023 2022 2021 Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented Realized (gains) losses on cash flow hedges Tax expense (benefit) Pension and Postretirement Plans: Amortization of prior service cost and net actuarial (gain) loss Tax expense (benefit) $ $ $ 69 $ (17) 52 $ 9 $ (2) 7 Total reclassification from AOCI $ 59 $ 23 $ 20 $ (9) Interest and fees on loans and leases (5) 2 Income tax expense 15 $ (7) 10 $ 10 Other expense (2) 8 (2) Income tax expense 8 1 156 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 14—INCOME TAXES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 14—Income Taxes The aggregate amount of income taxes included in the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, were as follows: Table 8.14.1 (Dollars in millions) Consolidated Statements of Income: Income tax expense Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity: Income tax expense (benefit) related to: INCOME TAX EXPENSE 2023 2022 2021 $ 212 $ 247 $ 274 Net unrealized gains (losses) on pension and other postretirement plans Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges (1) 44 15 (5) (302) (42) Total $ 270 $ (102) $ The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, were as follows: Table 8.14.2 (Dollars in millions) Current: Federal State Deferred: Federal State Total INCOME TAX EXPENSE COMPONENTS 2023 2022 2021 $ 140 $ 123 $ 28 37 7 212 $ 33 87 4 247 $ $ 2 (46) (3) 227 235 39 (1) 1 274 157 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 14—INCOME TAXES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA A reconciliation of expected income tax expense (benefit) at the federal statutory rate of 21% for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, to the total income tax expense follows: Table 8.14.3 (Dollars in millions) Federal income tax rate Tax computed at statutory rate Increase (decrease) resulting from: RECONCILIATION FROM STATUTORY RATES 2023 2022 2021 $ 21 % 237 $ 21 % 243 $ 21 % 270 State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit Bank-owned life insurance Tax-exempt interest FDIC premium Non-deductible expenses LIHTC credits and benefits, net of amortization Other tax credits Other changes in unrecognized tax benefits Termination of BOLI policies Other Total $ 34 (6) (12) 11 9 (15) (5) (50) 21 (12) 212 31 (4) (10) 7 4 (16) (4) (2) — (2) $ 247 $ 32 (7) (10) 5 3 (14) (4) 4 — (5) 274 As of December 31, 2023, FHN had net deferred tax asset balances related to federal and state income tax carryforwards of $32 million and $3 million, respectively, which will expire at various dates as follows: TAX CARRYFORWARD DTA EXPIRATION DATES Table 8.14.4 (Dollars in millions) Losses - federal Net operating losses - states Net operating losses - states We believe it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain state NOL carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we have provided an immaterial valuation allowance on the DTAs related to these state NOL carryforwards. If our assumptions change and we determine that we will be able to realize these NOLs, the tax benefits related to any reversal of the valuation allowance on DTAs will be recognized as a reduction of income tax expense. A DTA or DTL is recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The tax consequence is calculated by applying enacted statutory tax rates, applicable to future years, to these temporary differences. In order to support the recognition of the DTA, FHN’s management must believe that the realization of the DTA is more likely than not. FHN evaluates the likelihood of realization of the DTA based on both positive and negative evidence available at the time, including (as appropriate) scheduled reversals of DTLs, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, Expiration Dates 2028 - 2035 2024 - 2033 2034 - 2041 $ Net Deferred Tax Asset Balance 32 2 1 and recent financial performance. Realization is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the carryforwards attributable to the DTA. In projecting future taxable income, FHN incorporates assumptions including the estimated amount of future state and federal pre-tax operating income, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax planning strategies. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates used to manage the underlying business. As of December 31, 2023, FHN's net DTA was $215 million compared to $313 million at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, FHN's gross DTA (net of a valuation allowance) and gross DTL were $737 million and $522 million, respectively. Although realization is not assured, FHN believes that it meets the more-likely-than-not requirement with respect to the net DTA after valuation allowance. 158 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 14—INCOME TAXES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Temporary differences which gave rise to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities on December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: COMPONENTS OF DTAs & DTLs 2023 2022 Table 8.14.5 (Dollars in millions) Deferred tax assets: Loan valuations and loss reserves Employee benefits Accrued expenses Depreciation and amortization Lease liability Federal loss carryforwards State loss carryforwards Securities available for sale and financial instruments (a) Other Gross deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Equity investments Other intangible assets Prepaid expenses ROU lease asset Leasing Other Gross deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets $ $ $ 107 $ 128 21 37 85 32 3 296 28 737 31 $ 75 20 76 316 4 522 215 $ 108 93 22 24 91 34 2 355 32 761 3 80 17 82 265 1 448 313 (a) Tax effects of unrealized gains and losses are tracked on a security-by-security basis. Total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $15 million and $89 million, respectively. To the extent such unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 are subsequently recognized, $15 million of tax benefits could impact tax expense and FHN’s effective tax rate in future periods. During 2023, FHN settled audits which allowed it to reduce unrecognized benefits by $76 million, this resulted in a reduction of tax expense by $32 million. A reduction of accrued interest related to unrecognized benefits resulted in a reduction of tax expense of $14 million. It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits related to federal and state exposures could decrease by $1 million during 2024 if the applicable statutes of limitations expire as scheduled. FHN recognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. FHN had approximately $3 million and $17 million accrued for the payment of interest as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total amount of interest and penalties recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income during 2023 and 2022 were a benefit of $14 million and an expense of $3 million, respectively. The rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits is shown in the following table: 159 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.14.6 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 14—INCOME TAXES ROLLFORWARD OF UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS (Dollars in millions) Balance at December 31, 2021 Increases related to prior year tax positions Increases related to current year tax positions Decreases related to prior year tax positions Balance at December 31, 2022 Increases related to prior year tax positions Increases related to current year tax positions Settlements Lapse of statutes Balance at December 31, 2023 $ $ $ 92 3 1 (7) 89 1 2 (76) (1) 15 160 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 15—EARNINGS PER SHARE ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 15—Earnings Per Share The computations of basic and diluted earnings per common share were as follows: Table 8.15.1 EARNINGS PER SHARE COMPUTATIONS (Dollars in millions, except per share data; shares in thousands) Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to controlling interest Preferred stock dividends Net income available to common shareholders 2023 2022 2021 $ 916 $ 912 $ 1,010 19 897 32 865 12 900 32 868 11 999 37 962 Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic 548,410 535,033 546,354 Effect of dilutive restricted stock, performance equity awards and options Effect of dilutive convertible preferred stock (a) Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted 3,802 9,520 561,732 7,830 23,141 566,004 Basic earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share $ $ 1.58 1.54 $ $ 1.62 1.53 $ $ 4,887 — 551,241 1.76 1.74 (a) On February 28, 2022, FHN issued $494 million of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, which was converted into common stock on June 26, 2023, following the termination of the TD Merger Agreement. Conversion occurred at the rate of 4,000 common shares per Series G preferred share resulting in 19,742,776 additional common shares outstanding. 2023 includes the impact of the Series G based on the final conversion rate and 2022 includes the impact based on the original maximum conversion rate. For more information on the convertible features, including the conversion rate, see Note 11 - Preferred Stock. The following table presents outstanding options and other equity awards that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because they were either anti-dilutive (the exercise price was higher Table 8.15.2 than the weighted-average market price for the period) or the performance conditions have not been met: (Shares in thousands) Stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS ANTI-DILUTIVE EQUITY AWARDS 2023 2022 2021 — 29 Weighted average exercise price of stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS Other equity awards excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS $ 24.36 $ 2,242 25.64 $ 144 1,366 20.44 1,531 161 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 16—CONTINGENCIES & OTHER DISCLOSURES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 16—Contingencies and Other Disclosures Contingencies Contingent Liabilities Overview Contingent liabilities arise in the ordinary course of business. Often they are related to lawsuits, arbitration, mediation, and other forms of litigation. Various litigation matters currently are threatened or pending against FHN and its subsidiaries. Also, FHN at times receives requests for information, subpoenas, or other inquiries from federal, state, and local regulators, from other government authorities, and from other parties concerning various matters relating to FHN’s current or former businesses. Certain matters of that sort are pending at most times, and FHN generally cooperates when those matters arise. Pending and threatened litigation matters sometimes are settled by the parties, and sometimes pending matters are resolved in court or before an arbitrator, or are withdrawn. Regardless of the manner of resolution, frequently the most significant changes in status of a matter occur over a short time period, often following a lengthy period of little substantive activity. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of these matters, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, or where the cases present novel legal theories or involve a large number of parties, or where claims or other actions may be possible but have not been brought, FHN cannot reasonably determine what the eventual outcome of the matters will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters may be, or what the eventual loss or impact related to each matter may be. FHN establishes a loss contingency liability for a litigation matter when loss is both probable and reasonably estimable as prescribed by applicable financial accounting guidance. If loss for a matter is probable and a range of possible loss outcomes is the best estimate available, accounting guidance requires a liability to be established at the low end of the range. Based on current knowledge, and after consultation with counsel, management is of the opinion that loss contingencies related to threatened or pending litigation matters should not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition of FHN, but may be material to FHN’s operating results for any particular reporting period depending, in part, on the results from that period. Material Loss Contingency Matters As used in this Note, except for matters that are reported as having been substantially settled or otherwise substantially resolved, FHN's “material loss contingency matters” generally fall into at least one of the following categories: (i) FHN has determined material loss to be probable and has established a material loss liability in accordance with applicable financial accounting guidance; (ii) FHN has determined material loss to be probable but is not reasonably able to estimate an amount or range of material loss liability; or (iii) FHN has determined that material loss is not probable but is reasonably possible, and the amount or range of that reasonably possible material loss is estimable. As defined in applicable accounting guidance, loss is reasonably possible if there is more than a remote chance of a material loss outcome for FHN. FHN provides contingencies note disclosures for certain pending or threatened litigation matters each quarter, including all matters mentioned in categories (i) or (ii) and, occasionally, certain matters mentioned in category (iii). In addition, in this Note, certain other matters, or groups of matters, are discussed relating to FHN’s pre-2009 mortgage origination and servicing businesses. In all litigation matters discussed in this Note, unless settled or otherwise resolved, FHN believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to pursue those defenses vigorously. FHN reassesses the liability for litigation matters each quarter as the matters progress. At December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of liabilities established for all such loss contingency matters was $2 million. These liabilities are separate from those discussed under the heading Mortgage Loan Repurchase and Foreclosure Liability below. In each material loss contingency matter, except as otherwise noted, there is more than a remote chance that any of the following outcomes will occur: the plaintiff will substantially prevail; the defense will substantially prevail; the plaintiff will prevail in part; or the matter will be settled by the parties. At December 31, 2023, FHN estimates that for all material loss contingency matters, estimable reasonably possible losses in future periods in excess of currently established liabilities could aggregate in a range from zero to less than $1 million. As a result of the general uncertainties discussed above and the specific uncertainties discussed for each matter mentioned below, it is possible that the ultimate future loss experienced by FHN for any particular matter may materially exceed the amount, if any, of currently established liability for that matter. Mortgage Loan Repurchase and Foreclosure Liability FHN’s repurchase and foreclosure liability, primarily related to its pre-2009 mortgage origination, sale, securitization and servicing businesses, is comprised of accruals to cover estimated loss content in the active pipeline, estimated future inflows, and estimated loss content related to certain known claims not currently included in the active pipeline. The active pipeline consists of mortgage loan repurchase and make-whole demands from loan purchasers or securitization participants, foreclosure/servicing demands from borrowers, and 162 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 16—CONTINGENCIES & OTHER DISCLOSURES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA certain related exposures. FHN compares the estimated probable incurred losses determined under the applicable loss estimation approaches for the respective periods with current reserve levels. Changes in the estimated required liability levels are recorded as necessary through the repurchase and foreclosure provision. Based on currently available information and experience to date, FHN has evaluated its loan repurchase, make- whole, foreclosure, and certain related exposures and has accrued for losses of $16 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. Accrued liabilities for FHN’s estimate of these obligations are reflected in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Charges/expense reversals to increase/decrease the liability are included within other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The estimates are based upon currently available information and fact patterns that exist as of each balance sheet date and could be subject to future changes. Changes to any one of these factors could significantly impact the estimate of FHN’s liability. The most significant outstanding claim associated with FHN's pre-2009 business is a servicing indemnification claim asserted by Nationstar Mortgage LLC, currently doing business as "Mr. Cooper". Nationstar was the purchaser of FHN's mortgage servicing obligations and assets in 2013 and 2014 and was FHN's subservicer. Nationstar asserts several categories of indemnity obligations in connection with mortgage loans under the subservicing arrangement and under the purchase transaction. This matter currently is not in litigation, but litigation in the future is possible. FHN is unable to estimate an RPL range for this matter due to significant uncertainties regarding: the exact nature of each of Nationstar's claims and its position in respect of each; the number of, and the facts underlying, the claimed instances of indemnifiable events; the applicability of FHN's contractual indemnity covenants to those facts and events; and, in those cases where the facts and events might support an indemnity claim, whether any legal defenses, counterclaims, other counter-positions, or third- party claims might eliminate or reduce claims against FHN or their impact on FHN. Other Disclosures Indemnification Agreements and Guarantees In the ordinary course of business, FHN enters into indemnification agreements for legal proceedings against its directors and officers and standard representations and warranties for underwriting agreements, merger and acquisition agreements, loan sales, contractual commitments, and various other business transactions or arrangements. The extent of FHN’s obligations under these agreements depends upon the occurrence of future events; therefore, it is not possible to estimate a maximum potential amount of payouts that could be required by such agreements. 163 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table of Contents NOTE 17—RETIREMENT PLANS & OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFITS Note 17—Retirement Plans and Other Employee Benefits Pension Plan FHN sponsors a noncontributory, qualified defined benefit pension plan to employees hired or re-hired on or before September 1, 2007. Pension benefits are based on years of service, average compensation near retirement or other termination, and estimated social security benefits at age 65. Benefits under the plan are “frozen” so that years of service and compensation changes after 2012 do not affect the benefit owed. Minimum contributions are based upon actuarially determined amounts necessary to fund the total benefit obligation. Decisions to contribute to the plan are based upon pension funding requirements under the Pension Protection Act, the maximum amount deductible under the Internal Revenue Code, the actual performance of plan assets, and trends in the regulatory environment. FHN made a contribution of $6 million to the qualified pension plan in 2021, and no contributions were made in 2023 and 2022. Management does not currently anticipate that FHN will make a contribution to the qualified pension plan in 2024. FHN also maintains non-qualified plans including a supplemental retirement plan that covers certain employees whose benefits under the qualified pension plan have been limited by tax rules. These other non- qualified plans are unfunded, and contributions to these plans cover all benefits paid under the non-qualified plans. Payments made under the non-qualified plans were $6 million for 2023. FHN anticipates making benefit payments under the non-qualified plans of $5 million in 2024. Savings Plan FHN provides all qualifying full-time employees with the opportunity to participate in FHN's tax qualified 401(k) savings plan. The qualified plan allows employees to defer receipt of earned salary, up to tax law limits, on a tax- advantaged basis. Accounts, which are held in trust, may be invested in a wide range of mutual funds and in FHN common stock. Up to tax law limits, FHN provides a 100% match for the first 6% of salary deferred, with company matching contributions invested according to a participant’s current investment election. Through a non- qualified savings restoration plan, FHN provides a restorative benefit to certain highly-compensated employees who participate in the savings plan and whose contribution elections are capped by tax limitations. FHN also provides “flexible dollars” to assist employees with the cost of annual benefits and/or allow the employee to contribute to his or her qualified savings plan account. These “flexible dollars” are pre-tax contributions and are based upon the employees’ years of service and qualified compensation. Contributions made by FHN through the flexible benefits plan and the company matches were $48 million, $47 million, and $51 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Other Employee Benefits FHN provides postretirement life insurance benefits to certain employees and also provides postretirement medical insurance benefits to retirement-eligible employees, including certain prescription drug benefits. The postretirement medical plan is contributory with FHN contributing a fixed amount for certain participants. Actuarial Assumptions FHN’s process for developing the long-term expected rate of return of pension plan assets is based on capital market exposure as the source of investment portfolio returns. Capital market exposure refers to the plan’s allocation of its assets to asset classes, which primarily represent fixed income investments. FHN also considers expectations for inflation, real interest rates, and various risk premiums based primarily on the historical risk premium for each asset class. The expected return is based upon a time horizon of 30 years. Given its funded status, the asset allocation strategy for the qualified pension plan utilizes fixed income instruments that closely match the estimated duration of payment obligations. The discount rates for the three years ended 2023 for pension and other benefits were determined by using a hypothetical AA yield curve represented by a series of annualized individual discount rates from one-half to 30 years. The discount rates are selected based upon data specific to FHN’s plans and employee population. The bonds used to create the hypothetical yield curve were subjected to several requirements to ensure that the resulting rates were representative of the bonds that would be selected by management to fulfill the company’s funding obligations. In addition to the AA rating, only non- callable bonds were included. Each bond issue was required to have at least $300 million par outstanding so that each issue was sufficiently marketable. Finally, bonds more than two standard deviations from the average yield were removed. When selecting the discount rate, FHN matches the duration of high quality bonds with the duration of the obligations of the plan as of the measurement date. For all years presented, the measurement date of the benefit obligations and net periodic benefit costs was December 31. The actuarial assumptions used in the defined benefit pension plans and other employee benefit plans were as follows: 164 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.17.1 Discount rate Qualified pension Nonqualified pension Other nonqualified pension Postretirement benefits Expected long- term rate of return Qualified pension/ postretirement benefits Postretirement benefit (retirees post January 1, 1993) Postretirement benefit (retirees prior to January 1, 1993) ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 17—RETIREMENT PLANS & OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFITS ACTUARIAL ASSUMPTIONS FOR DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS 2023 5.00% 4.90% 4.75% Benefit Obligations 2022 5.20% 5.10% 4.94% 2021 2.95% 2.65% 1.99% 2023 5.20% 5.10% 4.94% Net Periodic Benefit Cost 2022 2.96% 2.65% 1.99% 2021 2.64% 2.24% 1.41% 4.84% - 5.06% 5.04% - 5.25% 2.43% - 3.07% 4.88% - 5.25% 2.42% - 5.08% 1.93% - 2.81% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.15% 2.85% 2.30% 5.50% 5.95% 5.80% N/A 1.05% 1.00% Table 8.17.2 PROJECTED BENEFIT OBLIGATION & CREDITING RATE (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 Projected benefit obligation $ 8 $ 10 $ 12 Interest crediting rate 12.04 % 10.77 % 9.07 % Since the benefits in the defined benefit pension plan are frozen, the rate of compensation increase has no effect on qualified pension benefits. FHN has one pension plan where participants' benefits are affected by interest crediting rates. The plan's projected benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and interest crediting rates for the respective years were as follows: The components of net periodic benefit cost for the plan years 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows: Table 8.17.3 COMPONENTS OF NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST (Dollars in millions) Components of net periodic benefit cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of unrecognized: Actuarial (gain) loss Net periodic benefit cost Pension Benefits 2022 2023 2021 2023 Other Benefits 2022 2021 $ $ 33 $ (32) 13 14 $ 20 $ (24) 12 8 $ 17 $ (20) 10 7 $ 2 $ (1) (1) — $ 1 $ (2) — (1) $ 1 (1) — — The long-term expected rate of return is applied to the market-related value of plan assets in determining the expected return on plan assets. FHN determines the market-related value of plan assets using a hybrid methodology which recognizes liability-hedging assets at current fair value while return-seeking assets use a calculated value that recognizes changes in fair value over five years, as permitted by GAAP. FHN utilizes a spot rate approach which applies duration- specific rates from the full yield curve to estimated future benefit payments for the determination of interest cost. 165 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 17—RETIREMENT PLANS & OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFITS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table presents the plans’ benefit obligations and plan assets for 2023 and 2022: Table 8.17.4 BENEFIT OBLIGATIONS & PLAN ASSETS (Dollars in millions) Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation, beginning of year Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss (a) Actual benefits paid Benefit obligation, end of year Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Actual benefits paid – settlement payments Actual benefits paid – other payments Premium paid for annuity purchase (b) Fair value of plan assets, end of year Funded (unfunded) status of the plans Amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets Other assets Other liabilities Net asset (liability) at end of year $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 663 $ 845 $ 32 $ 33 20 (41) 675 $ 641 $ 35 3 (2) (1) (38) 638 $ (37) $ — $ (37) (37) $ 20 (163) (39) 663 $ 849 $ (172) 3 (2) (1) (36) 641 $ (22) $ 4 $ (26) (22) $ 2 — (3) 31 $ 21 $ 2 3 (3) — — 23 $ (8) $ 21 $ (29) (8) $ 41 1 (9) (1) 32 26 (4) 1 (2) — — 21 (11) 19 (30) (11) (a) Variances in the actuarial (gain) loss are due to normal activity such as changes in discount rates, updates to participant demographic information and revisions to life expectancy assumptions. (b) Amounts represent settlements of certain retired participants in the qualified pension plan that occurred during the year. The projected benefit obligation for unfunded plans was as follows: Table 8.17.5 (Dollars in millions) BENEFIT OBLIGATION - UNFUNDED PLANS Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 Projected benefit obligation $ 24 $ 26 $ 29 $ 30 The qualified pension plan was underfunded by $13 million and overfunded by $4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Because of the pension freeze at the end of 2012, as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the pension benefit obligation is equivalent to the accumulated benefit obligation. FHN's funded post retirement plan was in an overfunded status as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and unrecognized prior service costs and credits are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Balances reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income on a pre-tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of: 166 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.17.6 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 17—RETIREMENT PLANS & OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFITS PRE-TAX ACTUARIAL (GAINS) LOSSES REFLECTED IN AOCI (Dollars in millions) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income Net actuarial (gain) loss Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 $ 367 $ 363 $ (8) $ (8) The pre-tax amounts recognized in other comprehensive income during 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows: Table 8.17.7 PRE-TAX AMOUNTS RECOGNIZED IN OCI (Dollars in millions) Changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income Net actuarial (gain) loss arising during measurement period Items amortized during the measurement period: Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 $ 17 $ 32 $ 13 $ — $ (3) $ (7) Net actuarial gain (loss) (13) Total recognized in other comprehensive income $ 4 $ (11) 21 $ (10) 3 $ 1 1 $ — (3) $ — (7) FHN utilizes the minimum amortization method in determining the amount of actuarial gains or losses to include in plan expense. Under this approach, the net deferred actuarial gain or loss that exceeds a threshold is amortized over the average remaining service period of active plan participants. The threshold is measured as the greater of: 10% of a plan’s projected benefit obligation as of the beginning of the year or 10% of the market related value of plan assets as of the beginning of the year. FHN amortizes actuarial gains and losses using the estimated average remaining life expectancy of the remaining participants since all participants are considered inactive due to the freeze. The following table provides detail on expected benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate: Table 8.17.8 EXPECTED BENEFIT PAYMENTS (Dollars in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029-2033 Pension Benefits Other Benefits $ 44 $ 46 47 48 48 239 2 2 2 2 2 11 Plan Assets FHN’s overall investment goal is to create, over the life of the pension plan and retiree medical plan, an adequate pool of sufficiently liquid assets to support the qualified pension benefit obligations to participants, retirees, and beneficiaries, as well as to partially support the medical obligations to retirees and beneficiaries. Thus, the qualified pension plan and retiree medical plan seek to achieve a level of investment return consistent with changes in projected benefit obligations. Qualified pension plan assets primarily consist of fixed income securities which include U.S. treasuries, corporate bonds of companies from diversified industries, municipal bonds, and foreign bonds. Fixed income investments generally have long durations consistent with the estimated pension liabilities of FHN. This duration- matching strategy is intended to hedge substantially all of the plan’s risk associated with future benefit payments. Retiree medical funds are kept in short-term investments, primarily money market funds and mutual funds. On December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN did not have any significant concentrations of risk within the plan assets related to the pension plan or the retiree medical plan. The fair value of FHN’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, by asset category classified using the Fair Value measurement hierarchy, is shown in the table below. See Note 23 – Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities for more details about fair value measurements. 167 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.17.9 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 17—RETIREMENT PLANS & OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFITS FAIR VALUE OF PENSION ASSETS December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash equivalents and money market funds $ 6 $ — $ — $ Fixed income securities: U.S. treasuries Corporate, municipal and foreign bonds Common and collective funds: Fixed income Total (Dollars in millions) Cash equivalents and money market funds Fixed income securities: U.S. treasuries Corporate, municipal and foreign bonds Common and collective funds: Fixed income Total — — — 6 $ 9 317 306 632 $ — — — — $ December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 20 $ — $ — $ $ $ — — — $ 20 $ 15 300 306 621 $ — — — — $ 6 9 317 306 638 20 15 300 306 641 The HR Investment and Risk Committee, comprised of senior managers within the organization, meet regularly to review asset performance and potential portfolio revisions. Adjustments to the qualified pension plan asset allocation primarily reflect changes in anticipated liquidity needs for plan benefits. Table 8.17.10 The fair value of FHN’s retiree medical plan assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 by asset category are as follows: (Dollars in millions) Mutual funds: Equity mutual funds Fixed income mutual funds Total (Dollars in millions) Mutual funds: Equity mutual funds Fixed income mutual funds Total FAIR VALUE OF RETIREE MEDICAL PLAN ASSETS Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2023 $ $ $ $ 7 $ 16 23 $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2022 6 $ 15 21 $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 7 16 23 6 15 21 168 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 18—STOCK OPTIONS, RESTRICTED STOCK, & DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLANS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 18—Stock Options, Restricted Stock, and Dividend Reinvestment Plans Equity Compensation Plans FHN currently has one plan which authorizes the grant of new stock-based awards, the 2021 Incentive Plan (the IP). New awards under the IP may be granted to any of FHN's directors, officers, or associates. The IP was approved by shareholders in April 2021. Most awards outstanding at year end were granted under predecessor plans which are no longer active. The IP authorizes a broad range of award types, including restricted shares, stock units, cash units, and stock options. Stock units may be paid in shares or cash, depending upon the terms of the award. The IP also authorizes the grant of stock appreciation rights, though no such grants have been made under the IP or recent predecessor plans. Unvested awards have service and/or performance conditions which must be met in order for the shares to vest. Awards generally have service-vesting conditions, meaning that the associate must remain employed by FHN for certain periods in order for the award to vest. Some outstanding awards also have performance conditions, and one outstanding award has performance conditions associated with FHN’s stock price. FHN operates the IP by establishing award programs, each of which is intended to cover a specific need. Programs are created, changed, or terminated as needs change. On December 31, 2023, there were 4,965,419 shares available for new awards under the IP. This includes the new/additional shares originally authorized under the IP along with shares underlying ECP awards that have been forfeited or canceled since the IP was approved by shareholders, net of shares underlying IP awards that are outstanding or have been paid. Service condition full-value awards Awards may be granted with service conditions only. In recent years, programs using these awards have included annual programs for executives and selected management associates, a mandatory deferral program for executives tied to annual bonuses earned, other mandatory or elective deferral programs, various retention programs, and special hiring-incentive situations. Details of the awards vary by program, but most are settled in shares at vesting rather than cash, and vesting generally begins no earlier than the third anniversary of grant and rarely extends beyond the fifth anniversary of grant. Performance condition awards Under FHN’s long-term incentive and corporate performance programs, performance stock units (PSUs) (executives) and cash units (selected management employees) are granted annually and vest only if predetermined performance measures are met. The measures are changed each year based on goals and circumstances prevailing at the time of grant. In recent years the performance periods have been three years, with service-vesting near the third anniversary of the grant. PSUs granted from 2014 to 2020 have a post-vest holding period of two years. PSUs granted after 2020 no longer have the 2-year holding period. Recent annual performance awards require pro-rated forfeiture (in relation to the maximum possible) for performance falling between a threshold level and a maximum. Performance awards sometimes are used to provide a narrow, targeted incentive to a single person or small group; one such award which includes a market performance condition to FHN’s CEO is discussed in the next paragraph. Of the annual program awards paid during 2023 or outstanding on December 31, 2023: the 2018, 2019 and 2020 units vested in 2021, 2022 and 2023 at the 133.3%, 187.5% and 187.5% payout level, respectively, and remain in a two year post-vesting holding period; the three-year performance period of the 2021 units has ended but performance is measured relative to peers and has not yet been determined; and, the three-year performance periods for the 2022 and 2023 units have not ended. Market condition award In 2016, FHN made a special grant of performance stock units to FHN’s CEO seven year performance period. The award had no provision for pro-rated payment based on partial performance. The award’s performance goal was based on achievement of a specific level of total shareholder return during the performance period and vested in 2023. Director awards Non-employee directors receive cash and annual grants of service-conditioned stock units under a program approved by the board of directors. Director stock units granted vest in the year following the year of grant and settle in shares. In 2023 and 2022, each director received a base of $122,000 or prorated equivalent of stock units, representing a portion of their annual retainer. Prior to 2005, directors could elect to defer cash compensation in the form of discount-priced stock options, one of which remained outstanding at December 31, 2023, but has since expired. Stock and stock unit awards. A summary of restricted and performance stock and unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below: 169 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 18—STOCK OPTIONS, RESTRICTED STOCK, & DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLANS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table 8.18.1 RESTRICTED AND PERFORMANCE EQUITY AWARD ACTIVITY January 1, 2023 Shares/units granted Shares/units vested/distributed Shares/units canceled (c) December 31, 2023 Shares/ Units (a) Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) (b) 13,033,646 $ 4,558,402 (2,880,586) (3,393,758) 11,317,704 $ 17.09 16.08 11.41 22.43 15.89 (a) Includes only units that settle in shares; nonvested performance units are included at 100% payout level. (b) The weighted average grant date fair value for shares/units granted in 2022 and 2021 was $17.09 and $13.14, respectively. (c) Includes 3,198,257 retention grants canceled in connection with the TD merger termination; replacement retention grants issued settle in cash upon vesting and are excluded from this disclosure. On December 31, 2023, there was $78 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years. The total grant date fair value of shares vested during 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $32 million, $29 million, and $36 million, respectively. Stock option awards In 2021 FHN ended its only remaining stock option program, making only one grant related to a 2020 commitment. Options under that program, for executives, have service-vesting requirements and seven-year terms. In the past, option programs varied widely in their uses and terms, and many old-program options, granted under the ECP or its predecessor plans, remain outstanding today. All options granted since 2005 provide for the issuance of FHN common stock at a price fixed at its fair market value on the grant date. Except for converted options and a special retention stock option award to the CEO in 2016, all options granted since 2008 vest fully no Table 8.18.2 later than the fourth anniversary of grant, and all such options expire seven years from the grant date. CBF converted options and IBKC converted options granted prior to November 3, 2019 (the merger agreement date) are fully vested and expire ten years from grant date. IBKC converted options granted subsequent to the merger agreement vest fully no later than the fifth anniversary of the grant date and expire ten years from grant date. The 2016 retention award vests beginning on the fourth anniversary of grant and extends through the sixth anniversary of grant. A deferral program, which was discontinued in 2005, allowed for foregone compensation plus the exercise price to equal the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant if the grantee agreed to receive the options in lieu of compensation. Deferral options still outstanding expire 20 years from the grant date. At December 31, 2023 an immaterial number of grants remained outstanding, but have since expired. The summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023, is shown below: January 1, 2023 Options granted Options exercised Options expired/canceled December 31, 2023 Options exercisable Options expected to vest STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share) Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (millions) 2,437,446 $ — (393,560) (144,918) 1,898,968 $ 1,617,760 281,208 15.72 — 13.49 14.05 16.31 16.44 15.53 2.87 $ 2.62 4.33 — — — The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $4 million, $17 million, and $12 million, respectively. On December 31, 2023, there was an immaterial amount of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.2 years. 170 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 18—STOCK OPTIONS, RESTRICTED STOCK, & DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLANS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FHN did not grant or convert stock options in 2023 and 2022. FHN granted or converted 155,124 stock options with a weighted average fair value of $3.39 per option at grant date in 2021. FHN used the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted or converted in 2021 and with the following assumptions: Table 8.18.3 STOCK OPTION FAIR VALUE ASSUMPTIONS Expected dividend yield Expected weighted-average lives of options granted Expected weighted-average volatility Expected volatility range Risk-free interest rate Expected lives of options granted are determined based on the vesting period, historical exercise patterns and contractual term of the options. FHN uses a blend of historical and implied volatility in determining expected volatility. A portion of the weighted average volatility rate is derived by compiling daily closing stock prices over a historical period approximating the expected lives of the options. Additionally, because of market volatility due to economic conditions and the impact on stock prices of financial institutions, FHN also incorporates a measure of implied volatility so as to incorporate more recent market conditions in the estimation of future volatility. Phantom stock awards As a result of the IBKC merger, FHN assumed phantom stock awards under various plans to officers and other key associates. The awards are subject to a vesting period of five years and are paid out in cash upon vesting. The amount paid per vesting period is calculated as the number of vested share equivalents multiplied by closing market price of a share of the Company's common stock on the vesting date. Share equivalents are calculated on the date of grant as the total award's dollar value divided by the closing market price of a share of the Company's common stock on the grant date. As of December 31, 2023, there were 199,114 share equivalents of phantom stock awards outstanding. See Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies for more discussion on FHN's phantom stock awards. Compensation Cost The compensation cost that has been included in the Consolidated Statements of Income pertaining to stock- based awards was $36 million, $75 million, and $43 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The corresponding total income tax benefits recognized were $8 million, $18 million and $10 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. 2021 4.16% 6.29 years 38.44% 37.86% - 39.02% 0.62% Authorization Consistent with Tennessee state law, only authorized, but unissued, stock may be utilized in connection with any issuance of FHN common stock which may be required as a result of stock-based compensation awards. Prior authorizations to repurchase shares issued in connection with compensation plans expired on December 31, 2023. After 2023, as authorized by FHN's Board and the Board's Compensation Committee, FHN will continue to make automatic stock purchases by withholding shares associated with stock-based awards to cover tax obligations associated with those awards. Those limited, off-market purchases no longer will be connected to a traditional, announced purchase program. As has been true in the past, automatic tax withholding purchases are not subject to trading blackouts which affect senior executives or the general purchase program. Dividend reinvestment plan Prior to March 2022, the Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan authorized the sale of FHN’s common stock from stock acquired on the open market to shareholders who choose to invest all or a portion of their cash dividends or make optional cash payments of $25 to $10,000 per quarter without paying commissions. The price of stock purchased on the open market was the average price paid. In March 2022, FHN agreed to suspend the Dividend Reinvestment Plan in connection with the TD Transaction. During the suspension period, dividend payments of FHN are not automatically reinvested in additional shares of FHN common stock and participants in the Plan are not able to purchase shares of FHN common stock through optional cash investments under the Plan. 171 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 19—BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 19—Business Segment Information FHN's operating segments are composed of the following: • Regional Banking segment offers financial products and services, including traditional lending and deposit taking, to commercial and consumer clients primarily in the southern U.S. and other selected markets. Regional Banking also provides investment, wealth management, financial planning, trust and asset management services for consumer clients. • Specialty Banking segment consists of lines of business that deliver product offerings and services with specialized industry knowledge. Specialty Banking’s lines of business include asset-based lending, mortgage warehouse lending, commercial real estate, franchise finance, correspondent banking, equipment finance, mortgage, and (prior to July 2022) title insurance. In addition to traditional lending and deposit taking, Specialty Banking also delivers treasury management solutions, loan syndications, and international banking. Additionally, Specialty Banking has a line of business focused on fixed income securities sales, trading, underwriting, and strategies for institutional clients in the U.S. and abroad, as well as loan sales, portfolio advisory services, and derivative sales. • Corporate segment consists primarily of corporate support functions including risk management, audit, accounting, finance, executive office, and corporate communications. Shared support services such as Table 8.19.1 human resources, properties, technology, credit risk and bank operations are allocated to the activities of Regional Banking, Specialty Banking and Corporate. Additionally, the Corporate segment includes centralized management of capital and funding to support the business activities of the company including management of wholesale funding, liquidity, and capital management and allocation. The Corporate segment also includes the revenue and expense associated with run-off businesses such as pre-2009 mortgage banking elements, run-off consumer and trust preferred loan portfolios, and other exited businesses. Periodically, FHN adapts its segments to reflect managerial or strategic changes. FHN may also modify its methodology of allocating expenses and equity among segments which could change historical segment results. Business segment revenue, expense, asset, and equity levels reflect those which are specifically identifiable or which are allocated based on an internal allocation method. Because the allocations are based on internally developed assignments and allocations, to an extent they are subjective. Generally, all assignments and allocations have been consistently applied for all periods presented. The following table presents financial information for each reportable business segment for the years ended December 31: (Dollars in millions) Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated SEGMENT FINANCIAL INFORMATION 2023 Net interest income (expense) $ 2,354 $ 518 $ Provision for credit losses Noninterest income (a) Noninterest expense (b)(c)(e) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) (f) Net income (loss) Average assets Depreciation and amortization Expenditures for long-lived assets 224 433 1,301 1,262 296 966 $ 45,858 $ 60 29 $ $ 50 209 364 313 76 237 $ (332) $ (14) 285 414 (447) (160) (287) $ 2,540 260 927 2,079 1,128 212 916 20,161 $ 15,664 $ 81,683 — 4 42 1 102 34 172 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 19—BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (Dollars in millions) Net interest income (expense) Provision for credit losses Noninterest income (a) Noninterest expense (b)(e) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Average assets Depreciation and amortization Expenditures for long-lived assets (Dollars in millions) Net interest income (expense) Provision (benefit) for credit losses Noninterest income (a) Noninterest expense (b)(d)(e) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Average assets Depreciation and amortization Expenditures for long-lived assets Regional Banking 2022 Specialty Banking $ 1,954 $ 557 $ 94 443 1,226 1,077 253 824 $ 42,297 $ 24 18 Corporate Consolidated (119) $ (13) 60 281 (327) (105) (222) $ 2,392 95 815 1,953 1,159 247 912 14 312 446 409 99 310 $ 19,965 $ 21,955 $ 84,217 2 12 59 (6) 85 24 Regional Banking 2021 Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated 1,764 $ (229) 438 1,136 1,295 303 992 $ 41,527 $ (57) 27 620 $ (64) 597 573 708 172 536 $ (390) $ (17) 41 387 (719) (201) (518) $ 1,994 (310) 1,076 2,096 1,284 274 1,010 20,789 $ 25,293 $ 87,609 4 3 98 7 45 37 $ $ $ $ $ (a) 2023 includes a $225 million gain on merger termination and a $6 million loss on equities valuation adjustments in the Corporate segment and a $7 million gain on a small FHN Financial asset disposition in the Specialty Banking segment. 2022 includes a $12 million gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights in the Specialty Banking segment and a $22 million gain related to the sale of the title insurance business, a $10 million gain on equity securities and a $6 million gain related to a fintech investment in the Corporate segment. 2021 includes a loss of $26 million related to TRUPS redemption in the Corporate segment. (b) 2023 includes $51 million in merger and integration planning expenses related to the TD Transaction in the Corporate Segment. 2022 and 2021 include $136 million and $187 million, respectively, in merger and integration expenses related to the IBKC merger and TD Transaction in the Corporate segment. (c) 2023 includes $10 million of restructuring costs, an FDIC special assessment of $68 million, and a $50 million contribution to the First Horizon Foundation in the Corporate segment. (d) 2021 includes $37 million in asset impairments related to IBKC merger integration efforts in the Corporate segment. (e) 2023, 2022 and 2021 include $15 million, $22 million and $19 million, respectively, in derivative valuation adjustments related to prior Visa Class-B share sales in the Corporate segment. (f) 2023 includes $24 million in expense related to the surrender of bank owned life insurance policies and a $59 million benefit from merger-related tax items in the Corporate segment. 173 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 19—BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table presents a disaggregation of FHN’s noninterest income by major product line and reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 8.19.2 (Dollars in millions) Noninterest income: NONINTEREST INCOME DETAIL BY SEGMENT December 31, 2023 Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated Deposit transactions and cash management $ 161 $ Fixed income (a) Brokerage, management fees and commissions Card and digital banking fees Other service charges and fees Trust services and investment management Mortgage banking and title income Gain on merger termination Securities gains (losses), net (b) Other income (c) — 90 68 30 47 — — — 37 10 $ 133 — 2 24 — 23 — — 17 Total noninterest income $ 433 $ 209 $ 8 $ — — 7 — — — 225 (4) 49 285 $ 179 133 90 77 54 47 23 225 (4) 103 927 (Dollars in millions) Noninterest income: Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated December 31, 2022 Deposit transactions and cash management $ 153 $ Fixed income (a) Brokerage, management fees and commissions Card and digital banking fees Other service charges and fees Trust services and investment management Mortgage banking and title income Securities gains (losses), net (b) Other income (c) — 92 75 32 48 — — 43 9 $ 205 — 2 22 — 68 — 6 9 $ — — 7 — — — 18 26 171 205 92 84 54 48 68 18 75 Total noninterest income $ 443 $ 312 $ 60 $ 815 (Dollars in millions) Noninterest income: Regional Banking Specialty Banking Corporate Consolidated December 31, 2021 Deposit transactions and cash management $ 157 $ Fixed income (a) Brokerage, management fees and commissions Card and digital banking fees Other service charges and fees Trust services and investment management Mortgage banking and title income Securities gains (losses), net (b) Other income (c) — 88 67 23 51 — — 52 12 $ 406 — 3 17 — 152 — 7 6 $ — — 8 4 — 2 13 8 175 406 88 78 44 51 154 13 67 Total noninterest income $ 438 $ 597 $ 41 $ 1,076 (a) 2023, 2022 and 2021, include $42 million, $43 million, and $44 million, respectively, of underwriting, portfolio advisory, and other noninterest income in scope of ASC 606, "Revenue From Contracts With Customers. (b) Represents noninterest income excluded from the scope of ASC 606. Amount is presented for informational purposes to reconcile total noninterest income. (c) Includes letter of credit fees and insurance commissions in scope of ASC 606. 174 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 20—VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 20—Variable Interest Entities FHN makes equity investments in various entities that are considered VIEs, as defined by GAAP. A VIE typically does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company’s variable interest arises from contractual, ownership or other monetary interests in the entity, which change with fluctuations in the fair value of the entity's net assets. FHN consolidates a VIE if FHN is the primary beneficiary of the entity. FHN is the primary beneficiary of a VIE if FHN's variable interest provides it with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE and the right to receive benefits (or the obligation to absorb losses) that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest held could potentially be significant to the VIE, FHN considers both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of its involvement with the VIE. FHN assesses whether or not it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis. Consolidated Variable Interest Entities FHN has established certain rabbi trusts related to deferred compensation plans offered to its employees. FHN contributes employee cash compensation deferrals to the trusts and directs the underlying investments made by the trusts. The assets of these trusts are available to FHN’s creditors only in the event that FHN becomes insolvent. These trusts are considered VIEs as there is no equity at risk in the trusts since FHN provided the equity interest to its employees in exchange for services rendered. FHN is considered the primary beneficiary of the rabbi trusts as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the rabbi trusts through its ability to direct the underlying investments made by the trusts. Additionally, FHN could potentially receive benefits or absorb losses that are significant to the trusts due to its right to receive any asset values in excess of liability payoffs and its obligation to fund any liabilities to employees that are in excess of a rabbi trust’s assets. The following table summarizes the carrying value of assets and liabilities associated with rabbi trusts used for deferred compensation plans which are consolidated by FHN as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.20.1 (Dollars in millions) Assets: Other assets Liabilities: Other liabilities CONSOLIDATED VIEs December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 177 $ 150 $ 181 150 Nonconsolidated Variable Interest Entities Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships Through designated wholly-owned subsidiaries, First Horizon Bank makes equity investments as a limited partner in various partnerships that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing the LIHTC. The purpose of these investments is to achieve a satisfactory return on capital and to support FHN’s community reinvestment initiatives. LIHTC partnerships are managed by unrelated general partners that have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the partnerships. FHN is therefore not the primary beneficiary of any LIHTC partnerships. Accordingly, FHN does not consolidate these VIEs and accounts for these investments in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. FHN accounts for all qualifying LIHTC investments under the proportional amortization method. Under this method an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance as a component of income tax expense. LIHTC investments that do not qualify for the proportional amortization method are accounted for using the equity method. Expenses associated with non-qualifying LIHTC investments were not material during 2023, 2022, and 2021. The following table summarizes the impact to income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for LIHTC investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method. Table 8.20.2 LIHTC IMPACTS ON TAX EXPENSE (Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 Income tax expense (benefit): Amortization of qualifying LIHTC investments Low income housing tax credits Other tax benefits related to qualifying LIHTC investments $ 54 $ 44 $ 26 (55) (48) (32) (13) (12) (7) Other Tax Credit Investments Through designated subsidiaries, First Horizon Bank periodically makes equity investments as a non-managing member in various LLCs that sponsor community development projects utilizing the NMTC. First Horizon Bank also makes equity investments as a limited partner or non-managing member in entities that receive historic tax credits. The purposes of these investments are to achieve a satisfactory return on capital and to support FHN’s community reinvestment initiatives. These entities 175 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 20—VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA are considered VIEs as First Horizon Bank's subsidiaries represent the holders of the equity investment at risk, but do not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly affect the performance of the entities. Small Issuer Trust Preferred Holdings First Horizon Bank holds variable interests in trusts which have issued mandatorily redeemable preferred capital securities (“trust preferreds”) for smaller banking and insurance enterprises. First Horizon Bank has no voting rights for the trusts’ activities. The trusts’ only assets are junior subordinated debentures of the issuing enterprises. The creditors of the trusts hold no recourse to the assets of First Horizon Bank. Since First Horizon Bank is solely a holder of the trusts’ securities, it has no rights which would give it the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the trusts’ economic performance and thus it is not considered the primary beneficiary of the trusts. First Horizon Bank has no contractual requirements to provide financial support to the trusts. On-Balance Sheet Trust Preferred Securitization In 2007, First Horizon Bank executed a securitization of certain small issuer trust preferreds for which the underlying trust meets the definition of a VIE, as the holders of the equity investment at risk do not have the power through voting rights, or similar rights, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. Since First Horizon Bank did not retain servicing or other decision-making rights, First Horizon Bank is not the primary beneficiary as it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the trust’s economic performance. Accordingly, First Horizon Bank has accounted for the funds received through the securitization as a term borrowing in its Consolidated Balance Sheets. First Horizon Bank has no contractual requirements to provide financial support to the trust. Holdings in Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities FHN holds securities issued by various Agency securitization trusts. Based on their restrictive nature, the trusts meet the definition of a VIE since the holders of the equity investments at risk do not have the power through voting rights, or similar rights, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. FHN could potentially receive benefits or absorb losses that are significant to the trusts based on the nature of the trusts’ activities and the size of FHN’s holdings. However, FHN is solely a holder of the trusts’ securities and does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the trusts’ economic performance and is not considered the primary beneficiary of the trusts. FHN has no contractual requirements to provide financial support to the trusts. Commercial Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty For certain troubled commercial loans, First Horizon Bank modifies the terms of the borrower’s debt in an effort to increase the probability of receipt of amounts contractually due. Following a modification to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, the borrower entity typically meets the definition of a VIE as the initial determination of whether an entity is a VIE must be reconsidered as events have proven that the entity’s equity is not sufficient to permit it to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or a restructuring of the terms of its financing. As First Horizon Bank does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact such troubled commercial borrowers’ operations, it is not considered the primary beneficiary even in situations where, based on the size of the financing provided, First Horizon Bank is exposed to potentially significant benefits and losses of the borrowing entity. First Horizon Bank has no contractual requirements to provide financial support to the borrowing entities beyond certain funding commitments established upon restructuring of the terms of the debt that allows for preparation of the underlying collateral for sale. Proprietary Trust Preferred Issuances In conjunction with its acquisitions, FHN acquired junior subordinated debt underlying multiple issuances of trust preferred debt. All of the trusts are considered VIEs because the ownership interests from the capital contributions to these trusts are not considered “at risk” in evaluating whether the holders of the equity investments at risk in the trusts have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. Thus, FHN cannot be the trusts’ primary beneficiary because its ownership interests in the trusts are not considered variable interests as they are not considered “at risk”. Consequently, none of the trusts are consolidated by FHN. The following tables summarize FHN’s nonconsolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: 176 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.20.3 (Dollars in millions) Type: ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 20—VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES NONCONSOLIDATED VIEs AT DECEMBER 31, 2023 Maximum Loss Exposure Liability Recognized Classification Low income housing partnerships Other tax credit investments (b) Small issuer trust preferred holdings (c) On-balance sheet trust preferred securitization Holdings of agency mortgage-backed securities (c) Commercial loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (f) Proprietary trust preferred issuances (g) $ 587 $ 79 173 26 8,402 129 — 223 64 — 88 — — 167 (a) Other assets Loans and leases (d) (e) Loans and leases Term borrowings (a) Maximum loss exposure represents $364 million of current investments and $223 million of accrued contractual funding commitments. Accrued funding commitments represent unconditional contractual obligations for future funding events and are recognized in other liabilities. FHN currently expects to be required to fund these accrued commitments by the end of 2024. (b) Maximum loss exposure represents the value of current investments. (c) Maximum loss exposure represents the value of current investments. A liability is not recognized as FHN is solely a holder of the trusts’ securities. (d) Includes $113 million classified as loans and leases and $2 million classified as trading securities, which are offset by $88 million classified as term borrowings. (e) Includes $450 million classified as trading securities, $1.3 billion classified as securities held to maturity, and $6.6 billion classified as securities available for sale. (f) Maximum loss exposure represents $129 million of current receivables with no additional contractual funding commitments on loans related to commercial loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. (g) No exposure to loss due to nature of FHN's involvement. NONCONSOLIDATED VIEs AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 Table 8.20.4 (Dollars in millions) Type: Low income housing partnerships Other tax credit investments (b) Small issuer trust preferred holdings (c) On-balance sheet trust preferred securitization Holdings of agency mortgage-backed securities (c) Commercial loan troubled debt restructurings (f) Proprietary trust preferred issuances (g) Maximum Loss Exposure Liability Recognized Classification $ 463 $ 154 (a) 85 171 27 8,652 53 — 67 — 87 — — Other assets Loans and leases (d) (e) Loans and leases 167 Term borrowings (a) Maximum loss exposure represents $309 million of current investments and $154 million of accrued contractual funding commitments. Accrued funding commitments represent unconditional contractual obligations for future funding events and are recognized in other liabilities. FHN currently expects to be required to fund these accrued commitments by the end of 2024. (b) Maximum loss exposure represents the value of current investments. (c) Maximum loss exposure represents the value of current investments. A liability is not recognized as FHN is solely a holder of the trusts’ securities. (d) Includes $112 million classified as loans and leases and $2 million classified as trading securities, which are offset by $87 million classified as term borrowings. (e) Includes $205 million classified as trading securities, $1.4 billion classified as securities held to maturity, and $7.1 billion classified as securities available for sale. (f) Maximum loss exposure represents $53 million of current receivables with no additional contractual funding commitments on loans related to commercial borrowers involved in a troubled debt restructuring. (g) No exposure to loss due to nature of FHN's involvement. 177 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 21—Derivatives In the normal course of business, FHN utilizes various financial instruments (including derivative contracts and credit-related agreements) through its fixed income and risk management operations, as part of its risk management strategy and as a means to meet clients’ needs. Derivative instruments are subject to credit and market risks in excess of the amount recorded on the balance sheet as required by GAAP. The contractual or notional amounts of these financial instruments do not necessarily represent the amount of credit or market risk. However, they can be used to measure the extent of involvement in various types of financial instruments. Controls and monitoring procedures for these instruments have been established and are routinely reevaluated. The ALCO controls, coordinates, and monitors the usage and effectiveness of these financial instruments. Credit risk represents the potential loss that may occur if a party to a transaction fails to perform according to the terms of the contract. The measure of credit exposure is the replacement cost of contracts with a positive fair value. FHN manages credit risk by entering into financial instrument transactions through national exchanges, primary dealers or approved counterparties, and by using mutual margining and master netting agreements whenever possible to limit potential exposure. FHN also maintains collateral posting requirements with certain counterparties to limit credit risk. Daily margin posted or received with central clearinghouses is considered a legal settlement of the related derivative contracts which results in a net presentation for each contract in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Treatment of daily margin as a settlement has no effect on hedge accounting or gains/ losses for the applicable derivative contracts. On December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, FHN had $406 million and $159 million of cash receivables and $33 million and $42 million of cash payables related to collateral posting under master netting arrangements, inclusive of collateral posted related to contracts with adjustable collateral posting thresholds and over- collateralized positions, with derivative counterparties. With exchange-traded contracts, the credit risk is limited to the clearinghouse used. For non-exchange traded instruments, credit risk may occur when there is a gain in the fair value of the financial instrument and the counterparty fails to perform according to the terms of the contract and/or when the collateral proves to be of insufficient value. See additional discussion regarding master netting agreements and collateral posting requirements later in this note under the heading “Master Netting and Similar Agreements.” Market risk represents the potential loss due to the decrease in the value of a financial instrument caused primarily by changes in interest rates or the prices of debt instruments. FHN manages market risk by establishing and monitoring limits on the types and degree of risk that may be undertaken. FHN continually measures this risk through the use of models that measure value-at-risk and earnings-at-risk. Derivative Instruments FHN enters into various derivative contracts both to facilitate client transactions and as a risk management tool. Where contracts have been created for clients, FHN enters into upstream transactions with dealers to offset its risk exposure. Contracts with dealers that require central clearing are novated to a clearing agent who becomes FHN’s counterparty. Derivatives are also used as a risk management tool to hedge FHN’s exposure to changes in interest rates or other defined market risks. Forward contracts are over-the-counter contracts where two parties agree to purchase and sell a specific quantity of a financial instrument at a specified price, with delivery or settlement at a specified date. Futures contracts are exchange-traded contracts where two parties agree to purchase and sell a specific quantity of a financial instrument at a specified price, with delivery or settlement at a specified date. Interest rate option contracts give the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specified quantity of a financial instrument, at a specified price, during a specified period of time. Caps and floors are options that are linked to a notional principal amount and an underlying indexed interest rate. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange of interest payments at specified intervals between two parties without the exchange of any underlying principal. Swaptions are options on interest rate swaps that give the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap agreement during a specified period of time. Trading Activities FHNF trades U.S. Treasury, U.S. Agency, government- guaranteed loan, mortgage-backed, corporate and municipal fixed income securities, and other securities for distribution to clients. When these securities settle on a delayed basis, they are considered forward contracts. FHNF also enters into interest rate contracts, including caps, swaps, and floors, for its clients. In addition, FHNF enters into futures and option contracts to economically hedge interest rate risk associated with a portion of its securities inventory. These transactions are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in noninterest income. Related assets and liabilities are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as derivative assets and derivative liabilities within other assets and other liabilities. The FHNF Risk Committee and the Credit Risk Management Committee collaborate to mitigate credit risk related to these transactions. Credit risk is controlled through credit approvals, risk control limits, and ongoing monitoring procedures. Total trading revenues were $97 million, $157 million and $360 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Trading revenues are inclusive of both 178 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, and are included in fixed income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The following table summarizes derivatives associated with FHNF's trading activities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.21.1 DERIVATIVES ASSOCIATED WITH TRADING (Dollars in millions) Customer interest rate contracts Offsetting upstream interest rate contracts Forwards and futures purchased Forwards and futures sold (Dollars in millions) Customer interest rate contracts Offsetting upstream interest rate contracts Option contracts purchased Forwards and futures purchased Forwards and futures sold Interest Rate Risk Management FHN’s ALCO focuses on managing market risk by controlling and limiting earnings volatility attributable to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk exists to the extent that interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have different maturity or repricing characteristics. FHN uses derivatives, primarily swaps, that are designed to moderate the impact on earnings as interest rates change. Interest paid or received for swaps utilized by FHN to hedge the fair value of long-term debt is recognized as an adjustment of the interest expense of the liabilities whose risk is being managed. FHN’s interest rate risk management policy is to use derivatives to hedge interest rate risk or market value of assets or liabilities, Table 8.21.2 Notional December 31, 2023 Assets Liabilities $ 4,067 $ 22 $ 4,273 777 912 135 9 — Notional December 31, 2022 Assets Liabilities $ 3,076 $ 3 $ 3,076 40 1,127 1,256 91 — 5 4 197 23 — 9 270 6 — 2 5 not to speculate. In addition, FHN has entered into certain interest rate swaps and caps as a part of a product offering to commercial clients that includes customer derivatives paired with upstream offsetting market instruments that, when completed, are designed to mitigate interest rate risk. These contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting and are measured at fair value with gains or losses included in current earnings in noninterest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The following table summarizes FHN’s derivatives associated with interest rate risk management activities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: DERIVATIVES ASSOCIATED WITH INTEREST RATE RISK MANAGEMENT (Dollars in millions) Customer Interest Rate Contracts Hedging Hedging Instruments and Hedged Items: Customer interest rate contracts Offsetting upstream interest rate contracts (Dollars in millions) Customer Interest Rate Contracts Hedging Hedging Instruments and Hedged Items: Customer interest rate contracts Offsetting upstream interest rate contracts Notional December 31, 2023 Assets Liabilities $ 8,375 $ 8,375 21 $ 389 392 22 Notional December 31, 2022 Assets Liabilities $ 8,377 $ 8,377 3 $ 351 570 5 179 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table summarizes gains (losses) on FHN’s derivatives associated with interest rate risk management activities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 8.21.3 DERIVATIVE GAINS (LOSSES) ASSOCIATED WITH INTEREST RATE RISK MANAGEMENT (Dollars in millions) Customer Interest Rate Contracts Hedging Hedging Instruments and Hedged Items: Customer interest rate contracts (a) Offsetting upstream interest rate contracts (a) 2023 Gains (Losses) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Gains (Losses) 2021 Gains (Losses) $ 195 $ (195) (744) $ 744 (268) 268 (a) Gains (losses) included in other expense within the Consolidated Statements of Income. Cash Flow Hedges Prior to 2021, FHN entered into pay floating, receive fixed interest rate swaps designed to manage its exposure to the variability in cash flows related to interest payments on debt instruments. The debt instruments primarily consist of held-to-maturity commercial loans that have variable interest payments that historically were based on 1-month LIBOR. In second quarter 2023, the remaining hedge was revised to reference 1-month Term SOFR after the cessation of LIBOR-based cash flows. In conjunction with the IBKC merger, FHN acquired interest rate contracts (floors and collars) which were re-designated as cash flow hedges. The debt instruments associated with these hedges also primarily consisted of held-to-maturity commercial loans that had variable interest payments that were based on 1-month LIBOR. The last hedge acquired in conjunction with the IBKC merger matured in second quarter 2023. In 2022, FHN entered into interest rate contracts (floors and swaps) which have been designated as cash flow hedges. These hedges reference 1-month Term SOFR and FHN has made certain elections under ASU 2020-04 to facilitate qualification for hedge accounting during the time that hedged items transition away from 1-Month LIBOR. In a cash flow hedge, the entire change in the fair value of the interest rate derivatives included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is initially recorded in OCI and is subsequently reclassified from OCI to current period earnings (interest income or interest expense) in the same period that the hedged item affects earnings. The following tables summarize FHN’s derivative activities associated with cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: DERIVATIVES ASSOCIATED WITH CASH FLOW HEDGES Notional December 31, 2023 Assets Liabilities Variability in cash flows related to debt instruments (primarily loans) N/A $ 5,200 Table 8.21.4 (Dollars in millions) Cash Flow Hedges Hedging Instruments: Interest rate contracts Hedged Items: (Dollars in millions) Cash Flow Hedges Hedging Instruments: Interest rate contracts Hedged Items: $ 5,200 $ — $ Notional December 31, 2022 Assets Liabilities $ 5,350 $ — $ 32 N/A 71 N/A 180 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Variability in cash flows related to debt instruments (primarily loans) N/A $ 5,350 Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table summarizes gains (losses) on FHN’s derivatives associated with cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 8.21.5 DERIVATIVE GAINS (LOSSES) ASSOCIATED WITH CASH FLOW HEDGES (Dollars in millions) Cash Flow Hedges Hedging Instruments: Interest rate contracts (a) Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into interest income Year Ended December 31, 2022 2023 2021 Gains (Losses) Gains (Losses) Gains (Losses) $ 45 $ 195 $ 52 47 15 (129) 29 (3) (7) (a) Approximately $9 million of pre-tax losses are expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next twelve months. Other Derivatives FHN has mortgage banking operations that include the origination and sale of loans into the secondary market. As part of the origination of loans, FHN enters into interest rate lock commitments with borrowers. Additionally, FHN enters into forward sales contracts with buyers for Table 8.21.6 delivery of loans at a future date. Both of these contracts qualify as freestanding derivatives and are recognized at fair value through earnings. The notional and fair values of these contracts are presented in the table below. DERIVATIVES ASSOCIATED WITH MORTGAGE BANKING HEDGES (Dollars in millions) Mortgage Banking Hedges Option contracts written Forward contracts written (Dollars in millions) Mortgage Banking Hedges Option contracts written Forward contracts written December 31, 2023 Notional Assets Liabilities 55 $ 93 1 $ — December 31, 2022 Notional Assets Liabilities 35 $ 61 — $ — — 1 — — $ $ The following table summarizes gains (losses) on FHN's derivatives associated with mortgage banking activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.21.7 DERIVATIVE GAINS (LOSSES) ASSOCIATED WITH MORTGAGE BANKING HEDGES (Dollars in millions) Mortgage Banking Hedges Option contracts written Forward contracts written In conjunction with pre-2020 sales of Visa Class B shares, FHN entered into derivative transactions whereby FHN will make or receive cash payments whenever the conversion ratio of the Visa Class B shares into Visa Class A shares is adjusted. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the derivative liabilities associated with the sales of Visa Class 2023 Gains (Losses) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Gains (Losses) 2021 Gains (Losses) $ — $ 1 3 $ 32 15 11 B shares were $23 million and $27 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN recognized $15 million and $22 million, respectively, in derivative valuation adjustments related to prior sales of Visa Class B shares. See Note 23 - Fair Value of Assets and 181 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Liabilities for discussion of the valuation inputs and processes for these Visa-related derivatives. FHN utilizes cross currency swaps and cross currency interest rate swaps to economically hedge its exposure to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk associated with non-U.S. dollar denominated loans. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, these loans were valued at $17 million and $9 million, respectively. The balance sheet amount and the gains/losses associated with these derivatives were not significant. Related to its loan participation/syndication activities, FHN enters into risk participation agreements, under which it assumes exposure for, or receives indemnification for, borrowers’ performance on underlying interest rate derivative contracts. FHN’s counterparties in these contracts are other lending institutions involved in the loan participation/syndication arrangements for which the underlying interest rate derivative contract is intended to hedge interest rate risk for the borrower. FHN will make (other institution is the lead bank) or receive (FHN is the lead bank) payments for risk participations if the borrower defaults on its obligation to perform under the terms of its interest rate derivative agreement with the lead bank in the participation. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the notional values of FHN’s risk participations were $351 million and $242 million of derivative assets and $874 million and $742 million of derivative liabilities, respectively. The notional value for risk participation/syndication agreements is consistent with the percentage of participation in the lending arrangement. FHN’s maximum exposure or benefit in the risk participation agreements is contingent on the fair value of the underlying interest rate derivative contracts for which the borrower is in a liability position at the time of default. FHN monitors the credit risk associated with the borrowers to which the risk participations relate through the same credit risk assessment process utilized for establishing credit loss estimates for its loan portfolio. These credit risk estimates are included in the determination of fair value for the risk participations. Assuming all underlying third party customers referenced in the swap contracts defaulted at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the exposure from these agreements would not be material based on the fair value of the underlying swaps. FHN holds certain certificates of deposit with the rate of return based on an equity index which is considered an embedded derivative as a written option that must be separately recognized. The risks of the written option are offset by purchasing an option with terms that mirror the written option, which is also carried at fair value on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN had recognized an insignificant amount of assets and liabilities associated with these contracts. Master Netting and Similar Agreements FHN uses master netting agreements, mutual margining agreements and collateral posting requirements to minimize credit risk on derivative contracts. Master netting and similar agreements are used when counterparties have multiple derivatives contracts that allow for a “right of setoff,” meaning that a counterparty may net offsetting positions and collateral with the same counterparty under the contract to determine a net receivable or payable. The following discussion provides an overview of these arrangements which may vary due to the derivative type and market in which a derivative transaction is executed. Interest rate derivatives are subject to agreements consistent with standard agreement forms of the ISDA. Currently, all interest rate derivative contracts are entered into as over-the-counter transactions and collateral posting requirements are based on the net asset or liability position with each respective counterparty. For contracts that require central clearing, novation to a counterparty with access to a clearinghouse occurs and initial margin is posted. Cash margin received (posted) that is considered settlements for the derivative contracts is included in the respective derivative asset (liability) value. Cash margin that is considered collateral received (posted) for interest rate derivatives is recognized as a liability (asset) on FHN’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest rate derivatives with clients that are smaller financial institutions typically require posting of collateral by the counterparty to FHN. This collateral is subject to a threshold with daily adjustments based upon changes in the level or fair value of the derivative position. Positions and related collateral can be netted in the event of default. Collateral pledged by a counterparty is typically cash or securities. The securities pledged as collateral are not recognized within FHN’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest rate derivatives associated with lending arrangements share the collateral with the related loan(s). The derivative and loan positions may be netted in the event of default. For disclosure purposes, the entire collateral amount is allocated to the loan. Interest rate derivatives with larger financial institutions typically contain provisions whereby the collateral posting thresholds under the agreements adjust based on the credit ratings of both counterparties. If the credit rating of FHN and/or First Horizon Bank is lowered, FHN could be required to post additional collateral with the counterparties. Conversely, if the credit rating of FHN and/ or First Horizon Bank is increased, FHN could have collateral released and be required to post less collateral in the future. Also, if a counterparty’s credit ratings were to decrease, FHN and/or First Horizon Bank could require the posting of additional collateral; whereas if a counterparty’s credit ratings were to increase, the 182 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA counterparty could require the release of excess collateral. Collateral for these arrangements is adjusted daily based on changes in the net fair value position with each counterparty. The net fair value, determined by individual counterparty, of all derivative instruments with adjustable collateral posting thresholds was $12 million of assets and $188 million of liabilities on December 31, 2023, and $5 million of assets and $268 million of liabilities on December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN had received collateral of $95 million and $106 million and posted collateral of $83 million and $61 million, respectively, in the normal course of business related to these agreements. Certain agreements also contain accelerated termination provisions, inclusive of the right of offset, if a counterparty’s credit rating falls below a specified level. If a counterparty’s debt rating (including FHN’s and First Horizon Bank's) were to fall below these minimums, these provisions would be triggered, and the counterparties could terminate the agreements and require immediate settlement of all derivative contracts under the agreements. The net fair value, determined by individual counterparty, of all interest rate derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent accelerated termination provisions was $12 million of assets and $188 million of liabilities on December 31, 2023, and $378 million of assets and $268 million of liabilities on Table 8.21.8 December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHN had received collateral of $95 million and $479 million and posted collateral of $83 million and $61 million, respectively, in the normal course of business related to these contracts. FHNF buys and sells various types of securities for its clients. When these securities settle on a delayed basis, they are considered forward contracts, and are generally not subject to master netting agreements. For futures and options, FHN transacts through a third party, and the transactions are subject to margin and collateral maintenance requirements. In the event of default, open positions can be offset along with the associated collateral. For this disclosure, FHN considers the impact of master netting and other similar agreements which allow FHN to settle all contracts with a single counterparty on a net basis and to offset the net derivative asset or liability position with the related securities and cash collateral. The application of the collateral cannot reduce the net derivative asset or liability position below zero, and therefore any excess collateral is not reflected in the following tables. The following table provides details of derivative assets and collateral received as presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: DERIVATIVE ASSETS & COLLATERAL RECEIVED Gross amounts not offset in the Balance Sheets Gross amounts of recognized assets Gross amounts offset in the Balance Sheets Net amounts of assets presented in the Balance Sheets (a) Derivative liabilities available for offset Collateral received Net amount $ $ $ $ 567 $ 9 576 $ 449 $ 9 458 $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 567 $ (75) $ (486) $ 9 (4) (3) 576 $ (79) $ (489) $ 449 $ (58) $ (378) $ 9 (6) (2) 458 $ (64) $ (380) $ 6 2 8 13 1 14 (Dollars in millions) Derivative assets: December 31, 2023 Interest rate derivative contracts Forward contracts December 31, 2022 Interest rate derivative contracts Forward contracts (a) Included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $1 million and $2 million, respectively, of derivative assets have been excluded from these tables because they are generally not subject to master netting or similar agreements. 183 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 21—DERIVATIVES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table provides details of derivative liabilities and collateral pledged as presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.21.9 DERIVATIVE LIABILITIES & COLLATERAL PLEDGED (Dollars in millions) Derivative liabilities: December 31, 2023 Interest rate derivative contracts Forward contracts December 31, 2022 Interest rate derivative contracts Forward contracts Gross amounts of recognized liabilities Gross amounts offset in the Balance Sheets Net amounts of liabilities presented in the Balance Sheets (a) Derivative assets available for offset Collateral pledged Net amount Gross amounts not offset in the Balance Sheets $ $ $ $ 666 $ 9 675 $ 921 $ 8 929 $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 666 $ (75) $ (164) $ 9 (4) (5) 675 $ (79) $ (169) $ 921 $ (58) $ (175) $ 8 (6) (1) 929 $ (64) $ (176) $ 427 — 427 688 1 689 (a) Included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $24 million and $29 million, respectively, of derivative liabilities (primarily Visa-related derivatives) have been excluded from these tables because they are generally not subject to master netting or similar agreements. 184 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 22—MASTER NETTING & SIMILAR AGREEMENTS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 22—Master Netting and Similar Agreements – Repurchase, Reverse Repurchase, and Securities Borrowing Transactions For repurchase, reverse repurchase and securities borrowing transactions, FHN and each counterparty have the ability to offset all open positions and related collateral in the event of default. Due to the nature of these transactions, the value of the collateral for each transaction approximates the value of the corresponding receivable or payable. For repurchase agreements through FHN’s fixed income business (securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase), transactions are collateralized by securities and/or government guaranteed loans which are delivered on the settlement date and are maintained throughout the term of the transaction. For FHN’s repurchase agreements through banking activities (securities sold under agreements to repurchase), securities are typically pledged at settlement and not released until maturity. For asset positions, the collateral is not included on FHN’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. For liability positions, securities collateral pledged by FHN is generally represented within FHN’s trading or available- for-sale securities portfolios. Table 8.22.1 For this disclosure, FHN considers the impact of master netting and other similar agreements that allow FHN to settle all contracts with a single counterparty on a net basis and to offset the net asset or liability position with the related securities collateral. The application of the collateral cannot reduce the net asset or liability position below zero, and therefore any excess collateral is not reflected in the tables below. Securities purchased under agreements to resell is included in federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase is included in short-term borrowings. The following table provides details of securities purchased under agreements to resell and collateral pledged by counterparties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: SECURITIES PURCHASED UNDER AGREEMENTS TO RESELL Gross amounts of recognized assets Gross amounts offset in the Balance Sheets Net amounts of assets presented in the Balance Sheets Gross amounts not offset in the Balance Sheets Offsetting securities sold under agreements to repurchase Securities collateral (not recognized on FHN’s Balance Sheets) Net amount $ 519 $ 353 — $ — 519 $ 353 — $ (10) (516) $ (340) 3 3 (Dollars in millions) Securities purchased under agreements to resell: 2023 2022 The following table provides details of securities sold under agreements to repurchase and collateral pledged by FHN as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.22.2 SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE Gross amounts of recognized liabilities Gross amounts offset in the Balance Sheets Net amounts of liabilities presented in the Balance Sheets Offsetting securities purchased under agreements to resell Securities/ government guaranteed loans collateral Net amount Gross amounts not offset in the Balance Sheets $ 1,921 $ 1,013 — $ — 1,921 $ 1,013 — $ (1,921) $ (10) (1,003) — — (Dollars in millions) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase: 2023 2022 Due to the short duration of securities sold under agreements to repurchase and the nature of collateral involved, the risks associated with these transactions are considered minimal. 185 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 22—MASTER NETTING & SIMILAR AGREEMENTS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table provides details, by collateral type, of the remaining contractual maturity of securities sold under agreements to repurchase as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.22.3 MATURITIES OF SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE December 31, 2023 (Dollars in millions) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies Total securities sold under agreements to repurchase (Dollars in millions) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase: U.S. treasuries Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies Total securities sold under agreements to repurchase Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days Total 1,717 $ 161 43 1,921 $ — $ — — — $ December 31, 2022 Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days Total 10 $ — $ 851 122 30 — — — 1,717 161 43 1,921 10 851 122 30 1,013 $ — $ 1,013 $ $ $ $ 186 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 23—Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities FHN groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. This hierarchy requires FHN to maximize the use of observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. Each fair value measurement is placed into the proper level based on the lowest level of significant input. These levels are: • Level 1—Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. • Level 2—Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. • Level 3—Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques. 187 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Recurring Fair Value Measurements The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.23.1 BALANCES OF ASSETS & LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE ON A RECURRING BASIS (Dollars in millions) Trading securities: U.S. treasuries Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Corporate and other debt Interest-only strips (elected fair value) Total trading securities Loans held for sale (elected fair value) Securities available for sale: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total securities available for sale Other assets: Deferred compensation mutual funds Equity, mutual funds, and other Derivatives, forwards and futures Derivatives, interest rate contracts Total other assets Total assets Trading liabilities: U.S. treasuries Government agency issued MBS Corporate and other debt Total trading liabilities Other liabilities: Derivatives, forwards and futures Derivatives, interest rate contracts Derivatives, other Total other liabilities Total liabilities December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ — $ 3 $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 34 9 — 145 114 336 152 17 777 — 1,399 42 4,484 2,146 1,172 589 8,391 — — — 568 568 — — — — — 13 13 26 — — — — — — — — — — 3 114 336 152 17 777 13 1,412 68 4,484 2,146 1,172 589 8,391 102 34 9 568 713 $ $ 145 $ 10,400 $ 39 $ 10,584 — $ 426 $ — $ — — — 10 — — 10 1 82 509 — 666 — 666 — — — — — 23 23 426 1 82 509 10 666 23 699 $ 10 $ 1,175 $ 23 $ 1,208 188 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (Dollars in millions) Trading securities: U.S. treasuries Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Corporate and other debt Interest-only strips (elected fair value) Total trading securities Loans held for sale (elected fair value) Securities available for sale: Government agency issued MBS Government agency issued CMO Other U.S. government agencies States and municipalities Total securities available for sale Other assets: Deferred compensation mutual funds Equity, mutual funds, and other Derivatives, forwards and futures Derivatives, interest rate contracts Derivatives, other Total other assets Total assets Trading liabilities: U.S. treasuries Government agency issued MBS Corporate and other debt Total trading liabilities Other liabilities: Derivatives, forwards and futures Derivatives, interest rate contracts Derivatives, other Total other liabilities Total liabilities December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ — $ 101 $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 112 22 9 — — 143 144 61 115 54 875 — 1,350 29 4,763 2,313 1,163 597 8,836 — — — 449 2 451 — — — — — 25 25 22 — — — — — — — — — — — 101 144 61 115 54 875 25 1,375 51 4,763 2,313 1,163 597 8,836 112 22 9 449 2 594 $ $ 143 $ 10,666 $ 47 $ 10,856 — $ 275 $ — $ — — — 8 — — 8 2 58 335 — 922 1 923 — — — — — 27 27 275 2 58 335 8 922 28 958 $ 8 $ 1,258 $ 27 $ 1,293 189 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Changes in Recurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 on a recurring basis are summarized as follows: Table 8.23.2 CHANGES IN LEVEL 3 ASSETS & LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE (Dollars in millions) Balance on January 1, 2023 Total net gains (losses) included in net income Purchases Sales Settlements Net transfers into (out of) Level 3 Balance on December 31, 2023 Net unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (Dollars in millions) Balance on January 1, 2022 Total net gains (losses) included in net income Purchases Sales Settlements Repayments Net transfers into (out of) Level 3 Balance on December 31, 2022 Net unrealized gains (losses) included in net income Year Ended December 31, 2023 Interest-only strips Loans held for sale Net derivative liabilities $ $ $ $ 25 (12) — (54) — 54 (b) 13 $ (1) (c) $ 22 4 3 (3) (2) 2 26 $ $ 4 (a) $ (27) (15) — — 19 — (23) (15) (d) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Interest-only strips Loans held for sale Net derivative liabilities $ $ $ $ 38 (7) — (76) — — $ 28 — 2 (12) (2) (1) 70 (b) 25 $ (2) (c) $ 7 22 — (a) $ $ (23) (23) — — 19 — — (27) (23) (d) (Dollars in millions) Balance on January 1, 2021 Total net gains (losses) included in net income Purchases Sales Settlements Net transfers into (out of) Level 3 Balance on December 31, 2021 Net unrealized gains (losses) included in net income Year Ended December 31, 2021 Interest-only strips Loans held for sale Loans held for investment Net derivative liabilities $ $ $ $ 32 3 — (68) — $ 12 1 10 (18) (3) $ 16 — — — (2) 71 (b) 38 $ (2) (c) $ 26 (e) 28 $ 1 (a) $ (14) (e) — — $ $ (14) (19) — — 10 — (23) (19) (d) (a) Primarily included in mortgage banking and title income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. (b) Transfers into interest-only strips level 3 measured on a recurring basis reflect movements from loans held for sale (Level 2 nonrecurring). (c) Primarily included in fixed income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. (d) Included in other expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. (e) The loans held for investment at fair value option portfolio was transferred to the loans held for sale portfolio on April 1, 2021. There were no net unrealized gains (losses) for Level 3 assets and liabilities included in other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. 190 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements From time to time, FHN may be required to measure certain other financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or market (LOCOM) accounting or write-downs of individual assets. For assets Table 8.23.3 measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis which were still held on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the following table provides the level of valuation assumptions used to determine each adjustment and the related carrying value. LEVEL OF VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS FOR ASSETS MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE ON A NON-RECURRING BASIS (Dollars in millions) Loans held for sale—SBAs and USDA $ Loans and leases (a) OREO (b) Other assets (c) Carrying value at December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Net gains (losses) — $ 406 $ — $ 406 $ — — — — — — 245 4 90 245 4 90 $ (3) (42) — (7) (52) (Dollars in millions) Loans held for sale—SBAs and USDA $ Loans and leases (a) OREO (b) Other assets (c) Carrying value at December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Net gains (losses) — $ 506 $ — $ 506 $ — — — — — — 135 3 91 135 3 91 $ (3) (19) — (10) (32) (Dollars in millions) Loans held for sale—SBAs and USDA $ Loans held for sale—first mortgages Loans and leases (a) OREO (b) Other assets (c) Carrying value at December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Net gains (losses) — $ 852 $ 1 $ 853 $ — — — — — — — — 1 84 3 80 1 84 3 80 $ (2) — (13) (1) (7) (23) (a) Represents carrying value of loans for which adjustments are required to be based on the appraised value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs on these loans are recognized as part of provision for credit losses. (b) Represents the fair value and related losses of foreclosed properties that were measured subsequent to their initial classification as OREO. Balance excludes OREO related to government-insured mortgages. (c) Represents tax credit investments accounted for under the equity method. Lease asset impairments recognized represent the reduction in value of the right-of-use assets associated with leases that are being exited in advance of the contractual lease expiration. Impairments are measured using a discounted cash flow methodology, which is considered a Level 3 valuation. Impairments of long-lived tangible assets reflect locations where the associated land and building are either owned or leased. The fair values of owned sites were determined using estimated sales prices from appraisals and broker opinions less estimated costs to sell with adjustments upon final disposition. The fair values of owned assets in leased sites (e.g., leasehold improvements) were determined using a discounted cash flow approach, based on the revised estimated useful lives of the related assets. Both measurement methodologies are considered Level 3 valuations. Impairment adjustments recognized upon disposition of a location are considered Level 2 valuations. 191 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA For the year ended December 31, 2023, FHN recognized leased asset impairments of $1 million and fixed asset impairments were immaterial. Both fixed asset and leased asset impairments were immaterial for 2022. In 2021, FHN recognized $34 million of fixed asset impairments and $3 million of leased asset impairments. These impairments were primarily related to acquisition integration efforts associated with reduction of leased office space and banking center optimization. These amounts were primarily recognized in the Corporate segment. Level 3 Measurements The following table provides information regarding the unobservable inputs utilized in determining the fair value of Level 3 recurring and non-recurring measurements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Table 8.23.4 (Dollars in millions) UNOBSERVABLE INPUTS USED IN LEVEL 3 FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Values Utilized Level 3 Class Trading securities - SBA interest-only strips Loans held for sale - residential real estate Derivative liabilities, other $ $ $ Fair Value at December 31, 2023 Valuation Techniques Discounted cash flow 13 26 Discounted cash flow 23 Discounted cash flow Loans and leases (a) $ 245 Appraisals from comparable properties Other collateral valuations OREO (b) Other assets (c) $ $ 4 Appraisals from comparable properties 90 Discounted cash flow Appraisals from comparable properties Unobservable Input Constant prepayment rate Bond equivalent yield Prepayment speeds - First mortgage Foreclosure losses Loss severity trends - First mortgage Visa covered litigation resolution amount Probability of resolution scenarios Time until resolution Marketability adjustments for specific properties Borrowing base certificates liquidation adjustment Financial Statements liquidation adjustment Auction appraisals marketability adjustment Adjustment for value changes since appraisal Adjustments to current sales yields for specific properties Marketability adjustments for specific properties Range 14% - 15% 18% - 21% 2% - 7% 64% - 68% 0% - 3% of UPB $5.7 billion - $6.7 billion 10% - 25% 6 - 36 months 0% - 25% of appraisal 25% - 50% of gross value 50% - 100% of reported value 0% - 10% of reported value 0% - 10% of appraisal 0% - 15% adjustment to yield 0% - 25% of appraisal Weighted Average (d) 14% 18% 3% 65% 2% $6.3 billion 18% 24 months NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM - Not meaningful (a) Represents carrying value of loans for which adjustments are required to be based on the appraised value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs on these loans are recognized as part of provision for credit losses. (b) Represents the fair value of foreclosed properties that were measured subsequent to their initial classification as OREO. Balance excludes OREO related to government insured mortgages. (c) Represents tax credit investments accounted for under the equity method. (d) Weighted averages are determined by the relative fair value of the instruments or the relative contribution to an instrument's fair value. 192 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (Dollars in millions) Level 3 Class Trading securities - SBA interest-only strips Loans held for sale - residential real estate Derivative liabilities, other $ $ $ Fair Value at December 31, 2022 Valuation Techniques Discounted cash flow 25 22 Discounted cash flow 27 Discounted cash flow Loans and leases (a) $ 135 Appraisals from comparable properties Other collateral valuations OREO (b) Other assets (c) $ $ 3 Appraisals from comparable properties 91 Discounted cash flow Appraisals from comparable properties Values Utilized Unobservable Input Constant prepayment rate Bond equivalent yield Prepayment speeds - First mortgage Foreclosure losses Loss severity trends - First mortgage Visa covered litigation resolution amount Probability of resolution scenarios Time until resolution Marketability adjustments for specific properties Borrowing base certificates adjustment Financial Statements/ Auction values adjustment Adjustment for value changes since appraisal Adjustments to current sales yields for specific properties Marketability adjustments for specific properties Range 12% - 13% 17% 2% - 8% 63% - 75% 0% - 11% of UPB $5.6 billion - $6.0 billion 5% - 25% 12 - 42 months 0% - 10% of appraisal 20% - 50% of gross value 0% - 25% of reported value 0% - 10% of appraisal 0% - 15% adjustment to yield 0% - 25% of appraisal Weighted Average (d) 12% 17% 3% 65% 5% $5.9 billion 20% 28 months NM NM NM NM NM NM NM - Not meaningful (a) Represents carrying value of loans for which adjustments are required to be based on the appraised value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs on these loans are recognized as part of provision for credit losses. (b) Represents the fair value of foreclosed properties that were measured subsequent to their initial classification as OREO. Balance excludes OREO related to government insured mortgages. (c) Represents tax credit investments accounted for under the equity method. (d) Weighted averages are determined by the relative fair value of the instruments or the relative contribution to an instrument's fair value. 193 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Trading Securities - SBA interest-only strips Increases (decreases) in estimated prepayment rates and bond equivalent yields negatively (positively) affect the value of SBA interest-only strips. Management additionally considers whether the loans underlying related SBA interest-only strips are delinquent, in default or prepaying, and adjusts the fair value down 20 - 100% depending on the length of time in default. SBA interest-only strips were transferred from AFS to trading securities on October 1, 2021. Loans held for sale Foreclosure losses and prepayment rates are significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of FHN’s residential real estate loans held for sale. Loss severity trends are also assessed to evaluate the reasonableness of fair value estimates resulting from discounted cash flows methodologies as well as to estimate fair value for newly repurchased loans and loans that are near foreclosure. Significant increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation would result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurements. All observable and unobservable inputs are re-assessed quarterly. Increases (decreases) in estimated prepayment rates and bond equivalent yields negatively (positively) affect the value of unguaranteed interests in SBA loans. Unguaranteed interest in SBA loans held for sale are carried at less than the outstanding balance due to credit risk estimates. Credit risk adjustments may be reduced if prepayment is likely or as consistent payment history is realized. Management also considers other factors such as delinquency or default and adjusts the fair value accordingly. FHN historically had a portion of mortgage loans held for investment for which the fair value option was elected upon origination and which were accounted for at fair value. This portion of mortgage loans held for investment at fair value option was transferred to the loans held for sale portfolio on April 1, 2021. Derivative liabilities In conjunction with pre-2020 sales of Visa Class B shares, FHN and the purchasers entered into derivative transactions whereby FHN will make, or receive, cash payments whenever the conversion ratio of the Visa Class B shares into Visa Class A shares is adjusted. FHN uses a discounted cash flow methodology in order to estimate the fair value of FHN’s derivative liabilities associated with its prior sales of Visa Class B shares. The methodology includes estimation of both the resolution amount for Visa’s Covered Litigation matters as well as the length of time until the resolution occurs. Significant increases (decreases) in either of these inputs in isolation would result in significantly higher (lower) fair value measurements for the derivative liabilities. Additionally, FHN performs a probability weighted multiple resolution scenario to calculate the estimated fair value of these derivative liabilities. Assignment of higher (lower) probabilities to the larger potential resolution scenarios would result in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the derivative liabilities. Since this estimation process requires application of judgment in developing significant unobservable inputs used to determine the possible outcomes and the probability weighting assigned to each scenario, these derivatives have been classified within Level 3 in fair value measurements disclosures. Loans and leases and Other Real Estate Owned Collateral-dependent loans and OREO are primarily valued using appraisals based on sales of comparable properties in the same or similar markets. Other collateral (receivables, inventory, equipment, etc.) is valued through borrowing base certificates, financial statements and/or auction valuations. These valuations are discounted based on the quality of reporting, knowledge of the marketability/collectability of the collateral and historical disposition rates. Other assets – tax credit investments The estimated fair value of tax credit investments accounted for under the equity method is generally determined in relation to the yield (i.e., future tax credits to be received) an acquirer of these investments would expect in relation to the yields experienced on current new issue and/or secondary market transactions. Thus, as tax credits are recognized, the future yield to a market participant is reduced, resulting in consistent impairment of the individual investments. Individual investments are reviewed for impairment quarterly, which may include the consideration of additional marketability discounts related to specific investments which typically includes consideration of the underlying property’s appraised value. Fair Value Option FHN previously elected the fair value option on a prospective basis for substantially all types of mortgage loans originated for sale purposes except for mortgage origination operations which utilize the platform acquired from CBF. FHN determined that the election reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of such loans with changes in the value of derivatives and forward delivery commitments used as economic hedges for these assets at the time of election. Repurchased loans relating to mortgage banking operations conducted prior to the IBKC merger are recognized within loans held for sale at fair value at the time of repurchase, which includes consideration of the credit status of the loans and the estimated liquidation value. FHN has elected to continue recognition of these loans at fair value in periods subsequent to reacquisition. Due to the credit-distressed nature of the vast majority of 194 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA repurchased loans and the related loss severities experienced upon repurchase, FHN believes that the fair value election provides a more timely recognition of changes in value for these loans that occur subsequent to repurchase. Absent the fair value election, these loans would be subject to valuation at the LOCOM value, which would prevent subsequent values from exceeding the initial fair value, determined at the time of repurchase, but would require recognition of subsequent declines in value. Thus, the fair value election provides for a more timely recognition of any potential future recoveries in asset values while not affecting the requirement to recognize subsequent declines in value. The following table reflects the differences between the fair value carrying amount of residential real estate loans held for sale and held for investment measured at fair value in accordance with management’s election and the aggregate unpaid principal amount FHN is contractually entitled to receive at maturity. Table 8.23.5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FAIR VALUE CARRYING AMOUNTS AND CONTRACTUAL AMOUNTS OF RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE LOANS REPORTED AT FAIR VALUE (Dollars in millions) Residential real estate loans held for sale reported at fair value: Total loans Nonaccrual loans Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing (Dollars in millions) Residential real estate loans held for sale reported at fair value: Total loans Nonaccrual loans Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing December 31, 2023 Fair value carrying amount Aggregate unpaid principal Fair value carrying amount less aggregate unpaid principal $ 68 $ 73 $ 2 1 5 1 (5) (3) — December 31, 2022 Fair value carrying amount Aggregate unpaid principal Fair value carrying amount less aggregate unpaid principal $ 51 $ 58 $ 5 1 8 1 (7) (3) — Assets and liabilities accounted for under the fair value election are initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Such changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities for which FHN elected the fair value option are included in current period earnings with classification in the income statement line item reflected in the following table: Table 8.23.6 CHANGES IN FAIR VALUE RECOGNIZED IN NET INCOME (Dollars in millions) Changes in fair value included in net income: Mortgage banking and title noninterest income Loans held for sale For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the amount for residential real estate loans held for sale included an insignificant amount of gains in pre-tax earnings that are attributable to changes in instrument- specific credit risk. The portion of the fair value adjustments related to credit risk was determined based on estimated default rates and estimated loss severities. Interest income on residential real estate loans held for Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2023 $ 1 $ (9) $ (10) sale measured at fair value is calculated based on the note rate of the loan and is recorded in the interest income section of the Consolidated Statements of Income as interest on loans held for sale. Determination of Fair Value Fair values are based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly 195 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The following describes the assumptions and methodologies used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and for estimating the fair value of financial instruments for which fair value is disclosed. Short-term financial assets Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions and the Federal Reserve are carried at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. Trading securities and trading liabilities Trading securities and trading liabilities are recognized at fair value through current earnings. Trading inventory held for broker-dealer operations is included in trading securities and trading liabilities. Broker-dealer long positions are valued at bid price in the bid-ask spread. Short positions are valued at the ask price. Inventory positions are valued using observable inputs including current market transactions, benchmark yields, credit spreads, and consensus prepayment speeds. Trading loans are valued using observable inputs including current market transactions, swap rates, mortgage rates, and consensus prepayment speeds. Trading securities - SBA interest-only strips Interest-only strips are valued at elected fair value based on an income approach using an internal valuation model. The internal valuation model includes assumptions regarding projections of future cash flows, prepayment rates, default rates and interest-only strip terms. These securities bear the risk of loan prepayment or default that may result in FHN not recovering all or a portion of its recorded investment. When appropriate, valuations are adjusted for various factors including default or prepayment status of the underlying SBA loans. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the securities existed, and may change in the near term. SBA interest- only strips were transferred from AFS to trading on October 1, 2021. Securities available for sale and held to maturity Valuations of debt securities are performed using observable inputs obtained from market transactions in similar securities. Typical inputs include benchmark yields, consensus prepayment speeds, and credit spreads. Trades from similar securities and broker quotes are used to support these valuations. Loans held for sale FHN determines the fair value of loans held for sale using either current transaction prices or discounted cash flow models. Fair values are determined using current transaction prices and/or values on similar assets when available, including committed bids for specific loans or loan portfolios. Uncommitted bids may be adjusted based on other available market information. Fair value of residential real estate loans held for sale determined using a discounted cash flow model incorporates both observable and unobservable inputs. Inputs in the discounted cash flow model include current mortgage rates for similar products, estimated prepayment rates, foreclosure losses, and various loan performance measures (delinquency, LTV, credit score). Adjustments for delinquency and other differences in loan characteristics are typically reflected in the model’s discount rates. Loss severity trends and the value of underlying collateral are also considered in assessing the appropriate fair value for severely delinquent loans and loans in foreclosure. The valuation of HELOCs also incorporates estimated cancellation rates for loans expected to become delinquent. Non-mortgage consumer loans held for sale are valued using committed bids for specific loans or loan portfolios or current market pricing for similar assets with adjustments for differences in credit standing (delinquency, historical default rates for similar loans), yield, collateral values and prepayment rates. If pricing for similar assets is not available, a discounted cash flow methodology is utilized, which incorporates all of these factors into an estimate of investor required yield for the discount rate. FHN utilizes quoted market prices of similar instruments or broker and dealer quotations to value the SBA and USDA guaranteed loans. FHN values SBA-unguaranteed interests in loans held for sale based on individual loan characteristics, such as industry type and pay history which generally follows an income approach. Furthermore, these valuations are adjusted for changes in prepayment estimates and are reduced due to restrictions on trading. The fair value of other non-residential real estate loans held for sale is approximated by their carrying values based on current transaction values. Mortgage loans held for investment at fair value option The fair value of mortgage loans held for investment at fair value option is determined by a third party using a discounted cash flow model using various assumptions about future loan performance (constant prepayment rate, constant default rate and loss severity trends) and market discount rates. 196 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Loans held for investment The fair values of mortgage loans are estimated using an exit price methodology that is based on present values using the interest rate that would be charged for a similar loan to a borrower with similar risk, weighted for varying maturity dates and adjusted for a liquidity discount based on the estimated time period to complete a sale transaction with a market participant. Other loans and leases are valued based on present values using the interest rate that would be charged for a similar instrument to a borrower with similar risk, applicable to each category of instruments, and adjusted for a liquidity discount based on the estimated time period to complete a sale transaction with a market participant. For loans measured using the estimated fair value of collateral less costs to sell, fair value is estimated using appraisals of the collateral. Collateral values are monitored and additional write-downs are recognized if it is determined that the estimated collateral values have declined further. Estimated costs to sell are based on current amounts of disposal costs for similar assets. Carrying value is considered to reflect fair value for these loans. Derivative assets and liabilities The fair value for forwards and futures contracts is based on current transactions involving identical securities. Futures contracts are exchange-traded and thus have no credit risk factor assigned as the risk of non-performance is limited to the clearinghouse used. Valuations of other derivatives (primarily interest rate contracts) are based on inputs observed in active markets for similar instruments. Typical inputs include benchmark yields, option volatility and option skew. Centrally cleared derivatives are discounted using SOFR as required by clearinghouses. In measuring the fair value of these derivative assets and liabilities, FHN has elected to consider credit risk based on the net exposure to individual counterparties. Credit risk is mitigated for these instruments through the use of mutual margining and master netting agreements as well as collateral posting requirements. For derivative contracts with daily cash margin requirements that are considered settlements, the daily margin amount is netted within derivative assets or liabilities. Any remaining credit risk related to interest rate derivatives is considered in determining fair value through evaluation of additional factors such as client loan grades and debt ratings. Foreign currency related derivatives also utilize observable exchange rates in the determination of fair value. The determination of fair value for FHN’s derivative liabilities associated with its prior sales of Visa Class B shares are classified within Level 3 in the fair value measurements disclosure as previously discussed in the unobservable inputs discussion. The fair value of risk participations is determined in reference to the fair value of the related derivative contract between the borrower and the lead bank in the participation structure, which is determined consistent with the valuation process discussed above. This value is adjusted for the pro rata portion of the reference derivative’s notional value and an assessment of credit risk for the referenced borrower. OREO OREO primarily consists of properties that have been acquired in satisfaction of debt. These properties are carried at the lower of the outstanding loan amount or estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell the real estate. Estimated fair value is determined using appraised values with subsequent adjustments for deterioration in values that are not reflected in the most recent appraisal. Other assets For disclosure purposes, other assets consist of tax credit investments, FRB and FHLB Stock, deferred compensation mutual funds and equity investments (including other mutual funds) with readily determinable fair values. Tax credit investments accounted for under the equity method are written down to estimated fair value quarterly based on the estimated value of the associated tax credits which incorporates estimates of required yield for hypothetical investors. The fair value of all other tax credit investments is estimated using recent transaction information with adjustments for differences in individual investments. Deferred compensation mutual funds are recognized at fair value, which is based on quoted prices in active markets. Investments in the stock of the Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Banks are recognized at historical cost in the Consolidated Balance Sheets which is considered to approximate fair value. Investments in mutual funds are measured at the funds’ reported closing net asset values. Investments in equity securities are valued using quoted market prices when available. Defined maturity deposits The fair value of these deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows to their present value. Future cash flows are discounted by using the current market rates of similar instruments applicable to the remaining maturity. For disclosure purposes, defined maturity deposits include all time deposits. Short-term financial liabilities The fair value of federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and other short-term borrowings are approximated by the book value. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. 197 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Loan commitments Fair values of these commitments are based on fees charged to enter into similar agreements taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. Other commitments Fair values of these commitments are based on fees charged to enter into similar agreements. The following fair value estimates are determined as of a specific point in time utilizing various assumptions and estimates. The use of assumptions and various valuation techniques, as well as the absence of secondary markets for certain financial instruments, reduces the comparability of fair value disclosures between financial institutions. Due to market illiquidity, the fair values for loans and leases, loans held for sale, and term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, involve the use of significant internally-developed pricing assumptions for certain components of these line items. The assumptions and valuations utilized for this disclosure are considered to reflect inputs that market participants would use in transactions involving these instruments as of the measurement date. The valuations of legacy assets, particularly consumer loans and TRUPS loans within the Corporate segment, are influenced by changes in economic conditions since origination and risk perceptions of the financial sector. These considerations affect the estimate of a potential acquirer’s cost of capital and cash flow volatility assumptions from these assets and the resulting fair value measurements may depart significantly from FHN’s internal estimates of the intrinsic value of these assets. Assets and liabilities that are not financial instruments have not been included in the following table such as the value of long-term relationships with deposit and trust clients, premises and equipment, goodwill and other intangibles, deferred taxes, and certain other assets and other liabilities. Additionally, these measurements are solely for financial instruments as of the measurement date and do not consider the earnings potential of our various business lines. Accordingly, the total of the fair value amounts does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of FHN. The following table summarizes the book value and estimated fair value of financial instruments recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 198 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 8.23.7 (Dollars in millions) Assets: ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES BOOK VALUE AND ESTIMATED FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Book Value December 31, 2023 Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Loans and leases, net of allowance for loan and lease losses Commercial: Commercial, financial and industrial $ 32,294 $ Commercial real estate Consumer: Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total loans and leases, net of allowance for loan and lease losses Short-term financial assets: Interest-bearing deposits with banks Federal funds sold Securities purchased under agreements to resell Total short-term financial assets Trading securities (a) Loans held for sale: Mortgage loans (elected fair value) (a) USDA & SBA loans - LOCOM Mortgage loans - LOCOM Total loans held for sale Securities available for sale (a) Securities held to maturity Derivative assets (a) Other assets: Tax credit investments Deferred compensation mutual funds Equity, mutual funds, and other (b) Total other assets Total assets Liabilities: Defined maturity deposits Trading liabilities (a) Short-term financial liabilities: Federal funds purchased Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Other short-term borrowings Total short-term financial liabilities Term borrowings: Real estate investment trust-preferred Term borrowings—new market tax credit investment Secured borrowings Junior subordinated debentures Other long-term borrowings Total term borrowings Derivative liabilities (a) Total liabilities 14,044 13,417 764 60,519 1,328 200 519 2,047 1,412 68 406 28 502 8,391 1,323 577 665 102 261 1,028 6,804 $ 509 302 1,921 326 2,549 47 65 3 150 885 1,150 699 $ — — — — — 1,328 — — 1,328 — — — — — — — 9 — 102 34 136 — — — — — — 200 519 719 1,399 42 407 — 449 8,391 1,161 568 — — — — $ 31,678 $ 13,832 12,616 742 58,868 — — — — 13 26 — 28 54 — — — 653 — 227 880 — — — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 $ 6,851 $ 509 302 1,921 326 2,549 — — — — 824 824 666 $ — — — — — — 47 60 3 150 — 260 23 $ 11,399 $ 283 $ 31,678 13,832 12,616 742 58,868 1,328 200 519 2,047 1,412 68 407 28 503 8,391 1,161 577 653 102 261 1,016 73,975 6,851 509 302 1,921 326 2,549 47 60 3 150 824 1,084 699 11,692 75,799 $ 1,473 $ 12,687 $ 59,815 $ $ $ $ 11,711 $ (a) Classes are detailed in the recurring and nonrecurring measurement tables. (b) Level 1 primarily consists of mutual funds with readily determinable fair values. Level 3 includes restricted investments in FHLB-Cincinnati stock of $24 million and FRB stock of $203 million. 199 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (Dollars in millions) Assets: Book Value December 31, 2022 Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Loans and leases, net of allowance for loan and lease losses Commercial: Commercial, financial and industrial $ 31,473 $ Commercial real estate Consumer: Consumer real estate Credit card and other Total loans and leases, net of allowance for loan and lease losses Short-term financial assets: Interest-bearing deposits with banks Federal funds sold Securities purchased under agreements to resell Total short-term financial assets Trading securities (a) Loans held for sale: Mortgage loans (elected fair value) (a) USDA & SBA loans - LOCOM Mortgage loans - LOCOM Total loans held for sale Securities available for sale (a) Securities held to maturity Derivative assets (a) Other assets: Tax credit investments Deferred compensation mutual funds Equity, mutual funds, and other (b) Total other assets Total assets Liabilities: Defined maturity deposits Trading liabilities (a) Short-term financial liabilities: Federal funds purchased Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Other short-term borrowings Total short-term financial liabilities Term borrowings: Real estate investment trust-preferred Term borrowings—new market tax credit investment Secured borrowings Junior subordinated debentures Other long-term borrowings Total term borrowings Derivative liabilities (a) Total liabilities 13,082 12,053 809 57,417 1,384 129 353 1,866 1,375 51 506 33 590 8,836 1,371 460 547 112 275 934 2,887 $ 335 400 1,013 1,093 2,506 46 66 3 148 1,334 1,597 958 $ — — — — — 1,384 — — 1,384 — — — — — — — 9 — 112 22 134 — — — — — — 129 353 482 1,350 29 512 — 541 8,836 1,209 451 — — — — $ 31,329 $ 12,909 11,934 810 56,982 — — — — 25 22 — 33 55 — — — 542 — 253 795 31,329 12,909 11,934 810 56,982 1,384 129 353 1,866 1,375 51 512 33 596 8,836 1,209 460 542 112 275 929 — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 8 $ 2,890 $ 335 400 1,013 1,093 2,506 — — — — 1,301 1,301 923 $ — — — — — — 47 59 3 150 — 259 27 $ 7,955 $ 286 $ 2,890 335 400 1,013 1,093 2,506 47 59 3 150 1,301 1,560 958 8,249 72,849 $ 1,527 $ 12,869 $ 57,857 $ 72,253 $ $ $ 8,283 $ (a) Classes are detailed in the recurring and nonrecurring measurement tables. (b) Level 1 primarily consists of mutual funds with readily determinable fair values. Level 3 includes restricted investments in FHLB-Cincinnati stock of $50 million and FRB stock of $203 million. 200 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 23—FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following table presents the contractual amount and fair value of unfunded loan commitments and standby and other commitments as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: Table 8.23.8 (Dollars in millions) Unfunded Commitments: Loan commitments Standby and other commitments UNFUNDED COMMITMENTS Contractual Amount Fair Value December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ 24,579 $ 746 25,953 $ 754 1 $ 8 1 7 201 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 24—PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Note 24—Parent Company Financial Information Following are statements of the parent company: Parent Company Balance Sheets Balance Sheets (Dollars in millions) Assets: Cash Notes receivable Investments in subsidiaries: Bank Non-bank Other assets Total assets Liabilities and equity: Accrued employee benefits and other liabilities Term borrowings Total liabilities Total equity Total liabilities and equity Parent Company Statements of Income (Dollars in millions) Dividend income: Bank Non-bank Total dividend income Other income (loss) Total income Interest expense - term borrowings Personnel and other expense Total expense Income before income taxes Income tax benefit Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries Equity in undistributed net income (loss) of subsidiaries: Bank Non-bank Net income attributable to the controlling interest $ December 31, 2023 2022 $ $ $ $ 854 $ 3 8,658 49 256 9,820 $ 324 $ 500 824 8,996 9,820 $ 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ 220 $ — 220 226 446 21 114 135 311 24 287 613 (3) 897 $ 435 $ 16 451 22 473 31 128 159 314 (31) 345 561 (6) 900 $ 1,335 3 7,861 42 251 9,492 293 948 1,241 8,251 9,492 770 — 770 (26) 744 31 89 120 624 (35) 659 332 8 999 202 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents NOTE 24—PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Parent Company Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in millions) Operating activities: Net income Less undistributed net income of subsidiaries Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries Adjustments to reconcile income to net cash provided by operating activities: Deferred income tax expense Stock-based compensation expense Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain on sale of title services business Other operating activities, net Total adjustments Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities: Proceeds from sales and prepayments of securities Purchases of securities (Investment in) return on subsidiary Proceeds from business divestitures, net Net cash provided by investing activities Financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock Call of preferred stock Cash dividends paid - preferred stock Common stock: Stock options exercised Cash dividends paid Repurchase of shares Repayment of term borrowings Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Total interest paid Income taxes received from (paid to) subsidiaries Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2023 $ 897 $ 900 $ 610 287 8 36 — — 1 45 332 21 (1) (10) — 10 — — (32) 5 (335) (10) (450) (822) (480) 1,335 555 345 7 76 — (22) 2 63 408 8 (1) 13 22 42 494 — (32) 36 (324) (13) — 161 611 724 $ $ 855 $ 33 $ (46) 1,335 $ 35 $ 42 999 340 659 8 43 26 — (11) 66 725 3 (10) 8 — 1 145 (100) (33) 28 (333) (416) (120) (829) (103) 827 724 35 28 203 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 9. ACCOUNTANTS, ITEM 9A. CONTROLS & PROCEDURES, ITEM 9B. OTHER INFO, AND ITEM 9C. FOREIGN INSPECTIONS Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls & Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. Reports on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The report of management required by Item 308(a) of Regulation S-K appears at page 103, and the attestation report required by Item 308(b) of Regulation S-K appears starting at page 104, of our 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8). Both are incorporated herein by this reference. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our fourth fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information Form 8-K Information not previously reported Not applicable. Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers During our most recent fiscal quarter, no director (see Item 10 beginning on page 205) or executive officer (see the Supplemental Part I Information beginning on page 50) adopted or terminated (i) any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of SEC Rule 10b5-1(c) (a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement"); and/or (ii) any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" as defined in SEC Reg. S-K Item 408(c). Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 204 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 10. DIRECTORS & EXECUTIVE OFFICERS PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Required Item 10 Information In 2023, there were no material amendments to the procedures, described in our 2024 Proxy Statement under the caption Shareholder Recommendations and Nominations, especially under the sub-caption Committee Consideration of Shareholder Recommendations of Nominees, by which security holders may recommend nominees to our Board of Directors. Our bylaws contain a process, if certain conditions are met, for a shareholder to nominate a person for election to the Board in advance of an annual meeting, and to require us to include that nomination in our annual meeting proxy statement. Additional information regarding this process is available in our 2024 Proxy Statement under the captions Shareholder Recommendations and Nominations and 2025 Annual Meeting—Proposal & Nomination Deadlines, which information is incorporated herein by reference. Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers that applies to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer and also applies to all professionals serving in the financial, accounting, or audit areas of FHN and its subsidiaries. A copy of the Code has been filed or incorporated by reference as Exhibit 14 to this report and is posted on our current internet website at www.firsthorizon.com: click on “Investor Relations” at the bottom of the web page, then hover over “Corporate Governance” near the top of the page, then click on “Governance Documents.” Scroll down the Governance Documents page to find a link to the Code. A paper copy of the Code is available without charge upon written request addressed to our Corporate Secretary at our main office, 165 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38103. We intend to satisfy our disclosure obligations under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K related to Code amendments or waivers by posting such information on our internet website, the address for which is listed in this paragraph above. We have adopted an Inside Information Policy and related written Procedures for that Policy (collectively, our "Insider Policy"). Our Insider Policy governs the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers, employees and certain other persons. It is designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules, and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. By its terms as written, our Insider Policy applies only to insiders (directors, officers, employees, and certain other persons). In practice, senior management applies the periodic and ad hoc blackout provisions to our purchases of our securities in all market transactions, and in all off-market transactions other than share- withholding related to employee stock plan awards. Exceptions to the blackout provisions must be approved by our Chief Executive Officer in consultation with our General Counsel. Our Inside Information Policy and its Procedures have been filed or incorporated by reference as Exhibits 19.1 and 19.2 to this report. In addition, the following section of our 2024 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference: Policies on Insider Trading and Hedging. Other information required by this Item related to the topics mentioned in Table 10.1 is incorporated herein by reference to the disclosures indicated in the Table, or is provided in that Table. 205 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 10.1 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS & EXECUTIVE OFFICERS ITEM 10 TOPICS TABLE Item 10 Topics Directors and nominees for director of FHN, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, members of the Audit Committee, and Audit Committee financial experts Executive officers Responses or Incorporated Disclosures In our 2024 Proxy Statement: Independence & Categorical Standards, Committee Charters & Composition, Audit Committee, and Vote Item 1—Election of Directors (excluding the Audit Committee Report and the statements regarding the existence and location of the Audit Committee’s charter) In the Supplemental Part I Information following Item 4 of this report: Executive Officers of the Registrant, beginning on page 50 Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 not applicable First Horizon Directors Table 10.2 Harry V. Barton, Jr. Age 69 CPA and Owner, Barton Advisory Services, LLC, an investment advisory firm John C. Compton Age 62 Partner, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice a private equity firm William H. Fenstermaker* Age 75 Chairman and CEO, C.H. Fenstermaker and Associates, LLC, a surveying, mapping, engineering, and environmental consulting company Rick E. Maples Age 65 Retired Co-Head of Investment Banking, Stifel, Nicolaus and Company, Incorporated, a financial services company Cecelia D. Stewart Age 65 Retired President, U.S. Consumer & Commercial Banking, Citigroup, Inc. a financial services company OUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS (at February 20, 2024) Velia Carboni Age 53 Exec. Vice President and Chief Digital and Technology Officer, VF Corporation, a provider of branded lifestyle apparel, footwear and accessories Wendy P. Davidson Age 54 President and Chief Executive Officer The Hain Celestial Group, Inc., an organic and natural products company D. Bryan Jordan Age 62 Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer, First Horizon Corporation, a financial services company Vicki R. Palmer Age 70 President, The Palmer Group, LLC a general consulting firm John N. Casbon* Age 75 Retired Executive Vice President, First American Title Insurance Company, a title insurance company John W. Dietrich Age 59 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, FedEx Corporation, a provider of transportation, e- commerce and business services J. Michael Kemp, Sr. Age 53 Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Kemp Management Solutions, a program management and consulting firm Colin V. Reed Age 76 Executive Chairman, Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc. a real estate investment trust Rosa Sugrañes Age 66 Founder and former Chief Executive Officer, Iberia Tiles, a ceramic tile distributor R. Eugene Taylor Age 76 Retired Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Capital Bank Financial Corp., a financial services company *Indicates a director who will retire when directors are elected for 2024-25 at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. 206 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Item 11. Executive Compensation ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the following sections of our 2024 Proxy Statement: Compensation Committee, Compensation Committee Interlocks & Insider Participation, Director Compensation, Policies on Insider Trading and Hedging, Compensation Discussion & Analysis, Recent Compensation, Post-Employment Compensation, Pay Ratio of CEO to Median Employee, and any Appendix to our Proxy Statement referenced in those sections. The sub-section of our 2024 Proxy Statement captioned Compensation Risk, within the Compensation Committee section, provides information concerning our management of certain risks associated with our compensation policies and practices. We do not believe those risks are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect upon us; accordingly, we do not believe that information is required to be provided in this Item. The information required by Item 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K is provided in our 2024 Proxy Statement within the Compensation Committee section under the sub-section captioned Compensation Committee Report. As permitted by the instructions for that Item, the information under that sub-section is not “filed” with this report. As to the information required by Item 402(w) of Regulation S-K: (i) refer to Clawback Policies & Practices within Compensation Discussion & Analysis in our 2024 Proxy Statement; and (ii) the conditions for disclosures beyond those incorporated by reference above have not occurred. Our Erroneously Awarded Compensation Recovery Policy has been filed as Exhibit 97 to this report, as shown in Item 15. 207 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP & RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The information required for this Item pursuant to Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is presented in our 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information. That information is incorporated into this Item by reference. Beneficial Ownership of Corporation Stock The information required for this Item pursuant to Item 403(a) and (b) of Regulation S-K is presented in our 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading Stock Ownership Information. That information is incorporated into this Item by reference. Change in Control Arrangements We are not aware of any arrangements which may result in a change in control of First Horizon Corporation. 208 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS & RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES & SERVICES Table of Contents Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information called for by this Item is presented in the following sections of our 2024 Proxy Statement: That information is incorporated into this Item by reference. • within the Corporate Governance section: Related Party Transaction Procedures and Transactions with Related Persons • within the Board Matters section: Independence & Categorical Standards. Our independent directors and nominees are identified in the Independence discussion within the Independence & Categorical Standards section of our 2024 Proxy Statement, referenced above. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has a policy providing for pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be performed by our registered public accounting firm that performs the audit of our consolidated financial statements (our “Auditor”). Services either may be approved in advance by the Audit Committee specifically on a case-by-case basis (“specific pre-approval”) or may be approved in advance (“advance pre-approval”). Advance pre-approval requires the Committee to identify in advance the specific types of service that may be provided and the fee limits applicable to such types of service, which limits may be expressed as a limit by type of service or by category of services. All requests to provide services that have been pre-approved in advance must be submitted to the Chief Accounting Officer prior to the provision of such services for a determination that the service to be provided is of the type and within the fee limit that has been pre-approved. Unless the type of service to be provided by our Auditor has received advance pre-approval under the policy and the fee for such service is within the limit pre-approved, the service will require specific pre-approval by the Committee. The terms of and fee for the annual audit engagement must receive the specific pre-approval of the Committee. “Audit,” “Audit-related,” “Tax,” and “All Other” services, as those terms are defined in the policy, have the advance pre-approval of the Committee, but only to the extent those services have been specified by the Committee and only in amounts that do not exceed the fee limits specified by the Committee. Such advance pre-approval is to be for a term of 12 months following the date of pre-approval unless the Committee specifically provides for a different term. Unless the Committee specifically determines otherwise, the aggregate amount of the fees pre- approved for All Other services for the fiscal year must not exceed seventy-five percent (75%) of the aggregate amount of the fees pre-approved for the fiscal year for Audit services, Audit-related services, and those types of Tax services that represent tax compliance or tax return preparation. The policy delegates the authority to pre- approve services to be provided by our Auditor, other than the annual audit engagement and any changes thereto, to the chair of the Committee. The chair may not, however, make a determination that causes the 75% limit described above to be exceeded. Any service pre- approved by the chair will be reported to the Committee at its next regularly scheduled meeting. Information regarding fees billed to FHN by our Auditor, KPMG LLP, for the two most recent fiscal years, as well as other information related to our Auditor, is incorporated herein by reference to the section of our 2024 Proxy Statement captioned Vote Item 2—Auditor Ratification. No services were approved by the Audit Committee pursuant to Rule 2-01(c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X. 209 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 15. EXHIBITS & FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Financial Statements & Related Reports Our consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the reports of management and independent public accountants, as listed below, are incorporated herein by reference to the pages of 2023 Financial Statements (Item 8) indicated in Table 15.1. Table 15.1 Item 8 Page Statement, Note, or Report Incorporated into Item 15 103 104 108 109 111 112 113 115 Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Financial Statement Schedules Not applicable. Exhibits In the exhibit table that follows: the “Filed Here” column denotes each exhibit which is filed or furnished (as applicable) with this report; the “Mngt Exh” column denotes each exhibit that represents a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be identified as such; the “Furnished” column denotes each exhibit that is “furnished” pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 or otherwise, and is not “filed” as part of this report or as a separate disclosure document; and the phrase “2023 named executive officers” refers to those executive officers whose 2023 compensation is described in our 2024 Proxy Statement. All references to “First Horizon National Corporation” or to "First Tennessee National Corporation" refer to us, under previous corporate names. In many agreements filed as exhibits, each party makes representations and warranties to other parties. Those representations and warranties are made only to and for the benefit of those other parties in the context of a business contract. Exceptions to such representations and warranties may be partially or fully waived by such parties, or not enforced by such parties, in their discretion. No such representation or warranty may be relied upon by any other person for any purpose. 210 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Table 15.2 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS & FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES 10-K EXHIBIT TABLE Filed Here Mngt Exh Furn- ished Incorporated by Reference to Form Exh No Filing Date Exh No 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Description of Exhibit to this 10-K Report Corporate Exhibits Amended and Restated Charter of First Horizon Corporation Articles of Amendment of the Restated Charter of FHN, related to the Series G Preferred Stock [all Series G stock was converted into common stock in 2023; none remains outstanding] Bylaws of First Horizon Corporation, as amended and restated January 22, 2024 Deposit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2020, by and among First Horizon National Corporation, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein [Series B] Form of Depositary Receipt--Series B (included as part of Exhibit 4.1 to this report) Deposit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2020, by and among First Horizon National Corporation, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein [Series C] Form of Depositary Receipt--Series C (included as part of Exhibit 4.3 to this report) Deposit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2020, by and among First Horizon National Corporation, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein [Series D] Form of Depositary Receipt--Series D (included as part of Exhibit 4.5 to this report) Deposit Agreement, dated as of May 28, 2020, by and among First Horizon National Corporation, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein [Series E] Form of certificate representing Series E Preferred Stock Form of Depositary Receipt--Series E (included as part of Exhibit 4.7 to this report) 4.10 Deposit Agreement, dated as of May 3, 2021, by and among First Horizon Corporation, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein [Series F] 4.11 Form of certificate representing the Series F Preferred Stock 4.12 Form of Depositary Receipt-Series F representing the Depositary Shares (included as part of Exhibit 4.10 to this report) Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 FHN agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request a copy of each instrument defining the rights of the holders of the senior and subordinated long- term debt of FHN and its consolidated subsidiaries 4.13 4.14 10.1 (a) 10.1 (b) 10.1 (c) 10.1 (d) Equity-Based Award Plans 2021 Incentive Plan (as amended January 23, 2024) X Equity Compensation Plan (as amended and restated April 26, 2016) IBERIABANK Corporation 2019 Stock Incentive Plan IBERIABANK Corporation 2016 Stock Incentive Plan X X X X 8-K 8-K 3.1 3.1 7/30/2021 3/3/2022 8-K 3.1 1/23/2024 8-K 4.1 7/2/2020 8-K 4.1 7/2/2020 8-K 4.2 7/2/2020 8-K 4.2 7/2/2020 8-K 4.3 7/2/2020 8-K 4.3 7/2/2020 8-K 4.1 5/28/2020 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 10-Q 2Q21 4.2 4.1 5/28/2020 5/28/2020 4.1 5/03/2021 4.2 4.1 4.4 5/03/2021 5/03/2021 8/5/2021 Proxy 2016 10-K 2020 10-K 2020 App. A 3/14/2016 10.1(b) 2/25/2021 10.1(c) 2/25/2021 211 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 15. EXHIBITS & FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES Exh No 10.1 (e) 10.2 (a) 10.2 (b) 10.2 (c) 10.2 (d) 10.2 (e) 10.2 (f) 10.3 (a) 10.3 (b) 10.3 (c) 10.3 (d) 10.3 (e) 10.4 (a) 10.4 (b) 10.4 (c) 10.4 (d) 10.4 (e) 10.4 (f) 10.4 (g) 10.4 (h) 10.4 (i) 10.5 (a) 10.6 (e) 10.6 (f) Description of Exhibit to this 10-K Report 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Stock Option Plan, as restated for amendments through Dec. 15, 2008 Performance-Based Equity Award Documents Form of Grant Notice for Executive Performance Stock Units [2021] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Performance Stock Units [2022] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Performance Stock Units [2023] Form of Grant Notice for CEO Special Equity Performance Stock Units [2023] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Performance Stock Units [2024] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Special Performance Stock Units [2024] Stock Option Award Documents Form of Grant Notice for Executive Stock Options [2017] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Stock Options [2018] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Stock Options [2019] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Stock Options [2020] Form of IBERIABANK Corporation Stock Option Agreement Other Equity-Based Award Documents Form of Grant Notice for Executive Restricted Stock Units [2021] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Restricted Stock Units - Special Bonus-Driven Award [2021] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Restricted Stock Units [2022] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Restricted Stock Units [2023] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Restricted Stock Units [2024] Form of Grant Notice for Executive Special Restricted Stock Units [2024] Form of Grant Notice for CEO Special Equity Restricted Stock Units [2023] Form of Grant Notice for Restricted Cash Units (Modified Retention Program, Cliff Vesting) [2023] Director Compensation Policy Management Cash Incentive Plan Documents Executive Bonus Plan Filed Here Mngt Exh Furn- ished X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Incorporated by Reference to Form Exh No 10-Q 2Q09 10.1(e) Filing Date 8/6/2009 10-Q 1Q21 10-Q 1Q22 10-K 2022 10.1 5/6/2021 10.1 5/6/2022 10.2(e) 3/1/2023 8-K 10.3 8/4/2023 10-Q 1Q17 10-Q 1Q18 10-Q 1Q19 10-Q 1Q20 10-K 2020 10-Q 1Q21 10-Q 1Q21 10-Q 1Q22 10-K 2022 10.2 5/8/2017 10.2 5/8/2018 10.2 5/8/2019 10.2 5/8/2020 10.3(l) 2/25/2021 10.2 5/6/2021 10.3 5/6/2021 10.2 5/6/2022 10.4(e) 3/1/2023 8-K 10.4 8/4/2023 8-K 10.1 10/27/2021 Other Exhibits relating to Employment, Retirement, Severance, or Separation Executive Change in Control Severance Plan Form of Pension Restoration Plan (amended and restated as of January 1, 2008) X X 8-K 10.1 1/29/2021 10-Q 3Q07 10.7(e) 11/7/2007 212 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 15. EXHIBITS & FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES Filed Here Mngt Exh Furn- ished Description of Exhibit to this 10-K Report Form of Amendment to Pension Restoration Plan Form of Amendment No. 3 to Pension Restoration Plan Form of First Horizon Corporation Savings Restoration Plan Conformed copy of Employment Agreement dated August 3, 2023 with D. Bryan Jordan Retention Agreement of Anthony J. Restel, dated November 3, 2019 Documents Related to Other Deferral Plans and Programs Directors and Executives Deferred Compensation Plan [originally adopted 1985], as amended and restated [2017], with forms of deferral agreement and 2007 addendum to deferral agreement Form of Amendment to Directors and Executives Deferred Compensation Plan Rate Applicable to Participating Directors under the Directors and Executives Deferred Compensation Plan Schedule of Deferral Agreements [Non-Employee Directors, 1995] Form of First Horizon National Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan as Amended and Restated [formerly known as First Tennessee National Corporation Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan] Conformed copy of Amendment No. 1 to the First Horizon National Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan [removing "National" from the plan name] Form of Deferred Compensation Agreement used under FHN’s Equity Compensation Plan and First Tennessee National Corporation Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan, along with form of Salary, Commission, and Annual Bonus Deferral Programs Overview, form of Deferred Stock Option (“DSO”) Program Summary, and description of share receipt deferral feature Other Exhibits related to Management or Directors Survivor Benefits Plan, as amended and restated July 18, 2006 Other Compensation and Benefit Arrangements for Non- employee Directors Description of Long-Term Disability Program Form of Indemnity Agreement with directors and executive officers [2004 form] Form of amendment to 2004 form of Indemnity Agreement with directors and executive officers Form of Indemnity Agreement with directors and executive officers (April 2008 revision) Exh No 10.6 (g) 10.6 (h) 10.6 (i) 10.6 (j) 10.6 (k) 10.7 (a) 10.7 (b) 10.7 (c) 10.7 (d) 10.7 (e) 10.7 (f) 10.7 (g) 10.8 (a) 10.8 (b) 10.8 (c) 10.8 (d) 10.8 (e) 10.8 (f) 10.8 (g) 10.8 (h) List of Certain Benefits Available to Certain Executive Officers Description of 2024 Salary Rates for 2023 Named Executive Officers Other Exhibits X X 14 Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers 19.1 Inside Information Policy X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Incorporated by Reference to Form Exh No 10-K 2009 10-Q 3Q11 10.7(d2) 10.2 Filing Date 2/26/2010 11/8/2011 8-K 8-K 8-K 10-Q 2Q17 10-Q 3Q07 10-Q 3Q23 10-K 2018 10-Q 3Q07 10.1 7/17/2012 10.2 8/4/2023 10.1 7/2/2020 10.4 8/8/2017 10.1(a3) 11/7/2007 10.1 11/7/2023 10.7(d) 2/28/2019 10.1(c) 11/7/2007 S-8 333- 273513 4.5 7/28/2023 8-K 10(z) 1/3/2005 10-Q 3Q06 10-K 2020 10-Q 2Q17 10-Q 2Q17 8-K 8-K 10.8 11/8/2006 10.8(b) 2/25/2021 10.2 8/8/2017 10.3 8/8/2017 10.4 4/28/2008 10.5 4/28/2008 10-K 2022 10-Q 2Q23 14 3/1/2023 19.1 8/4/2023 213 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents ITEM 15. EXHIBITS & FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES Exh No Description of Exhibit to this 10-K Report Filed Here Mngt Exh Furn- ished 19.2 Inside Information Procedures Incorporated by Reference to Form Exh No 10-Q 2Q23 19.2 Filing Date 8/4/2023 X X 21 23 24 31(a) 31(b) 32(a) 32(b) 97 101 101. INS 101. SCH 101. CAL 101. DEF 101. LAB 101. PRE 104 Subsidiaries of First Horizon Corporation Accountant’s Consents Power of Attorney Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications of CEO (pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications of CFO (pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) 18 USC 1350 Certifications of CEO (pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) 18 USC 1350 Certifications of CFO (pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) Erroneously Awarded Compensation Recovery Policy XBRL Exhibits The following financial information from First Horizon Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021; and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. XBRL Instance Document-the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Not applicable. 214 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT Table of Contents Signatures SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: February 22, 2024 FIRST HORIZON CORPORATION By: /s/ Hope Dmuchowski Name: Hope Dmuchowski Title: Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature* D. Bryan Jordan D. Bryan Jordan Jeff L. Fleming Jeff L. Fleming Velia Carboni Velia Carboni John C. Compton John C. Compton John W. Dietrich John W. Dietrich J. Michael Kemp, Sr. J. Michael Kemp, Sr. Vicki R. Palmer Vicki R. Palmer Cecelia D. Stewart Cecelia D. Stewart R. Eugene Taylor R. Eugene Taylor Title President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board, and a Director (principal executive officer) Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (principal accounting officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Date* Signature* Hope Dmuchowski Hope Dmuchowski Harry V. Barton, Jr. Harry V. Barton, Jr. John N. Casbon John N. Casbon Wendy P. Davidson Wendy P. Davidson William H. Fenstermaker William H. Fenstermaker Rick E. Maples Rick E. Maples Colin V. Reed Colin V. Reed Rosa Sugrañes Rosa Sugrañes * * * * * * * * * Title Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Date* * * * * * * * * *By: /s/ Clyde A. Billings, Jr. Clyde A. Billings, Jr. As Attorney-in-Fact February 22, 2024 215 2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT 

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